cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in biological factors putatively related to depression

Gender differences in the prevalence of affective disorders were suggested by several authorities in the field. Such differences may be attributed to sex-related differences in levels or activity of monoamine transmitters, especially since some of these variables have been shown to be altered by gonadal hormones. The reported association of perimenstrual and postpartum dysphoria, with affective disorders may contribute to further elucidation of pathophysiology of depression in women--in light of the hormonal-behavioral dynamics of these periods. Several factors associated with monoamines biosynthesis, availability, uptake and metabolism were found to be more abnormal in normal and depressed women compared to men. Age-sex differences in some biological markers for depression are reported as well. Their relevance to the underlying pathophysiology of depression is unclear but they may provide clues for further research.
Formulating Viscous Hydrodynamics for Large Velocity Gradients

Viscous corrections to relativistic hydrodynamics, which are usually formulated for small velocity gradients, have recently been extended from Navier-Stokes formulations to a class of treatments based on Israel-Stewart equations. Israel-Stewart treatments, which treat the spatial components of the stress-energy tensor {tau}{sub ij} as dynamical objects, introduce new parameters, such as the relaxation times describing nonequilibrium behavior of the elements {tau}{sub ij}. By considering linear response theory and entropy constraints, we show how the additional parameters are related to fluctuations of {tau}{sub ij}. Furthermore, the Israel-Stewart parameters are analyzed for their ability to provide stable and physical solutions for sound waves. Finally, it is shown how these parameters, which are naturally described by correlation functions in real time, might be constrained by lattice calculations, which are based on path-integral formulations in imaginary time.
The isolation of lysosomes from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells following pretreatment of mice with Triton WR-1339.

A method is described for obtaining highly purified lysosomes from Ehrlich ascites tumo cells grown in mice injected with Triton WR-1339. The isolated particles show a high specific activity for aryl sulfatase, representing an 80–90-fold purification over the homogenate, and a 15–18% yield of the total enzyme activity. Mitochondrial and microsomal marker enzymes are present in negligible amounts (0.2% of the activity of the homogenate). The biochemical evidence for a rather high degree of homogeneity of the fraction is supported by the electron microscopic examination of the purified lysosomes. The intracellular localizations of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, NADH-cytochrome c reductase and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase in Ehrlich ascites cells are also reported, the first two being present in highest concentration in the combined mitochondrial-lysosomal fraction and the third in the microsomal fraction.
The concept of mRNA abundance classes: a critical reevaluation.

Abstract Derivative plots have been constructed for hybridization reactions between polysomal poly(A)-containing RNA and oligo(dT)-primed cDNA. In one method the derivative was calculated directly from the data, and in the other, from a non-linear least squares fit using 9-10 ideal components. In some cases these methods yield very similar results and strongly suggest that the hybridization data support discrete components. Reactions with two and four major components indicate that the often-reported three abundance class model is only one of several possibilities for eukaryotic cells. In other situations neither method strongly suggests the presence of discrete components (in one case even after enrichment of the cDNA population by kinetic fractionation), implying that the components are closely spaced or that the entire mRNA population of those cells may not exist as discrete abundance classes. The universal occurrence of discrete abundance classes should be critically reexamined.
How important are economic factors in choice of medical specialty

An ongoing debate exists among health care researchers about the mechanism that allocates physicians across medical specialties, and appropriate policy measures to correct imbalances that may arise from time to time. Most researchers believe that choice of residency program by medical school graduates is key to understanding how physicians are distributed across specialties, but there is much disagreement about whether economic or non-economic factors are most influential in determining this choice. We undertake an empirical investigation of two potentially important economic factors: income and leisure. To do so, we specify a two way error component regression model to estimate the effects of expected earnings and available leisure time, and uncertainty of earnings and leisure, on specialty choices of medical residents. Our findings indicate that economic factors are an important influence in the specialty choice process; in particular, medical residents are attracted to specialties that offer the prospect of longer and more certain annual vacations, higher earnings, shorter residency programs, and more certain work schedules. Our results suggest that employment contracts that provide generous annual vacation time and promise regular weekly work schedules may be more effective than increased earnings in correcting the current perceived shortage of primary care physicians. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of Dielectric Constant and Dissipation Factor of Raw Cottons

By use of a suitable capacitance bridge and special condenser, the dielectric constant and dissipation factor at a frequency of 200 kc./sec. were measured for several varieties of cotton and for several types of trash removed during processing. Measurements were made at 70°F and 45%, 55%, and 65% R.H. The results are in fair agreement with those obtained by other workers.
Strengthening prevention program theories and evaluations: contributions from social network analysis.

