cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Kalman filtering of long-baseline, short-baseline, GPS, and depth measurements

Moving ship tomography measures acoustic travel times between transmitters moored above the ocean floor and hydrophones on a cable tethered to a ship. The authors consider a Kalman filter that determines the location of a subarray of the hydrophones near the end of the cable. A long-baseline tracking system, consisting of floating buoys and the ship, acoustically measured the slant range to each hydrophone. The range to orbiting satellites was measured with the Global Positioning System (GPS). A short-baseline acoustic system measured range and direction from the ship to a beacon on the cable, and to each buoy. Depths at various points near the hydrophones were measured using three different pressure sensors. The Kalman filter combines these primary measurements and some supporting measurements to form an estimate of the buoy and hydrophone locations. An iterated correction step is used to adjust for the nonlinearities and an outlier detection scheme to make the filter robust. >
Hydrogen-Bond-Assisted Helical Folding of Propeller-Shaped Molecules: Effects of Extended π-Conjugation on Chiral Selection, Conformational Stability, and Exciton Coupling

Cooperative interaction between multiple chiral centers dictates the absolute handedness of structural folding. We have designed and prepared a series of chiral C3-symmetric tris(N-salicylidenamine) derivatives that adopt three-blade propeller-like conformations. Synthetic access to an expanded family of such constructs was aided by enzymatic resolution and C–C cross-coupling reactions of aryl-substituted chiral propargylic alcohol derivatives. These key structural components were integrated into molecular propellers of predetermined helical screw sense. Through comparative studies on a homologous set of molecules, we found that installation of phenylene-ethynylene-derived π-conjugation profoundly affected the stabilities of the helically folded structures, as evidenced by UV/Vis and circular dichroism (CD) studies. Increasing the number of hydrogen bonds through additional substitution also enhanced the populations of the folded conformations in solution. In addition to introducing steric bias to control structural folding, linearly π-conjugated groups function as spatially well-defined chromophores that give rise to characteristic exciton-coupled circular dichroism. Absolute configurations of chiral centers could thus be further confirmed by comparing the torsional relationships between pairs of chromophores on adjacent subunits, which are fully consistent with the computationally predicted structural models.
Benign temporal lobe epilepsy.

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common type of partial epilepsy in adults (Manford et al., 1992). Traditionally, TLE has been viewed as an acquired, usually drug-resistant epilepsy associated with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) and history of prolonged febrile convulsions, which often requires surgical treatment (Falconer et al., 1964). In the literature, this view was reinforced primarily by the abundance of intensive investigations for those patients with refractory TLE and seen as candidates for surgery. Epidemiologic studies, however, provided growing evidence that patients with TLE may have mild courses and enter spontaneous remission, with or without antiepileptic medication (Hauser, 1992; King et al., 1998). Because it has in the past received poor attention, the apparent low prevalence of milder forms of TLE might be related to a bias and simply be wrong. In agreement with this hypothesis, an old study (Currie et al., 1971) devised to establish the clinical features and outcomes in a group of patients with TLE attending a general hospital and not deliberately selected, found a good prognosis in about two-thirds of them.
Frequency response and tunability of grating-assisted directional couplers

The spectral properties of grating-assisted directional couplers are studied using an improved coupled mode formulation. Key parameters for the design of these structures, such as the grating period, the coupling length, and other structural parameters, are calculated. The frequency response, the filter bandwidth, and the tuning range are analyzed. The technique is used to examine a specific case of InGaAsP-InP tunable filters, and the results are compared to a prior experiment. >
Planning velocity profiles from task-level constraints and environment uncertainties

A method for parameterizing robot trajectories in the presence of uncertainties is presented. The planning process is defined as a problem of constrained optimization and the concept of a task's difficulty is used as an optimization criterion. The task difficulty, as defined by the authors, comprises the combined effects of velocity and uncertainty, mimicking human perception of difficulty in positioning tasks. The success probability is used as a constraint necessary for planning tasks with contradicting requirements. This planning paradigm is demonstrated with an experiment that contains opposing requirements: reaching the obstacle in a given time, but without exceeding certain maximal impact force. The planner is implemented on a real system. >
SEROEPIDEMIOLOGY OF UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE IN THE DESERT TORTOISE IN THE WESTERN MOJAVE DESERT OF CALIFORNIA

Several factors have combined with an upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) to produce declines on some population numbers of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) in the western USA. This study was designed to determine the seroepidemiology of URTD in a population of wild adult tortoises at the Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area (DTNA) study site in Kern County (California, USA). Prior to initiation of the study, there was a dramatic decline in the number of individuals in this population. At each individual time point, samples were obtained from 12 to 20 tortoises with radiotransmitters during winter, spring, summer, and fall from 1992 through 1995. During the course of the study, 35 animals were sampled at one or more times. Only 10 animals were available for consistent monitoring throughout the 4 yr period. Specific antibody (Ab) levels to Mycoplasma agassizii were determined for individual tortoises by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Specific Ab levels were not influenced by th...
Glycation and biomarkers of vascular complications of diabetes

