cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Michigan Appropriateness Guide for Intravenous Catheters (MAGIC) initiative: A summary and review of peripherally inserted central catheter and venous catheter appropriate use

Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are being selected for venous access more frequently today than ever before. Often the choice of a PICC, when compared with other vascular access devices (VADs), is attractive because of perceived safety, availability, and ease of insertion. However, complications associated with PICCs exist, and there is a paucity of evidence to guide clinician choice for PICC selection and valid use. An international panel with expertise in the arena of venous access and populations associated with these devices was convened to clarify approaches for the optimal use of PICCs and VADs. Here we present for the busy hospital-based practitioner the methodology, key outcomes, and recommendations of the Michigan Appropriateness Guide for Intravenous Catheters (MAGIC) panelists for the appropriate use of VADs.
The clinical impact and outcomes of immunohistochemistry-only metastases in breast cancer

613 Background: Modern surgical and pathologic techniques can detect small volume axillary metastases in breast cancer. The clinical significance of these metastases was evaluated in comparison to patients with negative sentinel lymph nodes (Neg-SN). Methods: Retrospective database review from 1997 through 2003 for eligible patients with unilateral breast cancer and no history of significant non-breast malignancy identified 232 patients with sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastases identified only by immunohistochemical stains (IHC-SN). They were compared to 252 Neg-SN controls selected at random from the same database population. Statistical analysis was performed with 2-sample tests, Kaplan-Meier, and Cox regression methods. Results: IHC-SN patients had worse prognostic features and received more systemic therapy than controls (Table). Age and ER status were similar. In 123 IHC-SN patients treated with axillary dissection (ALND), 16% had macrometastases in the non-SLNs. Only one axillary recurrence occurred...
Airway Management: Endotracheal Intubation

Acute or impending respiratory failure Upper airway obstruction Airway trauma Inhalational injury Upper airway bleeding Loss of airway reflexes and airway protection Central nervous system diseases Stupor and coma Massive upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding Apnea Flail chest
Lewis acid enhanced axial ligation of [Mo2]4+ complexes.

We report here the syntheses, X-ray crystal structures, electrochemistry, and density functional theory (DFT) single-point calculations of three new complexes: tetrakis(monothiosuccinimidato)dimolybdenum(II) [Mo2(SNO5)4, 1a], tetrakis(6-thioxo-2-piperidinonato)dimolybdenum(II) [Mo2(SNO6)4, 1b], and chlorotetrakis(monothiosuccinimidato)pyridinelithiumdimolybdenum(II) [pyLiMo2(SNO5)4Cl, 2-py]. X-ray crystallography shows unusually short axial Mo2–Cl bond lengths in 2-py, 2.6533(6) A, and dimeric 2-dim, 2.644(1) A, which we propose result from an increased Lewis acidity of the Mo2 unit in the presence of the proximal Li+ ion. When 2-py is dissolved in MeCN, the lithium reversibly dissociates, forming an equilibrium mixture of (MeCNLiMo2(SNO5)4Cl) (2-MeCN) and [Li(MeCN)4]+[Mo2(SNO5)4Cl]− (3). Cyclic voltammetry was used to determine the equilibrium lithium binding constant (room temperature, Keq = 95 ± 1). From analysis of the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant, thermodynamic parameters for th...
A Study of Curriculum and Teaching of Operating System

As a core curriculum of the computer major and the relevant majors,Operating System is very theoretical and extensive with so many abstract concepts.This paper shows the research result of the teaching contents,teaching means and teaching methods in the class of computer science and technology majors.
Canonical correlation analysis of climate factors and farmland rodent density

Objective To study the impact of farmland climate factors on the rodent community. Methods From 1978 to 1993, canonical correlation analysis of the farmland rodent density and climate factors in Kaijiang county, Sichuan province was conducted. Results In the period, the overall farmland rodent density was 5.58%-26.57%; Apodemus agrarius density 1.91%-18.41%, Rattus norvegicus density 0.68%-10.86%, and Anourosorex squamipes density 0.47%-9.50%. Among the canonical correlation coefficients between 12 climate factors including temperature, humidity, rainfall and sunshine, and four variables (overall rodent density, Ap. agrarius density, R. norvegicu density, An. squamipes density), the first couple (correlation coefficient r=1.0000) was statistically significant (χ2=248.7032,P0.01). The largest coefficient of the rodent density was noted in the overall rodent density (4.7748), and the largest coefficient of the climate factors was the average sunshine from July to August (-3.1532), followed by average humidity from July to August (-1.6177) and then average rainfall from July to August (-1.4652). All were negatively correlated. Conclusion Farmland rodent quantity was mainly affected by average sunshine, humidity and rainfall from July to August.
Gemcitabine and nonplatinum combinations in non-small-cell lung cancer.

Gemcitabine (Gemzar), paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), and vinorelbine (Navelbine) are among the most active agents for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer and are generally more active than platinum
Comparisons among peer and professionally directed groups for the elderly: implications for the development of self-help groups.

