cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endoscopically guided chitosan nasal packing for intractable epistaxis.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of endoscopically guided chitosan packing in controlling intractable epistaxis. A prospective case series was performed. METHODS This is a prospective clinical study conducted in a tertiary rhinology fellowship training hospital between January 2009 and November 2009. The study population consisted of patients with intractable epistaxis that failed to respond to traditional anterior-posterior nasal packing using either a 10-cm Pope PVA Merocel or a Rapid-Rhino. The bleeding site was identified using a nasal endoscope and controlled using a pack made of a ChitoFlex chitosan dressing wrapped around a polyvinyl acetal nasal sponge. RESULTS The intent-to-treat population consisted of 20 severe epistaxis subjects (8 men and 12 women) who continued to bleed despite traditional anterior-posterior nasal packing. The mean age was 67 years (±19 years). Sixteen subjects were on antiplatelets and/or anticoagulants. Eleven subjects (55%) presented with anterior epistaxis, and 7 subjects (35%) presented with posterior epistaxis. Chitosan nasal packing was performed on an outpatient basis and resulted in effective and immediate hemostasis in 19/20 subjects (95%). One subject had persistent bleeding after the first packing attempt and was successfully repacked within 30 minutes. Time to complete cessation of bleeding was 3.6 ± 2.2 minutes in the 19 subjects; the pack was removed after 48 hours, without any evidence of rebleeding or any serious side effects. CONCLUSION Endoscopically guided chitosan packing is a safe, effective, and well-tolerated outpatient treatment for the management of intractable epistaxis.
Measuring and tracking obesity inequality in the United States: evidence from NHANES, 1971-2014

Because people care about their weight relative to peers and society, obesity inequality plays a role in explaining obesity incidence and the impacts of being obese on subjective well-being. While the increase in obesity prevalence and mean body mass index (BMI) is well documented, the measurement of distributional changes and corresponding obesity inequality is yet to be fully explored. The present study analyzed BMI data for adults aged 20 to 74 from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) I (1971-1974), II (1976-1980), III (1988-1994), and continuous NHANES (1999-2014). We applied tools developed to measure income inequality to analyze the inter-temporal variation in the BMI distribution among US adults. Using stochastic dominance tests, we construct partial orderings on cumulative BMI distributions during the study period. Shapley decompositions and inequality indices are employed to quantify the source and extent of temporal variation and decompose the inequality into within and between-group components considering age, gender, and race. The BMI distribution of each NHANES study first-order stochastically dominated the BMI distribution of the previous wave from 1971-1974 to 2003-2006, whereas more recent comparisons failed to reject the null hypothesis of non-dominance. The Shapley decomposition analysis revealed that horizontal shifts of BMI distributions accounted for a majority of the increase in obesity prevalence since 1988-1991. Especially in recent years when the rate of obesity growth has slowed down, the contribution of the redistribution component dropped significantly and even became negative between 2007-2010 and 2011-2014. The inequality indexes consistently show a worsening of obesity inequality from the mid-1970s to the mid-2000s regardless of population subgroups, and this disproportionate shift of the BMI distribution is unlikely to be a result of a changing ethnic composition of the US population. Our findings demonstrate that seemingly similar increases in obesity prevalence can be accompanied by very different patterns of distribution change. We find that the early phase of the obesity epidemic in the US was largely driven by increasing skewness, whereas more recent growth is a population-wide experience, regardless of demographic characteristics. Increasing morbid obesity certainly played an important role in the initial phase of the epidemic, but more recently the BMI distribution has largely horizontally shifted to the right.
On Characteristics in the Development of Higher Vocational Education

In recent years, higher vocational education has developed into an important part of higher education. But due to lack of systematic understanding of higher vocational education, there are some derivations in educational practice. This paper points out the current problems existing in aspects of goal orientation, training model, curriculum, employment demands, teaching practice and cooperative development and puts forward some ideas based on others' experiences.
Preventing falls in assisted living: Results of a quality improvement pilot study

Residents of assisted living (AL) communities are at high risk for falls, which result in negative outcomes and high health care costs. Adapting effective falls prevention programs for AL quality improvement (QI) has the potential to reduce falls, improve resident quality of life, and reduce costs. This project tested the feasibility and outcomes of an evidence-based multi-component QI program, the Assisted Living Falls Prevention and Monitoring Program (AL-FPMP). Resident posture and gait improved, likely due to exercise and/or physical therapy. Effective falls prevention QI programs can be implemented in AL, and are advised to (1) establish and maintain a falls team to create a culture focused on the reduction of falls risk; (2) teach staff to assess residents using the Morse Falls Scale to increase their awareness of residents' falls risk and improvement; and (3) modify existing exercise programs to address balance and lower body strength.
The Philosopher-Lobbyist: John Dewey and the People's Lobby, 1928-1940 by Mordecai Lee

