cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alignment of a molecular anion via a shape resonance in near-threshold photodetachment.

One-color--two-photon photodetachment of ${\mathrm{HOCO}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ at ${E}_{h\ensuremath{\nu}}=1.60\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$ accompanied by a measurement of the photoelectron angular distribution (PAD) is used to illustrate a novel approach to the alignment of a molecular anion. A quantitative analysis of the PAD reveals this alignment process is associated with a temporary anion formed by a $p$-wave shape resonance and the PAD in the two-photon signal is a result of interfering $s$- and $d$-partial waves within the atomic approximation. The extracted intensity and phase shift of the partial waves are consistent with the Wigner threshold law for photodetachment.
Bcl‐xL prevents staurosporine‐induced hepatocyte apoptosis by restoring protein kinase B/mitogen‐activated protein kinase activity and mitochondria integrity

Our study reports that staurosporine induces apoptosis in cultured rat hepatocytes in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Staurosporine induced apparent cleavage of caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3. The release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, and Bid activation were also detected in staurosporine-treated primary hepatocytes. These results suggest that mitochondria-mediated cell death signaling may be involved in staurosporine-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. Bcl-xL overexpression protected from “loss of” mitochondrial transmembrane potential and prevented staurosporine-induced caspase-3 and caspase-8 cleavage. Overexpression of constitutively active ERK and PKB inhibited staurosporine-induced caspase-3 activation and hepatocyte death. PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) and ERK inhibitor (PD98059) significantly reversed the protective effects of Bcl-xL on staurosporine-induced hepatocyte death. Our data suggest that Bcl-xL prevents staurosporine-induced hepatocyte apoptosis by modulating protein kinase B and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and disrupts mitochondria death signaling. J. Cell. Physiol. 215: 676–683, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Participatory Behavior at Homicide Scenes: Crowd Formation or Community Continuity?

Providing an alternative explanation of the cultural expression of crowd formation that occurs at homicide scenes, this article is a descriptive re-assessment of the original study reported by Lacks, Gordon and McCue (American Journal of Criminal Justice, 30:1–20, 2005). These authors espoused that crowd formation at homicide scenes occurred as a result of a “carnival-type” atmosphere; whereas, the current evaluation suggests other socio-cultural components of cultural expression which may more accurately reflect the behaviors of minorities at homicide scenes. Specifically, the current assessment purports that crowd formation at homicide scenes may be more closely related to community continuity and familiar associations rather than a carnival-type atmosphere.
Imports of American Gold and Silver into Spain, 1503–1660

I. Effect of fertile American mines on European prices — Spain the recipient and distributor of the treasure, 437.—New sources of data, 438.—II. House of Trade and Merchant Gild of Seville, 441.—Handling of bullion in the Indies: (a) mining; (b) assaying; (c) shipping, 442.—III. Treasure fleets, 444.—Attempts to plunder, 445.—Measures taken to combat smuggling and exporting: (a) in America; (b) on fleets; (c) in Spanish waters, 448.—The silver master, 451.—The House of Trade the goal of all American treasure, 453.—How gold and silver were disposed of in Spain: (a) mints; (b) silver merchants, 454.—IV. Volume of imports, Table A, Chart I; explanation of trends, 462.—Gold and silver, Table B, 468.—Relative importance of exporting regions, Chart II, 469.— V, How imports affected motherland and colonies, 469.
Lee-Side Frontogenesis in the Rocky MOUNTAINS1

Abstract The development and motion of fronts associated with lee-side troughs on large mountain barriers has been investigated. These fronts differ from ordinary cold fronts in their horizontal temperature field, which is characterized by a sinusoidal thermal ridge. The thermal ridge intensifies, while remaining stationary with respect to the mountains, and moves eastward upon the approach of a Pacific cold front. An equation is derived, showing that changes in the thermal pattern can be described by changes in a potential thermal vorticity equation, which consists of three terms: (1) one representing an advection of the potential thermal vorticity by the 500-mb. wind; (2) one representing the advection of 500-mb. absolute vorticity by the thermal wind; and (3) a purely orographic term. An idealized sinusoidal model of the thickness pattern is used in conjunction with the prognostic equation to explain the development and motion of lee-side thermal ridges. Actual examples from synoptic maps are chosen to...
Individual differences in psychostimulant responses of female rats are associated with ovarian hormones and dopamine neuroanatomy.

