cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation on mosquito population and seasonal fluctuation in Dalian city

Objective To grasp the dynamic change of mosquito population and seasonal fluctuation in Dalian city.Methods Lamp baited trap method was applied in the surveillance.Results Totally 3 694 mosquitoes were trapped from 2006 to 2010.Culex pipiens pallens was the dominant species.Density peak was between July and August.The density of adult mosquito was the highest in animal shed.Conclusion Mosquito species and its composition has changed in 5 years in Dalian.Mosquito monitor should be strengthened continually.It is necessary to kill and prevent mosquito in farmer and animal shed.
Measurement of the angular dependence of damage threshold of absorbing glass for application to high-damage-threshold far-field apertures

Near-grazing-incidence reflection from glass surfaces presents a possible means of construction of high-damage-threshold far-field apertures (pinholes) needed for isolation and beam cleanup in glass laser fusion systems.
Signaling events in pathogen-induced macrophage foam cell formation.

Macrophage foam cell formation is a key event in atherosclerosis. Several triggers induce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake by macrophages to create foam cells, including infections with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Chlamydia pneumoniae , two pathogens that have been linked to atherosclerosis. While gene regulation during foam cell formation has been examined, comparative investigations to identify shared and specific pathogen-elicited molecular events relevant to foam cell formation are not well documented. We infected mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages with P. gingivalis or C. pneumoniae in the presence of LDL to induce foam cell formation, and examined gene expression using an atherosclerosis pathway targeted plate array. We found over 30 genes were significantly induced in response to both pathogens, including PPAR family members that are broadly important in atherosclerosis and matrix remodeling genes that may play a role in plaque development and stability. Six genes mainly involved in lipid transport were significantly down regulated. The response overall was remarkably similar and few genes were regulated in a pathogen-specific manner. Despite very divergent lifestyles, P. gingivalis and C. pneumoniae activate similar gene expression profiles during foam cell formation that may ultimately serve as targets for modulating infection-elicited foam cell burden, and progression of atherosclerosis.
Building Resilience: Modeling Resilience Concepts Using Legos

Resiliency is the ability or capacity of an object, individual, or system to recover from pressure, change, a challenge, or disturbance. This concept is especially important for human and natural systems experiencing extensive disturbances due to human activities. Resilience is a key concept in environmental and sustainability studies that provides a model to understand changes to human and natural systems and for redesigning current, and creating new, institutions and ecosystems. Importantly, resilience is applied across disciplines and thus serves as a unifying concept in the study of human–environment relationships and their sustainability. The goal of the learning activity described in this chapter is to engage students in creating physical models of resilience concepts to aid them in creating personal mental models of what resilience concepts are and how they relate to other topics. After completing this activity, students should be able to (1) define “resilience” and provide examples related to individuals and social–ecological systems, (2) explain key concepts of resilience, (3) apply resilience concepts to build a model using toy building blocks that they can explain and defend, and (4) compare and contrast building-block resilience models with individual, social, and ecological examples.
Stochastic Signal Processing

Although modulation and demodulation are deterministic, the information to be transmitted over a communication system, as well as the noise encountered in the physical transmission media, is random or stochastic. Although these phenomena cannot be predicted in advance, they have certain predictable characteristics which can be summarized in the random process model. The design of a digital communication system heavily exploits these characteristics.
A Summary of the Wind Data Available from Satellites from the Past History to Future Sensors

The currently available satellite methods for obtaining wind information over oceans are discussed with respect to the time and spatial coverages of each method and its accuracy. At the present, cloud motion data is being taken for most of the world’s tropical and mid-latitude oceans. This record extends back to 1975 for the western hemisphere. Full coverage of all oceans started in 1979. Wind information can be obtained from passive microwave sensors (thermally emitted microwaves) for all oceans from 1978 to the present. Radar altimeters and scatterometers also provide wind data.
Random sliced inverse regression

ABSTRACTSliced Inverse Regression (SIR; 1991) is a dimension reduction method for reducing the dimension of the predictors without losing regression information. The implementation of SIR requires inverting the covariance matrix of the predictors—which has hindered its use to analyze high-dimensional data where the number of predictors exceed the sample size. We propose random sliced inverse regression (rSIR) by applying SIR to many bootstrap samples, each using a subset of randomly selected candidate predictors. The final rSIR estimate is obtained by aggregating these estimates. A simple variable selection procedure is also proposed using these bootstrap estimates. The performance of the proposed estimates is studied via extensive simulation. Application to a dataset concerning myocardial perfusion diagnosis from cardiac Single Proton Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) images is presented.
Frequency-Selective Computed Tomography: Applications During Periodic Thoracic Motion

