cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of silicalite powders and membranes with micro–meso bimodal pores

Silicalite sols containing silicalite agglomerates of 150–380 nm in size were synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis for 0.5–3 days. Silicalite powders and supported silicalite membranes containing micro-meso bimodal pores were prepared by the sol–gel method using these silicalite sols. The silicalite powders contain intracrystalline zeolitic pores (0.54 nm) and intercrystalline mesopores of about 3–4 nm in diameter. For the silicalite powders the mesopore size decreases and mesopore surface area increases with increasing silicalite agglomerate size as a result of a change of the shape of silicalite agglomerates from round to more faceted one. Continuous silicalite thin films of thicknesses ranging from 3 μm to 12 μm were made on α-alumina by the sol–gel dip-coating method. The supported silicalite membranes also contain both zeolitic pores and mesoporous intercrystalline pores. The single gas He permeance of the 3 μm thick α-alumina supported silicalite membrane was found to be from 2.7 × 10−6 to 3.3 × 10−6 mol/m2 s Pa. These bimodal pore zeolite powders offer the potential as catalysts and sorbents with improved efficiency. The bimodal pore zeolite membrane can be used as support for zeolite and other membranes and as compact packed-bed reactor for chemical reaction.
Stereodivergent approach to the avermectins based on "super silyl" directed aldol reactions.

A stereodivergent approach to the spiroketal fragment of the avermectins is described. The strategy utilizes a sequence of three aldol reactions directed by the tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl “super silyl” group. Central to this strategy is that each aldol reaction can be controlled to allow access to either diastereomer in high stereoselectivity, thereby affording 16 stereoisomers along the same linear skeleton. The aldol products can be transformed into spiroketals, including an advanced intermediate in the total synthesis of avermectin A1a.
Proteolytic maturation of the 206-kDa nonstructural protein encoded by turnip yellow mosaic virus RNA.

Abstract The longest open reading frame of turnip yellow mosaic virus genomic RNA (ORF-206) encodes a 206-kDa nonstructural protein. The most prominentin vitro translation products of ORF-206 are the full-length p206 and a shorter N-coterminal 150-kDa protein. We have confirmed these assignments by immunoprecipitation ofin vitro translation products with antisera raised to N-terminal and C-terminal regions encoded by ORF-206. The mechanism by which the 150-kDa protein arises from ORF-206 was investigated byin vitro translation of deletion and substitution derivatives transcribed from pTYMC, a cDNA clone of TYMV RNA. The following observations demonstrate that the 150-kDa protein and a C-terminal 70-kDa protein arise from ORF-206 by autoproteolysis: (1) Two regions encoded by ORF-206 were necessary for the formation of the 150-kDa protein: a domain between amino acids 555 and 1051, postulated to encode a protease, and the region between amino acids 1253 and 1261, thought to constitute the protease recognition and/or cleavage site. (2) Mutants with substitutions between amino acids 1253 and 1261 that produce low levels of the 150-kDa protein inin vitro translations also have high levels of p206 and low levels of the 70-kDa protein. (3) The rate of formation of the 150-kDa protein is dilution insensitive, suggesting that proteolysis occurs mainlyin cis.
Characterization of a solubilized cell surface binding protein on macrophages specific for proteins modified nonenzymatically by advanced glycosylated end products

Abstract Glucose can react nonenzymatically with free protein amino groups to form Amadori products, 1-amino-1-deoxyketose residues. These adducts can undergo subsequent rearrangements and dehydrations to form a complex group of brown, fluorescent pigments collectively referred to as advanced glycosylation end products (AGE). One AGE has been identified as 2-(2-furoyl)-4(5)-(2-furanyl)-1 H -imidazole (FFI). The AGE-protein adducts accumulate with time and are implicated in irreversible tissue damage. We have previously demonstrated that macrophages bind and degrade AGE-proteins via a specific cell surface binding protein, thus selectively removing senescent macromolecules. In the present communication, we have solubilized this binding protein from the membranes of the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. We have characterized the nature of binding protein-ligand interaction by competition studies using modified ligands. The data indicate that the carbonyl group, the furan ring(s), and the central imidazole structure are all important in the binding protein-ligand interaction. We have established that the binding constant ( K a ) of binding protein for the ligand FFI-BA is 3.1 × 10 7 m −1 . Chemical crosslinking studies have demonstrated that the molecular weight of the binding protein is 90,000.
Strategic use of the Internet and e-commerce: Cisco Systems

Information systems are strategic to the extent that they support a firm's business strategy. Cisco Systems has used the Internet and its own information systems to support its strategy in several ways: (1) to create a business ecology around its technology standards; (2) to coordinate a virtual organization that allows it to concentrate on product innovation while outsourcing other functions; (3) to showcase its own use of the Internet as a marketing tool. Cisco's strategy and execution enabled it to dominate key networking standards and sustain high growth rates throughout the 1990s. In late 2000, however, Cisco's market collapsed and the company was left with billions of dollars in unsold inventory, calling into question the ability of its information systems to help it anticipate and respond effectively to a decline in demand.
Metal and proton binding onto the roots of Fescue rubra