Ovarian hormones modulate the pharmacological effects of psychostimulants and may enhance vulnerability to drug addiction. Female rats have more midbrain dopamine neurons than males and greater dopamine uptake and release rates. Cocaine stimulates motor behavior and dopamine efflux more in female than male rats, but the mediating mechanisms are unknown. This study investigated individual differences in anatomic, neurochemical, and behavioral measures in female rats to understand how ovarian hormones affect the relatedness of these endpoints. Ovarian hormone effects were assessed by comparing individual responses in ovariectomized (OVX) and sham adult female rats. Locomotion was determined before and following 10 mg/kg cocaine. Electrically-stimulated dopamine efflux was assessed using fast cyclic voltammetry in vivo. Dopamine neuron number and density in substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) were determined in the same animals using tyrosine-hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and unbiased stereology. Locomotor behavior and dopamine efflux did not differ at baseline but were greater in sham than OVX following cocaine. Cocaine increased dopamine release rates in both groups but uptake inhibition (Km) was greater in sham than OVX. Dopamine neuron number and density in SN and VTA were greater in shams. Sham females with the largest uterine weights exhibited the highest density of dopamine neurons in the SN, and the most cocaine-stimulated behavior and dopamine efflux. Ovariectomy eliminated these relationships. We postulate that SN density could link ovarian hormones and high-psychostimulant responses in females. Similar mechanisms may be involved in individual differences in the addiction vulnerability of women.
The epidemiology and modern management of traumatic hemorrhage: US and international perspectives

Trauma is a worldwide problem, with severe and wide ranging consequences for individuals and society as a whole. Hemorrhage is a major contributor to the dilemma of traumatic injury and its care. In this article we describe the international epidemiology of traumatic injury, its causes and its consequences, and closely examine the role played by hemorrhage in producing traumatic morbidity and mortality. Emphasis is placed on defining situations in which traditional methods of hemorrhage control often fail. We then outline and discuss modern principles in the management of traumatic hemorrhage and explore developing changes in these areas. We conclude with a discussion of outcome measures for the injured patient within the context of the epidemiology of traumatic injury.
Analysis of Endocrine Signals: The Engineering and Physics of Biochemical Communication Systems

Part I of this paper discusses use of methods of engineering and mathematics to acquire endocrine signals from noisy backgrounds. Filtering and time series analysis are introduced. Six forms of endocrine signals are presented, including switching, amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), rate-sensitivity, periodicity, and fluctuations. The special case of constancy as static bias is examined. Part II presents useful terms and concepts from information science, and relates them to endocrine meassages. Part Ill speculates on the complementary dynamic and linguistic aspects of endocrine messages, and analyzes biochemical communication generally as a
Thermodynamic study of excitations in a three-dimensional spin liquid

In order to characterize thermal excitations in a frustrated spin liquid, we have examined the magnetothermodynamics of a model geometrically frustrated magnet. Our data demonstrate a crossover in the nature of the spin excitations between the spin-liquid phase and the high-temperature paramagnetic state. The temperature dependence of both the specific heat and magnetization in the spin-liquid phase can be fit within a simple model which assumes that the spin excitations have a gapped quadratic dispersion relation.
Dependence of nucleation kinetics and crystal morphology of a model protein system on ionic strength

Nucleation rate data for hen egg-white lysozyme crystallization were obtained using a particle counter. Tetragonal lysozyme crystals were expected to form at the temperature and solution conditions of these experiments: 48C, pH 4.5 with 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer and 2–6% NaCl (w/v). The rates varied as expected, as smooth monotonic functions of supersaturation at 2%, 3% and 6% NaCl. However, at 5% NaCl, a great deal of scatter in the data was observed. At 2% and 3% NaCl, all the batches contained crystals with tetragonal morphology. At 6% NaCl, almost all of the vials contained the white powder with few or no tetragonal crystals. At 5% NaCl concentration, a mixture of tetragonal crystals and powder formed in varying proportions in all the vials as observed by visual inspection. The powdery material was examined using optical microscopy and was seen to consist of needles with regular structure and sharp, faceted edges. Powder diffraction data from these needles was inconsistent with experimental powder diffraction data from tetragonal lysozyme crystals. It is possible that at high salt and protein concentrations liquid-liquid separation occurred and yielded a crystal polymorph. # 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Symbolic play connects to language through visual object recognition

Object substitutions in play (e.g. using a box as a car) are strongly linked to language learning and their absence is a diagnostic marker of language delay. Classic accounts posit a symbolic function that underlies both words and object substitutions. Here we show that object substitutions depend on developmental changes in visual object recognition: 18- to 30-month old children (n = 63) substitute objects in play after they have developed the adult-like ability to recognize common objects from sparse models of their geometric structure. These developmental changes in object recognition are a better predictor of object substitutions than language or age. A developmental pathway connecting visual object recognition, object name learning, and symbolic play is proposed in which object substitutions are like the canary in the coal mine: they are not causally related to language delay, but their absence is an easily detected signal of a problem in language acquisition.
Tunable VCSEL using high contrast grating

We will discuss extraordinary properties of a single-layer one-dimensional high contrast grating (HCG). Tunable HCG-VCSELs are fabricated with 8000 times size reduction in the tunable mirror size and 160 times improved tuning speed of 63 ns.
Observations from a Long-Term, Survey-Guided Consultation with a Mining Company

