cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exercise-induced hyperthermia may prevent accurate core temperature measurement by tympanic membrane thermometer.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of exercise-induced hyperthermia on brain and deep trunk temperature measurement in order to determine the optimal temperature site of the body for varying nursing practices in outpatient clinical settings. Eight women, 18 to 50 years old (30.9 +/- 12.6; mean +/- SD), participated in the study. Subjects were asked to perform their regular aerobic exercise in a natural environment while body temperature (ear and rectal) and heart rate (HR) were measured simultaneously and repeatedly before, during, and after exercise. Glass mercury rectal thermometers were used for measurement of deep trunk temperature, an infrared tympanic membrane thermometer for measurement of brain temperature, and a portable heart rate monitor for monitoring heart rate. Rectal temperature was higher than ear temperature for all but one of the 40 pairs of observation. The time pattern varied for the two modes of temperature (F = 9.67; df 4,28; p < .001). Rectal temperature changed over time (F = 7.86; df 4,28; p < .002), and ear temperature did not (F = 1.5; df 4,28; p = .25), indicating that ear temperature did not respond to exercise. While rectal temperature was strongly correlated with HR (r = .60), ear temperature did not correlate either with rectal temperature (r = .02) or with HR (r = .08). Thus deep trunk temperature responds to exercise at moderate levels. On the other hand, ear temperature does not increase due to exercise. Ear temperature is not a valid indicator of trunk temperature during and immediately after exercise.
Highway tractor trailer splash and spray reduction through aerodynamic design

The application of aerodynamics to treat highway tractor trailer vehicles, primarily for fuel economy gains, has a potentially significant effect in reducing the spray generated from surface water at high road speeds. This paper describes the evaluation of an aerodynamically designed conventional tractor trailer system to determine the levels of spray control assignable to individual aero features. Basic study involved vehicle operation through controlled water depths using laser instrumentation to rate the level of spray generated. Additionally, video documentation of certain configurations operating on highway compared the real world effectiveness of aerodynamic designs in moderate rainfall (A).
File access prediction with adjustable accuracy

We describe a novel on-line file access predictor, Recent Popularity, capable of rapid adaptation to workload changes while simultaneously predicting more events with greater accuracy than prior efforts. We distinguish the goal of predicting the most events accurately from the goal of offering the most accurate predictions (when declining to Offer a prediction is acceptable). For this purpose we present two distinct measures of accuracy, general and specific accuracy, corresponding to these goals. We describe how our new predictor and an earlier effort, Noah, can trade the number of events predicted for prediction accuracy by modifying simple parameters. When prediction accuracy is strictly more important than the number of predictions offered, trace-based evaluation demonstrates error rates as low as 2%, while offering predictions for more than 60% of all file access events.
Picturing the Pre-Columbian Americas

1491 . New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus. By Charles C. Mann . Knopf, New York, 2005. 478 pp. $30, C$40. ISBN 1-4000-4006-X. Ancient Americans . Rewriting the History of the New World. Granta, London, 2005. £20. ISBN 1-86207-617-0. Pulling together disparate data from archaeology, history, genetics, and ecology, the author discusses the state of human civilizations in the Americas before the arrival of the Europeans.
Effect of Insulin on Farnesyltransferase SPECIFICITY OF INSULIN ACTION AND POTENTIATION OF NUCLEAR EFFECTS OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-1, EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR, AND PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR

Abstract We have previously demonstrated that insulin activates farnesyltransferase (FTase) and augments the amounts of farnesylated p21 (Goalstone, M. L., and Draznin, B. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 27585–27589). We postulated that this aspect of insulin action might explain the “priming effect” of insulin on the cellular response to other growth factors. In the present study, we show the specificity of the effect of insulin on FTase. Insulin, but not insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), epidermal growth factor (EGF), or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), stimulated the phosphorylation of the α-subunit of FTase and the amounts of farnesylated p21. Even though all four growth factors utilized the Ras pathway to stimulate DNA synthesis, only insulin used this pathway to influence FTase. Insulin failed to stimulate FTase in cells expressing the chimeric insulin/IGF-1 receptor and in cells derived from the insulin receptor knock-out animals. Insulin potentiated the effects of IGF-1, EGF, and PDGF on DNA synthesis in cells expressing the wild type insulin receptor, but this potentiation was inhibited in the presence of the FTase inhibitor, α-hydroxyfarnesylphosphonic acid. We conclude that the effect of insulin on FTase is specific, requires the presence of an intact insulin receptor, and serves as a conduit for the “priming” influence of insulin on the nuclear effects of other growth factors.
Magnetization evolution in connected pore systems. III. Fluid flow.

