cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 2301: Myeloid cells promote fibroblast invasion and lead mammary adenocarcinoma cell invasion.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Myeloid cells localize to invasive edges of solid tumors where they promote invasive tumor growth, intravasation into vasculature and metastasis of malignant cells1,2. Fibroblasts, on the other hand, lead collective cell migration3 of carcinoma cells via fostering extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and generating tracks of collagen fibers that act as “highways” for cell migration4,5. To identify soluble molecules mediating these juxtacrine communication mechanisms between myeloid cells and fibroblasts in potentiating metastasis, we conducted pilot studies with subsets of spleen- or tumor-derived myeloid cells, tumor-derived fibroblasts, and mammary adenocarcinoma cells. Whereas spleen-derived CD11b+Ly6ChiLy6G− monocytes promote fibroblast migration ex vivo, two populations of tumor-derived myeloid cells, e.g., CD11b+Gr1+ and CD11b+Gr1− cells possessed this capability. In ex vivo migration assays, fibroblast migration was dependent on myeloid cell-derived factors, e.g., CXCL11, CXCL15, FGF2, IGF-1 and Shh, as well as fibroblast Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Inhibition of fibroblast MEK reduced myeloid cell-induced fibroblast migration, whereas FGF-RI inhibition completely abolished this capability. These studies indicate a role for myeloid cell-fibroblast communication in fostering migration (and potentially activation) of fibroblasts that lead collective cell migration properties of mammary carcinoma cells. Ongoing studies are identifying specific subpopulations of tumor-associated myeloid cells possessing these activities, as well as the role of FGF receptor signaling pathways in facilitating metastasis. 1. Wyckoff, J.B., et al. Direct visualization of macrophage-assisted tumor cell intravasation in mammary tumors. Cancer Res 67, 2649-2656 (2007). 2. Qian, B.Z. & Pollard, J.W. Macrophage diversity enhances tumor progression and metastasis. Cell 141, 39-51 (2010). 3. Friedl, P., Locker, J., Sahai, E. & Segall, J.E. Classifying collective cancer cell invasion. Nat Cell Biol 14, 777-783 (2012). 4. Khalil, A.A. & Friedl, P. Determinants of leader cells in collective cell migration. Integr Biol (Camb) 2, 568-574 (2010). 5. Gritsenko, P.G., Ilina, O. & Friedl, P. Interstitial guidance of cancer invasion. J Pathol 226, 185-199 (2012). The authors acknowledge generous support from the NIH/NCI, a Dept of Defense (DoD) Breast Cancer Research Program Postdoctoral Fellowship, a DoD Era of Hope Scholar Expansion Award, Susan G. Komen Fndt, and the Breast Cancer Research Fndt. Citation Format: Aubie K. Shaw, Sergey Novitskiy, Lisa M. Coussens, Harold L. Moses. Myeloid cells promote fibroblast invasion and lead mammary adenocarcinoma cell invasion. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2301. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2301
Oil exchange between oil-in-water emulsion droplets stabilised with a non-ionic surfactant

Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry has been used to monitor crystallization and melting of hydrocarbons in oil-in-water emulsions containing a mixture of pure n-hexadecane droplets (10 wt%) and pure octadecane droplets (10 wt%) stabilized by a non-ionic surfactant, (2 wt% polyoxyethylene sorbiton monolaurate). The crystallization and melting behavior of the emulsions changed with time in a manner consistent with exchange of oil between the n-hexadecane and octadecane droplets. Complete mixing of the oils in the droplets took over 7 days. The rate of exchange increased when additional surfactant was added to the aqueous phase of the emulsion. The droplet size of the emulsions did not change during the course of the experiment. The probable mechanism for oil exchange between the droplets involved the solubilisation of the oil in the aqueous phase by surfactant micelles.
Dislocation junction formation and strength in magnesium

Abstract Adaptative meshing finite-element-based discrete dislocation dynamics simulations are employed to predict dislocation junction formation in magnesium as well as their resulting strength. Apart from coplanar and collinear interactions, all possible interactions between basal, prismatic and pyramidal slip are considered. Among others it is found that while non-coplanar prismatic junctions are more likely than basal–prismatic junctions, the latter are more stable. However, pyramidal–prismatic junctions appear more stable than pyramidal–basal junctions. Finally, non-coplanar pyramidal junctions are more likely than any other junction formation, and these junctions also appear to be amongst the strongest.
First Adsorbed Layer of Helium

