cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Particle sizing in dense, rapidly flowing KCI suspensions by photon migration techniques

The first experimental measurement of particle-size distribution (PSD) from undiluted, rapidly flowing potassium chloride (KCl) suspensions using continuous-wave photon migration techniques is presented. PSDs were obtained from a laboratory simulation of production-line slurries used in the chemical fertilizer industry. Spectral measurements of concentrated, rapidly flowing slurry containing 25–40% KCl particles were used to calculate the suspensions' reduced scattering coefficient and PSD using inverse algorithms. Our PSD results agree excellently with sieving measurements. Refractive index is important in the calculations of the PSD and the suspensions' reduced scattering coefficient.
On the Moments of the Beta Normal Distribution

Abstract Eugene et al. [Eugene, N., Lee, C., Famoye, F. (2002). Beta-normal distribution and its applications. Commun. Stat. Theory Meth. 31:497–512] introduced the beta normal distribution, generated from the logit of a beta random variable. The only properties of the distribution studied by them are its first moments for some particular values of the parameters. In this article, we derive a more general expression for the nth moment of the beta normal distribution. We also consider several particular cases (including those cases considered by Eugene et al.). Apart from being more general, the proof of our results are simpler and avoid the differential equations approach taken by Eugene et al.
A New Database of Child Anthropometry and Seated Posture for Automotive Safety Applications

This paper presents a laboratory study of body dimensions, seated posture, and seatbelt fit for children weighing from 40 to 100 lb (18 to 45 kg). Sixty-two boys and girls were measured in three vehicle seats with and without each of three belt-positioning boosters. In addition to standard anthropometric -measurements, three-dimensional body landmark locations were recorded with a coordinate digitizer in sitter-selected and standardized postures. This new database quantifies the vehicle-seated postures of children and provides quantitative evidence of the effects of belt-positioning boosters on belt fit. The data will provide guidance for child restraint design, crash dummy development, and crash dummy positioning procedures.
Parametric thermal analysis of TSVs in a 3-D module based on interconnect delay and silicon efficiency

The convergence and miniaturization of the consumer electronic products such as cell phones and digital cameras has led to the vertical integration of packages i.e., 3-D packaging. 3-D chip stacking is emerging as a powerful tool that satisfies such Integrated Circuit (IC) package requirements. 3-D technology is the trend for future electronics, especially hand-held, hence, making it an important research area. Due to high package density and chip-stacking on top of each other, heat dissipation from the stacked chips becomes a concern. To overcome these thermal challenges and provide better inter-chip and chip-substrate electrical connection, Through Silicon Via (TSV) technology is being implemented in 3-D electronics. TSV is one of the key enabling technologies for 3-D systems. TSVs allow 3-D chips to be interconnected directly and provide high speed signal processing. Electrical interconnection and heat dissipation improves with the number of TSVs. But, there is a trade-off; silicon efficiency of a 3-D package decreases with the TSV count. There are studies for thermo-mechanical analysis of TSVs both at wafer and package level but there is limited data on the electrical aspects of TSVs, i.e., effect of TSV temperature and layout/size on the interconnect delay. In this paper, interconnect delay is determined for various TSV configurations at the package level. Interconnect delay is primarily driven by the interconnect size and temperature. The objective of this work is to determine the optimal number/size of TSVs as a function of silicon efficiency, junction temperature and the interconnect delay. Chip real estate (CRE) - actual chip area available to lay down devices, is varied from 98% to 96% with an interval of 2% (2 cases). For each CRE case, sub-cases are formulated by varying the TSV count/size (keeping the CRE constant) and chip temperature and the interconnect delay is determined and compared. It is seen that for all the TSV configurations at constant CRE, the junction temperature remains constant, however the interconnect delay varies significantly. The work provides design guidelines based on CRE, junction temperature and the interconnect delay for varied applications in the electronics industry.
In Vitro Effect of Dopamine and Pimozide on Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (hCS) Secretion

In human placental explants cultured in vitro, dopamine inhibited human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) secretion into the culture media. In the control flasks, the level of hCS secretion was 130.5 ± 7.8 μg/g tissue (n = 6 ). When 1 mM dopamine was added, hCS levels decreased to 80.2 ± 11.5 μg/g tissue {P < 0.01). Dopamine (5 and 10 mM) further lowered hCS levels. In contrast, 1 mM pimozide enhanced hCS secretion by 2-fold as compared to control levels (248.2 ± 44.8 vs. 130.5 ± 7.8, P < 0.02). The simultaneous addition of dopamine did not alter the stimulatory effect of pimozide on hCS secretion. In separate experiments, arginine (1 and 5 mM) and somatostatin (1 μg/ml culture media) did not alter hCS secretion from placental explants. These results suggest that hCS secretion is modulated by dopaminergic receptors.
EGFR-mediated tumor immunoescape: The imbalance between phosphorylated STAT1 and phosphorylated STAT3

