cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emerging Features of Linear Motif-Binding Hub Proteins

Hub proteins are important elements of interactomes within an organism; they bind diverse partners, display significant pleiotropy, and connect many cellular systems. Static hubs interact with their partners simultaneously, while dynamic hubs bind different partners at different locations and times. Although this distinguishes some features of hub protein/partner interactions, the increasing literature requires an expanded categorization of molecular and functional properties. Here, we focus on dynein light chain LC8 as a canonical example of dynamic hub proteins to develop a conceptual residue-level framework for hub–partner interactions and functions. We propose a new class of structural linear motif-binding hub proteins (LMB-hubs) with key common features. LMB-hubs have structural plasticity yet conserved interfaces, can function as integral members of large multimolecular assemblies, and are self-regulating.
‘Weekends became something other people did’: Understanding and intervening in the habitus of video game crunch:

‘Crunch’ – a period of unpaid overtime meant to speed up lagging projects – is a common labor practice in the video game industry and persists despite many costs to developers. To understand why, w...
Energy gap-refractive index relations in perovskites

In this study, the energy gap-refractive index relations of perovskites are examined in detail. In general, the properties of perovskites are dependent on the structural reorganization and covalent nature of their octahedral cages. Based on this notion, a simple relation governing the energy gap and the refractive index is proposed for perovskites. The results obtained with this relation are in good accord with the literature values and are consistent with some well-established relations.
Unconventional tool use in infants: Using a familiar tool in a novel way in the second year of life

Abstract The current study explored the unconventional use of a familiar tool (a spoon) in infants during the second year of life. Infants between 14 and 18 months of age were given a task requiring an unconventional grasp of a spoon (at its bowl) and inserting its handle into a box’s hole. Success in this task requires infants to inhibit their conventional action plan (grasping the spoon’s handle) and instead perform the task as demonstrated by the experimenter at the beginning of the trial (grasping the spoon’s bowl). Prior research had revealed that infants in this age range had a low success rate in this task. To investigate the possibility that infants’ difficulty in the task was related to their inability to inhibit the well-practiced conventional grasping behavior (e.g., grasping the spoon’s handle), the tools (the spoon and a novel tool on different trials) were presented in a holder that restricted grasping to the bowl of the tools, and on the table that did not restrict the grasping of the tools. The study measures included overall success, time taken to succeed, as well as the grasping strategies used by infants during the task. Parents responded to questions about their infant’s effortful/inhibitory control and prior experience with spoons; associations between these measures and infants’ performance on the tool task were obtained. Our data revealed that type of tool (spoon or novel tool) and method of presentation (in the holder or on the table) were reliable predictors of infants’ success in the task. In addition, infants who had greater active use of spoons at home, as well as better inhibitory control showed more appropriate grasping of tools and required less time to successfully complete the task.
Lumpectomy and Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy

When specific requirements are met, a breast cancer can be treated with removal of the tumor and preservation of the rest of the mammary gland. Part of the cancer pathway involves assessment of the nodal basin. The traditionally performed axillary lymph node dissection has been replaced by a sentinel lymph node biopsy in order to assess the locoregional extent of disease. This chapter describes a lumpectomy with a sentinel lymph node biopsy.
Stable CsPbI3 Nanocrystals Modified by Tetra-n-butylammonium Iodide for Light-Emitting Diodes

Inorganic lead halide perovskite materials (e.g., CsPbI3) have a great potential to be used in light-emitting diodes (LEDs). However, poor stability of CsPbI3 has limited its application. In this w...
Computational cell cycle analysis of single cell RNA-Seq data

The variation in gene expression profiles of cells captured in different phases of the cell cycle can interfere with cell type identification and functional analysis of single cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) data. In this paper, we introduce SC1CC (SC1 - Cell Cycle analysis tool), a computational approach for clustering and ordering single cell transcriptional profiles according to their progression along cell cycle phases. We also introduce a new robust metric, GSS (Gene Smoothness Score) for assessing the cell cycle based order of the cells. SC1CC is available as part of the SC1 web-based scRNA-Seq analysis pipeline, publicly accessible at https://sc1.engr.uconn.edu/.
The Moyooka: Socio-Cultural Value of Halmahera Woman in Rural Household Livelihood

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menguraikan nilai sosio-kultural perempuan Halmahera yang dikenal dengan istilah Moyooka, dalam penghidupan rumah tangga di wilayah pedesaan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Halmahera Utara, Provinsi Maluku Utara, Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus atas peran sosio-kultural perempuan Halmahera dalam mempertahankan keberlanjutan penghidupan rumah tangga di wilayah pedesaan berdasarkan kultur suku Boeng (Desa Tunuo) dan Suku Huboto (Desa Pitu). Proses pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik wawancara mendalam, observasi dan studi dokumen. Adapun, pengolahan data menggunakan teknik trianggulasi yang didukung aplikasi Nvivo 12 Plus untuk menjamin keabsahan informasi yang digunakan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa simbol dan objek material berbasis kultur Moyooka memengaruhi struktur dan fungsi sosial serta menentukan keberlanjutan penghidupan rumah tangga. Dalam konteks Moyooka, keberlanjutan penghidupan rumah tangga didukung oleh ketersediaan sumberdaya, mobilitas dan kapabilitas akses. Namun, konteks kerentanan (guncangan dan kecenderungan), dalam hal ini yang disebabkan oleh pandemik Covid-19 dan kecenderungan perubahan atau fluktuasi harga beli kopra, memengaruhi ketahanan penghidupan rumah tangga di bidang pertanian dan pariwisata.
Holographic x-ray detection: A method for high resolution, high efficiency x-ray detection with differential phase contrast

