cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Body Weight-Tumor Incidence Correlations in Long-Term Rodent Carcinogenicity Studies:

Associations between body weight and tumor incidence and among the incidences of selected site-specific tumors were examined for more than 4,000 male and female Fischer-344 rats and B6C3F1 mice in the National Toxicology Program historical control database. Incidences of certain site-specific tumors, most notably mammary gland and pituitary gland tumors in rats and liver tumors in mice, were shown to have a strong positive correlation with 52-wk body weight. Using individual animal data, logistic regression models were derived for predicting site-specific tumor incidence as a function of 52-wk body weight, age, and other factors. This association between body weight and tumor incidence can explain many of the decreased tumor incidences observed in National Toxicology Program carcinogenicity studies. Body weight differences between dosed and control groups can also mask carcinogenic effects for those sites sensitive to body weight changes. Thus, when designing long-term rodent carcinogenicity studies, meas...
Dynamic “Inline” Images: Context-Sensitive Retrieval and Integration of Images into Web Documents

Integrating relevant images into web-based information resources adds value for research and education. This work sought to evaluate the feasibility of using "Web 2.0" technologies to dynamically retrieve and integrate pertinent images into a radiology web site. An online radiology reference of 1,178 textual web documents was selected as the set of target documents. The ARRS GoldMiner image search engine, which incorporated 176,386 images from 228 peer-reviewed journals, retrieved images on demand and integrated them into the documents. At least one image was retrieved in real-time for display as an "inline" image gallery for 87% of the web documents. Each thumbnail image was linked to the full-size image at its original web site. Review of 20 randomly selected Collaborative Hypertext of Radiology documents found that 69 of 72 displayed images (96%) were relevant to the target document. Users could click on the "More" link to search the image collection more comprehensively and, from there, link to the full text of the article. A gallery of relevant radiology images can be inserted easily into web pages on any web server. Indexing by concepts and keywords allows context-aware image retrieval, and searching by document title and subject metadata yields excellent results. These techniques allow web developers to incorporate easily a context-sensitive image gallery into their documents.
Free field representation for the classical limit of the quantum affine algebra

Abstract The free field representation for the classical limit of the quantum affinee algebra is constructed by simple deformation of the known expressions from WZW theory.
Taking the perfect nuclear image: Quality control, acquisition, and processing techniques for cardiac SPECT, PET, and hybrid imaging

Nuclear Cardiology for the past 40 years has distinguished itself in its ability to non-invasively assess regional myocardial blood flow and identify obstructive coronary disease. This has led to advances in managing the diagnosis, risk stratification, and prognostic assessment of cardiac patients. These advances have all been predicated on the collection of high quality nuclear image data. National and international professional societies have established guidelines for nuclear laboratories to maintain high quality nuclear cardiology services. In addition, laboratory accreditation has further advanced the goal of the establishing high quality standards for the provision of nuclear cardiology services. This article summarizes the principles of nuclear cardiology single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and techniques for maintaining quality: from the calibration of imaging equipment to post processing techniques. It also will explore the quality considerations of newer technologies such as cadmium zinc telleride (CZT)-based SPECT systems and absolute blood flow measurement techniques using PET.
Estimated risk for undiagnosed diabetes in the emergency department : A multicenter survey

BackgroundOne third of the 21 million Americans with diabetes remain undiagnosed. The emergency department (ED) is a novel setting for diabetes screening. ObjectivesTo estimate risk factors for undiagnosed diabetes in the ED. MethodsThis was a cross sectional survey in five Boston EDs. The authors enrolled consecutive adults without known diabetes over two 24-hour periods at each site. The focus was on diabetes risk factors and estimated risk for diabetes on the basis of American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria. The authors also examined prior diabetes testing and willingness to participate in ED-based diabetes screening. ResultsSix hundred four patients (70% of eligible) were enrolled. On the basis of ADA risk score, 33% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 29% to 37%) were high risk for undiagnosed diabetes, and an additional 42% (95% CI = 38% to 46%) had elevated risk. For example, 58% (95% CI = 54% to 62%) of participants were overweight or obese (body mass index of ≥25). Among these at-risk participants without prior diabetes testing, 73% (95% CI = 66% to 80%) reported amenability to having additional blood drawn for ED diabetes screening, and 98% (95% CI = 96% to 100%) indicated that they would follow up for confirmation of abnormal screening. ConclusionsMany ED patients in the study had risk factors for undiagnosed diabetes. Patient attitudes toward ED-based diabetes screening support further exploration of this important and currently underutilized opportunity for public health intervention.
Depressed Bone Mineralization Following High Dose TGF-β1 Application in an Orthopedic Implant Model