SAGE is a group program developed for the community elderly. Groups led by professionals were compared to those led by the elderly, who were supervised SAGE graduates, and both of these groups of p...
Some Distributions in the Theory of Graphs

In certain types of populations, one is interested in the relationships among the individuals, e.g., animals and plants in a food web, persons in a social group, cities linked by various transportation routes, etc. These can be modeled by graphs or digraphs (directed graphs). Trying to infer something about these structures from a subgraph (sample) constitutes statistical inference in graphs (what we have called “stagra- phics”). There are many distributions which occur in graph theory which could be useful in inference. This paper is a survey of some of these distributions, specifically, degree distributions, path length distributions, distance distributions, cycle distributions, triad distributions, and distributions connected with pairs of stars. Various properties of these distributions will be discussed, as will their connections with inference. Several open problems will be presented.
Thermo-optic and Absorption Coefficients of Potassium Titanyl Phosphate, Lithium Niobate and Lithium lodate

The criteria for selecting a nonlinear optical crystal for high average power applications are the crystal nonlinear optical coefficient, birefringence, optical damage threshold, thermal conductivity, and thermo-optic (dn/dT) and absorption coefficients at the pump and generated wavelengths. The thermo-optic and absorption coefficients are important because they limit the high average power performance of the crystal by inducing a refractive index gradient whose magnitude increases with input power. This refractive index gradient prevents perfect phase-matching and thus reduces the harmonic conversion efficiency. We report the thermo-optic and absorption coefficients of potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP), lithium niobate (LiNbO3) and lithium iodate (LilO3) at 532/514.5 nm, 660 nm, 1064 nm and 1320 nm.
Skeletal muscle PI3K p110β regulates expression of AMP-activated protein kinase

Skeletal muscle metabolic homeostasis is maintained through numerous biochemical and physiological processes. Two principal molecular regulators of skeletal muscle metabolism include AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K); however, PI3K exists as multiple isoforms, and specific metabolic actions of each isoform have not yet been fully elucidated in skeletal muscle. Given this lack of knowledge, we performed a series of experiments to define the extent to which PI3K p110β mediated expression and (or) activation of AMPK in skeletal muscle. To determine the effect of p110β inhibition on AMPK expression and phosphorylation in cultured cells, C2C12 myoblasts were treated with a pharmacological inhibitor of p110β (TGX-221), siRNA against p110β, or overexpression of kinase-dead p110β. Expression and phosphorylation of AMPK were unaffected in myoblasts treated with TGX-221 or expressing kinase-dead p110β. However, expressions of total and phosphorylated AMPK at T172 were reduced in myoblasts treated with p110β siRNA. When normalized to expression of total AMPK, phosphorylation of AMPK S485/491 was elevated in p110β-deficient myoblasts. Similar results were observed in tibialis anterior muscle from mice with conditional deletion of p110β (p110β-mKO mice). Analysis of AMPK transcript expression revealed decreased expression of Prkaa2 in p110β-deficient myoblasts and in p110β-mKO muscle. Loss of p110β had no effect on oligomycin-stimulated phosphorylation of AMPK or phosphorylated Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), although oligomycin-induced AMPK and ACC phosphorylation were increased in p110β-deficient myoblasts compared to oligomycin-stimulated control myoblasts when normalized to levels of total AMPK or ACC. Overall, these results suggest that p110β positively regulates expression of AMPK in cultured myoblasts and in skeletal muscle in vivo; moreover, despite the reduced abundance of AMPK in p110β-deficient myoblasts, loss of p110β does not appear to impair AMPK activation following stimulus. These findings thus reveal a novel role for p110β in mediating skeletal muscle metabolic signaling.
Aging related erectile dysfunction-potential mechanism to halt or delay its onset.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) will visit every man at some time in his life. The age at when that knock on the door is heard is totally dependent on one’s genetics as well as other extrinsic factors. Unlike guests who come for a visit and then leave, once ED shows up it tends to hang around forever. To add insult to injury, the longer ED hangs around, the worse it will get. It is estimated that by the time a man is in his 40’s, he has about a 40% chance of having some form of ED and this prevalence increases about 10% per decade thereafter. This suggests that the aging related process that leads to ED begins early in life. It turns out that the most common cause of ED, regardless of the patient’s age, is due to a problem with the vascular system of the penis. However, this specific aging related vascular problem is not caused by arterial disease but due to a dysfunction and/or loss of the corporal smooth muscle cells (SMC), the main constituent of the corporal sinusoids. As one gets older, these SMC continue to degrade and disappear. When approximately 15% of these cells have been impacted, it results in an inability of the corporal tissue to retain and/or prevent the blood from “leaking” out of the corporal sinusoids into the systemic veins. However, the corporal SMC themselves begin to combat this aging process by expressing the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme to make nitric oxide (NO) in an attempt to quench the high intracellular oxidative stress responsible for the SMC apoptosis. When this iNOS pathway is then pharmacologically upregulated, reversal of these aging related changes in the corpora with correction of the venous leakage is observed. Since we believe that aging related ED is pathologically the same disorder as essential hypertension, the development of a therapeutic regimen that can halt, delay or possibly reverse the cellular processes that lead to aging related ED should also be applicable to those patients diagnosed with essential hypertension.
The Mechanisms of Metal Carcinogenicity