Abstract This study quantifies Pb and Cd adsorption onto the root cell walls of the grass species Festuca rubra by applying a surface complexation approach to model the observed adsorption behavior. We use potentiometric titrations to determine deprotonation constants and site concentrations for the functional groups on the root material. We model the acid/base properties of the root cell wall with a non-electrostatic model involving three discrete surface functional group types, with p K a values of 4.2 ± 0.1, 6.2 ± 0.2, and 8.8 ± 0.2. Pb adsorption kinetics experiments indicate that the experimental systems reach equilibrium within 3 h, and Pb desorption experiments indicate that the adsorption reactions are fully reversible on this time scale. Adsorption experiments conducted as a function of pH yield site-specific stability constants for the important Pb- and Cd-root surface complexes. The results of the Pb and Cd adsorption experiments indicate that the first two sites contribute to metal adsorption under the experimental conditions, with calculated log stability constant values of 4.1 ± 0.3 and 5.9 ± 0.3 for the Pb system; and 3.5 ± 0.4 and 5.0 ± 0.5 for the Cd system. Our results suggest that the stabilities of the Pb- and Cd-surface complexes are comparable to those involving other biomass surfaces, and therefore these complexes may affect the transport and distribution of metals in soil systems.
An integrated design environment for performance and dependability analysis

This paper presents an integrated design environment thatsupports the design and analysis of digital systems from initialconcept to the final implementation. The environment supports bothsystem level performance and dependability analysis from acommon modeling representation. A tool called ADEPT (AdvancedDesign Environment Prototype Tool) has been developed toimplement the environment. ADEPT is based on IEEE 1076 VHDLand uses commercial schematic capture systems as a front end viaan EDIF interface. Several examples are presented whichdemonstrate various aspects of the environment.
Review of preconditioning methods for fluid dynamics

Abstract We consider the use of preconditioning methods to accelerate the convergence to a steady state for both the incompressible and compressible fluid dynamic equations. Most of the analysis relies on the inviscid equations though some applications for viscous flow are considered. The preconditioning can consist of either a matrix or a differential operator acting on the time derivatives. Hence, in the steady state the original steady solution is obtained. For finite difference methods the preconditioning can change and improve the steady-state solutions. Several preconditioners previously discussed are reviewed and some new approaches are presented.
Structural and evolutionary relationships between two families of bacterial extracytoplasmic chaperone proteins which function cooperatively in fimbrial assembly.

Abstract Gram-negative purple bacteria possess pairs of extracytoplasmic, ATP-independent, fimbrium-specific chaperone proteins which cooperatively function in the assembly of this extracellular organelle. The two non-homologous families of these proteins have been termed “Fimbrial chaperone family no. 1” (FCF1) and “Fimbrial chaperone family no. 2” (FCF2). The eleven sequenced or partially sequenced members of each of these two protein families were analysed. Their sequences were multiply aligned, and average similarity and hydropathy plots were generated. Statistical analyses of the sequences revealed that the short FCF1 proteins (of about 240 residues) have been better conserved through evolutionary time than have the much larger FCF2 proteins (of about 830 residues). Moreover, the N-terminal thirds of the FCF2 proteins are better conserved than the central or C-terminal thirds of these proteins. Phylogenetic tree construction revealed that, in general, the two proteins which cooperate in the assembly of a particular fimbrial type have similar positions on their respective phylogenetic trees, suggesting that the two proteins evolved in parallel as a functional unit. Two exceptions were noted, however. In one case, a hybrid protein appears to have arisen, possibly by genetic recombination. In another case, the two proteins of a particular pair may have evolved separately and come together late in the evolutionary process to provide their cooperative function.
A Prospective Investigation of Changes in Avoidant and Active Coping and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms among Military Veteran

The present investigation utilized a prospective design to investigate associations between changes in self-reported avoidant and active coping occurring during residential treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and PTSD symptom severity at treatment discharge. Participants were 636 military Veteran patients (91.4 % male; M age = 51.7 years) admitted to a Veterans Affairs (VA) residential rehabilitation program for PTSD, between 2000 and 2008. Results indicated that increases in avoidant coping and decreases in active coping from treatment intake to discharge were simultaneously and incrementally predictive of total PTSD symptom severity at treatment discharge, after accounting for PTSD symptom severity at treatment intake. These findings hold particular relevance for treatment-seeking populations with severe PTSD and researchers and clinicians attempting to understand and treat these populations.
Evidence of evidence is not (necessarily) evidence