Several previous studies of bone repair have shown 2- to 4-fold increases in bone formation following local delivery of exogenous transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). Here, we use quantitative backscatter electron microscopy to test the effect of TGF-β1 on mineralization of regenerated bone by examining tissue samples from a previously published canine study in which we found increased bone formation. In the experiment, the proximal humeri of 10 male canines were implanted bilaterally for 28 days with porous-coated implants in the presence of a 3 mm gap between the surface of the implant and the host bone. Implants placed in the left humeri were treated with TGF-β1 at a dose of either 120 μg (n = 5) or 335 μg (n = 5), and the implants placed in the contralateral humeri served as untreated controls. Quantitative backscatter scanning electron microscopy was used to assess the volume fraction of bone and its degree of mineralization in the 3 mm gaps. The calibrated grayscale mean and median values were depressed compared to the controls in the high dose group (p = 0.048 and p = 0.041, respectively), suggesting that high dose TGF-β delayed or inhibited mineralization of newly formed osteoid.
Comparative mutagenicity tests in the Salmonella/ microsome assay with rat and woodchuck S9 preparations

Abstract The Salmonella mutagenicity assay was utilized to compare the hepatic S9 fractions from untreated and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) induced woodchucks with Aroclor 1254 induced rats. Three known promutagens, benzo-[ a ]pyrene (BP), 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), and 2-amino-fluorene (AF) were tested at 5 concentrations with the strain TA100 against 3 levels of S9 fraction. Both woodchuck S9 fractions were as effective as the rat S9 in activating BP and both were more effective than the rat S9 in activating DMBA. Untreated woodchuck S9 was also as effective as rat S9 in activating AF. The protein content of the S9 fraction did not differ significantly between rats and woodchucks, but the P -450 content of the rat S9 was approximately 3.5 times that of woodchuck.
Improved regulatory T-cell activity in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia treated with thrombopoietic agents

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoantibody-mediated bleeding disorder with both accelerated platelet destruction and impaired platelet production. We and others have described impaired regulatory CD4(+)CD25(hi) T cells (Treg) numbers and/or suppressive function in ITP patients. Clinical trials using thrombopoietic agents to stimulate platelet production have shown favorable outcomes in ITP patients, but information on the immunologic responses of treated patients are lacking. We studied the immunologic profile of chronic ITP patients before (n = 10) and during treatment with thrombopoietin receptor (TPO-R) agonists (n = 9). Treg activity, as measured by suppression of proliferation of autologous CD4(+) CD25(-) cells, was improved in patients on treatment (P < .05), and the improvement correlated with reduction in interleukin-2-producing CD4(+) cells, consistent with dampening of immune responses. There was a concomitant increase in total circulating transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) levels (P = .002) in patients on treatment, and the levels of TGF-β1 correlated with the degree of improvement in platelet counts (r = .8, P = .0002). This suggests that platelets in patients on TPO-R treatment may play a role in improving Treg function, either directly or indirectly by enhanced release of TGF-β1 as a result of greater platelet turnover. In conclusion, our findings suggest that thrombopoietic agents in patients with ITP have profound effects to restore immune tolerance.
Searching for myself: motivations and strategies for self-search

We present findings from a qualitative study of self-search, also known as ego or vanity search. In the context of a broader study about personal online content, participants were asked to search for themselves using their own computers and the browsers and queries they would normally adopt. Our analysis highlights five motivations for self-search: as a form of identity management; to discover reactions to and reuse of user-generated media; to re-find personal content; as a form of entertainment; and to reveal lost or forgotten content. Strategies vary according to motivation, and may differ markedly from typical information-seeking, with users looking deep into the results and using image search to identify content about themselves. We argue that two dimensions underpin ways of improving self-search: controllability and expectedness, and discuss what these dimensions imply for design.
Simulating inequality and social order in the classroom: A macroeconomic game

Abstract Actual economic activity often is too large or abstract for students of economics to understand. It has been the experience of the authors that when the economy is explained in terms of an autonomous classroom, students better understand that the economy is about the social process of determining what will be produced, how it will be produced, and for whom it will be produced. In the most basic sense the purpose of the simulation describe herein is to provide the student with personal experience of the market process.
Age and Distraction by Telephone Conversation in Task Performance: Implications for Use of Cellular Telephones While Driving:

Predicted to diminish task performance were (a) distraction by telephone conversation and (b) older age. 38 participants pointed to letters on a randomized or alphabetized letter matrix during distraction by telephone conversation or no distraction. In a within-subjects design, telephone conversation negatively affected completion time but there were no age differences. Implications for cellular telephone use while driving are discussed.
Vitamin A status modulates intestinal adaptation after partial small bowel resection.

Background: Intestinal adaptation after loss of functional small bowel surface area is characterized by cellular hyperplasia and increased absorptive function. Interventions to enhance the adaptive response are needed to decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with short bowel syndrome. Retinoic acid was shown to stimulate crypt cell proliferation in the adapting remnant rat ileum by 6 hours after resection. Thus, vitamin A, which is required for normal epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation and which can modulate programmed cell death, may play an important role in the adapting intestine. On the basis of these observations, the effects of vitamin A deficiency on intestinal morphology, epithelial cell proliferation, and apoptosis in the adapting intestine after resection were investigated. Methods: Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats fed either a vitamin A-deficient or -sufficient diet for 58 days underwent 70% proximal small bowel resection. The deficient rats were divided into cohorts t...
Exchange anisotropy in disordered nickel-manganese alloys

