cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preferential Adhesion Mediated by Hibris and Roughest Regulates Morphogenesis and Patterning in the Drosophila Eye

Cell adhesion is essential for morphogenesis; however, the mechanisms by which cell adhesion coordinates precisely regulated morphogenesis are poorly understood. Here we analyze the morphogenetic processes that organize the interommatidial precursor cells (IPCs) of the Drosophila pupal eye. We demonstrate that the Drosophila immunoglobulin superfamily members Hibris and Roughest are essential for IPC morphogenesis in the eye. The two loci are expressed in complementary cell types, and Hibris and Roughest proteins bind directly in vivo. Primary pigment cells employ Hibris to function as organizers in this process; IPCs minimize contacts with neighboring IPCs and utilize Roughest to maximize contacts with primaries. In addition, we provide evidence that interactions between Hibris and Roughest promote junction formation and that levels of Roughest in individual cells determine their capacity for competition. Our results demonstrate that preferential adhesion mediated by heterophilic interacting cell-adhesion molecules can create a precise pattern by minimizing surface free energy.
Characterization of a mutagenic B1 retrotransposon insertion in the jittery mouse.

B1 elements are an abundant class of short interspersed elements (SINEs) in the mouse genome and mobilize by a process known as retrotransposition. Here, we report the characterization of a mutagenic B1 insertion into exon 4 of the Atcay gene, which was previously shown to be responsible for the jittery mouse. Mutations in the human ortholog of this gene, ATCAY, are responsible for Cayman ataxia. The B1 insertion is B150-bp long, ends in a 45–50-bp polyadenylic acid (poly A) tail, is flanked by a perfect 13-bp target-site duplication, and is inserted into a sequence that resembles a LINE-1 endonuclease consensus cleavage site. Computational analysis indicates that the mutagenic insertion is most closely related to elements of the B1-C subfamily, and we have identified two possible progenitor B1 sequences on mouse chromosome 19. Together, these data demonstrate that B1 retrotransposition is ongoing in the mouse genome and is consistent with the hypothesis that the reverse transcriptase and endonuclease encoded by LINE-1 elements mediate B1 mobility. Hum Mutat 24:9–13, 2004. r 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PII signal transduction proteins: sensors of α-ketoglutarate that regulate nitrogen metabolism

PII proteins are small homotrimeric signal transduction proteins that regulate the activities of metabolic enzymes and permeases, and control the activities of signal transduction enzymes. The protein family shows high conservation, with examples in eukaryota (plants and eukaryotic algae), archaea, and bacteria. This distribution indicates that PII is one of the most ancient signalling proteins known.
A note on the mechanical constitutive equations for materials with memory

Die Arbeit behandelt die Einschrankungen, welche sich fur die Stoffgleichungen eines Materials mit Gedachtnis daraus ergeben, dass die simultane Rotation von Korper und Bezugssystem die Spannungen unverandert lassen muss. Zwei fruhere Methoden zur Gewinnung dieser Einschrankungen wurden vertieft.
Neurotensin blocks certain amphetamine-induced behaviours

Bilateral injections of either neurotensin (NT; 0.3, 1 or 5 µg in 1 µl artificial CSF) or haloperidol (HA; 2.5 or 5 µg in 1 µl 0.3% tartaric acid) into nucleus accumbens of rats markedly diminished the forward locomotion and rearing induced by d-amphetamine (AM; 2 mg per kg, IP). Neither NT nor HA affected the insomnia or sniffing component of AM arousal. Isovolumetric intra-accumbens injections of artificial CSF or the endogenous decapeptide, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH; 3 µg), did not affect AM behaviours. Since intra-accumbens injections of NT (1 µg) or HA (2.5 µg) neither altered forward locomotion or rearing observed in untreated rats placed in an open field nor a variety of reflex activities, the observed effects of NT and HA in AM-treated rats were probably not due to impaired motor function per se. In contrast, NT does not produce neuroleptic-like effects when injected into nucleus caudatus; HA (5 µg) blocked stereotyped sniffing, licking, biting and head bobbing observed after AM (5 mg per kg, IP), but NT (3 or 5µg) did not. Since NT and dopamine are present in substantial quantities in the nucleus accumbens, NT may act in the nucleus accumbens to modulate dopaminergic function.
Market responses to qualitative information from a group polarization perspective

Abstract This study examines the predictions of group polarization in response to the receipt of qualitative information (i.e., good or bad news) in a laboratory market. Qualitative information induces varying beliefs within the market because such information is interpreted using the relevant knowledge possessed by the recipients. Findings from the group polarization literature suggest that individuals who subsequently hold the most extreme price beliefs will influence the market to a greater extent than individuals holding the most conservative beliefs. Group polarization research also suggests that participation in a market will accentuate risk preferences so that good news produces a cautious shift in prices (i.e., towards lower prices) whereas bad news produces a risky shift (i.e., towards higher prices). The results confirm the predictions of group polarization and further suggest that if extreme reactions to information reflect recency, so too may the market price.
Numerical calculation of the underwater noise of rain