A majority of school-based prevention programs target the modification of setting-level social dynamics, either explicitly (e.g., by changing schools’ organizational, cultural or instructional systems that influence children’s relationships), or implicitly (e.g., by altering behavioral norms designed to influence children’s social affiliations and interactions). Yet, in outcome analyses of these programs, the rich and complicated set of peer network dynamics is often reduced to an aggregation of individual characteristics or assessed with methods that do not account for the interdependencies of network data. In this paper, we present concepts and analytic methods from the field of social network analysis and illustrate their great value to prevention science—both as a source of tools for refining program theories and as methods that enable more sophisticated and focused tests of intervention effects. An additional goal is to inform discussions of the broader implications of social network analysis for public health efforts.
Asian American experiences in the United States : oral histories of first to fourth generation Americans from China, the Philippines, Japan, India, the Pacific islands, Vietnam, and Cambodia

The interviews in this book are divided into three parts: Profiles (culture, economic life styles, family); Aspects of Americanization (immigration, resettlement and religion); and Reflections on Interracial Marriage.
Reforming Curricula : Challenge and Change for Agricultural Economists

An intense national concern with the quality of higher education has focused unprecedented attention on undergraduate curricula. Newspapers, provosts' offices, faculty committees, journals, trade associations, alumni, study panels, and corporate leaders are echoing the need for change. Restoration, meaningless, scotoma, reform, obsolete, integrity, consumerism, inadequate, and crisis are words enlivening the debate of curricular affairs in higher education. Agricultural economists face the challenge of putting their own curricular house in order as well as an opportunity for contribution to broader curricular matters. In their faculty roles, agricultural economists plan and direct numerous student experiences. Curriculum encompasses the set of student experiences directed by faculty which leads
Detachment and lysis of adherent target cells by CD4+ T cell clones involve multiple effector mechanisms.

Abstract Detachment of adherent targets from their substratum is a uniques activity of both CD8 1 and CD4 1 T cells. Recently, we have demonstrated that with mixed, alloreactive populations, DC4 1 T-cell-mediated detachment is kenitically distinct from lysis and requires protein synthesis. Heterogeneity of effector phenotypes precluded further elucidation of the mechanism of target cell detachment of adherent targets from their substratum (1) may result from either protein synthesis-dependent or independent pathways, which can be correlated with differences in clonal lytic phenotye, (2) is contact dependent and does not involve soluble factors. (3) can be pharmacologically uncoupled from IL4 production, as a measure of cytokine release, and (4) fails to correlate with perform expression by immunocytochemistry. Finally, isolated granule preparations are unable to mediate detachment from lysis.
Distinct Phosphorylation Sites Differentially Influence Facilitated Transport of an NLS-Protein End Its Subsequent Intranuclear Binding

Abstract We measured the nuclear transport of radiolabeled fusion proteins consisting of variants of the Simian Virus 40 large T antigen′s nuclear localization sequence region linked to β-galactosidase, itself a cytoplasmic protein. We microinjected the fusion protein variants into the cytoplasm of living Xenopus oocytes or supplied them to the surface of oil-isolated oocyte nuclei via paired beads or cytoplasm. Presence of the cdc2 kinase site ( 124 T) on the amino flank of the nuclear localization sequence ( 126 PKKKRKV 132 ) greatly enhances facilitated transport through the nuclear pore complex; additional presence of the casein kinase II site ( 112 S) enhances subsequent intranuclear binding.
The effect of strain rate on the viscoelastic response of aortic valve tissue: a direct-fit approach.

Knowledge of strain-rate sensitivity of soft tissue viscoelastic and nonlinear elastic properties is important for accurate predictions of biomechanical behavior and for quantitative assessment of the effects of disease or surgical/pharmaceutical intervention. Soft tissues are known to exhibit mild rate sensitivity, but experimental artifacts related to testing system control can confound estimation of these effects. “Perfect” ramp-and-hold stress-relaxation tests become difficult at high strain rates because of problems related to undershoot/overshoot error and vibrations. These errors can introduce unwanted bias into parameter estimation methods that rely on idealizations of the applied ramp-and-hold displacement. To address these problems, we describe a new method for estimating quasilinear viscoelastic (QLV) parameters that directly fits the QLV constitutive model to the actual point-wise stress–time history of the test, using an adaptive grid refinement (AGR) global optimization algorithm. This new method significantly improves the accuracy and predictivity of QLV parameter estimates for heart valve tissues, compared to traditional methods that use idealized displacement data. We estimated QLV parameters for aortic valve tissue over a range of physiologic displacement rates, finding that the viscoelastic content parameter (C) increased slightly with increasing strain rate, but the fast (τ1) and slow (τ2) time constants were strain rate insensitive.
Transcatheter atrial septal defect closure: Modified balloon sizing technique to avoid overstretching the defect and oversizing the amplatzer septal occluder