More precisely, initially, the principle was articulated as “evidence that there is evidence for p is evidence for p”. The intended application of this initial principle (to be discussed below) suggests the following first-pass: (EEE1) If E supports the claim that (some) S possesses evidence which supports p, then E supports p. For the sake of initial discussion, I will make the following precise assumption about “evidential support”: (R) E (evidentially) supports p iff E is positively (epistemically) probabilistically relevant to p. Assuming (R), there are simple counterexamples to (EEE1). Example 1. A card c is sampled at random from a standard deck. Let: (E1) c is a black card, (E2) c is the ace of ♠, (p) c is an ace. And, assume that John knows (precisely) which card c is. This is a counterexample to (EEE1), given (R). . .
New Records of the Fur Seal Callorhinus (Carnivora: Otariidae) from the Plio-Pleistocene Rio Dell Formation of Northern California and Comments on Otariid Dental Evolution

ABSTRACT New fossils representing two species of the fur seal Callorhinus are reported from the uppermost Pliocene to lower Pleistocene Rio Dell Formation of northern California. The finds include latest Pliocene-earliest Pleistocene dentarles and postcrania of Callorhinus gilmorei, and a partial dentary of early Pleistocene age identified as Callorhinus sp. The aforementioned material is ascribed to C. gilmorei due to the incipient single-rooted condition of the p1–2, retention of double-rooted p3–m1, and overall small size. The dentary identified as Callorhinus sp. exhibits a more derived pattern of tooth morphology, including single-rooted p1–p4 (and double-rooted ml), larger size than C. gilmorei, and in the size range of extant Callorhinus ursinus (which typically exhibit fused roots on all postcanine teeth). Fusion of postcanine roots began with the p2 and continued posteriorly, and is likely an adaptation to accommodate crowded teeth anteriorly in the jaws. Callorhinus gilmorei has previously been ...
High-resolution infrared spectra of water vapor ν2 band of H218O

Abstract The ν 2 band of H 2 18 O occurring in the region 5–7.5 μ was recorded with a high-resolution vacuum infrared spectrograph and an analysis was presented of the rotational structure observed; comparison of the ground state (000) energy levels determined from the ν 2 band with those derived earlier by Fraley, Rao, and Jones from the ν 1 and ν 2 bands at 2.7 μ was of assistance in this analysis. Values for the energy levels of the first excited state (010) were evaluated.
Nonplanar Faults: Mechanics of Slip and Off-fault Damage

Stress interactions and sliding characteristics of faults with random fractal waviness in a purely elastic medium differ both qualitatively and quantitatively from those of faults with planar surfaces. With nonplanar fault models, solutions for slip diverge as resolution of the fractal features increases, and the scaling of fault slip with fault rupture dimension becomes nonlinear. We show that the nonlinear scaling of slip and divergence of solutions arise because stresses from geometric interactions at irregularities along nonplanar faults grow with increasing slip and produce backstresses that progressively impede slip. However, in real materials with finite strength, yielding will halt the growth of the interaction stresses, which will profoundly affect slip of nonplanar faults. We infer that in the brittle seismogenic portion of the Earth’s crust, off-fault yielding occurs on pervasive secondary faults. Predicted rates of stress relaxation with distance from major faults with random fractal roughness follow a power-law relationship that is consistent with reported clustering of background seismicity up to 15 kilometers from faults.
Schedule-induced wheel running

Abstract Rats reinforced for bar pressing on a variable interval schedule were allowed access to a running wheel. Wheel running displayed many of the characteristics of schedule-induced drinking. These data call into question the explanations of schedule-induced drinking based entirely upon thirst motivation, and suggest that it is only one of a number of post-reinforcement behaviors affected on an intermittent reinforcement schedule.
High host specificity of obligate ectoparasites

1. Host specificity is the degree to which a parasite species occurs in association with a host species. 2. The degree to which obligate ectoparasites are host specific has been debated, but effects of sampling contamination were usually not addressed. Data from a controlled mammal–ectoparasite survey were used to assess host specificity of an obligate group of ectoparasites – streblid bat flies. 3. Host–parasite associations were categorised as primary or non-primary. Non-primary host associations were evaluated against primary associations via proportional comparison. 4. Results indicate that host specificity was high, exceeding previous reports. Natural host transfers were rare. 5. Non-primary host associations were almost completely explained by disturbance transfers during sampling of the host or by contamination upon sampling the parasite. These conclusions likely hold for other taxa of obligate parasites.
Crib Card Use During Tests: Helpful or a Crutch?.

