cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental Dynamics of Globodera ellingtonae in Field-Grown Potato

Globodera ellingtonae is a recently described nematode parasite of potato, which is closely related to the economically significant potato cyst nematodes G. rostochiensis and G. pallida. Because of the close relationship of G. ellingtonae to the potato cyst nematodes, a greater understanding of its biology is critical. Two experiments were conducted in Oregon to explore the developmental biology of G. ellingtonae in field-grown potato. The first experiment was conducted in 2013 and 2014 to determine the developmental timing of G. ellingtonae life stages and reproduction by inoculating potato with soil containing cysts followed by weekly collection of soil and root samples. Life stages; second-stage juveniles (J2) in soil and roots, third-stage juveniles (J3) and fourth-stage (J4) females and males in roots, males and females or cysts in soil, and egg number and developmental state were quantified. Normalizing across years using accumulated developmental degree days above 6°C (DD6), J2 of G. ellingtonae were found in soil from 41 to 588 DD6; two peaks of J2 invasion of roots were observed. The first adult females were observed at 387 and 449 DD6 in 2013 and 2014, respectively. The next generation of eggs was first observed from 675 to 854 DD6 and 50% egg development (containing a vermiform juvenile) occurred at approximately 920 DD6. A second J2 hatch was observed in both years at 927 to 1,073 DD6. The developmental dynamics of G. ellingtonae observed here are similar to those reported for G. rostochiensis and G. pallida from several geographical locations. In the second experiment, the effect of potato and bare soil on G. ellingtonae egg hatch was evaluated; in 2014 and 2015, packages containing cysts in soil were buried under potato or in bare soil at the time of planting and eggs per cyst determined weekly. Across years, a significant reduction in eggs per cysts under potato (>50%) was observed 35 days after planting (DAP) and, at 63 DAP, eggs per cyst were reduced by 76 to 96% compared with initial egg per cyst densities. In bare soil, the maximum reduction in densities of eggs per cyst was 55 to 73%. This annual reduction in egg numbers of G. ellingtonae in bare soil is similar to that reported for G. pallida and G. rostochiensis.
Core-top calibration of B/Ca in Pacific Ocean Neogloboquadrina incompta and Globigerina bulloides as a surface water carbonate system proxy

Abstract Practical methods for reconstructing past ocean carbonate chemistry are needed to study past periods of ocean acidification and improve understanding of the marine carbonate system's role in the global climate cycles. Planktic foraminiferal B/Ca may fill this role, but requires better understanding and improved proxy calibrations. We used Pacific Ocean core-top sediments to generate new calibrations of the B/Ca proxy for past carbonate system parameters in two upwelling/subpolar species of asymbiotic planktic foraminifera (Globigerina bulloides and Neogloboquadrina incompta). Both species show significant positive correlation of B/Ca with calcite saturation ( Ω calcite ) and carbonate ion concentration ([ CO 3 2 − ]) across a broad range of environmental conditions. This suggests a calcification rate control on B/Ca incorporation (as Ω calcite regulates calcification rate), in agreement with recent inorganic calcite studies. This is also consistent with a surface entrapment model of trace element incorporation into CaCO3. In neither species is B/Ca significantly correlated with pH, suggesting that pH does not directly regulate boron incorporation, and that calculation of pH directly from foraminiferal B/Ca is not suitable. Correlations between B/Ca and [B(OH)4−], [B(OH)4−/HCO3−], and [B(OH)4−]/DIC) are weaker than with Ω calcite . Boron partition coefficients ( K D = [ B / Ca ] solid / [ B ( OH ) 4 − / HCO 3 − ] seawater ) show little or no correlation with [CO32−] or temperature and vary widely, providing no support for application of KD to calculate carbonate system parameters from B/Ca. We also discuss potential effects of depth-related dissolution, temperature, and salinity on B/Ca. These empirical calibrations linking foraminiferal calcite B/Ca with Ω calcite provide a strong tool for reconstructing the past ocean carbonate system and improve our understanding of the proxy's geochemical basis.
Ultra-wideband array in PCB for millimeter-wave 5G and ISM

Next generation 5G mobile architectures will take advantage of the millimeter-wave spectrum to deliver unprecedented bandwidth. Concurrently, there is a need to consolidate numerous disparate allocations into a single, multi-functional array. Existing arrays are either narrow-band, prohibitively expensive or cannot be scaled to these frequencies. In this paper, we present the first ultra-wideband millimeter-wave array to operate across the six 5G and ISM bands spanning 24−71 GHz. Critically, the array is realized using low-cost PCB. The design concept and optimized layout are presented, and fabrication and measurement considerations are discussed.
Imaging sympathetic neurogenic Ca 2+ signaling in blood vessels