Abstract Disordered polycrystalline nickel-manganese alloy specimens of about 20, 25 and 30 atomic per cent manganese were cooled from 300 to 1.8°K in a magnetic field, and their magnetic hysteresis loops measured parallel to this field are found to be displaced from their symmetrical positions about the origin. Upon warm-up, the displacement of the loops decreases monotonically, vanishing at about 25, 35 and 75°K for the 20, 25 and 30 atomic per cent manganese specimens, respectively. The disappearance of this asymmetry with increasing temperature is accompanied by large hysteresis losses. Torque measurements were made on the same specimens cooled to 4.2°K in a field perpendicular to the axis of rotation. For all compositions, the predominant anisotropy is unidirectional, with the easy direction the same as the direction of the field applied during cooling. The magnitude of this anisotropy decreases monotonically with increasing temperature, vanishing at the same temperatures as the asymmetry of the hysteresis loops. At these temperatures, the rotational hysteresis rises to a maximum. These effects are believed to be due to exchange-anisotropy interactions between very small regions of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic spin order in these alloys at low temperatures.
Influence of Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase on the Stimulation by Phagocytosis of L-Thyroxine and L-Triiodothyronine Deiodination in the Human Leukocyte

Neither superoxide dismutase, which destroys the superoxide radical by catalyzing its conversion to hydrogen peroxide, nor catalase prevented the stimulation by phagocytosis of the deiodination ofL-thyroxine orL-triiodothyronine in human leukocytes. On the other hand, superoxide dismutase led to an increase in the proportion of iodinated material, which remained at the 6rigin during chromatography in a butanol-acetic acid-water solvent system, whereas catalase had the opposite effect. The data suggest that neither the superoxide radical nor hydrogen peroxide plays a major role in the stimulation of deiodination of hormone, but that once deiodination has occurred, hydrogen peroxide is more important than the superoxide radical in subsequent iodination reactions within the leukocyte.
Measurements of plastic strain in copper due to sliding wear

Abstract Wear experiments have been conducted to determine the plastic strains that are introduced in surface material near sliding wear tracks. Both oillubricated and dry-sliding experiments have been carried out at different sliding distances on surfaces of copper. The strain values were determined from selected-area electron channelling patterns obtained from regions as small as 10 μm in size and 0.05 μm deep around the wear track using a scanning electron microscope. A deformed calibration specimen was used to relate the electron channelling band contrast to the deformation strain. Strain maps were obtained on the wear surface lateral to the wear track and also below the surface using electropolishing metal removal techniques. Particular attention was given to the near-surface strain values. In all cases the maximum strain was found at the wear surface located at the track center and the strains decreased uniformly with depth. Significant large strains were also found outside the wear tracks. The results are compared with those previously reported for iron and with other relevant studies.
Structural Similarities between Glutamate Receptor Channels and K+ Channels Examined by Scanning Mutagenesis

The pores of glutamate receptors and K(+) channels share sequence homology, suggesting a conserved secondary structure. Scanning mutagenesis with substitution of alanine and tryptophan in GluR6 channels was performed based on the structure of KcsA. Our assay used disruption of voltage-dependent polyamine block to test for changes in the packing of pore-forming regions. Alanine scanning from D567 to R603 revealed reduced rectification resulting from channel block in two regions. A periodic pattern from F575 to M589 aligned with the pore helix in KcsA, whereas a cluster of sensitive positions around Q590, a site regulated by RNA editing, mapped to the selectivity filter in KcsA. Tryptophan scanning from D567 to R603 revealed similar patterns, but with a complete disruption of spermine block for 7 out of the 37 positions and a pM dissociation constant for Q590W. Molecular modeling with KcsA coordinates showed that GluR6 pore helix mutants disrupting polyamine block pack against M1 and M2, and are not exposed in the ion channel pore. In the selectivity filter, tryptophan creates an aromatic cage consistent with the pM dissociation constant for Q590W. A scan with glutamate substitution was used to map the cytoplasmic entrance to the pore based on charge neutralization experiments, which established that E594 was uniquely required for high affinity polyamine block. In E594Q mutants, introduction of glutamate at positions S593-L600 restored polyamine block at positions corresponding to surface-exposed residues in KcsA. Our results reinforce proposals that the pore region of glutamate receptors contains a helix and pore loop analogous to that found in K(+) channels. At the cytoplasmic entrance of the channel, a negatively charged amino acid, located in an extended loop with solvent-exposed side chains, is required for high affinity polyamine block and probably attracts cations via a through space electrostatic mechanism.
Personality goes a long way: The malleability of opposite-sex physical attractiveness

This study tested the influence of personality information on judgments of physical attractiveness. Employing a within-subject design, 56 female and 22 male college students rated attractiveness of opposite-sex photos; participated in a distraction task; viewed each photo again, along with personality information (desirable, undesirable, none); and then rated the photos for physical attractiveness, desirability as a friend, and desirability as a dating partner. Personality information produced significant changes in ratings of physical attractiveness for attractive, neutral, and unattractive targets. The pattern of results is consistent with a model in which desirability of the target’s personality leads to greater desirability as a friend, leading to greater desirability as a dating partner, leading to the target being judged as more physically attractive.
The 1R potential and the migdal string