The authors experimentally investigated the effect of crib cards on exam performance and student learning. Fifty-one students expected to use their prepared crib cards during an exam. However, they...
Sibling recognition in thirteen-lined ground squirrels: effects of genetic relatedness, rearing association, and olfaction

I investigated sibling-sibling recognition in captive thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) by cross-fostering lab-born pups shortly after birth. When young reached about 45 days of age, I observed dyadic interactions in a test arena of pairs from four relatedness X rearing groups, and recorded the frequency of “exploratory” encounters between individuals. Sibs-reared together and nonsibs-reared together exhibited significantly fewer exploratory encounters than either sibs-reared apart or nonsibsreared apart. Young reared together were equally exploratory, regadless of relatedness; similarly, young reared apart, whether they were sibs or nonsibs, showed similar levels of exploration. Thus, the differential treatment of siblings in the lab appears to be based on rearing association and not genetic relatedness per se. I interpret this recognition based on association (rearing familiarity) in the context of the species' social organization and compare my results on S. tridecemlineatus with similar studies on S. beldingi, S. parryii, and S. richardsonii. I also used an olfactory impairment technique (zinc sulfate) and found that differential treatment in thirteen-lined ground squirrels was influenced by olfactory cues.
Edge-supressed color clustering for image thresholding

This paper discusses the development of an iterative algorithm for fully automatic (gross or fine) segmentation of color images. The basic idea here is to automate segmentation for on-line operations. This is needed for such critical applications as internet communication, video indexing, target tracking, visual guidance, remote control, and motion detection. The method is composed of an edge-suppressed clustering (learning) and principal component thresholding (classification) step. In the learning phase, image clusters are well formed in the (R,G,B) space by considering only the non-edge points. The unknown number (N) of mutually exclusive image segments is learned in an unsupervised operation mode developed based on the cluster fidelity measure and K-means algorithm. The classification phase is a correlation-based segmentation strategy that operates in the K-L transform domain using the Otsu thresholding principal. It is demonstrated experimentally that the method is effective and efficient for color images of natural scenes with irregular textures and objects of varying sizes and dimension.
Test suite reduction with selective redundancy

Software testing is a critical part of software development. Test suite sizes may grow significantly with subsequent modifications to the software over time. Due to time and resource constraints for testing, test suite minimization techniques attempt to remove those test cases from the test suite that have become redundant over time since the requirements covered by them are also covered by other test cases in the test suite. Prior work has shown that test suite minimization techniques can severely compromise the fault detection effectiveness of test suites. In this paper, we present a novel approach to test suite reduction that attempts to selectively keep redundant tests in the reduced suites. We implemented our technique by modifying an existing heuristic for test suite minimization. Our experiments show that our approach can significantly improve the fault detection effectiveness of reduced suites without severely affecting the extent of test suite size reduction.
A Multi-Sensor Energy Theft Detection Framework for Advanced Metering Infrastructures

The advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is a crucial component of the smart grid, replacing traditional analog devices with computerized smart meters. Smart meters have not only allowed for efficient management of many end-users, but also have made AMI an attractive target for remote exploits and local physical tampering with the end goal of stealing energy. While smart meters posses multiple sensors and data sources that can indicate energy theft, in practice, the individual methods exhibit many false positives. In this paper, we present AMIDS, an AMI intrusion detection system that uses information fusion to combine the sensors and consumption data from a smart meter to more accurately detect energy theft. AMIDS combines meter audit logs of physical and cyber events with consumption data to more accurately model and detect theft-related behavior. Our experimental results on normal and anomalous load profiles show that AMIDS can identify energy theft efforts with high accuracy. Furthermore, AMIDS correctly identified legitimate load profile changes that more elementary analyses classified as malicious.
Towards a unified view of inference, communication and control

Technological advances in the control of processes over a communication network have necessitated the development of a unified theory of communication and control. This is currently not available in full generality but steps towards this can and have been taken. In this lecture, I attempt to present, in summary form, some of these developments. Shannon's Information Theory undoubtedly provides the fundamental limitations for reliable communication over a noisy channel in the point-to-point case. The Noisy Channel Coding Theory states that reliable communication in the sense that the error probability tends to zero (in the limit of infinite delay) is attainable if the source is transmitted at a rate below “capacity.” Conversely, reliable transmission is not possible if the source is transmitted at a rate above capacity. It follows from the Noisy Channel Coding Theorem that the coding and decoding necessary to achieve reliable transmission can be usefully separated into source coding and channel coding, and correspondingly channel decoding and source decoding, without losing reliable transmission. This leads to a universal architecture through a digital interface for reliable point-to-point communication.
Growth and Liver Response of Chicks and Rats to Carbon Tetrachloride and Ethanol