The objective of this study was to evaluate a new technique of sizing atrial septal defects (ASDs) for transcatheter device closure. ASD closure using the Amplatzer septal occluder (ASO) device is commonly performed. Complications, including arrhythmias, pericardial effusions, and perforations, may be related to oversizing ASDs and choosing larger devices. Two methods were used to size ASDs using a compliant balloon. In some patients, the balloon was inflated until a waist was visible [(+)waist]; in others, only until no shunting was demonstrable by echocardiogram [echo; (-)waist]. The device was selected and implanted using standard procedure and echo guidance. One hundred seventeen patients underwent secundum ASD closure with an ASO device. There were 43 patients in the (-)waist group and 74 in the (+)waist group. All devices were implanted successfully. The initial echo ASD diameter was larger in the (-)waist group compared to the (+)waist group (P = 0.01). There was a smaller difference between the initial echo and balloon-sized ASD diameters in the (-)waist group (P < 0.02). ASO device size implanted (in mm greater than echo ASD diameter) was smaller in the (-)waist group (P < 0.01). There were 0/43 complications in the (-)waist group and 5/74 in the (+)waist group. The complete closure rate was the same in both groups. Sizing an ASD by inflating a compliant balloon just until shunting is eliminated, and not until a waist is visible, results in less overstretching of the ASD and selection of a smaller ASO device, achieving similar closure rates and potentially fewer complications.
3.6.2 Successful Integration of Systems Engineering and Program Management Processes

Since the inception of Systems Engineering as a discipline, Systems Engineers (SEs) have been providing technical leadership toward the successful completion of projects. As the science of project management has evolved, SEs and Project Managers (PMs) have grown more interdependent. In fact, there are many similarities in the skills required for Systems Engineers and Project Managers. This paper will provide a summary of the shared skills between both SE and PM professionals. A description of the interaction between SE and PM disciplines in various organizational structures will also be presented. A comparison will be made between PMI's view of product realization and the standard “Vee Diagram” process understood by most Systems Engineering professionals. And lastly, this paper will conclude with a description of the project management process followed at the Harris Corporation. Survey results will be presented illustrating the distribution of traditional project management functions between Project Managers, Systems Engineers, and Project Engineers.
Precise measurements of electric and magnetic fine structure of high-L helium Rydberg states

Abstract High-L, non-penetrating, Rydberg states of helium offer on attractive setting for testing fundamental aspects of the physics of two-electron atoms because of their relatively simple wave-functions. Precise experimental studies of such high-L states have been made possible with the recent development of techniques for high-resolution, zero-field microwave spectroscopy, using lasers and fast atomic beams. The achievement of a satisfactory theoretical understanding of this spectroscopy, at the level of current experiments, poses significant challenges to atomic structure theory.
Eavesdropping and language dynamics

Communication in nature is not restricted to the transmitter-receiver pair. Unintended listeners, or eavesdroppers, can intercept the signal and possibly utilize the received information to their benefit, which may confer a certain cost to the communicating pair. In this paper we explore (computationally and mathematically) such situations with the goal of uncovering their effect on language evolution. We find that in the presence of eavesdropping, languages exhibit a tendency to become more complex. On the other hand, if eavesdroppers belong to a different (competing) population, the languages used by the two populations tend to converge, if the cost of eavesdropping is sufficiently high; otherwise the languages synchronize. These findings are discussed in the context of animal communication and human language. In particular, the emergence of synonyms is predicted. We demonstrate that a small associated cost can suppress synonyms in the absence of eavesdropping, but that their likelihood increases strongly with the probability of eavesdropping.
Cholinergic influence on unit activity of the visceral ganglion of the mussel, Mytilus edulis, and the control of ciliary movement--II

Abstract 1. 1. Unit activity was recorded from the cells of the visceral ganglion of the mussel, Mytilus edulis, in intact animals. 2. 2. Lateral ciliary activity was also studied in isolated gill-ganglion preparations. 3. 3. Direct application of weak concentrations (10−7 M) of acetylcholine (ACh) to the visceral ganglion increased electrical activity in cells of the visceral ganglion. Inhibition of unit firing followed application of strong concentrations (10−3 M) of ACh. Both effects were blocked by prior application of hexamethonium (Hex). 4. 4. Application of phenoxybenzamine (PBZ) prior to ACh treatment prevented inhibition of unit activity produced by strong ACh, but had no effect on excitation of unit firing caused by the presence of weak concentration of ACh. 5. 5. Application of physostigmine (E) prior to weak ACh produced an inhibition of unit activity where previous excitation had been observed. 6. 6. Application of norepinephrine (NE) failed to influence neuronal activity of the visceral ganglion. 7. 7. Application of Hex to the isolated gill prevented the excitation of ciliary activity normally produced by electrical stimulation of the cerebrovisceral connective and produced a long lasting cilio-inhibition that followed stimulus offset. 8. 8. These data, combined with previous results, suggest that (a) the release of ACh in the visceral ganglion stimulates cilio-excitatory fibers and also small DA releasing interneurons that inhibit these same fibers; (b) the effect of this system is to provide for ACh mediated self-regulation of ciliary activity within the visceral ganglion; (c) besides DA releasing interneurons present within the visceral ganglion, DA releasing fibers that terminate directly at the gill originate outside the visceral ganglion and can be found in the cerebrovisceral connective.
Regional Middle Proterozoic enrichment of the subcontinental mantle source of igneous rocks from central Montana