Propensity to diabetic nephropathy (DN), retinopathy (DR), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) varies between individuals. Current biomarkers such as indicators of glycemia (HbA1c), retinal examinations, and albuminuria, cannot detect early tissue damage. HbAIc also doesn’t reflect most glycative and oxidative chemical pathways that cause complications, and studies of new biomarkers to measure their end-products are needed. This review proposes the study of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and oxidation end-products (OPs) in long-term diabetes outcome studies. AGEs integrate the activity of glycation pathways that form dicarbonyls, while OPs reflect superoxides, hydroxyl radicals, and peroxides. We discuss using these biomarkers to predict risk of development and progression of DN, DR, and CVD, and to determine if they confer risk independently of the level of HbA1c. We also discuss methods and guidelines to document sample quality in such studies. These studies have the potential to validate unique biomarkers during the early stages of diabetes in those who are at high risk of diabetic complications. Information on basic mechanisms responsible for complications could also stimulate development of therapeutic approaches to delay or arrest them. The ultimate goal is to predict those requiring aggressive therapies during the earliest stages, when prevention or reversal of complications is still possible.
Planning for high-speed ground transportation

The initial planning for the Northeast Corridor High-Speed Groatd Transportation System and the role of an edncational institution in assisting in the formulation of a basic poggy deciskm are described. Several options were available to the Northeast Corridor Project of the Federal Government, ranging from the least change which consisted of improving the present rail system in the Northeast Corridor to provide better and more frequent service to the most radical change--developing a wholly new system to operate at significantly higher speeds. An interdisciplinary group from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology proposed to the U. S. Department of Commerce that the Federal Government embark on a research and development program that would permit the selection and engineering of a new high-speed ground transportation system. This recommendation was adopted and subsequently implemented. A description is presented of initial results of the research program under way at M.I.T. under the sponsorship of the U. S. Department of Transportation including work on scheduling, control, suspension systems, propulsion, vehicle and tube aerodynamics, and some infrastructure or guideway problems.
The design of transonic aerofoils by a well‐posed inverse method

This paper describes a numerical method for designing closed aerofoils that correspond to given surface speed distributions including flows with shock waves. The prescribed surface speed distribution in general contains three parameters whose values are found as part of the solution. The inverse aerofoil design problem is not well posed unless the prescribed speed satisfies three constraints that can be used to fix the value of the three adjustable parameters. The computational method is based on the numerical solution of the full potential equation in conservation form by an approximate factorization–multigrid scheme. The nature of the constraints and several strategies for introducing the necessary freedom in the prescribed speed are discussed along with typical solutions illustrating the method.
Real-time streaming over wireless links: a comparative study

Real-time streaming over wireless links is challenging. The streaming protocol must be efficient and robust to random wireless loss, fair to itself, and friendly to legacy TCP. Various solutions have been proposed in the literature, among which the video transport protocol (VTP), TFRC wireless, and MULTFRC are end-to-end representatives. In this paper we provide an in-depth comparison on the performance of VTP, TFRC wireless, and MULTFRC in various wireless scenarios. The results show that VTP and TFRC wireless both perform well and deliver similar performance, with VTP exhibiting greater efficiency and smoothness in presence of heavy errors. In contrast, MULTFRC performs less satisfactorily, as it experiences large rate fluctuation and slow convergence caused by the frequent changes in the number of simultaneous connections.
Density waves in the solar nebula: Diffential Lindblad torque

The differential torque exerted by Lindblad resonances on a perturbing object embedded in a two-dimensional nonself-gravitating disk with density, pressure and sound speed gradients is quantified. First-order corrections are made to account for Keplerian rotation and the presence of the gradients. The total torque is calculated by summing over all resonances in the absence of local wave damping. When applied to the primordial solar nebula disk, the calculations show that disks that cool with increasing heliocentric distance will cause decay of the orbit of the perturbing object. Conditions in which the perturber will escape orbit delay are also described. The characteristic drift time will be no greater than the stochastic accretion time scales. Implications of the calculations for planetary formation are discussed.
Pore size analysis of >250 000 hypothetical zeolites

Computational methods have been used in the past to generate large libraries of hypothetical zeolite structures, but to date analysis of these structures has typically been limited to relatively simple physical properties such as density. We use efficient methods to analyze the adsorption and diffusion properties of simple adsorbate molecules in a library of >250 000 hypothetical silica zeolites that was generated previously by Deem and co-workers (J. Phys. Chem. C, 2009, 113, 21353). The properties of this library of materials are compared to the complete set of ∼190 zeolites that have been identified experimentally. Our calculations provide information on the largest cavities available in each material for adsorption, and the size of the largest molecules that can diffuse through each material. For a subset of ∼8000 materials, we computed the Henry's constant and diffusion activation energy for adsorbed CH4 and H2. We show that these calculations provide a useful screening tool for considering large collections of nanocrystalline materials and choosing materials with particular promise for more detailed modeling.
Recovery of a northern New England salt marsh plant community from winter icing