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) supports the escape of malignant cells from immunosurveillance by inhibiting the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) while promoting that of STAT3. We have recently demonstrated that protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11 (PTNP11, best known as SHP2), a phosphatase that operates downstream of EGFR, is responsible for the dephosphorylation of active STAT1 and for the inhibition of the antigen-processing machinery (APM), hence favoring tumor immunoescape. Thus, EGFR signaling may skew the tumor microenvironment to suppress cellular immune responses.
Belowground biotic complexity drives aboveground dynamics: a test of the soil community feedback model

Feedbacks between soil communities and plants may determine abundance and diversity in plant communities by influencing fitness and competitive outcomes. We tested the core hypotheses of soil community feedback theory: plant species culture distinct soil communities that alter plant performance and the outcome of interspecific competition. We applied this framework to inform the repeated dominance of Solidago canadensis in old-field communities. In glasshouse experiments, we examined the effects of soil communities on four plant species' performance in monoculture and outcomes of interspecific competition. We used terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) analysis to infer differences in the soil communities associated with these plant species. Soil community origin had strong effects on plant performance, changed the intensity of interspecific competition and even reversed whether plant species were limited by conspecifics or heterospecifics. These plant-soil feedbacks are strong enough to upend winners and losers in classic competition models. Plant species cultured significantly different mycorrhizal fungal and bacterial soil communities, indicating that these feedbacks are likely microbiotic in nature. In old-fields and other plant communities, these soil feedbacks appear common, fundamentally alter the intensity and nature of plant competition and potentially maintain diversity while facilitating the dominance of So. canadensis.
Effect of ascending vs. descending velocity order on peak torque during isokinetic testing in males

The vast majority of previous research with isokinetic machines has used only ascending or random velocity sets during testing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect velocity order (ascending vs. descending order) had on peak torque of knee extension during isokinetic testing and to examine the differences in peak torque in collegiate and recreational athletes. Thirty healthy, college aged males (15 collegiat e athletes (CA): mean Age 20.27 yrs, Ht 178.99 cm, Mass 85.00 kgs and 15 recreational athletes (RA): Age 21.2 yrs, Ht 183.39 cm, Mass 89.06 kgs) performed two familiarization trials and four randomly assigned experimental trials. Subjects performed four knee extension repetitions at five velocities in eithe r ascending (60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 � /sec) or descending (300, 240, 180, 120, 60 � /sec) order. There was no significant ( p < 0.05) difference between the order of velocities and peak torque or between CA and RA groups. Although not statistically significant, RA produced greater peak torque than CA. This may be a result of numerous RAs in this study being former collegiate athletes. In conclusion, the order of velocities may not be pertinent when establishing a protocol for testing peak torque of the knee extensors in healthy college-aged males.
Vigilance: a review and re-evaluation

Vigilance as a human factors area is concerned with the fact that man is much less capable as a detector of signals under operational conditions than would be indicated by laboratory measures of hi...
Evaluating Future Military Space Technologies

In a major Air Force study of future space systems, SPACECAST 2020, study teams produced a set of system concepts for 21st century military space operations. Our goal was to assess the potential operational utility of these systems in an objective, traceable, and robust manner, so that we could compare the systems and identify the most important. An additional goal was to determine the technologies whose advancement will do the most to make the high-priority systems a reality. To do this, we developed a hierarchical value model based on Department of Defense policy documents and the operational judgments of Air University faculty and students senior and mid-level managers who will be future Air Force leaders. We completed the study within an extremely tight deadline, and it was widely accepted within the Air Force.
Cluster Analysis in Test Market Selection

Selection of “matched” areas for test marketing is an important undertaking if reliable comparisons among markets are to be made. This usually has been done on a rather arbitrary basis, largely because of the large number of market characteristics on which markets can be viewed as similar or different. The authors suggest a numerical procedure---cluster analysis---for matching prospective test markets on the basis of a large variety of characteristics which could affect test marketing results. In this way, markets can be pre-selected so as to reduce undesired variability among test areas.
Effects of photoenhanced toxicity of anthracene on ecological and genetic fitness of daphnia magna: A reappraisal

Holst and Giesy [1] reported photoenhanced effects of anthracene exposure on reproduction of Daphnia magna in terms of total clutch size and survival over a 21-d period. A reappraisal of those experiments, using additional data regarding time to first brood, average size of first brood and the intrinsic rate of increase, rm, for exposures with and without anthracene and/or ultraviolet radiation (UVR), reveals that inferred impacts on genetic fitness as exemplified by rm are significant only for the highest exposure tested, whereas ecological fitness, measured by the time to first brood, was unimpaired at any combination of UVR and anthracene.
Cytokine and insulin regulation of α2 macroglobulin, angiotensinogen, and hsp 70 in primary cultured astrocytes