The time evolution of the magnetization in a fluid-filled porous medium is studied for the case in which the pore fluid carries a steady current. Both the mean lifetime and the spectrum of relaxation rates are calculated with effective-medium theory. The structure of the spectrum of relaxation rates is found to be very sensitive to the fluid flow. Thus the spectrum of relaxation rates is a valuable detector of fluid flow or of features of the pore-space geometry when the flow is known.
Interactions between nucleotides and coupling factor 1 in chloroplasts

Abstract The coupling factor 1 part of the ATPase complex of chloroplast thylakoid membranes contains different kinds of nucleotide binding sites. The elucidation of the functions of these sites in photophosphorylation and related processes is a challenging problem.
An observational test of cosmological particle production theories

Abstract It is shown that, although cosmological particle production is too small to be seen directly, the production of particles which decay through the emission of photons leads to an isotropic X-ray/gamma-ray background which is observable. An approximate expression for part of the differential photon flux spectrum is derived. This expression is evaluated for several examples and compared to observations.
Dynamics of Freezing Electric Dipoles

Dielectric relaxation measurements are reported in KTa${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$: Li and interpreted in terms of a Gaussian distribution of logarithmic relaxation times. The center and width of this distribution depend continuously on temperature, and reveal no signs of critical effects at the freezing temperature. It is suggested that the same mechanism governs freezing in KTa${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$: Li, spin-glasses, the quadrupole glass KBr: CN, and the tunneling-dipole glass KCl: OH.
Predicting bioavailability of sediment polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Hyalella azteca using equilibrium partitioning, supercritical fluid extraction, and pore water concentrations.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) bioavailability to Hyalella azteca was determined in 97 sediments from six former manufactured-gas plants and two aluminum smelter sites. Measurements of Soxhlet extractable, rapidly released based on mild supercritical fluid extraction, and pore water dissolved concentrations of 18 parent and 16 groups of alkyl PAHs (PAH34) were used to predict 28 day survival based on equilibrium partitioning and hydrocarbon narcosis models. Total PAH concentrations had little relationship to toxicity. Amphipods survived in sediments with PAH34 concentrations as high as 2990 μg/g, while sediments as low as 2.4 μg/g of PAH34 resulted in significant mortality. Equilibrium partitioning using either total extractable or rapidly released concentrations significantly improved predictions. However, pore water PAH34 concentrations were best for predicting amphipod survival and correctly classified toxic and nontoxic sediment samples with an overall model efficiency of 90%. Alkyl PAHs accoun...
Tyrosinase-like activity and estradiol binding in rat uterine nuclear extracts

Abstract Nuclear extracts from the uteri of estradiol-implanted rats contain a tyrosinase-like enzyme that has three activities: monophenolase or cresolase, diphenolase or catecholase, and estrogen binding. When [ 3 H]estradiol was used as a substrate, 3 H 2 O was released from the A ring in the presence of copper and ascorbic acid. The optimal concentrations of these cofactorsfor the cresolase activity were established. The cresolase activity was lost on attempts at further purification. Estradiol binding was observed in conjunction with the enzymatic activity and was dependent on the presence of ascorbic acid and copper. The most potent inhibitors of 3 H 2 O release from [ 3 H]estradiol were those with a dihydroxy phenol moiety. The reaction was also sensitive to sulfhydryl reagents. These features of the enzyme are distinctive from other oxidases capable of attacking the aromatic ring of estrogens. (Steroids 57 :248–256, 1992).
Mutant frequency at the hprt locus in human lymphocytes in a case-control study of lung cancer

A clonal assay to determine the mutant frequency (MF) at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) locus in human lymphocytes has been used by a number of investigators to study exposure to mutagens and carcinogens in a variety of populations. We have studied hprt MF in 106 subjects (40 controls and 66 cases) enrolled in a case-control investigation of lung cancer. Epidemiological data collected included smoking history, intake of dietary micronutrients, and occupational and environmental exposures as well as medical history, all obtained from an interviewer-administered questionnaire. All subjects were also genotyped for the known polymorphism in glutathione S-transferase class mu (GST-mu). In analysis of cases and controls, hprt MF was not associated with age, smoking, the polymorphism in GST mu, dietary intake, occupational exposures, family history of cancer or usage of medications. Since MF and cloning efficiency (CE) are not independent when CE is low, further analysis in cases and controls with a CE greater than or equal to 30% (27 cases and 22 controls) was also conducted. In analysis of controls, hprt MF increased with age and was inversely associated with intake of folate and vitamins A and C. The presence of lung cancer was not associated with hprt MF. Thus, our study supports the previous observation that dietary components may affect the MF at the hprt locus.
Real-Time Measurements of Protein Affinities on Membrane Surfaces by Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Signal transduction in cells involves transitory interactions between proteins and membranes and between different proteins of the interacting species. These associations depend on the strength of the interactions and on the local concentration. Because the energy and intensity of the fluorescence of many probes are very sensitive to the local environment, fluorescence measurements can report on events, such as membrane binding and protein association, in real time. We describe methods to monitor associations both in vitro and in vivo by fluorescence.
Three-dimensional ordered nanostructures for supercapacitor electrode