High latitude salt marsh plant communities are frequently exposed to conspicuous winter ice disturbances, which trigger secondary succession. In this paper, we document the recovery of a northern New England salt marsh from a severe winter icing event in 1998. Ice disturbances that killed plants but that left the underlying peat intact recovered rapidly. However, ice damage that killed plants and removed the underlying peat, led to areas of physiologically harsh edaphic conditions, specifically waterlogged and anoxic soils that limited plant recolonization. A transplant experiment revealed that only the most stress-tolerant plants were capable of invading the most stressful portions of ice disturbances. A second experiment that artificially dried disturbance patches accelerated patch recovery. These data suggest that recovery from intense ice disturbance is dependent on stress-tolerant plants invading edaphically harsh disturbances, eventually facilitating the recolonization of the community. This process likely takes longer than a decade for full recovery to occur in the areas where both plants and the peat base are removed.
Illness knowledge moderates the influence of coping style on quality of life among women with congestive heart failure.

Abstract Objective This study evaluated the relationship of coping style with quality of life (QoL) among women with congestive heart failure (CHF), and the role of illness knowledge in this relationship. Methods Thirty-five women with CHF completed measures of coping style (anger-in, alexithymia, and emotional expression), illness knowledge, and emotional/physical QoL. Results Symptoms of depression and anxiety were positively associated with anger-in ( P P P = .05). Furthermore, illness knowledge moderated the relationship between anger-in and depressive symptoms ( P = .01), such that high anger-in individuals with greater illness knowledge displayed greater depressive symptoms. Knowledge also moderated the relationship between emotional expression and anxiety ( P = .02), indicating that low emotional expression was associated with greater anxiety among those with less illness knowledge. Depressive and anxiety symptoms, anger-in, alexithymia, and emotional expression were not correlated with physical QoL. Conclusion Illness knowledge is associated with poorer emotional QoL among those using denial-based coping styles, but a better QoL among those avoiding communication of their emotions.
Comparative Growth Responses of Oral Streptococci on Mixed Saliva or the Separate Submandibular and Parotid Secretions from Caries-active and Caries-free Individuals

Growth of S. mutans on mixed or parotid saliva from CF individuals may be influenced by the availability of growth-supportive proteins or the inhibitory activity present in parotid saliva. A deficiency in growth-supportive proteins may explain the limited growth of S. sanguis on mixed or submandibular saliva from these individuals.
Gray's three-arousal model: an empirical investigation

We evaluated the validity of Gray’s and Fowles’ three-arousal model in two studies of criminal oAenders using a continuous motor task involving rewards and punishments. Consistent with predictions for the behavioral approach/activation system (BAS), oAenders displayed significant ( p < 0.00001) increases in response time and heart rate (HR) from a no-incentive practice phase to a reward-only (experiment 1) and active-avoidance (experiment 2) phase. Trait impulsivity was correlated with the response time index of BAS activation in experiment 1 but not experiment 2. Consistent with predictions for the behavioral inhibition system (BIS), oAenders showed a significant increase in number of skin conductance responses (SCRs) ( p < 0.05) from a reward-only to a mixed-incentive phase in experiment 1 and a significant increase in SC amplitude to punishment cues in both experiments. Consistent with predictions for the dynamics of the model, participants showed significant slowing of response time ( p < 0.0001) from reward-only (experiment 1) or active avoidance (experiment 2) to mixed-incentive phases despite showing an initial tendency toward response facilitation to the onset of the punishment cue signifying the beginning of the mixed-incentive phases. Participants also showed significant ( p < 0.002) decreases in HR between these phases in both studies, but this eAect was only evident on trial 1. The BIS-influenced response time and HR indices were significantly ( p < 0.05) correlated with anxiety in experiment 1, but unexpectedly, anxiety was not correlated with SC indices of the BIS in either study. Although much of the data support the validity of the Gray/Fowles model, particular findings suggest that further refinement of this theory is indicated. 7 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Neurosciences in Music Pedagogy

Neurosciences in music pedagogy, edited by Wilfried Gruhn and Frances H. Rauscher, New York, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2008, 322 pp., £74.99/US$125.00 (hardback), ISBN-13: 978-1-60021-834-7 Bo...
Early hospital readmission in the trauma population: Are the risk factors different?