Abstract We show that the universal, long-ranged 1 R correction to the linear potential is unable to distinguish between the fermionic string theory recently advocated by Migdal and more standard string pictures.
Used percentage veto for LIGO and virgo binary inspiral searches

A challenge for ground-based gravitational wave detectors such as LIGO and Virgo is to understand the origin of non-astrophysical transients that contribute to the background noise, obscuring real astrophysically produced signals. To help this effort, there are a number of environmental and instrumental sensors around the site, recording data in "channels". We developed a method called the used percentage veto to eliminate corrupted data based on the statistical correlation between transients in the gravitational wave channel and in the auxiliary channels. The results are used to improve inspiral binary searches on LIGO and Virgo data. We also developed a way to apply this method to help find the physical origin of such transients for detector characterization. After identifying statistically correlated channels, a follow-up code clusters coincident events between the gravitational wave channel and auxiliary channels, and thereby classifies noise by correlated channels. For each selected event, the code also gathers and creates information that is helpful for further investigations. The method is contributing to identifying problems and improving data quality for the LIGO S6 and Virgo VSR2 science runs.
Ecology: Diversity and stability in plant communities (Reply)

Bezemer and van der Putten 1 observe that greater initial plant diversity is associated with greater productivity (total above-ground plant biomass), greater ecosystem temporal stability and greater stability of plant community composition (that is, lower per-species extinction and colonization rates). Their results are consistent with the results of our biodiversity experiment2 and with predictions of theory3, but with an intriguing twist.
Accumulation of mitochondrial DNA during oogenesis in Xenopus laevis

Abstract The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content of Xenopus laevis oocytes at various stages of oogenesis has been determined by molecular hybridization with 3 H-labeled complementary RNA (cRNA). The previtellogenic oocyte less than 250 μm in diameter (stage 1) contains 0.95 ± 0.47 ng of mtDNA. Accumulation of mtDNA proceeds until stage 4 (500–750 μm diameter oocyte), by which time a steady-state level of 4.28 ± 0.40 ng/oocyte is attained. Using the hybridization assay, the stage 6 (full-grown) Xenopus oocyte contains 4.51 ± 0.69 ng of mtDNA, compared to the previously reported value of 3.8 ng determined by direct measurement on the unfertilized egg. There appears to be a reasonable correlation, therefore, between the termination of mtDNA accumulation and the dispersal of the juxtanuclear, mitochondrial aggregate (Balbiani body) at the onset of vitellogenesis in Xenopus . It is concluded that the enormous complement of oocyte mitochondria is accumulated well before the end of oocyte growth and is maintained at a constant level during the remainder of oogenesis, through maturation, fertilization, and on into early development.
Changes in the activity of acid hydrolases during renal reabsorption of lysozyme.

Biochemical (1, 2) and morphological (3-5) studies indicate that proteins being reabsorbed from proximal tubules of the kidney are concentrated within cells in lysosome-like bodies. However, little is known about the quantitative relationship between the activity of individual lysosomal enzymes and the uptake of proteins by tubular cells. It has been shown that, 18 hr after the administration of egg white, the activity of some, but not all, hydrolytic enzymes is increased in the rat kidney (1). In present experiments the time course of lysozyme reabsorption by the kidney was studied, and the activities of three lysosomal enzymes were measured at different times following administration of lysozyme; actinomycin D was administered in an attempt to inhibit the increase in enzyme activity induced by the protein. Lysozyme has a low molecular weight of 14,000, can be measured with accuracy and reproducibility, and in the doses administered it has no manifest pathological effects upon the organism or the kidney. Injected egg-white lysozyme is reabsorbed by the kidney and accumulates in the form of "droplets" in the proximal tubular cells (6, 7). It has been shown recently (8) that lysozyme, in the normal rat kidney, is associated with the lysosomal fraction. The above properties make lysozyme a suitable molecule to be used as a tracer protein in the studies of renal uptake and metabolism of injected proteins. METHODS
The interaction of technology and diabetes care.