During a nine-year period, consultants conducted four attitude surveys with increasing levels of employee involvement in making feedback-guided behavioral science interventions with a large underground mining company. This consultation pattern emerged not from a conscious plan by the organization or its consultants but from a step-wise progression based on the successes and failures of previous interventions. The consultants derived models for the consultation process and survey-guided development from an adaptation of action research to OD interventions and from Argyris's perspectives on intervention, including his more recent analysis of "theories in action." This article describes the activities and progress that occurred during the period of the consultation, and the author discusses the changing organizational processes and the plausibility of linking them to organizational effectiveness and health criteria.
Consumer growth linked to diet and RNA-P stoichiometry: Response of Bosmina to variation in riverine food resources

Feeding experiments were performed with riverine Bosmina to investigate how their somatic growth rate responded to variation in food resources arising from changing hydrodynamic conditions. Experimental manipulations of food quality and quantity were achieved by diluting riverine suspended particulate matter (seston) to obtain a range of food concentrations and by amending natural seston with laboratory-grown Scenedesmus acutus. Bosmina experienced food limitation during periods of elevated discharge when the P content of seston was low (C : P . 600). Growth rates covaried with body RNA and P contents (R2 5 0.96 and 0.86, respectively; content expressed as percent of dry mass), which is consistent with the hypothesis that high growth rates require increased allocation to P-rich ribosomal RNA and that high seston C : P induces P limitation in riverine Bosmina. P limitation arises in riverine consumers of riverine seston when hydrologic conditions favor terrestrial inputs, sediment resuspension, and low algal productivity, thereby resulting in seston fractions dominated by P-poor materials. During low discharge, riverine seston was P-rich relative to Bosmina requirements and growth rates were decoupled from body P content. Bosmina RNA content was strongly and linearly related to growth over a broad range of resource conditions, suggesting that it may be a useful surrogate to assess dietary sufficiency of food resources in natural settings. Hydrodynamic environments range from relatively still (wind-driven mixing) in lentic waters to turbulent (fluvialand tidal-driven mixing) in streams, rivers, and estuaries. Cross-system differences and seasonal variation in physical forces are important determinants of the quantity and composition of suspended particulate matter available for consumers. Food quality (edibility, digestibility, nutritional sufficiency) is determined in large part by the relative contributions from allochthonous sources (terrestrial in
Calderón y su relación con la tragicomedia de Guarini

Giambattista Guarini analizo detenidamente la tragicomedia pastoril en Il Compendio della poesia tragicomica (1601),1 con el objeto de defender y definir el nuevo genero propuesto en Il Pastor Fido escrita hacia 1586. Jason de Nores habia atacado este tipo dramatico en un Discurso (1586),2 suscitando la famosa querella literaria estudiada por Bernard Weinberg al final de A History of Literary Criticism in the Italian Renaissance.3 David L. Hirst, en un opusculo publicado hace unos anos, resaltaba la importancia de las teorias guarinianas para clasificar dicha categoria.4 Las eglogas y las novelas de pastores habian preparado la expresion de esa variedad que alcanzo pleno desarrollo con la pieza de Guarini. Habia tenido finos antecedentes en Florencia y Ferrara. En el Compendio se cita Sacrifizio (1554), del ferrarense Agostino Beccari, como la iniciadora de esa corriente teatral.5 Marvin T. Herrick ha descrito el modelo en los siguientes terminos: A highly artificial representation of an idyllic society o...
Binding and activation of host plasminogen on the surface of Francisella tularensis

Francisella tularensis (FT) is a gram-negative facultative intracellular coccobacillus and is the causal agent of a life-threatening zoonotic disease known as tularemia. Although FT preferentially infects phagocytic cells of the host, recent evidence suggests that a significant number of bacteria can be found extracellularly in the plasma fraction of the blood during active infection. This observation suggests that the interaction between FT and host plasma components may play an important role in survival and dissemination of the bacterium during the course of infection. Plasminogen (PLG) is a protein zymogen that is found in abundance in the blood of mammalian hosts. A number of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial pathogens have the ability to bind to PLG, giving them a survival advantage by increasing their ability to penetrate extracellular matrices and cross tissue barriers. We show that PLG binds to the surface of FT and that surface-bound PLG can be activated to plasmin in the presence of tissue PLG activator in vitro. In addition, using Far-Western blotting assays coupled with proteomic analyses of FT outer membrane preparations, we have identified several putative PLG-binding proteins of FT. The ability of FT to acquire surface bound PLG that can be activated on its surface may be an important virulence mechanism that results in an increase in initial infectivity, survival, and/or dissemination of this bacterium in vivo.
Decision-making in long-term cocaine users: Effects of a cash monetary contingency on Gambling task performance.