Typical x-ray detectors have a fundamental trade-off between resolution and quantum efficiency (QE). High quantum efficiency x-ray detection requires a thick conversion medium, but decreases the resolution due to limited pixel aspect ratios for both direct and indirect x-ray detection. We present a method for x-ray detection, holographic x-ray detection, which uses photorefractive materials to create a high resolution and high efficiency detector. The x-ray image is recorded in the volume of the photorefractive material, bypassing the aspect ratio issue of typical x-ray detectors. Holographic x-ray detection operates in three stages: recording an x-ray hologram in a photorefractive crystal, reading the hologram with visible light, and then erasing the hologram using ultraviolet light. We have experimentally demonstrated holographic x-ray detection with a resolution of 208 lp/mm (80% QE at 40 keV), an order of magnitude resolution improvement over commercially available x-ray detectors while maintaining > 80% QE.
Solubility and Diffusivity of CO2 and N2 in Polymers and Polymer Swelling, Glass Transition, Melting, and Crystallization at High Pressure. A Critical Review and Perspectives on Experimental Methods, Data, and Modeling

Abstract Literature data on the solubility and diffusivity of CO2 and N2, as well as swelling of polymers in these fluids are reviewed along with experimental methods and modeling. The review is mostly on data for poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, and polyolefins, but data for other industrially important polymers have been evaluated as well. The Sanchez-Lacombe equation of state and its effectiveness in modeling solubility, swelling, and the glass transition temperature is presented in detail. The use of Fick’s law in describing the sorption dynamics of carbon dioxide and nitrogen in these polymer + gas systems is also discussed. The available data and the efforts on the modeling of the changes in the glass transition, melting temperature, and the crystallization of polymers with sorption of these gases are also reviewed. A critical assessment of the knowledge gaps and the future research needs for fundamental understanding and industrial utilization is provided.
Interventions to promote independent participation among community-dwelling middle-aged adults with long-term physical disabilities: a systematic review.

PURPOSE People aging with long-term physical disabilities (PAwLTPD) are aging at an accelerated rate beginning in middle-age. They face age-related challenges in conjunction with their existing disabilities; thus, maintaining independence as they age is often difficult. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions for middle-aged PAwLTPD to participate independently in the home and community. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched four databases - MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and EMBASE - for studies published from January 2005 to December 2020. Information from included studies was extracted using a critical appraisal form. Studies were categorized based on common themes, assigned level of evidence, and assessed for risk of bias. RESULTS Fourteen articles were included. Common themes derived were fall risk reduction, functional capacity, community mobility, and function within the home. The strongest evidence supports wheelchair skills training programs (WSTPs) among manual wheelchair users and targeted paretic limb exercise post-stroke. Moderate evidence supports exercise and multicomponent interventions for those with multiple sclerosis, adaptive strategy training and WSTPs to improve satisfaction with mobility for power wheelchair users, and home modifications/assistive technology for mobility-impaired individuals. CONCLUSION Interventions with strong and moderate evidence should be routinely offered for middle-aged PAwLTPD. Future research should focus on developing evidence-based interventions for middle-aged PAwLTPD.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONMiddle-aged PAwLTPD face the same aging-related challenges as people without disabilities but will experience additional difficulties due to compounding effects of long-term health conditions and aging.Current effective interventions to promote participation for middle-aged PAwLTPD have been measured over a wide range of outcomes, and many interventions should be used by clinicians on a case-by-case basis.Wheelchair skills training was found to have the strongest evidence and is recommended for use with middle-aged PAwLTPD who use manual and power wheelchairs.
Gamma-Ray Imaging with Germanium Planar Arrays

A program is under way at JPL to develop position-sensitive germanium planar array detectors which will enable instrumentation capable of fine gamma-ray imaging combined with high-resolution spectroscopy. Diode arrays have been fabricated and tested and a number of junction and surface passivation techniques have been investigated with good results. Our goal is to build planar arrays with a position-resolution of 2 mm or better in two dimensions. When used with a coded aperture at a distance of several meters, arcminute imaging will be achieved. We envision employing large mosaics of these sensors in both balloon and satellite experiments.
Obesity and prostate enlargement in men with localized prostate cancer.