Acute-phase proteins and heat shock proteins (hsp) are upregulated following exposure to a number of conditions including bacterial infection, tissue injury, or stress. We show here that α2 macroglobulin (α2M), angiotensinogen (AOG), and hsp 70 are regulated by cytokines in primary cultures of astrocytes. In addition, we have found that insulin modulates the effect of cytokines on these proteins. In cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) conditioned Raw media, interleukin (IL)-6, or IL-β for 24 h, there was a significant decrease of α2M secretion below control levels. In the absence of insulin, however, similar treatments resulted in a significant increase in α2M secretion. AOG secretion increased significantly following treatment with individual cytokines either in the presence or absence of insulin, but conditioned media did not cause a response in the absence of insulin. Hsp 73 concentrations also increased following treatment with conditioned media and IL-β in the presence or absence of insulin. Following IL-6 treatment, however, hsp levels either decreased (-insulin) or did not change (+ insulin). To determine whether acute-phase proteins are regulated similarly to hsp, astrocytes were subjected to elevated environmental temperatures. Cells incubated at 43αC for 90 min showed a marked increase in AOG secretion. However, α2M and hsp 73 levels remained unchanged. In the absence of insulin, heat shock caused a significant increase of α2M and AOG secretion. Thus, in astrocytes, α2M is upregulated by cytokines and heat shock in the absence of insulin, while in the presence of insulin, cytokines function as negative regulators. On the other hand, insulin did not modulate the effects of cytokines on the production of AOG in an inverse manner.
High-Order Discontinuous Galerkin Methods using a Spectral Multigrid Approach

The goal of this paper is to investigate and develop a fast and robust algorithm for the solution of high-order accurate Discontinuous Galerkin discretizations of non-linear systems of conservation laws on unstructured grids. Herein we present the development of a spectral hp-multigrid method, where the coarse “grid” levels are constructed by reducing the order (p) of approximation of the discretization using hierarchical basis functions ( p-multigrid), together with the traditional (h-multigrid) approach of constructing coarser grids with fewer elements. On each level we employ variants of the element-Jacobi scheme, where the Jacobian entries associated with each element are inverted directly and all other entries are treated explicitly. The methodology is developed for the non-linear Euler equations, using both non-linear (FAS) and linear (CGC) multigrid schemes, and results are presented for the channel flow over a bump and a four element airfoil. Current results demonstrate convergence rates which are independent of the order of accuracy (p) of the discretization, with slight dependence on the level of mesh resolution ( h).
Structural Identification of Constructed Systems: An Integrated Approach by the ASCE Committee

The system identification (Sys-Id) concept, defined as the estimation of a system based on the correlation of inputs and outputs, originated in electrical engineering in relation to circuit and control theory. Paralleling the advances in technology over the past several decades, the Sys-Id concept has flourished as numerous engineering disciplines have recognized its value. Today, Sys-Id serves as a fundamental prerequisite for addressing systems problems in mathematics, physics, economics, social sciences, and throughout engineering. Structural identification (St-Id) is a transformation and application of Sys-Id to mechanical (manufactured) and civil (constructed) structural systems. The paradigm was first introduced to engineering mechanics researchers by Hart and Yao and to civil-structural engineering researchers by Liu and Yao. These seminal papers gradually inspired many researchers to investigate various aspects of St-Id, and nearly 30 years later St-Id remains an active research area in both engineering mechanics and civil-structural engineering. During the last 30 years, there has been considerable research on St-Id. There have also been a number of reported applications to constructed systems. However, relative to manufactured systems such as airplanes, cars and space structures, the applications to constructed systems remains in its infancy and has enjoyed only sparse implementation in practice. Several researchers have argued that this is primarily due to a lack of practical sensing and networking technology, however recent advances in these areas have not yet been accompanied by increasing implementations of St-Id. Rather, it is becoming increasingly clear that the lack of implementation and the skepticism towards St-Id expressed by many owners/stewards of constructed systems also stems from an observation that there have not been sufficient demonstrations of an ability to reliably design and implement St-Id to real constructed systems followed by leveraging of the results to influence management decisions. This is compounded by the reality that in many cases irrelevant and unreliable data, especially erroneous identification of a lack of structural reliability as well as deterioration or damage, become a liability for managers. The purpose of this paper and the recent efforts summarized in this paper are for leveraging the promise of St-Id as a foundation for advancing the practice of civil engineering design and construction.
Ernst Haeckel's Alleged Anti-Semitism and Contributions to Nazi Biology