We seek to use computed tomography (CT) to characterize regional lung parenchymal deformation during high-frequency and multi-frequency oscillatory ventilation. Periodic motion of thoracic structures results in artifacts of CT images obtained by standard reconstruction algorithms, especially for frequencies exceeding that of the X-ray source rotation. In this paper, we propose an acquisition and reconstruction technique for high-resolution imaging of the thorax during periodic motion. Our technique relies on phase-binning projections according to the frequency of subject motion relative to the scanner rotation, prior to volumetric reconstruction. The mathematical theory and limitations of the proposed technique are presented, and then validated in a simulated phantom as well as a living porcine subject during oscillatory ventilation. The 4-D image sequences obtained using this frequency-selective reconstruction technique yielded high-spatio-temporal resolution of the thorax during periodic motion. We conclude that the frequency-based selection of CT projections is ideal for characterizing dynamic deformations of thoracic structures that are ordinarily obscured by motion artifact using conventional reconstruction techniques.
Using multimedia for e-learning

This paper reviews 12 research-based principles for how to design computer-based multimedia instructional materials to promote academic learning, starting with the multimedia principle (yielding a median effect size of d = 1.67 based on five experimental comparisons), which holds that people learn better from computer-based instruction containing words and graphics rather than words alone. Principles aimed at reducing extraneous processing (i.e., cognitive processing that is unrelated to the instructional objective) include coherence (d = 0.70), signalling (d = 0.46), redundancy (d = 0.87), spatial contiguity (d = 0.79) and temporal contiguity (d = 1.30). Principles for managing essential processing (i.e., mentally representing the essential material) include segmenting (d = 0.70), pre-training (d = 0.46) and modality (d = 0.72). Principles for fostering generative processing (i.e., cognitive processing aimed at making sense of the material) include personalization (d = 0.79), voice (d = 0.74) and embodiment (d = 0.36). Some principles have boundary conditions, such as being stronger for low- rather than high-knowledge learners.
Natural resource endowment and firm performance: The moderating role of institutional endowment

Research summary Does institutional endowment moderate the relationship between natural resources abundance and firm performance? Drawing from institution-based theories (IBT), we examine the interactive effects of institutional endowment (as indicated by natural resources governance) on firm performance. We use 2013 data of 492 firms from 27 African countries, and multilevel techniques to find significant interactions of institutional endowment. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings for management and organization scholarship. Managerial summary The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which firm performance differs across countries in Africa as a function of institutional factors given natural resources abundance. We find that firm sales is higher in countries with strong institutions, strong enabling environments, and strong safeguards and quality controls when natural resource abundance is high. When natural resources abundance is low, firm sales and net profits are higher in countries with strong reporting practices, profit margin is higher in countries with strong safeguards and quality controls.
Post-traumatic Scapholunate Advanced Collapse of the Wrist: A Case Report

Abstract Objective The purpose of this report is to describe a patient with scapholunate advanced collapse (SLAC) of the wrist. Clinical Features A 38-year-old man presented to a chiropractic teaching clinic with right wrist pain after falling off of the tailgate of a truck 7 years prior. The mechanism of injury was a fall on an outstretched hand. Ultrasonography and radiography were performed, which demonstrated abnormal lunate kinematics and scapholunate interval diastasis associated with a clenched-fist maneuver. These findings were consistent with SLAC. Intervention and Outcome Following the diagnosis of SLAC, the wrist was splinted. Conservative care consisting of physical therapy included paraffin dips, therapeutic ultrasound, and stretching. The patient received only minimal alleviation of pain, and a surgical consultation was obtained. The patient elected surgical intervention, utilizing the proximal row carpectomy procedure. Conclusion This case demonstrates a patient with chronic wrist pain, with progression to carpal instability, which ultimately manifested as SLAC. We demonstrate, utilizing multiple imaging modalities, both preoperative and postoperative findings. To our knowledge, this is the first case to describe the use of diagnostic ultrasonography in the evaluation of the proximal row carpectomy procedure.
A comparative study on the oxidation of two-dimensional Ti3C2 MXene structures in different environments

The oxidation of two-dimensional Ti3C2 MXene structures has been recognized as a promising method for the formation of hybrid structures of carbon supported nanotitania. Here, we studied the oxidation of Ti3C2 MXene structures using reactive force field (ReaxFF) based molecular dynamics simulations. To investigate the effect of oxidizing agent, we used three different environments including dry air (oxygen molecules), wet air (oxygen and water molecules) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 molecules). Oxidation simulations were performed at different temperatures of 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 and 3000 K. We found that by controlling the temperature, carbon supported titania can be formed by diffusion of Ti atoms to the surface of MXene structures during the oxidation. These results were confirmed by the increase in the average bond orders of C–C and Ti–O and decrease in the average bond orders of Ti–C. Moreover, it was revealed that by increasing the temperature, the oxidation rate increases, and the rate depends on the oxidant according to the following order: H2O2 > wet air > dry air. This was validated by heating the MXene in wet air and dry air followed by examining the products using X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. To investigate the effect of the presence of the oxidant, the MXene structure was also heated under vacuum, and it was found that in this case the MXene structure was converted to cubic TiC. Furthermore, it was indicated that during the heating process of the MXene structure in a vacuum, the average bond orders for C–C, Ti–C and Ti–O do not change significantly due to the lack of oxidants in the environment, leaving room for only topotactic transformation of atoms during the heating. The formation of the TiC structure by heating the MXene in an inert environment was confirmed experimentally as well.
Strategies for Enhancing Sustainability of Urban Water Systems