Abstract A novel three-dimensional (3D) network structure consisting of vertically aligned polyaniline array/graphene-film/polyaniline array was fabricated via multistep nanowire growth and graphene deposition. The choice of acid in the synthesis process plays a critical role in the morphology of 3D network structures and electrochemical performance. Using HClO 4 helps to achieve more favorable porous morphology and led to better electrochemical properties. The 3D-network materials were used as supercapacitor electrode, and the electrochemical impedance results indicated that the charge transfer resistance was as low as ignorable. The ion diffusion resistance could be as low as 0.22 Ω due to the novel well-defined three-dimensional network structure. Ragone plots showed that this novel structure contributed to high power-density and energy-density. The optimal supercapacitor demonstrated a combination of high power-density (7622 W kg −1 ) and energy-density (126 Wh kg −1 ).
DIFFERENCES IN URINARY CHEMISTRY PROFILES OF MOOSE ON ISLE ROYALE DURING WINTER

During winters 1987–1988 (I) and 1988–1989 (II), we assessed the physiological status of moose (Alces alces) residing on the west and east ends of Isle Royale (Michigan, USA) by collecting and chemically analyzing urine deposited in snow (snow-urine) from January to early March. Samples were assayed for urea nitrogen (U), sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and creatinine (C). Throughout both winters, elevated urinary U:C ratios in snowurine samples collected from east-end moose compared to west-end moose indicated greater dietary energy deprivation and accelerated net catabolism of endogenous protein. Sodium: C ratios were low throughout the study and were similar between moose from both ends of the island, except during the middle of winter I. Greater K:C, P:C and Ca:C ratios in east-end moose compared to west-end moose throughout winter I, and increases in these ratios and U:C in east-end moose from middle to late winter during the second year provided additional evidence of a grea...
Chaos — a model for the outbreak of war

The chaos as formulated for physical dynamic systems is applied to a very simple nonlinear model of the arms race. The transition, from stability to instability, from arms race to war, could be analogous to the transition from a laminar to a turbulent (or chaotic) flow.
Surfactant-Assisted Shape Evolution of Thermally Synthesized TiO2 Nanocrystals and Their Applications to Efficient Photoelectrodes

TiO2 nanocrystals were synthesized via a two-phase thermal process, and the shape of the nanocrystals was controlled from nanospheres to nanorods by the ratio of two surfactants. The shape control of nanocrystals was ascribed to the selective adsorption of the two surfactants. The shape of TiO2 nanocrystals influenced the photocatalytic performances of the photoelectrodes through two compromising factors: the relative surface area and the electron transport. The photoelectrode composed of nanorods showed a slower charge recombination rate, while it showed a smaller specific surface area, compared to nanospheres. As a result, the photoelectrodes showed the optimal photocatalytic performance when the nanospheres and the nanorods were mixed.
Location, social categories, and individual labor market experiences in developing economies: the Venezuelan case.

Individual labor market experiences [in Venezuela] are examined in terms of educational attainment labor force participation and wages received. Explanatory factors include personal attributes and two multivariate scales measuring place characteristics related to development. The results indicate that place characteristics associated with development have important effects on labor market experiences....Among the key findings of this research are that educational attainment most affected labor force participation by women and wages of men. (EXCERPT)
An x-ray study of a possible phase transition in phenanthrene

Abstract X-ray diffraction powder patterns from phenanthrene taken between 20°C and 80°C, show positive evidence for a reversible phase transition; shifts and splitting of peaks have been observed.
Hierarchical control strategy for flotation columns

Abstract An integral solution to the control problem has to deal with problems associated with instrumentation, process modelling, control strategies and control algorithms. The term “hierarchical” control is used here to mean the intelligent integration of available knowledge, control algorithms and logic rules of decision. The selection of information, algorithms and rules is based on the experimental and theoretical knowledge of the column flotation process. The software support was designed and implemented in object oriented computer programmes. This technique allowed the implementation of a combination of control techniques, algorithms and heuristics, in the form of a control strategy. This strategy has shown to fit well with processes exhibiting complex dynamic characteristics. The hierarchical control was developed and tested in a pilot and an industrial flotation column including the following general aspects: coordination of distributed conventional control loops, verification and diagnosis of sensors, on-line predictive estimation of operating variables and diagnosis of common operating problems.
Visualization of air flow using infrared thermography

A technique to visualize airflow using IR thermography is developed. A trace quantity of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is injected into the flow field to detect intensity patterns using a scanning IR thermography system with a single 8–13 µm bandwidth detector. Equations that relate the intensity patterns to volume-averaged temperature and SF6 mass concentration are presented. The visualization technique involves using a background surface at a known temperature different from that of the flow and image subtraction. The technique is demonstrated on free, impinging, and reattachment subsonic air jets, and is shown to be an effective means of visualizing flows at both elevated and ambient temperatures.
The consequences of the chemotherapy of Hodgkin's disease: The 10th David A. Karnofsky memorial lecture