467 WHEN BANTING AND BEST startled the science world in 1922 with the discovery of insulin, a relatively acute fatal disease of young people was soon transformed into the quintessential chronic illness. Despite fabulous inquiry into the very essence of our biological being, prevention or complete cure has eluded medicine and the millions of Americans who contend with this disease daily. The investment in labor and dollars to cure diabetes has been anything but futile. Reading the code of the human genome will teach us of its inviolable strengths and secure means to correct its frailties. Whereas the cure has been a step ahead for so many years, advances in technology have made the prospect of living with diabetes ever better. Courageous and determined diabetic patients matched with supportive families and conscientious health care have applied the best in technology in a team approach to make independent and long life an achievable prospect for the newly diagnosed diabetic. Diabetes was among the first medical conditions for which lifelong therapy was proposed. This moved the treatment of diabetes from the hospital to the medical office to the home to the workplace with full knowledge that very day was a treatment day and not a time between medical interventions. In the last 20 years this has meant daily monitoring of glucose, frequent insulin dosing, and a keen interest in reducing the crises, complications, and medical interventions. The patients and their families have become increasingly sophisticated as personal managers of their condition. The responsibility of the patient has matured from compliance to cooperation to empowerment. Devices for home monitoring have granted latitude for personal management impossible in the past. The role of the medical care team has also changed. Medicine has had the traditional role of diagnosis to inform patients of their peril, treatment if such was available, and caring for patients in their times of need. However, medicine has been a profoundly intermittent part of patients’ lives. You either got well, succumbed to the malady, or received instructions to accommodate to whatever disability ensued. This pattern of prescription, follow-up during therapy, and then pro re nata was not only accepted but considered practical. Now we are increasingly challenged to provide health maintenance, disease prevention, and disease management. Disease management implies perpetual and dynamic intervention to keep the toll of a disease at a minimum, to anticipate crises, and to afford the patient maximum independence in a personal life away from hospital and clinic. The concept of disease management is a mainstay in the care of cancer, hypertension, heart failure, asthma, HIV, and certainly diabetes mellitus. The practice standards of disease management are strongly supported in evidence and are part of the evolution of evidence-based medicine. There are trends in technology beyond the immediate research in diabetes itself. The promising areas are in data capture, decision
In vitro phototoxicity and hazard identification of nano-scale titanium dioxide

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO(2)) catalyze reactions under UV radiation and are hypothesized to cause phototoxicity. A human-derived line of retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) was treated with six samples of nano-TiO(2) and exposed to UVA radiation. The TiO(2) nanoparticles were independently characterized to have mean primary particle sizes and crystal structures of 22nm anatase/rutile, 25nm anatase, 31nm anatase/rutile, 59nm anatase/rutile, 142nm anatase, and 214nm rutile. Particles were suspended in cell culture media, sonicated, and assessed for stability and aggregation by dynamic light scattering. Cells were treated with 0, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30, or 100μg/ml nano-TiO(2) in media for 24hrs and then exposed to UVA (2hrs, 7.53J/cm(2)) or kept in the dark. Viability was assessed 24hrs after the end of UVA exposure by microscopy with a live/dead assay (calcein-AM/propidium iodide). Exposure to higher concentrations of nano-TiO(2) with UVA lowered cell viability. The 25nm anatase and 31nm anatase/rutile were the most phototoxic (LC(50) with UVA<5μg/ml), while the 142nm anatase and 214nm rutile were the least phototoxic. An acellular assay ranked TiO(2) nanoparticles for their UVA photocatalytic reactivities. The particles were found to be capable of generating thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) under UVA. Flow cytometry showed that nano-TiO(2) combined with UVA decreased cell viability and increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS, measured by Mitosox). LC(50) values under UVA were correlated with TBARS reactivity, particle size, and surface area.
Energy gap and proximity effect in MgB 2 superconducting wires

Measurements of the penetration depth $\ensuremath{\lambda}(T,H)$ in the presence of a dc magnetic field were performed in ${\mathrm{MgB}}_{2}$ wires. In as-prepared wires $\ensuremath{\lambda}(T,Hl130 \mathrm{Oe})$ shows a strong diamagnetic downturn below $\ensuremath{\approx}10 \mathrm{K}.$ A dc magnetic field of 130 Oe completely suppressed the downturn. The data are consistent with proximity coupling to a surface Mg layer left during synthesis. A theory for the proximity effect in the clean limit, together with an assumed distribution of the Mg layer thickness, qualitatively explains the field and temperature dependence of the data. Removal of the Mg by chemical etching results in an exponential temperature dependence for $\ensuremath{\lambda}(T)$ with an energy gap of $2\ensuremath{\Delta}{(0)/T}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}1.54$ $[\ensuremath{\Delta}(0)\ensuremath{\approx}2.61 \mathrm{meV}],$ in close agreement with recent measurements on commercial powders and single crystals. This minimum gap is only $44%$ of the BCS weak coupling value, implying substantial anisotropy.
Heme Oxygenase-1 and Ferritin Are Increased in Cerebral Arteries After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Monkeys

Hemoglobin is a key factor in the production of cerebral vasospasm. Metabolism of hemoglobin involves breakdown of heme by heme oxygenase (HO) and sequestration of the released iron in ferritin. We determined whether subarachnoid hemorrhage induces these proteins in cerebral arteries and, if so, in which cells they are produced. Whether the changes correlated with vasospasm also was investigated. Subarachnoid hemorrhage was created in monkeys, and vasospasm was assessed by angiography in cohorts of animals killed 3, 7, or 14 days after the hemorrhage. Ferritin and HO-1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein were measured by competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting in hemorrhage-side and control-side cerebral arteries and brain tissue. The location of these proteins was determined by immunohistochemistry. There was significant vasospasm 3 and 7 days but not 14 days after subarachnoid hemorrhage. There were no significant changes in mRNA for HO-1 or ferritin in cerebral arteries or brain tissue at any time. There was a significant increase in HO-1 and ferritin protein in hemorrhage-side compared with control-side cerebral arteries at 3, 7, and 14 days. The increase in HO-1 protein was maximal at 3 days, whereas the increase in ferritin protein was maximal at 7 days. There was no detectable increase in HO-1 or ferritin protein in brain tissue at any time. Immunohistochemistry localized HO-1 protein and ferritin to cells in the adventitia of the arterial wall. We show that subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with a significant increase in HO-1 and ferritin proteins in cerebral arteries that begins at least as early as 3 days after the hemorrhage and that persists for up to 14 days.
Synthesis and characterization of the [(OC)3M(P3O9)]2− anions, M Re and Mn