Lee, M. (2015). The philosopher-lobbyist: John Dewey and the People’s Lobby, 1928-1940. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. $95.00 (hard cover), ISBN: 978-1-4384-5528-0.
Influence of aromatic compounds in oil on pirelli gassing and impulse surge breakdown

For some time a needle-to-sphere impulse breakdown test (ASTM D-3300) has been used for characterization of insulating oils used in high voltage equipment. Several observations can be made based upon a long background of use with this test.
Pathophysiology of Intermittent Claudication in Peripheral Artery Disease

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) affects more than 200 million adults worldwide. Patients with lower extremity PAD have a heightened risk for cardiovascular events because of the systemic nature of atherosclerosis, and benefit from treatment with risk factor-modifying therapies. Limb symptoms in PAD include intermittent claudication and diminished walking ability. Arterial obstruction from atherosclerotic lesions initiates limb ischemia; however, decreased perfusion incompletely determines the clinical expression of PAD and its response to therapy. Potential mechanistic drivers of claudication in addition to arterial obstruction include inflammation, vascular dysfunction, reduced microvascular flow, impaired angiogenesis, and altered skeletal muscle function. An improved understanding of the pathophysiology of limb symptoms has the potential to accelerate development of novel therapeutic strategies to increase functional capacity in patients with PAD.
Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on outcomes in resected gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancer.

Background: Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection is a known risk factor for gastric cancer (GC) and has been linked with gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer. Studies examining the relationship between H. pylori infection, GC characteristics and prognosis are limited and have yielded conflicting results. We report on the clinicopathologic characteristics and oncologic outcomes of gastric and GEJ cancer patients with and without a history of H. pylori treated at our institution. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients over the age of 18 years who underwent curative resection for GEJ and GC at Mount Sinai Hospital between 2007 and 2012 who had histopathologic documentation of the presence or absence of H pylori infection. Demographic, clinical, pathologic, treatment characteristics and outcomes including recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared. Results: Ninety-five patients were identified. The majority of patients were male (61%), white (36%) or Asian (34%), with median age at diagnosis 64. Tumors were stage I (51%), stage II (23%), stage III (25%), and stage IV (1%). H pylori infection status was documented at the time of cancer diagnosis in 89 (94%) patients, and following cancer diagnosis and treatment in 6 (6%) patients. Younger age at diagnosis, Asian race and Lauren histologic classification were associated with H Pylori infection. H pylori positive patients exhibited higher 5-year OS and 5-year RFS compared to H pylori negative patients, though the difference was not statistically significant in either univariate or multivariate analyses. Conclusions: In this retrospective series of predominantly early stage GC and GEJ cancers, H. pylori positive patients were significantly younger at cancer diagnosis and were more frequently Asian compared to H. pylori negative patients. Other demographic and histologic classifications except for Lauren histologic classification were similar between the two groups. H pylori positive patients appeared to have improved outcomes compared to H. pylori negative patients.
Comparative study on pharmaceuticals adsorption in reclaimed water desalination concentrate using biochar: Impact of salts and organic matter

The synergistic impact of salts and organic matter on adsorption of ibuprofen and sulfamethoxazole by three types of biochar and an activated carbon was investigated using reclaimed water reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate and synthetic solutions spiked with target organic compounds and non-target water constituents (e.g., Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Cl-, SO42-, alkalinity, humic acid (HA), and bovine serum albumin (BSA)). Kinetic modeling was used to better understand the adsorption process between the carbon adsorbents and pharmaceuticals and to elucidate the impact of water chemistry on pharmaceuticals adsorption. The adsorption capacity of pharmaceuticals by biochar was affected by their physicochemical properties including ash content, specific surface area, charge, pore volume, as well as hydrophobicity, π-energy, and speciation of pharmaceuticals. The adsorption of pharmaceuticals in concentrate was pH-dependent, the kinetic rate constant increased with deceasing pH due to the electrical interactions between pharmaceutical molecules and adsorbents. High salinity and electrolyte ions in RO concentrate improved adsorption, whereas the presence of carbonate species, HA, and BSA hindered the removal of ibuprofen and sulfamethoxazole. This study revealed the correlation of concentrate water quality on adsorption of pharmaceuticals by biochar and activated carbon. Biochar provides a promising alternative to activated carbon for removal of organic contaminants of emerging concerns in various wastewater and concentrate streams.
Diagnosis of water crises in the metropolitan area of São Paulo: policy opportunities for sustainability

AbstractWater resources sustainability is critical to urban areas that are facing increasing water crises. Understanding the interactions in a system perspective is necessary for designing policies...
METABOLISM OF BENZO(a)PYRENE IN LITTLE SKATE MIXED-FUNCTION OXIDASE SYSTEMS

Cytochrome P-450 fractions have been partially, purified from the livers of corn oil- and 1,2,3,4-dibenzanthracene-treated little skates (Raja erinacea, a marine elasmobranch), and reconstituted as active drug-metabolizing systems with rabbit hepatic NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. Benzo(a)pyrene metabolism in the reconstituted systems was similar to that seen in the corresponding microsomes with respect to turnover, metabolite profiles and response to 7,8-benzoflavone.
Induction of endothelial cell cytoplasmic lipid bodies during hypoxia.