Operation of existing urban water systems can be enhanced by implementing sustainability strategies. Two types of such strategies were examined: rainwater harvesting and use, and sustainable wastewater management. The first strategy contributes to reduced imports of source water into urban areas and reduced runoff from urban areas, the second one promotes pollution prevention and recovery of resources, including reclaimed water, energy, and nutrients. Overall, both groups contribute to more sustainable urban water systems requiring fewer resources to provide the water services required and ensuring a better protection of the environment.
Soybean transpiration, vegetative morphology, and yield components following simulated and actual insect defoliation

Soybean water-loss following defoliation was investigated in two ex­ perimental systems, excised leaves and field-grown potted plants. Tran­ spiration from excised leaves increased following defoliation as a linear function of cut edge per leaf. In contrast, transpiration from soybean canopies decreased following defoliation by two lepidopteran defoliators, the green cloverworm [Plathypena scabra [F.]) and the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni [Hubner]), and two simulation methods, punching holes in leaflets and picking entire leaflets. Cut leaf edge, an important deter­ minant of water loss from excised leaves, only increased water loss in the first 16 hours postdefoliation. Defoliation methods also produced transi­ tory differences in transpiration rates during the first 16 hours after de­ foliation. These differences seemed related to the "hole" characteristics produced by the methods. Total water loss did not differ significantly be­ tween methods. Therefore, both punch and pick simulation methods produced acceptable fidelity in soybean water-loss to actual insect defoliation.
Hydrophobic weak polyelectrolyte gels: Studies of swelling equilibria and kinetics

This article summarizes studies of the equilibrium and kinetic swelling properties of a class of hydrophobic weak polyelectrolyte copolymer gels synthesized from n-alkyl methacrylates (hydrophobic) and N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (weak base). We present evidence for a pH-driven swelling phase transition, and consider the effect of pH buffers on equilibria. A simple model based on ideal Donnan equilibrium is able to predict qualitative trends but is unsuccessful in making quantitative predictions of buffer effects on swelling equilibria. Buffers also strongly influence swelling kinetics. It is demonstrated that suitably chosen buffers can act as proton carriers which, under the right circumstances, speed up swelling and deswelling substantially.
Patterns of Recurrence in Node-Positive Cervical Cancer Patients Treated With Contemporary Chemoradiation and Dose Escalation: A Multi-Institutional Study.

Abstract Purpose We assessed the effect of elective extended field radiation (EFRT) and nodal dose escalation on locoregional control and survival in patients with node-positive cervical cancer treated with definitive chemoradiation at 2 academic institutions. Methods and Materials Patients with cervical cancer with pelvic and/or paraortic lymph node (PALN) metastases treated with definitive chemoradiation between 2004 and 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Patterns of failure were recorded. The impact of tumor and treatment on survival or recurrence were evaluated. Results A total of 78 patients were included. Median follow-up in surviving patients was 34 months. The 3-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were 65% and 50%, respectively (all patients), 68% and 52% (pelvic lymph nodes), and 59% and 48% (PALN). OS or DFS in pelvic-only versus PALN-positive patients was not significantly different (log-rank P = .24). Recurrences were distant (n = 22), PALN (n = 6), central pelvis (n = 5), pelvic lymph node (n = 3), and suspended ovary (n = 1). Higher nodal prescribed dose (range, 45-60 Gy) and elective EFRT did not affect DFS or OS (Cox proportional hazards P > .05). There was a trend toward decreased regional recurrence with higher nodal dose (hazard ratio, 0.85 per Gy increase; Cox proportional hazards P = .08). Elective EFRT did not affect PALN failure rate, OS, or DFS (Cox proportional hazards P > .05). Conclusions Survival of patients with PALN involvement was similar to those with pelvic-only nodes. Higher nodal dose may improve regional control but did not affect survival. Elective extended-field radiation did not affect outcomes in this cohort. Most failures were distant, emphasizing the potential role of systemic therapy to improve outcomes.
Terminology: Defining Cardiac Position, Chamber Morphology and Van Praagh Nomenclature

Cardiac anatomic nomenclature can be confusing for those new to congenital heart disease. We review basic relationships of cardiac position and structural morphology which create the foundation for learning congenital heart anatomy. 1. Levocardia: the normal configuration of the base to apex axis of the heart is leftward. 2. Mesocardia: cardiac mass is midline and the apex is pointing to the midline. 3. Dextrocardia: the major axis of the heart points to the right of the sternum (dextrocardias are detailed in Chap. 2).
Ten-Year Comparison Study of Type 1 and 2 Endometrial Cancers: Risk Factors and Outcomes.