We review the information that has been provided by optical imaging experiments directed at understanding the role and effects of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in the functioning of blood vessels. Earlier studies utilized electric field stimulation of nerve terminals (EFS) in isolated arteries and vascular tissues (ex vivo) to elicit SNA, but more recently, imaging studies have been conducted in vivo, enabling the study of SNA in truly physiological conditions. Ex vivo: In vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) of isolated arteries, the three sympathetic neurotransmitters, norepinephrine (NE), ATP and neuropeptide Y (NPY), elicit or modulate distinct patterns of Ca2+ signaling, as revealed by confocal imaging of exogenous fluorescent Ca2+ indicators. Purinergic junctional Ca2+ transients (jCaTs) arise from Ca2+ influx during excitatory junction potentials (eJPs), and are associated with the initial neurogenic contraction. Adrenergic Ca2+ waves and oscillations cause contraction while SNA-induced endothelial Ca2+ 'pulsars' cause relaxation. In vivo: optical biosensor mice, which express genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators (GECI's) specifically in smooth muscle, combined with non-invasive imaging techniques has enabled imaging SNA-induced Ca2+ signaling and arterial diameter in vivo. SNA induces Ca2+ oscillations in intact arteries. [Ca2+] of arterial smooth muscle cells increased in hypertension, in association with increased SNA. High resolution imaging has revealed local sympathetic, neurogenic Ca2+ signaling within smooth muscle and endothelial cells of the vasculature. The ongoing development of in vivo imaging together with an expanding availability of different biosensor animals promises to enable the further assessment of SNA and its effects in the vasculature of living animals.
Domain Attention with an Ensemble of Experts

An important problem in domain adaptation is to quickly generalize to a new domain with limited supervision given K existing domains. One approach is to retrain a global model across all K + 1 domains using standard techniques, for instance Daume III (2009). However, it is desirable to adapt without having to re-estimate a global model from scratch each time a new domain with potentially new intents and slots is added. We describe a solution based on attending an ensemble of domain experts. We assume K domain specific intent and slot models trained on respective domains. When given domain K + 1, our model uses a weighted combination of the K domain experts’ feedback along with its own opinion to make predictions on the new domain. In experiments, the model significantly outperforms baselines that do not use domain adaptation and also performs better than the full retraining approach.
Exploring a nonminimal sterile neutrino model involving decay at IceCube

We study the phenomenology of neutrino decay together with neutrino oscillations in the context of eV-scale sterile neutrinos. We review the formalism of visible neutrino decay in which one of the decay products is a neutrino that potentially can be observed. We apply the formalism developed for decay to the recent sterile neutrino search performed by IceCube with TeV neutrinos. We show that for a ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{4}$ lifetime ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{4}/{m}_{4}\ensuremath{\lesssim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{eV}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\text{ }\mathrm{s}$, the interpretation of the high-energy IceCube analysis can be significantly changed.
What Constitutes Animal Well-Being?

Domestication of animals was not a deliberate exploitation of nature but rather a spin-off of humankind’s relentless drive to control the environment (8). The roots of domestication lie in the natural contacts between prehistoric humans and animals in activities such as hunting and trapping, but the process could not flourish until agriculture started, about 8,000 years ago (73).
Chemotherapy Effect on the Clinical Results of Allograft Transplantation in the Treatment of Malignant Bone Tumors

The clinical use of allografts to reconstruct major skeletal defects dates in legend at least to the fifth century a.d. At that time in Rome a faithful church warden reportedly underwent miraculous resection of a lower extremity tumor as he slept and was reconstructed with an allograft from a Moor who had died earlier that same day. The surgery was performed by the spirits of Saints Cosmos and Damian, physicians who had lived approximately 200 years earlier.
Lidar Reveals the Entire Kingdom of Izapa during the First Millennium BC

The origins of ancient states is an important archaeological research topic that illuminates the precursors of modern nations. Public buildings, as is the case today, created urban settings in which political, administrative and religious functions were undertaken. This investigation of the ancient Mesoamerican kingdom of Izapa reveals a network of urban centres laid out according to shared design principles. While the capital city of Izapa has long been known, the authors’ research reveals, for the first time, the entire Izapa kingdom. This work provides an important new insight into the origins of political hierarchy and urban life in pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica.
The relationships between coping, occupational stress, and emotional intelligence in newly hired oncology nurses