Abstract Reaction of [(OC) 3 M(NCCH 3 ) 3 ](PF 6 )(M  Re or Mn) with [(n-C 4 H 9 ) 4 N] 3 (P 3 O 9 ) in 1,2-C 2 H 4 Cl 2 yields [(n-C 4 H 9 ) 4 N] 2 [(OC) 3 M(P 3 O 9 )], shown to contain an anion whose structure is related to the P 4 O 10 structure by replacement of an OP 3+ unit by (CO) 3 M + .
Worming along in amyloid cardiotoxicity.

In this issue of Blood , Diomede and colleagues establish a novel Caenorhabditis elegans model of primary amyloid cardiotoxicity. Using pharyngeal pumping as a surrogate for cardiac function, they find that human amyloidogenic light-chain proteins directly impair pharyngeal activity. Direct toxicity was associated with the release of reactive oxygen species, and pharyngeal activity was restored with use of antioxidant agents. 1
Effectiveness of Trichogramma ostriniae and T. nubilale for controlling the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis in sweet corn

Seven field releases of Trichogramma ostriniae and T. nubilale (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) were made separately and in combination in a sweet corn field to compare the level of parasitism in sentinel eggs of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The results indicate that the levels of egg parasitism among different release dates differed mainly because of changes in weather and plant architecture within the season. The level of egg parasitism by releasing T. ostriniae alone was found to be 15% higher than that by releasing T. nubilale alone, and 20% higher than by releasing the combination of the two species. Further analyses using the logistic regression model for independent and correlated data indicated T. ostriniae to be more efficient at discovering host egg masses and to have higher levels of egg parasitism than T. nubilale. Mutual interference between T. ostriniae and T. nubilale was the main factor for the lower level of egg parasitism when T. ostriniae and T. nubilale were released together. The results suggest that T. ostriniae is the better candidate for augmentative releases for control of the European corn borer, and the two species should not be released into a corn field at the same time.
MECHANISMS FOR FETAL EXCRETION OF HEPATOTOXIC MONO- HYDROXY BILE ACIDS

Non-polar monohydroxy bile acids (MBA) either synthesized by the fetus as 3β Δ5 cholenoic acid (3β-OL) or transplacentally acquired as lithocholic acid(LC)are potentially hepatotoxic to the fetus. In order to establish whether MBA conjugates are secreted into bile by the fetus, bile acids in meconium from 15 fullterm infants were identified(before and after solvolysis)by thin layer chromatography and then by gas liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. 80-90% of the LC and all of the fetally synthesized 3β-OL were present as sulfated conjugates, suggesting that the fetus may detoxify MBA by sulfation and then concentrate the excreted bile acids in the intestine. Studies of sheep meconium demonstrated the presence of MBA including 3β-OL as the sulfate. Accordingly, the metabolism and biotransformation of 14C-LC or Taurolitho-cholic acid(TLC)was studied in 10 fetal sheep near term.Both bile acids were cleared rapidly by the fetus(t ½=11.0±5.4 min, AVG±SD); 23±4.6% of the dose was excreted transplacentally and recovered in maternal bile. The remainder was taken up by the fetal liver and secreted into the fetal bile. LC was conjugated 78.5±9.4% as TLC and 9.0±3.6%. as glycolithocholate(GLC); 10% of the TLC and 40% of the GLC were sulfated without further metabolism. No hydroxylation of LC sulfate occurred. Conclusion: 1)the fetal liver can take up, conjugate and secrete LC into the fetal intestine, 2) GLC is preferentially sulfated, and 3) two major mechanisms for MBA detoxification exist in the fetus: transplacental excretion and sulfation of conjugated derivatives.
Entrainment of circadian rhythms by feeding schedules in rats with suprachiasmatic lesions.

Rats with lesions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and controls were maintained in constant light and exposed to a restricted feeding schedule at 23- and 24-hr intervals, as well as to a 12-hr phase shift in the feeding schedule. Despite the absence of circadian periodicity in activity or drinking in ad lib. conditions, rats with SCN lesions showed anticipatory wheel running to both feeding schedules, comparable to sham-operated rats. Following the 12-hr phase shift, transients qualitatively similar to those seen following phase shifts in the light—dark cycle were observed. During a 3-day period of total food deprivation following prolonged entrainment to a 24-hr feeding schedule, wheel running persisted with a near 24-hr periodicity while return to ad lib. conditions resulted in a rapid desynchronization of activity. These results indicate that anticipatory wheel running in rats with SCN lesions is based on endogenous circadian oscillators which are entrainable by feeding schedules in the circadian range. Apparently such oscillators free run under certain conditions (food deprivation) but become rapidly desynchronized in others (ad lib. feeding). The evidence strongly supports a multioscillator model of the circadian system in mammals.
The Elder Economic Security Standard Index™: A New Indicator for Evaluating Economic Security in Later Life