Study Type – Prevalence (retrospective cohort) Level of Evidence 2b What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Obesity is associated with prostate enlargement in men without prostate cancer. This study demonstrates an association between obesity and prostate enlargement in men with prostate cancer, and leads to possible implications for prostate cancer screening and diagnosis. OBJECTIVE • To determine if obesity is associated with prostate size in men with prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS • We examined preoperative body mass index (BMI) and whole prostate weight in a cohort of 16 325 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer from 1975 to 2008 at a single institution. • We used multivariable regression modelling adjusting for age, year of surgery, preoperative serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), pathological stage and Gleason grade. RESULTS • Of the entire cohort, 13 343 (82%) patients had a prostate weight of at least 40 g. These men were older (P < 0.001), had a higher preoperative BMI (P < 0.002), higher preoperative PSA (P < 0.001), and were more likely to have pT2 disease (P < 0.001). • In multivariable regression, preoperative BMI was associated with increased prostate weight: for each 1 kg/m2 increase in BMI, prostate weight increased by 0.45 g (95% CI 0.35–0.55, P-trend < 0.001). • Compared with men with BMI < 25 kg/m2, men with a BMI ≥35 kg/m2 had a 40% (odds ratio 1.40, 95% CI 1.01–1.95) increased risk of prostate weight of at least 40 g and a 70% (odds ratio 1.70, 95% CI 1.32–2.20) increased risk of prostate weight of at least 50 g. CONCLUSIONS • In men with localized prostate cancer, obesity is associated with an increased risk of prostate enlargement. • These data validate other observations linking obesity with prostate enlargement and may have important ramifications for prostate cancer diagnosis in obese men.
AN EXAMINATION OF DECISION -MAKING IN IT PROJECTS FROM RATIONAL AND NATURALISTIC PERSPECTIVES

This exploratory research examines the deci sion -making processes of experienced IT project managers at the initial start -up stage of their projects and at key decision points during project execution. The focus is on the decision -making related to potential problems (risks) at the start, and materi alized problems during the course of the project. Decision processes are viewed from the perspective of two contrasting theories of decision -making – the rational method and Naturalistic Decision -Making theory – in order to investigate how well each of the se theories describes actual practice. Findings show an intertwining of rational and naturalistic modes of decision -making, and a possible link was revealed between the use of rational methods and fewer subsequent problems. In particular, greater reliance on the naturalistic approach may contribute to poor project performance in terms of management of contingencies and expectancies about client relations .
Tracing the Evolution of a Discipline

Abstract A journey through the landmark social science encyclopedias-the Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (1930–1935), the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (1968), and the International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (2001)-reveals a startling gap in the coverage of education in the 1968 work. Education is almost totally excluded from the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. The variation in attention accorded to education in the iterations of these interdisciplinary reference works highlights changes within the discipline of education itself and the changing relationship between education and the social sciences over the past seventy-five years.
Cytochrome c interaction with membranes: Interaction of cytochrome c with isolated membrane fragments and purified enzymes

Abstract The midpoint redox potential of cytochrome c and the electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of nitroxide labeled cytochromes c were measured as a function of binding to purified cytochrome c oxidase, cytochrome c peroxidase, cytochrome b 5 and succinate—cytochrome c reductase. The midpoint redox potential of horse heart cytochrome c is lowered in the presence of cytochrome c oxidase and succinate-cytochrome c reductase, but is unchanged in the presence of cytochrome c peroxidase or cytochrome b 5 . Further evidence of binding is afforded by an increase in correlation time, T c , of the spin-labeled cytochrome c at methionine 65 upon binding to cytochrome c peroxidase, cytochrome c oxidase and succinate—cytochrome c reductase. The changes in midpoint redox potential and electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of the spin-labeled derivative upon binding can either be the consequence of specific interaction leading to formation of ES complexes, or it can be due to nonspecific electrostatic interaction between positively charged groups on cytochrome c and negatively charged groups on the isolated cytochrome preparations.
Comparison of functional MR and H215O positron emission tomography in stimulation of the primary visual cortex

PURPOSE To locate spoiled gradient-echo functional MR signal changes in relation to brain parenchyma. METHODS The region of the primary visual cortex was evaluated using functional MR and H2 15O positron emission tomography in each of six male subjects who were being visually stimulated by means of red light-emitting diode flash goggles. RESULTS The positron emission tomography technique demonstrated substantially greater relative signal change with visual stimulation than did the functional MR technique. Furthermore, the functional MR signal changes were concentrated in loci around the periphery of brain parenchyma exhibiting increased radiotracer activity, as opposed to being collocated. CONCLUSIONS Signal changes found using functional MR based on gradient-echo techniques reflect primarily phenomena occurring within small veins and underrepresent activity intrinsic to brain parenchyma, thus introducing potential inaccuracies in locating regions of activated brain tissue. Positron emission tomography, however, directly measures changes in metabolically related activity within the parenchyma.
Is Standards-based School Reform Consistent with Schooling for Personal Liberty?

