cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat transfer in a rectangular chamber with differentially heated horizontal walls: Effects of a vibrating sidewall

Abstract Heat transfer in a gas-filled closed enclosure with differentially heated horizontal walls is investigated numerically. One of the sidewalls vibrates with specified frequency and amplitude to induce forced convective flows in the enclosure. The vibrating and the stationary sidewalls are considered to be thermally insulated while the two horizontal walls are differentially heated. To simulate the flow field, the full compressible form of the Navier–Stokes equations is considered and solved by a highly accurate flux-corrected transport algorithm. In the numerical model, temperature dependant heat conductivity and viscosity are taken into account. The presence of acoustic streaming is found to have significant effect on the heat transfer. Also the presence of temperature gradients in the enclosure is found to affect the formation of acoustically induced streaming flows.
Minding the body: an ecofeminist reading of James Joyce’s ‘A Painful Case’

Through the lens of Val Plumwood’s ecofeminist theory, I read James Joyce’s short story ‘A Painful Case’ as a critique of liberal humanism’s distrust of embodiment via the consciousness of its protagonist, James Duffy. Because the body is the primary site of contact between feminist and ecocritical theory, ecofeminism, as a melding of the two through their mutual concern for animality, irrationality, and the ethics of embodiment, is ideally suited to interpret Joyce’s text. The article develops as a ‘case’ study, as it were, of what Plumwood calls ‘the super hero of the Western psyche,’ and regards Duffy simultaneously as a carefully crafted individual and as an emblematic figure. ‘A Painful Case,’ then, dramatises the inescapable gestures of animality within even the most heroically self-possessed subject, and contributes to ecocritical efforts to articulate the meaning and ethics of embedded being.
Genotypic Variation in Carboxylation of Tomatoes

The gas exchange characteristics of 24 genotypes of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. and one of L. minutum were measured with an infrared gas analyzer and dew point hygrometer in an open system. Net carbon exchange (NCE) and transpiration rate were measured at 50, 100, 150, and 300 μ1 1 −1 CO 2 , and a regression of NCE versus internal lead [CO 2 ] estimates was calculated. The slope of the regression curve at the CO 2 compensation point was used as the measure of carboxylation efficiency (CE). Significant genotypic differences for CE were obtained. Differences in CE did not appear to be due to differences in diffusive resistance defined as the sum of the boundary layer resistance ( r a ) and the stomatal plus cuticular resistance ( r 1 ). There was no correlation ( r = -0.07) between ( r a + r 1 ) and CE. Within groups with nonsignificantly different means for ( r a + r 1 ) there were genotypes with extremes for CE. The zero CO 2 intercept has been used as an indication of photorespiration. Application of this method revealed a strong inverse relationship between CE and the intercept value, indicating either that photorespiration is related directly to CE or that this method is unreliable for estimating photorespiration. The fact that the variation in CE occurs at light saturation suggests that the observed differences in CE and rates of NCE are determined either by: ( a ) the concentration and/or kinetic properties of the photochemical reaction centers and associated electron transfer components as they affect the supply of NADPH and ATP and consequently the levels of Calvin cycle intermediates; or ( b ) the concentration and/or kinetic properties of ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase.
Transplantation of Echinostoma revolutum (Trematoda) into normal and surgically altered chick intestine.

Abstract Eight of 27 Echinostoma revolutum adults transplanted surgically into normal chick intestine survived, grew, and developed. To determine the relative dependence of E. revolutum adults on food obtained from the mucosa as contrasted to bulk-ingested food, surgical procedures were devised to produce an isolated intestinal loop, i.e., a starved chick gut in a well-nourished host. E. revolutum adults did not survive for more than 1 day in isolated intestinal loops that were ligatured at both ends. A mucus plug formed in such a loop and altered adversely the intestinal environment. An isolated intestinal loop that was open at one end to the outside allowed for the drainage of mucus and supported the survival, development and growth of adult E. revolutum . Seven of 10 preovigerous worms implanted into this environment in a well-nourished chick became ovigerous and survived until necropsy 5 days postimplantation. Postimplant worms contained yellow-orange material in their intestinal crura indicating that they engulfed cells from the mucosal lining or ingested desquamated cells and secretions found in the lumen of the gut.
Constitutive antigen presentation by mouse splenic macrophages is restricted to the progeny of a distinct progenitor population.