When raindrops with a diameter of the order of 1 mm hit a plane water surface they entrain air bubbles that radiate noise in the course of volume oscillations. The paper presents a model of the underwater noise of rain produced by this process. The depth of submergence, radius, and initial energy of the entrained bubbles are obtained numerically for a number of drop sizes. The bubbles are assumed to radiate as dipoles, and the total underwater noise is calculated by integrating over the size of the entraining rain drops. The results are compared both with laboratory experiments of single-drop impacts and field data of rain noise
Simulated effects of temperature and precipitation change in several forest ecosystems

Abstract The Nutrient Cycling Model (NuCM) was used to investigate the effects of increased temperature (+4°C) and changing precipitation (increased and decreased) on biogeochemical cycling at six forest sites in the United States: a Picea rubens forest at Nolan Divide in the Great Smoky Mountains, North Carolina; mixed deciduous forests at Walker Branch, Tennessee and Coweeta, North Carolina; a Pinus taeda forest at Duke, North Carolina; a P. eliottii forest at Bradford, Florida; and a P. contorta/P. jeffreyii forest at Little Valley, Nevada. Simulations of increased temperature indicated increased evapotranspiration and reduced water flux. Simulations of changes in precipitation indicated disproportionately large variations in soil water flux because of the relative stability of evapotranspiration with changes in precipitation. Increased temperature caused N release from forest floors at all sites. At the N-saturated Nolan Divide site, this resulted in no change in N uptake or growth but increased soil solution Al and NO 3 − and increased N leaching losses. At the N-limited sites, the release of N from the forest floor caused increased growth, and, in some cases, increased NO 3 − leaching as well, indicating that N released from the forest floor was not efficiently taken up by the vegetation. Increased precipitation caused increased growth, and decreased precipitation caused reduced growth in the N-limited sites because of changes in wet N deposition. Changes in precipitation had no effect on growth in the N-saturated Nolan Divide site, but did cause large changes in soil solution mineral acid anion and Al concentrations. Increased precipitation caused long-term decreases in soil exchangeable base cations in most cases because of the disproportionately large effects on soil water flux; however, increased precipitation caused decreases in exchangeable base cations in cases where atmospheric deposition was a major source of base cations for the system. The simulation results illustrate the extreme complexity of the possible responses of nutrient cycling processes to climate change. By virtue of the fact that the NuCM model does not contain physiological algorithms, these simulations demonstrate that changes in temperature and precipitation can produce widely varying ecosystem-level responses through their effects on biogeochemical cycling processes alone and that generalizations about the relative importance of temperature versus precipitation changes are hazardous.
A fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study of the effect of temperature on soy lecithin-stabilized emulsions

The effect of temperature on soy lecithin-stabilized emulsions was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Oil-in-water (o/w) 4% (wt/vol) soy lecithin emulsions were prepared in 6% (vol/vol) medium-chain triglycerides and 94% (vol/vol) water using a two-stage homogenizer set at a pressure of 3000 psig. Three types of emulsions were used in this study: emulsions containing Lecigran and Lecimulthin as emulsifiers and a control emulsion, with no emulsifier added. After preparation, the emulsions were cooled to 4°C, held at this temperature, and spectra were collected after 1 h. The emulsions and reference water were raised to room temperature (22°C) and held at that temperature for 1 h and the spectra collected. The temperature was raised 15°C over the temperature range of 22 to 82°C, and spectral data were collected similarly. The four regions used for this determination in the subtracted spectra of the emulsion were those contributing to -OH vibration, -CH2 stretching, H-O-H bending vibrations, and P=O, C-O-C, and P-O-C vibrations. The control emulsion was greatly affected at temperatures other than room temperature. This was due to the lack of lecithin as an emulsifier, resulting in a destabilization of the emulsion with temperature increases. The vibrational peaks for the emulsion containing Lecimulthin were found to be lower than those for the emulsion made with Lecigran due to greater water bonding. The control had the highest peaks at the -OH regions because of reduced interaction at the oil-water interface. Both of the emulsions with phospholipids remained stable throughout the temperature range. FTIR is a potentially powerful tool that could be used in the rapid determination of emulsion stability in food systems by measuring emulsifier-water interactions.
Biological Control of Fusarium Wilt on Cotton by Use of Endophytic Bacteria

