cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Benefits and Costs of Transparency: A Model of Disclosure Based Regulation

The Enron scandal has raised questions regarding the adequacy of the present system of financial disclosure. At the same time, public policies increasingly use information disclosure as a regulatory device in a variety of areas beyond financial reporting. This paper provides a framework for evaluating whether disclosure-based regulatory systems improve over time, as measured by use, accuracy, and scope of information provided to users. The paper examines the benefits and costs of the provision of information from the disclosers' and information users' perspectives. It shows how these comparative benefits and costs affect both the initial architecture of disclosure systems and the interaction of disclosers and users once systems have been established. The combined effects provide the basis for predicting whether disclosure systems will improve over time.
Mass determination of polyphosphoinositides and inositol triphosphate in rat adrenal glomerulosa cells with a microspectrophotometric method

A method is described for the assay of subnanogram amounts of phosphorus in phospholipids and organic phosphates. The formation of a complex with a high molar absorption coefficient at 600 nm when malachite green is added to phosphomolybdate at low pH and the adaptation of a microspectrophotometer to quantify the color in 10 μl solution have made it possible for a dose-response curve from 0.1–1.2ng phosphorus to be developed. The method has been applied to the assay of phosphatidylinositol (Ptdlns), phosphatidylinositol-4- phosphate (Ptdlns 4-P), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-diphosphate (Ptdlns 4,5-P2), and inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (Ins 1,4,5-P3) in rat adrenal glomerulosa cells after stimulation with angiotensin II (All), K+, and ACTH for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8,10,12, 15, and 60 sec. A control (nonstimulated) sample was incubated concomitantly for every time period. Nonstimulated cell levels (mean ± SEM; n = 216) were: Ptdlns, 577 ± 6.4; Ptdlns 4-P, 183 ± 3.1; Ptdlns 4,5-P2, 59 ± 1.8; and Ins 1,4,5-P3, 94 ± 1.3 pm...
Motivational Bases of Sex Differences in Choice Behavior

Previous studies comparing male and female choice behavior in a prisoner's dilemma game (PDG) have often confounded contingency of strategy with level of cooperation. Also the motivational basis of the choices was often unclear. A standard PDG and a six-alternative matrix, which separated the various motivations for making the noncooperative alternative, were employed. The subjects, 64 males and 64 females, played under one of four simulated strategies created by crossing two levels of cooperation with two levels of contingency. There were no sex differences under the PDG but there were under the six-alternative matrix. Females, in comparison to males, chose the maximum absolute gain alternative more and the minimize risk alternative less. The results were used to clarify the research on the generalizability of game-playing behavior to other settings.
Combustion instability with a single-element swirl injector

A single injector element liquid rocket combustion experiment was designed and conducted to investigate the combustion dynamics of a gas-centered, liquid-swirled coaxial injector element. The oxidizer was a mixture of superheated water and oxygen, and kerosene was used as the fuel. The mean chamber pressure ranged from 2.14 to 2.38 MPa. The combustion chamber length was discretely varied between 25.4 and 88.9 cm to determine the dependence of combustion stability characteristics on resonant frequency and mode shape. Strong spontaneous instabilities were measured with peak-to-peak amplitudes of 0.69 to 1.38 MPa, and wave slopes on the order of 1000 MPa/s. The frequencies of the strongest instabilities ranged from 1184 to 1721 Hz. The most amplified modes ranged from the first longitudinal for the 38.1-cm chamber to the third longitudinal for the 88.9-cm chamber. One test, with a 25.4-cm chamber, was classically stable with pressure oscillation amplitudes less than 5% of the mean pressure. Resonant frequencies calculated with a model of the chamber acoustics compared well with measured values. For this injector, the data suggest that the observed stability behavior is a result of the combined effects of chamber mode shape and a driving combustion mechanism that limits the frequency range over which instability occurs.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS : XV. THE PREVENTION OF PIGMENT FORMATION IN THE HAIR FOLLICLES OF COLORED MICE WITH HIGH VOLTAGE X-RAY.

1. Hard x-rays prevent the formation of pigment in the hair follicles of mice, with result that hair previously black comes in white. 2. Exposure of the ventral side of a mouse to the x-rays causes the hair on the back to come in white about 40 to 50 days after it has whitened the hairs on the abdomen.
Transport of fish larvae through a tidal inlet