Trace-element and Pb, Nd, and Sr isotope analyses demonstrate that the Tertiary subalkalic and alkalic igneous rocks of the Crazy Mountains, Montana, derive from separate mantle sources. The alkalic source region is heterogeneous and strongly enriched in most incompatible elements. Although it has Sr isotopic compositions near bulk earth values, it has low 206 Pb/ 204 Pb (16.5–17.4) and ϵ Nd (−2.6 to −153). The source of the subalkalic rocks is less enriched but is similar isotopically, except that ϵ Nd ranges between −13.4 and −17.1, Model ages based on Nd and Pb isotopic data show that these mantle source regions have a multistage differentiation history that probably commenced shortly after stabilization of the Archean crust at 3.0 Ga. The isotopic character of both alkalic and subalkalic sources was significantly influenced by a mantle-enrichment event at 1.5–1.8 Ga. Comparison of the Crazy Mountains with other Cretaceous to Holocene igneous centers in Montana and Wyoming shows that the Middle Proterozoic enrichment event is recorded from the Bearpaw Mountains to the Leucite Hills. This regionally extensive ancient subcontinental mantle is complementary to mid-ocean ridge and ocean island basalt sources and is distinct from the sources of many other alkalic rocks.
The Impact of a Dynamic Task Environment: A Study of Architectural-Engineering Firms

This study focuses on architectural-engineering firms and the organizational impact on them caused by major dynamic shifts in their task environment. Diverse organizational strategies by these firm...
Effect of silanation of fillers on their dispersability by monomer systems

The effect of silanation on the dispersion of quartz and zirconia-silica fillers by monomers used to formulate composites was studied. Sixteen silane coupling agents and three methods were used, and the amounts of the monomers needed to reach wet and flow point values were determined. The silanes were selected to have a variety of organofunctional and hydrolysable groups. Silanation was done from an ethanol-water solution of the silanes and by adding the silanes directly to the filler at room temperature (24 degrees C) and at the boiling temperature of the silanes. The amount of silane used was either that required to produce minimum uniform coverage on the fillers or three times the minimum coverage. All silanes and all methods of treatment decreased the flow values for both fillers compared to the unsilanated controls. Generalizations were that the effectiveness of silanation on the dispersion of the filler particles was greater (i) when silanation from ethanol solution was used compared to direct addition; (ii) when three times the minimum uniform coverage was used; (iii) when the silane contained methoxy rather than ethoxy groups; (iv) when the silanes were trialkoxy rather than dialkoxy compounds; (v) when the length and bulkiness of the organic functional group was smaller; and (vi) when the organic functional group was methacrylate rather than acrylic. The strength of composites prepared from one of the monomer systems and quartz silanated with methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane was higher than those silanated with acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, which supports the use of the wet and flow point values as screening tests for estimating the dispersability of fillers.
Cast post and core for nonparallel canals.

Abstract A method for fabrication of a cast core with nonparallel tapered posts has been presented. This direct method does not require the use of a graphite post to preserve the channel for the accessory post during casting.
Retrograde neurotrophin signaling: Trk-ing along the axon

Target-derived neurotrophins are required for the growth and survival of innervating neurons. When released by postsynaptic targets, neurotrophins bind receptors (Trks) on nerve terminals. Activated Trks signal locally within distal axons and retrogradely through long axons to distant cell bodies in order to promote gene expression and survival. Although the mechanism of retrograde neurotrophin signaling is not fully elucidated, considerable evidence supports a model in which the vesicular transport of neurotrophin-Trk complexes transmits a survival signal that involves PI3K and Erk5. Other, non-vesicular modes of retrograde signaling are likely to function in parallel. Recent studies highlight the importance of the location of stimulation as a determinant of Trk signaling. Defects in signaling from distal axons to cell bodies may be causally related to neurodegenerative disorders.
Post-translational modification of hemoglobin in alcoholism

Hemolysates from a majority of alcoholic individuals contain a hemoglobin fraction having chromatographic properties resembling those of hemoglobin AIc, a normally occurring glycosylated hemoglobin, but differing from the latter in not being bound by boronated agarose. A hemoglobin fraction having similar properties was also isolated from human erythrocytes exposed to acetaldehyde. These observations and other evidence suggest that the abnormal hemoglobin fraction present in men and women addicted to alcohol is produced by addition to hemoglobin Ao of an aldehyde or ketone formed metabolically from ethanol and thus may serve as a diagnostic indicator of alcoholism.
Mapping the Universe: Surveys of the Sky as Discovery Engines in Astronomy

Astronomers can map the sky in many ways: observing in different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, obtaining spectra of stars and galaxies to determine their physical properties and distances, and repeatedly observing to measure the variability, explosions, and motions of celestial objects. In this review I describe recent surveys of the sky astronomers have carried out, focusing on those in the visible part of the spectrum. I describe in detail the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, an ongoing imaging and spectroscopic survey of over one quarter of the celestial sphere. I also discuss some of the major surveys planned for the next decade, using telescopes both on the ground and in space.
The topoisomerase I poison camptothecin generates a Chk1-dependent DNA damage checkpoint signal in fission yeast.