Abstract One hundred seventy bacterial strains isolated from internal tissues of cotton, 49 strains with known biological control activity against Rhizoctonia solani in cotton, and 25 strains known to induce systemic resistance to Collectotrichum orbiculare in cucumber, were screened for biological control potential against vascular wilt of cotton caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum . The strains were introduced as endophytes in the cotton cultivar Rowden. Cotton seedlings were bacterized 7 days after planting by piercing stems with a fine needle that had been brushed across actively growing colonies of each isolate. Ten days later, the plants were inoculated by stem injection with microconidia of the pathogen. Twelve days after pathogen inoculation, symptom expression was evaluated by rating disease severity with a 0 to 4 rating. Six strains reduced disease severity in two separate experiments. These strains were INR-B, JM-1128, JM-1137, CC-186, 89B-61, and JM-869, which were identified as Aureobacterium saperdae, Bacillus pumilus, Phyllobacterium rubiacearum, Pseudomonas putida, P. putida, and Burkholderia solanacearum, respectively. Colonization studies revealed that bacteria survived in cotton stems for up to 28 days. Five strains were tested for ability to move within the stem and two demonstrated limited movement, not exceeding 5.0 cm, 14 days after bacterization. Populations of log 3 and log 6 CFU of strain CC-471, introduced into plant stems, increased after 3 days to log 6.25 and to 6.63 CFU/g stem tissue, respectively. These results indicate that endophytic bacteria should be evaluated further for efficacy as biological control agents of vascular pathogens and that some endophytes may survive, multiply, and exhibit limited movement following introduction into cotton.
Direct-Drive Robots: Theory and Practice

This book describes the design concept and discusses the control issues related to the performance of a direct-drive robot, specifically, a direct-drive mechanical arm capable of carrying up to 10 kilograms, at 10 meters per second, accelerating at 5 G (a unit of acceleration equal to the acceleration of gravity). These are remarkable achievements compared to current industrial robots that move with speeds on the order of 1 meter per second."Direct-Drive Robot "presents the most current research in manipulator design and control, emphasizing the high-performance direct-drive robot arm in which the shafts of articulated joints are directly coupled to the rotors of motors with high torque. It describes fundamental technologies of key components such as motors, amplifiers and sensors, arm linkage design, and control system design, and makes significant contributions in the areas of power efficiency analysis, dynamic mass balancing, and decoupling theory.The book provides a good balance between theory and practice, covering the practical design and implementation of this special robot as well as the theoretical design tools.Contents: Part I: Direct-Drive Technologies. Introduction. Components. Part II: Arm Design Theory. Power Efficiency. Arm Design for Simplified Dynamics. Actuator Relocation. Design of Decoupled Arm Structures. Part III: Development of the MIT Arm. Mechanisms. Control Systems. Part IV: Selected Papers on Direct-Drive Robot Design and Control.Haruhiko Asada is an Associate Professor, Kyoto University, and Lecturer at MIT He has built two prototypes of the direct-drive arm described here. Kamal Youcef-Toumi is an Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, System Dynamics and Controls Division at MIT. He has worked for three years with Asada on the development of the MIT high speed directdrive robot.
Noble-gas-rich separates from the Allende meteorite

Predominantly carbonaceous HF/HCl-resistant residues from the Allende meteorite are studied. Samples are characterized by SEM/EDXA, X-ray diffraction, INAA, C, S, H, N, and noble gas analyses. Isotopic data for carbon show variations no greater than 5%, while isotopic data from noble gases confirm previously established systematics. Noble gas abundances correlate with those of C and N, and concomitant partial loss of C and normal trapped gas occur during treatments with oxidizing acids. HF/HCl demineralization of bulk meteorite results in similar fractional losses of C and trapped noble gases, which leads to the conclusion that various macromolecular carbonaceous substances serve as the main host phase for normal trapped noble gases and anomalous gases in acid-resistant residues, and as the carrier of the major part of trapped noble gases lost during HF/HCl demineralization. Limits on the possible abundances of dense mineralic host phases in the residues are obtained, and considerations of the nucleogenetic origin for CCF-XE indicate that carbonaceous host phases and various forms of organic matter in carbonaceous meteorites may have a presolar origin.
Efficacy evaluation of two new teat dip formulations under experimental challenge.

Two new teat dip formulations were evaluated against Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus in half-udder, experimental challenge studies. The first product contained a combination of 1.9% linear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid - .55% iodophor. Incidence of infection was reduced 52.7 and 70.7% for Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus in dipped quarters compared to undipped controls. The second formulation was a barrier-type product consisting of milk protein solubilized with lauryl sulfate, a surface active detergent and 4.8% glycerin. Rates of infection were reduced 60.3 and 67.9% for Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus.
Clostridial Myonecrosis Cluster Among Injection Drug Users: A Molecular Epidemiology Investigation

A molecular epidemiologic investigation was performed on a cluster of severe necrotizing Clostridium infections in 5 injection drug users admitted to an urban community hospital. Interviews with survivors suggested a point source of infection. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of Sma I restriction digests was performed to determine the molecular relatedness of clinically obtained isolates and isolates obtained from heroin samples and the home environment. A common clonal strain was found in Clostridium sordellii isolates from 2 socially unrelated patients and from drug paraphernalia. Clonality of a Clostridium perfringens strain from another patient isolate was identical to an isolate from a syringe found in her home. Other C perfringens isolates from patients, heroin, and the environment were determined to be polyclonal. We postulate that rapid recognition and public health notification led to rapid resolution of the outbreak.
Cooperative action of β-glucan synthetase and UDP-xylose xylosyl transferase of Golgi membranes in the synthesis of xyloglucan-like polysaccharide