The discrepancy between the force constants for the adsorption of helium found by Bowers at high saturations using the Frenkel isotherm, and Strauss at medium saturations using the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller theory creates some doubts whether or not the amount ${v}_{m}$ derived from the BET isotherm in the saturation range $\frac{P}{{P}_{0}}=0.02\ensuremath{-}0.2$ represents in the case of helium the amount adsorbed in the first layer. Adsorption measurements at very low saturations show a distinct plateau in the 2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K isotherm at $\frac{P}{{P}_{0}}\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ for \ensuremath{\sim}0.5 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ adsorbed suggesting the completion of the first layer already at these low saturations. At 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K this plateau coalesces with the usual point $B$ of sigmoid isotherms, where $\ensuremath{\sim}0.8 {\mathrm{cm}}^{3}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}={v}_{m}$ is adsorbed.It is therefore proposed to interpret ${v}_{m}$ as the amount adsorbed with $({\overline{E}}_{a}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{0})g\mathrm{RT}$ (${\overline{E}}_{a}$ being the differential energy of adsorption, ${E}_{0}$ the energy of vaporization of the bulk liquid), which coincides with the completion of the first layer only for (${E}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{0}$) between about $2RT$ and $8RT$.
Excited state interfacial electron transfer from a compound with a single pyridine ligand.

The coordination compound Ru(NH3)5(eina)(PF6)2, where eina is ethyl isonicotinate, was synthesized and attached to optically transparent nanocrystalline (anatase) TiO2 films, abbreviated Ru(NH3)5(eina)/TiO2. The metal-to-ligand-charge-transfer (MLCT) absorption was found to shift in wavelength with solvent. The absorption maximum of the low energy MLCT band was observed at 486 nm in acetonitrile and 528 nm in dimethylformamide for Ru(NH3)5(eina)(PF6)2 and at 512 and 555 nm for Ru(NH3)5(eina)/TiO2, respectively. The compound was found to be nonemissive with an excited state lifetime <10 ns under all conditions studied. Light excitation in fluid solution and when attached to insulating ZrO2 films resulted in a loss of the MLCT absorption, consistent with ligand field photochemistry. Pulsed light excitation of Ru(NH3)5(eina)/TiO2 yields an absorption difference spectrum consistent with an interfacial charge separated state, RuIII(NH3)5(eina)/TiO2(e-). This state forms within 10 ns and returns cleanly to grou...
Cognitive mapping and hippocampal system function.

Abstract Rats with lesions in the fimbria-fornix, or with a control operation, were trained to discriminate between two spatial locations in a test arena, following which each rat was given two series of transfer tests. Although rats with fimbria-fornix lesions took longer than the controls to learn the spatial discrimination, on the first series of transfer tests all rats, even those with lesions, chose the correct goal location from an unfamiliar starting location, indicating that they had used a cognitive mapping strategy to solve the task. The results of the second series of transfer tests suggest that the rats with fimbria-fornix lesions preferred to use stimuli which were different from those used by the controls to solve the discrimination. Finally, on a radial arm maze task, the rats with lesions performed poorly in relation to the controls, demonstrating that the lesions were functionally effective. These results are seen as compatible with theories that emphasize the role of the hippocampal system in memory functions rather than in cognitive mapping.
First global analysis of the hum produced by body waves

Driven by oceanic and atmospheric waves and turbulence and their interactions with the surface and the sea floor, the Earth produces a low-frequency song known as “seismic hum,” a regular background hiss of seismic waves. By applying a mathematical technique known as cross-correlation interferometry to the observations of seismic hum produced by surface seismic waves, researchers have been able to better understand the structure and composition of the surface layers of the Earth's crust. Recently, researchers have started applying cross-correlation interferometry to seismic body waves, waves that travel through the Earth rather than along the surface to study the properties of Earth's mantle and core.
Natal habitat effects drive density—dependent scaling of dispersal decisions

The dispersal behavior of a species is critical for the stability and persistence of its populations across a landscape. How population density affects dispersal decisions is important for predicting these dynamics, as the form of density-dependent dispersal influences the stability and persistence of populations. Natal habitat experience often has strong impacts on individual dispersal behavior as well, but its influence on density-dependent dispersal behaviors remains unexplored. Here we address this conceptual gap in two experiments separately examining habitat selection and emigration from recently colonized patches for two species of flour beetle Tribolium sp. We found that interactions between the quality of habitat experienced during natal development and current habitat for dispersal capable adults can strongly affect the form of density dependence, including reversing the direction of nonlinearities (accelerating to decelerating), or even negating the influence of population density for individual dispersal decisions. Across heterogeneous landscapes, where individuals from different populations may experience different natal habitats, this altering of density-dependent relationships is predicted by theory to fundamentally influence regional population dynamics. Our results indicate that species which occur across heterogeneous environments, such as during conservation reintroductions, or as invasive species spread, have much potential for natal experience to interact with density dependence and influence local and regional population dynamics.
Farmer Seed Exchange and Crop Diversity in a Changing Agricultural Landscape in the Southern Highlands of Ethiopia