Lipid bodies (LBs), lipid-rich cytoplasmic inclusions found in many cell types, seem to act as nonmembrane sites of eicosanoid formation. Because alterations in eicosanoid products have been demonstrated in endothelial cells (ECs) during hypoxia, we investigated induction of LBs in systemic and pulmonary ECs exposed to acute and/or chronic hypoxia. LBs in ECs were O 2 -concentration dependent, increasing approximately fivefold during acute exposure to 0% O 2 in both cell types. During chronic exposure to 3% O 2 , LBs were induced only in systemic ECs. LBs were not induced by other cellular stresses (heat shock or glucose deprivation). Subsequent studies suggested that protein kinase C-dependent and tyrosine kinase-dependent pathways are important in LB induction during hypoxia. PGH synthase was demonstrated in LBs in every case in which they were induced. These are the initial studies to demonstrate induction of LBs in ECs and to demonstrate LB induction during exposure to hypoxia in any cell type. These results imply that in ECs, LBs are structurally distinct inducible sites for synthesis of eicosanoid mediators.
Gastrointestinal Complaints (Colic, Constipation, Diarrhea, and Stomachache)

At some time in their lives most children are likely to turn up with gastrointestinal problems—colic, constipation, diarrhea, or stomachache. In Table 8, we list these common conditions, their usual age of onset, their symptoms, and causes.ge tests.
Effects of Antimitotic Agents on Secretion and Detergent Extractibility of Adrenal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

1. Evidence exists that associations of adrenal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) with the cytoskeleton play an important role in signal transduction pathways by maintaining these receptors in a functional state. These studies were designed to explore this possibility and elucidate the mechanism by which antimitotic agents inhibit activation of adrenal nAChRs. 2. Functional studies demonstrated that vincristine, tubulozole, podophyllotoxin, and demecolcine inhibited nAChR-stimulated catecholamine release noncompetitively and in a concentration-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 3 (1-10), 5 (2-10), 8 (4-15), and 19 (9-39) microM, respectively. 3. Detergent extraction experiments indicated that approximately 36% of adrenal nAChRs were associated with the detergent-insoluble cytoskeletal fraction. When chromaffin cells were first treated with antimitotic agents and then detergent solubilized, a significant reduction occurred in the population of adrenal nAChRs associated with the detergent-insoluble cytoskeleton. 4. These studies support an association of adrenal nAChRs with microtubules and suggest that the mechanism by which the antimitotic drugs interfere with the signal transduction pathway is by inducing dissociation of nAChRs from the microtubular network.
The Search to Be Real: Why Psychotherapists Become Therapists

This paper argues that one receives the calling to become a therapist to experience feeling real. Stated differently, therapists become therapists to heal themselves. Drawing on object relations theory, the author identifies five “wounds” therapists may consciously and unconsciously address by entering a therapeutic profession. The wounds are located in the capacity to believe, the capacity to imagine, the capacity for concern, the capacity to be alone, and the capacity of object usage. Achieving these capacities provides the therapist with a sense of wholeness, health, and holiness.
Issues Regarding the Concept of Mathematical Practices

In the first chapter of Alan Schoenfeld’s 2011 book How we think, he describes his original framework (1985) for the study of mathematical problem solving as having four components: knowledge base, problem solving strategies, metacognition, and beliefs.
U.S. active school travel in 2017: Prevalence and correlates

Abstract Active transportation to school (ATS), denoting walking and biking, is crucial to promote physical activity for youth. This study uses data from the 2017 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) to report on the most recent and nationally representative school transportation patterns. Binary logit modeling determines significant factors associated with school travel mode choices. Spatial differences on school mode choices across the US are explored. In 2017 9.6% of the students of 5–17 years old usually walked and 1.1% biked to school. For students who usually walk to school, 77.5% of their school trips were less than one mile and, among usual bikers to school, 82.8% of trips were less than two miles. Student rates of walking to school decreased as the distance to school increased and biking rates peaked when distance to school was between 0.5 and 1 miles. When distance to school was
Framework for tunable polarization state generation using Berry's phase in silicon waveguides.