Metal carcinogens may act through both genotoxic and non-genotoxic pathways. Chromium(VI) (Cr(VI)) is an example of a genotoxic metal carcinogen. People can be exposed to Cr(VI) in the environment, from chromium-contaminated lands, and workers can be exposed in occupations that produce, refine, or use Cr(VI), for example in the manufacture of stainless steel, paints and pigments; and in chrome plating, leather tanning, and wood preserving industries. Toxic effects of acute exposure to Cr(VI) include perforation of the nasal septum, ulcerations of the skin, and contact dermatitis. Exposure of human populations to chronic high levels of Cr(VI) has been correlated with an increased incidence of lung cancer [1].
Understanding racial disparities in cancer care

With regard to cancer management, minority populations do not fare as well as the majority in the US health-care system. There is clear evidence of an increased incidence of cancer in minority populations, in many cases accompanied by reduced survival. Several factors appear to contribute to these differences, and the biomedical community has begun to focus on definining the scope of the problem and possible solutions. This review will address specific areas of disparity in cancer care, including prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes, and will consider steps toward resolving these issues.
Changes in uninvolved immunoglobulins during induction therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma

Little is known about the impact of multiple myeloma (MM) treatment on uninvolved immunoglobulins (Ig). We identified 448 patients who received high-dose dexamethasone (HD-DEX), lenalidomide and dexamethasone (RD), bortezomib and dexamethasone (VD), bortezomib, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (VCD) or bortezomib, lenalidomide and dexamethasone (VRD) for newly diagnosed MM at our institution between 2000 and 2013, and who had available data on absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) and quantitative uninvolved Ig at baseline and at the end of four cycles of therapy. Changes in ALC and uninvolved Ig were significantly different across treatments, with VCD and HD-DEX producing reductions in uninvolved Ig, and RD, VD and VRD leading to increases in uninvolved Ig. In addition, treatment with RD, VD and VRD was independently associated with higher odds of achieving a ⩾25% increase in or normalization of the primary uninvolved Ig on multivariate analysis. Although achievement of a humoral response in the primary uninvolved Ig was associated with a higher odds of achieving VGPR or better after four cycles of therapy, it was not associated with improved overall survival. These data highlight the different mechanisms of action of MM drugs and point toward a possible role for the use of VCD in treating antibody-mediated autoimmune disease.
Biochemical Investigation of Rv3404c from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The causative agent of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a bacterium with a complex cell wall and a complicated life cycle. The genome of M. tuberculosis contains well over 4000 genes thought to encode proteins. One of these codes for a putative enzyme referred to as Rv3404c, which has attracted research attention as a potential virulence factor for over 12 years. Here we demonstrate that Rv3404c functions as a sugar N-formyltransferase that converts dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxyglucose into dTDP-4-formamido-4,6-dideoxyglucose using N10-formyltetrahydrofolate as the carbon source. Kinetic analyses demonstrate that Rv3404c displays a significant catalytic efficiency of 1.1 × 104 M–1 s–1. In addition, we report the X-ray structure of a ternary complex of Rv3404c solved in the presence of N5-formyltetrahydrofolate and dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxyglucose. The final model of Rv3404c was refined to an overall R-factor of 16.8% at 1.6 A resolution. The results described herein are especially intriguing given t...
Proton relays in anomalous carbocations dictate spectroscopy, stability, and mechanisms: case studies on C2H5+ and C3H3+

We present a detailed analysis of the anomalous carbocations: C2H5+ and C3H3+. This work involves (a) probing electronic structural properties, (b) ab initio dynamics simulations over a range of internal energies, (c) analysis of reduced dimensional potential surfaces directed along selected conformational transition pathways, (d) dynamically averaged vibrational spectra computed from ab initio dynamics trajectories, and (e) two-dimensional time-frequency analysis to probe conformational dynamics. Key findings are as follows: (i) as noted in our previous study on C2H3+, it appears that these non-classical carbocations are stabilized by delocalized nuclear frameworks and "proton shuttles". We analyze this nuclear delocalization and find critical parallels between conformational changes in C2H3+, C2H5+, and C3H3+. (ii) The vibrational signatures of C2H5+ are dominated by the "bridge-proton" conformation, but also show critical contributions from the "classical" configuration, which is a transition state at almost all levels of theory. This result is further substantiated through two-dimensional time-frequency analysis and is at odds with earlier explanations of the experimental spectra, where frequencies close to the classical region were thought to arise from an impurity. While this is still possible, our results here indicate an additional (perhaps more likely) explanation that involves the "classical" isomer. (iii) Finally, in the case of C3H3+ our explanation of the experimental result includes the presence of multiple, namely, "cyclic", "straight", and propargyl, configurations. Proton shuttles and nuclear delocalization, reminiscent of those seen in the case of C2H3+, were seen all through and have a critical role in all our observations.
Measurement of Medium-Duty Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Fuel Economy Sensitivity to Ambient Temperature