Abstract Golgi membranes of pea seedling tissue contain a UDP xylose:polysaccharide xylosyl transferase, the action of which is stimulated by UDP glucose. In the presence of both nucleotide-sugars a heteropolysaccharide containing both xylose and glucose (xyloglucan) is produced. Transfer of xylose and glucose units is presumed to be due to separate enzymes, because their properties differ in a number of respects. Xylosyl units appear to be transferred to a glucan core polysaccharide that is produced from UDP glucose by β-1,4-glucan synthetase. This, rather than cellulose biosynthesis, is inferred to be the in vivo role of Golgi membrane β-1,4-glucan synthetase.
Positron spectromicroscopy with a superconducting magnet

Abstract Techniques of positron microscopy have recently been developed for probing solids. Imaging in the prototype positron reemission microscopes was based on electrostatic focussing systems. We are now considering a different design based on a superconducting magnet and a magnetically guided positron beam, in which reemitted positrons or electrons from a sample placed in a strong magnetic field region are magnified by the divergent magnetic field. This technique does not require multiple remoderation of the positrons and should be practical with a benchtop beam. It has excellent energy resolving capability for spectroscopic study of the reemitted particles. We will discuss the possible applications of this setup toward positron reemission spectromicroscopy, as well as positron annihilation-induced Auger electron microscopy. It is also possible to utilize the same method for achieving a magnetically guilded positron microbeam for studying inhomogeneous or small samples.
Simulation of Martensitic Transformation of High Strength and Elongation Steel by Cellular Automaton

The model of cellular automaton (CA) for simulating the martensitic transformation of the high strength and elongation steel during quenching was established. The microstructure evolution of martensitic transformation of high strength and elongation steel during continuous cooling was simulated dynamically, in terms of parameters such as the volume fraction and morphology of the martensite and retained austenite were quantitatively, accurately and visually described. The simulation results could provide a theoretical reference for the control of the microstructure and property of high strength and elongation steel.
Unlocking the Binding and Reaction Mechanism of Hydroxyurea Substrates as Biological Nitric Oxide Donors

Hydroxyurea is the only FDA approved treatment of sickle cell disease. It is believed that the primary mechanism of action is associated with the pharmacological elevation of nitric oxide in the blood; however, the exact details of this are still unclear. In the current work, we investigate the atomic level details of this process using a combination of flexible-ligand/flexible-receptor virtual screening coupled with energetic analysis that decomposes interaction energies. Utilizing these methods, we were able to elucidate the previously unknown substrate binding modes of a series of hydroxyurea analogs to hemoglobin and the concomitant structural changes of the enzyme. We identify a backbone carbonyl that forms a hydrogen bond with bound substrates. Our results are consistent with kinetic and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements of hydroxyurea-hemoglobin reactions, and a full mechanism is proposed that offers new insights into possibly improving substrate binding and/or reactivity.
A cognitive footprint in archival data: Generalizing the dilution effect from laboratory to field settings

Abstract This paper delineates a bridging strategy for generalizing a theoretical proposition about human judgment from laboratory to field settings. This strategy encompasses experimental and archival methods, emphasizing each method’s complementary rather than competitive advantage. Basic experiments that use generic tasks and settings, and novice subjects, contribute empirical tests that maximize internal validity. Given a target area in the “real world” for generalizing the proposition, applied experiments that use tasks and settings with greater mundane realism, and professional subjects from the target area, contribute replicating tests that balance internal and external validity. As a complement to experimentation, archival research adds value by testing observable implications of the proposition in field settings. We relate the bridging strategy to judgment research on the dilution effect (i.e., the presence of nondiagnostic cues, when processed with diagnostic cues, causes judges to under-weigh the diagnostic cues) in psychology and applied areas. Finally, we contribute an archival data analysis that uncovers indirect evidence, or a cognitive footprint, of the dilution effect in a professional judgment setting where social and economic mechanisms potentially discipline systematic error.
Cargo-sorting signals promote polymerization of adaptor protein-1 in an Arf-1.GTP-independent manner.

Abstract Adaptor protein-1 (AP-1) is recruited onto the trans-Golgi network via binding to Arf-1·GTP, cargo-sorting signals and phosphoinositides, where it orchestrates the assembly of clathrin-coated vesicular carriers that transport cargo molecules to endosomes. Here we show that cytosolic AP-1 polymerizes when recruited onto enriched Golgi membranes and liposomes containing covalently attached cargo-sorting signal peptides. Incubation of cytosolic or purified AP-1 with soluble sorting signal peptides also resulted in AP-1 polymerization, showing that Arf-1·GTP and membranes are not required for this process. We propose that cargo-induced polymerization of AP-1 contributes to stabilization of the coat complex in the formation of clathrin-coated buds.
Sex Differences in Delayed Matching-to-Sample Performance of Chimpanzees

The short-term memory for visual stimuli was tested in 17 chimpanzees, 7 females and 10 males, with the delayed matching-to-sample technique. A statistically significant superiority of females in matching accuracy was exhibited over an extended period of time and under at least two different retention intervals. The results were consistent with those obtained with rhesus monkeys on similar tasks. The possibility that this difference was attributable to factors other than experience was suggested.
Second language acquisition of the Chinese particle le