We present a framework for an arbitrary polarization state generator exploiting Berry’s phase through a cascade of in-plane and out-of-plane silicon strip waveguides. We establish two criteria required for a passive device to achieve 90° polarization rotation, and derive explicit equations to satisfy the criteria. The results define regions within the parameter space where active tuning of the polarization state is possible over the entire Poincare sphere. We use numerical modeling to show ±30 dB tuning of the polarization extinction ratio between the quasi-transverse electric and magnetic modes for a range of devices with deflection angles ranging from 5° to 45°, and modal birefringence from 0 to 0.05. We envision control of optical polarization on the chip-scale in integrated waveguides for communications, sensing, and computing applications.
Abstract 16406: Epigenetic Regulation of Myofibroblast Differentiation and Persistence is Mediated by Enhanced Glutaminolysis

Cardiac fibrosis is mediated by the activation and differentiation of resident cardiac fibroblasts. While initially reparative, chronic activation leads to progressive cardiac dysfunction. Associat...
The White Public Pedagogy I: Suspending Moral Judgment

This chapter examines public demands for “objectivity” and “balance” in Minnesota’s white public pedagogy on the U.S.-Dakota War and its effect on public-history work and classroom teaching during the war’s 2012 sesquicentennial. The chapter begins by analyzing a key newspaper editorial from 2012 encouraging citizens to consult “the facts” on the war before taking Dakota people’s claims to historical trauma to heart. The chapter then consults facts from early sources on the war and their use of anti-Indian sublime (Silver, 2008) discourses to persuade citizens from judging white officials and their extermination campaign against the Dakota in the 1860s. The chapter returns then to modern contexts, analyzing the ongoing influence of anti-Indian-sublime “facts” on public knowledge, including curricular materials commonly understood to be “objective” and “balanced” by well-educated scholars today. The chapter ends by analyzing contradictions experienced by one college student working to achieve “balance” in her public history-writing work.
Anisotropic Psychophysical Trends in the Discrimination of Tactile Direction in a Precision Grip

Tactile cues arising from interactions with objects have a sense of directionality which affects grasp. Low latency responses to varied grip perturbations indicate that grasp safety margins are exaggerated in certain directions and conditions. In a grip with the ulnar-radial axis vertical, evidence suggests that distal and downward directions are more sensitive to task parameters and have larger safety margins. This suggests that, for the purpose of applying forces with the fingers, reference frames with respect to the hand and gravity are both in operation. In this experiment, we examined human sensitivities to the direction of tactile movement in the context of precision grip in orientations either orthogonal to or parallel to gravity. Subjects performed a two-alternative-forced-choice task involving a textured cube which moved orthogonal to their grip axis. Subjects' arms were placed in a brace that allowed for finger movement but minimized arm movement. Movement of thumb and index joints were monitored via PhaseSpace motion capture. The subject was presented with a textured cube and instructed to lightly grasp the cube, as if it were slipping. In each trial the object was first translated 1 cm in 0° (proximal), 90° (radial), 180° (distal), or 270° (ulnar) and returned to its origin. This primary stimulus was immediately followed by a 10 mm secondary stimulus at a random 5° interval between -30° and 30° of the primary stimulus. Response from the subject after each pair of stimuli indicated whether the test direction felt the same as or different from the primary stimulus. Traditional bias and sensitivity analyses did not provide conclusive results but suggested that performance is best in the ulnar-radial axis regardless of gravity. Modeling of the response curve generated a detection threshold for each primary stimulus. Lower thresholds, indicating improved detection, persisted in the ulnar-radial axis. Anisotropic thresholds of increased detection appear to coincide with digit displacement and appear to be independent of the grasp orientation.
A Multivariate Cumulative Sum Method for Continuous Damage Monitoring with Lamb-wave Sensors

This paper proposes a new damage monitoring method based on a multivariate cumulative sum test statistic applied to Lambwave sensing data for health monitoring in composites. TheCUSUM monitoring method applied to the features extracted with Principal Components Analysis was studied to improve robustness of detection and sensitivity to small damages. The method is illustrated with measured sensor data from fatigue loading and impact tests of carbon fiber materials and the performance of the proposed CUSUM approach was compared with existing Mahalanobis distance based monitoring techniques commonly applied in the health monitoring literature. It was shown that the CUSUM approach can significantly improve the misdetection rate for monitoring gradually developing damages.
The case for subsidizing harm: constrained and costly Pigouvian taxation with multiple externalities