The most important consequence of using chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease is its cure. Results of the MOPP program, developed at the National Cancer Institute in 1964, indicate that the majority of the 80% of patients who attain complete remission, who are at risk for ten years, have remained disease-free. The presence of symptoms and the histologic subtype, nodular sclerosis, has had important negative influences on prognosis. Review of three long-term adverse consequences of chemotherapy revealed sterility to be the most significant effect of drug treatment in this young population. Adverse effects of the immunosuppressive drugs in MOPP proved to be minimal. The carcinogenic effect of MOPP when used alone was surprisingly small, but increased significantly when combined with irradiation. National mortality from Hodgkin's disease has decreased abruptly since the introduction of effective chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease in 1970.
Laser Induced Plasma Micro-Machining

A new micro-machining process that is motivated by the need to overcome the various limitations associated with the micro-EDM (μ-EDM) process is introduced. The limitations in μ-EDM are primarily due to the requirement of a conductive electrode and workpiece, tool wear, and complex wear compensation strategies. The new process, termed “laser-induced plasma micro-machining” uses a laser beam to generate plasma in a dielectric near the workpiece surface whose explosive expansion results in material removal by mechanisms similar to those that occur in μ-EDM.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
COLLECTION AND MONITORING OF ONE-METER CUBIC SOIL MONOLITHS FOR LEACHING STUDIES

This report presents methodology for excavating one-meter cubic undisturbed soil monoliths for detailed laboratory investigations of solute transport through the soil profile. Eight soil monoliths were collected in 1992 from three field areas that had been under consistent tillage systems since 1978. The soil was predominantly a Kenyon silt loam (Typic Hapludoll) with the water table maintained by subsurface drainage. Each monolith was instrumented with time-domain reflectometer (TDR) waveguides, and mini-tensiometers to monitor changes in soil water content and soil matric potential on three sides. A rainfall simulator was constructed to apply water at a rainfall intensity of 33 mm-h–1 to a 0.8 m × 0.8 m surface area of the monolith. A conservative tracer (KBr) was applied to the soil surface and leachate samples were collected from 36 locations at the bottom of each monolith using fiberglass wick extractors attached to 810 mm2 areas in a 6 ×6 grid arrangement. Water application, soil water content and leachate were monitored to determine how surface tillage affected preferential flow. Results suggest that the soil monolith collection and transportation procedures maintained the integrity of the soil profile. Anion tracers provided an inexpensive means of simulating different nitrogen application methods. Grid cell samplers using fiberglass wicks allowed analysis of the spatial variation in leaching losses. Leachate samples provided information about the potential impact of nitrogen application method on leaching losses. When coupled with time domain reflectometry and mini-tensiometers, electronic data logging equipment can be used to monitor changes in soil volumetric water content and matric potential.
Synaptic and intrinsic determinants of the phase resetting curve for weak coupling

A phase resetting curve (PRC) keeps track of the extent to which a perturbation at a given phase advances or delays the next spike, and can be used to predict phase locking in networks of oscillators. The PRC can be estimated by convolving the waveform of the perturbation with the infinitesimal PRC (iPRC) under the assumption of weak coupling. The iPRC is often defined with respect to an infinitesimal current as zi(�), where � is phase, but can also be defined with respect to an infinitesimal conductance change as zg(�). In this paper, we first show that the two approaches are equivalent. Coupling waveforms corresponding to synapses with different time courses sample zg(�) in predictably different ways. We show that for oscillators with Type I excitability, an anomalous region in zg(�) with opposite sign to that seen otherwise is often observed during an action potential. If the duration of the synaptic perturbation is such that it effectively samples this region, PRCs with both advances and delays can be observed despite Type I excitability. We also show that changing the duration of a perturbation so that it preferentially samples regions of stable or unstable slopes in zg(�) can stabilize or destabilize synchrony in a network with the corresponding dynamics.
Preparation of glycoconjugates by dialkyl squarate chemistry revisited.