In the South-eastern USA many species of estuarine-dependent fishes spawn offshore and their larvae are transported into estuaries. The present study combined physical measurements and zooplankton sampling at the Beaufort Inlet (North Carolina) to determine: (i) whether fish larvae enter the estuary inlet in different horizontal sections of the tidal stream and (ii) whether larvae use selective tidal stream transport (STST) for ingress through the inlet and for movements up the estuary. Larvae of Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus), spot (Leistomus xanthurus), pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides), Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus), gulf flounder (Paralichthys albigutta), summer flounder (P. dentatus), and southern flounder (P. lethostigma) were sampled over two 25-h periods (13–14 March, 25–26 March 1996) at three locations across the Beaufort Inlet and in the three main channels receiving water from different locations in the inlet. All species, except Atlantic croaker, primarily entered the inlet on the east side with up to an order of magnitude difference in abundance across the inlet from East to West. The gradient continued in the corresponding channels in the estuary. In most cases equal sizes of larvae were caught in the East and West channels of the estuary. Most larvae were caught at night. A pattern of abundance relative to tide was least evident in the inlet, but STST was evident in the estuary. At the location of greatest larval abundance (Shackleford Channel), the greatest numbers of all species of larvae were caught during rising tides at night. This relationship was not due to passive suspension, since abundance was higher during the faster nocturnal flood tide currents than during to ebb tide currents of equal magnitude. In the Shackleford Channel, southern/gulf flounder and pinfish were distributed throughout the water column during STST, but primarily at the surface. Atlantic menhaden, spot and Atlantic croaker were distributed throughout the water column, and summer flounder were near the surface.
The neural underpinnings of self and other and layer 2 of the shared circuits model

Differentiating self from other has been investigated at the neural level, and its incorporation into the model proposed Hurley is necessary for the model to be complete. With an emphasis on the feed-forward model in layer 2, we examine the role that self and other disruptions, including auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs), may have in expanding the model proposed by Hurley.
Hormone-specific psychiatric disorders: do they exist?

A stated goal of the DSM-V process is to try to use the biological pathophysiology of mental disorders to inform psychiatric diagnoses, including dimensional features which may cut across diagnostic categories (Charney et al. 2002; Regier et al. 2009). At this point in time, however, biological markers have not been identified which are robust enough to be incorporated in diagnostic criteria. Progress in developing biologically-based diagnoses will depend on more detailed examination of clinical phenomenology associated with particular genetic, physiological, and neural processing characteristics. It is reasonable to expect that such an effort could result in identification of syndromes that map more closely to biological abnormalities than current diagnostic categories. As part of this effort, hormone-related syndromes deserve close attention as potential diagnostic entities or potential supraordinate dimensions that would cross diagnostic boundaries. Because mood and behavior are emergent properties, it is difficult to focus on a level of physiology that would be most informative for diagnostic classification. It is now recognized that individual genetic polymorphisms are unlikely to contribute more than a very small degree of risk for psychiatric disorders. Moreover, the pathway from genes to behavior is now known to incorporate multiple opportunities for modulation of risk, including epigenetic modification of gene expression and plasticity of neurons, synapses and neural networks. Hormones can impact each of these biological processes. Hormonal abnormalities may arise at the synthesis, metabolism or receptor level, but still form organized, identifiable psychiatric syndromes. There are several challenges to identifying hormone-related syndromes. First, in naturalistic reproductive hormone fluxes, such as puberty, the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, lactation and menopause, multiple hormonal changes occur simultaneously. There is an unfortunate tendency to attribute psychiatric symptoms to fluctuations in estrogen, rather than considering a more complete set of hormonal changes. In some cases, such a postpartum OCD, the full syndrome may not be evident following exposure to pregnancy levels of estrogen or progesterone alone. Another major challenge in sorting out hormonal influences on psychiatric disorders is the complex metabolism of circulating steroid hormones. Circulating hormone levels can differ from levels in specific brain areas or within specific cells because local tissue and cellular enzymes can metabolize steroid hormones to other compounds with distinct activities, such as neurosteroids. Approaches to sort out the hormone metabolite most proximal to symptom generation are to study the effects of enzyme inhibitors, receptor antagonists and hormonal agents which are resistant to metabolism. Finally, examination of psychiatric effects of peptide hormones such as oxytocin and inflammatory cytokines is complicated by lack of agonists and antagonists which can access the brain, and separate pools of hormone at specific brain sites and in the periphery.
An Interferometric Search for Bright Companions to 51 Pegasi

We report on a near-infrared, long-baseline interferometric search for luminous companions to the star 51 Pegasi conducted with the Palomar Testbed Interferometer. Our data is completely consistent with a single-star hypothesis.
Prolonged exposure to elevated CO2 promotes growth of the algal symbiont Symbiodinium muscatinei in the intertidal sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima

Summary Some photosynthetic organisms benefit from elevated levels of carbon dioxide, but studies on the effects of elevated P CO 2 on the algal symbionts of animals are very few. This study investigated the impact of hypercapnia on a photosynthetic symbiosis between the anemone Anthopleura elegantissima and its zooxanthella Symbiodinium muscatinei . Anemones were maintained in the laboratory for 1 week at 37 Pa P CO 2 and pH 8.1. Clonal pairs were then divided into two groups and maintained for 6 weeks under conditions naturally experienced in their intertidal environment, 45 Pa P CO 2 , pH 8.1 and 231 Pa P CO 2 , pH 7.3. Respiration and photosynthesis were measured after the 1-week acclimation period and after 6 weeks in experimental conditions. Density of zooxanthellal cells, zooxanthellal cell size, mitotic index and chlorophyll content were compared between non-clonemate anemones after the 1-week acclimation period and clonal anemones at the end of the experiment. Anemones thrived in hypercapnia. After 6 weeks, A. elegantissima exhibited higher rates of photosynthesis at 45 Pa (4.2 µmol O 2 g −1 h −1 ) and 231 Pa (3.30 µmol O 2 g −1 h −1 ) than at the initial 37 Pa (1.53 µmol O 2 g −1 h −1 ). Likewise, anemones at 231 Pa received more of their respiratory carbon from zooxanthellae (CZAR = 78.2%) than those at 37 Pa (CZAR = 66.6%) but less than anemones at 45 Pa (CZAR = 137.3%). The mitotic index of zooxanthellae was significantly greater in the hypercapnic anemones than in anemones at lower P CO 2 . Excess zooxanthellae were expelled by their hosts, and cell densities, cell diameters and chlorophyll contents were not significantly different between the groups. The response of A. elegantissima to hypercapnic acidification reveals the potential adaptation of an intertidal, photosynthetic symbiosis for high P CO 2 .
Housing Segregation, Negro Employment and Metropolitan Decentralization: An Alternative Perspective

I. Introduction, 299. — II. Changes in employment patterns, 300. — III. Negro population changes in the urban areas, 304. — IV. A model of decentralization of employment and its impact on the urban negro's employment problem, 304. — V. The regression results, 307. — VI. Conclusions and implications, 309.
A dose titration of triamcinolone acetonide on insulin-like growth factor-1 and interleukin-1-conditioned equine cartilage explants

Reasons for performing study: Previous in vitro pilot studies have defined a potentially beneficial effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on interleukin-1 (IL-1)-conditioned equine cartilage. Furthermore, an optimal dose for IGF-1 treatment alone has been documented previously using the same test system as in the current project. Objectives: To perform a dose titration of TA on IL-1-conditioned equine articular cartilage explants in the presence of an optimised IGF-1 dose, in order to optimise a triamcinolone concentration for use in combination with IGF-1 for future investigations. Methods: Cartilage explants were harvested from the distal femur of a normal horse. The effect of a clinically relevant TA dose range was evaluated in the presence of IL-1 and IGF-1 through measurement of proteoglycan (PG) matrix metabolism (synthesis and degradation). Results: TA and IGF-1 in combination inhibited the IL-1-induced release of PG matrix components (glycosaminoglycan or GAG) from the articular cartilage, as well as producing a significant increase in GAG synthesis. Conclusions: This experiment provided proof of principle that a combination treatment appears to be able to combat the IL-1-induced matrix depletion, while enhancing anabolic metabolism within the articular cartilage. Potential relevance: The use of IGF-1 in conjunction with TA in vivo has the potential to provide beneficial anabolic effects not seen with TA alone.
A finite population test of the sharp null hypothesis for compliers

In a randomized experiment with noncompliance, testing whether treatment exposure X has an eect on the nal response Y is often of scientic interest. We propose a nite-population permutation-based test of the null hypothesis that X has no eect on Y within Compliers. Our method builds on tests for principal stratum direct eects described in (Nolen and Hudgens, 2011).
The Effect of Sex and Gender on Perceptions of Leaders: Does Situation Make a Difference?

Relatively little research has been done focusing on feminine and masculine communication styles in leadership. This study seeks to fill in some of the gaps. The quantitative design of this study is based on Goldberg’s (1968) experimental paradigm and used an Internet-linked survey consisting of Renzetti’s (1987) Sex Role Attitudinal Inventory, a brief description of a leader (one of four different sex and gender combinations), and a Likert-type scale with 20 items that rated leaders on several dimensions. A factor analysis resulted in combining these into three factors: task/dynamism, relationship/organizational ID/qualifications, and an overall item. Participants were selected using a snowball approach. Expectation states theory was the foundation for this study. The results suggest that the expectation of leaders is changing with a feminine communication style preferred across the board, regardless of situation or sex of the leader
Additional findings on the association between anxiety sensitivity and hypochondriacal concerns : Examination of patients with major depression

Hypochondriacal concerns ranging from disease phobias to bodily preoccupations are common among patients with panic disorder. In a previous study of patients with panic disorder, we found that, of a number of symptom dimensions examined, anxiety sensitivity was the strongest predictor of hypochondriacal concerns. This finding has been the topic of subsequent debate in the anxiety literature, with concerns raised whether true hypochondriacal concerns were confounded with typical panic-related concerns. To clarify this issue, we now report on the association between anxiety sensitivity and hypochondriacal concerns in 100 patients with major depression and no history of panic disorder. Consistent with our previous study, we found that of the symptoms examined--anxiety sensitivity, depressed mood, anxious mood, somatic symptoms, and anger/hostility--anxiety sensitivity was the strongest predictor of hypochondriacal concerns. Findings are discussed in relation to the role of catastrophic interpretations of somatic symptoms in depression, panic disorder, and hypochondriasis.
Mudslinging on the Missouri: Can Mud-Loving Species Survive the Clean Water Act?