Many activities are subsidized despite generating negative externalities. Examples include needle exchanges and energy production subsidies. We explain this phenomenon by developing a model in which the policymaker faces constraints or costs. We highlight three examples. First, it may be optimal to subsidize a harmful activity if the policymaker cannot set the first-best tax on an externally harmful substitute. Second, it may be optimal to subsidize a harmful production process if the activity mix at lower levels of output uses more harmful activities than the activity mix at higher levels of output. Third, it may be optimal to subsidize a harmful activity if there is a large administrative cost associated with taxing a harmful substitute. We also show how the functional form of the cost of administering a Pigouvian tax affects the optimal tax. When administrative cost is a function of only tax rates, the policymaker should tax each activity. However, an increase in the tax presents a trade-off: lower externality but higher administrative cost. A subsidy may be optimal for some externally harmful activities. When administrative cost is a function of only activity levels, it may not be optimal to tax every activity. If it is optimal to tax each activity, the policymaker should set the tax equal to the externality plus the marginal administrative cost. If it is not optimal to tax every activity, the complementarity between activities comes into play, and it may be optimal to subsidize externally harmful activities.
The central role of social support in the health of Chinese and Korean American immigrants

Prior research contends that social support positively influences health by optimizing individuals' psychological processes such as appraisals, emotions, and sense of control-known as stress-buffering effects. This study tests this theoretical concept by examining whether the association between social support and health can be explained by the psychological processes of perceived stress and distress among Chinese and Korean American immigrants. Furthermore, we examine what predicts social support in this population, with a particular focus on factors related to immigration. Using a total sample of 400 Chinese and Korean American immigrants, we examine the association between social support and self-rated health (SRH), accounting for demographic factors, socioeconomic status, perceived stress, and perceived distress using multivariable logistic regression models. We conducted a mediation analysis using the Karlson, Holm, and Breen (KHB) method to determine whether perceived stress and distress partly explained the association between social support and SRH. Findings showed a strong total effect of higher social support on better SRH. Furthermore, mediation was detected, with perceived stress and distress explaining 42.98% of the total effect of social support on SRH. Multivariable linear regression models revealed that social support among Chinese and Korean American immigrants was associated with marital status, employment, ethnic identity, and acculturative stress. This study highlights the centrality of social support for Chinese and Korean American immigrants, which lowers perceived stress and distress, leading to better overall health. By confirming these stress-buffering effects, our findings suggest that bolstering social support among vulnerable Chinese and Korean American immigrant populations can have a positive effect on health by optimizing stress appraisals.
Time and its arrow: an empiricist's perspective

The nature of time has beguiled philosophers for nearly three millennia. There are myriad types of time including cosmological time, biological time, psychological time, physical time, historical time, and even theological time. My brief essay concerns time in physics and I hope that the pragmatism of an experimental physicist might help provide a perspective that is often absent in treatises by contemporary philosophers and physicists. This is especially the case for the notion of the arrow of time. The paradox of the arrow of time arises because the laws of physics are invariably time reversal invariant, in which case we are led to ask what determines the direction of time. Investigations of time's arrow are usually framed in the context of a mathematical formalism where the parameter t represents time, and then proceed to logical analyses of how the direction of time emerges. The implicit assumption is that time is an ontological property of nature. On the other hand, for an empiricist like me, it is absolutely crucial to frame any such discussion in terms of direct human experience and not on a parameter in a mathematical model. This, in short, is the motivation for my essay and I conclude that the paradox of the arrow of time is an artificial problem that needs no resolution.
Understanding DNA Looping Through Cre-Recombination Kinetics

The interior of a cell is a crowded and fluctuating environment where DNA and other biomolecules are both highly constrained and subject to many mechanical forces. The extensive compaction of DNA in living cells is a challenge to many critical biological functions. An evolutionary solution to this challenge may be the juxtaposition of cis-acting elements such that multimeric protein complexes simultaneously interact with two or more protein-binding sites. This mode of biological activity involves the formation of looped DNA structures, which, by themselves, are thermodynamically unfavorable. Our knowledge about the roles of DNA bending, twisting, and their respective energetics in DNA looping has come mainly from analyses of ligase-dependent DNA cyclization experiments, which are quantitatively described by the Jacobson–Stockmayer, or J, factor. In this chapter, we discuss a novel quantitative approach to measuring the probability of DNA loop formation in solution using ensemble Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements of intramolecular and intermolecular Cre-recombination kinetics. Because the mechanism of Cre recombinase does not conform to a simple kinetic scheme, we employ numerical methods to extract rate constants for fundamental steps that pertain to Cre-mediated loop closure.
Multi-Dimensional, First-Order, Nonlinear Systems

This chapter characterizes the evolution of a vector of state variables in multi-dimensional, first-order, nonlinear systems of difference equations. It utilizes the analysis of linear, multi-dimensional, first-order systems to characterize the trajectory of nonlinear systems via their linearization in the proximity of a steady-state equilibrium, and the examination of the local and the global properties of these systems, based on the Stable Manifold Theorem.
The organization and accomplishments of the American College of Radiology Imaging Network: progress in its second year of existence.