Introduction Hospital readmission rates will soon impact Medicare reimbursements. While risk factors for readmission have been described for medical and elective surgical patients, little is known about their predictive value specifically in trauma patients.
Optimal Index Asset Allocation for Maximizing Risk Adjusted Performance Using Historical Returns

This paper seeks to determine an optimal allocation of index assets selected among classes commonly used for diversifying portfolios intended for long term investments, like those employed for retirement purposes (401(k) or IRA). The goal of this study, intended for risk adverse investors, is to obtain a risk adjusted performance which rewards returns and penalizes volatility. Nonlinear optimization techniques are employed to calculate the optimal allocation that maximizes risk adjusted performance. Results are compared against those of other traditional portfolios, and a parametric study is performed to investigate the impact of different rebalancing frequencies on portfolio performance.
The Philosopher and the Scientists: Comments on the Perception of the Exact Sciences in the Work of Hans Jonas

It is difficult for a scientist to comment on the work of a philosopher. It may even seem to be improper for him to try since full competence is an acknowledged prerequisite for scientific publications. However, this is neither a philosophical essay nor a critical or hermeneutic evaluation of some of the writings of Hans Jonas. Rather, I shall try to formulate a response to the philosophical analysis of science and technology which appears in the work of Jonas, describing briefly its importance for scientists who are seeking an Archimedean standpoint for their activities. I assume that philosophy is not itself a specialized science but a discipline which can stay alive only through a never ending interaction with all human endeavors, and I propose to speak as a recipient, but not as a creator, of philosophical ideas. I hope that this will protect me against the reproach of going beyond my range of competence. I do not doubt that already my assumption about the nature of philosophy is open to criticism from at least some philosophers, but I feel certain that it is not objectionable to Jonas.
Depression Subtyping: Treatment Implications

The complexity of subtyping depression and the implications that such subtyping has on treatment choices are discussed in this article. The most recent edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) directs clinicians to classify the mood disorders in depressed patients as unipolar, bipolar, due to a general medical condition, or due to substance abuse. The focus of this article is unipolar (major depression and dysthymia) and bipolar I and II disorders with and without feature specifiers for atypical depression, seasonal affective disorder, psychotic depression, and postpartum depression. Anxious depression, which is not a DSM-IV classification, is also reviewed.
The Real Estate Academic Leadership (Real) Rankings for 2013–2017

Abstract The Real Estate Academic Leadership (REAL) rankings for authors and institutions began in 2015 with a straightforward approach to measure author and institutional contributions to real estate research. While real estate research may traditionally be allied with business schools, authorship varies across university programs, as well as public and private organizations. That level of diversity makes it difficult to easily rank programs or departments, resulting in the university or organization as being the primary unit of analysis. The initial rankings in 2011–2015 attempted to highlight the authors and institutions making the greatest contributions to the field of real estate research based on publications in the top three peer-reviewed real estate journals. To some extent, the 2012–2016 rankings served as a check on the rankings from 2011– 2015 to see if there were any major issues with the simple methodology used in the initial rankings. The 2013–2017 REAL rankings continue to highlight that pa...
Embedding Privacy and Ethical Values in Big Data Technology

The phenomenon now commonly referred to as “Big Data” holds great promise and opportunity as a potential source of solutions to many societal ills ranging from cancer to terrorism; but it might also end up as “…a troubling manifestation of Big Brother, enabling invasions of privacy, decreased civil freedoms (and) increased state and corporate control” (Boyd & Crawford, 2012, p. 664). Discussions about the use of Big Data are widespread as “(d)iverse groups argue about the potential benefits and costs of analyzing genetic sequences, social media interactions, health records, phone logs, government records, and other digital traces left by people” (Boyd & Crawford, 2012, p. 662). This chapter attempts to establish guidelines for the discussion and analysis of ethical issues related to Big Data in research, particularly with respect to privacy. In doing so, it adds new dimensions to the agenda setting goal of this volume. It is intended to help researchers in all fields, as well as policy-makers, to articulate their concerns in an organized way, and to specify relevant issues for discussion, policy-making and action with respect to the ethics of Big Data. On the basis of our review of scholarly literature and our own investigations with big and small data, we have come to recognize that privacy and the great potential for privacy violations constitute major concerns in the debate about Big Data. Furthermore, our approach and our recommendations are generalizable to other ethical considerations inherent in Big Data as we illustrate in the final section of the chapter.
Automatically Scoring Freshman Writing: A Preliminary Investigation

In this work, we explore applications of automatic essay scoring (AES) to a corpus of essays written by college freshmen and discuss the challenges we faced. While most AES systems evaluate highly constrained writing, we developed a system that handles open-ended, long-form writing. We present a novel corpus for this task, containing more than 3,000 essays and drafts written for a freshman writing course. We describe statistical analysis of the corpus and identify problems with automatically scoring this type of data. Finally, we demonstrate how to overcome grader bias by using a multi-task setup, and predict scores as well as human graders on a different dataset. Finally, we discuss how AES can help teachers assign more uniform grades.
Integrating Docrine and Skills in First-Year Courses: A Transactional Attorney's Perspective

