cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mitogenomics suggests a sister relationship of Relicanthus daphneae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: incerti ordinis ) with Actiniaria

Relicanthus daphneae (formerly Boloceroides daphneae) was first described in 2006 as a giant sea anemone based on morphology. In 2014, its classification was challenged based on molecular data: using five genes, Relicanthus was resolved sister to zoanthideans, but with mixed support. To better understand the evolutionary relationship of Relicanthus with other early-branching metazoans, we present 15 newly-sequenced sea anemone mitochondrial genomes and a mitogenome-based phylogeny including all major cnidarian groups, sponges, and placozoans. Our phylogenetic reconstruction reveals a moderately supported sister relationship between Relicanthus and the Actiniaria. Morphologically, the cnidae of Relicanthus has apical flaps, the only existing synapomorphy for sea anemones. Based on both molecular and morphological results, we propose a third suborder (Helenmonae) within the Actiniaria to accommodate Relicanthus. Although Relicanthus shares the same gene order and content with other available actiniarian mitogenomes, it is clearly distinct at the nucleotide level from anemones within the existing suborders. The phylogenetic position of Relicanthus could reflect its association with the periphery of isolated hydrothermal vents, which, although patchy and ephemeral, harbor unique chemosynthetic communities that provide a relatively stable food source to higher trophic levels over long evolutionary timescales. The ability to colonize the deep sea and the periphery of new vent systems may be facilitated by Relicanthus’ large and extremely yolky eggs.
Adiabatic cooling of atoms by an intense standing wave

An atom slowly moving in a standing wave can be confined to, or "channeled" in, the nodes of the standing wave if the atom’s kinetic energy is less than the depth of the potential formed by the interaction of the atom with the standing-wave radiation.1 We have observed a significant cooling of channeled atoms in one dimension resulting from an adiabatic turn-off of the standing-wave intensity.
Mechanical Thrombectomy in Nonagenarians: A Propensity Score Matched Analysis.

Abstract Background Little data exists on outcomes of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in nonagenarians. We aimed to compare the procedural and discharge outcomes of MT for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in nonagenarians versus younger patients. Methods Procedural outcomes and discharge disposition were compared in propensity score-matched groups of nonagenarians versus patients aged≤69 with AIS who underwent MT. Patients aged 70-89 were excluded in order to compare nonagenarians to a younger cohort that most closely approximates the age of patients in the seminal MT trials. Good discharge disposition was defined as a discharge to home or acute rehabilitation. Results Of 3010 AIS patients, 46/297(16%) nonagenarians underwent MT compared to 159/1337(12%) aged≤69 (P = 0.091). Of 78 propensity score-matched patients (N = 39 ≥90, N = 39 ≤69), the median admission NIHSS was 22 versus 20, median ASPECTS was 9 versus 9, pre-stroke mRS 0.05). Revascularization time (569 versus 372 min), door to groin puncture time (82 versus 71 min) and groin puncture to revascularization times (39 versus 24 min) were similar in between nonagenarians and ≤69, respectively (both P>0.05). Symptomatic ICH (2.6% versus 10.3%; p = 0.165) and in-hospital death rates (10% vs 26%; p = 0.077) trended lower among nonagenarians versus aged≤69. Good discharge disposition occurred in 44% of nonagenarians versus 51% aged≤69 years (p = 0.496). Conclusions In propensity score analysis, 90% of nonagenarians achieved successful recanalization and almost half (44%) were discharged to home/acute rehabilitation, which was similar to a younger (aged≤69 years) cohort.
Office Laser Laryngology: A Paradigm Shift.

Objectives:To present the value of office-based laryngological procedures as an effective alternative method to the treatment of benign and malignant laryngeal pathologies.Methods:We have reviewed ...
Nanoscale Perspectives of Metal Degradation via In Situ Atom Probe Tomography

We report a unique in situ instrument development effort dedicated to studying gas/solid interactions relevant to heterogeneous catalysis and early stages of oxidation of materials via atom probe tomography and microscopy (APM). An in situ reactor cell, similar in concept to other reports, has been developed to expose nanoscale volumes of material to reactive gas environments, in which temperature, pressure, and gas chemistry are well controlled. We demonstrate that the combination of this reactor cell with APM techniques can aid in building a better mechanistic understanding of resultant composition and surface and subsurface structure changes accompanying gas/surface reactions in metal and metal alloy systems through a series of case studies: O2/Rh, O2/Co, and O2/Zircaloy-4. In addition, the basis of a novel operando mode of analysis within an atom probe instrument is also reported. The work presented here supports the implementation of APM techniques dedicated to atomic to near-atomically resolved gas/surface interaction studies of materials broadly relevant to heterogeneous catalysis and oxidation.
Cystic fibrosis airway microbiota associated with outcomes of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection.