The protein kinase Chk1 is essential for the DNA damage checkpoint. Cells lacking Chk1 are hypersensitive to DNA-damaging agents such as UV light and gamma-irradiation because they fail to arrest the cell cycle when DNA damage is generated. Phosphorylation of Chk1 occurs after DNA damage and is dependent on the integrity of the DNA damage checkpoint pathway. We have tested whether a topoisomerase I inhibitor, camptothecin (CPT), generates DNA damage in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe that results in Chk1 phosphorylation. We demonstrate that Chk1 is phosphorylated in response to CPT treatment in a time- and dose-dependent manner and that phosphorylation is dependent on an intact DNA damage checkpoint pathway. Furthermore, we show that cells must be actively dividing in order for CPT to generate a Chk1-responsive DNA damage signal. This observation is consistent with a model whereby the cytotoxic event caused by CPT treatment is the production of a DNA double-strand break resulting from the collision of a DNA replication fork with a trapped CPT-topoisomerase I cleavable complex. Cells lacking Chk1 are hypersensitive to CPT treatment, suggesting that the DNA damage checkpoint pathway can be an important determinant for CPT sensitivity or resistance. Finally, as a well-characterized, soluble agent that specifically causes DNA damage, CPT will allow a biochemical analysis of the checkpoint pathway that responds to DNA damage.
Of politics, self-preservation, and symbolism: An investigation of jurisdiction-stripping and legislative redistricting

Abstract Jurisdiction-stripping has long been a questionable component of Congress's power to supervise the judiciary's policymaking role. It has gained notoriety in recent debates surrounding judicial involvement in areas including religious establishment and privacy issues such as abortion and same-sex marriage. Most scholarship equates the advocacy of jurisdiction-stripping measures with symbolic position-taking that is unmotivated by the goal of traditional policy success. This work, a quantitative case study of the first such measure to pass the House of Representative since Reconstruction, seeks to isolate legislative motivations for exerting jurisdictional controls against the Supreme Court. Legislators’ votes on this measure were multifaceted. While those decisions were guided in part by the symbolic and representational considerations that traditionally underlie the advocacy of such legislation, there is also evidence more substantive motivations played a part. The study highlights the evolving objectives of jurisdiction-stripping's advocates and, more broadly, Congress's objectives vis-a-vis the courts.
Spectroscopic rationalization of the separation abilities of decaproline chiral selector in dichloromethane-isopropanol solvent mixture.

A chiral column, with decaproline as the chiral selector, has broad chiral selectivity. To understand the separation mechanism of this chiral column, multiple spectroscopic techniques, including optical rotation, electronic circular dichroism, infrared absorption and vibrational circular dichroism, have been used here to study the conformation of the decaproline oligomer in isopropanol(IPA)/dichloromethane(DCM) mixtures. These studies indicate that decaproline oligomer adopts polyproline II conformation in IPA/DCM solvent system (0% IPA ∼ 100% IPA). Hydrogen bonding interactions between CO groups of decaproline and IPA molecules increase as the content of IPA in the solvent mixture increases up to 60% and become less significant from then onwards. These spectroscopic observations are found to have a good correlation with the enantiomeric separation of racemic 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-[10-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxy-ethyl-anthracen-9-yl]-ethanol by the decaproline column. Chirality 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Space perception of strabismic observers in the real world environment

PURPOSE Space perception beyond the near distance range (>2 m) is important for target localization, and for directing and guiding a variety of daily activities, including driving and walking. However, it is unclear whether the absolute (egocentric) localization of a single target in the intermediate distance range requires binocular vision, and if so, whether having subnormal stereopsis in strabismus impairs one's ability to localize the target. METHODS We investigated this by measuring the perceived absolute location of a target by observers with normal binocular vision (n = 8; mean age, 24.5 years) and observers with strabismus (n = 8; mean age, 24.9 years) under monocular and binocular conditions. The observers used the blind walking-gesturing task to indicate the judged location of a target located at various viewing distances (2.73-6.93 m) and heights (0, 30, and 90 cm) above the floor. Near stereopsis was assessed with the Randot Stereotest. RESULTS Both groups of observers accurately judged the absolute distance of the target on the ground (height = 0 cm) either with monocular or binocular viewing. However, when the target was suspended in midair, the normal observers accurately judged target location with binocular viewing, but not with monocular viewing (mean slant angle, 0.8° ± 0.5° vs. 7.4° ± 1.4°; P < 0.001, with a slant angle of 0° representing accurate localization). In contrast, the strabismic observers with poorer stereo acuity made larger errors in target localization in both viewing conditions, though with fewer errors during binocular viewing (mean slant angle, 2.7° ± 0.4° vs. 9.2° ± 1.3°; P < 0.0025). Further analysis reveals the localization error, that is, slant angle, correlates positively with stereo threshold during binocular viewing (r(2) = 0.479, P < 0.005), but not during monocular viewing (r(2) = 0.0002, P = 0.963). CONCLUSIONS Locating a single target on the ground is sufficient with monocular depth information, but binocular depth information is required when the target is suspended in midair. Since the absolute binocular disparity information of the single target is weak beyond 2 m, we suggest the visual system localizes the single target using the relative binocular disparity information between the midair target and the visible ground surface. Consequently, strabismic observers with residual stereopsis localize a target more accurately than their counterparts without stereo ability.
Analysis and Numerical Simulations of the Saharan Air Layer and Its Effect on Easterly Wave Disturbances