Figure 1: Haeckel’s stem-tree of the nine human species, with their varieties; the ape-man at the source. From his Naturliche Schopfungsgeschichte, 1868. Ernst Haeckel’s popular book Naturliche Schopfungsgeschichte (Natural history of creation, 1868) represents human species in a hierarchy, from lowest (Papuan and Hottentot) to highest (Caucasian, including the Indo-German and Semitic races). His stem-tree (see fig. 1) of human descent and the racial theories that accompany it have been the focus of several recent books—histories arguing that Haeckel had a unique position in the rise of Nazi biology during the first part of the twentieth century. In 1971, Daniel Gasman brought the initial bill of particulars; he portrayed Haeckel as having specific responsibility for Nazi
Mechanism of extracellular ATP- and adenosine-induced apoptosis of cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells

Apoptosis may be important in the exacerbation of endothelial cell injury or limitation of endothelial cell proliferation. We have found that extracellular ATP (exATP) and adenosine cause endothelial apoptosis and that the development of apoptosis is linked to intracellular metabolism of adenosine [Dawicki, D. D., D. Chatterjee, J. Wyche, and S. Rounds. Am. J. Physiol. 273 (Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 17): L485-L494, 1997]. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of this effect. We found that exATP, adenosine, and the S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) hydrolase inhibitor MDL-28842 caused apoptosis and decreased the ratio of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to SAH compared with untreated control cells. Using release of soluble [3H]thymidine as a measure of DNA fragmentation, we found that the effect of adenosine on soluble DNA release was potentiated by coincubation with homocysteine. These results suggest that the mechanism of exATP- and adenosine-induced endothelial cell apoptosis involves inhibition of SAH hydrolase. exATP-induced apoptosis was enhanced by an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, whereas exogenous adenosine-induced apoptosis was partially inhibited by an adenosine deaminase inhibitor. These results suggest that adenosine deaminase may also be involved in the mechanism of adenosine-induced endothelial cell apoptosis. Adenosine and MDL-28842 caused intracellular acidosis as assessed with the fluorescent probe 2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein. The cell-permeant base chloroquine prevented adenosine-induced acidosis but not apoptosis. Thus, although intracellular acidosis is associated with adenosine-induced apoptosis, it is not necessary for this effect. We speculate that exATP- and adenosine-induced endothelial cell apoptosis may be due to an inhibition of methyltransferase(s) activity. Purine-induced endothelial cell apoptosis may be important in limiting endothelial cell proliferation after vascular injury.
RNA recognition motif-containing protein ORRM4 broadly affects mitochondrial RNA editing and impacts plant development and flowering

Plant RNA editosomes modify cytidines (C) to uridines (U) at specific sites in plastid and mitochondrial transcripts. Members of the RNA-editing factor interacting protein (RIP) family and Organelle RNA Recognition Motif-containing (ORRM) family are essential components of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) editosome. ORRM2 and ORRM3 have been recently identified as minor mitochondrial editing factors whose silencing reduces editing efficiency at ∼6% of the mitochondrial C targets. Here we report the identification of ORRM4 (for organelle RRM protein 4) as a novel, major mitochondrial editing factor that controls ∼44% of the mitochondrial editing sites. C-to-U conversion is reduced, but not eliminated completely, at the affected sites. The orrm4 mutant exhibits slower growth and delayed flowering time. ORRM4 affects editing in a site-specific way, though orrm4 mutation affects editing of the entire transcript of certain genes. ORRM4 contains an RRM domain at the N terminus and a Gly-rich domain at the C terminus. The RRM domain provides the editing activity of ORRM4, whereas the Gly-rich domain is required for its interaction with ORRM3 and with itself. The presence of ORRM4 in the editosome is further supported by its interaction with RIP1 in a bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. The identification of ORRM4 as a major mitochondrial editing factor further expands our knowledge of the composition of the RNA editosome and reveals that adequate mitochondrial editing is necessary for normal plant development.
Development and analysis of a spray-guided DISI combustion system concept

An innovative stratified-charge DISI combustion concept has been developed using a mixture formation method referred to as Vortex Induced Stratification Combustion (VISC). This paper describes the combustion system concept and an initial assessment of it, performed on a single-cylinder test engine and through CFD modeling. This VISC concept utilizes the vortex naturally formed on the outside of a wide spray cone that is enhanced by bulk gas flow control and piston crown design. This vortex transports fuel vapor from the spray cone to the spark gap. This system allows a late injection timing and produces a well-confined mixture, which together provide an improved compromise between combustion phasing and combustion efficiency over typical wall-guided systems. Testing results indicate an 18% fuel consumption reduction, compared with a baseline PFI engine, over a drive cycle (neglecting cold start and transient effects). This represents a 4-7% reduction in fuel consumption compared with previous in-house stratified-charge DISI concepts, while providing similar stability and emissions performance. These benefits are shown to arise from improved combustion phasing, reduced unburned hydrocarbon emissions, and an enlarged window of stratified operation. In addition, the potential use of split injection to expand the window of stratified operation to higher loads is outlined. Potential for improved full-load performance is also shown due to improved air-fuel mixing.
Compound joints: Behavior and benefits of flexure arrays