Abstract Background The Iowa Gambling task, which typically incorporates hypothetical monetary earnings and losses for performance, has been widely used to measure decision-making in substance abusers. We examined the effects of a cash monetary contingency on Gambling task performance in cocaine abusers and control participants. Methods Twenty-two long-term cocaine smokers who met DSM-IV criteria for cocaine dependence and 24 non-cocaine-using control participants completed this study. Both groups were similar in terms of age, executive function, and self-reported alcohol and marijuana use. All participants performed the Gambling task under two counterbalanced conditions: under one condition, earnings and losses were hypothetical, and under the other condition, earnings and losses were in cash. Results Condition × group interactions on card selection and task completion time were noted ( p p p Conclusions The application of tangible consequences improved the decision-making and effort of cocaine abusers on the Gambling task, relative to control participants. These findings underscore the importance of considering population-specific factors (e.g., sensitivity to instructional vs. consequential control) when conducting neuropsychological research in substance abusers.
Towards a recycling society: ecological sanitation--closing the loop to food security.

Heterogenous catalytic ozonation of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) in the presence of γ-alumina as a solid catalyst has been investigated in this research. It showed that the rate for degradation of TOC could increase from 21% to 43%. The pseudo-first reaction constants of 2-CP could increase from 0.8688 min -1 to 0.1270, increasing by approximately 40%. At the same time, the consumption of ozone was only half that of ozone alone. This research also explored the effects of the catalyst dosage, pH values and removal kinetics of 2-CP. In addition, three consecutive running with the same catalyst revealed insignificant reduction of the activity. Furthermore, the elimination of toxicity was evaluated by Microtox® analysis. The detoxification was more stable and with good results.
Infrared photostimulation of the crista ampullaris

The present results show that the semicircular canal crista ampullaris of the toadfish, Opsanus tau, is sensitive to infrared radiation (IR) applied in vivo. IR pulse trains (∼1862 nm, ∼200 μs pulse⁻¹) delivered to the sensory epithelium by an optical fibre evoked profound changes in phasic and tonic discharge rates of postsynaptic afferent neurons. Phasic afferent responses to pulsed IR occurred with a latency of <8 ms while tonic responses developed with a time constant (τ) of 7 ms to 10 s following the onset or cessation of the radiation. Afferents responded to direct optical radiation of the sensory epithelium but did not respond to thermal stimuli that generated nearly equivalent temperature increases of the whole organ. A subset of afferent neurons fired an action potential in response to each IR pulse delivered to the sensory epithelium, at phase-locked rates up to 96 pulses per second. The latency between IR pulses and afferent nerve action potentials was much greater than synaptic delay and spike generation, demonstrating the presence of a signalling delay interposed between the IR pulse and the action potential. The same IR stimulus applied to afferent nerve axons failed to evoke responses of similar magnitude and failed to phase-lock afferent nerve action potentials. The present data support the hypothesis that pulsed IR activates sensory hair cells, thus leading to modulation of synaptic transmission and afferent nerve discharge reported here.
Downbuilding salt stocks and sheets quantified in 3‐D analytical models

The 2-D concept of diapiric downbuilding is expanded to the third dimension. Our advanced approach shows which range of salt fluxes and sedimentation rates (time dependency included) can explain the formation of upward narrowing diapirs (previously thought of as R˙/A˙ 1), and vertical cylindrical diapirs (~ R˙/A˙ = 1). In addition to being a nonrigorous measure, R˙/A˙ does not account for the effect of a regional slope on diapir shape during downbuilding. When a regional topographic slope is absent and lateral changes in sedimentation rate are negligible, our models confirm downbuilding diapirs always develop axisymmetric shapes. However, when the salt source lies on a regional slope, asymmetric diapirs will form. The rate of salt supply from the source and the superposed gravity flow downslope control the flow lines and shape of the advancing salt sheet. In the 2-D gravity spreading plane, the ratio of source flow to gravity flow strengths can be characterized by a Rankine number. Obstruction of lateral spreading of salt issued from the feeder sources due to sedimentation lifts the salt from its 2-D spreading plane, which our model simulates by superposing a velocity component normal to the sedimentation surface. We next apply the 3-D analytical model to an offshore salt sheet in the Gulf of Mexico and analyze which conditions controlled its flow kinematics down the continental slope. Stratal cutoffs at the base of salt combined with the analytical gravity spreading model provide estimates for the dimensional flow rates and the effective viscosity of the Louann Salt.
ANALYSIS OF ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF UREA IN A SINGLE PARTICLE: EFFECTS OF pH-DEPENDENT KINETICS, IONIC EQUILIBRIA, PRODUCT INHIBITION, AND NERNST-PLANCK DIFFUSION

Abstract A mathematical model is developed to analyze urea hydrolysis in immobilized urease particles. The reaction rate is described by a modified Michaelis-Menten form which takes into account inhibition by ammonium ions and pH-dependent kinetics. The products of urea hydrolysis may exist in several ionic states, which are assumed to be at local equilibrium. A Nernst-Planck diffusion flux expression is used to describe the transport of the charged species, whose diffusivities differ by an order of magnitude. The coupled nonlinear differential equations are solved numerically using orthogonal collocation. Our simulation results indicate that at a bulk urea concentration less than KM (Michaelis-Menten constant), the effectiveness factor approaches that for product-inhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics. At higher urea concentrations, the reaction rate of urea hydrolysis within a single particle is dominated by the pH dependence of the kinetics. Ionic equilibria of the product species cause the solution pH to...
Phylogenetic relationships and the evolution of regulatory gene sequences in the parrotfishes