Abstract A Conceptual model of the Saharan Air Layer (SAL) and easterly wave disturbance is presented in light of diagnostic analyses of dust outbreaks. Numerical simulations of the SAL were carried out to 5 days for two case studies using the Penn State/NCAR limited-area tropical model. The region of simulations encompasses North Africa and the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean. One set of simulations used a horizontal resolution of 220 km. Analysis of the simulations emphasize the structure of the SAL and easterly wave disturbance and evaluation is made with reference to available observations and a conceptual model. Because both cases are similar, emphasis of the sensitivity tests is placed on the August 1974 case only. These tests include the effect of enhancing the SAL in the initial conditions, the role of surface sensible heating, the role of latent heating in the atmosphere, and the effect of heating due to radiative warming of the aerosol. A fine-mesh simulation of 110 km was also made to resolve t...
Are all of your point of information needs covered

We have long advocated that information is the core of health care delivery. Yes, procedures and testing make up a considerable portion of the cost and effort in care. However, these efforts are usually the result of the consideration of extensive amounts of information, or they are performed to gain more information. Certainly, information is key. In this installment, we explore information resources, characteristics of information use that support care delivery, and how it all fits together.
A Rapid Sample Preparation Technique for Diffuse Reflectance Measurements

Diffuse reflectance measurements are becoming increasingly popular as a method for obtaining IR spectra. One reason for this is that sample preparation is rather simple compared with, for example, production of a KBr disc. Here we report a technique which allows samples to be prepared in a few seconds from a wide variety of materials.
Mycoses in red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) caused by two deuteromycete fungi (Penicillium corylophilum and Cladosporium sphaerospermum)

We report two species of deuteromycete fungi (Penicillium corylophilum and Cladosporium sphaerospermum) concurrently infecting the swim bladder and posterior kidney and causing erratic behavior in two specimens of wild-caught, tank-held red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus). Lesions produced by both species infiltrated the immediately surrounding tissue and produced severe pathological changes; however, the infection apparently was not systemic. Only P. corylophilum grew in the initial culture from the swim bladder and only C. sphaerospermum grew in the initial culture from the kidney. Infection may have occurred upon penetration of a syringe to deflate the swim bladder. There was no horizontal transmission to 13 other specimens of red snapper held in the same tank. This suggests that these fungi are not primary pathogens. Injection of each species into various sites in the Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis, failed to produce infections within 1 month, suggesting differences in susceptibility among species.
Angina in Women

Angina pectoris, the pain of myocardial ischemia, is the major initial and subsequent presentation of coronary disease in women. Angina in women is associated with more adverse morbidity, mortality, and quality-of-life outcomes than for men, despite women having less obstructive coronary artery disease and better left ventricular function. Women with chest pain and myocardial ischemia, in the absence of significant obstructive disease of the coronary arteries, have prominent morbidity and mortality outcomes; the postulated mechanism is microvascular disease. Women also have more non-chest pain manifestations of myocardial ischemia than men. These variables must be incorporated in assessments of optimal diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for myocardial ischemia in women.
Dietary Fish Oil Modulation of Macrophage Tumoricidal Activity

Abstract Recent studies have shown that macrophages and their functions can be altered by dietary fat. Specifically, diets that are rich inn-3 fatty acids such as fish oils can have significant effects on macrophage cytolytic capacity and the production of select cytokines. The purpose of these studies was to characterize how dietary fish oils altered macrophage tumoricidal activity and the production of tumor necrosis factor-cc (1NF-α). Dietary menhaden fish oil (NIFO) significantly decreased the ability of activated macrophages to kill tumor targets compared with macrophages from mice fed safflower oil (SAF), which is high in n-6 fatty acids. Those macrophages from mice fed UFO were hyporesponsive to interferon-γ. In addition, macrophages from mice fed MFO produced more TNF-α after 24 h activation with lipopolysaccharide compared with macrophages from mice fed SAF. That difference in TNF-α production was associated with a differential production of and response to prostaglandin E 2 . Although there are several possible mechanisms by which dietary fat may alter macrophage function and cytokine production, we have investigated signal transduction. Macrophages from MFO-fed mice had a greater increase in intracellular calcium mobilization after treatment with platelet-activating factor (PAF) than macrophages from mice fed SAF Those differences may be related to an alteration in the PAF signalling pathway by increasing phospholipase C activity. Thus, dietary n-3 fatty acids may significantly alter macrophage tumoricidal activation and TNF-α production through the modulation of PGE 2 production and signal transduction.
Basic Local Alignment Search Tool