Abstract Mouse splenic macrophage progenitors differ in their ability to give rise to cloned progeny that constitutively present complex protein antigens to T-cell hybridomas. To determine if the constitutive presentation of diverse antigens is restricted to cells derived from the same subpopulation of progenitors, we expanded macrophage clones into multiple subcultures and compared them for the ability to present different antigens to their respective antigen-specific T-cell hybridomas. Only subcultures derived from the same minority fraction of splenic macrophage progenitors were capable of constitutively presenting the antigens, and the activity of these subcultures was unaffected by the addition of recombinant murine IFN-γ. This suggests that a specialized sub-population of constitutive antigen-presenting macrophages exists in the spleens of mice.
The settlement, distribution and movements of O‐group plaice Pleuronectes platessa (L.) in Filey Bay, Yorkshire

The pelagic larval stages and the demersal O-group stage of plaice were sampled in the immediate vicinity of Filey Bay, Yorkshire (54°12′N, 00°16′W), using a modified Gulf V high-speed plankton sampler and beam trawls. The distribution and movements of these fish were studied from the time of first settlement in May through the period of metamorphosis and the O-group stage. It was found that the larvae settled in water deeper than 5 m and moved into shallow water following metamorphosis. This established a typical distribution of larger fish in shallower water than the smaller fish. When the fish grew over 40 mm they moved out again into deeper water which leads to a reversal of the lengthdepth distribution. Further movements during the winter months and of the I-group fish were studied by tagging. It was found that emigration from the nursery ground did not occur until the I-group stage.
The effects of latency on online madden NFL football

With growth in interactive network games comes increased importance in a better understanding of the effects of latency on game performance. While previous work has measured the effects of latency on first-person shooters and real-time strategy games, there has been no systematic investigation of the effects of latency on sports games. In this work, we study the effects of latency on online Madden NFL football, one of the most popular online sports games, through a series of carefully designed experiments in which we systematically control latency between players. Our experiments illustrate the mechanisms Madden NFL uses to compensate for latency. Our user studies show there is little impact from latency on user performance in Madden NFL over typical low Internet latencies. However, for latencies higher than 500 ms, there is a significant impact on user performance, degrading performance by almost 30%. Our network measurements show periodic data rates during game-play with significant command aggregation at higher latencies.
Scalar-quadratic stabilizability of the Petersen counterexample via a linear static controller

A new property called scalar-quadratic is presented for establishing the stabilizability of linear time-varyring uncertain systems. It is applied to a well-known linear time-varying system ∑OL which contains two uncertainties γ1(t) and γ2(t). Using the Lyapunov functionsV(x)=x T Px, whereP is a constant postitive-definite symmetric matrix, previous authors have shown that ∑OL is stabilizable by linear static controllers when the time-varying uncertainties are bounded by a normalized bound $$\bar \delta$$ satisfying $$\bar \delta$$ < 0.8. We extend the bound to $$\bar \delta$$ < 1.0 by using the more general Lyapunov functions satisfying the scalar-quadratic propertyV(ax)=a 2 V(x), ∇a∈R, ∇x∈R 0 2 . Our proof uses a hexagon as a closed, convex hypersuface to construct a scalar-quadratic Lyapunov function, so that the Lyapunov time derivative satisfies the quadratic convergence condition $$\dot V(x) \leqslant - \in ||x||^2$$ , ∈>0, for the closed-loop system ∑CL formed from ∑OL and a stabilizing linear static controller. The critical condition in the proof of the quaratic convergence ondition is the satisfaction of the inequality $$\Delta _{\max }< {\text{ }}e_2^2 /[1 + e_1 e_2 + \sqrt {1 + } e_2^2 ]$$ , where Δmax is a normalization bound for γ1(t) and γ2(t) and wheree 1 ande 2 are parameters for the controller. For the controller parametrized bye 1=8 ande 2=20, this inequality reduces to Δmax < 2.2096. This result, in particular, establishes that the Petersen counterexample is stabilitzable by the linear static controller withe 1=8 ande 2=20. Furthermore, it establishes the amazing result that ∑OL is stabilizable by a linear static controlle on any compact subset of the constant uncertainaty controllability space defined by γ1>0 and γ2>0.
Design, fabrication and testing of a helium cooled module

Abstract Helium cooling has been shown to be very attractive from safety considerations as a coolant for ITER. However, there is a concern that use of helium will result in large manifolds and large pumping power. The purpose of this task was to design, fabricate and test a helium cooled divertor module for ITER relevant heat flux conditions. The General Atomics divertor module was designed for 10 MW m−2 and the width and length were selected such that the module could be tested in the helium loop and electron beam facility at Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM. Design analysis shows that the required pumping power can be reduced by a factor of 45 by using heat transfer enhancement associated with extended surfaces. This analysis resulted in a module with macro fins of 1 mm pitch and 0.4 mm thickness. The module was fabricated from dispersion strengthened copper by an electric discharge machining process. It had a heat flux surface 25 mm wide and 80 mm long. The module was tested at Sandia National Laboratory, confirming the desing predictions. At the highest heat flux of 10 MW m−2, the pumping power required was less than 1% of the power removed, and the peak surface temperature was about 400°C.
Genetic Relations Between Effortful and Attentional Control and Symptoms of Psychopathology in Middle Childhood.