The ACRIN[2][1] is a new NCI clinical trials cooperative group, founded in March 1999. ACRIN′s principal objective is to conduct multicenter clinical trials of diagnostic imaging and image-guided therapeutic technologies. ACRIN devolved from a Request for Applications issued by the NCI’s
Assessment of a hybrid team-based learning (TBL) format in a required self-care course

Abstract Objective To assess change in students' perception of self-care knowledge, communications, professional skills, and teamwork after completing a hybrid team-based learning (TBL) self-care course. Course grades prior to transition were also compared. Methods Previously, Self-Care I was a lecture-based course with three exams and comprehensive final exam. A TBL hybrid format was implemented and included individual readiness assurance tests (iRATs) electronically during class. TBL teams collaborate on group readiness assurance tests (gRATs) using Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique (IF-AT). On day 1, a voluntary 25-question, 1–5 Likert-scale, pre-survey was administered assessing students' confidence in self-care knowledge, communication skills, and team learning. Percentage of time preparing prior to class was also quantified. At semester's conclusion, a post-survey was administered. Survey data were analyzed for significance using paired sample t -tests. Exam grades of two hybrid TBL years were compared to two lecture-only years. Results Over two years, 73% (183/250) completed pre- and post-surveys. Measures relating to self-care knowledge, communication, and professional skills significantly improved ( p p Conclusions A TBL hybrid provided self-reported improvements in teamwork, communication, study habits, and overall perception of self-care skills. Although individual exam scores varied by comparison, quizzes boosted overall course grades.
Does Incommensurability Matter? Incommensurability and Public Policy

Reasons are incommensurable when, and only when, they cannot be compared as better, worse, or equally good.' Incommensurability so conceived is relevant to choosing public policy because it is a barrier to realizing the following ideal: In forming public policy, we should select the policy supported by the best reasons. As an ideal, this surely seems uncontroversial. Time constraints, lack of information, and the vagaries of group political processes are, of course, barriers to realizing this ideal, as is incommensurability. The latter, however, is a significantly different barrier. When we encounter incommensurable reasons in crucial areas of public policy, we cannot do what we should do: Choose the option supported by the best reasons. This problem is significantly different from the problems posed by lack of time, lack of information, and the caprices of politics. The latter problems prevent us from realizing the ideal in practice; incommensurability prevents us from realizing the ideal in practice or in principle because it is impossible in principle to compare the relevant reasons. Does this mean that it is not generally true that we should select the policy supported by the best reasons? Must we, in cases of incommensurability, decide in some other way? Or,
Scaling, Domains, and States in the Four-Dimensional Random Field Ising Magnet

The four dimensional Gaussian random field Ising magnet is investigated numerically at zero temperature, using samples up to size $64^4$, to test scaling theories and to investigate the nature of domain walls and the thermodynamic limit. As the magnetization exponent $\beta$ is more easily distinguishable from zero in four dimensions than in three dimensions, these results provide a useful test of conventional scaling theories. Results are presented for the critical behavior of the heat capacity, magnetization, and stiffness. The fractal dimensions of the domain walls at criticality are estimated. A notable difference from three dimensions is the structure of the spin domains: frozen spins of both signs percolate at a disorder magnitude less than the value at the ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transition. Hence, in the vicinity of the transition, there are two percolating clusters of opposite spins that are fixed under any boundary conditions. This structure changes the interpretation of the domain walls for the four dimensional case. The scaling of the effect of boundary conditions on the interior spin configuration is found to be consistent with the domain wall dimension. There is no evidence of a glassy phase: there appears to be a single transition from two ferromagnetic states to a single paramagnetic state, as in three dimensions. The slowing down of the ground state algorithm is also used to study this model and the links between combinatorial optimization and critical behavior.
Recent advances in access control models

Advances in application areas bring new dimensions to access control needs. This paper discusses several access control models that have been recently proposed to address these emerging needs including models that provide policy-neutral flexible access control and their efficient implementations; models that incorporate richer semantics for access control in emerging Internet applications, such as adding provisions; and models for XML documents. We also discuss the recent work on policy algebras and subject identity issues in secure federations.
Fashion: The Cultural Economy of Made in Italy

AbstractThe article examines the concept of Made in Italy in the context of the long history of Italian fashion and Italian nation building. It wishes to pose some methodological questions: it argues for a more sophisticated understanding of Made in Italy, suggesting that it must be considered in relation to the complexity of the formation of an Italian style that harks back to early modernity when a prolific literature and culture came to the fore and elaborated an Italian taste or sprezzatura that was then exported to the rest of Europe. Second, the article argues that today's Made in Italy must be examined in the context of both a multilayered identity and a plurality of fashion cities and capitals. Lastly, the article argues that, as is the case with sprezzatura, a study of Made in Italy must be attentive to how Italian style has been, over the years, translated and exported beyond the spatial confines of the nation and the temporal confines of history.
Oiling tyranny? Neoliberalism and global governance in Chad