The purpose of this paper is to consider whether standards-based school reform is an acceptable strategy for achieving a politically legitimate school system according to a principle of personal liberty. First, it briefly describes the purpose and implementation of standards-based school reform in the U.S. It then considers the ramifications of the principle of personal liberty for the conduct of public schooling, arguing that it requires children’s access to and appreciation of a variety of liberty-consistent cultures in their society coupled with the development of children’s ability to think critically about those cultures and their meaning as possibilities for their own lives. Third, it considers whether some standards for public education might be consistent with this purpose of education and finds that certain outcome and process standards may be appropriate. Finally, it considers whether these kinds of standards are included in standards-based reform as it is currently practiced or proposed in the U.S. and concludes that they are not.
Experimental Determination of the Forster Critical Distance

Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) can be used as a spectroscopic ruler to measure nanometer-scale distances. The recovery of inter-dye distance depends on a calibration factor known as the Forster critical distance (R0). This distance is currently estimated based on measurements of the quantum yield of the donor dye, the overlap integral between the donor and acceptor dyes, and assumptions about the index of refraction and the relative orientation of the donor and acceptor dye molecules.Here, we report a method to experimentally measure R0, using B-DNA as a structural reference. Fifteen donor (Cy3)-labeled oligonucleotides were generated, by placing donor-labeled Thymidines at positions 11, 14, ⋯, 39. A single complementary strand was synthesized with acceptor (AlexaFluor647) at position 10. The strands were annealed, producing dsDNA consisting of a 30 base pair (bp) ruler with a 10 bp cap on each end. For each freely diffusing construct, the mean transfer efficiency (TE) was measured by single-pair FRET (sp-FRET) and ensemble (en-FRET). The TE's as a function of bp were fit to a reduced representation model of B-DNA that provided the absolute inter-dye distances. The reduced model was formulated based on an atomistic model of dye-labeled B-DNA, R0 was recovered from the fit. We repeated our approach using three different donor/acceptor pairs, each with a different R0.
Exploring the Use of Computer Simulation to Evaluate the Implementation of Problem-Solving Consultation

The purpose of this study was to examine how school psychologists implemented the problem-solving consultation process within a computer-simulated school environment. Four school psychologists were recruited to complete three simulated consultation cases. The school environment was computer generated and all of the teachers and target students (clients) were computer generated. A qualitative case study design coupled with interviews was used in this study. Three themes emerged from the data analysis including (a) behavioral approach to problem conceptualization, (b) individualized approach to intervention design, and (c) minimal attention to plan evaluation. Implications for problem-solving consultation training as well as use of computer simulation are discussed.
The largest bacterium

THE large, morphologically peculiar microorganism Epulopiscium fishelsoni1,2 inhabits the intestinal tract of Acanthurus nigrofuscus, a brown surgeon fish (family Acanthuridae) from the Red Sea. Similar microorganisms have been found in surgeonfish species from the Great Barrier Reef3. As these microorganisms have only been seen in surgeonfish and no free-living forms have been found, they are considered to be specific symbionts of surgeonfish, although the nature of the symbiosis is unclear1–4. Initial reports considered them to be eukaryotic protists, based primarily on their size1–4, with individuals being larger than 600 μm by 80 μm. But their cellular morphology in the electron microscope is more like that of bacterial than eukaryotic cells1,2,54. To resolve the nature of these symbionts, we have isolated the genes encoding the small subunit ribosomal RNA from two morphotypes and used them in a phylogenetic analysis. In situ hybridization with oligonucleotide probes based on the cloned rRNA sequences confirmed the source of the rRNA genes. Our results identify the symbionts as members of the low-(G + C) Gram-positive group of bacteria. They are therefore the largest bacteria to be described so far.
Estimates of Thunderstorm Precipitation Efficiency from Field Measurements in CCOPE

Abstract The precipitation efficiency (the ratio of surface rainfall to water vapor inflow) of a small sample of thunderstorms observed in the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment is calculated using surface and cloud-base airflow and moisture measurements and subcloud rainout based on radar reflectivity factor. Highly-resolved vertical flux measurements from aircraft indicate that a significant amount of water vapor inflow may have been overlooked in past work of this kind, resulting in overestimates in precipitation efficiency. Trends in the mass of water vapor influx resolved at intervals of 10 to 30 min are corroborated by the evolution of water vapor flux convergence computed at 5-min intervals from objectively analyzed surface mesonetwork observations. Fluxes of water vapor inflow and precipitated rainwater are integrated over periods exceeding an hour to obtain precipitation efficiencies applicable to the mature storm phase. Precipitated rainwater estimates from radar reflectivity-rainra...
Topology optimization of structures with geometrical nonlinearities

Abstract In this paper, the stiffness optimization problem is investigated for structures with geometrical nonlinearities. The mean compliance of the structure is chosen as the objective function and its sensitivities are derived using the adjoint method. The optimal problem is formulated using a microstructure-based design domain method and is solved iteratively by a sequential convex approximation method. Three numerical examples are presented to show the applications of the proposed method and the results demonstrate that the geometrically nonlinear finite element analysis is indispensable to the optimization process of large displacement structures.
The immune response of allophenic mice to the synthetic polymer GLΦ