Abstract Because compliant mechanisms achieve their motion through deflection of flexible members, they have a limited range of motion and finite stiffness. Many common flexure geometries also suffer from a non-stationary center of rotation. These properties can be obstacles to their adoption in applications that require large displacements, low stiffness, or stationary centers of rotation. This work presents the concept of compound flexures: by assembling arrays of flexures, we can increase range of motion, decrease stiffness, and reduce center shift. We first develop the theory behind some of the basic behavior of compound joints. Then finite element analysis is used to explore other aspects of compound joint behavior such as off-axis stiffness and quantifying the center shift for two flexure types when used in compound joints of various configurations. It is shown in an example that range of motion can be doubled with no appreciable loss in off-axis stiffness, while the desired stiffness κθz remains unchanged. A method is presented to achieve zero center shift for a specified rotational displacement. Compound joints are shown to exhibit greater ranges of motion, higher off-axis stiffness, and reduced center shift compared to traditional joints.
Alcohol: a history

Fans of Rod Phillips’ Short history of wine (2001) will appreciate this new broader work on alcohol. It is a good solid history, without the bells and whistles of some popular texts on the topic an...
Unit Placement Errors: A Potential Risk Factor for ABO and Rh Incompatible Blood Transfusions

Policy at our institution requires the hospital whole blood and packed RBC inventory (approximately 400 units) to be stored in an orderly arrangement without crowding, with units of the same ABO/Rh grouped together and each group of units clearly segregated from the others. In spite of this policy, over a 38-month period, 112 of 96,581 units (0.12%) were placed into the inventory incorrectly (so called unit placement errors). Thirty-seven of these unit placement errors (0.04%) could have resulted in ABO incompatible crossmatches or transfusions, and an additional 20 errors (0.02%) could have resulted in Rh incompatible transfusions. These data demonstrated the need for our laboratory personnel to routinely perform a systematic check of the blood inventory to detect incorrectly located units and to carefully check the group and type on each unit at the time of its selection. Although these data were collected at a large and busy transfusion service laboratory, they may be representative of what occurs at small as well as at other large facilities. It might be prudent for hospital transfusion services to have a policy that both minimizes the occurrence of unit placement errors and allows for their routine detection, should they occur.
Family Ties: Activities for Family and Significant Others Dealing with Late Stage Dementia

This article describes a program designed to engage persons with late stage dementia with their families in activities which historically were meaningful to them. The program functioned to provide family members with opportunities for structured participation to enhance their life quality. Feedback from families was extremely positive. This article provides the protocol for activities and information to facilitate implementation.
A Comparison of the Wurtzite and Zincblende Band Structures for SiC, AlN and GaN

Total energy and band structure results of linear-muffin-tin orbital calculations within the atoiuic-spliere-approxiiuation are presented for SiC, GaN and A1N in the zincblende and the wurtzite structure. We discuss the origin of the directness or indirectness and the relative magnitudes of the band gaps.
Application of proteomic techniques in searching lung cancer biomarkers

Lung cancer is one of the malignant tumors with a high morbitity and mortality in the world.During its neoplastic development, a set of changes in protein expression occurs.The changed proteomic profile of cancers—tumor biomarkers could guide clinical decision-making.Proteomic methods are widely used in identification of tumor biomarkers.To reduce the mortality of lung cancer and improve its therapy,many studies on the identification of this tumor biomarker are being carried out.This review summarizes the main strategies and technology in proteomics and its application in identification of lung cancer biomarkers.
Association of social support during emergency department evaluation for acute coronary syndrome with subsequent posttraumatic stress symptoms

We examined the associations of different aspects of social support during emergency department (ED) evaluation for an acute cardiac event with perceptions of threat in the ED and subsequent posttraumatic stress symptoms (PSS) in 484 patients. Participants were enrolled in the ED where they reported on their perceptions of threat in the ED. Social support in the ED and PSS were assessed at inpatient bedside or by telephone a median of 3 days later. Positive aspects of social support were not associated with subsequent PSS. Anxiety-provoking social support was significantly associated with increased PSS at follow-up. Greater ED threat perception partially mediated that relationship.
The present status of treatment of autoimmune hemolytic anemia with ACTH and cortisone.