AIMS To compare baseline risk factors for type 1 vs. 2 endometrial cancers and analyze these risk factors for association with overall survival and time to recurrence. METHODS Retrospective review of 816 consecutive endometrial cancer cases was conducted with diagnosis from January 2005 to December 2010 and clinical course until 2016. Risk factors, treatment, recurrence, and death were compared using 2 sample t tests, χ2 test and Cox Regression models. RESULTS There were 550 cases of type 1 and 266 cases of type 2 cancer. Patients with type 2 disease were older (p < 0.001), less obese (p = 0.03), non-white (p < 0.001), and menopausal (p = 0.02). There was no difference in use of oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), smoking, or major cardiovascular disease. Cox Regression models showed that type 2 disease (p < 0.001) and advanced stage (p = 0.001) were associated with recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with previous literature, our analysis found that type 2 cancer is more common in non-white, older, and less obese patients and associated with higher mortality and recurrence. However, inconsistent with previous literature, we found no association between type 2 cancer and diabetes mellitus or use of HRT. These factors should be considered when approaching patients with endometrial cancer.
Conceptualisation of medication beliefs among patients with advanced cancer receiving oral oncolytic agents using a theory derivation approach.

OBJECTIVE This paper describes a derived model that provides a conceptual framework for understanding medication beliefs among patients with advanced cancer receiving oral oncolytic agents. METHODS Theory derivation was used to (a) examine the phenomenon of medication beliefs in cross-disciplinary research; (b) select a parent theory for derivation; (c) identify parent theory concepts and/or structure to use in derivation; and (d) redefine parent theory concepts and structure to create a derived model. RESULTS Medication beliefs are shaped by previous experiences, including cognitive and emotional factors, past health and illness encounters, and medication-taking behaviours. Medication beliefs are defined within a larger mental model of illness representation for which medication was prescribed. Individuals independently hold both positive and negative medication beliefs at the same time. This distinction is critical to understanding how dichotomous components of medication beliefs change over time as they are influenced by varying treatment-related factors. CONCLUSION This paper contributes to conceptual knowledge regarding the phenomenon of medication beliefs and their impact on health behaviour. Findings can support oncology interventions to improve patient outcomes including medication adherence.
Focal Laser Ablation of Prostate Cancer: Results in 120 Patients with Low- to Intermediate-Risk Disease.

Abstract Purpose Can focal laser ablation (FLA) of low to intermediate risk prostate cancer preserve sexual and urinary function with low morbidity while providing adequate oncologic outcomes. Materials and Methods Transrectal FLA was done in 120 patients with low- to intermediate-risk prostate cancer. MR imaging thermometry controlled ablation. At 6 and 12 months, patients had clinical and MR imaging follow-up with biopsy of suspicious areas. Patients submitted surveys of sexual and urinary function. Multivariate logistic regression identified determinants of positive imaging and biopsies. Two-sided Wilcoxon signed rank test evaluated scores and laboratory values. Results Median patient age was 64 years, and median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was 6.05 ng/mL. Median follow-up period was 34 months (range, 17–55 months). Gleason score was 3+3=6 in 37 (30.8%), 3+4=7 in 56 (46.7%), and 4+3=7 in 27 (22.5%) patients. Tumor stage was T1c in 89 (74.2%), T2a in 26 (21.7%), and T2b in 5 (4.2%) patients. Twenty (17%) patients had additional oncologic therapy 1 year after FLA when biopsy confirmed cancer following abnormal MR imaging. There was no difference between functional scores before and after ablation. Median PSA decreased to 3.25 at 12 months (P Conclusions One year after FLA, selected patients had low morbidity, no significant changes in quality of life, and 83% freedom of retreatment rate. Sexual and urinary function did not significantly change after FLA.
Transcranial motor-evoked potentials for prediction of postoperative neurologic and motor deficit following surgery for thoracolumbar scoliosis