The immune response of allophenic mice of type C57BL/6↔(A × SJL) F1 to GLΦ administered in complete Freund's adjuvant was tested. Control mice of the three strains C57BL/6, A, and SJL are all nonresponders to this antigen. However, the F1 generations of C57BL/6 × A, C57BL/6 × SJL, and A × SJL were all responders to the antigen, so that the complementarity of at least two genes is confirmed. The allophenic mice showed no further complementation beyond the F1 generation, a result which may argue against the possibility that more than two genes control the response to GLΦ in these mouse strains. Characterization of the allophenic mice over several months showed that they exhibit “chimeric drift,” both in their coat color and in peripheral white blood cell population. There is no apparent correlation of coat color to the lymphocyte composition of the mice at any one time. The mice are true chimeras, since killing of the two populations of white blood cells with two different anti-H-2 sera produced a 100 percent killing. The immune response of individual allophenic mice to GLΦ showed a good correlation to the number of A × SJL lympho-cytes in the animal.
Theory of semiconductor heterojunction valence-band offsets: from supercell band-structure calculations toward a simple model

Supercell band-structure calculations of semiconductor heterojunctions were carried out with a significantly simplified description of self-consistency. The results show that the interface dipole, which is an important part of the band offset, is essentially dielectrically screened. A new simple model, emphasizing the charge transfer in the interfacial bonds, is proposed. Satisfactory results for a large number of lattice-matched (110) heterojunctions are presented.
Problems related to the determination of the secretion and inter conversion of androgens by “urinary” methods

Three normal adult individuals, 2 males and 1 female, received a constant infusion of 3H-T and 14C-Δ during basal conditions and ACTH or HCG stimulation. One subject with the syndrome of testicular feminization and 2 subjects with congenital adrenal hyperplasia received a similar infusion under basal conditions. A 7th patient with idiopathic anorchism received a single IV injection of the same two labeled steroids. Blood production of T and Δ, and urinary production of T were determined and compared with the values of urinary secretion of T and urinary production of Δ as devised by Gurpide et al. (16). A rather good correlation between blood and urinary production of T was observed except in subjects under exogenous or endogenous ACTH stimulation. In the normal female under basal conditions, the discrepancy between the two determinations was small in absolute value but large in percentage, In 7 of the 11 experiments, the urinary secretion rate of T as calculated by the method of Gurpide, came out negative. This was due to a specific activity relative to 14C higher in urinary TG than in urinary AG. This problem raises doubts about the validity of the model proposed by Gurpide et al. (16) for the determination of the secretion and interconversion of DS-D-Δ -T, although the part of the model concerned with DS-D might remain valid.
Magnetic resonance angiography of the neck veins

Time of flight, reduced matrix (64 × 256) MR angiography of the neck veins was performed in four normal subjects and four patients with neck vein thrombosis, either from indwelling catheters (n = 3) or intravenous drug abuse (n = 1). In each case, satisfactory images were acquired. Typical examination times of 3–6 min were required. MR angiography of neck veins gives a unique display of venous anatomy, including collateral veins and occlusions.
From Newton to Einstein

1. INTRODUCTION. In 1687 Sir Issac Newton (1642-1727) published Philosophae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (known as the Principia by those who do not speak Latin), in which he explained the observed motion of the planets in the sky. In particular, he derived Kepler's laws of motion from the assumption that the sun pulls on a planet with a force that varies inversely with the square of the distance from the sun to the planet. The brilliance of this work lies in the fact that Newton had to invent the meaning of the word force, and in so doing he related the change of motion to the force applied through what we now refer to as Newton's Second Law:
The resurgence of mumps in young adults and adolescents

Routine immunization against mumps has substantially reduced the number of cases annually, yet recent outbreaks such as the one in Iowa and Great Britain remind us that we must suspect it and be able to recognize both its typical and its less common signs and symptoms. The Iowa outbreak from December 2005 through April 2006 affected nearly 2600 people in 11 states and prompted the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to update its recommendations for mumps vaccination, which are discussed here.
Introduction: Postmodernism and the social sciences

(1991). Introduction: Postmodernism and the social sciences. The Social Science Journal: Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 279-287.
Predicting Officer Physical Assaults at Domestic Assault Calls

Police work is rife with the potential for physical harm, and domestic assault calls are one source of assaults on officers. Inability to accurately predict what circumstances might lead to an attack is one cause of officer cynicism and paranoia. Having the ability to identify which suspects pose the greatest threat of assault would allow officers to take appropriate protective measures. Using data collected from 1,951 domestic assault calls across three cities, the present study compared characteristics and behaviors of the batterers with whether or not the batterers physically assaulted the responding officers. Findings revealed five significant batterer characteristics (employment status, shared residence with abuse victim, alcohol consumption, property damage, and hostile demeanor toward officers) that successfully predicted officer assaults. These risk factors may be incorporated into police safety training in the response to family violence calls.
Perception of Social Interactions for Spatially Scrambled Biological Motion