A new approach to rapid sequence comparison, basic local alignment search tool (BLAST), directly approximates alignments that optimize a measure of local similarity, the maximal segment pair (MSP) score. Recent mathematical results on the stochastic properties of MSP scores allow an analysis of the performance of this method as well as the statistical significance of alignments it generates. The basic algorithm is simple and robust; it can be implemented in a number of ways and applied in a variety of contexts including straight-forward DNA and protein sequence database searches, motif searches, gene identification searches, and in the analysis of multiple regions of similarity in long DNA sequences. In addition to its flexibility and tractability to mathematical analysis, BLAST is an order of magnitude faster than existing sequence comparison tools of comparable sensitivity.
Regulation of carbon flow through the glyoxylate and tricarboxylic acid cycles in the mitochondria of Turbatrix aceti. II. Compartmentation of acetyl-CoA.

Abstract 1. 1. [14C]acetate incorporation into mitochondria isolated from Turbatrix aceti resulted in a major portion of label recovery in the organic acid fraction. 2. 2. Label distribution among individual organic acids varied with alternate metabolites in the reaction media. 3. 3. Compartmentation of 2-carbon units into different acetyl-CoA pools within T. aceti mitochondria was indicated by labelling of markers for different metabolic pathways; this compartmentation most likely complements other mechanisms regulating carbon flux through competing cycles within the same organelle.
Dynamic interfacial tension in binary systems and spontaneous pulsation of individual drops by their dissolution

Abstract The influence that various factors (dynamic interfacial tension, Marangoni instability, and natural convection) have to produce spontaneous pulsation of liquid drops in binary systems and to influence the kinetics of their dissolution is discussed. Measurements were taken of (a) dynamic interfacial tension and phase density in six binary systems (with and without natural convection), (b) the frequency of the spontaneous “kicking” of dissolving drops, and (c) the mass transfer coefficient in two systems with natural convection. The causes of normal deformation of the interface layer by dissolution of liquid in liquid were analyzed. It was shown that local changes of interfacial tension bring forth the appearance of local drop deformation, and the “kicking” of drops. It was shown that in nonequilibrium two-component liquid—liquid systems, the values of interfacial tension, the mass transfer coefficient, and the frequency and intensity of drop pulsation decrease simultaneously with the decrease of the driving force of dissolution. The interconnection of these values was shown. This interdependency indicates that the Marangoni effect and natural convection are at the bottom of both surface spontaneous convection and of the increase of the mass transfer coefficient with dissolution in liquid—liquid systems.
GPL: a graphics application language

GPL, a graphics applications programming language is proposed. Features of the language are discussed; data types, operators and operation philosophy of a graphics language modeling the typical design process are outlined.
Micromechanical and tribological characterization of hard amorphous carbon coatings as thin as 5 nm for magnetic recording heads

Abstract Amorphous carbon coatings are employed to protect magnetic coatings in thin-film magnetic recording heads against wear and corrosion. These coatings have to be thin (5–20 nm) in order to minimize loss of read back signal amplitude. Micromechanical and tribological characterization of ultra thin amorphous carbon coatings of 5, 10 and 20 nm thickness, deposited by ion beam deposition technique on Al 2 O 3 TiC substrate was conducted. Hardness, elastic modulus and micro/nano-scratch resistance of these coatings were measured using a nanoindenter. Friction and wear properties were measured using an accelerated ball-on-flat tribometer. The protection mechanisms of the coatings to the Al 2 O 3 TiC substrate are discussed. These coatings were found to be very wear and scratch resistant and should find use in magnetic recording heads.
Benzodiazepines are weak inhibitors of [3H]nitrobenzylthioinosine binding to adenosine uptake sites in brain.

Abstract Saturable, specific, high affinity binding of the potent adenosine uptake inhibitor [ 3 H]nitrobenzylthioinosine ([ 3 H]NBI) to brain membranes has been demonstrated. In an effort to test the hypothesis that benzodiazepine action may be due to the inhibition of adenosine uptake, the inhibition of [ 3 H]NBI binding by diazepam, clonazepam and chlordiazepoxide was tested. The benzodiazepines are very weak inhibitors of [ 3 H]NBI binding, having IC 50 values several orders of magnitude above their therapeutic levels.
THE ADVANCED DISTRIBUTED REGION OF INTEREST TOOL

Abstract This paper details recent work on the use of low-level features for the identification of regions of interest in images. Using-low-level features, the system classifies regions in the image via probability densities estimates for each class. These densities are estimated semi-parametrically, giving the system great flexibility in the functional form of the densities. This paper details the environment designed to allow easy implementation of pattern recognition algorithms.
Selective Modulation of Gq/Gs pathways by Naphtho Pyrano Pyrimidines as antagonists of the Neuropeptide S Receptor.