Transcranial motor-evoked potentials (TcMEPs) are used to monitor the descending motor pathway during scoliosis surgery. By comparing potentials before and after correction, surgeons may prevent postoperative functional loss in distal muscles. There is currently no consensus as to which muscles should be monitored. The purpose of this study is to determine the least invasive monitoring protocol with the best localization of potential neurologic deficit. A retrospective review of 125 patients with TcMEP monitoring during surgery for thoracolumbar scoliosis between 2008 and 2015 was conducted. 18 patients had postoperative neurologic consult due to deficit. The remaining 107 patients were a consecutive cohort without postoperative neurologic consult. TcMEPs were recorded from vastus lateralis (VL), tibialis anterior (TA), peroneus longus (PL), adductor hallucis (AH) and abductor pollicis brevis (APB) bilaterally. The effectiveness of each muscle combination was evaluated independently and then compared to other combinations using Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Monitoring of VL, TA, PL, and AH yielded sensitivity of 77.8% and specificity of 92.5% (AIC=66.7). Monitoring of TA, PL and AH yielded sensitivity of 77.8% and specificity of 94.4% (AIC=62.4). Monitoring of VL, TA and PL yielded sensitivity of 72.2% and specificity of 93.5% (AIC=70.1). Monitoring of TA and PL yielded sensitivity of 72.2% and specificity of 96.3% (AIC=63.9). TcMEP monitoring of TA, PL, and AH provided the highest sensitivity and specificity and best predictive power for postoperative lower extremity weakness.
Electronic fine tuning of the structures of reduced rare-earth metal halides.

Electronic band-structure calculations on Pr3I3Ru and Y3I3Ru have been performed in order to analyze the large structural differences found in these isoelectronic compounds. These constitute two structural extremes within the family of monoclinic RE3I3Ru phases (RE = rare-earth metal) that exhibit distortions ranging from one-dimensional double chains of trans-edge-sharing octahedra (bioctahedral chains, BOH) to one-dimensional chains of trans-edge-sharing square pyramidal units bonded base to base (bisquare pyramidal chains, BSP). The structure of La3I3Ru was established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (monoclinic, P21/m, Z = 4, a = 9.343(1) A, b = 4.3469(8) A, c = 12.496(3) A, β = 93.42(2)°) and found to be isomorphous with the BOH Pr3I3Ru. It is determined that the structural variation in this RE3I3Z family of materials depends largely on the differences in orbital energies between the corresponding rare-earth metal and the interstitial. These bonding considerations can be generalized to account fo...
Social Identity and Group Emotion: Media Effects and Support for Military Intervention

This study examines how news coverage of terrorist threats affects emotions that then shape support for antiterrorism policies, presidential approval, and attitudes toward Muslims. Using a national sample, news stories were experimentally manipulated to emphasize terrorist threats (high/low) and depictions of U.S. military strength (high/low). Results show that group-based anger—when people thought about themselves as Americans—mediated the relationships between threat coverage and antiterrorism policies, whereas group-based fear did not. On the other hand, group-based fear mediated the relationship between threat coverage and negative attitudes toward Muslims, whereas group-based anger did not. When people thought about themselves as individuals, neither anger nor fear mediated these relationships.
Regular Architecture (RegArch): A standard expression language for describing protein architectures

Domain architecture – the arrangement of features in a protein – exhibits syntactic patterns similar to the grammar of a language. This feature enables pattern mining for protein function prediction, comparative genomics, and studies of molecular evolution and complexity. To facilitate such work, here we propose Regular Architecture (RegArch), an expression language to describe syntactic patterns in protein architectures. Like the well-known Regular Expressions for text, RegArchs codify positional and non-positional patterns of elements into nested JSON objects. We describe the standard and provide a reference implementation in JavaScript to parse RegArchs and match annotated proteins.
Anticoagulation in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a decision analysis:

Systemic anticoagulation may be beneficial in pulmonary arterial hypertension, but there is no randomized clinical trial data to guide therapeutic decision making, and current guidelines do not account for patient preferences or quality of life. Decision analytic models to evaluate the potential risks and benefits of systemic anticoagulation in pulmonary arterial hypertension patients, focusing on the benefit in quality-adjusted life years, may be helpful in clarifying this uncertainty. We constructed a 31-state Markov decision analytic model to explore anticoagulation and no anticoagulation strategies. Modeled patient characteristics included gender, use of central catheter-based pulmonary arterial hypertension therapy, type of pulmonary arterial hypertension (idiopathic, idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, or connective-tissue associated, connective tissue disease-pulmonary arterial hypertension), and use of oral contraceptive medication by females. Modeled events included mortality, thromboembolic complications, atrial fibrillation, stroke, and anticoagulation bleeding. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. Anticoagulation was favored in all idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension cases, with a gain of 0.43-0.51 quality-adjusted life years, and detrimental in all connective tissue disease-pulmonary arterial hypertension cases, with a loss of 0.66-1.89 quality-adjusted life years. Anticoagulation would need to demonstrate a hazard ratio for pulmonary arterial hypertension mortality of 0.95 or better to be favored. In our model, idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension patients benefit from anticoagulation in terms of quality-adjusted life years, and connective tissue disease-pulmonary arterial hypertension patients were harmed, with a hazard ratio for pulmonary arterial hypertension mortality of 0.95 or better being required to favorably impact quality-adjusted life years. These results suggest that anticoagulation significantly improves quality adjusted life years and should be offered to all idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension patients. Shared decision models based on these results may help clarify therapeutic decision-making uncertainty in pulmonary arterial hypertension patients.
A Simple Method for Purging Mediation Effects