OBJECTIVES Associations between the varying levels of emotional intelligence in newly hired oncology nurses and their responses to stress and coping were examined. The secondary aim was to analyze whether emotional intelligence could moderate their choice of problem-focused or emotion-focused coping strategies. METHODS Newly hired nurses (n = 114) were recruited from a national cancer institute. Data were collected through surveys using the Ways of Coping Questionnaire, the Nursing Stress Scale, and the Emotional Quotient Inventory between the eighth and twelfth weeks post-hire date. Descriptive and bivariate statistical analyses were conducted on all variables. Regression models determined whether emotional intelligence moderated the choice of coping strategies. RESULTS Emotional intelligence had a mean value of M = 105.24, SD = 13.02, and occupational stress scores were M = 65.57, SD = 15.68. Significant negative correlations were found for occupational stress and problem-focused coping (r = -.189, P = .022), emotional intelligence and emotion-focused coping (r = -.340, P = .000), and emotional intelligence and occupational stress (r = -.428, P < 0.001). Positive correlations were noted between occupational stress and emotion-focused coping (r = .189, P = .022) and emotional intelligence and problem-focused coping (r = .340, P = .000). Emotional intelligence did not predict the choice of coping strategies. CONCLUSIONS Although emotional intelligence did not moderate coping strategies in newly hired nurses, using problem focused coping to address occupational stress during the initial employment period may be a protective factor for coping with stress in the oncology workplace.
Influence of crossbreeding on meat goat doe fitness when comparing Boer F1 with base breeds in the Southeastern United States.

Understanding fitness level among various breeds is essential for sustainable meat goat production. Research on the relative fitness of Boer F1 does and straightbred base breed has been limited. Meat goat does of various genotypes (Boer, Kiko, Spanish, Boer × Kiko reciprocal F1 crosses, and Boer × Spanish reciprocal F1 crosses) were studied to evaluate breed effects on doe fitness traits and the expression of heterosis over 7 production years. The herd was semi-intensively managed under humid subtropical pasture. Doe age affected (P 0.05) from Boer does for breeding weight. The body weights of Boer × Spanish and Boer × Kiko crosses did not differ (P > 0.05) from the weights of their respective Kiko and Spanish base cohorts at breeding, kidding, or weaning. Boer does had lower (P < 0.05) kidding rate (KR) and weaning rate (WR) than the other breeds and crosses. Boer × Kiko and Kiko were similar for KR and WR. Boer × Spanish and Spanish were also similar for KR and WR. However, the combined group of Boer F1 does had lower (P < 0.01) KR and WR than the combined purebred biotype group of Kiko and Spanish does. Boer does weaned smaller (P < 0.05) litter sizes per doe exposed compared with Kiko, Spanish, Boer × Kiko, and Boer × Spanish does with the latter four doe breedtypes not differing from each other. The combined Boer F1 doe group weaned smaller (P < 0.05) litter sizes per doe exposed than the combined purebred group of Kiko and Spanish does. Boer × Kiko dams had higher (P < 0.05) fecal egg counts at parturition than Kiko dams. Significant heterosis was observed for reproductive traits within each of the 2-breed diallels. Boer F1 does exhibited reproductive output similar to or lower than Kiko and Spanish straightbred does and higher than Boer straightbred does.
Clinical and Procedural Evaluation of a Pharmacy Pharmacokinetic Consult Service.

Purpose:Though previous studies have shown benefit with pharmacist-managed dosing of antibiotics, many institutions still do not offer such services. Our objective was to determine and report novel...
Promoting Student Success in Statistics Courses by Tapping Diverse Cognitive Abilities

Skill in statistical analysis and interpretation are key areas of expertise for psychology majors seeking graduate school admittance and future employment. However, students can be reluctant to eng...
Leveraging On-Chip Voltage Regulators Against Fault Injection Attacks

The security implications of utilizing an on-chip voltage regulator as a countermeasure against fault injection attacks are investigated in this paper. The effect of the size of the capacitors and number of phases of the voltage regulator on the resilience of a cryptographic circuit against fault injection attacks are analyzed. The effectiveness of the proposed method in counteracting voltage glitch attacks is demonstrated with extensive simulations on the S-box of an advanced encryption standard~(AES) cryptographic algorithm. Using a single phase on-chip voltage regulator, the number of faults generated by a voltage glitch attack is reduced by 5.45% as compared to unprotected S-box, and by 91.82% when number of phases increases to 32.
Antithrombotic prescriptions for many general surgery patients significantly increases the likelihood of post-operative bleeding complications.

Abstract Background The investigators hypothesized that despite cessation recommendations for peri-operative antithrombotic management in the elective setting, the use of these drugs is likely associated with increased odds for bleeding complications. Methods Humana® insurance claims (22 million covered lives) from 2007 through 2017 were analyzed. Only patients undergoing elective general surgery procedures were included. Patient Safety Indicator 09 (PSI-09) coding for post-operative hemorrhage and hematoma were analyzed. Results Despite the existence of peri-operative management guidelines, patients prescribed antithrombotic agents were 2.3 times more likely to develop post-operative bleeding complications (OR: 2.3436, 95% CI: 2.2155–2.4792, P Conclusion The data should remind surgeons to closely monitor the peri-operative management and post-operative course of patients pre-operatively prescribed antithrombotics—especially enoxaparin and rivaroxaban given the high risk of postoperative bleeding complications.
Clinical Manifestations and Outcomes in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Patients With Blastomycosis.