The southern highlands of Ethiopia are home to some of the planet’s oldest agricultural systems, dating back 10,000 years (Brandt et al. 1997), and are considered a global center of crop diversity (Vavilov and Chester 1951). The highland landscape is made up of a patchwork of small, diverse subsistence farms, grasslands, and forests where the lines between ‘human’ and ‘natural’ are indistinct, and the actions of farmers are a driving force in the distribution of biodiversity. Crop diversity serves both to buffer the global food supply against environmental change and pest and disease outbreaks, and to maintain the sustainability of traditional small-scale agricultural systems (Gepts 2006). These diverse crops and varieties are created and maintained through seed exchange among farmers, and the scales and strengths of these pathways have enormous influence on agricultural biodiversity. In order to understand patterns of diversity, it is therefore useful to explore the patterns of farmer seed exchange that influence farmers’ use of and access to agricultural biodiversity, and the ways in which cultural, demographic, and agricultural changes have the potential to enhance or erode that diversity. Our research focuses on four related questions: 1) How the scales and mechanisms of seed exchange affect diversity; 2) How those practices differ among locations, agroecological zones, and individual farms; 3) How and why those practices are changing; and 4) What the effects of those changes on diversity in this agroecosystem may be.
The microwell control of embryoid body size in order to regulate cardiac differentiation of human embryonic stem cells.

Abstract The differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into cardiomyocytes (CMs) using embryoid bodies (EBs) is relatively inefficient and highly variable. Formation of EBs using standard enzymatic disaggregation techniques results in a wide range of sizes and geometries of EBs. Use of a 3-D cuboidal microwell system to culture hESCs in colonies of defined dimensions, 100–500 μm in lateral dimensions and 120 μm in depth, enabled formation of more uniform-sized EBs. The 300 μm microwells produced highest percentage of contracting EBs, but flow cytometry for myosin light chain 2A (MLC2a) expressing cells revealed a similar percentage (∼3%) of cardiomyocytes formed in EBs from 100 μm to 300 μm microwells. These data, and immunolabeling with anti-MF20 and MLC2a, suggest that the smaller EBs are less likely to form contracting EBs, but those contracting EBs are relatively enriched in cardiomyocytes compared to larger EB sizes where CMs make up a proportionately smaller fraction of the total cells. We conclude that microwell-engineered EB size regulates cardiogenesis and can be used for more efficient and reproducible formation of hESC-CMs needed for research and therapeutic applications.
Ensemble Approach for NMR Structure Refinement against 1H Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement Data Arising from a Flexible Paramagnetic Group Attached to a Macromolecule

Paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) measurements on (1)H nuclei have the potential to play an important role in NMR structure determination of macromolecules by providing unique long-range (10-35 A) distance information. Recent methodological advances for covalently attaching paramagnetic groups at specific sites on both proteins and nucleic acids have permitted the application of the PRE to various biological macromolecules. However, because artificially introduced paramagnetic groups are exposed to solvent and linked to the macromolecule by several freely rotatable bonds, they are intrinsically flexible. This renders conventional back-calculation of the (1)H-PRE using a single-point representation inaccurate, thereby severely limiting the utility of the (1)H-PRE as a tool for structure refinement. To circumvent these limitations, we have developed a theoretical framework and computational strategy with which to accurately back-calculate (1)H-PREs arising from flexible paramagnetic groups attached to macromolecules. In this scheme, the (1)H-PRE is calculated using a modified Solomon-Bloembergen equation incorporating a "model-free" formalism, based on a multiple-structure representation of the paramagnetic group in simulated annealing calculations. The ensemble approach for (1)H-PRE back-calculation was examined using several SRY/DNA complexes incorporating dT-EDTA-Mn(2+) at three distinct sites in the DNA, permitting a large data set comprising 435 experimental backbone and side-chain (1)H-PREs to be obtained in a straightforward manner from 2D through-bond correlation experiments. Calculations employing complete cross-validation demonstrate that the ensemble representation provides a means to accurately utilize backbone and side-chain (1)H-PRE data arising from a flexible paramagnetic group in structure refinement. The results of (1)H-PRE based refinement, in conjunction with previously obtained NMR restraints, indicate that significant gains in accuracy can be readily obtained. This is particularly significant in the case of macromolecular complexes where intermolecular translational restraints derived from nuclear Overhauser enhancement data may be limited.
ADSORPTION AND DISSOCIATION OF METHANOL ON ALUMINUM (100) : THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF REACTION MECHANISM

The adsorption of methanol on aluminum (100) surface is modeled by quantum mechanical calculations on a small cluster, using hybrid Hartree−Fock/density functional theory. The enthalpy of adsorption at low coverage is calculated for the high-symmetry sites. The relevance of tipping of the prevalent methoxy species before C−O bond scission is examined. A new mechanism for dissociation is proposed, which is in excellent agreement with experimental determinations of the energy of activation for dissociation. Principles of transition-state theory are correlated to theoretical calculation of vibrational frequencies. Current assumptions from molecular orbital theory, as applied to surface reaction energetics, are called into question.
Homosexuality as a specific risk factor for eating disorders in men