Abstract THE effects of CCl4 and ethanol in such mammals as mice, rats, rabbits and guinea pigs have been described in great detail (Hove, 1949; Tsuboi and Stowell, 1951; Recknagel and Litteria, 1960; Dinman et al., 1963; Judah et al., 1965; Smuckler et al., 1965; Mirone, 1965; Di Luzio, 1966). These two agents have been shown to induce fat and necrosis in livers in these animals. The mechansim for producing these effects has been a subject of considerable study for at least 20 years. It has been postulated that the fat accumulation in the liver cell induced by CCl4 is due to an impairment of the cell’s ability to secrete triglycerides, which, in turn, is possibly due to an impairment of lipoprotein synthesis (Heimberg et al., 1962, 1965). The fat accumulation induced by ethanol has been partially attributed to an increased mobilization of fat from adipose tissue and a decreased oxidation…
Blunt Urinary Bladder Trauma

A 29-year-old man was ejected from a car in a high-speed motor-vehicle crash without loss of consciousness. Upon arrival at Harborview Medical Center (HMC) he complained of neck and lower abdominal pain. Per HMC trauma protocol, he underwent a standard radiograph trauma series (anteroposterior chest radiograph, lateral view of the cervical spine, and anteroposterior view of the pelvis), which showed multiple fractures of the cervical spine. Physical examination demonstrated gross hematuria. The patient was stable and was sent for computed tomography (CT) angiography of the chest and neck followed by a venous phase scan of the abdomen and pelvis. Cervical CT confirmed multiple unstable factures of the cervical spine, cord compression, and a left vertebral artery stretch injury. A small amount of low-density fluid in the pelvis was the only abnormality noted at abdominal and pelvic CT (Fig 1). This prompted further investigation with CT cystography, which showed a superior bladder wall tear with intraperitoneal rupture and contrast/urine extravasation throughout the peritoneal cavity (Fig 2). There was no evidence of extraperitoneal bladder rupture. The patient underwent a cystorrhaphy with a favorable outcome. Bladder ruptures are rare. Eighty-three percent of patients with bladder rupture have pelvic fractures, but less than 10% of patients with pelvic fractures have bladder ruptures. 1,2 Bladder injuries are divided into
First year growth and survival of common carp in two glacial lakes

Cohorts of common carp, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, were monitored from hatch through the next spring in two South Dakota, USA lakes to identify factors affecting year-class strength. Hatching occurred over 37- and 47-day periods in the two lakes. Common carp that hatched earlier achieved greater total lengths at the end of the first growing season (Brant Lake: r = )0.84, d.f. = 77, P < 0.001; Campbell Lake: r = )0.87, d.f. = 78, P < 0.001). Mean daily growth rates were approximately 1.0 mm day )1 and similar between lakes. Total length was positively related to daily growth rate in the two lakes, indicating that members of the cohort that grew faster achieved greater total lengths by time of capture. Hatch date was inversely related to daily growth (fish hatched earlier grew faster) in one lake (r = )0.44, d.f. = 77, P < 0.001) but not the other (r = )0.04, d.f. = 78, P = 0.678), suggesting that length at the end of the growing season can be affected by length of growing season and growth rate. Overwinter survival of age-0 fish appeared to be size dependent because age-1 common carp length-frequency distributions from both lakes comprised only of the larger cohort members present the previous autumn.
Performance characterization of quorum-consensus algorithms for replicated data

The authors develop a model and define performance measures for a replicated data system that makes use of a quorum-consensus algorithm to maintain consistency. They consider two measures: the proportion of successfully completed transactions in systems where a transaction aborts if data is not available, and the mean response time in systems where a transaction waits until data becomes available. Based on the model, the authors show that for some quorum assignment there is an optimal degree of replication beyond which performance degrades. There exist other quorum assignments which have no optimal degree of replication. The authors also derive optimal read and write quorums which maximize the proportion of successful transactions. >
Review : Otx and Emx Homeobox Genes in Brain Development:

A number of gene families have recently been identified that play a role in the control of the development of the central nervous system of vertebrates. Many of these genes are homeobox genes. The most well- known and best-studied among them are the Hox genes. Collectively, these control regionalization and cell identity in the developing hindbrain and spinal cord. Other homeobox gene families, including the Otx and Emx genes, control brain development. In particular, Otx2 seems to play a crucial role in the early estab lishment of the rostral brain; Otx1 and Otx2 cooperate to define the posterior boundary of midbrain; and Emx1 and Emx2 play a major role in the developing cerebral cortex. Some of these results may be relevant for the deeper understanding of congenital brain defects and multifactorial brain disorders. NEURO SCIENTIST 5:164-172, 1999
Piezoelectric Moduli of Piezoelectric Ceramics

The effective piezoelectric moduli of polycrystalline piezoelectric ceramics are calculated using a straightforward averaging method (a Voigt average) and a more rigorous effective-medium theory recently developed for piezocomposites. The effects of polarization orientation within each crystallographic domain and the shape of the domain on the effective piezoelectric moduli are presented. The effective-medium theory, which includes full coupling of the elastic and dielectric interactions, gives results in reasonable agreement with experimental ones.
Prognostic Indicators of Success and Failure in Vitrectomy for Diabetec Retinopathy