The methyl 6-hydroxyhexanoyl glycoside of lactose was treated with each of 1,2-diaminoethane or hydrazine hydrate, and the corresponding amino amide 4 and acyl hydrazide 13, were treated with each of squaric acid dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and didecyl esters. The monoesters were conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) at different concentrations of hapten using 0.05 and 0.5 M pH 9 borate buffer. Maximum loading was achieved faster, and the conjugation efficiency was higher, when the conjugation was conducted at higher concentrations of both hapten and buffer. Conjugations involving haptens 14–17 prepared from hydrazide 13 were generally slower and less efficient than those with compounds 5–8, which were made from amino amide 4. Maintaining pH 9 during conjugation was found to be the most important factor in ensuring that the conjugation was a fast, highly efficient and reproducible process. When the pH of the conjugation mixture fell during the reaction, resulting in decreased reaction rate or even termination of the conjugation process, the normal course of the conjugation process could be restored by addition of buffer salts. Hydrolysis studies with monoesters formed from amino amide 4 under conjugation conditions showed that the decyl ester 8 was the most stable and that the methyl compound 5 was the one most readily hydrolyzed. The stability of monoesters prepared form hydrazide 13 were similar and comparable to the decyl ester prepared from 4. No definite advantage was found for the use any of the four dialkyl squarate reagents (methyl-, ethyl-, butyl-, and decyl-) for conversion of carbohydrate derivatives to species amenable for conjugation. Nevertheless, dimethyl squarate seemed to be the most convenient reagent because it is a crystalline, easy to handle, and commercially available material with very good reactivity.
Phase Noise of Various Frequency Doublers

Previous studies of phase noise contributed by amplifiers and frequency multipliers have indicated the existence of a so-called "flicker of phase noise law of p-n junction." Contradictions of this law were obtained using low-noise transistors in frequency doublers. Schottky barrier diode and vacuum-tube multipliers were compared to the p-n junction devices. The tube doublers exhibited an anomaly, since their phase noise did not change with the application of negative feedback, indicating the possibility that the tubes themselves may be much better than the observed noise. The noise of the transistor doublers was progressively reduced by application of increasing amounts of negative feedback until a lower limit was reached. The noise then remained constant in spite of further increases in the amount of negative feedback. Measurements were obtained on all doublers from 2 Hz to 5 kHz with extrapolation to 1 Hz. During the investigation, a low-flicker-noise low-drift dc preamplifier was developed.
Effect of Carbon Blacks on Swelling of Neoprene GRM-10 Vulcanizates

Abstract Reinforcement of elastomers with fillers has generally been measured by physical properties, such as tension stress-strain, tear resistance, hardness, and compression modulus. To a more limited extent, swelling in solvents has been recognized as associated with reinforcement. In natural-rubber vulcanizates it has been demonstrated that reinforcing fillers impart greater resistance to solvents and oils than do nonreinforcing types. Addition of the latter gives only the reduction in swelling attributable to elastomer dilution. In the case of Neoprene vulcanizates, Catton and Fraser reported that fillers function only as elastomer diluents and that those fillers commonly considered as of the reinforcing type impart no greater resistance to solvents than the nonreinforcing type. More recently, however, Buist and Mottram, in describing the effects of carbon blacks on the physical properties of natural rubber and Neoprene, reported that with both of these elastomers compounds containing thermal type ca...
Use of bacteriophage particles displaying influenza virus hemagglutinin for the detection of hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies

Summary Bacteriophage lambda capsids provide a flexible molecular scaffold that can be engineered to display a wide range of exogenous proteins, including full-length viral glycoproteins produced in eukaryotic cells. One application for such particles lies in the detection of virus-specific antibodies, since they may obviate the need to work with infectious stocks of highly pathogenic or emerging viruses that can pose significant biosafety and biocontainment challenges. Bacteriophage lambda capsids were produced that displayed an insect-cell derived, recombinant H5 influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) on their surface. The particles agglutinated red blood cells efficiently, in a manner that could be blocked using H5 HA-specific monoclonal antibodies. The particles were then used to develop a modified hemagglutinination-inhibition (HAI) assay, which successfully identified human sera with H5 HA-specific HAI activity. These results demonstrate the utility of HA-displaying bacteriophage capsids for the detection of influenza virus-specific HAI antibodies.
Multiphysics CFD Modelling for Design and Simulation of a Multiphase Chemical Reactor

The present simulation study elaborates on a finite element (FE) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model (Gerogiorgis and Ydstie, 2003a) developed for a candidate carbothermic aluminium reactor (Johansen and Aune, 2002), aimed at industrial implementation of carbothermic Al production. Carbothermic reduction is an alternative to the conventional Hall-Heroult electrolysis process and is characterized by cost and environmental advantages as well as by a challenging complexity. Process technology encompasses a wide spectrum of phenomena (convection, diffusion, reaction, evapouration, electric field) that occur simultaneously in a multiphase configuration, the geometry of which is an open design problem and remains to be determined without prior experience or even abundance of experimental data. The strong interaction among Joule heating, endothermic reaction, natural Boussinesq convection and turbulent flow phenomena is of paramount importance for understanding reactor performance; conducting CFD simulations is an efficient way to advance with the latter goal, since reliable high-temperature measurements of state variables are remarkably laborious, uncertain and expensive. The quadruple partial differential equation (PDE) problem (electric charge, heat, momentum and gas volume balances) for the slag flow in the ARP reactor is solved via a commercial CFD software suite (FEMLAB® v. 2.3) to obtain potential, temperature, velocity and gas volume fraction distributions in a two-dimensional domain, representing in detail the complete second stage of the proposed carbothermic reactor. The new challenge is the present paper is to accurately calculate the volume fraction of the gas generated within the molten slag and understand how the proposed geometry affects production, via the instantaneous thermodynamic equilibrium assumption. The main objective of this CFD study is to extract conclusions regarding the reactive slag flow, the extent of space utilization and the existence of dead volumes, and to provide design guidelines. A steady state sensitivity analysis of state variable distributions (namely, potential, temperature, velocity and gas volume fraction) with respect to a key design variable (the imposed voltage profile) reveals the reactor heating potential, the geometry of the Al region and the nontrivial operation, design and optimization problems.
Three new species and a new combination in Arracacia Bancroft (Umbelliferae/Apiaceae)