The “oil economy” and its structuring effects are the subjects of the article “Oiling Tyranny? Neoliberalism and Global Governance in Chad” by Siba N. Grovogui and Lori Leonard. The authors examine the agreement, between the state of Chad and the World Bank, to allow the building of a pipeline in Chad to be accompanied by a series of World Bank-orchestrated “good governance” initiatives. The article critically examines the Bank’s “trusteeship” in Chad, drawing on field research to question the monitoring role played by intellectuals and specialist NGOs. The authors map what they refer to as the “juridico-political terms of the oil economy,” which ensure and normalize the encroachment on state sovereignty, land expropriation, and the institutionalization of wealth transfer through resource extraction.
Relevance of Problem-Solving Therapy to Psychosocial Oncology

Summary Problem-solving therapy is a cognitive-behavioral intervention that has been found to be effective in the treatment of a variety of mental health problems, especially depression. The relevance of this therapy for cancer patients is addressed and is placed within the context of a problem-solving model of stress. This model argues that the likelihood that cancer patients will experience significant and long-lasting emotional difficulties and psychological distress is partially a function of their problem-solving abilities. Research supports this model not only in general but also for cancer patients in particular. A large-scale outcome study is currently underway to evaluate the efficacy of problem-solving therapy with adult cancer patients.
The Strange Career of an Idea and its Resurrection Social Movements in Organizations

Partly a memoir, this article traces the history of an article (Zald & Berger, 1978) the author published in the American Journal of Sociology on social movements in organizations. The article orig...
Second generation optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy

We developed a second-generation optical-resolution photoacoustic microscope (OR-PAM) with a novel acoustic detection scheme, which improved upon the sensitivity of our first-generation system by 18 dB. Moreover, translating the imaging head instead of the living object improved the scanning speed by a factor of 5, widening the field of view within the same acquisition time. The anatomy and hemoglobin oxygen saturation of an entire mouse ear was imaged in vivo.
Relation between literacy and HIV treatment knowledge among patients on HAART regimens.

Abstract Successful management of HIV requires patient understanding and ability to act on treatment information. We examined the relationship between patient literacy and understanding of HIV treatment. Literacy, knowledge of CD4 count and viral load, and correct identification of HIV medications in regimen were evaluated in 204 patients receiving care in Shreveport, Louisiana and Chicago, Illinois. One-third of patients had limited literacy skills. These patients were less able to describe CD4 count (p<0.001), viral load (p < 0.001) and to correctly identify medications in their regimen (p<0.001). In the multivariate analysis, limited literacy was an independent predictor of poor understanding of CD4 count (OR 2.9, 95% CI: 1.3–6.3) and viral load (OR 4.1, 95% CI: 1.9–8.8). For correct medication identification, a significant interaction was found between number of HIV medications and literacy level. Among patients taking only 1–2 HIV medications, 100% of higher literate patients were able to identify th...
NEURAL CONTROL OF MUSCLE BLOOD FLOW: IMPORTANCE DURING DYNAMIC EXERCISE

1. The present review examines the control of muscle vascular conductance by the sympathetic nervous system during exercise. 2. Evidence for tonic sympathetic neural control of active muscle rests on three findings: (i) directly measured muscle sympathetic nerve traffic is increased; (ii) spillover of noradrenaline from active muscles is also increased; and (iii) withdrawal of sympathetic outflow to active muscle either by acute blockade of its sympathetic nerve supply or by reflex inhibition of sympathetic nervous activity raises muscle vascular conductance via inhibition of tonic vasoconstriction. 3. Loss of tonic sympathetic control of muscle vascular conductance during mild to severe exercise caused marked hypotension despite maintenance of a normal cardiac output. 4. The extent to which active muscle can vasodilate in intact animals appears to have been hidden by tonic vasoconstriction. This vasoconstriction appears to be minimally affected by metabolites in oxidative (red) muscle, but may be inhibited in predominantly glycolytic (white) muscle owing to different spatial distributions of alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the two muscle types and to the different susceptibilities of the two receptor types to interference by metabolites. 5. The reflexes causing vasoconstriction in active and inactive muscles are unknown. One hypothesis is that a flow-sensitive muscle chemoreflex raises sympathetic outflow to reduce accumulations of muscle metabolites caused by mismatches between muscle blood flow and metabolism, called 'flow errors'. Another hypothesis is that the arterial baroreflex corrects mismatches between cardiac output and vascular conductance called 'pressure errors'. This review argues for a dominance of control by the baroreflex based on the following observations: (i) the arterial baroreflex is essential to the normal rise in sympathetic nervous activity and arterial pressure at the onset of exercise; (ii) during submaximal exercise, a functioning arterial baroreflex is required to maintain tonic sympathetic activity and prevent arterial hypotension; and (iii) whereas a muscle chemoreflex may be needed to guard against hypoperfusion of active muscle, the arterial baroreflex must oppose hypotension by initiating sympathetic vasoconstriction to oppose muscle vasodilation.
Differential role for synaptojanin 1 in rod and cone photoreceptors