Results of pars plana vitrectomy for complications of diabetic retinopathy were analyzed by logistic regression analysis in 1007 eyes to determine the preoperative and intraoperative factors associated with visual success or failure. Preoperative factors associated with a poorer visual outcome (final visual acuity less than 5/200) include preoperative iris neovascularization, cataract, visual acuity less than 5/200 and traction or rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Intraoperative factors associated with a greater chance of a poor visual result include use of intravitreal gas or air and creation of an iatrogenic retinal break or detachment. The presence of any one of these factors resulted in a 1.5 to 3.9 times greater risk of a poor final visual result. The regression coefficients may be combined to predict the likelihood of obtaining final acuity greater than or equal to 5/200 in eyes with various preoperative characteristics.
Qualification of low-k 90nm technology dies with Pb-free bumps on a build-up laminate package (PBGA) with Pb-free assembly processes

Flip-chip packages have become the preferred solution for high-performance ASIC and microprocessor devices. Typically these are packaged in organic or ceramic ball grid array (BGA) connections. Recently, there has been a significant focus on Pb-free packages to meet European Union mandated RoHS guidelines with exemptions allowed for server and other networking hardware. Towards this goal, IBM has been actively developing and qualifying Pb-free and Pb-reduced packages that cover the range of advanced semiconductor technologies such as 130nm and 90nm ground rules. In addition, for device performance reasons, the BEOL wiring layers on the high-performance 90nm wafers also require low-k dielectric materials. Finally, due to tighter wiring ground rules and faster device performance requirements, the build-up laminate packages require thin-core (400 micron) and advanced wiring pitch in the build-up layers. IBM has partnered with Amkor Technology to qualify both 130nm and 90 nm devices with Amkor developed Pb-free bumps using large die and build-up laminates. The die size used is /spl sim/15mm and the laminate qualified is 42.5mm with 1mm pitch Pb-free BGA. The bump pitch is 200micron. In this paper, we summarize the Sn/Ag Pb-free plated bumps that have been qualified for low-k 90nm technology on thin-core build-up laminates. Optimizations required for underfill material compatible with Pb-free bumps and low-k die are reviewed. Finally, high speed devices generate a significant amount of power, and an optimum thermal solution for FC-PBGA package is essential. Summary of package-level thermal performance is presented.
Unresponsive Correlated Motion in α7 nAChR to Halothane Binding Explains Its Functional Insensitivity to Volatile Anesthetics

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have been implicated as targets for general anesthetics, but the functional responses to anesthetic modulation vary considerably among different subtypes of nAChRs. Inhaled general anesthetics, such as halothane, could effectively inhibit the channel activity of the α4β2 nAChR, but not the homologous α7 nAChR. To understand why α7 is insensitive to inhaled general anesthetics, we performed multiple sets of 20-ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on the closed- and open-channel α7 in the absence and presence of halothane, and critically compared the results with those from our studies on the α4β2 nAChR (Liu et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 2009, 113, 12581; J. Phys. Chem. B 2010, 114, 626) Several halothane binding sites with fairly high binding affinities were identified in both closed- and open-channel α7, suggesting that lack of sensitive functional responses of the α7 nAChR to halothane in the previous experiments was unlikely due to lack of halothane interaction with α7. The binding affinities of halothane in α7 seemed to be protein conformation dependent. Overall halothane affinity was higher in the closed-channel α7. Halothane binding to α7 did not induce profound changes in α7 structure and dynamics that could be related to the channel function. In contrast, correlated motion of the open-channel α4β2 was reduced substantially in the presence of halothane, primarily due to the more susceptible nature of β2 to anesthetic modulation. The amphiphilic EC/TM interface of the β2 subunit is attractive to halothane and is susceptible to halothane perturbation, which may be why α4β2 is functionally more sensitive to halothane than α7.
Invariance of Doppler bandwidth with flow axis displacement

It is known that if single-frequency, continuous-wave ultrasound or electromagnetic energy is reflected from straight line flow, defined here as one or more scatterers moving with constant velocity along an infinite straight line, the Doppler effect will shift the echo spectrum center frequency from the transmitted value, and broaden its bandwidth. It is shown here that if such straight line flow is shifted anywhere in the field without change of orientation, the absolute echo bandwidth remains unchanged. This result is unexpected, since the bandwidth arises from amplitude modulation of the echo from the scatterers as they pass through the incident field, and the shape of this field varies with position. The Doppler bandwidth may therefore be used to estimate the transverse component of the flow velocity anywhere in the sound beam. The effect of the system relative aperture on the minimum spectral broadening and maximum frequency indication may also be assessed at any range. >
Influence of nitrogen and duration of weed interference on corn growth and development