Three species ofArracacia—A. hintonii, A. colombiana, andA. tillettii—from Mexico, Colombia, and Venezuela, respectively, are described as new, andCoulterophytum brevipes Coulter & Rose is transferred toArracacia asA. quadrifida, nom. nov. and comb. nov.
Child and adult vibrotactile thresholds for sinusoidal and pulsatile stimuli.

As part of our effort to develop a tactile aid for hearing impaired children, we have obtained vibrotactile sensitivity thresholds from 6‐ and 10‐year‐old children and from adult subjects. In agreement with Rothenberg, Verrillo, Zahorian, Brachman, and Bolanowski [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 62, 1003–1012 (1977)], we have found that pulsatile stimuli result in flatter threshold functions in comparison with sinusoids. Developmental data on tactile sensitivity are scant and are generally from children approximately 10 years or older [e.g., Verrillo, Sens. Processes 3, 49–59 (1979)]. The research literature suggests that vibrotactile sensitivity declines with age. Subjects were tested with either sine or pulse waveforms. A 2IFC adaptive procedure was used. Test and retest thresholds were obtained at intervals of at least one week. Equal numbers of trials were required to obtain thresholds across age. Results suggest that children's thresholds improve with practice and that they are able to detect lower levels of stimulation than adults. [Work supported by NIHR and NSF.]
Optimal Design Criteria for Millimeter-Wave Spectrometers

Optimal design criteria for millimeter-wave cavity-type spectrometers, used in the measurement of molecular spectra, have been derived. Using an optimally designed spectrometer, the technique of molecular spectroscopy offers a highly sensitive and specific experimental research method for studying chemical kinetics and for monitoring gaseous pollutants and constituents of interest in pollution research. The method is also suitable for the study of the molecular properties of short-lived transient chemical species with lifetimes as short as one millisecond or less. Since the sensitivity of the spectrometer is determined by the total noise introduced during the processes of microwave generation, absorption in the resonant cavity, and the detection and amplification of a spectral line signal, the spectrometer has been analyzed and optimized in detail with respect to the equivalent noise temperatures associated with these processes. The conclusions drawn from the optimum design criteria are applied in the design of a tunable high-Q resonant cavity spectrometer operating at 70 GHz.
End-Of-Life Care For Medicare Beneficiaries With Cancer Is Highly Intensive Overall And Varies Widely

Studies have shown that cancer care near the end of life is more aggressive than many patients prefer. Using a cohort of deceased Medicare beneficiaries with poor-prognosis cancer, meaning that they were likely to die within a year, we examined the association between hospital characteristics and eleven end-of-life care measures, such as hospice use and hospitalization. Our study revealed a relatively high intensity of care in the last weeks of life. At the same time, there was more than a twofold variation within hospital groups with common features, such as cancer center designation and for-profit status. We found that these hospital characteristics explained little of the observed variation in intensity of end-of-life cancer care and that none reliably predicted a specific pattern of care. These findings raise questions about what factors may be contributing to this variation. They also suggest that best practices in end-of-life cancer care can be found in many settings and that efforts to improve the quality of end-of-life care should include every hospital category.
Precision application of aldicarb to enhance efficiency of thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) management in cotton.

Field studies were conducted during 1999–2001 in two climatic/edaphic areas of Georgia (Southern Piedmont and East Gulf Coastal Plain) to test the hypothesis that precision placement of aldicarb with cotton seed in hill planting at spatially specific intervals could decrease insecticide use for management of tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds). Precision-placed aldicarb controlled thrips during cotton seedling stages using per ha amounts of one-half or less than standard in-furrow application rates with no significant differences in yield. Residual analysis of cotton plants showed that plants in precision placement plots had as much or more aldicarb and aldicarb metabolites present as compared with cotton treated with conventional in-furrow treatments. Higher rates of precision-placed aldicarb did cause phytotoxic burning early in the growing season, but no significant impact on yield was observed.
Deployments of wide and local area wireless sensor networks for environmental studies