It is vitally important for humans to detect living creatures in the environment and to analyze their behavior to facilitate action understanding and high-level social inference. The current study employed naturalistic point-light animations to examine the ability of human observers to spontaneously identify and discriminate socially interactive behaviors between two human agents. Specifically, we investigated the importance of global body form, intrinsic joint movements, extrinsic whole-body movements, and critically, the congruency between intrinsic and extrinsic motions. Motion congruency is hypothesized to be particularly important because of the constraint it imposes on naturalistic action due to the inherent causal relationship between limb movements and whole body motion. Using a free response paradigm in Experiment 1, we discovered that many naive observers (55%) spontaneously attributed animate and/or social traits to spatially-scrambled displays of interpersonal interaction. Total stimulus motion energy was strongly correlated with the likelihood that an observer would attribute animate/social traits, as opposed to physical/mechanical traits, to the scrambled dot stimuli. In Experiment 2, we found that participants could identify interactions between spatially-scrambled displays of human dance as long as congruency was maintained between intrinsic/extrinsic movements. Violating the motion congruency constraint resulted in chance discrimination performance for the spatially-scrambled displays. Finally, Experiment 3 showed that scrambled point-light dancing animations violating this constraint were also rated as significantly less interactive than animations with congruent intrinsic/extrinsic motion. These results demonstrate the importance of intrinsic/extrinsic motion congruency for biological motion analysis, and support a theoretical framework in which early visual filters help to detect animate agents in the environment based on several fundamental constraints. Only after satisfying these basic constraints could stimuli be evaluated for high-level social content. In this way, we posit that perceptual animacy may serve as a gateway to higher-level processes that support action understanding and social inference.
Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-6 inhibits IGF-II-induced differentiation of L6A1 myoblasts

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-6 (IGFBP-6) is an O-linked glycoprotein that binds insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) with marked preferential affinity over IGF-I. Recombinant human IGFBP-6 (rhIGFBP-6) was synthesized by COS-7 monkey kidney cells that were transiently transfected with a eukaryotic expression vector into which a complementary DNA for IGFBP-6 modified for optimal translation had been inserted. rhIGFBP-6 was similar to IGFBP-6 purified from human cerebrospinal fluid with respect to IGF binding and O-glycosylation. The effect of rhIGFBP-6 on IGF-induced L6A1 myoblast differentiation was studied using creatine kinase activity as an index of differentiation. rhIGFBP-6 inhibited differentiation initiated by IGF-II in a dose-dependent manner, inhibition was complete when rhIGFBP-6 was present in a slight molar excess. In contrast, rhIGFBP-6 had no effect on IGF-I-induced differentiation, even when coincubated in a 5-fold molar excess. These results are consistent with the preferential affinity of IGFBP-6 for IGF-II. As cell association and proteolysis have been associated with the potentiation, rather than the inhibition, of IGF action by IGFBPs, we investigated whether they occurred in the L6A1 myoblast system. After incubation of L6A1 myoblasts with rhIGFBP-6, IGFBP-6 was recovered from the medium, but not from cell lysates or extracellular matrix. In addition, [125I]IGFBP-6 did not bind to myoblast monolayers, and there was no evidence that proteolysis had occurred. Together, these results indicate that rhIGFBP-6 remains intact and soluble and, hence, inhibits IGF-II-induced differentiation. The fidelity of the IGFBP-6 expression system used for these studies will enable us to use this system to determine how structural modifications of the protein affect the modulation of IGF action by IGFBP-6.
The influence of patterning on Co/Pd multilayer structures

Abstract We have fabricated multilayers of Co/Pd using a laser assisted organometallic chemical vapor deposition (OMCVD) technique. Two types of samples were studied: continuous and patterned films made of identical `square-like’ features with 20×20 μm 2 dimensions. Hysteresis loops obtained for the two samples are different, indicating that patterning on the micron scale has a substantial influence on the magnetic properties of the films.
Factors Affecting the Properties of Friction Stir Welds between Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys

Abstract Extruded Al–0.5Mg–0.3Si (6063) aluminum and rolled Mg–3Al–1Zn (AZ31B) magnesium alloy sheets were joined by Friction Stir Welding. The dissimilar metal weld joints exhibit tortuous interfaces. The nugget grain size on both the Al and Mg sides monotonically increase as the tool rotational speed increases. The midplane microhardness traverses show fluctuating hardness peaks due to the presence of different microstructural phases in the nugget zone. The maximum tensile strength of the dissimilar weld joint is 68% of the 6063-T5 base metal with a maximum elongation of 1%. The low ductility is attributed to the formation of brittle intermetallic phases at the Al–Mg interface in the weld joint. Transverse tensile test results are correlated with several interface features: (1) actual interface length, (2) extent of interpenetration between the aluminum and magnesium base metals, (3) maximum intermetallic layer thickness, and (4) area fraction of micro-void coalescence on the tensile fracture surfaces. Results indicate that maximizing the extent of interpenetration and hence promoting mechanical interlocking between the metallic phases, is the key to attaining reasonable transverse strength in Al–Mg dissimilar metal welds. The welding process control variables that promote higher mechanical interlocking of the weld joints are discussed. The process response variables (welding torque, power, x-axis force and the nugget grain size) are presented for a range of welding parameters.
Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus lesion involvement in the sympathetic control of lipid mobilization.