Rationale Pulmonary infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are increasingly prevalent in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Clinical outcomes following NTM acquisition are highly variable, ranging from transient self-resolving infection to NTM pulmonary disease associated with significant morbidity. Relationships between airway microbiota and variability of NTM outcomes in CF are unclear. Objective Identify features of CF airway microbiota associated with outcomes of NTM infection. Methods One-hundred eighty-eight sputum samples, obtained from 24 subjects with CF, each with three or more samples collected from 3.5 years prior to, and up to 6 months following incident NTM infection, were selected from a sample repository. Sputum DNA underwent bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Airway microbiota were compared based on the primary outcome, a diagnosis of NTM pulmonary disease, using Wilcoxon rank-sum testing, autoregressive integrated moving average modeling, and network analyses. Measurements and Main Results Subjects with and without NTM pulmonary disease were similar in clinical characteristics, including age and lung function at the time of incident NTM infection. Time series analyses of sputum samples prior to incident NTM infection identified positive correlations between Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Veillonella, Prevotella, and Rothia with diagnosis of NTM pulmonary disease, and with persistent NTM infection. Network analyses identified differences in clustering of taxa between subjects with and without NTM pulmonary disease, and between subjects with persistent versus transient NTM infection. Conclusions CF airway microbiota prior to incident NTM infection are associated with subsequent outcomes, including diagnosis of NTM pulmonary disease, and persistence of NTM infection. Associations between airway microbiota and NTM outcomes represent targets for validation as predictive markers and for future therapies.
Induction of Neuron-Specific Degradation of Coenzyme A Models Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration by Reducing Motor Coordination in Mice.

Background Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration, PKAN, is an inherited disorder characterized by progressive impairment in motor coordination and caused by mutations in PANK2, a human gene that encodes one of four pantothenate kinase (PanK) isoforms. PanK initiates the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA), an essential cofactor that plays a key role in energy metabolism and lipid synthesis. Most of the mutations in PANK2 reduce or abolish the activity of the enzyme. This evidence has led to the hypothesis that lower CoA might be the underlying cause of the neurodegeneration in PKAN patients; however, no mouse model of the disease is currently available to investigate the connection between neuronal CoA levels and neurodegeneration. Indeed, genetic and/or dietary manipulations aimed at reducing whole-body CoA synthesis have not produced a desirable PKAN model, and this has greatly hindered the discovery of a treatment for the disease.
A stormflow/baseflow comparison of dissolved organic matter concentrations and bioavailability in an Appalachian stream

Patterns of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) delivery were compared between times of stormflow and baseflow in Paine Run, an Appalachian stream draining a 12.4 km 2 forested catchment in the Shenandoah National Park (SNP), Virginia. The potential in-stream ecological impact of altered concentrations and/or chemical composition of DOM during storms also was examined, using standardized bacterial bioassays. DOC and DON concentrations in Paine Run were consistently low during baseflow and did not show a seasonal pattern. During storms however, mean DOC and DON concentrations approximately doubled, with maximum concentrations occurring on the rising limb of storm hydrographs. The rapid response of DOM concentration to changes in flow suggests a near-stream or in-stream source of DOM during storms. Stormflow (4% of the time, 36% of the annual discharge) contributed >50% of DOC, DON and NO 3 flux in Paine Run during 1997. In laboratory bacterial bioassays, growth rate constants were higher on Paine Run stormflow water than on baseflow water, but the fraction of total DOM which was bioavailable was not significantly different. The fraction of the total stream DOC pool taken up by water column bacteria was estimated to increase from 0.03 0.02% h 1 during baseflow, to 0.15 0.04% h 1 during storms. This uptake rate would have a minimal effect on bulk DOM concentra- tions in Paine Run, but storms may still have considerable impact on the bacterial stream communities by mobilizing them into the water column and by supplying a pulse of DOM.
EFFECTIVE LAGRANGIAN FOR b→s PROCESSES WITH QCD-CORRECTIONS

We present a complete calculation of the effective Lagrangian for b→s processes with QCD corrections, in the leading logarithm approximation, for the cases mt=mw and mt≫mw. The effective Lagrangian is then applied to estimate the b→sγ decay rate. We find that it is enhanced by a factor of 6 for the case mt=mw, and a factor of about 2 for mt≫mw. Our results differ from those found in the literature, but are not very different numerically. Also from our results, we infer that the higher-dimensional QCD effects are under control to about 15% level for the Wilson coefficients.
Liberal democracy in the global era: Implications for the agro-food sector

In liberal thought, democracy is guaranteed by the unity of community and government. The community of citizens elects its government according to political preferences. The government rules over the community with powers that are limited by unalienable human, civil, and political rights. These assumptions have characterized Classical Liberalism, Revisionist Liberalism, and contemporary Neo-Liberal theories. However, the assumed unity of community and government becomes problematic in Global Post-Fordism. Recent research on the globalization of the economy and society has underscored the increasing inability of nation-states to exercise power over their communities, which, in turn, limits the ability of communities to express their will at the nation-state level. The current phase of capitalism is characterized by socio-economic relations that transcend the jurisdictions of nation-states and local spaces. By introducing features characteristic of Classical Liberalism, Revisionist Liberalism and Neo-liberalism, and the contribution of the theory of Reflexive Modernization, which represents a novel attempt to rethink democracy within the liberal tradition, the issue of the fracture of the unity of community and government can be addressed. The inability of governments to control economic and non-economic environments creates a crisis of representation that implies serious limits to liberal democracy. This situation is particularly important for the agricultural and food sector since its development and programs for its democratization have been historically based on the intervention of agencies of and control by the nation-state.
Atmospheric electron neutrinos in the MINOS far detector