Remote sensing at high temporal resolutions, via satellite or airborne imaging systems, is often technically difficult and prohibitively expensive. This frequently results in the need for low cost, high availability field-based instrumentation and data collection systems by environmental scientists and land managers. The USGS Southwest Geographic Science Team in Flagstaff, Arizona has designed and developed several field-based systems to address this need. Utilizing low-cost embedded Linux-based computers, off-the-shelf commercial data loggers, cellular modems, and radio frequency systems, these systems have allowed the placement of in-situ digital cameras and environmental/weather monitoring stations in remote locations such as the Mojave Desert and Hawaiian Islands. These systems are being used in studies as diverse as dust storm genesis and coral reef health, and have potential across a wide range of landscape and climate change applications. We are not only able to update and maintain the stations remotely, reducing costs in physical maintenance and data collection, but also monitor landscapes in near real-time, retrieving high-density data such as images) on demand or on regular automated schedules. This poster describes the various hardware configurations, software, and topologies used, as well as initial analyses on configuration efficacies.
Reversal and nonreversal shifts in autistic children.

Abstract Reversal and nonreversal shifts in nineteen 2- to 14-year-old autistic children were studied. Each child was taught both a reversal and nonreversal shift discrimination task. The reversal shift condition entailed teaching the child to respond to one (the S +) of a pair of stimuli during training and subsequently reversing the S + during testing. The nonreversal shift condition consisted of teaching the child two unrelated discriminations during training and testing. The results indicated that the older autistic children did better on reversal shifts than younger children who did better on nonreversal shifts. These findings are consistent with those for normal children.
Photosynthetic sensitivity to temperature in populations of two C4 Bouteloua (Poaceae) species native to different altitudes

The relationships between photosynthesis, flowering, and growth temperatures were examined experimentally in four populations of the C4 grass genus Bouteloua. Field-collected plants were grown under two temperature regimes, cool (20 C day/6 C night) and warm (30/16), representative of the extreme populations. Populations collected from the warm climates had significantly lower photosynthetic capacity when grown in the cool chamber relative to the warm chamber, while photosynthetic capacity in the cool climate populations did not differ between the growth conditions. Additionally, exposure to a 2-day cold temperature treatment (10/-2), representative of late-season frosts in high altitude sites, resulted in further reductions in photosynthesis in the warm climate plants, but not in the cool climate plants. This effect was greater for plants grown in the cool growth chamber. Flowering was reduced by 70% in the warm climate plants grown in the cool chamber, and was correlated with photosynthetic inhibition following the short-term cold temperature treatment. These results indicate that genetic differentiation for photosynthetic temperature sensitivity has occurred in the cool climate populations, and that long-term exposure to cool temperatures coupled with short-term relatively extreme low temperatures results in greater
Molecular architecture and supramolecular chemistry

Abstract Recent developments in synthetic methods and supramolecular chemistry have led to well defined structures. New characterization techniques have helped to advance this field. Recent work highlights the interplay between molecular architecture and the processes of spontaneous and induced organization, which have led to the rational design of ordered molecular materials.
Improving upon the promise of targeted therapy of human malignancy: chronic myeloid leukemia as a paradigm

The small molecule BCR-ABL-selective kinase inhibitor imatinib is the single most effective medical therapy for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Although imatinib is highly effective initially and generally well tolerated, for patients who undergo relapse or disease progression few effective therapeutic options exist. Studies have demonstrated that the principal mechanisms of imatinib resistance are BCR-ABL kinase domain point mutation and over-expression. Two novel, potent BCR-ABL inhibitors that harbor promising preclinical activity are undergoing clinical trial evaluation. These agents, dasatinib (BMS-354825) and nilotinib (AMN107), effectively inhibit the activity of nearly all imatinib-resistant BCR-ABL kinase domain mutant forms tested in vitro. Notably, however, neither of these compounds is effective against the imatinib-resistant BCR-ABL/T315I mutation. Early clinical evidence suggests that the T315I mutation might drive the majority of cases who acquire resistance to these second-generation agents. Preclinical efforts to identify an inhibitor of the BCR-ABL/T315I mutation have resulted in demonstration that the Aurora kinase inhibitor VX-680 can bind and inhibit the kinase domain of BCR-ABL/T315I.
Magnetoresistance and Hall coefficient of inhomogeneous metals