Todd Rakoff, Martha Minow and Michael Mogill are among critics of traditional legal education taught from Langdellian approach of analyzing appellate court opinions. Calls for reform have come from the American Bar Association in the MacCrate Report and from the Carnegie Foundation Report on Legal Education. Preparation of students for lawyering, rather than a career as a law professor, is becoming the goal. An increase in availability of clinical/live client experiences supports meeting this goal. Lawyering for many graduates will involve advising business clients about legal risks and achieving goals. The role of the transactional lawyer is receiving attention as Tina Stark and others urge an “integrated transactional curriculum, much like the integrated litigation curriculum that prepares law students for dispute resolution. Students, most of whom will work as transactional attorneys, need to encounter the transactional model in their first semester or at least their first year of law school. The author discusses progress in developing a transactional curriculum and what students should learn about transactional skills and the law as 1 L’s. Taking the part of the real estate attorney, the author provides two examples of how the transactional perspective can be introduced in a first year Property course of the sort she teaches at the John Marshall Law School. She uses a client interview, negotiation of terms of a residential lease to teach landlord tenant law in the context of practice. She uses a video trip to The Sea Ranch in Northern California as the basis for teaching: servitudes; reviewing legal document of Covenants, Conditions and Regulations (CC& Rs) in this shared ownership community; analyzing the needs of a real estate client and writing a business letter advising the client; and teaching “takings.”
Increased Incidence of Cytomegalovirus Disease After Autologous CD34-Selected Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation

High-dose therapy with autologous peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) rescue is widely used for the treatment of malignant disease. CD34 selection of PBSC has been applied as a means of reducing contamination of the graft. Although CD34 selection results in a 2 to 3 log reduction in contaminating tumor cells without significantly delaying engraftment, many other types of cells are depleted from the CD34-enriched grafts and immune reconstitution may be impaired. In the present study, 31 cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seropositive patients who received myeloablative therapy followed by the infusion of CD34-selected autologous PBSC were assessed for the development of CMV disease in the first 100 days posttransplant. Seven patients (22.6%) developed CMV disease and 4 patients (12.9%) died from complications of their infection. In a contemporaneous group of 237 CMV-seropositive patients receiving unselected, autologous PBSC, only 10 patients (4.2%) developed CMV disease, with 5 deaths (2.1%). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, the use of CD34-selected autologous PBSC after high-dose therapy was associated with a marked increase in the incidence of CMV disease and CMV-associated deaths.
Synaptic plasticity in sympathetic ganglia from acquired and inherited forms of ouabain-dependent hypertension.

Altered sympathetic nervous system activity has been implicated often in hypertension. We examined short-term potentiation [posttetanic potentiation (PTP)] and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the i...
Characterizing Plasmons in Nanoparticles and Their Assemblies with Single Particle Spectroscopy

The plasmonic properties of noble-metal nanoparticles are extremely sensitive to their size and shape. Single particle spectroscopy techniques have therefore become the standard for understanding how the energy of the localized surface plasmon of individual nanoparticles scales with small changes in the morphology. Chemical methods have progressed to the point where researchers can facilely grow and assemble plasmonic nanostructures potentially useful for improving technologies in computing, communication, biomedical imaging and sensing, and therapeutics. Very small and very large nanostructures each present a unique set of challenges, and a separate strategy for each kind of sample is necessary for fully revealing the relationships among size, shape, orientation, and spacing between nanoparticles. This Perspective discusses how different single particle imaging and spectroscopy techniques together with electron microscopy can be applied to reveal the relationships between the plasmonic response and the m...
Lipid partitioning during cardiac stress

It is well documented that fatty acids serve as the primary fuel substrate for the contracting myocardium. However, extensive research has identified significant changes in the myocardial oxidation of fatty acids during acute or chronic cardiac stress. As a result, the redistribution or partitioning of fatty acids due to metabolic derangements could have biological implications. Fatty acids can be stored as triacylglycerols, serve as critical components for biosynthesis of phospholipid membranes, and form the potent signaling molecules, diacylglycerol and ceramides. Therefore, the contribution of lipid metabolism to health and disease is more intricate than a balance of uptake and oxidation. In this review, the available data regarding alterations that occur in endogenous cardiac lipid pathways during the pathological stressors of ischemia-reperfusion and pathological hypertrophy/heart failure are highlighted. In addition, changes in endogenous lipids observed in exercise training models are presented for comparison. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Heart Lipid Metabolism edited by G.D. Lopaschuk.
Projections of Water Stress Based on an Ensemble of Socioeconomic Growth and Climate Change Scenarios: A Case Study in Asia.