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) innervation of white adipose tissue (WAT) is the principal initiator of lipolysis. Using pseudorabies virus, a transneuronal viral tract tracer, brain sites involved in the SNS outflow to WAT have been identified previously by us. One of these sites, the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH) that shows predominantly unilateral sympathetic outflow from each half of the nucleus to ipsilaterally located WAT depots, was tested for laterality in lipid accumulation/mobilization in Siberian hamsters. First we tested whether unilateral PVH electrolytic lesions (PVHx) would increase lipid accumulation in WAT pads ipsilateral to the side of the PVHx. PVHx significantly increased body and WAT pad masses compared with sham PVHx; however, there was no laterality effect. In addition, bilateral PVHx increased body and WAT pad masses, as well as food intake, to a greater extent than did unilateral PVHx. We next tested for possible laterality effects on WAT lipid mobilization using food deprivation as the lipolytic stimulus in hamsters bearing unilateral or bilateral PVHx. Lipid mobilization was not prevented, as indicated indirectly by WAT mass and thus laterality of lipid mobilization could not be tested. We then tested whether removal of adrenal catecholamines via adrenal demedullation (ADMEDx) alone, or combined with bilateral PVHx, would block food deprivation–induced lipid mobilization, but neither did so. These results suggest that an intact PVH is not necessary for food deprivation–induced lipid mobilization and support the primacy of the SNS innervation of WAT, rather than adrenal medullary catecholamines, for lipid mobilization from WAT.
Immunohistochemistry of Pancreatic Islet Cell Tumors in the Ferret (Mustela putorius furo)

Twenty-two pancreatic islet cell tumors and normal pancreatic islets from ferrets were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for expression of the peptide hormones insulin, somatostatin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and the neuroendocrine markers chromogranin A (CgA) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE). In normal pancreatic islets, the majority of cells stained strongly with CgA and NSE. A cells, B cells, D cells, and PP cells stained strongly with glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and PP, respectively. All 22 tumors stained with CgA and NSE. The proportion of cells within tumors staining for CgA was variable, but more than half of the cells stained positively in 18 of the tumors. The intensity of staining for CgA was strongly (reactivity equivalent to or greater than normal islet cells in adjacent tissue) in 11 moderate in six, and weak in five of the tumors. All tumors stained for NSE, with > or = 50% of the cells staining in 21 of the tumors, and the intensity of staining was strong in 18 of the tumors. Twenty of 22 tumors stained positively for insulin. with > or = 50% of the cells staining in 19 of them. The intensity of staining for insulin was strong in 12, moderate in seven, and weak in one of the tumors. Approximately < or = 1% of the cells in 15 of 22 tumors stained for somatostatin, five tumors stained for pancreatic polypeptide, and three tumors stained for glucagon. These data indicate that the majority of islet cell tumors of ferrets express immunohistochemically detectable insulin. CgA and NSE are both useful general markers for such tumors, including those that are insulin negatives. Commercially available antisera to CgA, NSE, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and PP work well in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue for immunophenotyping islet cell tumors in the ferret.
Tomographic reconstruction of the moments of local probability density functions in turbulent flow fields

Abstract An algorithm for the tomographic reconstruction of the individual moments of the probability density functions describing the local transmittance of radiation through a turbulent flow field is advanced. The new method, which is based on Fourier inversion, is applicable to asymmetric (as well as, to axisymmetric) flows. The validity of the method is examined by comparing reconstructed moments of the local probability functions in a buoyant propene/air flame and an ethene/air jet flame to the corresponding values obtained from optical probe measurements.
The B2 To R Transformation in Ti50Ni47Fe3 and Ti49.5Ni50.5 alloys

Abstract In near equiatomic NiTi alloys, selected area electron diffraction patterns, obtained by high-angle-tilting, cold-stage experiments, have been used to determine the unit cell dimensions of the R phase and the orientation relationship between the parent B2 and product R phase. Convergent beam electron diffraction patterns establish the point group of the R phase to be 3m and hence of rhombohedral symmetry as has been postulated by other investigators. Differential scanning calorimetry shows the B2 to R transformation to be a first-order phase transformation with an enthalpy of transformation of 3.75 J/g.
Preparation and characterization of 15N-enriched, size-defined heparan sulfate precursor oligosaccharides