Mediation effects occur when an independent variable lies in the causal path of another independent variable, thereby swamping its effects. Mediation effects can impact the ability to accurately estimate some quantity of interest. A simple solution for addressing this issue is regressing the treatment variable on the mediator variable and then use the stored residuals from this bivariate specification as the new “direct” variable. This residualized purging process, which is the core of a recently released R package, purging, is detailed in this paper. The goal at present is to offer researchers and practitioners an application using both simulated and real data to introduce and demonstrate the value of the purging solution, applied via the purging package, to efficiently address mediation effects. A second order goal of the paper is to underscore the value of writing software to streamline research processes.
Modulating valley dynamics in a monolayer semiconductor with active chiral metamaterials

Monolayer semiconductors with spin-dependent contrasting phenomena at K and K’ valleys feature addressable valley degree of freedom for valleytronic applications. Herein, we demonstrate that chiral Purcell effects can versatilely control the relaxation of targeted valley excitons at monolayer semiconductors, allowing the actively tunable modulation of valley dynamics at room temperature. We achieve the tunable valley modulation by embedding a monolayer WSe2 in our model system, known as a moire chiral metamaterial, with actively controllable chiral plasmonic modes. Our work provides advanced understanding on mechanisms to distinguish the effects of spin-dependent excitation and near-field-controlled relaxation on valley emission in hybrid systems of valley excitons and plasmonic cavities. We have also shown that large room-temperature valley modulation can be achieved outside of strong-coupling regime with active tunability.
Identity, Culture and Belonging: Educating Young Children for a Changing World: By Tony Eaude. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020. 240 pp. $120.00 (hardcover)

British educator Tony Eaude’s new book offers an insightful discussion of the roles that gender, class, and race play in shaping young children’s identities. In the Introduction, he helpfully locat...
The role of passion for sport in college student-athletes’ motivation and effort in academics and athletics

Abstract This study connected the dualistic model of passion and self-determination theory to examine the motivational determinants of student-athlete perceived efforts within- and across- athletic and academic domains. College student-athletes completed questionnaires measuring passion for sport as well as psychological needs (competence, choice, and relatedness), autonomous motivation (intrinsic motivation, identity, and perceived value), and effort in athletics and academics. Results showed that athletic effort was regulated through interest in sport; whereas academic effort was regulated through academic identity and the perceived value of classes. Across-domain relationships emerged between athletic identity and academic effort and between perceived academic value and sport effort. Results revealed a salient role of harmonious passion for sport in psychological needs and autonomous motivation, both within- and across-domains. Obsessive passion for sport was advantageous to athletic identity and perceived sport value, but detrimental to perceived choice of major. Taken together, findings highlight the importance of considering cross-domain spillover effects in student-athletes’ motivation and effort.
Developing a short screener for acquiescent respondents.

Abstract Background Acquiescent response style (ARS) refers to survey respondents’ tendency to choose response categories agreeing to questions regardless of their content and is hypothesized as a stable respondent trait. While what underlies acquiescence is debatable, the effect of ARS on measurement is clear: bias through artificially increased agreement ratings. With certain population subgroups (e.g., racial/ethnic minorities in the U.S.) are associated with systemically higher ARS, it causes concerns for research involving those groups. For this reason, it may be necessary to classify respondents as acquiescers or a nonacquiescers, which allows independent analysis or accounting for this stylistic artifact. However, this classification is challenging, because ARS is latent, observed only as a by-product of collected data. Objectives To propose a screener that identifies respondents as acquiescers. Methods With survey data collected for ARS research, various ARS classification methods were compared for validity as well as implementation practicality. Results The majority of respondents was classified consistently into acquiescers or nonacquiescers under various classification methods. Conclusions We propose a method based on illogical responses given to two balanced, theoretically distant multi-item measurement scales as a screener.
From noise to information: The transfer function formalism for uncertainty quantification in reconstructing the nuclear density

Two important nuclear theory issues collide: experimental extraction of information about nuclear forces and uncertainty quantification of theories. Adapting ideas from signal processing into a new method for propagating uncertainties (the transfer function formalism), the authors provide a concrete application to precision measurements of the neutron skin of nuclei via parity-nonconserving electron scattering. The authors obtain improved statistical support for a simpler model, or $p\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}r\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}r$ in Bayesian analyses, than previously hypothesized, providing a pathway to more reliably constrain theory through experiment.
High Magnetic Anisotropy of a Square-Planar Iron-Carbene Complex.