The sustainability of future water resources is of paramount importance and is affected by many factors, including population, wealth and climate. Inherent in current methods to estimate these factors in the future is the uncertainty of their prediction. In this study, we integrate a large ensemble of scenarios—internally consistent across economics, emissions, climate, and population—to develop a risk portfolio of water stress over a large portion of Asia that includes China, India, and Mainland Southeast Asia in a future with unconstrained emissions. We isolate the effects of socioeconomic growth from the effects of climate change in order to identify the primary drivers of stress on water resources. We find that water needs related to socioeconomic changes, which are currently small, are likely to increase considerably in the future, often overshadowing the effect of climate change on levels of water stress. As a result, there is a high risk of severe water stress in densely populated watersheds by 2050, compared to recent history. There is strong evidence to suggest that, in the absence of autonomous adaptation or societal response, a much larger portion of the region’s population will live in water-stressed regions in the near future. Tools and studies such as these can effectively investigate large-scale system sensitivities and can be useful in engaging and informing decision makers.
VIRUSES ASSOCIATED WITH THE COMMON COLD

Progress has been made in the search for the cause of the common cold. At present the most prominent viruses associated with common colds in adults and children are the rhinoviruses, but it is evident that several groups of viruses are involved. A three year survey conducted in Chicago indicates that rhinoviruses are responsible for 15 to 25 per cent of all common colds in young adults and are a major etiologic factor during the fall and spring. The rhinoviruses isolated in this study and those isolated by other workers belong to many different serologic types.
Study on Variety Breeding and Cultivation Techniques of Xiangling Cauliflower Mushroom

Xiangling cauliflower mushroom was a kind of multi-spored bacterial strain,which was crossbreed with Clitocybe maxima and white Pleurotus ferulae.The sporophore of this kind of bacterial strain is white,some of them looks like cauliflower or flat cauliflower,and we can see the gill clearly.Demonstration by three years of cultivation,the biological characteristics of the species is stable.The technology projects was accepted successfully by participants experts of Yongan Science and Technology Bureau,and was tentatively named Xiangling cauliflower mushroom.
The Rorschach Inkblot Method

The Rorschach Inkblot Method (RIM) is a relatively unstructured, performance-based personality assessment instrument. When properly administered and interpreted, the RIM provides dependable information about how people attend to and perceive their surroundings, how they form concepts and ideas, how they experience and express affect, how they manage stress, and how they view themselves and other people. Rorschach findings can thereby facilitate decision making whenever conclusions and recommendations concerning people are based at least in part on these personality characteristics. The contexts in which personality-based decisions are made include differential diagnosis, treatment planning, and outcome evaluation in clinical work and criminal, personal injury, and child custody determinations in forensic settings. The present chapter elaborates these clinical and forensic applications of Rorschach assessment, preceded by an introductory review of Rorschach procedures, the development of the instrument, and research findings bearing on its psychometric properties.
Does Hyperuricosuria Play a Role in Calcium Oxalate Lithiasis

This review evaluates the epidemiologic, clinical and experimental evidence for an etiological link between urinary uric acid and the propensity to develop calcium oxalate calculi. While epidemiologic and laboratory studies provide only equivocal support for a synergistic relationship, several clinical trials with allopurinol have demonstrated a reduction in calculus recurrence. These beneficial effects are observed only when allopurinol is given to subjects with calcium oxalate calculi who have isolated hyperuricosuria. The specificity of this effect suggests that there is an important interaction between uric acid and calcium oxalate but the mechanism(s) remain to be elucidated.
Hormone-Dependent Plasticity of Auditory Systems in Fishes

Fishes, the most species-rich group of living vertebrates, present remarkable opportunities to investigate neural mechanisms underlying the sense of hearing. While the sound-producing and hearing abilities of fishes have long been known, it was not until the turn of this century that the influence of hormones on audition was first reported for fish. This discovery has led to numerous studies in multiple species using a range of methodological approaches to investigate underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Here, we review these findings within behavioral, hormonal, ecological, and evolutionary contexts. As shown, fishes share a large suite of behavioral and neurohormonal characters with tetrapods and offer distinct advantages as experimental models, in part, because of easy accessibility to the peripheral and central auditory systems.
Snake-Like and Continuum Robots

This chapter provides an overview of the state of the art of snake-like (backbones comprised of many small links) and continuum (continuous backbone) robots. The history of each of these classes of robot is reviewed, focusing on key hardware developments. A review of the existing theory and algorithms for kinematics for both types of robot is presented, followed by a summary of modeling of locomotion for snake-like and continuum mechanisms.
Introduction: The Problem of ‘Collective’ or ‘Group’ Responsibility

It is undeniable that many of the worst harms are caused by groups of people. War, genocide, and riots are not the products of individuals acting alone. Who is morally responsible for such things? Answers often come easily. ‘Germany is responsible for the war,’ we might say, or ‘the Hutus are responsible for the genocide.’ Initially such answers sound perfectly reasonable, but if we take a moment to think about them, they are terribly imprecise. What does it mean to say that a group is responsible? Is the group responsible but not the members? Are all group members responsible, or just some? These questions are not settled simply by looking at our way of speaking. Indeed, in Western philosophy there is a sporadic but ongoing debate about what may be called ‘group responsibility.’ The debate began in earnest just after World War II. Were Germans responsible as a group for the Holocaust? The question was asked but never settled. As time passed, similar questions arose in relation to the Vietnam War, corporate scandals, and hate crimes. Again arguments were made both for and against group responsibility. But as I show in later chapters, these questions have yet to be settled.
Neural Network and Applications