Background Blastomyces is a dimorphic fungus that infects persons with or without underlying immunocompromise. To date, no study has compared the clinical features and outcomes of blastomycosis between immunocompromised and immunocompetent persons. Methods A retrospective study of adult patients with proven blastomycosis from 2004-2016 was conducted at the University of Wisconsin. Epidemiology, clinical features, and outcomes were analyzed among solid-organ transplantation (SOT) recipients, persons with non-SOT immunocompromise (non-SOT IC), and persons with no immunocompromise (NIC). Results A total of 106 cases met the inclusion criteria including 74 NIC, 19 SOT, and 13 non-SOT IC (malignancy, HIV/AIDS, idiopathic CD4+ lymphopenia). The majority of patients (61.3%) had at least 1 epidemiologic risk factor for acquisition of Blastomyces. Pneumonia was the most common manifestation in all groups; however, immunocompromised patients had higher rates of acute pulmonary disease (P = .03), more severe infection (P = .007), respiratory failure (P = .010), and increased mortality (P = .02). Receipt of SOT primarily accounted for increased severity, respiratory failure, and mortality in immunosuppressed patients. SOT recipients had an 18-fold higher annual incidence of blastomycosis than the general population. The rate of disseminated blastomycosis was similar among NIC, SOT, and non-SOT IC. Relapse rates were low (5.3-7.7%). Conclusions Immunosuppression had implications regarding the acuity, severity, and respiratory failure. The rate of dissemination was similar across the immunologic spectrum, which is in sharp contrast to other endemic fungi. This suggests that pathogen-related factors have a greater influence on dissemination for blastomycosis than immune defense.
19 – Na+−Ca2+ Exchange Currents

Publisher Summary This chapter offers brief information on the current knowledge of Na+-Ca2+ exchange currents. The early studies paved the way for a number of subsequent investigations that have led to molecular cloning and elucidation of the structure of the exchanger molecule itself. This in turn introduced the possibility of studying the relationship between molecular structure and function. The chapter discusses several aspects of Na+-Ca2+ exchanger, including structure, topology, and distribution, phylogeny, isoforms, energetics, methods and problems associated with the measurement, isolation of Na+-Ca2+ exchange current, ionic dependencies, regulation of current, current-voltage relationships and voltage dependence of Na+-Ca2+ exchange current and mechanism, Na+-Ca2+ exchange currents during the cardiac action potential, and excitation-contraction coupling. Isolation of Na+-Ca2+ exchange current includes whole-cell patch-clamp studies, and Na+-Ca2+ exchange current reversal potential. It is mentioned that the generation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is an important regulator of Na+-Ca2+ exchange activity in heart. The ease with which heart cells can be patch-clamped, together with the presence of a vigorous exchange activity, clearly explains the fact that most of our information on exchange current comes from this tissue. Na+-Ca2+ exchange currents have been measured in other cell types, including the squid giant axon. Although measurements of exchange current are difficult in many tissues, it is now possible to express Na+-Ca2+ exchangers in frog oocytes. This together with the development of giant excised patches that can be voltage clamped has made studies of the relationship between structure of the exchanger and function much easier. Measurements of both whole-cell currents as well as currents in giant patches have produced evidence in favor of the idea that a consecutive mechanism can explain exchange activity. Most recently, Na+-Ca2+ exchange currents have been proposed as a trigger for SR Ca2+ release under physiological conditions. Thus, in the last 30 years, the study of exchange currents has expanded enormously to provide not only insight into the way that the Na+-Ca2+ exchange controls intracellular Ca2+ at the whole-cell level, but also into the details of the molecular mechanism of the exchange reaction itself.
Prediction Based Adaptive RF Spectrum Reservation in Wireless Virtualization

With wireless virtualization, Wireless Infrastructure Providers (WIPs) are able to sublease out RF spectrum to multiple Wireless Virtual Network Operators (WVNO) who in turn offer services to their customers while sharing the same physical infrastructure. WVNOs are capable of leasing through a reservation process which may be accompanied by some strict guarantees, usually discouraging overbooking through certain penalties. On a global scale, it is important for WIPs to also be able to proactively reserve spectrum resources for consumer usage based on informed estimates. As part of the educated estimation, predictions are made from data of previous spectrum allocations and harmonized with aggregation of crowd-sourced data for events in a bid to reduce the probability of overbooking. The data aggregation effort relies on the the reliability of workers to generate highly accurate results using a community-based aggregation model. Also in this paper, a novel spectrum reservation prediction algorithm, namely Volume-conditioned Spectrum Selective Moving Average (VSSMA) is proposed using the trend similarity of spectrum allocation. The simulation results show that the relative mean error of the VSSMA algorithm is much lower than the Exponential Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) algorithm which is widely used now. We validate the desirable properties of the proposed approach through theoretical analysis, as well as simulations.
Cell surface GRP78 signaling: An emerging role as a transcriptional modulator in cancer