Regulatory genes control the expression of other genes and are key components of developmental pro- cesses such as segmentation and embryonic construction of the skull in vertebrates. Here we examine the variability and evolution of three vertebrate regulatory genes, addressing issues of their utility for phylogenetics and comparing the rates of genetic change seen in regulatory loci to the rates seen in other genes in the parrotfishes. The parrotfishes are a diverse group of colorful fishes from coral reefs and seag- rasses worldwide and have been placed phylogenetically within the family Labridae. We tested phyloge- netic hypotheses among the parrotfishes, with a focus on the genera Chlorurus and Scarus, by analyzing eight gene fragments for 42 parrotfishes and eight outgroup species. We sequenced mitochondrial 12s rRNA (967 bp), 16s rRNA (577 bp), and cytochrome b (477 bp). From the nuclear genome, we sequenced part of the protein-coding genes rag2 (715 bp), tmo4c4 (485 bp), and the developmental regulatory genes otx1 (672 bp), bmp4 (488 bp), and dlx2 (522 bp). Bayesian, likelihood, and parsimony analyses of the resulting 4903 bp of DNA sequence produced similar topologies that confirm the monophyly of the sca- rines and provide a phylogeny at the species level for portions of the genera Scarus and Chlorurus. Four major clades of Scarus were recovered, with three distributed in the Indo-Pacific and one containing Caribbean/Atlantic taxa. Molecular rates suggest a Miocene origin of the parrotfishes (22 mya) and a recent divergence of species within Scarus and Chlorurus, within the past 5 million years. Developmen- tally important genes made a significant contribution to phylogenetic structure, and rates of genetic evo- lution were high in bmp4, similar to other coding nuclear genes, but low in otx1 and the dlx2 exons. Synonymous and non-synonymous substitution patterns in developmental regulatory genes support the hypothesis of stabilizing selection during the history of these genes, with several phylogenetic regions of accelerated non-synonymous change detected in the phylogeny.
Review of Amphotericin B

Many of the important biologic properties of amphotericin B may be ascribed to binding by certain sterols in fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Avid binding to serum proteins, probably coupled at least in part by cholesterol, makes amphotericin B equilibrate slowly with infected exudates and penetrate poorly into cerebrospinal fluid, urine and hemodialysis baths. Despite toxicity and unfavorable pharmacokinetics, the drug is still the most useful agent against most systemic mycoses.
Soft typing

Type systems are designed to prevent the improper use of program operations. They can be classified as either static or dynamic depending on when they detect type errors. Static type systems detect potential type errors at compile-time and prevent program execution. Dynamic type systems detect type errors at run-time and abort program execution.Static type systems have two important advantages over dynamic type systems. First, they help programmers detect a large class of program errors before execution. Second, they extract information that a compiler can exploit to produce more efficient code. The price paid for these advantages, however, is a loss of expressiveness, generality, and semantic simplicity.This paper presents a generalization of static and dynamic typing---called soft typing---that combines the best features of both approaches. The key idea underlying soft typing is that a static type checker need not reject programs that contain potential type errors. Instead, the type checker can insert explicit run-time checks around "suspect" arguments of primitive operations, converting dynamically typed programs into statically type-correct form. The inserted run-time checks identify program phrases that may be erroneous. For soft typing to be effective, the type system must avoid inserting unnecessary run-time checks. To accomplish this objective, we have developed an extension of the ML type system supporting union types and recursive types that assigns types to a wider class of programs than ML. We have also developed an algorithm for frugally inserting run-time checks in programs that do not type check.
Mechanism of the Formation of a Mn-Based CO2 Reduction Catalyst Revealed by Pulse Radiolysis with Time-Resolved Infrared Detection

Using a new technique, which combines pulse radiolysis with nanosecond time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectroscopy in the condensed phase, we have conducted a detailed kinetic and mechanistic investigation of the formation of a Mn-based CO2 reduction electrocatalyst, [Mn(tBu2-bpy)(CO)3]2 (tBu2-bpy = 4,4′-tBu2-2,2′-bipyridine), in acetonitrile. The use of TRIR allowed, for the first time, direct observation of all the intermediates involved in this process. Addition of excess [nBu4N][HCO2] to an acetonitrile solution of fac-MnBr(tBu2-bpy)(CO)3 results in its quantitative conversion to the Mn–formate complex, fac-Mn(OCHO)(tBu2-bpy)(CO)3, which is a precatalyst for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2. Formation of the catalyst is initiated by one-electron reduction of the Mn–formate precatalyst, which produces the bpy ligand-based radical. This radical undergoes extremely rapid (τ = 77 ns) formate dissociation accompanied by a free valence shift to yield the five-coordinate Mn-based radical, Mn•(tBu2-bpy)(C...
Predicting the Behavior of the Educational System