Forty-three patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (both "idiopathic" and "symptomatic") were treated with ACTH, Cortisone, or Compound F. In more recent cases not reported here, Prednisone (Meticorten) was used. Intensive and presumably adequate hormonal therapy resulted in sustained and complete clinical and hematologic responses in 65 per cent of the cases. Complete and sustained remissions were more commonly obtained in the "idiopathic" group (80 per cent remissions) than in the "symptomatic" variety. In 28 per cent of the cases, although the response was definite, it was not so striking. Complete failure was obtained in 3 cases (7%) of this series. When therapy was discontinued, following a remission, some degree of relapse developed in approximately two-thirds of the cases. In the remaining one-third, full clinical and hematologic remission continued well after discontinuance of therapy, although the persistently positive Coombs test indicated the possibility of future recurrence. Splenectomy was performed as the final therapeutic maneuver in 9 of the 43 cases and resulted in complete remissions in 6 without the further use of steroid hormones. In two cases splenectomy was followed by the development of outspoken disseminated lupus, previously undiscovered and presumably latent. It is apparent from these studies that the steroid hormones in adequate dosage represent a remarkably effective form of therapy for at least the initial control of most cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Their use for a lengthy period is often followed by a lasting remission, and the end-results of continued steroid therapy, either used alone or in some cases combined with later splenectomy, are definitely better than with splenectomy alone. Thus, control of this rather unpredictable disease has become a distinct possibility in most cases, and its management simply a matter of varying the dosage of steroid hormone.
Philosophy, Evolutionary Biology and

The relationship between evolutionary biology and philosophy has been fruitful for both fields. Philosophy has often brought conceptual rigor to bear on foundational issues in evolutionary biology, and has, at times, played an important role in helping to clarify the complex role that evidentiary standards played in the acceptance (or rejection) of particular hypotheses. Evolutionary biology has opened new avenues of exploration in a number of traditional philosophical domains, and, in providing answers to some questions traditionally thought of as philosophical, has solved (or perhaps dissolved) some philosophical problems.
Eckhart and the Will of God: A Reply to Stump

To ‘will as God wills’ is expected of Christians: ‘Thy will be done.’ But does this imply that one is expected to be content, even pleased, with whatever happens, since whatever happens is in some ...
Ensuring the Safety and Accessibility of Transportation for an Aging Population

As drivers and pedestrians, older adults face greater risk for serious injury and death resulting from a crash. Part of this increased risk can be attributed to increased fragility with age, but increased risk is also due in part to a mismatch between the demands of the driving/pedestrian task and the perceptual, cognitive, and motor abilities of the aging road user. This paper presents a broad overview of the approaches that have been taken to reduce the crash risk of aging road users by either changing the vehicle and roadway environment or changing the road user (i.e., strategy training/cognitive training). A summary of the work conducted by the Aging Driver and Pedestrian Safety Lab (ADAPtS Lab) investigating the efficacy of roadway modifications to reduce crash risk is presented. Further, we provide a brief review of how technologies on the horizon (i.e., autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicles) might impact the safety of aging road users. These technologies will likely result in the solution to some problems while introducing new problems that warrant additional human factors studies involving participants of all ages and levels of driving skill. The promises and challenges of roadway modifications, driver education and training, and automation as solutions are compared and contrasted.
The interrelation of factors influencing the dissolution metals in columns of mine tailings

The dissolution of metal species from silver mine mill tailings containing quartz. (70%) and manganiferous siderite was investigated using a column leach procedure. The effects of leachant ionic strength, pH, and buffering ability were examined. The results indicated increased metal transport with increased ionic strength and decreased pH. In another test series, matched sets of columns were compared to determine the effect of leachate residence time on metal concentration. In these tests, leachate metal ion concentrations more than doubled in columns that were allowed to evaporate (wet/dry cycle) about 30% of their pore leachate volume. The pH of the leachate eluted from the dry cycle (unsaturated column) decreased while the conductance increased. Increases of five times were observed for lead and manganese, while increases of two orders of magnitude were seen for zinc and cadmium. The wet/dry cycle effect was enhanced during subsequent cycles, but appeared not to be influenced by the addition of sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium benzoate, or phenol, which are known to inhibit microorganism involvement. Increased sensitivity to further oxidation of those columns that underwent the dry cycle became apparent through increased deviation of the ion yields from duplicate columns. The interrelation of the above factors with the composition of the tailings present adds complexity to determining dissolution mechanisms.
Network analyses reveal intra‐ and interspecific differences in behaviour when passing a complex migration obstacle

Summary 1.Network theory offers new perspective on movement data by evaluating the relationships between animal movements (links) and detection locations (nodes) in spatially complex systems, including human-altered landscapes. 2.We applied network analyses to intra- and interspecific movement patterns in the migration behaviour and dam passage success of two anadromous fish species, Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus Gairdner and Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Walbaum, when moving through a large multi-fishway hydroelectric project (Bonneville Dam, USA). 3.Network analyses revealed greater variation in movement for Pacific lamprey compared with Chinook salmon. Salmon that passed the dam had networks consisting of more direct passage routes with fewer overall movements compared with lamprey that passed the dam. Lamprey that did not pass the dam exhibited a wide range of behaviours, from approaching only one fishway site to testing all possible passage routes. Accounting for the time spent in the network improved the ability to detect biological differences in network structure for lamprey that did and did not pass the dam. 4.The movement patterns likely resulted from different behavioural responses to complex environmental and internal factors affecting a philopatric species (Chinook salmon) versus a non-philopatric species (Pacific lamprey) when moving through an engineered environment designed primarily for salmon. 5.Synthesis and applications. Our case study highlights the potential for network analyses to link questions of basic movement ecology with monitoring of movement and behaviour in human-altered landscapes. Network analyses can thus serve as a valuable tool for describing movement and behaviour in the face of environmental change and assessing the effectiveness of mitigation efforts at spatially complex obstacles to animal movement. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Methods for Virus Recovery from Foods