Objective The current study examined whether homosexuality is a specific risk factor for disordered eating in men. Method Men (64 heterosexual and 58 homosexual) completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), the Masculinity and Femininity scales of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI), the Bulimia Test-Revised (BULIT-R), the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), and the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). Results Homosexual men had more pathological scores on the BDI, RSE, BULIT-R, EAT-26, and BSQ. Additionally, homosexual men reported greater discomfort with sexual orientation. After controlling for differences in depression, self-esteem, and comfort with sexual orientation, sexual orientation continued to account for significant variance in BULIT-R, EAT-26, and BSQ scores. Discussion Future research may benefit from exploring aspects of homosexuality that may contribute specifically to risk for disordered eating in men. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 300–306, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eat.10036
Building the ubiquitous computing user experience

Many aspects of Mark Weiser's original vision of ubiquitous computing [3] are rapidly becoming reality. Unlike just a few years ago, where we had at most one computer per person, many of us now routinely carry several "intelligent" devices. These may include PDAs, cell phones, laptop computers, portable digital music players, and so on. Additionally, our daily environments are often inhabited by digital devices such as computer display projectors and computer-augmented whiteboards.Increasingly, these devices have the ability to interconnect with one another, whether through short-range, proximity-based transports such as infrared or Bluetooth, via longer-range wireless technology, or through "traditional" wired networks. As we carry with us and are surrounded by increasing numbers of interconnectable devices--as well as rapidly proliferating interconnected software services--we are confronted with the question: how will we understand, make sense of, and ultimately use, the functionality around us?
Development of hard-turbulent convection in two dimensions: Numerical evidence.

New numerical evidence for a transition to hard turbulence in 2D Boussinesq convection is presented. These 2D simulations agree with some, but not all, experimental results for the scaling properties of 3D hard turbulence. The transition to 2D hard turbulence, as measured by a change in the Nusselt-Rayleigh scaling law, coincides with a gradual change in the velocity probability distribution from Gaussian to exponential form and with the development of a ``well-mixed'' central region.
An architecture-based dynamic adaptation model and framework for adaptive software systems

This paper describes an architecture-based dynamic adaptation model and framework for adaptive software systems. The framework provides for a reusable adaptation infrastructure and uses a layered architecture pattern. It also provides separation of concerns from the system's software architecture and supports internal state information checkpointing and restoration. Any dynamic software adaptation process, whether instigated internally or externally, makes runtime changes only to affected components. The dynamic adaptation model separates adaptation-impacted parts of a system from those that need not be concerned with the dynamic adaptation.
Recreation, Event, and Tourism Businesses: Start-up and Sustainable Operations

Recreation, Event, and Tourism Businesses: Start-up and Sustainable Operations Authors: R. E. Pfister and P. T. Tierney Publisher: Human Kinetics, Champaign (Illinois) 2009. pp. 296 Paperback: ISBN...
The Effects of Thimerosal, a Sulfhydryl Reagent, on Phasic Myometrial Contractions

Thimerosal inhibits calcium uptake and IP3-induced calcium release from IP3-sensitive endoplasmic reticulum; this study sought to evaluate the effects of thimerosal on agonist-stimulated phasic myometrial contractions. Thimerosal was found to significantly inhibit phasic contractions stimulated by oxytocin, aluminum fluoride, potassium chloride, ionomycin, and Bay K 8644. These observations provide support for the hypothesis that calcium uptake and IP3-induced calcium release are important events during agonist-stimulated phasic myometrial contractions.
The Psychological Effects of Exposure to Wartime Trauma in Bosnian Residents and Refugees: Implications for Treatment and Service Provision

It has been widely reported that exposure to war-related trauma leads to psychological distress in human beings, and it has been hypothesized that this psychological distress may be compounded when people leave their war-torn countries and begin their lives as refugees in a new country. In this study, we explored whether a systematic relationship existed between the level of traumatic wartime events experienced by Bosnian residents and refugees living in the western United States and their levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression. We also explored whether differences in levels of these mental health problems existed between Bosnian residents and refugees. The results indicated that level of exposure to wartime trauma was significantly correlated to mental health problems on all three dimensions. Bosnian refugees reported significantly greater levels of PTSD than members of their Bosnian resident cohort, but not greater levels of anxiety or depression.
Radiofrequency safety for interventional MRI procedures.