Neutrinos produced as a result of cosmic-ray interactions in the earth's atmosphere offer a powerful probe into the nature of this three-membered family of low-mass, weakly-interacting particles. Ten years ago, the Super-Kamiokande Experiment has confirmed earlier indications that neutrinos undergo lepton-flavor oscillations during propagation, proving that they are massive contrary to the previous Standard Model assumptions. The Soudan Underground Laboratory, located in northern Minnesota, was host to the Soudan2 Experiment, which has made important contributions to atmospheric neutrino research. This same lab has more recently been host to the MINOS far detector, a neutrino detector which serves as the downstream element of an accelerator-based long-baseline neutrino-oscillation experiment. This thesis has examined 418.5 live days of atmospheric neutrino data (fiducial exposure of 4.18 kton-years) collected in the MINOS far detector prior to the activation of the NuMI neutrino beam, with a specific emphasis on the investigation of electron-type neutrino interactions. Atmospheric neutrino interaction candidates have been selected and separated into showering or track-like events. The showering sample consists of 89 observed events, while the track-like sample consists of 112 observed events. Based on the Bartol atmospheric neutrino flux model of Barr et al. plus a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of interactions in the MINOS detector, the expected yields of showering and track-like events in the absence of neutrino oscillations are 88.0 {+-} 1.0 and 149.1 {+-} 1.0 respectively (where the uncertainties reflect only the limited MC statistics). Major systematic uncertainties, especially those associated with the flux model, are cancelled by forming a double ratio of these observed and expected yields: R{sup data}{sub trk/shw}/R{sup MC}{sub trk/shw} = 0.74{sup +0.12}{sub -01.0}(stat.) {+-} 0.04 (syst.) This double ratio should be equal to unity in the absence of oscillations, and the value above disfavors null oscillation with 96.0% confidence. In addition, the showering sample can be used to measure the atmospheric neutrino flux. Based on the analysis presented in this thesis, the Bartol flux should be scaled by a factor of: S{sub atm} = 1.08 {+-} 0.12(stat.) {+-} 0.08(syst.) This is larger than, but consistent with, a measurement at the same location by the Soudan2 Experiment of S{sub atm} = 0.91 {+-} 0.07.
Pattern and toolkits in introductory CS courses

This workshop will focus on the pedagogy for teaching introductory programming courses and the materials that support this approach. In our model, students learn programming basics by using elementary programming and design patterns. students then apply their skills in larger laboratory projects that present interesting applications of computer science. A collection of pattern tutorials and related laboratory problems will be presented and made available to the participants. All programming work is supported by the extensive use of core toolkits that serve as design models. The pattern tutorials, laboratories, and core toolkits are currently in use in C++ and are being developed in Java.
Mechanical Properties of Hemp-Reinforced Biomimicked Composites

Hemp-reinforced biomimicked composites (HRBC) were fabricated and tested under various mechanical testing configurations. The results were compared with the results of similar composites made with and without fiberglass reinforcement. In general, hemp reinforcement increases the tensile and bending strength of the composites. The tensile strength of the HRBC is greater than non-reinforced biomimicked composite (BC). However, this value is smaller than the tensile strength of fiberglass reinforced biomimicked composite (FRBC). The fracture toughness of HRBC was found to be close to that of FRBC, nearly seven times that of monolithic structural material.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Protamine Levels Vary Between Individual Sperm Cells of Infertile Human Males and Correlate With Viability and DNA Integrity

Sperm protamine deficiency has been associated with human male infertility. However, most studies have adopted a global approach to assessing sperm protamine levels. Thus, it is not known whether sperm cells from individual human males possess variations in protamine protein content. The objectives of this study were to evaluate variations in protamine-1 (P1) and protamine-2 (P2) content between individual sperm cells of fertile and infertile men and to correlate DNA integrity and sperm cell viability with protamine levels in individual sperm cells. The semen samples of fertile and infertile men were evaluated globally for protamine protein content using nuclear protein extraction, gel electrophoresis, and densitometry analysis. Individual sperm cell P1 and P2 levels were assessed using immunofluorescence microscopy in conjunction with automated image analysis. The terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was performed simultaneously with protamine immunostaining to assess the relationship between protamine levels and DNA integrity in individual spermatozoa. Additionally, the relationship between sperm cell viability and protamine levels was assessed via viability staining concomitant with protamine staining. The protamine fluorescence data demonstrate significant variations in protamine content within individual sperm cells of human males. Overall population-based measures of DNA integrity and sperm cell viability correlate significantly with population-based measurements of protamine levels. The data also demonstrate individual sperm cells displaying the lowest protamine levels display diminished viability and increased sperm cell susceptibility to DNA damage.
Yield Losses from Second-generation European Corn Borers (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Long-season Maize Hybrids Planted Early Compared with Short-season Hybrids Planted Late