Sediment - commonly known as mud - is critical to the ecological health of many rivers. But sediment is also a pollutant under the Clean Water Act (CWA). The dichotomy came to a head when the state of Missouri refused a 401 Certification for habitat restoration projects on the Missouri River and ordered the Corps of Engineers to stop discharging sediments. Caught between a rock - the state - and a hard place - a biological opinion compelling habitat restoration for endangered species - the Corps turned to the National Academy of Sciences for advice. This paper analyzes the perceived conflict between the CWA’s demand for clean water and the “no jeopardy” requirement of the Endangered Species Act (ESA), and determines that the conflict is illusory. Under the CWA, water quality managers are tasked with creating standards that protect designated uses. Species’ habitat is a use that must be protected under the Act, just as it must be protected under the ESA, and biological integrity is a key objective of the CWA, just as it is under the ESA. It makes sense, then, that biological opinions should guide decision-makers in setting and approving water quality standards. When it comes to sediment-rich, interstate rivers and other waterways, the Academy’s report is “spot on” - effective federal and state coordination is essential for setting appropriate water quality standards, and a one-size-fits-all approach will not work.
Opening Up of Stock Markets: Lessons from and for Emerging Economies

This paper examines the benefits and risks of market internationalization by analyzing the effect of recent market openings in developing countries. We estimate changes in the return and volatility of stock prices, portfolio flows, and the volatility of portfolio flows around market openings. We find that stock prices, on average, increase upon market opening without a significant change in volatility. Furthermore, portfolio inflows to these countries are significantly positive following market openings, but without a concurrent increase in the volatility of portfolio flows; hence, the concern about "hot money" appears to be unwarranted.
Immigration Inside the Law

To many scholars, paradoxically, practical immigration law has little to do with actual immigration law. Professor Hiroshi Motomura, a leading immigration law professor, admits quite candidly that the “traditional distinction between Congress’s authority to make law and the President’s authority to enforce law — always a very imprecise line to begin with — has little practical meaning” for immigration enforcement. It is no coincidence that Motomura’s magisterial tome is titled Immigration Outside — not inside — The Law.In this contribution to a symposium on Prof. Motomura’s Foulston Siefkin lecture, I contrast the disconnect between the professoriate’s view on immigration law and that of the Obama Administration. Specifically, I chronicle how the Office of Legal Counsel grounded the legality of Deferred Action for Parents of Americans (“DAPA”) in congressional acquiescence, rather than an unbounded notion of executive power. While I ultimately conclude that OLC’s defense of DAPA fails, at a minimum, its recognition of Congress’s persistent, if not quiet role in cabining executive discretion serves as a powerful refutation of the scholarly consensus of immigration outside the law.
Erection rehabilitation following prostatectomy--current strategies and future directions

Despite continued advances in urological surgery, erectile dysfunction (ED) remains a serious adverse effect of radical prostatectomy. In this setting, ED is predominantly caused by injury to the neurovascular bundles, which lie alongside the prostate and are responsible for initiating and maintaining the erectile response. Most men will experience some degree of ED after radical prostatectomy, although erectile function outcomes have already remarkably improved since the development of nerve-sparing surgical techniques. To further improve outcomes, erection rehabilitation strategies are being investigated, which emphasize early treatment regimens with the aim of preventing adverse remodelling after surgery and preserving erectile function. Strategies include pharmacological therapy, mechanical therapy and psychosocial support. In addition, novel therapeutic approaches involving new targets for small-molecule treatments and regenerative medicine therapies are being developed to aid in restoring erectile function. Although ED treatments can be effective following radical prostatectomy, no specific erection rehabilitation regimen has currently been shown to be superior to other investigated rehabilitation regimens. Nevertheless, the different strategies rightfully remain an area of intensive research, as preservation of erectile function is a critical part of providing comprehensive care for men with prostate cancer to ensure their overall well-being, in contrast to just treating a patient's tumour.
Post-irradiation studies on mammalian testes; effect at hourly intervals for first 24 hours.

SummaryQuantitative data are presented to show incidence of spermatogonia and spermatocytes in normal mouse testicles at stated intervals in a 24-hour period, and compared with data for testicles of mice killed at hourly intervals the 24 hours post-irradiation. Testicles were exposed to a single dose of 1440 r for 18 min. 40 sec.The data indicate that within the 24 hours a pattern of response can be demonstrated which is limited to the spermatogonia. Active mitosis is inhibited for at least the first 24 hours and resting spermatogonia decrease in incidence after 20 hours. Reticulated spermatogonial cells, resting and meiotic spermatocytes do not decrease during the interval studied. Supplementary effects of irradiation are noted by a tabulation of the frequency of degenerating cells, confirming the belief that mitotic spermatogonia and resting spermatogonia are the most sensitive germinal cells. Degeneration of the reticulated spermatogonial cells does not result in a lowered incidence of these cells at a...
The twitcher mouse: an ultrastructural study on the oligodendroglia.