Among Earth-abundant catalyst systems, iron-carbene intermediates that perform C-C bond forming reactions such as cyclopropanation of olefins and C-H functionalization via carbene insertion are rare. Detailed descriptions of the possible electronic structures for iron-carbene bonds are imperative to obtain better mechanistic insights and enable rational catalyst design. Here, we report the first square-planar iron-carbene complex (MesPDPPh)Fe(CPh2), where [MesPDPPh]2- is the doubly deprotonated form of [2,6-bis(5-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)pyridine]. The compound was prepared via reaction of the disubstituted diazoalkane N2CPh2 with (MesPDPPh)Fe(thf) and represents a rare example of a structurally characterized, paramagnetic iron-carbene complex. Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements and applied-field Mossbauer spectroscopic studies revealed an orbitally near-degenerate S = 1 ground state with large unquenched orbital angular momentum resulting in high magnetic anisotropy. Spin-Hamiltonian analysis indicated that this S = 1 spin system has uniaxial magnetic properties arising from a ground MS = ±1 non-Kramers doublet that is well-separated from the MS = 0 sublevel due to very large axial zero-field splitting (D = -195 cm-1, E/D = 0.02 estimated from magnetic susceptibility data). This remarkable electronic structure gives rise to a very large, positive magnetic hyperfine field of more than +60 T for the 57Fe nucleus along the easy magnetization axis observed by Mossbauer spectroscopy. Computational analysis with complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) calculations provides a detailed electronic structure analysis and confirms that (MesPDPPh)Fe(CPh2) exhibits a multiconfigurational ground state. The majority contribution originates from a configuration best described as a singlet carbene coordinated to an intermediate-spin FeII center with a (dxy)2{(dxz),(dz2)}3(dyz)1(dx2-y2)0 configuration featuring near-degenerate dxz and dz2 orbitals.
On-Line Decision Aids in Computer Integrated Manufacturing

Abstract Control and performance optimization of modern manufacturing systems is characterized by an increasing degree of complexity that accompanies automation and flexibility. Because the functional relationship between typical performance measures and parameters of interest generally cannot be determined, analytic (queueing) models are only of limited help. Detailed analysis requires extensive simulation, an approach limited by its high, sometimes prohibitive, computational cost and infeasible when realtime decisions must be made. An alternative is offered by Perturbation Analvsis, a recently developed technique which efficiently estimates performance gradients with respect to parameters from a single interval of observing real on-line data. This technique can be used to exploit the data collection capabilities of computer integrated manufacturing systems and automatically provide valuable "sensitivity" information. It essentially creates a decision aid whose uniqueness lies in supplying on-line answers to "what if..." questions. An application of perturbation analysis is discussed, where emphasis is placed on optimizing control strategies for dynamic (i.e. state dependent) scheduling and routing of individual parts in a computer integrated manufacturing system.
Ion Channels, Overview

Channels are integral membrane proteins that facilitate the passage of ions (Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , or Cl − ) across the hydrophobic lipid bilayer of biological membranes. Movement of ions through the water-filled pore of a channel may be highly selective to determine which ions may pass (permeation) and may be regulated by membrane voltage, ligand binding, stretch, or other physical stimuli. This specificity of channel activity underlies the highly orchestrated events that are the fundamental basis for cellular excitability, muscle contraction, hormone secretion, and other transmembrane signaling processes.
UV Lasing in Semiconductor Polycrystalline Films

Commercially available compound semiconductor lasers are made of single crystalline films fabricated by hetro-epitaxial growth on lattice-matched substrates. However, epitaxial growth techniques are not only expensive but also very restrictive to the type of substrates which can be used. To overcome these restrictions, we have been searching for inorganic laser materials that do not require epitaxial growth. In this article, we report what we believe to be the first attempt of such an effort: the demonstration of UV laser action in ZnO polycrystalline films grown on amorphous fused silica substrates.
An Economic Dynamic Approach to the Infrastructure Commons

This brief essay comments upon and extends Brett Frischman's idea of the infrastructure commons, i.e. that certain commons resources function as infrastructure. After suggesting some refinements of the infrastructure commons theory, this essay shows how an economic dynamic approach to law (see David M. Driesen, The Economic Dynamics of Environmental Law (MIT Press 2003) can help strengthen the case for proper management of the infrastructure commons, helping bolster the case for preserving the commons and identifying some of its limitations. The essay, like Professor Frischman's original article, applies infrastructure commons theory to both environmental and intellectual property resources.
Catalytic Ortho-Acetoxylation of Masked Benzyl Alcohols via an Exo-Directing Mode

A Pd-catalyzed ortho-acetoxylation of masked benzyl alcohols to synthesize various 2-hydroxyalkylphenol derivatives is reported. The 2,6-dimethoxyl benzaldoxime proved to be an efficient exo-type directing group for arene (sp2) C–H functionalization. Two strategies were demonstrated to remove the directing group through N–O and C–O bond cleavages. A high catalyst turnover (>1000) was obtained to illustrate the practicality of this method.
Meeting the challenges of secondary education in Latin America and East Asia: improving efficiency and resource mobilization