Yield losses due to second-generation European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), infestations in long-season maize, Zea mays L., hybrids (B79 × Mo17 and Pioneer 3535) planted early were compared with losses in short-season hybrids (A619 × A632, Mo17 × A634, Pioneer 3572, and Pioneer 3732) planted late. Yields of long-season hybrids in both ECB-infested and noninfested plots were much greater than those of short season hybrids. Pioneer 3535 had less yield loss, less kernel weight loss, and fewer cavities than did B79 × Mo17. Losses due to ECB were greater in short-season hybrids planted late. Losses from stalk breakage and dropped ears were greater in short-season hybrids. Growers should plant long-season hybrids early; if a short-season hybrid is planted late, ECB infestation should be closely monitored.
Weight changes in HIV-1 seropositive and seronegative homosexual men

Abstract We studied weight changes in a cohort of 1153 seropositive and seronegative gay/bisexual men followed since 1984. When compared to normative U.S. data, HIV-1 seronegative men gained weight at a rate faster than expected during the study period (0.62 Kg/year; p
Matrix characterizations of Riordan arrays

Abstract Here we discuss two matrix characterizations of Riordan arrays, P-matrix characterization and A-matrix characterization. P-matrix is an extension of the Stieltjes matrix defined in [28] and the production matrix defined in [8] . By modifying the marked succession rule introduced in [21] , a combinatorial interpretation of the P-matrix is given. The P-matrix characterizations of some subgroups of Riordan group are presented, which are used to find some algebraic structures of the subgroups. We also give the P-matrix characterizations of the inverse of a Riordan array and the product of two Riordan arrays. A-matrix characterization is defined in [20] , and it is proved to be a useful tool for a Riordan array, while, on the other side, the A-sequence characterization is very complex sometimes. By using the fundamental theorem of Riordan arrays, a method of construction of A-matrix characterizations from Riordan arrays is given. The converse process is also discussed. Several examples and applications of two matrix characterizations are presented.
I'm Not Just Wasting Time Online! Test of Situational Awareness: An Exploratory Study

We explored the relationship between self-monitoring and the interaction of other-based reciprocity and online social network awareness on bridging social capital. We predicted that self-monitoring would be positively related to understanding other-based reciprocity, and that online social network awareness would moderate and strengthen the relationship between other-based reciprocity and bridging social capital. In doing so, we provide theoretical and empirical support for a concept called situational awareness, which is an individuals' generalized awareness of their social network environment, operationalized through the two components of understanding other-based reciprocity and online network awareness. The results from our study (N=255) support that high self-monitors understand others' reciprocity beliefs and higher levels of online bridging capital are the consequence of situational awareness.
Effect of sterols on diphenylhexatriene fluorescence in lecithin vesicles

Cholesterol is a major component of many mammalian membranes and in some membranes it is present at a molar phospholipid to sterol ratio of 1 : 1 [ 11. Although its exact function is not understood, many studies have indicated that it can affect the packing of paraffin chains of lipid in model and biological membranes [2]. Its effect, however, depends on the physical state of phospholipids [2]; when lipids are in the liquid-crystalline state cholesterol decreases the chain mobility [3] but when in the gel state, cholesterol increases the chain mobility [4]. In order to establish the molecular features of cholesterol that are necessary for interaction with lipids, the effect of cholesterol analogs lacking the 3/I-hydroxyl group have been evaluated [ 1,5,6]. Butler et al. [5] studying multilayers prepared from brain phospholipids and using ESR reported that cholesterol interacted with lipids to promote order and that 5-o-cholestan-3-one caused a low degree of order, but that 5-a-cholestane caused no ordering of phospholipids. In monolayers of 1-oleoyl-2-stearoylphosphatidylcholine 5-a-cholestan-3-one increased the rigidity of the alkyl chain more at 22°C than at 37°C [ 11. Using high-resolution proton-NMR McDonald et al. [6] reported that 5-cr-cholestane and 5-cu-cholestan-3-one were as effective as cholesterol in reducing spin-lattice relaxation times of protons in the paraffinic groups of the phospholipid systems studied. These apparent discrepancies prompted us to undertake the present studies in which we have found that interaction of these sterols with lecithin depends on the physical state and structure of the paraffinic portion of the phospholipid. 2. Materials and methods
Incidence of contrast medium extravasation for CT and MRI in a large academic medical centre: A report on 502,391 injections