This study investigates English speakers' interlanguage constructions using the Chinese perfective aspect and the sentence-final modal particle. The speech data produced by two different levels of learners were collected, compared and analyzed. The results show that although the surface forms of the perfective aspect -le and sentence-final le are identical, they are learned differently, with the perfective aspect -le acquired first. Furthermore, at the early stage of acquisition of sentence-final le, English-speaking learners experience acquisition difficulties and transfer their Ll-based default value to their L2 Chinese. The explanation for the variation in the acquisition le is due both to syntactic and semantic/functional sources. Structural markedness and functional and pragmatic complexity are important factors in accounting for the variation in acquiring le for Chinese L2 learners.
A 2.6 μW sub-threshold mixed-signal ECG SoC

This paper describes a 130 nm CMOS sub-threshold (sub-VT) mixed-signal system-on-chip (SoC) that acquires and processes an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal for wireless ECG monitoring. Low power ECG devices permit continuous monitoring for longer durations between power recharging. Co-designing the digital and analog blocks creates opportunities for reducing power at the system level. The SoC uses a sub-threshold digital microcontroller (μC) for adaptive control of the sub-VT biased analog components and for processing the ECG data. The μC operates from 0.24 V to 1.2 V and consumes as little as 1.51 pJ per instruction. The SoC consumes only 2.6 μW while providing raw ECG data or processed heart rate data, which can lower the wireless data rate by 500X.
Difunctional derivatives of 1,3-dichlorotetramethyl-disiloxane

Abstract Difunctional compounds of the type XR(CH3)2Si-O-Si(CH3)2RX (X=Br, OH, SH, and COOH) have been prepared by reaction of 1,3-dichlorotetramethyldisiloxane with the corresponding difunctional sodium or lithium reagents. The physical properties and analytical data of the new disiloxanes as well as their IR and PMR spectra are discussed.
HISPANICS IN HIGHER EDUCATION AND THE TEXAS TOP TEN PERCENT LAW.

This paper examines the consequences of changes in Hispanic college enrollment after affirmative action was banned and replaced by an admission guarantee for students who graduate in the top 10% of their high school class. We use administrative data on applicants, admittees, and enrollees from the two most selective public institutions and Texas Education Agency data about high schools to evaluate whether and how application, admission, and enrollment rates changed under the three admission regimes. Despite popular claims that the top 10% law has restored diversity to Texas’s public flagships, our analyses that account for secular changes in the size of graduation cohorts show that Hispanics are more disadvantaged relative to whites under the top 10% admission regime at both University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University. Simulations of Hispanics’ gains and losses at each stage of the college pipeline reveal that affirmative action is the most efficient policy to diversify college campuses, even in highly segregated states like Texas.
Influence of temperature on energy utilization and growth of embryonic and prolarval American plaice, Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabricius)

Abstract Embryos and yolk-sac larvae of American plaice, Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabricius), were incubated at 2, 6, 10, and 14°C. Although there was a positive relationship between development rate and temperature from 2–10°C, all embryos died at 14°C. Temperature influenced length, weight, and relative proportions of yolk and larval tissue at hatching and at yolk-sac absorption. Yolk-sac volume decreased exponentially over time at all temperatures. Rate of growth in length was fastest at 10°C, intermediate at 6°C, and slowest at 2°C, and larval tissue weight increased curvilinearly at all temperatures. Overall yolk utilization efficiencies, from fertilization to yolk-sac absorption, were 50.3, 44.0, and 35.7% at 2, 6, and 10°C, respectively. These results indicate that temperatures ≥14°C are above the upper thermal limit for successful reproduction in this species. Although embryos and larvae can survive at 10°C in the laboratory, their relatively small size at yolk-sac absorption indicates that they would experience high predation and starvation rates in nature. Conversely, the larger size of larvae incubated at cooler temperatures (2–6°C) indicates that they would have a greater probability of surviving and initiating feeding.
The influence of experience on student teachers' beliefs about inclusion

Abstract Teacher beliefs influence the implementation of inclusion practices in the classroom. Therefore, the importance of developing positive beliefs during the preservice years cannot be overstated. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of professional experiences on students’ beliefs about inclusion. This qualitative study was comprised of a series of interviews (group and individual) and analysis of reflective writings for six student teachers. Findings indicated that experiences both professional and personal contribute to the development of the students’ beliefs about inclusion. If these experiences were positive, the preservice teachers were more positively disposed to the concept of inclusion. Therefore, teacher training programs are afforded the opportunity to influence preservice teachers’ development of positive beliefs about inclusion which may ultimately affect the inclusion process.
Another Face of Planning: Human Service Planning in Direct-Service Agencies

Interviews with people engaged in planning in direct-service agencies reveal considerable differences from more con ventional planners, as portrayed in the literature They are less likely to be tech nicians and more likely to consider the political aspects of planning important, they are involved in decision making and implementation as well as planning, and nearly all of them claim to be satisfied with their planning work. Their exper iences may provide valuable lessons for more coventional planners, but their single-agency focus and limited technical abilities represent problems that must also be recognized For human service plan ning, advocating greater political sensi tivity and skill may be less useful than showing how political and technical skills can be combined in equal proportions.
Pitfalls in Interpreting Radiographs of Developing Mandibular Third Molars