Cancer cells acquire dysregulated gene expression to establish specific transcriptional dependencies and their underlying mechanisms that are ultimately responsible for this addictions have not been fully elucidated. Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is a stress-inducible, multifunctional, prosurvival, endoplasmic reticulum chaperone in the heat shock protein 70 family. Expression of cell surface GRP78 (CS-GRP78) is associated with increased malignant behavior and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy by endowing various cancer cells with increased proliferative ability, altered metabolism, improved survival, and augmented invasive and metastatic potential. Emerging evidence has highlighted an unusual role of CS-GRP78 in regulating transcription factors (TFs) by mediating various signaling pathways involved in malignant transformation, metabolic reprogramming, and tumor progression. During the last decade, we targeted CS-GRP78 with C38 monoclonal antibody (C38 Mab) in numerous studies, which have highlighted the epigenetic interplay between CS-GRP78 and various TFs including c-MYC, Yes-associated protein/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif, c-Fos, and histone acetylation to potentiate subsequent modulation of tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge about the role of CS-GRP78 in cancer development and progression, including epigenetic regulation and sheds light on CS-GRP78 as vulnerable target for cancer therapy. Overall, this review focuses on the mechanisms of TFs that are behind the transcriptional dysregulation in cancer and lays the groundwork for rational therapeutic use of C38 Mab based on CS-GRP78 biology.
The burden of respiratory syncytial virus infections among children with sickle cell disease

BACKGROUND Although respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of pediatric lower respiratory tract infections, the burden of RSV in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) is unknown. METHODS We conducted a retrospective, nested, case-control study of children with SCD <18 years who had respiratory viral panels (RVPs) performed at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta from 2012 to 2019. We abstracted the medical records to describe the demographics, clinical features, and outcomes of children who tested positive for RSV (cases) versus children who tested negative (controls). We calculated the annual incidence of RSV and related hospitalization rates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and used multivariate logistic regression to evaluate associations. RESULTS We identified 3676 RVP tests performed on 2636 patients over seven respiratory seasons resulting in 219/3676 (6.0%) RSV-positive tests among 160/2636 (6.1%) patients. The average annual incidence of laboratory-confirmed RSV infection among children with SCD was 34.3 (95% CI 18.7-49.8) and 3.8 (95% CI 0.5-7.0) cases per 1000 person-years for those <5 years and 5-18 years, respectively. The RSV-related hospitalization rate for children <5 years was 20.7 (95% CI 8.5-32.8) per 1000 person-years. RSV-positive cases were significantly younger than RSV-negative patients (3.8 years vs 7.6 years, P < .001). Of RSV-positive cases, 22 (13.8%) developed acute chest syndrome and nine (5.6%) required intensive care, which was not significantly different from RSV-negative children with SCD. CONCLUSION RSV infections are common in children with SCD with higher burden in younger patients. RSV is associated with considerable morbidity, including higher rates of hospitalization compared to the general population.
Female-biased effects of aging on a chimeric hemagglutinin stalk-based universal influenza virus vaccine in mice

To determine if biological sex and age intersect to affect universal influenza vaccine-induced immunity, adult and aged male and female C57BL/6 mice were sequentially immunized with a chimeric-hemagglutinin (cHA) stalk-based H1 vaccine. Adult mice developed greater quantity and quality of H1-stalk antibodies, that were more cross-reactive with other group 1, but not group 2, influenza viruses, than aged mice. The vaccine did not induce neutralizing or hemagglutination inhibition antibodies, but rather antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, which was greater in adult than aged mice. Vaccinated adult mice were better protected than aged mice after challenge with 2009 H1N1 virus, experiencing less morbidity and having lower pulmonary virus titers. The age-associated decline in immunity and protection was consistently greater among females than males, with the reduction in immunity and protection for aged as compared with adult females often being the sole comparison driving the overall age-associated significant differences. The age-associated reduction in stalk-based immunity in females was not, however, associated with changes in estradiol. To determine if the better antibodies in adults could be utilized to protect aged mice, serum was passively transferred from vaccinated adult mice into naive sex-matched aged mice. Even with transferred serum from young adult mice, aged females still suffered greater morbidity than aged males. These data suggest there are sex-dependent effects of aging on cHA-based universal influenza virus vaccine-induced immunity that cannot be reversed through transfer of serum from young animals. The lack of consideration of sex-specific effects of aging on immunity could hinder efforts toward universal vaccines.
Designing frustration in two-dimensional magnetic systems via the application of uniaxial strain

First principles are used and combined with Monte Carlo simulations to predict that the application of compressive uniaxial strains in two-dimensional $\mathrm{CrGe}{\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$ can tune the underlying magnetic parameters in such a way that the system undergoes a phase transition from ferromagnetic (FM) to antiferromagnetic (AFM) phases, with the border between these being a region of high frustration. Such latter region can be the playground for fine-tuning the system to exhibit exotic states. Moreover, we also show and explain that such uniaxial strains also dramatically tune the critical temperatures, namely N\'eel temperatures for the AFM phase and Curie temperatures for the FM phase, which is of obvious technological and fundamental significance.
Exploring the Mechanism of Action of Banxia Baizhu Tianma Decoction against Preeclampsia by a Network Pharmacology Approach