The correlation between ambient temperature and equivalent real-world fuel economy (FE) for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) is the subject of an investigation seeking to inform economic, environmental, and policy assessments of these vehicles and technologies. This paper collected seven months of 1-Hz vehicle operating data from 119 Odyne medium-duty PHEV work trucks in commercial service across the United States. The data used for this paper were collected from the vehicle’s controller area networks using mobile data collection and transmission devices. The raw data were aggregated into a central database for analysis. We present the methods of data processing, filtering, intermediate data manipulation, and analysis implemented using MATLAB, R, SQL, and Java-based Hadoop MapReduce. Regression analysis is used to calculate models describing the sensitivity of PHEV FE to ambient temperature, and the models are found to be similar to regressions for conventional vehicles (CVs) from other studies. This paper provides evidence that the sensitivity of medium-duty PHEV FE is similar to that of CVs. These results can provide guidance to researchers seeking to model real-world PHEV energy consumption.
Citizen science benefits coral reef restoration activities

Abstract The abundance of corals has declined significantly over past decades, to the point where several reef-building species in the Caribbean are now listed as threatened. Active reef restoration has expanded exponentially to help recover degraded coral populations and the ecological services associated with healthy and complex reefs. While restoration practitioners now grow hundreds of coral genotypes from several species within coral nurseries and thousands of corals are outplanted onto degraded reefs annually, the cost of these activities continues to be a limiting factor. We describe a citizen science program, Rescue a Reef (RAR), which trains participants in reef restoration and provides unique, experiential learning opportunities to recover degraded coral reefs by propagating and transplanting threatened coral species. Between 2015–2017, 230 participants outplanted >1300 staghorn corals, showing that citizen scientists significantly contribute to reef restoration. Most importantly, corals outplanted by RAR participants showed the same survivorship as those outplanted by scientific experts. The direct benefits of using citizen scientists for restoration are enhanced when the educational opportunities offered by these expeditions are considered. Results from our survey showed significant improvements in coral reef ecology and restoration knowledge for RAR participants. Thus, the growing field of reef restoration based on the coral gardening method offers a unique opportunity for participatory public engagement. By participating in these programs, citizen scientists can go beyond data collection to active restoration of degraded resources.
Economic Burden of Child Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence in the United States

Because the effects of children’s exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) carry long lasting consequences for the affected children, IPV exposure may impose a significant economic burden to localities, states, and society at large, made explicit over the victim’s lifetime and over a wide range of behaviors and outcomes, including use of social services, health and healthcare utilization, educational outcomes, workforce productivity, and criminal behavior. While much research has been conducted on the effect of IPV exposure on multiple short- and long-term outcomes, no research to date has examined the economic burden associated with IPV exposure. Using an incidence-based approach, we estimated the aggregate discounted costs associated with healthcare spending, criminal behavior, and labor market productivity accrued by a 20-year-old victim in 2016 projected to the age of 65, applying a 3% discount rate. The average lifetime costs derived from childhood IPV exposure are estimated to be over $50,000 per victim (2016 U.S. dollars) due to increased healthcare costs ($11,000), increased crime costs ($14,000), and productivity losses ($26,000). Over an annual birth cohort of young adults, these costs amount to over $55 billion nationwide. IPV exposure imposes a substantial economic burden to society at large in the form of increased healthcare costs, increased crime costs, and reduced productivity. This study offers an explicit quantification of substantial lifetime costs, which should encourage policy makers to redouble efforts to reduce the incidence of IPV and successfully ameliorate its effects on IPV-exposed children.
Are BTK and PLCG2 mutations necessary and sufficient for ibrutinib resistance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Introduction: Ibrutinib is the first BTK inhibitor to show efficacy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and is also the first BTK inhibitor to which patients have developed resistance. Mutations ...
MRI Imaging in the Multiple-Ligament-Injured Knee

Radiologic imaging has proven invaluable in confirming clinically suspected pathology, discovering coexistent or unsuspected pathology, and providing a road map for surgical planning. MRI is especially useful for evaluating large and small blending musculotendinous stabilizers in patients with complex injuries or difficult clinical exams. The intent of this article is to review the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance of the normal musculotendinous anatomy and the appearance of injury.
Naturalistic Studies of Driver Distraction: Effects of Analysis Methods on Odds Ratios and Population Attributable Risk