The crypt of a developing third molar, seen on radiographs, may be misinterpreted as a primordial cyst or a residual cyst, especially if the crypt is not present bilaterally. The practitioner can reduce the possibility of an erroneous diagnosis if he keeps the age of the patient in mind, places the film to radiograph the entire region, and obtains the patient’s dental history and records.
A Lithium-Scandium-Molybdenum (IV) Oxide

THE structure of compounds A2IIMo3IVO8, where AII may be Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, and Cd, has been reported1. In this structure the divalent cations occupy both tetrahedral and octahedral holos. The arrangement leads to fairly large deviations from Pauling's electrostatic valence rule. Sums of strengths of the electrostatic bonds to oxygens range from as low as 2/3 to as high as ½, though the high figure applies to only two of the sixteen oxygens in the unit cell.
Stress-induced Suppression of Interferon Production in Virus-infected Mice

INCREASED susceptibility to various viruses has been observed in mice exposed to psychological stress1, in which adrenal hyperactivity is considered to be a mediator. The decrease in resistance of stressed mice to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) appears not to be related to impairment of antibody response2. Interferon has been proposed as an important factor in recovery from viral infections3, and interferon production in the chick embryo is inhibited by exogenous corticoid4. For these reasons, the following experiments were performed to determine whether the levels of interferon produced in vivo differ between stressed and unstressed mice infected with viruses.
Myosin-1A Targets to Microvilli Using Multiple Membrane Binding Motifs in the Tail Homology 1 (TH1) Domain

One of the most abundant components of the enterocyte brush border is the actin-based monomeric motor, myosin-1a (Myo1a). Within brush border microvilli, Myo1a carries out a number of critical functions at the interface between membrane and actin cytoskeleton. Proper physiological function of Myo1a depends on its ability to bind to microvillar membrane, an interaction mediated by a C-terminal tail homology 1 (TH1) domain. However, little is known about the mechanistic details of the Myo1a-TH1/membrane interaction. Structure-function analysis of Myo1a-TH1 targeting in epithelial cells revealed that an N-terminal motif conserved among class I myosins and a C-terminal motif unique to Myo1a-TH1 are both required for steady state microvillar enrichment. Purified Myo1a bound to liposomes composed of phosphatidylserine and phosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, with moderate affinity in a charge-dependent manner. Additionally, peptides of the N- and C-terminal regions required for targeting were able to compete with Myo1a for binding to highly charged liposomes in vitro. Single molecule total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy showed that these motifs are also necessary for slowing the membrane detachment rate in cells. Finally, Myo1a-TH1 co-localized with both lactadherin-C2 (a phosphatidylserine-binding protein) and PLCδ1-PH (a phosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-binding protein) in microvilli, but only lactaderin-C2 expression reduced brush border targeting of Myo1a-TH1. Together, our results suggest that Myo1a targeting to microvilli is driven by membrane binding potential that is distributed throughout TH1 rather than localized to a single motif. These data highlight the diversity of mechanisms that enable different class I myosins to target membranes in distinct biological contexts.
The Cultural Politics of the Texas Educational Reform Agenda: Examining Who Gets What, When, and How

This critical policy examination of the economistic discourses that control Texas's accountability reforms explores how over the last three decades Texas business elite utilized the policy process, power relationships, and educational value conflicts that promote accountability as the paradigm for education reform. Attention on “who gets what, when, and how” finds the balance of educational values is distorted on behalf of the business-power elites and undermines the democratic authority of accountability reforms.
Nonlinear nonminimum phase output tracking via dynamic sliding manifolds

Abstract The output tracking in nonlinear nonminimum phase systems with matched and unmatched disturbances and matched nonlinearities is considered. The asymptotic linear output tracking with the desired (given) eigenvalues' placement is provided in a dynamic sliding manifold. The design algorithm of the sliding mode controller with the dynamic sliding manifold is developed. Addressing nonlinear nonminimum phase output tracking, the dynamic sliding mode controller joins features of a conventional sliding mode controller (insensitivity to matched nonlinearities and disturbances) and a conventional dynamic compensator (accommodation to unmatched disturbances).
Use of Cytomegalovirus Intravenous Immune Globulin for the Adjunctive Treatment of Cytomegalovirus in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients

Study Objective. To describe the characteristics and clinical outcomes of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients who received adjunctive cytomegalovirus intravenous immune globulin (CMV-IVIG) for probable or proven CMV disease. Design. Retrospective cohort study. Setting. Large, university-affiliated, tertiary-care medical center. Patients. Thirty-five adult HSCT recipients who received at least one dose of CMV-IVIG for adjunctive treatment of probable or proven CMV disease between January 1, 1999, and December 31, 2007. Measurements and Main Results. All-cause mortality at hospital discharge was the primary outcome. All patients received an allogeneic HSCT. Twenty-six patients (74%) had pneumonitis, nine (26%) had enteritis, and 29 (83%) had CMV viremia. All patients received concomitant antiviral therapy; 31 (89%) received ganciclovir, and 14 (40%) received foscarnet. All-cause mortality at hospital discharge was 49% (17 patients). Patient characteristics associated with mortality included requiring intubation for CMV pneumonia (11 [79%] of 14 nonsurvivors vs 3 (25%) of 12 survivors, p=0.016) and earlier disease onset after HSCT (median 48 days for nonsurvivors vs 106 days for survivors, p<0.001). In the multivariate analysis, only requiring intubation for CMV pneumonia remained a significant risk factor for increased mortality. A low rate of adverse events was attributed to CMV-IVIG, with mild hypertension (two patients [6%]) and erythema and chills (one patient [3%]) being the most common. Conclusion. The mortality rate in our study population was similar to previous reports in the literature and may be somewhat lower than rates reported with antiviral monotherapy. Our analysis suggests that factors associated with mortality include the need for intubation and, possibly, earlier onset of CMV disease after HSCT. Treatment with CMV-IVIG appears to be well tolerated in HSCT recipients. These findings support further trials of CMV-IVIG efficacy in this setting.
Triplet excitation transfer through the walls of hemicarcerands: dependence of the electronic coupling on the size of the molecular cage.

Triplet excitation transfer from biacetyl trapped inside three hemicarcerands of different size (1, 2, and 3) to acceptors in the surrounding medium was investigated. The largest hemiracerand 1 employs four butyl linkers and the intermediate hemicarcerand 2 four o-xylyl linkers. The smallest hemicarcerand 3 contains only three methylene linkers. Both neat liquid triplet acceptors and acceptors dispersed in solvents were used. The primary objective of this work was to determine the dependence of the energy transfer rate on the size and the electronic structure of the molecular cages. There is a pronounced, more than 10-fold, increase of triplet energy transfer rates with decreasing size of the cage. The corresponding electronic coupling, |V|, increases approximately by a factor of ∼3.5 from the largest hemicarceplex 1 to the smallest hemicarceplex 3. This increase of the electronic interaction is similar to that observed in covalently bound systems when the distance between the triplet donor and the accept...
School children with a high caries experience benefit from supervised tooth brushing equally with 500 ppm and 1450 ppm sodium fluoride toothpastes after a 9-month study period

Abstract Original Article Biesbrock AR, Bartizek RD, Gerlach RW, Jacobs SA, Archila L. Effect of three concentrations of sodium fluoride dentifrices on clinical caries. Am J Dent 2003;16(2):99–104. Level of Evidence 1b Purpose To determine a toothpaste dose response (500 ppm F- vs 1450 ppm F-) with supervised tooth brushing (twice daily on school days) on dental caries outcomes Source of Funding The Procter & Gamble Company Type of Study/Design Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial for a 9-month period
Multiquadrant digital analysis of shoulder capsular thickness

Purpose: Nonablative thermal capsular shrinkage has been developed in an attempt to address the plastic capsule deformation thought to cause increased rates of recurrent instability following arthroscopic stabilization procedures. Although the temperature required to optimize collagen shrinkage is known, a safe depth of thermal penetration, in various locations about the shoulder capsule, has not been defined. The purpose of this study was to measure shoulder capsule thickness by quadrant and circumferentially from the glenoid to the humerus so that thermal energy in shoulder procedures can be more precisely applied to limit possible injury to pericapsular structures. Type of Study: This is an anatomic study using a cadaveric shoulder specimens. Materials and Methods: Soft tissue was dissected from 8 fresh cadaveric shoulders to isolate intact glenohumeral joint capsules. The humeral insertion was released and the capsule was cut into 6 longitudinal quadrants around the glenoid. The capsule specimens were then flash frozen and stored at 280°C. Quadrant tissue was cut into longitudinal sections 14 to 16 µm wide and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The specimens were then digitized under a dissecting microscope and measured using computer imaging software at approximately 4-mm intervals. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the measurements of the intact capsule specimens 2.5 cm off the glenoid. Humeral insertion data were recorded separately. Results: A total of 248 separate measurements were made throughout the capsule in 8 specimens. Capsular thickness increased from an average of 2.42 mm anteriorly to 2.80 mm in the inferior capsular pouch and again thinned to 2.22 mm posteriorly. Global shoulder capsule thickness ranged from 1.32 to 4.47 mm. When analyzed by position, from glenoid to humerus, a general thinning was noted with a mean thickness of 3.03 mm at the glenoid to 2.17 mm at the humeral insertion. Two-way ANOVA showed a significant thickness variation along the specimen (P , .05), a nearly significant thickness variation with regard to quadrant (P , .03), and no significant interaction (P . .07) when applied to specimen measurements approximately 2.5 cm off the glenoid. Conclusions: The thickness of the shoulder capsule ranges from 1.32 to 4.47 mm, with a significant thinning laterally from the glenoid to the humerus. Further, capsule thickness ranges from 2.76 to 3.18 mm in the regions in closest proximity to the axillary nerve. These data may help determine the proper amount of thermal penetration necessary when performing shrinkage procedures and provide safety guidelines to limit the depth of thermal penetration to avoid possible injury to pericapsular structures.
A distinct seasonal pattern of the ratio of soil respiration to total ecosystem respiration in a spruce‐dominated forest