Background. Banxia Baizhu Tianma Decoction (BBTD) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and has been revealed to promote symptoms of preeclampsia (PE) in clinical practice. However, its mechanisms of action and molecular targets for the treatment of PE are not clear. Method. The potential mechanisms of the BBTD against PE were explored using network pharmacology approach and bioinformatic analysis. The PE animal model was induced by phosphatidylserine/dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholine. The effects of BBTD in the treatment of PE were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The expressions of RNA and proteins were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. The cell behavior was detected using the MMT assay, Transwell assay, and flow cytometry assay. Results. A total of 173 active compounds of BBTD with 346 targets were identified, and 516 target genes related to PE were also identified from databases. 195 candidate targets for BBTD were screened from the merged PPI network of BBTD-target proteins and PE-related targets. The pathway enrichment analyses showed that the BBTD had the potential to influence a variety of biological pathways. Further pathway-gene network analysis suggested BBTD may improve symptoms of PE via several genes, including MDM2, TP53, RELA, MYC, AKT1, and EGFR. The validation results demonstrated that BBTD treatment promoted pregnancy outcome in the PE animal model. Meanwhile, BBTD regulated the gene expression of MDM2, TP53, RELA, MYC, and EGFR and inhibited the EGFR-JAK/STAT signaling pathway in placental tissue and trophoblast cells. In addition, BBTD promoted the proliferation and invasion and reduced the apoptosis of trophoblast cells. Conclusion. BBTD improved PE by inhibiting the EGFR-JAK/STAT signaling pathway and promoting the proliferation and invasion and reduced the apoptosis of trophoblast cells.
Zero-Shot Open-Book Question Answering

Open book question answering is a subset of question answering tasks where the system aims to find answers in a given set of documents (open-book) and common knowledge about a topic. This article proposes a solution for answering natural language questions from a corpus of Amazon Web Services (AWS) technical documents with no domain-specific labeled data (zero-shot). These questions can have yes-no-none answers, short answers, long answers, or any combination of the above. This solution comprises a two-step architecture in which a retriever finds the right document and an extractor finds the answers in the retrieved document. We are introducing a new test dataset for open-book QA based on real customer questions on AWS technical documentation. After experimenting with several information retrieval systems and extractor models based on extractive language models, the solution attempts to find the yes-no-none answers and text answers in the same pass. The model is trained on the The Stanford Question Answering Dataset - SQuAD (Rajpurkaret al., 2016) and Natural Questions (Kwiatkowski et al., 2019) datasets. We were able to achieve 49% F1 and 39% exact match score (EM) end-to-end with no domain-specific training.
Varieties of Coreference

Udo says, ‘‘I need a haircut.’’ Victor agrees, ‘‘Yes, you do need a haircut.’’ There is same-saying here, and same-thinking. Looking at Udo, Wally says to a friend, ‘‘he needs a haircut’’, unaware that Udo said any such thing. There’s same-saying here, too, but not the kind in the first case. In the first case, there is purposive same-saying, while in the second case, there isn’t. In the first case, we can say there is an internal relation of coreference—Udo’s utterance of ‘‘I’’ and Victor’s of ‘‘you’’ are supposed to corefer. The purposes of communication require coreference. In the second case of same-saying, there is coreference, but it is an external relation: Wally’s utterance of ‘‘he’’ is not supposed to corefer with anyone else’s utterance, although it happens to corefer with both Udo’s and Victor’s. No communicative purposes here require coreference. (Of course, Wally’s utterance is supposed to corefer with Wally’s own thoughts—so there is a second, internal, relation of coreference his utterance bears to his thought.) As it turns out, it’s a wonderful fact about language and thought that there can be both internal and external coreference relations—wonderful and difficult, because it also turns out that things can go awry. Merely external coreference relations can be present when there should be internal relations. For instance, Udo looks in a mirror and says, ‘‘He needs a haircut even more than I do!’’ not realizing that it is his own reflection he sees. Udo’s utterances corefer, and he should realize as much, but he doesn’t. On the other hand, internal coreference relations can be present when there is no external coreference between terms. For instance, speakers can get confused and make mistakes: Wally says, ‘‘He needs a haircut’’ and his friend, thinking to agree, but looking at a different scruffy person, says, ‘‘he sure does.’’
Laser Guide Star Operational Issues

In order to function well for astronomical observations, a sodium-layer laser guide star and its accompanying adaptive optics must work together as a system. This paper discusses the operational capabilities which such a system must have in order to take into account changes in guide star height and shape, to block or subtract unwanted Rayleigh-scattered light, to perform nodding (for infra-red observing), and to compensate for natural variations in the sodium-layer density. Safety issues such as eye and fire safety, aircraft avoidance, and spacecraft avoidance are also discussed.
The in Vivo antiviral activity of 1-adamantanamine (amantadine): 1. Prophylactic and therapeutic activity against influenza viruses