Aim To present the authors' experience of contrast medium extravasation (CME) during both CT and MRI examinations in a large academic medical centre. Materials and methods The present retrospective investigation was conducted between June 2008 and June 2013. The radiology data and medical records of patients in whom CME had occurred were reviewed. Results The extravasation rate for CT and MRI was 0.11% (541/502 391); the % was 0.13% during CT and 0.06% during MRI. There was a statistically significant difference between females and males in the overall % ( p = 0.0062), and the number of extravasations between CT and MRI ( p 60 years was statistically significant when compared to the 18–60 year age group ( p = 0.0072). Of 90 MRI patients with extravasation, CME occurred in 51 (0.048%, 51/105,578) patients from manual injections, and 39 (0.087%, 39/44,688) patients from automated injection with statistical significance ( p = 0.0048). A statistical significance was found between females receiving automatic injections and males receiving manual injections ( p = 0.0161). The majority of CME during CT and MRI occurred in the outpatient department [64.5% (291/451) and 64.4% (58/90), respectively], but the overall incidence of CME was highest in inpatients [0.29%, (160/54,664) in CT and 0.16% (32/20,048) in MRI]. Conclusion Patients undergoing CT are at higher risk of developing CME than MRI patients. Females and inpatients were also were more likely to develop CME at both CT and MRI. At MRI CME is more likely in patients above the age of 60 years and for those receiving automated power injections.
Deficiency of the Transcriptional Repressor B Cell Lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) Is Accompanied by Dysregulated Lipid Metabolism

The transcriptional repressor B-cell Lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) was recently identified in a profile of genes regulated in adipocytes, suggesting a relationship between Bcl6 and metabolic regulation. As a representative target gene repressed by Bcl6, Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling (Socs) 2 expression was elevated in Bcl6 deficient (KO) mice, including metabolic tissues liver, adipose tissue and muscle, as well as in spleen and thymus. Bcl6 occupied the Socs2 promoter in wild-type, but not Bcl6 KO mice, suggesting direct regulation of Socs2 by Bcl6 in vivo. Mice deficient in Bcl6 were found to exhibit multiple features of dysregulated lipid metabolism. Adipose tissue mass was dramatically reduced or absent in Bcl6 KO mice. Further, hepatic and serum triglycerides were low. Bcl6 deficiency was accompanied by decreased hepatic expression of Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (Scd1) and Fatty acid synthase (Fasn) genes which encode lipogenic enzymes. Expression of the gene for the transcription factor Carbohydrate-Responsive Element Binding Protein (Chrebp), which regulates expression of lipogenic genes, was also reduced in liver of Bcl6 KO mice. Bcl6 deficiency disrupted fasting-induced increases in hepatic triglyceride deposition, but not decreases in lipogenic gene expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that in addition to its well-recognized roles in immune regulation, Bcl6 plays a role in regulatory events of lipid metabolism, and that in the absence of Bcl6, lipid metabolism in liver and adipose tissue is dysregulated.
Intersection of the Steiner systems of M 24

In this paper we prove a result concerning the intersections of the Steiner systems with parameters 5,8,24. We give the possible number of octads that can be common to two such systems. Moreover, for each of these numbers N we produce a pair of Steiner systems with exactly N octads in common.
Trust and Mobile Media Use in Schools

Abstract This article shares findings from a year-long study about social practices of high school youth with mobile devices during school time. In particular, this study found that students see their school time as fluidly social and academic. Educators and policy-makers need to carefully consider these social practices when preparing 21st century youth for engaging with technology in responsible and meaningful ways beyond their time in school.
A Review of Lattice Theory for Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymers, Spinodal Decomposition, and Gel Formation

Abstract Polymer chain conformations can be described by many models. Some of the main ones are shown in Fig. 1. The rod-like model describes polymer molecules as rigid cylinders with high axis ratio. The axis ratio, X, is equal to the length of the polymer divided by the diameter. X = L/d for molecules in any conformation. Linear polymer chains that are not completely rod-like can be described by Kuhn chains, worm-like chains, or segmented rod-like and random coil chains. Kuhn chains are characterized by rigid segments connected by universal joints. The rod-like segment, known as the Kuhn segment, has a characteristic length, 2q. Worm-like chains have continuous deviation from rod-like behavior but are not necessarily completely flexible. The worm-like chains are characterized by a persistence length, q. Polymers of types a-d in Fig. 1 can all form liquid crystalline solutions under appropriate conditions. The final type of chain, the random coil, is not expected to form liquid crystalline solutions.
Neurosteroid Analogues. 17. Inverted Binding Orientations of Androsterone Enantiomers at the Steroid Potentiation Site on γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptors

The enantiomer pair androsterone and ent-androsterone are positive allosteric modulators of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptors. Each enantiomer was shown to bind at the same receptor site. Binding orientations of the enantiomers at this site were deduced using enantiomer pairs containing OBn substituents at either C-7 or C-11. 11β-OBn-substituted steroids and 7α-OBn-substituted ent-steroids potently displace [35S]-tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate, augment GABA currents, and anesthetize tadpoles. In contrast, 7β-OBn-substituted steroids and 11α-OBn-substituted ent-steroids have diminished actions. The results suggest that the binding orientations of the active analogues are inverted relative to each other with the 7α- and 11β-substituents similarly located on the edges of the molecules not in contact with the receptor surface. Analogue potentiation of the GABA current was abrogated by an α1 subunit Q241L mutation, indicating that the active analogues act at the same sites in α1β2γ2L receptors pr...
Resistance anomaly in a weak acid near the critical point