Morphological alterations of oligodendroglia were investigated in the spinal cord of the twitcher mouse, an authentic murine model of human globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD) from day 5 to day 45 postnatal (p.n.).
The KinFact Intervention – A Randomized Controlled Trial to Increase Family Communication About Cancer History

Abstract Background: Knowing family history is important for understanding cancer risk, yet communication within families is suboptimal. Providing strategies to enhance communication may be useful. Methods: Four hundred ninety women were recruited from urban, safety-net, hospital-based primary care women's health clinics. Participants were randomized to receive the KinFact intervention or the control handout on lowering risks for breast/colon cancer and screening recommendations. Cancer family history was reviewed with all participants. The 20-minute KinFact intervention, based in communication and behavior theory, included reviewing individualized breast/colon cancer risks and an interactive presentation about cancer and communication. Study outcomes included whether participants reported collecting family history, shared cancer risk information with relatives, and the frequency of communication with relatives. Data were collected at baseline, 1, 6, and 14 months. Results: Overall, intervention participa...
Management of Groin Pain: Interventional and Pharmacologic Approaches

For some individuals, normal postoperative pain can persist and become chronic. Certain surgeries have a higher incidence of chronic postsurgical pain, including groin surgery, likely due to high innervation of the area. In large international studies, up to 30 % of patients report residual pain 2–3 years removed from groin surgery. Diagnosing and treating this pain can be challenging due to multiple possible etiologies for pain, including nociceptive or neuropathic origins. Identifying patients at risk for postoperative groin pain can aid in early monitoring and recognition of acute pain of excessive intensity or duration. Referral to a pain management physician can help expedite this process and possibly help prevent the transition from acute to chronic pain. In general, a stepwise approach is advocated, beginning with appropriate pharmacotherapy, then progressing to diagnostic nerve blocks, and finally to therapeutic interventions. Recent advances in ultrasound guidance for targeting of specific nerves can help to ensure more accurate and reproducible nerve blocks. For certain patients, despite the use of multiple modalities, pain will not improve substantially or for any prolonged duration. For these patients, information from any interventions that at least temporarily lessen the patient’s usual pain may be used to help inform more definitive surgical intervention.
Applying an intervention framework to assess North Carolina's adolescent pregnancy prevention efforts.

PurposeWe assessed the extent to which implementing adolescent pregnancy prevention programs in conjunction with three level implementation strategies reduces adolescent pregnancy rates at the county-level in North Carolina (NC).MethodsFixsen and colleagues' (2005) three levels of implementation were used to organize the prevention strategies: core (e.g., training, fidelity monitoring), organizational (e.g., administrative support), and external (e.g., community resources).ResultsCounties that had adolescent friendly clinic/services (external) were more likely to report lower adolescent pregnancy rates in comparison to counties that did not have access to such services.ConclusionsFindings suggest external implementation strategies are key to reducing adolescent pregnancy rates.
Dynamic Reliability Model of k-out-of-n System with Dependent Failure

The dynamic reliability model of k-out-of-n system is developed with the load-strength interference model,the order statistic theory and the probability differential equation.Without the assumption of failure independence,the reliability model of k-out-of-n system with dependent failure is built with the system-level load-strength interference model.Further,the cumulative distribution function and the probability density function of strength for k-out-of-n system are built.From the statistic meaning of random load action,the reliability model of k-out-of-n system under repeated random load is derived.The loading process described with Poisson stochastic process,the dynamic reliability model of k-out-of-n system when strength doesn't degenerate and that when strength degenerates are developed respectively.Finally,the relationship between reliability and time and that between failure rate and time are studied.The result shows that the reliability of k-out-of-n system decreases with time,and the larger k is the lower the reliability of k-out-of-n system will be.When strength doesn't degenerate,the failure rate of k-out-of-n system decreases gradually with time and the failure rate in the initial period is higher.When strength degenerates,the failure rate of k-out-of-n system has the feature of bathtub curve.
Acquisition System for Traffic Information Based on CW Radar

Based on the theory of LFMCW radar parameter estimation and radar High Range Resolution Profiles(HRRP) for target recognition,the design of acquisition system for traffic information is introduced.The algorithm of Support Vector Machines(SVM) for vehicle recognition and its application on this system are introduced and experimental data verified its availability and convenience.
Contexts of Adversity

Schools are dialectically connected to the local society, and school adversity and insecurity may be exasperated in circumstances of poverty, general societal violence, as well as in circumstances of substance abuse and/or high incidence of HIV/AIDS. Children may suffer from malnutrition and insufficient calorie intake, which compromise their learning abilities from the start. Physiological problems, coupled with lack of parental support for schooling in addition to the all-too frequent lack of teacher understanding and empathy, make children candidates for early dropout and contribute to low retention of skills learned during the time they attend school. After low-quality schooling, children may have few marketable skills, and will often be involved in poorly paid child labor in the informal economic sector. They are likely to socialize with other children and young people who are in the same situation, which, coupled with lack of knowledge of family planning, may results in early pregnancies without the means or parenting skills to provide for their children. A cycle of intergenerational transmission of poverty is thus completed. Context-dependent education, in most cases associated with some form of poverty-alleviation or income generating activity, is thus necessary to respond to environmental adversity. One recurrent problem with addressing the situation is that NGOs and other service providers often covers a relatively small number of communities for a short period of time; it would take larger government intervention to change educational policies and bring about real change. Policy work and dialogue with the government therefore seem crucial.
Lessons and new directions for extended cognition from social and personality psychology