(1981). Predicting the Behavior of the Educational System. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 437-439.
Effect of Freezing Temperature on Tenderness of Light and Dark Broiler Meat

Abstract This study was undertaken to help clarify the role of freezer temperature on acceptability of fryers. Fresh breasts and drumsticks were tray-wrapped in polyethylene and frozen at 8° F. (−13.3° C.) until the end of the trial, −20° F. (−28.9° C.) in a blast freezer overnight, or −197° F. (−127° C.) in a liquid nitrogen freezer for 10 minutes. After freezing, the pieces were wrapped and stored at 8° F. for 6 to 8 weeks before testing. The meat was then defrosted, battered and deepfat fried for evaluation. Judging by shear press values, the fresh (unfrozen) meat and the meat frozen at 8° F. were significantly tougher than the pieces frozen at −20° F. or −197° F.
Multiple-inlet BIPV/T Modeling: Wind Effects and Fan Induced Suction☆

Abstract Building Integrated Photovoltaic/Thermal (BIPV/T) collectors take up the role of energy and heat production, while acting as a rain-screen cladding. A multiple inlet BIPV/T system counters the effect of high temperature stratification on the PV layer, by enhancing the convection inside the air channel with the introduction of more than one openings for the intake of fresh air that break up the surface boundary layer. To investigate the uniformity of heat extraction from the PV panels, the fluid mechanics of the system are studied separately from the thermal effects. A numerical flow distribution model, which incorporates wind effects, is introduced for the optimal design of multiple inlet systems so as to have flow rates through each inlet that maximize the heat extracted from the PV panels.
Weathering the Recession: The Financial Crisis and Family Wealth Changes in Low-Income Neighborhoods

This report looks closely at what happened to assets, debts and home equity for families living in low-income neighborhoods during the Great Recession, using data from the longitudinal Making Connections Survey. We find that both average savings and debt amounts increased between 2005/06 and 2008/09, but asset and debt levels remained lower for vulnerable families, and low-income families disproportionally lost equity during the crisis. Yet even in 2008/09, home equity was substantial and an important component of wealth ($66,000, more than four times as much as families had in savings) for the nearly half of families who were homeowners.
Seismic characterization and monitoring of a deep CO2 storage reservoir with 3D VSP using direct shear waves

Abstract We show a low-cost option for shear wave imaging of CO 2 storage reservoirs that utilizes seismic waves that have been ignored by reflection seismologists for decades. These overlooked waves are direct-S waves generated by vertical-displacement vibrators and explosive sources. Shear waves are known to be helpful for detecting fractures and subtle faults which is critical for evaluating of CO 2 storage capacity and sealing properties of the caprock. Utilizing direct-S waves produced by P-wave sources provides these benefits with no need to deploy special shear-wave sources. In addition, the SV-P mode, which is the upgoing P-wave produced by SV-to-P conversion, makes it possible to utilize S-wave attributes with data recorded by vertical geophones only. We developed a processing workflow to extract SV-SV and SV-P seismic modes from 3D VSP data acquired over a CO 2 storage reservoir at Decatur, Illinois and tested these modes for seismic imaging and monitoring of the reservoir. In addition, we inspected an SH-SH mode that appeared interpretable in our data. We observed that direct-S images were consistent with traditional VSP direct-P images and calibration synthetic seismograms. A joint analysis of all available seismic modes allowed a constrained interpretation of faults within the reservoir. Direct-S waves appeared to not be advantageous for CO 2 plume growth monitoring in the Decatur project. The SV-P mode demonstrated low sensitivity to CO 2 concentration. The time-lapse difference for the SV-SV mode was uninterpretable due to the low signal-to-noise ratio of that mode.
World Bank's Experience with Structural Reforms for Growth and Development

The World Bank Group has come a long way in supporting structural reforms in its member countries. The most remarkable feature of its long 35 years and continuing journey has been its ability to listen, learn and adjust over time. It learnt relatively quickly that reform ownership is a necessary requirement for countries to support and sustain reforms. At the same time, it realized that reform implementation critically depends on credible institutions and good governance, which are frequently missing in its member countries, particularly the low-income ones. It also noted that over time the structure of reforms for promoting growth and development evolves, reflecting both changes in internal country conditions and a changing global environment. These important realizations are reflected in the evolution of the World Bank Group’s policies and practice for supporting structural reforms, and help sustain a culture of learning from experience.
The Role of Emotions in Context-aware Recommendation.