Abstract The antiviral activity of 1-adamantanamine HCl (amantadine HCl) against intranasal infections of influenza A and influenza A2 viruses in mice has been demonstrated. The compound was effective by the intraperitoneal, oral, and intranasal routes of administration. Depending on the level of virus infection, protection was seen in the form of increased survivors and/or delay in time of death. No development of virus resistance to the compound was noted after serial passage of virus in treated mice. Prophylactic activity was comparable when the compound was given either at the time of infection as a single dose or as a series of multiple doses at 4-hour intervals. Therapeutic activity against influenza A2/AA/2/60 with multiple 4-hour treatments was demonstrated.
Properties of a Phosphoprotein Phosphatase from Bovine Heart with Activity on Glycogen Synthase, Phosphorylase, and Histone

Abstract A phosphoprotein phosphatase has been purified approximately 150-fold from bovine heart. This preparation catalyzed both the conversion of heart glycogen synthase D into I and skeletal muscle phosphorylase a into b, and also the dephosphorylation of synthase D, phosphorylase a, active phosphorylase kinase, phosphorylated histone, and phosphorylated casein. The ratios of the activities of the phosphatase on synthase, phosphorylase, and histone substrates remained constant throughout the purification of this enzyme. These results support our previous conclusion that the same enzyme may act on several phosphorylated substrates in heart. The Km values of the enzyme for dephosphorylation of synthase D, phosphorylase a, and histone were determined and each was increased by adding an alternative phosphoprotein substrate to the reaction mixture. Adenosine and uridine nucleotides were potent inhibitors of the phosphatase with either synthase D or phosphorylase a as substrate, but rather ineffective with histone as substrate. Mg2+, Ca2+, and Mn2+ were activators of the activity with synthase D or histone as substrate but inhibitors with phosphorylase a. Citrate and glycogen acted as specific inhibitors for synthase dephosphorylation, and albumin and gelatin were specific inhibitors with phosphorylase a. Some of the inhibitory effects on glycogen synthase dephosphorylation could be reversed by either glucose-6-P or Mg2+. The above results show the importance of the substrate in the regulation of the phosphoprotein phosphatase in heart tissue.
Selective management strategy of interrupted aortic arch mitigates left ventricular outflow tract obstruction risk.

Abstract Background Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) is an important problem after interrupted aortic arch (IAA) repair, especially when early reoperation is required during infancy. Several anatomic factors have been identified that increase LVOTO risk; surgical strategies such as concomitant resection of the conal septum or left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) bypass (single-stage Yasui operation, or staged Norwood procedure, followed by the Rastelli procedure) have been proposed for such patients. Methods From 2002 to 2013, a total of 77 neonates underwent IAA repair. Based on the presence of anatomic substrate for LVOTO, patients underwent standard IAA repair and ventricular septal defect closure (n = 53; 69%), concomitant conal resection (n = 7; 9%), or LVOT bypass (n = 17; 22%, staged in 14). We analyzed anatomic details that influence procedure choice, and explored reoperation risk and survival after repair. Results Neonates who had conal resection or LVOT bypass had significantly smaller aortic valve and subaortic areas, as well as a trend toward a higher prevalence of type B IAA, aberrant right subclavian artery, and bicuspid aortic valve. Freedom from LVOT reoperation was 96% and 80%, at 1 and 8 years, respectively, and was lower after conal resection ( P = .008). Most LVOT reoperations (73%) were for discrete subaortic obstruction. Survival was 86% at 8 years, and was not related to procedure choice, whereas freedom from all-cause reoperation was 65% at 8 years, and was higher after standard repair ( P = .029). Conclusions Compared with published reports, this selective management strategy, which is customized to the degree of aortic valve and subaortic area narrowing, has mitigated and delayed LVOTO risk. With this tailored approach, most LVOT reoperations occur after infancy and are commonly for discrete subaortic obstruction. The effect of aortic valve and LVOT narrowing on increased LVOTO risk is neutralized with LVOT bypass procedures; however, it continues to be the highest after conal resection, suggesting the superiority of LVOT bypass, compared with enlargement in neonates who are at risk of developing LVOTO.
The analysis of multivariate longitudinal data using multivariate marginal models

Abstract Longitudinal studies often involve multiple outcomes measured repeatedly from the same subject. The analysis of multivariate longitudinal data can be challenging due to its complex correlated nature. In this paper, we develop multivariate marginal models in longitudinal studies with multiple response variables, and improve parameter estimation by incorporating informative correlation structures. In theory, we show that the proposed method yields a consistent and efficient estimator which follows an asymptotic normal distribution. Monte Carlo studies indicate that the proposed method performs well in the sense of reducing bias and improving estimation efficiency. In addition, the proposed approach is applied to a real longitudinal data example of transportation safety with different response families.
Nematic nanoparticle arrays with angle-selective emissivity in the near-IR