Antagonists of the neuropeptide S receptor have been postulated as promising therapeutics in the treatment of respiratory, sleep, anxiety, and addictive disorders. Here, we present the SAR of a new series of orthosteric antagonists. Neuropeptide S receptor signaling is coupled to both Gq and Gs proteins, and we observe that different analogues in this structural series can selectively antagonize these two pathways. Many G-protein coupled receptors transduce signals through multiple pathways. Selective antagonism of these pathways may lead the way to the development of more targeted pharmacological profiles and therapies.
A Multi-Body Numerical Modeling Approach to Investigate the Role of Inclusions in the Fracture Toughness of Bearing Steels

Antifriction bearings often fail from inclusion initiated surface and/or subsurface cracks that propagate in a hard tempered-martensite matrix that contains a certain amount of retained austenite, especially for case carburized surfaces. The primary inclusions present are carbides, sulfides, nitrides, and oxides that are characterized by distinct morphology, frequency, and constitutive behavior. Consequently, the fracture toughness of the inclusion-matrix system depends on the interactions between the inclusions themselves and their surrounding matrix. This paper presents a numerical framework for investigating the fracture response of the inclusions and the multiphase tempered martensite matrix. In this multibody approach, the inclusions are modeled as discrete bodies embedded in a plastic matrix with their distinct constitutive behavior. The plastic response of the polycrystalline matrix is modeled using a micromechanics approach for heterogeneous materials based on the original works of Eshelby and Hill. Finally, the mechanics of inclusion-matrix interface is included in the sliding surface description for the contacting bodies. This fracture model used in this study is based on the energy adsorption in the initiation of cracks and their subsequent propagation during tensile loading. The multibody model is calibrated and validated by comparison to experimental results reported in literature. Subsequently, the effect of phases surrounding the inclusion and the composition of the matrix are evaluated using the model. The constitutive behavior of the transition layer surrounding the inclusion is found to have a profound impact on the fracture toughness properties. The volume fraction of retained austenite in the matrix is also found to influence the fracture toughness of the material and cracking instability. Key results of this investigation are included in this paper.
Comparison of the colony forming ability and invasive potential of six primate cell lines treated with retinoic acid

Four human and two nonhuman primate cell lines were studied to determine their growth characteristics in soft agar, and for invasive characteristics in a muscle organ culture assay system. The cell lines ranged from normal human diploid to frankly tumorigenic in animal models. Additional studies were performed to assess the effects of retinoic acid (RA) on colony forming ability and invasion. The results showed a wide range of cloning efficiencies among the cell lines tested, as well as the degree of invasiveness. Of the soft agar growth parameters studied, colony growth index correlated best with invasion in the organ culture assay. RA significantly inhibited the growth of the tumor cells in soft agar, but failed to inhibit invasion in the organ culture assay although there was inhibition of surface proliferation. The data are consistent with the suggestion that cell proliferation and invasion are not necessarily linked characteristics.
Fractures sustained in war

Abstract Compound fractures form a large percentage of war wounds. Although the pathological status is more complicated in war wounds, the principles of treatment are the same: (1) first-aid protection of wounds, early splinting, early use of drugs, (2) operative cleansing of the wound at the earliest possible moment, (3) reduction of fragments and (4) immobilization.
Effect of staurosporine on suppression of heat shock gene expression and thermotolerance development in HT-29 cells.

Abstract Staurosporine, an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), was selected to determine the effect of drug on the development of thermotolerance and the expression of heat shock protein genes. Experiments were carried out with human colon carcinoma HT-29 cells. Heat shock induction consisted of 45°C for 15 min and subsequent incubation at 37°C for 6 h. Thermotolerance developed rapidly, reached its maximum at 6 h after heat shock, and decayed gradually. At maximal thermal resistance, thermotolerance ratio at 10% isosurvival was 3.8. The development of thermotolerance was markedly inhibited by treatment with staurosporine (0.1-5.0 μg/ml). Exposure to 1.0 and 5.0 μg/ml staurosporine reduced thermotolerance ratio to 1.8 and 1.1 respectively. Further, the levels of heat shock protein genes (HSP 28 and 70) encoding mRNA were equally reduced by the drug treatment. These results suggest that PKC is involved in the regulation of heat shock gene expression and development of thermotolerance.
Synthesis and superconductivity of a new 1222-type T1-based layered cuprate (T1, Nb) Sr2(Nd, Ce)2Cu2O z

Synthesis and superconductivity of a new 1222-type layered cuprate (Tl1−xNbx) Sr2(Nd1−yCey)2Cu2Oz have been studied. The structure of this cuprate is directly related to that of Nb-1222 NbSr2(Nd, Ce)2Cu2Oz with tetragonal body-center lattice. Partial substitution of Tl for Nb in Nb-1222 phase improves its superconductivity. (Tl1−xNbx) Sr2(Nd0.75Ce0.25)2Cu2Oz samples prepared by the typical procedure exhibit superconductivity withTc of 30–40 K. Effects of Tl and Nb on superconductivity of this cuprate are briefly discussed.