Context-aware recommender systems try to adapt to users’ preferences across different contexts and have been proven to provide better predictive performance in a number of domains. Emotion is one of the most popular contextual variables, but few researchers have explored how emotions take effect in recommendations – especially the usage of the emotional variables other than the effectiveness alone. In this paper, we explore the role of emotions in context-aware recommendation algorithms. More specifically, we evaluate two types of popular context-aware recommendation algorithms – context-aware splitting approaches and differential context modeling. We examine predictive performance, and also explore the usage of emotions to discover how emotional features interact with those context-aware recommendation algorithms in the recommendation process.
Peritoneal fluid accumulation with dextran 70 instilled at time of laparoscopy

A patient is presented that had instillation of Hyskon at the time of laparoscopy and then had a laparotomy. Fifty milliliters of Hyskon was instilled into the abdomen, and the next day at laparotomy 255 ml of peritoneal fluid was present, demonstrating that Hyskon was able to promote the transfer of a large volume of fluid into the peritoneal cavity. By separating fibrin-covered surfaces, this hydroflotation effect inhibits adhesion formation.
The hedgehog pathway in triple-negative breast cancer

Treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains challenging due to the underlying heterogeneity of this disease coupled with the lack of predictive biomarkers and effective targeted therapies. Intratumoral heterogeneity, particularly enrichment for breast cancer stem cell-like subpopulations, has emerged as a leading hypothesis for systemic therapy resistance and clinically aggressive course of poor prognosis TNBC. A growing body of literature supports the role of the stem cell renewal Hedgehog (Hh) pathway in breast cancer. Emerging preclinical data also implicate Hh signaling in TNBC pathogenesis. Herein, we review the evidence for a pathophysiologic role of Hh signaling in TNBC and explore mechanisms of crosstalk between the Hh pathway and other key signaling networks as well as their potential implications for Hh-targeted interventions in TNBC.
Necrotizing enterocolitis: new insights into pathogenesis and mechanisms.

Necrotizing enterocolitis is the most frequent and lethal gastrointestinal disease in premature infants. This Review outlines current approaches for the treatment and diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis and examines the progress made in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of this disease as well as potential avenues for future treatment development. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most frequent and lethal disease of the gastrointestinal tract of preterm infants. At present, NEC is thought to develop in the premature host in the setting of bacterial colonization, often after administration of non-breast milk feeds, and disease onset is thought to be due in part to a baseline increased reactivity of the premature intestinal mucosa to microbial ligands as compared with the full-term intestinal mucosa. The increased reactivity leads to mucosal destruction and impaired mesenteric perfusion and partly reflects an increased expression of the bacterial receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the premature gut, as well as other factors that predispose the intestine to a hyper-reactive state in response to colonizing microorganisms. The increased expression of TLR4 in the premature gut reflects a surprising role for this molecule in the regulation of normal intestinal development through its effects on the Notch signalling pathway. This Review will examine the current approach to the diagnosis and treatment of NEC, provide an overview of our current knowledge regarding its molecular underpinnings and highlight advances made within the past decade towards the development of specific preventive and treatment strategies for this devastating disease.
What is pi

The following talk was given at a high school in the suburbs of Toronto, April 1982, to a class of students about 15 years old. The talk lasted about 1 hour and 15 minutes.
Impact of URI canonicalization on memento count

Memento TimeMaps [5] list identifiers for archival web captures (URI-Ms). When some URI-Ms are dereferenced, they redirect to a different URI-M instead of a unique representation at the datetime. This suggests that confidently obtaining an accurate count quantifying the number of non-forwarding captures for an Original Resource URI (URI-R) is not possible using a TimeMap alone and that the magnitude of a TimeMap is not equivalent to the number of representations it identifies. This work represents an abbreviated version of the full technical report describing this phenomena in depth [3]. For google.com we found that 84.9% of the URI-Ms in a TimeMap result in an HTTP redirect when dereferenced. The full study applies this technique to seven other URI-Rs of large Web sites and 13 academic institutions. Using a ratio metric for the number of URI-Ms without redirects to those requiring a redirect when dereferenced, five of the eight large web sites' and two of the thirteen academic institutions' TimeMaps had a ratio of less than one, indicating that more than half of the URI-Ms in these TimeMaps result in redirects when dereferenced.
Evaluating student motivation in organic chemistry courses: moving from a lecture-based to a flipped approach with peer-led team learning

Academic Motivation Scale-Chemistry (AMS-Chemistry), an instrument based on the self-determination theory, was used to evaluate students’ motivation in two organic chemistry courses, where one course was primarily lecture-based and the other implemented flipped classroom and peer-led team learning (Flip–PLTL) pedagogies. Descriptive statistics showed that students in both courses were more extrinsically motivated and their motivation moved in negative directions across the semester. Factorial multivariate analysis of covariance revealed a main effect of pedagogical approach. Students in the Flip–PLTL environment were significantly more motivated toward chemistry at the end of the semester while controlling for the motivation pre-test scores; however, there was no evidence for a sex main effect or an interaction effect between sex and pedagogical approach. Correlation results revealed variable relationships between motivation subscales and academic achievement at different time points. In general, intrinsic motivation subscales were significantly and positively correlated with student academic achievement; Amotivation was negatively correlated with academic achievement. The findings in this study showed the importance of Flip–PLTL pedagogies in improving student motivation toward chemistry.
Consumer use effects on nanoparticle release from commercially available ceramic cookware