When analyzing naturalistic driver performance data, different analysis methods can have large impacts on safety estimates for the condition being assessed. To illustrate, this paper reanalyzed the data for a secondary task (conversation on a hand-held cell phone) from the recently-released Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 100-Car databases, using a standard method for epidemiological analysis. It found substantially lower estimates for the odds ratio (OR), population exposure percent (Pe%), and population attributable risk percent (PAR%) than with the VTTI analysis method. The crash/near-crash OR was reported by VTTI as 1.29, but was found to be 0.78 with the standard method, a reversal in direction from a potentially crash-increasing to a potentially crash-reducing effect. The Pe% for crashes/near-crashes was 12.5% using the VTTI method, but declined to 6.7% with the standard method. The PAR% was reported as 3.6% but a population preventive fraction of 1.5% (a protective effect) was estimated by the standard method. The OR difference was traced to an “assumption bias” in the VTTI method that had unequal effects for the unexposed vs. exposed cases. The Pe% and PAR% differences were traced to an error in the VTTI calculation of Pe%. This bias and error were systemic in the VTTI analysis methods, overestimating OR, Pe%, and PAR% for all tasks examined. Future research should seek to better understand the epidemiologic analysis methods that are most appropriate in the new and emerging field of naturalistic driving research.
Comment on “Unexpected reversal of C3 versus C4 grass response to elevated CO2 during a 20-year field experiment”

Reich et al (Reports, 20 April 2018, p. 317) assert that the responses of C3 and C4 grass biomass to elevated CO2 "challenge the current C3-C4 [elevated CO2] paradigm," but these responses can be explained by the natural history of the experimental plants and soils without challenging this paradigm.
Individual differences in analogical reasoning revealed by multivariate task-based functional brain imaging.

Abstract Although analogical reasoning (AR) plays a central role in higher-level cognition and constitutes a key source of individual differences in intellectual ability, the neural mechanisms that account for individual differences in AR remain to be well characterized. Here we investigated individual differences in AR within a large sample (n = 229), using multivariate fMRI analysis (a simple multiple kernel learning machine). The individual AR capability was positively correlated with activation level in a prefrontal executive network and a visuospatial network. Notably, the best predictors of individual differences in AR within these networks were activation in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (response selection) and the lingual gyrus (visual feature mapping). In contrast, AR capability was negatively correlated with activation in the default mode network. The implications of the reported findings are twofold: (i) Individual differences in AR depend on multiple executive and visuospatial brain regions, where their respective contributions are contingent upon the individuals' cognitive skills; (ii) Brain regions associated with individual differences in AR only partially overlap with brain regions sensitive to the associated task demands (i.e., brain regions sensitive to the analogy relational complexity, at the group-level). We discuss implications of such brain organization supporting AR as an example for brain architecture underlying higher-level cognitive processes.
Recommending social-interactive games for adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)

Games play a significant role in modern society, since they affect people of all ages and all walks of life, whether it be socially or mentally, and have direct impacts on adults with autism. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a collection of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by qualitative impairments in social relatedness and interaction, as well as difficulties in acquiring and using communication and language abilities. Adults with ASD often find it difficult to express and recognize emotions which makes it hard for them to interact with others socially. We have designed new interactive and collaborative games for autistic adults and developed a novel strategy to recommend games to them. Using modern computer vision and graphics techniques, we (i) track the player's speech rate, facial features, eye contact, audio communication, and emotional states, and (ii) foster their collaboration. These games are personalized and recommended to a user based on games interested to the user, besides the complexity of games at different levels according to the deficient level of the emotional understanding and social skills to which the user belongs. The objective of developing and recommending short-head (i.e., familiar) and long-tail (i.e., unfamiliar) games for adults with ASD is to enhance their social interacting skills with peers so that they can live a better life.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Skin Cancer and Sun Exposure among Homeless Men at a Shelter in Dallas, TX

This cross-sectional study evaluated the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding skin cancer and sun exposure among homeless men (n = 75). A 21-item survey was given to men residing at Calvert Place Men’s Shelter in Dallas, TX. Results indicated that 49% knew that a change in a mole’s appearance and a sore that does not heal were signs of skin cancer. Black homeless men were less likely to know that people with dark skin could get skin cancer and that sunscreen should be applied 15–30 min before sun exposure compared to white and other subgroups (p < .05). People were more likely to agree that sun protection is important (median = 5.0), but less likely to agree that they were at risk for skin cancer (median = 3.0). White men had higher levels of agreement that melanoma was dangerous compared to other racial/ethnic groups (p = 0.0224). Over half (52%) of individuals reported being in the sun often, yet only 21% reported the use of sunscreen. Most (71%) homeless men had never checked themselves for skin cancer and only 13% reported ever being screened by a health professional for skin cancer. Increased skin cancer education and increased screening efforts should be implemented to better protect the homeless population at Calvert Place from skin cancer.
Feasibility of Dose Escalating [18F]fluciclovine Positron Emission Tomography Positive Pelvic Lymph Nodes During Moderately Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy for High-Risk Prostate Cancer.