This chapter describes the basic principles of neural networks and some of their applications in the power electronics and motor drive area. Neural networks (NNWs) are a very important subject in artificial intelligence (AI), and the technology has advanced tremendously in recent years with the expansion of the applications into various areas. The idea of NNWs comes from the biological neuron and biological neural network; in practice, however, a NNW's performance may be far inferior. NNWs help in solving many problems efficiently that are difficult to solve by the traditional methods. A NNW has linear transfer characteristics with a linear activation or transfer function (TF), whereas a non-linear TF can provide NNWs with a non-linear mapping property. Most NNW-based projects require non-linear TFs. Many NNW topologies have been proposed in the literature that can be classified as feed forward and feedback or recurrent NNWs (RNN). Feedforward networks have static non-linear mapping property, whereas recurrent networks have dynamical or temporal mapping property. Therefore, feedforward NNWs are used for pattern recognition type applications, whereas RNNs are utilized for emulating dynamical systems.
STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION OF WELL LOGS: AN AUTOMATED APPROACH

ABSTRACT A system for automated correlation of digitized well logs based on lithostratigraphic characters has been developed. Modular in design and concept, the system employs a mean-value, moving-window algorithm for zoning digitized well logs, a stretching algorithm, a cross-correlation program, and a mapping function that highlights correlations between zones. In an application of this system to the Upper Glen Rose Formation of northeastern Texas, a number of distinct lithostratigraphic zones were detected and interpreted in terms of deltaic buildups, growth faulting, and shelf deposition.
The Role of Magnesium and Its Associated Water Channel in Activity and Regulation of Cytochrome cOxidase

Research on cytochrome coxidase has moved into a new era with the recent resolution of the crystal structures of bacterial [1] and beef heart [2] enzymes, showing their remarkable similarity. The resolution of the crystal structures has specified the spatial organization of the metal centers and defined some possible routes for proton translocation within the molecule. Three distinct pathways for protons are expected in the cytochrome coxidase: two entries for the pumped and substrate protons and an unidirectional exit route. An apparent water channel, which could function as the proton exit pathway, is clearly visible in the beef heart oxidase X-ray structure [2] (Figure 1): it is immediately above the active site and connects it to the exterior of the membrane.
Reduced water intake deteriorates glucose regulation in patients with type 2 diabetes

Epidemiological research has demonstrated that low daily total water intake is associated with increased diagnosis of hyperglycemia. Possible mechanisms for this increase include hormones related to the hypothalamic pituitary axis as well as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Therefore, the hypothesis of the present study was that acute low water intake would result in differential hormonal profiles and thus impaired blood glucose regulation during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Nine men (53 ± 9 years, 30.0 ± 4.3 m∙kg-2, 32% ± 6% body fat) diagnosed with T2DM completed OGTTs in euhydrated (EUH) and hypohydrated (HYP) states in counterbalanced order. Water restriction led to hypohydration of -1.6% of body weight, with elevated plasma (EUH: 288 ± 4, HYP: 298 ± 6 mOsm·kg-1; P < .05) and urine (EUH: 512 ± 185, HYP: 994 ± 415 mOsm·kg-1; P < .05) osmolality. There was a significant main effect of condition for serum glucose (at time 0 minute 9.5 ± 4.2 vs 10.4 ± 4.4 mmol∙L-1 and at time 120 minutes 19.1 ± 4.8 vs 21.0 ± 4.1 mmol∙L-1 for EUH and HYP, respectively; P < .001) but not insulin (mean difference between EUH and HYP -12.1 ± 44.9 pmol∙L-1, P = .390). An interaction between time and condition was observed for cortisol: decrease from minute 0 to 120 in EUH (-85.3 ± 82.1 nmol∙L-1) vs HYP (-25.0 ± 43.0 nmol∙L-1; P = .017). No differences between conditions were found within RAAS-related hormones. Therefore, we can conclude that 3 days of low total water intake in people with T2DM acutely impairs blood glucose response during an OGTT via cortisol but not RAAS-mediated glucose regulation.
Paradoxical Effects of MLL Paralogs in MLL-Rearranged Leukemia

Conflicting data exist on the requirement for wild-type MLL1 in MLL-rearranged leukemia. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Chen et al. describe complementary approaches demonstrating that MLL1 is dispensable for MLL-fusion-mediated leukemogenesis. They also observe an unexpected role for MLL2 in MLL-rearranged leukemia cells and identify potential therapeutic targets.
On Image Charge Induced Barrier Lowering in Graphene–Semiconductor Contacts