During an interventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedure, various kinds of surgical and interventional devices, such as needles, catheters, and guidewires, that contain metallic components are used inside the MRI scanner. Interference of these devices with radiofrequency pulses is known to be a possible health risk. The radiofrequency (RF) power delivered by an RF body coil may become concentrated on these metallic devices and may cause a significant increase in the specific absorption rate (SAR), potentially resulting in excessive local temperature rise and burns (1). This risk is very well known and has been extensively studied (2). The source of this problem is also well known (3). This temperature rise has been shown in a multitude of studies by many investigators (4‐8). Unfortunately, absolute values of the results are conflicting, primarily because the methods used in these measurements have not been uniform. In addition, guidelines that could be used to prevent this problem from occurring in humans have not been established. During an MRI procedure, RF pulses are applied to the subject in order to excite the spins and generate echo signals, which are used to generate images. As an undesired side effect, the temperature of the subject increases as a result of absorption of the RF energy (9). The amount of applied RF energy depends on the pulse sequence that is being used, the type of the coil that is used to transmit this energy to the body, and the size, shape, and electromagnetic and thermodynamic properties of the body. This effect is very well known and various guidelines that are in place are safely used (10). Reported RF safety problems are only related to the use of metallic devices that come into contact with the body (11). The existence of metallic devices inside or in contact with the body during an MRI examination is infrequent. As a safety precaution, during routine diagnostic examinations, patients are asked to remove all the metallic objects that may be in contact with their body. With few exceptions, the presence of metallic implants is a contraindication for MRI examinations. When the subject is free from metallic devices, an MRI examination can be conducted very safely with current guidelines, as used in approximately 2 million examinations per year.
A Participatory Simulation for Informal Education in Restoration Ecology

Constructivist pedagogical approaches have become common in many science curricula. However, while sciences such as physics and chemistry lend themselves to compelling opportunities for interaction (explosions, reactions, objects in motion), certain systems sciences are more challenging for learners to engage with on a short time scale. Applying constructivist, discovery-based methods to the teaching of restoration ecology presents a number of difficulties, including the large amount of time and space over which ecological processes occur, limitations on experiments that can be performed in classroom contexts, and limited access to certain ecological settings. To address these difficulties, a team of computer scientists, ecologists, and educators created the EcoRaft project, a participatory simulation that allows children to learn about restoration ecology by playing the role of ecologists collaborating to restore a virtual rain forest ecosystem. Through qualitative evaluations of the EcoRaft project in multiple contexts, this article explores (1) how to design simulated environments more effectively as a means of promoting collaborative, discovery-based learning of scientific concepts, and (2) how to do so in ways that balance the need for integrating content area knowledge with interactive paradigms that engage young participants.
HEAT STABILITY OF CHICKEN ACTOMYOSIN

The heat sensitivity of chicken actomyosin was determined under varying conditions of the pH and ionic environment and in the presence and absence of various additives. The emulsifying capacity of the protein was used as the index of heat damage. As the pH of the solvent was increased above 8.5, the stability of the protein increased. It was more stable in 0.6M KC1 than in 0.2M KCl. Up to 6% sucrose significantly improved the stability. Polyphosphates were beneficial in stabilizing the actomyosin. This information should facilitate development of methods of heat pasteurizing mechanically deboned chicken meat.
Hormonal Relations in the Phototropic Response IV. Light-Induced Changes of Endogenous Auxins in the Coleoptile

Beside indoleacetic acid (IAA), 3 auxins were found by chromatographic resolution of acidic fractions of Avena and Zea coleoptile tips. One of these auxins, designated P, occurred at levels of activity approaching those of IAA. The other 2 auxins, termed F and M, occurred at lower levels of activity. When the auxins of the excised coleoptile tips were isolated immediately after equilateral or unilateral irradiation with blue light at first positive energies, the ratio of IAA to the other auxins increases. This rise is the result of a decrease in P and F, and probably an increase in IAA. Light did not affect materially the total auxin content. It is suggested that P and F might be associated with the basipetal transport inequalities of IAA in phototropism.P has been partially characterized. Its R(F) on chromatograms developed in ammoniacal isopropanol is about 0.65. It is converted to IAA in vitro by heat. The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of chromatographically resolved P also suggests an indolyl complex. P is not readily transported basipetally, and the slope of its relative concentration-response curve (Avena section test) is lower than that of IAA. P does not appear to be any of the chemically characterized native auxins.
SAGA: A standardized access layer to heterogeneous Distributed Computing Infrastructure

Abstract Distributed Computing Infrastructure is characterized by interfaces that are heterogeneous—syntactically and semantically. SAGA represents the most comprehensive community effort to date to address the heterogeneity by defining a simple, uniform access layer. In this paper, we describe the basic concepts underpinning its design and development. We also discuss RADICAL-SAGA which is the most widely used implementation of SAGA.
Self-Efficacy Determinants of Anticipated Fears and Calamities