Efforts to evaluate the impact of programs designed to safeguard the well-being of older adults in the US are stymied by the absence of adequate tools to answer a key question: how much income is “enough” in later life? The purpose of this paper is to report on a new indicator of income adequacy designed to correct this measurement gap. The Elder Economic Security Standard Index (Elder Index) is a geographically specific measure of the cost of living independently for older adults aged 65 and over. This paper provides an overview of the development of the Elder Index, demonstrates the variability in Elder Index values both geographically and across different residential settings, and provides an illustration of how the Elder Index may be used in establishing differences in economic hardship across subgroups of older adults. The paper concludes with a discussion of the potential research and policy uses of this new measure.
Structure-Activity Analysis of Flavonoids: Direct and Indirect Antioxidant, and Antiinflammatory Potencies and Toxicities

Flavonoids are secondary plant products that are well represented in healthy diets because of ingestion of fruit, vegetables, herbs, and teas. Increased consumption is correlated with decreased risks of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other chronic diseases. Certain flavonoids confer direct antioxidant protection to cells, others induce enzymes that protect cells against oxidative and other insults ("indirect antioxidants"), and others appear to be protective by both mechanisms. Hydroxylated flavones manifest substantial direct antioxidant activity but do not effectively induce cytoprotective enzymes. Methoxylated flavones that potently induce cytoprotective enzymes were evaluated to elucidate the structural prerequisites for effective chemoprotective agents: protecting healthy cells with minimal collateral toxicity. Flavones and flavanones methoxylated at the 5-position of the A-ring were among the most potent inducers of the cytoprotective NAD(P)H:quinone-oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) in 3 different cell lines. Other flavones were equally potent inducers, but more toxic. Flavanones contain no Michael reaction center, yet some are potent inducers of NQO1, have low cytotoxicity, and inhibit LPS-stimulated iNOS activity, which suggests a redox mechanism of action rather than the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE mechanism by which so many of the classic inducers operate. Evaluation in vivo will reveal whether differential protective advantages support their possible evaluation in a cancer prevention setting.
The effects of a new reservoir on the attached diatom communities in Huntington Creek, Utah, U.S.A.

A study was made to determine whether a new reservoir being constructed on Huntington Creek, Utah would have significant effects on the attached diatom communities of the stream. Cluster analysis and other statistical methods indicated only small differences in the diatom communities before and after construction of the dam.
A Surface Science Study of the Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation Steps in the Interconversion of C6Cyclic Hydrocarbons on Ni(100)

Abstract The thermal chemistry of C6cyclic hydrocarbons (cyclohexane, cyclohexene, benzene, 1,3- and 1,4-cyclohexadienes, 1-methyl-1-cyclohexene, and toluene) and halo hydrocarbons (iodo cyclohexane, iodo benzene, and 3-bromo cyclohexene) on Ni(100) surfaces has been studied under ultrahigh vacuum conditions by using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). Cyclohexane was found to only desorb molecularly from the surface, but this is because of the dynamic nature of TPD experiments, and is therefore not an indication of the inability of nickel to activate the adsorbed molecules. Indeed, cyclohexyl groups, which are the first expected intermediates after the initial C–H bond scission and which were prepared via the thermal treatment of adsorbed iodo cyclohexane, were shown to undergo a facile β-hydride elimination step to yield first cyclohexene and ultimately benzene, and to concurrently follow a reductive elimination path with surface hydrogen to produce cyclohexane. Cyclohexene was found to dehydrogenate easily to benzene and to not hydrogenate to any significant extent even if atomic hydrogen is present on the surface (again, because the dynamic nature of TPD favors molecular desorption instead). The allylic intermediate expected to form during the dehydrogenation of cyclohexene to cyclohexadiene was prepared by thermal decomposition of 3-bromo cyclohexene and studied by TPD as well, and the remaining hydrogenation and dehydrogenation steps were probed by characterizing the thermal chemistry of the other compounds listed above.
Mythologies and Panics: Twentieth Century Constructions of Child Prostitution

This paper examines twentieth century social constructions of child prostitutes and child prostitution, the origins of these representations and the extent to which they have been used as metaphors for other perceived social, economic and political problems. It is important to recognise that these children have been sexually abused and that discourses that have portrayed them as either assertive and blameworthy seducers or as abducted and coerced innocents are constructed myths which detracted from recognition of the actual problems these children have faced.
Accurate semi-implicit treatment of the hall effect in magnetohydrodynamic computations

A semi-implicit operator is derived for the Hall term that, when implemented in the MHD equations, allows time steps comparable to those normally used in semi-implicit MHD computations. The operator is fourth order in the direction of the magnetic field and is most accurate when used in a split time step algorithm. The effects of the semi-implicit treatment on linear waves in a cylinder are shown both through a detailed analysis and numerical tests. The effectiveness of the algorithm is also demonstrated with a nonlinear computation of a tokamak tearing instability.
Model Robustness for Simultaneous Confidence Bands