Graphene has been extensively studied as highly flexible and optically transparent contacts in semiconductor devices, such as photodetectors, solar cells, and light emitting transistors. A Schottky barrier forms at the interface between graphene and semiconductor, whose height has an exponential impact on the current. In this work, image-charge-induced barrier lowering (BL) in graphene–semiconductor contacts is examined and compared to that in metal Schottky contacts. The results show that despite graphene being a semimetal with vanishing density-of-states at the Dirac point, the image-charge-induced BL can be significant. Even in an undoped graphene–semiconductor contact, the BL value can be more than 50% of that of a metal Schottky contact. The ratio of BL in a graphene–semiconductor contact to that in a metal–semiconductor contact increases as the graphene doping density increases and as the semiconductor dielectric constant decreases. An empirical expression for estimating the image-charge-induced BL in graphene–semiconductor contacts is provided.
Karymsky volcano eruptive plume properties based on MISR multi-angle imagery and the volcanological implications

Abstract. Space-based operational instruments are in unique positions to monitor volcanic activity globally, especially in remote locations or where suborbital observing conditions are hazardous. The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) provides hyper-stereo imagery, from which the altitude and microphysical properties of suspended atmospheric aerosols can be derived. These capabilities are applied to plumes emitted at Karymsky volcano from 2000 to 2017. Observed plumes from Karymsky were emitted predominantly to an altitude of 2–4 km, with occasional events exceeding 6 km. MISR plume observations were most common when volcanic surface manifestations, such as lava flows, were identified by satellite-based thermal anomaly detection. The analyzed plumes predominantly contained large (1.28 µm effective radius), strongly absorbing particles indicative of ash-rich eruptions. Differences between the retrievals for Karymsky volcano's ash-rich plumes and the sulfur-rich plumes emitted during the 2014–2015 eruption of Holuhraun (Iceland) highlight the ability of MISR to distinguish particle types from such events. Observed plumes ranged from 30 to 220 km in length and were imaged at a spatial resolution of 1.1 km. Retrieved particle properties display evidence of downwind particle fallout, particle aggregation and chemical evolution. In addition, changes in plume properties retrieved from the remote-sensing observations over time are interpreted in terms of shifts in eruption dynamics within the volcano itself, corroborated to the extent possible with suborbital data. Plumes emitted at Karymsky prior to 2010 display mixed emissions of ash and sulfate particles. After 2010, all plumes contain consistent particle components, indicative of entering an ash-dominated regime. Post-2010 event timing, relative to eruption phase, was found to influence the optical properties of observed plume particles, with light absorption varying in a consistent sequence as each respective eruption phase progressed.
Fast ocean salinity sensing based on long-period fiber gratings integrated with ionic strength-responsive hydrogel (Conference Presentation)

Rapid, accurate, and real-time measurements of ocean salinity are of great importance for a host of scientific, commercial and defense applications. We demonstrate a highly sensitive, fast-responding fiber-optic salinity sensor that integrates long-period fiber gratings (LPFG) with ionic strength-responsive hydrogel. Submicron-thick hydrogels were synthesized via layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of partially quaternized poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (qP4VP) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), followed by chemical crosslinking of qP4VP and removal of PAA. Spectroscopic ellipsometry studies of hydrogels with 37% quaternized qP4VP revealed robust and reversible swelling/deswelling behavior of the coatings in solutions with different salt concentrations at pH 7.5. The performance of hydrogel-coated LPFG for the monitoring of sodium chloride solution in the salinity relevant range of 0.4 to 0.8 M was investigated. The swelling/deswelling process induced remarkable changes in the refractive index of the coating, resulting in robust shift in the resonance wavelength of LPFG. The hydrogel-coated LPFG exhibited a sensitivity of 7 nm/M with a response time less than 1 second. There is a linear correlation between the resonance wavelength shift and the salt concentration, making quantification of measured salinity straightforward.
Halide-Directed Synthesis of Square Prismatic Ag Nanocrystals by the Polyol Method

Achieving shape control of high-quality metal nanocrystals is a critical challenge in the fabrication of bottom-up plasmonic materials. Here, we synthesize a uniquely anisotropic Ag nanocrystal shape using a modified polyol method. Single-crystalline Ag square prism nanocrystals, which possess two square facets and four rectangular facets, with uniform size distributions and a high yield (≤96%) are generated by the controlled addition of Br– anions during the nucleation and growth process. Br– acts as a reshaping agent for the generation of single-crystalline seed nanoparticles that direct subsequent anisotropic growth in the ⟨100⟩ direction. Nanocrystal growth and shape development are monitored through optical absorption spectroscopy, which reveals the localized surface plasmon resonances of the square prisms. Electrodynamic simulations indicate strong near-field enhancement associated with the high aspect ratio shape and the potential application of these nanocrystals as optical nanoantenna in plasmoni...