AbstractThis paper aims to expand the range of empirical work relevant to the extended cognition debates. First, I trace the historical development of the person-situation debate in social and personality psychology and the extended cognition debate in the philosophy of mind. Next, I highlight some instructive similarities between the two and consider possible objections to my comparison. I then argue that the resolution of the person-situation debate in terms of interactionism lends support for an analogously interactionist conception of extended cognition. I argue that this interactionism might necessitate a shift away from the dominant agent-artifact paradigm toward an agent–agent paradigm. If this is right, then social and personality psychology—the discipline(s) that developed from the person-situation debate—opens a whole new range of empirical considerations for extended cognition theorists which align with Clark & Chalmers original vision of agents themselves as spread into the world.
Contemplative pedagogy: a descriptive account of two approaches to student engagement at Loyola Marymount University

In this article the alternating voices of colleagues and collaborators Jane Brucker and Christopher Chapple describe their way of using contemplative pedagogies to bring Engaged Learning to their students at Loyola Marymount University. A requirement of the curriculum for all undergraduate students, these courses integrate study and reflection beyond the classroom. As a professor of studio arts, Brucker has developed techniques of awareness that utilize a contemplative approach with students engaged in drawing and creative activity in a studio or off-campus setting. As a professor of comparative theology, Chapple has designed course requirements for meditation experience and field visits that embed his students within the contemplative aspects of Buddhism as well as in communities deeply grounded in environmental action. Grounded in the Jesuit-Marymount concern for educating the ‘whole person’, Brucker and Chapple understand this as engaging students in experiences that include the relationship between the inner experience of meditation and the outward experiences of spirituality, creativity, and nature.
Diagnosis and Management of Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans in a 3-Year-Old Patient

In this case report, we present a 3-year-old boy with a diagnosis of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) on the dorsum of his right hand. Although rarely metastatic, DFSP is highly locally invasive and can cause considerable local morbidity. In the hand, DFSP is uncommon in the young pediatric patient. In our patient, the tumor extended down to the second and third metacarpal heads and was treated with a multistaged excision of his tumor to achieve negative margins under slow Mohs micrographic surgery.
The relationship between holding back from communicating about breast concerns and anxiety in the year following breast biopsy.

Purpose: Evidence suggests open communication about breast cancer concerns promotes psychological adjustment, while holding back can lead to negative outcomes. Little is known about the relationshi...
The court of the Lionheart on crusade, 1190–2

The source material that records the history of the Third Crusade gives the impression that Richard was a king who found it easy to interact with people from different backgrounds. Though he was on...
A Miniaturized Contactless UWB Microwave System for Time-Domain Dielectric Spectroscopy

A miniaturized time-domain (TD) dielectric spectroscopy system for contactless material characterization over the ultra-wideband (UWB) microwave range is presented in this paper. The proposed system includes a transmitter, a compact contactless sensing unit, and a receiver. A picosecond pulse generator unit in the transmitter delivers a quasi-monocycle pulse with 3.5-GHz 10-dB bandwidth to an up-converter and then an amplifier. The generated pulse provides the capability to perform the material characterization in a fast pure TD fashion. The transmitter unit provides the 3–10-GHz excitation pulse based on utilizing a direct up-conversion architecture. The excitation pulse is transmitted to the receiver through the sensing unit. Two Vivaldi antennas are coupled to each other in their radiative near field to construct the sensing unit, while the material-under-test (MUT) is placed in between. A custom-designed Quartz-Glass cuvette is utilized with optimized MUT volume of ~5 mL. The TD data are captured for each MUT using DSA91304A infiniium oscilloscope as the receiver, and finally the fast Fourier transform of the measured data is extracted in MATLAB. A calibration procedure is discussed to achieve a behavioral model of the system using seven calibration MUTs. From there, the $\epsilon '$ and $\epsilon ''$ characterization of three unknown MUTs are carried out. The system shows the worst case mean-squared error (MSE) of 1.92% for $\epsilon '$ and 3.84% for $\epsilon ''$ characterization. Furthermore, binary mixture detection based on $\epsilon '$ accomplished with the MSE of 2.74%.
FEM prediction of dislocation density and grain size evolution in high-speed machining of Al6061-T6 alloy using microgrooved cutting tools