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to report the treatment planning feasibility of dose escalation to suspicious lymph nodes (LNs) for a series of men who underwent pretreatment [18F]fluciclovine positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods and Materials Cases of men with prostate cancer who enrolled in a clinical trial of pretreatment [18F]fluciclovine PET who had suspicious LNs were selected. Pelvic LNs Results Four cases were identified, with between 1 and 5 [18F]fluciclovine PET–positive LNs each. Goals for the prostate and elective nodal target volumes were successfully met in all cases. The goal of covering more than 90% of the positive LN planning target volume by the prescription dose of 60.2 Gy was met in 3 of the 4 cases. This goal was not met in 1 case, but 100% of clinical target volume was covered by 60.2 Gy. The primary organ-at-risk tradeoff was that a small volume (0.5-8.2 cm3) of small bowel would receive ≥54 Gy in each case. Conclusions These preliminary results suggest that [18F]fluciclovine PET/MRI directed dose escalation of suspicious pelvic LNs is likely feasible in the setting of definitive radiation therapy. The potential clinical benefit of dose escalating [18F]fluciclovine PET–positive LNs should be investigated in a prospective clinical trial.
Regional variation in capillary hemodynamics in the cat retina.

PURPOSE The behavior of the retinal microcirculation and its role in the progression of ocular disease is of considerable interest, yet few details are known about the flow of blood through the capillary networks of the retina. Although retinal vessels may be viewed through the pupil using standard optics, the optical limitations of the cornea and lens prevent the resolution of retinal features smaller than approximately 10 microns in size. Because red blood cells are smaller than this, fluorescent techniques such as angiography, specific cell labeling, and fluorescein-encapsulated liposomes have typically been used to observe the retinal microcirculation in vivo. Here the authors report a study of in vivo retinal capillary hemodynamics using white light GRadient INdex of refraction (GRIN) lens endoscopy. METHODS GRIN lens endoscopy and robotic manipulation were used to directly observe and record the motion of erythrocytes within retinal capillary networks. Video images from the endoscope were analyzed to determine the regional variation of erythrocyte velocity and normalized optical density (an index of relative capillary hematocrit) in the superficial retinal capillaries of the cat. RESULTS A significant decrease in mean retinal capillary velocity coupled with a corresponding increase in red blood cell density was observed in peripheral regions of the retina when compared with regions of the retina near the optic disc. Stasis or intermittent flow was not observed in the unstained retina, nor were capillaries noted that contained only plasma. CONCLUSIONS Quantification of the bloodflow in retinal microcirculation was possible using GRIN lens endoscopy and showed significant regional heterogeneity in the cat retina.
Creativity and publication in marketing

The best academic publishing is an exercise in creativity and the more creative the work, the greater the long-term impact. It is, by definition, a high-risk/high return activity. Drawing on the literature on creativity, this paper describes the management of creative processes and develops implications for both the individual scholar and organizations that seek to facilitate high impact publication in marketing.
Informing Informed Consent for HIV Research

"Respect for Persons" is an ethical principle demonstrated through the informed consent process. Participants at a large HIV research center were surveyed to identify important aspects of the consent process. Persons with and without HIV (n = 103) completed a short pre/post questionnaire with both open-ended and forced choice response options. Qualitative analysis resulted in eleven themes about the most important consent elements which did not differ by HIV serostatus. Overall, participants rated the informed consent content and presentation by research staff as "extremely informative" and found the consent information to be "extremely consistent" with their study experience. Study results support the value of an interactive process and can be used to inform the design of a standardized, digital consent process.
Using provider-focused education toolkits can aid enhanced recovery programs to further reduce patient exposure to opioids.

Evidence-based perioperative analgesia is an important tactic for reducing patient exposure to opioids in the perioperative period and potentially preventing new persistent opioid use. We assessed the impact of a multifaceted optimal analgesia program implemented in the setting of a mature surgical pathway program at an academic medical center. Using existing multidisciplinary workgroups established for continuous process improvement in three surgical pathway areas ((colorectal, gynecology, and urologic oncology (cystectomy)), we developed an educational toolkit focused on implementation strategies for multimodal analgesia and non-pharmacologic approaches for managing pain with the goal of reducing opioid exposure in hospitalized patients. We analyzed prospectively collected data from pathway patients before dissemination of the toolkit (July 2016–June 2017; n = 869) and after (July 2017–June 2018; n = 838). We evaluated the association between program implementation and use of oral morphine equivalents (OME), average pain scores, time to first ambulation after surgery, urinary catheter duration, time to solid food after surgery, length of stay, discharge opioid prescriptions, and readmission. Multivariate regression demonstrated that the program was associated with significant decreases in intraoperative OME (14.5 ± 2.4 mEQ (milliequivalents) reduction; p < 0.0001), day before discharge OME (18 ± 6.5 mEQ reduction; p < 0.005), day of discharge OME (9.6 ± 3.28 mEQ reduction; p < 0.003), and discharge prescription OME (156 ± 22 mEq reduction; p < 0.001). Reduction in OME was associated with earlier resumption of solid food (0.58 ± 0.15 days reduction; p < 0.0002). Our multifaceted optimal analgesia program to manage perioperative pain in the hospital was effective and further improved analgesia in the setting of a mature enhanced recovery program.
Vaginal energy-based devices: characterization of adverse events based on the last decade of MAUDE safety reports.