The most common foods involved in foodborne viral outbreaks are shellfish and fresh or minimally processed fruits and vegetables. Several types of fresh produce have been found to be responsible for foodborne viral outbreaks after being contaminated by polluted water or virus-infected food handlers. Viruses are usually found in food matrices in very low numbers because they cannot replicate in host-free environments. Food matrices serve only as vehicles for virus transmission to humans. However, despite their low numbers in contaminated foods, viruses are still hazardous to consumers’ health due to their low infective dose. The current scientific revolution in the molecular techniques has made the detection, identification and titration of viruses in clinical samples easier than before. However, the complexity of food samples and the low number of contaminating viruses are still challenging the detection of viruses in food matrices. Therefore, the development of efficient virus recovery methods from food samples is of great interest to the food safety community for routine in-line quality assurance of food processes. Also, it is of importance to food virologists to assess the risk of viruses in food, study the fate of viral pathogens from farm to fork, and to investigate possible strategies for prevention of foodborne viral contamination. Several virus recovery methods have been developed and used and are still the subject of current research. In this chapter, different approaches and protocols used for virus recovery from food produce are summarized.
Abstract P101: The Role of Primary Cilia in Vascular Endothelial Cells

Primary cilia are mechanosensory organelles that are projected into the lumen of blood vessels. It has been demonstrated that vascular endothelia require primary cilia to sense and transmit externa...
In Patients with Cardiovascular Disease, Do Statins Alone, or in Combination with Other Medications Improve Mortality?

Patients with peripheral arterial disease are at increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and dyslipidemia is a key factor in the formation of peripheral arterial disease. Statin therapy not only effectively lowers serum cholesterol, but also exhibits pleiotropic effects that reduce vascular inflammation and results in plaque stabilization, halting and potentially reversing the progression of peripheral arterial disease. Many hypothesize that satin therapy can improve survival in patients who undergo vascular surgery. While a definitive pathway remains elusive, several studies demonstrate a clear association between statin therapy and improved survival among these patients. Several data suggest that the addition of anti-platelet therapy to statin therapy may confer additional survival benefit. It is less clear, however, whether other medical therapy, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers or fenobibrate provides any additive survival benefit in addition to statins.
Rethinking Diversity, Inclusion, and Inclusiveness: The Quest to Better Understand Indicators of Community Enrichment and Well-Being

Communities thrive on diversity in the long-run. Our communities are filled with diverse individuals and diverse groups of residents who, though they share a common place, may not experience their communities exactly the same as their fellow residents. Broad strokes are needed in our quests to better understand diversity, inclusion, and inclusiveness indicators in our communities. These three concepts are the building-blocks to high levels of community well-being. This chapter synthesizes recent conceptualizations and research on these three concepts. Diversity is described as a community resource. Inclusion is highlighted as a community process, and inclusiveness is described as a community outcome. Three tools are proposed to leverage these building-blocks to increase community well-being. The three tools are policy, development, and enrichment in communities. This chapter proposes that community policy is best suited to address changes regarding indicators of diversity. Community development is best suited for inclusion, and community enrichment is best concentrated on inclusiveness.
A note on regularity of solutions for degenerate singular elliptic boundary value problems

We prove the $$C^{1,\beta }$$ -boundary regularity and a comparison principle for weak solutions of the problem $$\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} -\Delta _{p}u-\lambda \psi _{p}(u)=f(x)&{}\quad \text {in }\Omega , \\ u=0&{}\quad \text {on }\partial \Omega , \end{array} \right. \end{aligned}$$ where $$\Omega $$ is a bounded domain in $$\mathbb {R}^{N},N>1\ $$ with smooth boundary $$\partial \Omega ,\ \ \Delta _{p}u=\mathrm{div}(|\nabla u|^{p-2}\nabla u),\psi _{p}(u)=|u|^{p-2}u,p>1,\ $$ and f is allowed to be unbounded.
A demonstration of stella: a crowdsourcing-based geotagging framework

This paper demonstrates Stella; an efficient crowdsourcing-based geotagging framework for any types of objects. In this demonstration, we showcase the effectiveness of Stella in geotagging images via two different scenarios: (1) we provide a graphical interface to show the process of a geotagging process that have been done by using Amazon Mechanical Turk, (2) we seek help from the conference attendees to propose an image to be geotagged or to help us geotag an image by using our application during the demonstration period. At the end of the demonstration period, we will show the geotagging result.
Folklore, politics, and the state: Kutiyattam theatre and national/global heritage in India