In a context of increased primary school enrollment rates, secondary education is appearing as the next big challenge for Latin American and East Asian countries. This report seeks to undertake a detailed diagnostic of secondary education in these two regions, understand some of the main constraints to the expansion and improvement of secondary education, and suggest policy options to address these constraints, with focus on policies that improve the mobilization and use of resources.
Bounding essential arities of term operations in finitely decidable varieties

Let A be a finite algebra generating a finitely decidable variety and having nontrivial strongly solvable radical \({\tau}\). We provide an improved bound on the number of variables in which a term can be sensitive to changes within \({\tau}\). We utilize a multisorted algebraic construction, amalgamating the methods developed by Valeriote and McKenzie for the investigation of strongly abelian locally finite decidable varieties with those of Idziak for locally finite congruence modular finitely decidable varieties.
Leader roles, organization-based self-esteem, and employee outcomes

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between different managerial roles and organization-based self-esteem (OBSE), and employee job satisfaction, organization commitment, and turnover and absence intentions. Design/methodology/approach – Survey data were collected from 1,386 employees in a high technology industry. Employees described the roles their managers fulfilled, and then rated their own OBSE, satisfaction, commitment, and turnover and absence intent. Findings – Different managerial roles had different relationships with OBSE, which mediated the relationships between some of the management roles and employee outcomes. Research limitations/implications – This study used a cross-sectional design with single source data in a single industry. Future research should examine these relationships using longitudinal designs, multiple data sources, and a variety of industries. Practical implications – Managers should be aware that their behaviors affect employee self-esteem, wh...
The effects of animation on information seeking performance on the World Wide Web: securing attention or interfering with primary tasks?

Although animation is commonly used in the web environment, scant scientific evidence can be found either on the effects of animation on viewer information seeking performance or on the implications for online advertising. This paper reports a limited study that provides such scientific evidence. Using research results from visual attention and perception literature to guide the discovery, the study confirms four hypotheses. (1) Animation as a secondary stimulus deteriorates viewer information seeking performance.
Interval Testing Strategies Applied to COSY’s Interval and Taylor Model Arithmetic

The COSY Infinity software package by Berz et al. is widely used in the beam physics community. We report execution-based testing of its interval and Taylor model arithmetics. The testing strategy is careful to avoid contamination by inevitable rounding errors. Tests were ported to Sun’s F95 and INTLAB. In each package, we uncovered violations of containment which have all been corrected by their authors. We encourage users of COSY and most other software packages to check author/vendor web sites regularly for possible updates and patches.
4D Gravity on a Brane in 5D Minkowski Space

We suggest a mechanism by which four-dimensional Newtonian gravity emerges on a 3-brane in 5D Minkowski space with an infinite size extra dimension. The worldvolume theory gives rise to the correct 4D potential at short distances whereas at large distances the potential is that of a 5D theory. We discuss some phenomenological issues in this framework.
K- (pi)(pi) Phenomenology in the Presence of Electromagnetism

We describe the influence of electromagnetism on the phenomenology of $K \to \pi\pi $ decays. This is required because the present data were analyzed without inclusion of electromagnetic radiative corrections, and hence contain several ambiguities and uncertainties which we describe in detail. Our presentation includes a full description of the infrared effects needed for a new experimental analysis. It also describes the general treatment of final state interaction phases, needed because Watson's theorem is no longer valid in the presence of electromagnetism. The phase of the isospin-two amplitude ${\cal A}_2$ may be modified by $50 \to 100%$ . We provide a tentative analysis using present data in order to illustrate the sensitivity to electromagnetic effects, and also discuss how the standard treatment of $\epsilon' /\epsilon$ is modified.
Volkov-akulov theory and D-branes

The action of supersymmetric Born-Infeld theory (D-9-brane in a Lorentz covariant static gauge) has a geometric form of the Volkov-Akulov-type. The first non-linearly realized supersymmetry can be made manifest, the second world-volume supersymmetry is not manifest. We also study the analogous 2 supersymmetries of the quadratic action of the covariantly quantized D-0-brane. We show that the Hamiltonian and the BRST operator are build from these two supersymmetry generators.
Farm size and nonparametric efficiency measurements for coffee farms in Vietnam

We study the efficiency of smallholder coffee farms in Vietnam. Data from a 2004 survey of farms in two districts in Dak Lak Province are used in a two-step analysis. In the first step, technical and cost efficiency measures are calculated using DEA. In the second step, Tobit regressions are used to identify factors correlated with technical and cost inefficiency. Results indicate that small farms were less efficient than large farms. Inefficiencies observed on small farms appear to be related, in part, to the scale of investments in irrigation infrastructure.
Classical imaging with undetected photons

We describe a classical-state system capable of mimicking the essential features of Barreto Lemos et a/.'s quantum imaging with undetected photons [Nature, 512, 409–412 (2014)]. but with a much higher signal-to-noise ratio.