Abstract An improved understanding of the effects of nitrogen (N) on crop–weed interactions is needed for the development of integrated weed management systems where responsible use of N fertilizers is considered. Field experiments conducted in 1999 and 2000 at two locations in eastern Nebraska quantify the effects of N and increasing duration of weed interference on corn growth and development. A naturally occurring population of weeds was allowed to compete with the corn crop for increasing lengths of time and at three rates of N application (0, 60, and 120 kg N ha−1). Weed interference and withholding applied N increased the time to 50% silking by an average of 3.9 and 2.9 d, respectively. Regardless of treatments, relative growth rates of corn leaf area and biomass were maximized between the V1 and V2 growth stages of corn and increased linearly with N rate but were affected to a lesser extent by weed presence. The improvement in early season corn growth with addition of N resulted in greater leaf are...
Algorithm-based recovery for HPL

When more processors are used for a calculation, the probability that one will fail during the calculation increases. Fault tolerance is a technique for allowing a calculation to survive a failure, and includes recovering lost data. A common method of recovery is diskless checkpointing. However, it has high overhead when a large amount of data is involved, as is the case with matrix operations. A checksum-based method allows fault tolerance of matrix operations with lower overhead. This technique is applicable to the LU decomposition in the benchmark HPL.
Relationship between residual feed intake and female reproductive measurements in heifers sired by high–or low–residual feed intake Angus bulls1

ABSTRACT Animals need to be feed efficient and reproductively sound for cow-calf producers to optimize profits. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between feed efficiency and reproductive performance. Angus-based commercial cows were bred to Angus sires that had divergent residual feed intake (RFI) estimated breeding values published by the Angus Society of Australia. Data for this study included 136 crossbred females with multiple parity information. Feed-efficiency measures included RFI and daily DMI. The RFI was calculated by regressing actual feed intake on mid-test metabolic BW and ADG. Heifers were synchronized and mated by AI one time; natural-service sires followed. Pregnancy was determined approximately 60 d after the end of the breeding season. Reproductive measurements were pregnancy rate, first-service conception rate, calving percentage, and calving day. These data showed no relationship between pregnancy rate, first-service conception rate, calving rate, or calving date and phenotypic RFI or DMI (P > 0.10). Heifers that were sired by efficient RFI estimated breeding value bulls tended to have an improved calving rate in parity 2 (P 0.10). This study showed no apparent unfavorable relationship between RFI and fertility as measured by pregnancy rate, first-service conception rate, calving rate, or calving day. Further research with larger numbers of females is needed to determine the relationships between feed efficiency and female reproduction.
Role of GABAB receptors in learning and memory and neurological disorders

Although it is evident from the literature that altered GABAB receptor function does affect behavior, these results often do not correspond well. These differences could be due to the task protocol, animal strain, ligand concentration, or timing of administration utilized. Because several clinical populations exhibit learning and memory deficits in addition to altered markers of GABA and the GABAB receptor, it is important to determine whether altered GABAB receptor function is capable of contributing to the deficits. The aim of this review is to examine the effect of altered GABAB receptor function on synaptic plasticity as demonstrated by in vitro data, as well as the effects on performance in learning and memory tasks. Finally, data regarding altered GABA and GABAB receptor markers within clinical populations will be reviewed. Together, the data agree that proper functioning of GABAB receptors is crucial for numerous learning and memory tasks and that targeting this system via pharmaceuticals may benefit several clinical populations.
Faulkner/Levinas: The Vivacity of Disaster

In his early work on Husserl’s theory of intuition, Emmanuel Levinas had already noted that “the aesthetic and ethical categories are also constitutive of being.”1 Levinas’s subsequent writings would elaborate a powerful aesthetic component within an ethics of alterity. This aesthetic, true to its etymological implications as aisthesis or sensation, would not contribute to epistemology or to a philosophy of art, but would narrate the drama of sensibility itself in its affective relation with alterity and with the bristling insomnia of being that Levinas calls Il y a. In this area of research one should also refer to A. T. Tymieniecka’s aesthetics of the elements and of the “intergenerative linkage” of everything alive.2 Such research, which doesn’t conflate its interest in what Walt Whitman called “the shuddering longing ache of contact” with naive empiricism, also prefers to read the poetry of life as a moral emergency of otherness, as a fatality of attachment and not “release-ment” (Gelassenheit). This reading then carries out a phenomenology of exposure and creative struggle that is less secure in upholding any a priori thematics of world or rootedness than a philosophy which uncovers or conjures being by circling back to its homeland.
Progress in treatment of ascending aortic aneurysms due to dissection, arteriosclerosis, or cystic medial degeneration.