In this paper, the commercial FEM software package Abaqus is used to investigate the evolution of dislocation density and grain size in orthogonal cutting of Al6061-T6 alloy using microgrooved cutting tools. Microgrooves are designed and fabricated on the rake face of cemented carbide (WC/Co) cutting inserts. A coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) finite-element model is developed based on Abaqus to solve the evolution of the dislocation density and grain size simultaneously. This validated CEL FEM model is then utilized to investigate the effects of microgrooved cutting tools on the evolution of dislocation density and grain size in orthogonal cutting of Al6061-T6 alloy. The effects of microgroove width and microgroove convex width are examined and assessed in terms of cutting force, chip morphology, dislocation density, and grain size. It is found that this CEL FEM model can capture the essential features of orthogonal cutting of Al6061-T6 alloy using microgrooved cutting tools. It is also concluded that microgrooved cutting tools can increase the cutting force in machining Al6061-T6 Alloys, which is contrary to the conclusion obtained for machining AISI 1045 in previous research. The reason for this might be due to the fact that Al6061-T6 alloy has relatively low Young’s modulus and consequently, it is much easier to fill the microgrooves within the tool-chip interface, making the microgrooves serve as microcutters instead of breaking the intimate contact between the chip and the rake face of the tool. It is also concluded that microgroove width and convex width can effectively change the dislocation density profiles and grain size profiles along the depth from the machined surface and the tool-chip interface, respectively, making it possible to alter the surface integrity of the machined surface based on needs.
Beech (Fagus grandifolia) in the Plant Communities of Long Island, New York, and Adjacent Locations, and Some Comparisons Across Eastern North America

A review was undertaken of the distribution of Fagus grandifolia (American beech) in ligneous communities on Long Island (Oak-Chestnut Association of the Eastern Deciduous Forest). There are seven forest types described in which beech is a dominant or co-dominant; and three microclimatic variants of those types. On Long Island, beech occupies moist well-drained to overly well-drained sites, either in pure stands, in combination with a few other tree species of moist soils, or in combination with tree species of well-drained uplands. Dwarfed beech forest is represented on Long Island (“Grandifolia Sandhills”), as it is in coastal New England and in the “Beech Gaps” of the southern Appalachian Mountains. Finally, the phytosociological role of Fagus grandifolia in all the forest regions of eastern North America and Mexico is examined.
Do as I Say, Not as I Do: A Report Card on Plain Language in the United States Supreme Court

This article concerns the extent to which United States Supreme Court Justices are incorporating the plain-language approach to legal writing into their opinions. In 2006 and 2007, legal-writing expert Bryan Garner interviewed eight of the Supreme Court Justices about what constitutes good legal writing. Later, Garner co-authored the book "Making Your Case: The Art of Persuading Judges" with Justice Scalia. In that book, the authors made numerous suggestions to lawyers on how to more effectively present their cases to the courts. The interview and book include many plain-English recommendations (such as writing clearly, sign-posting, avoiding legal jargon, and the like).While listening to the interviews and reading Making Your Case, I began to wonder whether Supreme Court Justices are giving back to lawyers in opinions the same thing that the Justices are asking for in briefs – specifically, plain language. In this article, I take some well-agreed plain-language principles (begin with a good summary, keep your average sentence length to about 20-25 words, prefer the active voice, use parties’ names, and make your documents readable) and examine the last majority decision written by each Justice in the 2008–2009 term to create a “snapshot” of the extent to which the Justices are consistently using plain-language principles in their opinions.
Maslach Burnout Inventory and a Self-Defined, Single-Item Burnout Measure Produce Different Clinician and Staff Burnout Estimates

Clinicians and healthcare staff report high levels of burnout. Two common burnout assessments are the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and a single-item, self-defined burnout measure. Relatively little is known about how the measures compare. To identify the sensitivity, specificity, and concurrent validity of the self-defined burnout measure compared to the more established MBI measure. Cross-sectional survey (November 2016–January 2017). Four hundred forty-four primary care clinicians and 606 staff from three San Francisco Aarea healthcare systems. The MBI measure, calculated from a high score on either the emotional exhaustion or cynicism subscale, and a single-item measure of self-defined burnout. Concurrent validity was assessed using a validated, 7-item team culture scale as reported by Willard-Grace et al. (J Am Board Fam Med 27(2):229–38, 2014) and a standard question about workplace atmosphere as reported by Rassolian et al. (JAMA Intern Med 177(7):1036–8, 2017) and Linzer et al. (Ann Intern Med 151(1):28–36, 2009). Similar to other nationally representative burnout estimates, 52% of clinicians (95% CI: 47–57%) and 46% of staff (95% CI: 42–50%) reported high MBI emotional exhaustion or high MBI cynicism. In contrast, 29% of clinicians (95% CI: 25–33%) and 31% of staff (95% CI: 28–35%) reported “definitely burning out” or more severe symptoms on the self-defined burnout measure. The self-defined measure’s sensitivity to correctly identify MBI-assessed burnout was 50.4% for clinicians and 58.6% for staff; specificity was 94.7% for clinicians and 92.3% for staff. Area under the receiver operator curve was 0.82 for clinicians and 0.81 for staff. Team culture and atmosphere were significantly associated with both self-defined burnout and the MBI, confirming concurrent validity. Point estimates of burnout notably differ between the self-defined and MBI measures. Compared to the MBI, the self-defined burnout measure misses half of high-burnout clinicians and more than 40% of high-burnout staff. The self-defined burnout measure has a low response burden, is free to administer, and yields similar associations across two burnout predictors from prior studies. However, the self-defined burnout and MBI measures are not interchangeable.
A Scalable Readout for Microwave SQUID Multiplexing of Transition-Edge Sensors