Metamaterial emitters based on electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structures have previously been studied for controlling the angle and polarization of near-IR emissivity from a surface. Here, we investigate PEC backed nematic nanoparticle arrays that can be tailored to have custom angle-selective emissivity in the near-IR. Compared with structures requiring top-down fabrication methods, nanoparticle arrays have the potential to offer low-cost fabrication for large area coatings. A genetic algorithm is employed to synthesize a Pd nanorod array in a dielectric host medium that possesses low emissivity normal to the surface and high emissivity at a targeted oblique angle.
Does the incidence of headaches and migraines in the emergency department vary with day of week or month of year

Study objectives: There is minimal literature on the epidemiology of patients with headache and migraine presenting to the emergency department (ED). Temporal variations may lead to insights into triggering mechanisms. Our goal is to determine whether there are differences in the incidence of ED visits for headache and migraine by day of week and month of year. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from a computerized billing database of ED visits. Fifteen New Jersey hospital EDs in urban and suburban areas with annual volumes of 20,000 to 68,000 were included. Participants were consecutive patients treated by emergency physicians from January 1, 1996, to August 31, 2003. Patients were included if the primary International Classification of Diseases diagnosis included headache or migraine. We calculated ED visits for headache and migraine as a percentage of total ED visits for each month of the year and day of the week. We compared these percentages to the average overall percentages for the entire period of the study, using the Student t test to determine statistical significance. We considered a P Results: There were a total of 3,937,465 patients in the database, of whom 76,171 (1.9%) had a primary ED diagnosis of headache and 10,784 (0.27%) of migraine. For headaches, we found statistically significant differences by day of week and month of year. For the highest day, Wednesday, there was a proportional increase of 4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2% to 7%; P P P P P Conclusion: Our study demonstrated statistically significant differences in the incidence of headache and migraines according to day of week and for headaches according to month of year. However, most of the differences were small. The only differences greater than 10% were for increased headache in August and increased migraine on Sunday.
Factors controlling the manual and automated extraction of image information using imaging polarimetry

The factors governing the extraction of useful information from polarimetric images depend upon the image acquisition and analytical methodologies being used, and upon systematic and environmental variations present during the acquisition process. The acquisition process generally occurs with foreknowledge of the analysis to be used. Broadly, interactive image analysis and automated image analysis are two different procedures: in each case, there are technical challenges. Imaging polarimetry is more complex than other imaging methodologies, and produces an increased dimensionality. However, there are several potential broad areas of interactive (manual) and automated remote sensing in which imaging polarimetry can provide useful additional information. A review is presented of the factors controlling feature discrimination, of metrics that are used, and of some proposed directions for future research.
Mobile Midwesterners: The Impact of Migration on Aging, Health, and Community

As the population in the US ages, there is increasing need to study aging and its relationship to quality of life, health, and community. Quality of life is closely correlated with belonging to a community. Unfortunately, as seniors age there is a propensity for them to become increasingly isolated as their mobility decreases and their friends and family members die or move away. As a result, some seniors in the Midwest have begun to migrate to RV parks in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (“LRGV”) in south Texas that function as temporary retirement communities for the winter. While there, they reconnect with friends and family members and engage in a variety of social, civic, and exercise related activities. Further, they participate in a variety of health seeking behaviors such as health screenings, trading medications, and using the Mexican health care system. This article explores these practices and discusses how Winter Texans choose the LRGV, how new members become integrated into RV parks, and how life in the parks impacts health and access to health care services. It also highlights the impact that seasonal migration has on community formation, health seeking behaviors, and the diversity of retirement communities.
Estimating energy expenditure using accelerometers

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of published regression equations designed to predict energy expenditure (EE) from accelerometers (Actigraph, Actical, and AMP-331) compared to indirect calorimetry, over a wide range of activities. Forty-eight participants (age: 35 ± 11.4 years) performed various activities that ranged from sedentary behaviors (lying, sitting) to vigorous exercise. The activities were split into three routines of six activities, and each participant performed at least one routine. The participants wore three devices (Actigraph, Actical, and AMP-331) and simultaneously, EE was measured with a portable metabolic system. For the Actigraph, 15 previously published equations were used to estimate EE from the accelerometer counts. For the Actical, two published equations were used to estimate EE from the accelerometer counts. For the AMP-331 we used the manufacturer’s equation to estimate EE. The Actigraph and Actical regressions tended to overestimate walking and sedentary activities and underestimate most other activities. The AMP-331 gave a close estimate of EE during walking, but overestimated sedentary/light activities and underestimated all other activities. The only equation not significantly different from actual time spent in both light and moderate physical activity was the Actigraph Freedson kcal equation. All equations significantly underestimated time spent in vigorous physical activity (P < 0.05). In conclusion, no single regression equation works well across a wide range of activities for the prediction of EE or time spent in light, moderate, and vigorous physical activity.