In recent decades, scholars of South Asian folklore have increasingly engaged the politics of folklore, interrogating its role in a number of political agendas, but less has been written about the ...
Relating porosity to fatigue failure in additively manufactured alloy 718

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) has the potential to revolutionize the way parts are designed and manufactured; however, AM also produces defects that influence the performance of the components. In order to ensure the quality of the manufactured parts, the processing-structure-property-performance (PSPP) relationship must be understood. In this study, the porosity created during the AM process is investigated, and its influence on performance is quantified with respect to the PSPP framework. Test specimens were fabricated with different processing pedigrees, and the porosity populations within each specimen was characterized. The fatigue life of the specimen was predicted based on the size and location of porosity using a fatigue crack growth approach. Results show that the fatigue life can be successfully predicted, when the appropriate crack growth behavior is used. The insight gained in this study will inform future AM fatigue studies and will lay the groundwork for design and qualification of fracture-critical AM components.
Late Archaic through Late Woodland Exchange in the Middle Atlantic Region

In the Middle Atlantic region, extensive exchange networks are first visible during the Late Archaic period, or after 2500 B.C. This chapter provides an overview of the evidence for prehistoric trade and exchange in the Middle Atlantic region from approximately 2500 B.C. until the time of concerted European contact during the early seventeenth century. Distinctive types of exchange networks are defined and their function and relationships in prehistoric societies are explored. Detailed treatments of data, definition of relevant terms, and discussion of the assumptions upon which this endeavor is based are found elsewhere (Stewart 1984a, 1989).
Application of near-field scanning optical microscopy in photosynthesis research

Many different methods have been developed in recent years to gain insight into the structure of proteins, membranes, organelles and cells. Here we demonstrate the application of near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) for analysis of the structures of typical photosynthetic membrane objects such as chloroplasts and thylakoids from spinach and chromatophores from purple bacteria. To our knowledge, this is the first report of application of NSOM to imaging chromatophores from photosynthetic bacteria and intact thylakoids from higher plants. NSOM has the ability to measure optical signals originating from the sample with a spatial resolution better than conventional optical microscopy. The main advantage of near-field optical microscopy, besides the improved lateral optical resolution, is the simultaneously acquired topography. We have applied NSOM to thylakoids obtained by osmotic shock of chloroplasts. Swollen thylakoids had average diameters of 0.8–1 micron and heights of 0.05–0.07 micron. We also describe the use of fluorescent dyes for the analysis of structures resulting from fusion of photosynthetic bacterial chromatophores with lipid impregnated collodion membranes. The structures formed after fusion of chromatophores to the collodion film have diameters ranging from 0.2 to 10 microns and heights from 0.01 to 1 micron. The dual functionality (optical and topographical), high spatial resolution, and the possibility to work with wet samples and under water, make NSOM a useful method for examining the structures, sizes, and heterogeneity of chromatophore and thylakoid preparations.
Improving Control Room State Awareness through Complex Sonification Interfaces

Across a number of complex control room settings, there are concerns regarding operator information overload and alarm flooding. The evolution of control room technological capabilities has accelerated in recent years, due to drastic improvements in computer processing power, speed, and sensor integration. However, aging infrastructure and retiring senior operators in legacy control room systems such as chemical and power generation plants have begun to create opportunities for once-per-generation improvements in control room interface capabilities. Additional facilities, including power grid interconnection centers and computer network security monitoring centers, have created new generations of network operations control centers (NOCs). The authors' work is emphasizing the development and application of audification and parameter mapping techniques to generate engineering-based principles for presenting state-based auditory information to plant or NOC operators. There are no current systematic engineering-based principles used to apply sonification to control rooms or engineering system states in a clearly standardized way. Our current work in this domain examines the critical parameters that control room operators recognize and monitor in order to get a "sense of the plant" in nominal, degrading, or hazardous states. Principles and parameters for implementing these sonification techniques for power plant and NOC contexts are presented and discussed.
DM and CM Modeling Of Non-Isolated Buck Converters for EMI Filter Design

Non-isolated dc-dc converters play an important role in the electrification of automotive, aircraft and shipboard systems. Maximizing the power density/specific power of the EMI filter stage of these converters is critical to achieving the full benefits of electrification. To this end, lean yet accurate models are required. In this paper, a differential-mode/common-mode decomposition and equivalent modeling approach is applied to a non-isolated buck converter topology. Fully decomposed differential-mode and common-mode equivalent models are produced that yield insight into the significantimpact typical asymmetries in the buck converter and its parasitics have on its conducted emissions. A process is outlined for using the equivalent models to design optimal EMI filters for dc-dc converters with respect to system-level objectives.