Objectives Energy-based devices have gained momentum as minimally invasive procedures to treat both medical and cosmetic pelvic floor disorders including genitourinary syndrome of menopause, vaginal laxity, stress urinary incontinence, dyspareunia, and vulvar disorders such as lichen diseases and vestibulitis. However, the FDA recently issued a statement cautioning patients and providers that the safety and efficacy of energy-based devices for the treatment of vaginal symptoms has not been well established. Additionally, the FDA sent letters to the manufactures of energy-based devices with notifications that they could be violating the marketing standards of the FDA. The existing data on side effects is insufficient and limited to observational studies. We sought to characterize the safety events of vaginal energy-based devices by analysis of surveillance data from the FDA Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database and specifically look at those events that occurred prior to the July 30, 2018 warning. Methods The MAUDE database was queried between September 30, 2013 and October 31, 2019 for all vaginal energy-based devices. The incidence of safety events was reported for these devices and the most common complaints were described and characterized. Event reporting was analyzed before and after July 30, 2018. Results Forty-two unique and relevant medical device reports (MDRs) were retrieved. The Mona Lisa Touch had the highest number of MDRs (40.5%) followed by ThermiVa (16.7%) and Viveve (14.2%). Each medical device report was associated with a single patient experience and within the 42 medical device reports, there were 85 complaints. A majority of the MDR complaints (52.9%) were also indications for energy-based devices procedures, which include vaginal pain, dyspareunia, lichen sclerosis, and urinary frequency. Two-thirds of the complaints (68.2%) were related to pain, but serious adverse events such as third-degree burns (3.5%) were rare. Most of the reportable events occurred before July 30, 2018 (83.3%), but most were reported after July 30, 2018 (78.6%). Conclusions MAUDE-reported data suggests that the majority of patient complaints after vaginal energy-based device treatment include vaginal pain, bladder pain, and urinary symptoms. This study suggests that the majority of complaints are not severe, and some may be related to progression of the disease. The few severe adverse events reported in the MAUDE database may have contributed to the FDA warning regarding energy-based devices. Recall bias after the FDA warning, as well as the potential for litigation, may have prompted an increase in adverse event reporting after July 30, 2018. : Video Summary:http://links.lww.com/MENO/A650.
Analysis of fault characteristic of HVDC transmission lines and its influence on current differential protection

As the main protection of AC system, the current differential protection performs well in rapidity and selectivity. However, for DC system, current differential protection can only be used as backup protection; in the meantime to avoid the influence of external fault and unbalanced current and ensure the selectivity of current differential protection, such protection often needs quite a delay. Starting from the characteristics of DC transmission lines, this paper mainly theoretically analyzes the characteristics of distributed capacitance and frequency variation of impedance parameters of DC transmission lines, and studies the influence of line characteristics on current differential protection of DC system. In addition, the DC transmission line solution model is compared and analyzed, and the factors causing poor performance of current differential protection are analyzed from the perspective of the solution model. Finally, the research of current differential protection is prospected.
Information, Institutions and Agency: The Crisis of Railroad Finance in the 1890s and the Evolution of Corporate Oversight Capabilities

Using a broad socio-economic conception of capital markets agency relationships, this study analyzes an immportant economic transition in US economic history. It focuses on the institutional and informational changes that attended the reform of corporare governance and regulation in the railroad industry during the three decades following the depression of 1893 which was marked by extensive bankruptcy in the nation's largest business sector, the railroads. Institutional and social responses to his crisis provide a rich source for understanding the evolution of property rights and arrangements for enhancing corporate transparency and captial market efficiency. This study emphasizes the notion of path-dependent learning as a driver of institutional evolution. It notes that instituional responses were not limited to simple short-term, firm-specific relationships as is often usefully addressed by modern agency approahces. It also encompasses a variety of social, institutional and environmental factors that are often central in explaining the dynamic nature of organizations, capital markets and financial reporting.
Compassionate goals, prosocial emotions, and prosocial behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important for people to engage in prosocial behaviours to support one another. The aim of this research is to answer a key question: in a social crisis, what motivates Americans to help others? Guided by research on appraisal theories and ecosystem theory, we examined the role of compassionate goals and prosocial emotions in promoting prosocial behaviours towards either out-group or in-group members. Study 1 (N = 943) was conducted in February 2020, before the widespread transmission of COVID-19 began in the United States. Results show that people with high compassionate goals are more likely to experience sympathy, which in turn makes them more willing to help people suffering from COVID-19 in China. Study 2 (N = 1,009) was conducted with a nationally representative sample after COVID-19 became more prevalent in the United States. Although people with high compassionate goals still experience more sympathy and solidarity, sympathy does not predict donation intention. Instead, solidarity mediates the relationship between compassionate goals and donation intention. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.
Künstliche Intelligenz im Jahr 2020 – Aktueller Stand von branchenübergreifenden KI-Lösungen: Was ist möglich?, Was nicht?, Beispiele und Empfehlungen