This comment analyzes the issues raised by Kirsch regarding the role of selfpercepts of coping efficacy in avoidance behavior. Evidence is reviewed that shows that people who perceive themselves as inefficacious in wielding control over potentially aversive events view them anxiously, conjure up possible injurious consequences, and display phobic avoidance of them. Self-efficacy theory postulates an interactive, though asymmetric, relation between perceived self-efficacy and fear arousal, with self-judged efficacy exerting the greater impact. This enables people to perform activities at lower strengths of self-judged efficacy despite fear arousal and to take self-protective action without having to wait for fear arousal to prompt them to action. In a recent article, Kirsch (1982) reported that college students who say they fear snakes raise their confidence that they could hold one if offered such hypothetical incentives as money ranging up to $ 1 million, saving someone's life, or even sparing one's own life. In contrast, a majority of these same students steadfastly maintain they could not toss a wad of paper into a wastepaper basket at an easy distance (54%) or at a distance of 50 feet (15.2 m; 76%) even if a million dollars, their own life, or the lives of others depended on it. When asked for their reasons for their hypothetical reluctance in these hypothetical situations, the reluctant snake handlers said they were deterred by expected fear and aversive consequences, whereas the reluctant paper throwers said they were immobilized by want of ability. Kirsch concluded from these data that people refrain from performing tasks they find threatening "due to expected negative consequences, including the expectation that they will experience fear" (p. 133). This type of interpretatio n simply begs the question because the causes of expected negative consequences and fear arousal themselves need explaining. This is one of a number of issues that the self-efficacy formulation addresses. People who doubt they can cope effectively with potentially aversive situations approach
Statins and Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women: A Critical Appraisal of the Evidence

Objectives. A systematic review of randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses evaluating the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of statins in preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women without cardiovascular disease. Background. Several meta-analyses have been performed evaluating statins in CVD primary prevention trials involving women. This review is an update incorporating the results of recent CVD primary prevention trials in women and the recent concerns of statins and new-onset diabetes. Method. PubMed database was searched for primary prevention trials and meta-analyses. The key terms “statins, cardiovascular disease, primary prevention in women” were used. Search was limited to all English publications published up to October 2012. Results. Statin use led to a trend towards reduction in cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in women. No significant increased risk in adverse events was observed. The slight increased incidence of diabetes is outweighed by the greater cardiovascular benefit ...
Improved prediction of simultaneous local and overall buckling of stiffened panels

Abstract In this paper, improved expressions for elastic local plate buckling and overall panel buckling of uniaxially compressed T-stiffened panels are developed and validated with 55 ABAQUS eigenvalue buckling analyses of a wide range of typical panel geometries. These two expressions are equated to derive a new expression for the rigidity ratio (EIx/Db)CO that uniquely identifies “crossover” panels—those for which local and overall buckling stresses are the same. The new expression for (EIx/Db)CO is also validated using the 55 FE models. Earlier work by Chen (Ultimate strength analysis of stiffened panels using a beam-column method. PhD Dissertation, Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 2003) had produced a new step-by-step beam-column method for predicting stiffener-induced compressive collapse of stiffened panels. An alternative approach is to use orthotropic plate theory. As part of the validation of the new beam-column method, ABAQUS elasto-plastic Riks ultimate strength analyses were made for 107 stiffened panels—the 55 crossover panels and 52 others. The beam-column and orthotropic approaches were also used. A surprising result was that the orthotropic approach has a large error for crossover panels whereas the beam-column method does not. Some possible reasons for this are suggested.
Thermal ink jet: current status and future prospects

Since the invention of thermal ink jet in 1978, Hewlett-Packard has introduced a series of products based on this technology that have evolved from low resolution monochrome all the way to medium/high resolution color and black and white printers. The first HP product, introduced in 1984, had a resolution of 96 dots per inch. The latest HP offering is the DeskJet 1200C with a 300 by 600 dots per inch resolution for black and white and 300 dpi for color. The 1200C also utilizes HP's resolution enhancement technology to provide high-quality text printing. Given this range of development, the question that arises is "how far can this technology be taken?" Certainly the capability of thermal ink jet to deliver excellent color quality at an affordable cost is hard to challenge. Expectations in this area are still very high and even better color print quality is anticipated in the future. Although lasers deliver superb black and white text quality, the color capability of thermal ink jet makes the technology extremely attractive. There are two ways to look into the future of thermal ink jet. One would be to analyze the engineering issues, along with the manufacturing challenges, that will determine the practical limits of the technology. This obviously involves a discussion of the product plans for the future. A second approach, to be taken in this summary paper, will be to look at the physical limits and contrast them with the current state of the technology. To do this, four sub-systems common to all printing technologies will be defmed. The first, ink storage and delivery, is directly dependent to the issues that affect the life of the pen and overall print speed. Secondary concerns in this area are user re-supply and serviceability. The second subsystem is that of transfer. The transfer process involves the separation of a defined amount of colorant and the mechanism whereby that colorant is deposited on the substrate. Fundamental questions in this area focus on ultimate dot size; i.e., resolution, and print speed. The third subsystem is that or addressing; i.e., receiving and electronically converting print data into the drive voltages for the thermal ink jet resistors. Limitations in addressing technology will have a direct bearing on the size of printhead swath for scanning printheads or the cost of a page-wide array. The final, and possibly most complex subsystem, is fixing of the image to the substrate. This brings into play all of the chemistry involved in ink and paper interactions and the demands for the devices to be able to print on a wide variety of substrates. This is a situation unlike any in commercial printing where inks are selected for the appropriate paper stock. Technology issues here will have a strong bearing on overall print quality with particular emphasis of thermal ink jet's ability to print color graphics and images. This paper will provide a brief summary of the issues involved in these four subsystems from the point of view ofthe physical limits that constrain them.
Combined VIth and XIIth cranial nerve palsies: a clival syndrome.