Abstract Confidence bands for the simple linear model are examined to assess their degrees of robustness to departures from the model. All calculations are made under an interval constraint on the range of interest for the predictor variable. The true model is taken to be a quadratic polynomial, and departure from the linear case is considered in terms of increasing magnitude of a curvature parameter. Proposed measures of robustness include the actual coverage probability under the true model and a measure of percentage coverage over the predictor variable axis when the band fails to cover the true quadratic model. The different band functions considered include hyperbolic bands constructed from Scheffd's 5 method, linear-segmented bands, and fixed-width (minimax) and minimax-regret bands. In terms of preserving coverage probability under quadratic mis-specification, the fixed-width and linear-segment bands perform best, the former being preferred when the constraint interval on the predictor variable is ...
Neutron Activation Cross Sections at 14.8 MeV for Rubidium, Strontium, Zirconium, and Niobium

The activation cross sections for 18 ($n, p$), ($n, \ensuremath{\alpha}$), and ($n, 2n$) reactions have been measured with 14.8-MeV neutrons. The radioactivity measurements were carried out with a Ge(Li) detector. The cross sections measured, in millibarns, are $^{27}\mathrm{Al}(n, p)^{27}\mathrm{Mg}$, 73\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5; $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}(n, 2n)^{84m}\mathrm{Rb}$, 714\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}50; $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}(n, 2n)^{84g}\mathrm{Rb}$, 621\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}75; $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}(n, p)^{85m}\mathrm{Kr}$, 6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1; $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}(n, 2n)^{86m}\mathrm{Rb}$, 584\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}40; $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}(n, 2n)^{86g}\mathrm{Rb}$, 833\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}60; $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}(n, p)^{87}\mathrm{Kr}$, 7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1; $^{84}\mathrm{Sr}(n, 2n)^{83}\mathrm{Sr}$, 395\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}75; $^{86}\mathrm{Sr}(n, 2n)^{85m}\mathrm{Sr}$, 360\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30; $^{86}\mathrm{Sr}(n, p)^{86m}\mathrm{Rb}$, 9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1; $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}(n, 2n)^{87m}\mathrm{Sr}$, 344\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30; $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}(n, p)^{88}\mathrm{Rb}$, 20\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2; $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}(n, 2n)^{89m}\mathrm{Zr}$, 143\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15; $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}(n, 2n)^{89g}\mathrm{Zr}$, 342\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}25; $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}(n, p)^{90m}\mathrm{Y}$, 13\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1; $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}(n, \ensuremath{\alpha})^{87m}\mathrm{Sr}$, 4.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5; $^{93}\mathrm{Nb}(n, 2n)^{92m}\mathrm{Nb}$, 455\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}25; and $^{93}\mathrm{Nb}(n, \ensuremath{\alpha})^{90m}\mathrm{Y}$, 5.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5. The measured cross sectons are compared with those calculated by evaporation theory. The ($n, 2n$) measured cross sections agree well with the calculated values but the agreement between calculated and measured values for ($n, p$) reactions is poor.
Is Feature-Based Attention Always Spatially Global during Visual Search?

The visual system has a limited capacity, so visual inputs must compete for representation in visual cortex. Attentional mechanisms resolve this competition by selecting a subset of behaviorally relevant information for processing on the basis of location or nonspatial features, such as color (for
Characterization of tubular functional capacity in humans using para-aminohippurate and famotidine.

Characterization of tubular functional capacity in humans using para-aminohippurate and famotidine. Background Renal drug excretion by glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion may be altered by factors such as acute and chronic renal disease, nephrotoxins, and drug interactions. Thus, accurate and reproducible methods for quantitation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and tubular functional capacity are critical. Methods We utilized a four-step sequential infusion method to characterize anionic [para-aminohippurate (PAH)] and cationic (famotidine) tubular functional capacity in healthy volunteers. Filtration and secretion rates were quantitated from renal clearance and iothalamate-derived GFR determinations. Results Concentration-dependent renal clearance of PAH was observed at plasma concentrations> 100 mg/L; renal clearances were 442 ± 131 (mean ± SD), 423 ± 94, 233 ± 45, and 152 ± 18 mL/min/1.73 m 2 at plasma concentrations of 18 ± 2, 92 ± 5, 291 ± 47 and 789 ± 28 mg/L, respectively. The apparent affinity (K m ) and maximum secretory capacity (Tm PAH ) were 141 ± 70 mg/L and 71 ± 16 mg/min/1.73 m 2 , respectively. The unbound renal clearance and tubular secretory clearance of famotidine were 384 ± 70 and 329 ± 78 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , respectively, and were not significantly correlated with the unbound plasma concentrations, which ranged from 126 to 2659 ng/mL. The rate of tubular secretion was linear at unbound plasma concentrations up to 2659 ng/mL. Conclusions These data indicate that a sequential infusion method using PAH may be used to characterize the anionic secretory component of proximal tubular function. The tubular clearance of famotidine may be a suitable index of the cationic secretory capacity of the proximal tubule in humans. Saturation of the cationic secretory pathway was not observed, and further investigation into parallel pathways of cationic secretion, such as p-glycoprotein, may be warranted.