Die Fortschritte in der Entwicklung der Kunstlichen Intelligenz bewirken, dass diese im Jahr 2020 fur viele Unternehmen trotz oder auch wegen des Coronavirus zunehmend handlungsrelevant wird. Fur einige Unternehmen wird Kunstliche Intelligenz dabei sogar eine Kernkompetenz. Dies bedeutet jedoch, dass sich Unternehmen auch mit den Angsten vor Kunstlicher Intelligenz auseinandersetzen mussen. In diesem Beitrag wird deshalb dargestellt, welche Potenziale von Kunstlicher Intelligenz im Umgang mit Wissen, in der Unterstutzung von Entscheidungen, in der Verbesserung von Services und in der Effizienzsteigerung besitzt und wie mit den Angsten im Umfeld von Kunstlicher Intelligenz am besten umgegangen werden kann.
Molecular and Cellular Responses of DNA Methylation and Thioredoxin System to Heat Stress in Meat-Type Chickens.

Heat stress (HS) causes molecular dysfunction that adversely affects chicken performance and increases mortality. The responses of chickens to HS are extremely complex. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of acute and chronic exposure to HS on the expression of thioredoxin–peroxiredoxin system genes and DNA methylation in chickens. Chickens at 14 d of age were divided into two groups and reared under either constant normal temperature (25 °C) or high temperature (35 °C) in individual cages for 12 days. Five birds per group at one and 12 days post-HS were euthanized and livers were sampled for gene expression. The liver and Pectoralis major muscle were sampled for cellular analysis. mRNA expression of thioredoxin and peroxiredoxins (Prdx) 1, 3, and 4 in the liver were down-regulated at 12 days post-HS compared to controls. The liver activity of thioredoxin reductase (TXNRD) and levels of peroxiredoxin1 (Prdx1) at 12 days post-HS were significantly decreased. The results reveal that there was a significant decrease in DNA methylation at 12 days post HS in liver tissues. In conclusion, pathway of thioredoxin system under HS may provide clues to nutritional strategies to mitigate the effect of HS in meat-type chicken.
The Definitions and Their Consequences

Key elements of the definition of CSA typically include an act against a child including sexual touching or fondling, intrusion or penetration (genital contact), indecent exposure, or other forms of sexual acts in which children are used to provide sexual gratification for the perpetrator (English 1998). Child sexual abuse or child molestation is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent uses a child for sexual stimulation. Other forms of child sexual abuse include engaging in sexual activities with a child (whether by asking or pressuring, or by other means), indecent exposure (of the genitals, female nipples, etc.), child grooming, or using a child to produce child pornography.
Systems-level partnerships for sustainability at scale

Rapid progress toward intergenerational well-being requires systems approaches, inclusion, collaboration and a focus on scale, argues Pamela Matson.
Deep-UV microsphere-assisted ultramicroscopy

Microsphere-assisted ultramicroscopy is a powerful, yet simple, technique to visualize nanometric-scale objects with visible light. In this method, dielectric microspheres are placed in contact with the nanoscale objects, so that the spheres experience object's optical near-fields. The mechanism of imaging is still debated in the literature; however it is likely to involve surface plasmon resonances in metallic nanostructured objects, whispering gallery modes in dielectric microspheres and other factors. In this work we extended this technique from visible to deep-UV range. It is shown that imaging of nanoplasmonic structures at the wavelength of 248 nm can be achieved with ∼ 55 – 60 nm resolution, far beyond the diffraction limit. These results could shed light on the mechanism of super-resolution imaging by microspheres and further advance this technology for practical applications.
Solution structure of the single-strand break repair protein XRCC1 N-terminal domain.

XRCC1 functions in the repair of single-strand DNA breaks in mammalian cells and forms a repair complex with β-Pol, ligase III and PARP. Here we describe the NMR solution structure of the XRCC1 N-terminal domain (XRCC1 NTD). The structural core is a β-sandwich with β-strands connected by loops, three helices and two short two-stranded β-sheets at each connection side. We show, for the first time, that the XRCC1 NTD specifically binds single-strand break DNA (gapped and nicked). We also show that the XRCC1 NTD binds a gapped DNA–β-Pol complex. The DNA binding and β-Pol binding surfaces were mapped by NMR and found to be well suited for interaction with single-strand gap DNA containing a 90° bend, and for simultaneously making contacts with the palm-thumb of β-Pol in a ternary complex. The findings suggest a mechanism for preferential binding of the XRCC1 NTD to flexible single-strand break DNA.