The recent results of surgical treatment of ascending aortic aneurysms caused by dissection, arteriosclerosis, or cystic medial degeneration are reviewed. Important technical advances and the various techniques currently employed are examined. Recent improvements in the results of surgical treatment of acute dissections have resulted in a more aggressive surgical approach with early operative intervention. For patients with cystic medial degeneration treated by supracoronary graft replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic valve replacement, late development of aneuryms of the sinuses of Valsalva suggests that composite graft replacement to exclude the aortic sinuses may be the preferred method of treatment.
The effect of reduced and oxidized pteridine on dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity.

Tetrahydropteridine (DMPH4) reacts with dopamine-β-hydroxylase anaerobically and forms a reduced enzyme intermediate which aerobically catalyzes the β-hydroxylation of tyramine-3H. Under aerobic conditions DMPH4, in combination with NADH, is effective in the stimulation of enzymic β-hydroxylation. Oxidized DMPH4 inhibits the enzymic activity.
Applications of Maximum Entropy to Condensed Matter Physics

We describe recent applications of maximum entropy to matter in condensed phases. Applications to spin systems, electronic structure, and calculating interatomic potentials are included.
Alterations of Blood Flow Through Arteries Following Atherectomy and the Impact on Pressure Variation and Velocity

Simulations were made of the pressure and velocity fields throughout an artery before and after removal of plaque using orbital atherectomy plus adjunctive balloon angioplasty or stenting. The calculations were carried out with an unsteady computational fluid dynamic solver that allows the fluid to naturally transition to turbulence. The results of the atherectomy procedure leads to an increased flow through the stenotic zone with a coincident decrease in pressure drop across the stenosis. The measured effect of atherectomy and adjunctive treatment showed decrease the systolic pressure drop by a factor of 2.3. Waveforms obtained from a measurements were input into a numerical simulation of blood flow through geometry obtained from medical imaging. From the numerical simulations, a detailed investigation of the sources of pressure loss was obtained. It is found that the major sources of pressure drop are related to the acceleration of blood through heavily occluded cross sections and the imperfect flow recovery downstream. This finding suggests that targeting only the most occluded parts of a stenosis would benefit the hemodynamics. The calculated change in systolic pressure drop through the lesion was a factor of 2.4, in excellent agreement with the measured improvement. The systolic and cardiac-cycle-average pressure results were compared with measurements made in a multi-patient study treated with orbital atherectomy and adjunctive treatment. The agreements between the measured and calculated systolic pressure drop before and after the treatment were within 3%. This excellent agreement adds further confidence to the results. This research demonstrates the use of orbital atherectomy to facilitate balloon expansion to restore blood flow and how pressure measurements can be utilized to optimize revascularization of occluded peripheral vessels.
Antenna metrology for 100–500 GHz: A new approach

A typical near-field scanning range for antenna measurements is based on simple translation stages (planar) or stacked rotators (spherical), or both (cylindrical). Above 100 GHz, problems arise in both specialized waveguide components, such as precision rotators, and in positioning and alignment accuracy. NIST is pioneering a new approach based on an off-the-shelf, industrial six-degrees-of-freedom, articulated-arm robot. Pattern measurements at 118 GHz and 183 GHz, and positioning accuracies within 25 µm confirm the effectiveness of the approach.
Conclusions, Comparisons and Unsolved Problems

This chapter discusses that the redundancy theory has a set of limit theorems that can guide the intuition and research efforts, and perhaps guide actual redundant design. There are several known redundancy techniques that specify the way to construct patterns of redundant parts. For various redundant networks capable of correcting the same number of errors, the networks with the most inputs have the highest error probability. In the event users of redundancy theory should search for theoretical insights and results not yet discovered, it would at least be helpful to them to have a clear statement of the unsolved theoretical problems of redundancy theory. One of the simplest unsolved problems is where to place restoring organs in redundant circuits. It is possible to place them after every logic operation, and for a given redundancy this minimizes the failure probability of the system. On the other hand, if the logic operations are quite reliable, it is good economy to place restoring organs after every two logic operations, or every three logic operations, or every N logic operations.
Anti-Darwin, Anti-Spencer: Friedrich Nietzsche's Critique of Darwin and “Darwinism”:

L'A. analyse la critique de F. Nietzsche sur la science du XIX e siecle, particulierement son attaque contre certaines pensees biologiques, et notamment la theorie de l'evolution de Darwin
Establishing a high-frequency dielectric measurements service at the national bureau of standards

To meet its own needs and those of other Government agencies, and to fulfill its normal function of providing standards, the National Bureau of Standards is in the process of obtaining facilities for making precision dielectric measurements in the 10 kc to 300 Mc frequency range. The work described in this paper is that of the High-Frequency Standards Section of the Bureau's Central Radio Propagation Laboratory. There are other groups at the Bureau actively engaged in dielectric measurements above and below this frequency range. The apparatus used by the various groups permits overlapping measurements for intercomparison.