Recently published data on the resistance anomaly in a critical isobutyric acid-water mixture near the phase-separation critical point are analyzed. It is shown that the data below a value of $t\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{(T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c})}{{T}_{c}}\ensuremath{\simeq}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ may be influenced by gravitational effects which were not accounted for in the original analysis. In the temperature range above this value of $t$, a fit of the form $\frac{({R}_{c}\ensuremath{-}R)}{{R}_{c}}\ensuremath{\approx}A{t}^{1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}}+Bt$ (with $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ the specific-heat exponent) is shown to be satisfactory, and a semiquantitative theory which yields this result is presented.
Early Results from Solar Dynamic Space Power System Testing

A government/industry team designed, built and tested a 2-kWe solar dynamic space power system in a large thermal vacuum facility with a simulated Sun at the NASA Lewis Research Center. The Lewis facility provides an accurate simulation of temperatures, high vacuum and solar flux as encountered in low-Earth orbit. The solar dynamic system includes a Brayton power conversion unit integrated with a solar receiver which is designed to store energy for continuous power operation during the eclipse phase of the orbit. This paper reviews the goals and status of the Solar Dynamic Ground Test Demonstration project and describes the initial testing, including both operational and performance data. System testing to date has accumulated over 365 hours of power operation (ranging from 400 watts to 2.0-W(sub e)), including 187 simulated orbits, 16 ambient starts and 2 hot restarts. Data are shown for an orbital startup, transient and steady-state orbital operation and shutdown. System testing with varying insolation levels and operating speeds is discussed. The solar dynamic ground test demonstration is providing the experience and confidence toward a successful flight demonstration of the solar dynamic technologies on the Space Station Mir in 1997.
The Legal Past, Present and Future of Prenatal Genetic Testing: Professional Liability and Other Legal Challenges Affecting Patient Access to Services

This chapter is an overview of the current status of the law in the United States regarding prenatal genetic testing with an emphasis on issues related to professional liability and other challenges affecting patient access to prenatal genetic testing. The chapter discusses the roles that federal regulations, promulgated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), play in the regulation of prenatal genetic tests. The chapter discusses tort litigation based on allegations of malpractice in the provision of prenatal genetic testing and how courts have analyzed issues related to causation, damages and mitigation of damages. The chapter provides reference information regarding how individual states address causes of action under the tort theories of wrongful birth and wrongful life. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future legal issues that may affect clinical prenatal genetic testing services arising from the continued expansion of prenatal genetic testing, legal restrictions on access to abortion and the potential development of embryonic treatments.
Brainstem auditory evoked responses in an equine patient population: part I--adult horses.

Background Brainstem auditory evoked response has been an underused diagnostic modality in horses as evidenced by few reports on the subject. Hypothesis/Objectives To describe BAER findings, common clinical signs, and causes of hearing loss in adult horses. Animals Study group, 76 horses; control group, 8 horses. Methods Retrospective. BAER records from the Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory were reviewed from the years of 1982 to 2013. Peak latencies, amplitudes, and interpeak intervals were measured when visible. Horses were grouped under disease categories. Descriptive statistics and a posthoc Bonferroni test were performed. Results Fifty-seven of 76 horses had BAER deficits. There was no breed or sex predisposition, with the exception of American Paint horses diagnosed with congenital sensorineural deafness. Eighty-six percent (n = 49/57) of the horses were younger than 16 years of age. The most common causes of BAER abnormalities were temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO, n = 20/20; abnormalities/total), congenital sensorineural deafness in Paint horses (17/17), multifocal brain disease (13/16), and otitis media/interna (4/4). Auditory loss was bilateral and unilateral in 74% (n = 42/57) and 26% (n = 15/57) of the horses, respectively. The most common causes of bilateral auditory loss were sensorineural deafness, THO, and multifocal brain disease whereas THO and otitis were the most common causes of unilateral deficits. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Auditory deficits should be investigated in horses with altered behavior, THO, multifocal brain disease, otitis, and in horses with certain coat and eye color patterns. BAER testing is an objective and noninvasive diagnostic modality to assess auditory function in horses.
The Rightward Movement of Complements and Adjuncts in the Old English of "Beowulf.".

Although it has generally been recognized that Old English was a verb-final language with verb-seconding, the existence of clauses with main verb complements and adjuncts appearing after the otherwise clause-final verb seems to contradict the hypothesis that the language was strictly verb-final in underlying structure. There are three possible analyses to explain these clauses: variable word order in the base, leftward verb movement, and rightward movement of NPs and PPs. In this article, we demonstrate that only the third analysis adequately explains the data of the Early Old English poem Beowulf. Moreover, by investigating the mapping between syntactic structures and metrical units, we provide evidence for two types of rightward movement with two distinct structures: heavy NP shift, with a characteristic major intonational boundary between the main verb and the postposed NP, and PP extraposition, where the intonational boundary was much less common.
Solid-phase synthesis of two glycopeptides containing the amino acid sequence 5 to 9 of somatostatin