We report the preparation of size-defined [15N]N-acetylheparosan oligosaccharides from Escherichia coli-derived 15N-enriched N-acetylheparosan. Optimized growth conditions of E. coli in minimal media containing 15NH4Cl yielded [15N]N-acetylheparosan on a preparative scale. Depolymerization of [15N]N-acetylheparosan by heparitinase I yielded resolvable, even-numbered oligosaccharides ranging from disaccharide to icosaccharide. Anion-exchange chromatography-assisted fractionation afforded size-defined [15N]N-acetylheparosan oligosaccharides identifiable by ESI-TOFMS. These isotopically labeled oligosaccharides will prove to be valuable research tools for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparin and heparan sulfate oligosaccharides and for the study of their structural biology.
In vivo generation of linear plasmids with addition of telomeric sequences by Histoplasma capsulatum

Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic pathogenic fungus that is a major cause of respiratory and systemic mycosis. We previously developed a transformation system for Histoplasma and demonstrated chromosomal integration of transforming plasmid sequences. In this study, we describe another Histoplasma mechanism for maintaining transforming DNA i.e. the generation of modified, multicopy linear plasmids carrying DNA from the transforming Escherichia coli plasmid. Under selective conditions, these linear plasmids were stable and capable of retransforming Histoplasma without further modification. In vivo modification of the transforming DNA included duplication of plasmid sequence and telomeric addition at the termini of linear DNA. Apparently Histoplasma telomerase, like that of other organisms such as humans and Tetrahymena, is able to act on non-telomeric substrates. The terminus of a Histoplasma linear plasmid was cloned and shown to contain multiple repeats of GGGTTA, the telomeric repeat unit also found in vertebrates, trypanosomes, and slime moulds.
Homology and homocracy revisited: gene expression patterns and hypotheses of homology

Homocracy, a term referring to shared regulatory gene expression patterns between organs in different animals, was introduced recently in order to prevent inappropriate inference of organ homology based on gene expression data. Non-homologous structures expressing homologous genes, and homologous structures expressing non-homologous genes illustrate that gene expression data is not sufficient on its own to identify morphological homology. However, gene expression data might be useful in testing hypotheses of organ homology, because parsimony can be applied on changes in the relation between expression of orthologous regulatory genes and the formation of homologous organs. A method of testing organ homology hypotheses with respect to change in regulatory gene expression required within a particular phylogenetic context is presented.
Perioperative Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Intra-abdominal Surgery in Patients with Cancer: A Retrospective Study Comparing Ertapenem and Nonertapenem Antibiotics

To evaluate the role of ertapenem versus other standard antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with cancer undergoing intra-abdominal surgery. Our study was a retrospective cohort study consisting 615 patients who underwent intra-abdominal surgery at our institution between January 2007 and December 2010. The groups were divided among patients who received ertapenem as perioperative prophylaxis (ertapenem group) and patients who received other antibiotics (nonertapenem group). Groups were similar with respect to age, gender, and type of surgery. A total of 315 patients underwent colorectal and 300 noncolorectal surgeries. In a multivariate logistic regression model, the main factors associated with risk of surgical site infections (SSI) were as follows: antibiotics within 3 months of surgery (odds ratio [OR] 1.2, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.04–1.54; p = 0.05), prior hospitalization within 1 year (OR 1.21, 95 % CI 1.02–1.43; p = 0.05), diabetes mellitus (OR 2.1, 95 % CI 1.7–3.4; p = 0.04), and perioperative prophylaxis other than ertapenem (OR 1.7, 95 % CI 1.2–2.3; p = 0.04). Notably, patients who underwent colorectal surgery and received ertapenem had a lower rate of SSI (4 % ertapenem vs. 13 % nonertapenem, p = 0.01), whereas the frequency of infections was not different in patients who underwent other intra-abdominal surgery whether they received ertapenem or not. The use of ertapenem for perioperative prophylaxis in patients with colorectal surgery was associated with lower rates of SSI, while there was no difference in rates of infection in other intra-abdominal surgery.
Antiplasticization-based enhancement of poly(ethylene terephthalate) barrier properties

Abstract Incorporation of selected low molecular weight diluents (LMWDs) into poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) significantly improves oxygen and carbon dioxide barrier properties. A so-called Barrier Improvement Factor (BIF), defined as the ratio of permeability of pure polymer to that of antiplasticized polymer, provides a useful indication of improved barrier properties. The average BIF was found to be 1.20 (±0.02) and 1.34 (±0.03) for O2 and 1.25 (±0.01) and 1.41 (±0.01) for CO2 in PET containing - 2.32% phenacetin, or 1.95% acetanilide, respectively. The reduced permeability coefficient in each PET sample is attributed to antiplasticization, and justified by the combination of the effect of reduced free volume and the interaction energies of PET with LMWDs. A more compatible interaction of PET with acetanilide may require higher activation energy for diffusional jump resulting in more reduction in permeability even though both PET-2.32% phenacetin and PET-1.95% acetanilide showed an equal level of reduction in free volume. Solid-state 13C cross polarization magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra verified a reduction in the localized chain mobility of carbonyl carbon of PET in both PET-2.32% phenacetin and PET-1.95% acetanilide. Furthermore, the dynamic mechanical property measurement in the low temperature region verifies that the presence of LMWDs reduced the low temperature β relaxation in PET.