In 1947, Godtfredsen1 reported nine patients in whom the spread of nasopharyngeal cancer to the cavernous sinus produced ophthalmoplegia, usually due to abducens palsy and often accompanied by trigeminal neuropathy. In addition, retropharyngeal lymph node involvement near the hypoglossal canal resulted in XIIth nerve damage.1 He concluded that “ophthalmoplegia (most often sixth nerve paresis) and paresis of the twelfth cranial nerve . . . must be regarded as pathognomonic of a malignant neoplasm in the nasopharynx.”1 Awareness of this unusual pattern of cranial neuropathy has aided the diagnosis of cryptic nasopharyngeal cancers, especially before the introduction of computed scanning. However, tumors arising from the mid and lower clivus are ideally located to interrupt these forward-exiting nerves. It is unlikely that damage to both the VIth and XIIth cranial nerves is peculiar to nasopharyngeal malignancy. To investigate the causes of combined VIth and XIIth cranial neuropathies, I reviewed my experience with an …
The role of coelomic and vascular hemoglobin in the annelid family terebellidae

Abstract 1. 1. Monomeric hemoglobins extracted from terebellid coelomic cells have high oxygen affinities (1–3 mm Hg) with no co-operativity or phosphate dependence in oxygen binding. Hill plots describing deoxygenation of hemoglobins within cells have similar P 50 's, but the curves are biphasic. 2. 2. The high molecular weight hemoglobins dissolved in blood have a relatively low oxygen affinity (10 mm Hg) with slight co-operativity and no sensitivity to phosphates and NaCl. In vivo they transport oxygen primarily to coelomic fluid rather than deep tissue. 3. 3. Terebellid hemoglobins are responsible for 30–55 per cent of total oxygen consumption at p O 2 's prevailing both at high tide, when oxygen transport is believed to be their major function, and at low tide when oxygen storage predominates.
Airway vascular endothelial function in healthy smokers without systemic endothelial dysfunction.

Background Cigarette smoking can lead to systemic endothelial dysfunction. Since the airway circulation is exposed to a high concentration of cigarette smoke constituents, we reasoned that airway vascular endothelial dysfunction could be present in healthy smokers without systemic endothelial dysfunction. Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare airway and systemic endothelial function and measure markers of systemic inflammation in lung-healthy current smokers. Since endothelial dysfunction in smokers has been related to systemic inflammation, we also investigated its response to an inhaled glucocorticosteroid (ICS). Methods Fifteen healthy, current smokers and 17 healthy, lifetime nonsmokers were enrolled. Smokers were randomly assigned to 3-week treatments with inhaled fluticasone propionate or placebo in a crossover design. Vascular endothelial function was assessed in the airway by the airway blood-flow response to inhaled albuterol (ΔQaw) and in the extrapulmonary circulation by brachial arterial flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD). Venous blood was collected for C-reactive protein and IL-6. Results Baseline parameters did not differ between groups except for ΔQaw, which was greater in nonsmokers (45% ± 12%) than smokers (1% ± 12%) ( P = .001). In the smokers, ICS treatment increased Qaw to 41% ± 7% ( P Conclusions Healthy smokers with no signs of systemic inflammation or endothelial dysfunction display impaired airway vascular endothelial function, possibly preceding systemic endothelial dysfunction. Airway endothelial function was restored with an ICS, and the response was directly related to the severity of endothelial dysfunction.
Series resistance and mobility in mechanically-exfoliated layered transition metal dichalcogenide MOSFETs

We show that transmission line method, where a set of devices are used, does not always correctly estimate series resistance of mechanically-exfoliated transition metal dichalcogenide MOSFETs. We calculate series resistance and carrier mobility from current-voltage characteristics of a single device. We show that series resistance should be considered for accurate mobility calculation even for long channel devices.
Inferior vena cava assessment in the bedside diagnosis of acute heart failure