Abstract 2,3,4,6 Tetra- O -acetyl-1- N -[ N -( tert -butyloxycarbonyl)- l -aspart-4-oyl]- d -glucopyranosylamine and 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri- O -acetyl-1- N -[ N -( tert -butyloxycarbonyl)- l -aspart-4-oyl]-2-deoxy- d -glucopyranosylamine were introduced, respectively, by the solid-phase procedure in the amino acid sequence 5 to 9 of somatostatin. The two resulting glycopeptides β- d -Glc p -(1→4)- and β- d -Glc p NAc-(1→4)-Asn-Phe-Phe-Trp-Lys-OH were homogeneous on examination by t.l.c. and l.c., and their structures were confirmed by m.s. of the N -acetyl, permethyl derivatives.
Synthesis and properties of anomerically unsubstituted hepta-O-acetyl disaccharides

Abstract The octaacetates of β-cellobiose and β-maltose react with piperidine in tetrahydrofuran to give crystalline, anomerically unsubstituted heptaacetates, having, respectively, the α- and β- D configurations for the reducing moiety. The structural assignments were made on the basis of chemical reactions and n.m.r. spectroscopy. These heptaacetates underwent acetylation with retention of configuration and, on methylation, gave methyl α- and β- D -glycosides in the approximate ratio of 1:1. The octaacetates of β-melibiose and β-lactose likewise react readily with piperidine in tetrahydrofuran to give heptaacetates, which were not fully characterized. Available data indicate that these compounds are also anomerically unsubstituted at the reducing moiety.
Cleavability of compacta over the two arrows

Abstract It is shown that any compactum cleavable over the two arrows of Alexandroff is homeomorphic to a subspace of the two arrows.
Information on DNA conformation derived from the Ferguson plot of DNA fragments of up to 9 kb in size, using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in a discontinuous buffer system

The Ferguson plot in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)(15%CDATD, moving boundary electrophoresis buffer system operative at pH 8.9, 4 degrees C, 8 mA/cm2 of gel) of DNA fragments up to 9.4 kb in size was found to exhibit a linear segment at polyacrylamide concentrations starting at 3% T and undergoing a gradual transition into a concave segment at higher gel concentrations, confirming previous findings by Stellwagen. The larger the DNA, and the higher the gel concentration, the less extended the linear and the more extended the concave segment of the plot. The lowest % T of the linear range for DNA in polyacrylamide remains unknown since mobilities at nongelling concentrations below 3% T have not as yet been measured. As previously suggested, the transition from the linear to the concave segment corresponds to that from the randomly oriented DNA to the anisotropically stretched, "reptating" DNA. For a DNA of 9.4 kb in size, the end of the linear range of the Ferguson plot can be extended from 3.5 to 5% T when 15% DATD rather than 2.5% Bis is used to crosslink the polyacrylamide. Increasing the temperature of PAGE from 4 degrees C to 25 and 50 degrees C widens the linear segment progressively, indicating an increasingly random orientation with rising temperature. When current density is increased from 8 to 40 mA/cm2, the concave curvature of the Ferguson plot of DNA 1 to 9.4 kb in size decreases, suggesting a transition from a "reptating" to a randomly distributed molecule, due to increased Joule heat.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cortical evoked potential changes during self-administration of morphine by rats.

Abstract We investigated associative and physiologic changes during the development of dependence and subsequent withdrawal from morphine. Rats were trained to lever press for intravenous doses of morphine. Electrical stimulation of one foreleg (CS+) was paired with the administration of morphine after a lever press. Stimulation of the other foreleg (CS−) occurred explicitly unpaired with the morphine administration. Cortical evoked potentials from 11 subjects were analyzed. Changes in peak-to-peak amplitude for both CS+ and CS− elicited evoked potentials due to morphine administration were found in three components. In one component (latency of 98 to 197 ms), the change in amplitude during conditioning for the CS+ elicited evoked potentials was different from the CS− elicited evoked potentials. The difference in the change in amplitude in the CS+ and CS− evoked potential components was defined as a conditioned response. In two of the three animals that survived to the testing phase, the associative response appeared to persist after withdrawal.
Diaphragmatic muscle fiber type development in swine.

ABSTRACT. Diaphragmatic muscle fiber types were determined in the costal and crural segments of swine diaphragm at 4 postnatal ages (1 day, 1 month, 6 months, and between 3-6 yr of age). Fiber types were differentiated by enzyme histochemistry for adenosine triphosphatase and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. A progressive increase in the number of type I fibers occurred in both costal and crural segments from birth to 6 months of age. The number of type HA fibers decreased and type IIB fibers increased over the same time period. Type IIC fibers were present through 1 month of age, were rarely observed at 6 months, and were not found in older animals. Type I fibers were more numerous in the crural portion of the diaphragm. The cross-sectional area of all fiber types in both costal and crural segments increased significantly with age. No preferential fiber type growth was noted in either segment of the diaphragm. These data suggest that the pig diaphragmatic muscle is differentiated into its adult form by 6 months of postnatal age, but fiber cross-sectional area growth continues along with body growth.
The development of a staggered parallel separation liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry system with on-line extraction for high-throughout screening of drug candidates in biological fluids