Synaptojanin 1 (SynJ1) is a polyphosphoinositide phosphatase involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis in conventional synapses. Studies with the zebrafish mutant nrc have revealed that loss of SynJ1 also affects cone photoreceptor ribbon synapses, causing pronounced morphological and functional abnormalities. In this study we continue to examine the role of SynJ1 in photoreceptors. Using a newly generated antibody specific for zebrafish SynJ1, we localized this protein predominantly to cone photoreceptors. We then used blastula stage transplantation experiments to demonstrate that rods from nrc mutants lacking SynJ1 develop normally and do not have the pronounced morphological defects detected in cones. Given the known involvement of SynJ1 in synaptic vesicle endocytosis, we hypothesize that rods and cones use distinct mechanisms for vesicle recycling.
The More it Changes, the More Hungarian Nationalism Remains the Same

The literature dealing with Magyar nationalism is extensive. The general impression created by its manifestations during the last roughly two and a half centuries has been that it had been aggressive and disrespectful of the rights of other nations living in the lands of historical Hungary, occasionally even bordering on the criminal. This evaluation did not originate with R. W. Seton-Watson, but was certainly disseminated widely by the works he published under the pen names of Viator and Scotus Viator.2 While some of the judgments passed on Magyar nationalism were exaggerated and even unjustified, the correctness of the general picture cannot be denied. The actions of Hungary's politicians and the views expressed by the country's publicists and literary figures support the negative evaluation of some of the most crucial manifestations of Magyar nationalism. The following pages are presented not in an attempt to excuse the general tone and occasional excesses of Hungarian nationalism, but to try to answer only one question: why did Magyar nationalism take the forms that it did?
γδT cells are ADCC effectors in elite HIV controllers

Background Elite controllers have immune responses capable of modulating HIV replication. Our goal is to understand the role for gamma/delta T cells in controlling HIV. These rare individuals maintain undetectable plasma virus loads with few or no signs of disease progression despite not using antiretroviral therapy. High frequencies of “protective” MHC haplotypes implicated Class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes as one mechanism for virus control but this cannot explain the majority of individuals who do not carry these MHC alleles. Neutralizing antibodies are generally absent among elite controllers, but serum antibodies are active in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against target cells decorated with HIV Env glycoprotein. ADCC requires Fc receptor-expressing, cytotoxic effector cells to mediate destruction of HIVinfected targets; the nature of ADCC effectors has not been described for elite HIV controllers.
Complex regional pain syndrome—2: physical therapy management

Abstract Part I of this article reviewed the history, etiology and underlying mechanisms of CRPS I and II. The current article reviews the available research of physical therapy treatment interventions for patients with CRPS. As outlined in Part 1 of this article, there continues to be much uncertainty about the underlying mechanisms of CRPS. It remains challenging to develop evidence-based guidelines for physical therapy or for any other discipline. There is a paucity of prospective randomized clinical trials. The majority of published reports are case reports or consensus-based. Although the article is written primarily from a physical therapy perspective, the clinical guidelines are also of interest to other health care providers. Given the complexity and scope of CRPS, an interdisciplinary management approach is recommended.
Theoretical investigation of the behavior of an acoustic metamaterial with extreme Young's modulus

Abstract A mechanical model with local resonators is proposed as an acoustic metamaterial that exhibits an unusual frequency-dependent effective stiffness. If treated as an equivalent elastic solid, its effective Young's modulus can become unbounded or vanishingly small at two respective frequencies. Moreover, in a certain frequency range, the effective Young's modulus would become negative, resulting in a band gap that coincides with this frequency range. The wave attenuation behavior and mechanism are studied through numerical simulations on the acoustic metamaterial model. The capability of the metamaterial to selectively block or filter unwanted waves is demonstrated by a numerical simulation example.
Review of "Country Driving: A Journey through China from Farm to Factory"

Peter Hessler's book provides a valuable account of the central role played by the automobile in China’s ongoing urbanization.
A study of nonlinear harmonic interaction between a single phase line-commutated converter and a power system

This paper develops a harmonic coupling matrix for a single phase, line commutated power converter. This matrix illustrates the coupling between the power convertor voltage and current harmonics. The authors show how this coupling matrix can be incorporated into a power system and how the system harmonics can be accurately calculated. In addition, this paper provides an example of a power system interacting with a single phase power convertor. This example system exhibits highly nonlinear and unexpected behavior which can neither be explained nor predicted by a classical solution method. In particular, there may be two steady state solutions and/or no solutions over regions for which the classical method predicts both existence and uniqueness of solutions. >