Annual budgets and fitted temperature response curves for soil respiration and ecosystem respiration provide useful information for partitioning annual carbon budgets of ecosystems, but they may not adequately reveal seasonal variation in the ratios of these two fluxes. Soil respiration (Rs) typically contributes 30-80% of annual total ecosystem respiration (Reco) in forests, but the temporal variation of these ratios across seasons has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to investigate seasonal variation in the Rs/Reco ratio in a mature forest dominated by conifers at Howland, ME, USA.We used chamber measurements of Rs and tower-based eddy covariance measurements of Reco. The Rs/Reco ratio reached a minimum of about 0.45 in the early spring, gradually increased through the late spring and early summer, leveled off at about 0.65 for the summer, and then increased again to about 0.8 in the autumn.
Global Fund overwhelmed by requests

The Global Fund, hailed as a major step in the fight against AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria when it was launched last year, has been overwhelmed with applications from developing countries. A key project of United Nations' secretary general Kofi Annan, the fund has received pledges from developed countries and private donors to the value of $1.92bn (£1.35bn; €2.20bn), of which $700-800m will be disbursed this year and the rest in 2003. But developing countries are asking for $1.15bn—much …
Coiling of Large and Giant Aneurysms: Complications and Long-Term Results of 334 Cases

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Large and giant intracranial aneurysms are increasingly treated with endovascular techniques. The goal of this study was to retrospectively analyze the complications and long-term results of coiling in large and giant aneurysms (≥10 mm) and identify predictors of outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 334 large or giant aneurysms (≥10 mm) were coiled in our institution between 2004 and 2011. Medical charts and imaging studies were reviewed to determine baseline characteristics, procedural complications, and clinical/angiographic outcomes. Aneurysm size was 15 mm on average. Two hundred twenty-five aneurysms were treated with conventional coiling; 88, with stent-assisted coiling; 14, with parent vessel occlusion; and 7, with balloon-assisted coiling. RESULTS: Complications occurred in 10.5% of patients, with 1 death (0.3%). Aneurysm location and ruptured aneurysms predicted complications. Angiographic follow-up was available for 84% of patients at 25.4 months on average. Recanalization and retreatment rates were 39% and 33%, respectively. Larger aneurysm size, increasing follow-up time, conventional coiling, and aneurysm location predicted both recurrence and retreatment. The annual rebleeding rate was 1.9%. Larger aneurysm size, increasing follow-up time, and aneurysm location predicted new or recurrent hemorrhage. Favorable outcomes occurred in 92% of patients. Larger aneurysm size, poor Hunt and Hess grades, and new or recurrent hemorrhage predicted poor outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Coiling of large and giant aneurysms has a reasonable safety profile with good clinical outcomes, but aneurysm reopening remains very common. Stent-assisted coiling has lower recurrence, retreatment, and new or recurrent hemorrhage rates with no additional morbidity compared with conventional coiling. Aneurysm size was a major determinant of recanalization, retreatment, new or recurrent hemorrhage, and poor outcome.
Multiplexed electrospray scaling for liquid fuel injection

Evaporation and space-charge requirements are evaluated to understand the effect of device scaling and fuel preheating for a liquid fuel injector using a multiplexed electrospray (MES) configuration in compact combustion applications. This work reveals the influence of the droplet diameter, droplet velocity and droplet surface temperature as well as the surrounding gas temperature on the size and performance of microfabricated MES. Measurements from MES devices are used in the model to accurately account for the droplet diameter versus flow rate relationship, the minimum droplet diameter and the relevant droplet velocities. A maximum extractor electrode to ground electrode distance of 3.1 mm required to overcome space-charge forces is found to be independent of voltage or droplet velocity for large levels of multiplexing. This maximum distance also becomes the required evaporation length scale which imposes minimum fuel pre-heating requirements for large flow densities. Required fuel preheating is therefore evaluated for both ethanol and 1-butanol with combustor parameters relevant to fuel reformation, thermoelectric conversion, thermophotovoltaic conversion and thermionic conversion.
Surgical anatomy and functional connectivity of the limbic system.

Object The goal in this study was to highlight the potential of currently available imaging techniques for surgical planning of procedures in and around the limbic system. Methods The authors review traditional and newer imaging techniques as applied to neurosurgical planning. Today MR imaging techniques play a preponderant role. The various applications of functional techniques such as diffusion weighted, diffusion tensor, perfusion, and functional MR imaging methods are discussed. Results In addition to the high-resolution studies of anatomy that can be acquired, especially at higher field strengths (≥ 3 T), MR imaging now also offers the possibility of acquiring functional, metabolic, hemodynamic, and molecular information on normal and pathological brain processes. Conclusions The knowledge obtained using the various imaging techniques contributes substantially to understanding the disease processes in a way that drastically improves surgical planning.