A new parallel liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) system has been developed, in which the mass detector was shared between two staggered parallel chromatographic runs. Since the chromatography for biofluids assay generally requires good analyte retention and thus tends to leave large blank chromatographic windows, this parallel system allowed the efficient use of the mass detector during these blank windows, resulting in significantly improved sample throughput. Also, in order to remove the bottleneck in sample extraction for this parallel separation system, a high-flow extraction device was used to perform on-line extraction. This allowed for the direct injection of biofluids onto the system. The performance and capability of this system was evaluated in tests that contained a single analyte (oxazepam) and multiple analytes (12-in-1). The results indicated that the data generated from this system were comparable to those obtained on a conventional single-column system. An application of the system for high-throughput pharmacokinetic screening of drug candidates was also demonstrated.
Attributions of Responsibility Toward Computing Technology: The Role of Interface Social Cues and User Gender

This study examined how social cues in an interface and user gender affected attributions of responsibility for the process and outcomes of interacting with a computer. Using a 2 × 2 between-subjects laboratory design, 391 participants were randomly assigned to work with a computer that utilized either a traditional interface or an interface designed to include higher social cues. The results of this study indicated that those who interacted with the interface with greater social cues made greater attributions of responsibility to the computer. In addition, women were more likely to ascribe responsibility to the computer. Results did not support an interaction between gender and interface design. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
The effects of organizational learning climate, career-enhancing strategy, and work orientation on the protean career

The concept of the protean career has been discussed in the career development field over the last three decades. The main purpose of this study was to conduct an empirical assessment of the individual protean career attitude and investigate the relationships between the protean career attitude and other variables such as organizational learning climate, individual career-enhancing strategy and work orientation. The hypotheses were investigated through a correlation and a path analysis of data from 244 employees of a Korean financial company. The results provide useful information on the direct effects of career-enhancing strategy and work orientation on the protean career attitude. In addition, an indirect effect of organizational learning climate was identified.
Fatty Acid Composition of Milk. III. Variation with Stage of Lactation

Abstract Variations in component fatty acids in milk of four Holstein cows were measured during their entire lactation (43-50 wk). Least-squares fits of the measured values were then made to a succession of polynomials and the added contribution to reducing the unexplained variation calculated to determine the best-fitting function. Linear regression equations best describe the proportions of 6:0, 8:0, 16:0, and 16:1, with only 16:0 having a negative slope. The proportion of 10:0, 12:0, 16:iso, 17:0, 18:0, 18:iso, 18:1, and 18:2 were best described by quadratic regression equations. There were wide variations throughout the progress of lactation in the slopes of the curves in these latter cases. Cubic regression equations adequately described the proportions of 10:1, 12:1, 14:0, 14:1, 15:0, and 18:3 fatty acids.
Splenic artery aneurysms

The cause of splenic artery aneurysms and the indications for their treatment remain controversial. Splenic artery aneurysms occur more frequently in women and are associated with pregnancy and multiparity. Whether arteriosclerosis is the cause of the aneurysm or is a secondary phenomenon is unknown. Patients not treated do well, especially if the aneurysm is less than 2 cm in diameter. The rate of rupture is approximately 3%, and it appears to be decreasing as more patients are found to have this type of aneurysm. The mortality rate for ruptured splenic artery aneurysm is greatly increased if the patient is pregnant. Indications for removal include presence of symptoms, pregnancy or plan to become pregnant, increasing size, and a diameter of 2 cm or greater. Depending on the medical condition of the patient, aneurysms that are less than 2 cm in diameter can be removed electively, or they can be left and the patient followed closely. The risk of elective removal is extremely low and has minimal morbidity. In the treatment of this type of aneurysm, the spleen should be preserved if possible; splenectomy is reserved for those aneurysms found in the hilus of the spleen or during emergency situations.
Intrauterine intravascular transfusions for severe red blood cell isoimmunization: Ultrasound-guided percutaneous approach

Eight pregnancies with severe red blood cell isoimmunization were managed with use of an intravascular approach for intrauterine transfusions. Fetoscopy was not employed, and the procedures were performed percutaneously under direct ultrasound visualization. A total of 16 of 18 attempted transfusions were successfully performed, with four fetuses requiring more than one transfusion. Technical aspects of the procedure as well as its indications, advantages, and drawbacks are discussed.
ELECTRON TRANSPORT IN PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCUS ELSDENII.

The electron-transfer reactions associated with acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (acyl-CoA: DPN+ oxidoreductase), hydrogenase (EC 1.98.1.1) and lactic dehydrogenase (dl-lactate: (acceptor) oxidoreductase) in the rumen microorganism Peptostreptococcus elsdenii were studied and a pathway of electron transport in the organism proposed. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase was resolved into dehydrogenase and an associated electron-transport protein (Fraction II) which accepts electrons from DPNH and passes them to the dehydrogenase. The two components were purified and partially characterized. Data indicating the presence of a ferredoxin-linked DPN+ reductase (reduced ferredoxin: DPN+ oxidoreductase) are presented.