Abstract Food preparation and storage materials are often subjected to stressful conditions such as scraping and cleaning with abrasive pads throughout their lifecycle. In general, understanding potential nanoparticle migration when in contact with food is important in assessing their safety. A ceramic-coated fry pan and a ceramic sauce pot (both commercially available) were evaluated for nanoparticle migration under three consumer use conditions. Washing, scouring, and scratching conditions were simulated by linear abrasion using scrubbing pads, steel wool and tungsten carbide burr attachments, respectively. Migration of titanium (Ti) and silicon (Si) was evaluated using 3% acetic acid as a food simulant. Ti and Si concentrations in simulant were generally higher under the consumer use scenarios than in fresh/unused pans. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles were detected in the simulant under the most aggressive use scenario simulated by abrasion with the tungsten carbide burr attachment. TiO2 and SiO2 particle number concentrations were on the order of 108 and 107 particles dm−2, with median diameters of 250 nm and 460 nm, respectively. The aluminum (Al) concentration migrating from the sauce pot was also higher under the consumer use scenarios than in fresh/unused pots, but without any detectable nanoparticle migration.
Comparison of Ocular Ultrasonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Detection of Increased Intracranial Pressure.

Background/Aims: To evaluate and compare the performance of ocular ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Methods: Twenty-two patients with papilledema from IIH and 22 with pseudopapilledema were prospectively recruited based on funduscopic and clinical findings. Measurements of optic nerve sheath diameters (ONSD) 3 mm behind the inner sclera were performed on B-scan US and axial T2-weighted MRI examinations. Pituitary-to-sella height ratio (pit/sella) was also calculated from sagittal T1-weighted MRI images. Lumbar puncture was performed in all patients with IIH and in five patients with pseudopapilledema. Results: Average US and MRI ONSD were 4.4±0.7 and 5.2±1.4 mm for the pseudopapilledema group and 5.2±0.6 and 7.2±1.6 mm for the papilledema group (p4.8 mm, MRI ONSD >6.0 mm, and MRI pit/sella <0.5. Combining a dilated US ONSD or MRI ONSD with a below-threshold MRI pit/sella ratio yielded a sensitivity of 73% and specificity of 96% for detecting IIH. Adding the US ONSD to the MRI ONSD and pit/sella ratio only increased the sensitivity by 5% and did not change specificity. Conclusions: US and MRI provide measurements of ONSD that are well-correlated and sensitive markers for increased ICP. The combination of the ONSD and the pit/sella ratio can increase specificity for the diagnosis of IIH.
Light-Curve Parameters of Northern Galactic Cepheids

The BVRI light-curve parameters of 112 galactic Cepheids are determined by Fourier analysis using over 4,000 differential photoelectric observations. This catalog is similar to Schaltenbrand and Tammann's except that it is based on a homogeneous data set and the Fourier coefficients are given.
Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships of Aporphines as Dopamine Receptor Agonists and Antagonists

The aporphine alkaloids are one of the largest groups within the isoquinoline alkaloids (Shamma 1972, Fig. 1). In the naturally occurring aporphine alkaloids, positions 1 and 2 are always oxygenated and frequently other positions are also substituted with hydroxyl, methoxyl or methylenedioxy groups. In a few cases a hydroxyl function is located at C-7, while in the case of steporphine, oxygenation is at C-4. Glaucine and bulbocapnine were among the first naturally occurring aporphines to have their structures elucidated (Manske 1954) and usually the natural alkaloids have proved to be optically active, possessing either the R or S absolute configuration. For a recent review of aporphine biosynthesis see Shamma and Guinaudeau, 1984.
A Sandwich-Hybridization Method for Specific and Efficient Selection of cDNA Clones from Genomic Regions

We are developing a novel strategy for efficient and specific isolation of cDNA clones encoded by a particular genomic region. This sandwich-selection method consists of: 1. Hybridization of single-stranded (ss) circular cDNA molecules to tagged in vitro synthesized RNA from the genomic region; 2. Retention of “genomic RNA” - cDNA hybrids on an avidin-matrix through a biotinylated RNA complementary to the tag; and 3. Elution of specific cDNAs from the avidin-matrix with ribonuclease A. The selected ss cDNAs are directly used for electroporation of competent E. coli cells without requiring any amplification or cloning step. Here, we report the construction of appropriate vectors and results from model experiments. This protocol has been applied for specifically selecting NRL (neural retina leucine zipper) cDNA from a mixture of cDNA clones using a sub-library from the NRL genomic region. The control experiments have allowed us to optimize various steps in the procedure and provided valuable data regarding the yield and specificity of selection process. The strategy is now being used for the isolation of cDNAs from large regions of genomic DNA cloned in cosmids or yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) vectors and from microdissected and flow-sorted chromosomal DNA. We expect that a high degree of specificity and efficiency will permit wider application of this cDNA selection strategy.