The readout requirements for instruments based on transition-edge sensors (TESs) have dramatically increased over the last decade as demand for systems with larger arrays and faster sensors has grown. Emerging systems are expected to contain many thousands of sensors and/or sensors with time constants as short as 100 ms. These requirements must be satisfied while maintaining low noise, high dynamic range, and low crosstalk. A promising readout candidate for future TES arrays is the microwave SQUID multiplexer, which offers several gigahertz of readout bandwidth per pair of coaxial cables. In microwave SQUID multiplexing, sensor signals are coupled to RF-SQUIDs embedded in superconducting microwave resonators, which are probed via a common microwave feedline and read out using gigahertz signals. This form of SQUID multiplexing moves complexity from the cryogenic stages to room temperature hardware and digital signal processing firmware which must synthesize the microwave tones and process the information contained within them. To demultiplex signals from the microwave SQUID multiplexer, we have implemented an FPGA-based firmware architecture that is flexible enough to read out a variety of differently optimized TESs. A gamma-ray spectrometer targeted at nuclear materials accounting applications, known as SLEDGEHAMMER, is an early adopter of microwave SQUID multiplexing and is driving our current firmware development effort. This instrument utilizes 300 kHz full-width half-maximum resonators with 256 channels in a one gigahertz wide band. We have recently demonstrated undegraded readout of 128 channels using two ROACH2s on a single pair of coaxial cables. This manuscript describes the firmware implementation for the readout electronics of these early array-scale demonstrations.
The World is Double Helical: DNA, RNA and Proteins, in a Few Easy Pieces

The molecular basis of inheritance is DNA, a large information molecule with a heteropolymeric structure. Variation in our DNA is extensive, but less than in other species. This variation has been parsed on a within-individual basis (heterozygosity), between individuals and between populations, and used to identify people’s ancestry, helping in the analysis of genetic diseases that are population restricted. Combinations of genetic variants are even more informative, making barcode-like “haplotypes” that can predict other variation in a DNA region.
Fiberized Sagnac Interferometer for Ultrasound Measurement

Laser-based ultrasonics (LBU), i.e. the generation of ultrasound by laser illumination and the measurement of ultrasonic signals by laser interferometric techniques, has many advantages for applications to nondestructive evaluation (NDE). These include non-contact generation and detection, remote placement of equipment using fiber-optics, easy scanning, absolute displacement calibration, both broad band-and narrow band signal generation, wide frequency band measurements, and applicability to curved surfaces. Both laser generation of ultrasound and the subsequent detection of the ultrasonic waves using a laser interferometry are areas of active research [1-6].
Immunoglobulin E levels following allogeneic, autologous, and syngeneic bone marrow transplantation: an indirect association between hyperproduction and acute graft-v-host disease in allogeneic BMT

Markedly elevated serum IgE levels have been noted following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and have been correlated with graft-v-host disease (GVHD) in several studies. To investigate this phenomenon, we measured serum IgE levels in 387 allogeneic, 143 autologous, and 21 syngeneic BMT recipients before and at intervals after BMT. As a population, allogeneic BMT recipients displayed a biphasic elevation in IgE levels, with peak levels occurring either early (days 15 to 19) or late (days 80 to 89) posttransplant. Only in individuals in whom peak levels occurred early did IgE level correlate with liver disease, histological changes, and overall clinical stage of GVHD. The association of IgE elevation and GVHD does not appear to be direct since recipients of syngeneic (monozygotic twin) grafts had the highest incidence of IgE hyperresponsiveness as well as the highest absolute IgE levels. Similarly, 22 recipients of autologous marrow not treated with 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide had elevated IgE levels comparable to those seen in allogeneic graft recipients. We hypothesize that augmented IgE synthesis and its subsequent resolution is the natural consequence of immune reconstitution in the presence of potentially reaginic agents such as antibiotics and infectious agents. As such, IgE hyperresponsiveness in syngeneic graft recipients may reflect the maturational sequence of IgE regulatory elements in the absence of interference by GVHD, GVHD therapy, or minor histocompatibility disparities. The cell populations required for IgE response (T cells, B cells, and antigen-presenting cells) may be reconstituted in advance of the regulatory elements that limit IgE production in healthy subjects. Although this temporal relationship does not appear to hold in allogeneic BMT, the balance between positive and negative factors, which determines the rates of IgE synthesis and catabolism, may be altered by GVHD, infection, and liver dysfunction acting alone or in combination.