In strong magnetic fields, most metals have highly anisotropic transport coefficients, and these have long been known to be much influenced by sample inhomogeneities. This paper reports a detailed theoretical study of such effects. Various approximations for calculating the effective transport coefficients of inhomogeneous solids are rederived from a unified point of view; these are then used for a variety of model calculations appropriate to metals with open Fermi surfaces. A small concentration of crystallites with open orbits embedded in a free-electron metal is shown to give rise to a strictly linear transverse magnetoresistance (TMR) at strong magnetic fields. The linear coefficient is strongly dependent on the orientation of the open orbit in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{H}}$. Extended-orbit crystallites in a free-electron metal produce a TMR which is initially linear, but saturates at sufficiently strong field. The Hall coefficient ${R}_{H}$ is unchanged from its free-electron value to first order in the concentration of defects. A striking geometrical effect is predicted, the TMR from open-orbit crystallites saturating in geometries such that current distortions are unable to propagate parallel to $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{H}}$. The TMR and Hall coefficient of a free-electron metal containing a larger concentration of open-orbit crystallites is calculated in the effective-medium theory (EMT). The TMR is found to saturate at strong fields, in agreement with previous results of Stachowiak, while the Hall coefficient falls off as 1/${\mathrm{H}}^{2}$ at strong fields, except in flat-plate samples with $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{H}}$ perpendicular to the plate, in which case it is predicted to saturate at its free-electron value for a sufficiently large concentration of open-orbit crystallites, but to fall off quadratically for lower concentrations. In contrast, calculations within a non-self-consistent approximation give a strictly linear TMR and a Hall coefficient which saturates at a value below the free-electron coefficient. Possible explanations for the discrepancy are discussed. Calculations in the EMT for a model polycrystal with extended-orbit crystallites reveal a broad field region of quasi-linear magnetoresistance, as found previously by Stachowiak, and a reduced Hall coefficient, as well as a conspicuous geometrical effect. The possible relation of these model calculations to experiments of polycrystalline noble metals is examined, but no quantitative theory for these metals is given.
Dc Plasma Arcs for Elemental Analysis

The development of plasma are devices as replacements for chemical combustion flames in trace element analyses by emission spectrometry is traced with particular emphasis on those devices in which the spectrometric observation is made in the non-current-carrying portion of the discharge or
Magnetite Nanoparticle-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Using chitosan-modified magnetite nanoparticles (CS-MNPs) as a replacement of enzymes in conventional ELISA configurations, a magnetic nanoparticle-linked immunosorbent assay is developed. The CS-MNPs are synthesized by using a one-step solvothermal process, where chitosan in the reaction system is used both as a ligand and as a surface modification agent. The as-synthesized CS-MNPs have amine groups on their surface which provide good dispersibility in aqueous solutions and convenient sites for covalent linking of antibodies with the MNPs. They also possess catalytic properties that are able to catalyze color reactions in immunoassays and magnetic properties that can be used to capture, separate, and enrich antigens prior to the assay procedure. By employing both the catalytic and magnetic properties of the CS-MNPs, a capture-detection immunoassay is developed, where antigens can be captured, separated, and enriched prior to the assay procedure.
Source recognition by stimulus content in the MTL

Source memory is considered to be the cornerstone of episodic memory that enables us to discriminate similar but different events. In the present fMRI study, we investigated whether neural correlates of source retrieval differed by stimulus content in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) when the item and context had been integrated as a perceptually unitized entity. Participants were presented with a list of items either in verbal or pictorial form overlaid on a colored square and instructed to integrate both the item and context into a single image. At test, participants judged the study status of test items and the color in which studied items were presented. Source recognition invariant of stimulus content elicited retrieval activity in both the left anterior hippocampus extending to the perirhinal cortex and the right posterior hippocampus. Word-selective source recognition was related to activity in the left perirhinal cortex, whereas picture-selective source recognition was identified in the left posterior hippocampus. Neural activity sensitive to novelty detection common to both words and pictures was found in the left anterior and right posterior hippocampus. Novelty detection selective to words was associated with the left perirhinal cortex, while activity sensitive to new pictures was identified in the bilateral hippocampus and adjacent MTL cortices, including the parahippocampal, entorhinal, and perirhinal cortices. These findings provide further support for the integral role of the hippocampus both in source recognition and in detection of new stimuli across stimulus content. Additionally, novelty effects in the MTL reveal the integral role of the MTL cortex as the interface for processing new information. Collectively, the present findings demonstrate the importance of the MTL for both previously experienced and novel events.
Comparison of Edge Detectors

Because of the difficulty of obtaining ground truth for real images, the traditional technique for comparing low-level vision algorithms is to present image results, side by side, and to let the reader subjectively judge the quality. This is not a scientifically satisfactory strategy. However, human rating experiments can be done in a more rigorous manner to provide useful quantitative conclusions. We present a paradigm based on experimental psychology and statistics, in which humans rate the output of low level vision algorithms. We demonstrate the proposed experimental strategy by comparing four well-known edge detectors: Canny, Nalwa?Binford, Sarkar?Boyer, and Sobel. We answer the following questions: Is there a statistically significant difference in edge detector outputs as perceived by humans when considering an object recognition task? Do the edge detection results of an operator vary significantly with the choice of its parameters? For each detector, is it possible to choose a single set of optimal parameters for all the images without significantly affecting the edge output quality? Does an edge detector produce edges of the same quality for all images, or does the edge quality vary with the image?