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to determine the test characteristics of the caval index and caval-aortic ratio in predicting the diagnosis of acute heart failure in patients with undifferentiated dyspnea in the emergency department (ED). Methods This prospective observational study was performed at an urban ED that enrolled patients, 50 years or older, with acute dyspnea. A sonographic caval index was calculated as the percentage decrease in the inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter during respiration. A caval-aortic ratio was defined by the maximum IVC diameter divided by the aortic diameter. The sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios of these measurements associated with heart failure were estimated. Results Eighty-nine patients were enrolled in the study with a mean age of 68 years. A caval index of less than 33% had 80% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI], 63%-91%) and 81% specificity (95% CI, 68%-90%) in diagnosing acute heart failure, whereas an index of less than 15% had a 37% sensitivity (95% CI, 22%-55%) and 96% specificity (95% CI, 86%-99%). The sensitivity of a caval-aortic ratio of more than 1.2 was 33% (95% CI, 18%-52%) and the specificity was 96% (95% CI, 86%-99%). Positive likelihood ratios were 10 for a caval index of less than 15%, 4.3 for an index of less than 33%, and 8.3 for a caval-aortic ratio of more than 1.2. Conclusion Bedside assessments of the caval index or caval-aortic ratio may be useful clinical adjuncts in establishing the diagnosis of acute heart failure in patients with undifferentiated dyspnea.
Pediatric movement disorders.

Purpose of review Pediatric movement disorders are a heterogeneous group of symptoms that occur in the context of a large number of different neurological diseases. Accurate diagnosis and quantification of these disorders is essential for determining outcome, appropriate treatment, and criteria for inclusion in research trials. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in diagnosis and treatment for childhood movement disorders. Recent findings The ultimate goal is to discover new treatments that can lead to measurable improvement in functional outcome for affected children. In order to accomplish this goal, we must have consistent definitions and accurate measurements to determine the diagnosis and severity for each child in a clinic or research trial. Recent progress in defining childhood movement disorders has led to consensus definitions of different types of hypertonia. There has also been progress in the development of outcome measures that relate to meaningful functional performance in a variety of skill areas. Most exciting is the prospect of new treatments, and we survey the current non-medical, medical, and surgical therapies for childhood motor disorders. Summary Although pediatric movement disorders are a complex and often poorly understood group of symptoms, recent work has shown that there is a possibility of defining, measuring, and ultimately treating these debilitating diseases.
The Effect of Inter-Particle Interactions on Heating Efficiency in Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia: An Experimental Model

Magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia offers new potential for treatment of certain cancers through local heating or ablation of cancerous tissues. The primary goal in developing agents for hyperthermia is generally to maximize the heating efficiency of an ensemble of magnetic nanoparticles. In this context, heating efficiency is defined as the power absorbed per gram of magnetic material (Specific Absorption Rate, SAR). In concentrated nanoparticle solutions, inter-particle interactions begin to have a significant effect on heating efficiency. However, this effect is not well-described in either experimental or theoretical studies, and so it remains a significant barrier to progress in the field. In particular, experimental studies often do not control for aggregation of the nanoparticles, which can dramatically affect local concentrations.We present here measurements of SAR vs. concentration for an aggregate-free formulation of magnetite nanoparticles. Using a previously-reported magnetic-nanoparticle/silicone composite material, we are able to produce homogeneous suspensions of nanoparticles in concentrations ranging from 0 to 350 mg/mL. This allows us to measure the effect of increasing nanoparticle concentration on SAR independently of clustering behavior. Measurements of SAR taken in a 300 kHz field show a local maximum at concentrations on the order of 10 mg/mL. Below this concentration, increasing SAR indicates that inter-particle interactions contribute to heating; above this concentration the reverse is evident. This experimental data contributes to a fundamental understanding of collective behavior in magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia, which may inform the development of new materials for this application in the future.
Suppression of glia maturation factor expression prevents 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺)-induced loss of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons.

Abstract Inflammation mediated by glial activation appears to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). Glia maturation factor (GMF), a proinflammatory protein predominantly localized in the central nervous system was isolated, sequenced and cloned in our laboratory. We have previously demonstrated immunomodulatory and proinflammatory functions of GMF, but its involvement in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), active metabolite of classical parkinsonian toxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), inducing loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons has not been studied. Here we show that altered expression of GMF has direct consequences on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)- mediated production of inflammatory mediators by MPP+. We examined MPP+-induced DA neuronal loss in primary cultures of mouse mesencephalic neurons/glia obtained from GMF-deficient (GMF knockout (GMF-KO)) and GMF-containing wild-type (Wt) mice. We demonstrate that deficiency of GMF in GMF-KO neurons/glia led to decreased production of ROS and downregulation of NF-κB-mediated production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) as compared to Wt neurons/glia. Additionally, overexpression of GMF induced DA neurodegeneration, whereas GMF downregulation by GMF-specific shRNA protected DA neurons from MPP-induced toxicity. Subsequently, GMF deficiency ameliorates antioxidant balance, as evidenced by the decreased level of lipid peroxidation, less ROS production along with increased level of glutathione; and attenuated the DA neuronal loss via the downregulation of NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses. In conclusion, our overall data indicate that GMF modulates oxidative stress and release of deleterious agents by MPP+ leading to loss of DA neurons. Our study provides new insights into the potential role of GMF and identifies targets for therapeutic interventions in neurodegenerative diseases.