Elucidating the genetic and environmental aetiology of effortful control (mother and father reports at two time points), attentional control (observer reports), and their associations with internalizing and externalizing symptoms (mother and father reports) is the central focus of this paper. With a sample of twins in middle childhood participating in the Wisconsin Twin Project, broad sense heritability for parental-report effortful control ranged from 68% to 79%, with a slightly higher heritability estimate of 83% for observer report attentional control, and no influence of the shared environment on either trait. Further, measures of control were negatively correlated with internalizing and externalizing symptoms longitudinally, concurrently, and across reporters. Importantly, shared additive genetic influence accounted for the covariation between the control variables and symptoms of psychopathology. These results encourage identification of common genes that affect both effortful control and symptoms, and environmental triggers that uniquely influence symptoms of psychopathology. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preferential trade agreements and manufactured goods exports: does it matter whom you PTA with?

This article explores two questions. First, do preferential trade agreements (PTAs) affect manufactured goods exports of developing countries? Second, does it matter for developing countries whom they sign the PTAs with? We find that the answer to both questions is yes. Using bilateral manufactured goods exports data from 28 developing countries during 1978–2005; we find that South–South PTAs have a significantly positive effect on manufactured goods exports. In contrast, no such effect is detected in the case of South–North PTAs. We confirmed the robustness of these findings to estimation methodology, sample selection, time period, zero trade flows and multilateral trade resistance.
Engaged Participation: A Sociocultural Model of Motivation with Implications for Educational Assessment.

This article considers issues in educational reform, particularly accountability-oriented policies, and student motivation. We argue that prominent theories of motivation derived from cognitive traits/states are antithetical to the assumptions underlying conventional assessment formats and accountability-oriented reforms. We advance an alternative perspective that emerges from sociocultural assumptions. In this perspective, the values and beliefs that motivate engagement in learning reside alongside the practices that characterize knowledge communities and, together, constitute a model of practice. We therefore explore the complex issue of reconciliation between the activities of individuals and social contexts and how "dialectical" reconciliation addresses tensions between classroom assessment and external testing, and between formative and summative functions of assessment. Data and conclusions from a program of research in science education illustrate and warrant these considerations.
Band Electronic Structure Study of the Metal-Insulator Transitions in (BEDT-TTF)3Cl2 · 2H2O And (BEDT-TTF)4Cl2 · 4H2O

Abstract The nature of the metal-insulator transitions in (BEDT-TTF)3Cl2 · 2H2O and (BEDT-TTF)4Cl2 · 4H2O was examined by performing tight-binding band electronic structure calculations. Our work suggests that the metal-insulator transition of (BEDT-TTF)3Cl2 · 2H2O originates from its essentially one-dimensional metallic character. (BEDT-TTF)4Cl2 · 4H2O is predicted to be a two-dimensional metal, and its metal-insulator transition is likely to be caused by its nested Fermi surface.
THE CONTROL OF CRYSTALLINE GLAZES

In this investigation there is carried out the carefully controlled heat treatment of a single crystalline glaze in which both the crystallizing and growth velocity were determined for the four types of crystal produced. It was found possible to produce crystals at any desired location by seeding; their size could be controlled by the growing time and their shape by the growing temperature. Commercial production of crystalline glazes is possible if close temperature control is maintained.
Performance analysis of convolutionally coded DS-CDMA systems with spatial and temporal channel correlations

Combined spatial and temporal processing has been shown to increase the potential link capacity enormously for wireless communication systems, especially when the channels between different transmit and receive antenna pairs are uncorrelated. We consider both spatial and temporal channel correlations that may be encountered in space-time processing and present the performance analysis of convolutionally coded direct-sequence code-division multiple-access systems. An upper bound for the average bit-error probability (P~/sub b/) is derived for the case of perfect channel estimation, and an analytical approximation for P~/sub b/ is derived in the case of erroneous channel estimates. The analytical approach is general enough to be applicable to various space- and time-diversity situations, such as wideband multipath channels and antenna arrays.
Property Tax Responses to State Aid Cuts in the Recent Fiscal Crisis

Many states experienced fiscal crises at the beginning of this decade. Some responded by cutting state aid to local governments. This paper explores the extent to which local governments responded to these aid cuts by raising property taxes. The authors hypothesize that changes in aid help explain the observed differences in per capita property tax revenue changes across states. They find that on average school districts increased property taxes by 23 cents for each dollar cut in state aid. These results highlight the important role that the property tax plays in maintaining the stability of the state and local sector.
Imprinting of PEG1/MEST isoform 2 in human placenta.

The PEG1 gene (a.k.a. MEST ) is expressed in human placental trophoblast and endothelium, and data from knockout mice show that this gene regulates placental and fetal growth. Isoform 1 of PEG1 mRNA initiates from exon 1c and produces the long form of the MEST protein. This isoform is imprinted, with expression only from the paternal allele in many human and mouse organs, including placenta. In contrast, PEG1 isoform 2, initiating from exon 1a and producing the short form of MEST protein, is biallelically expressed (non-imprinted) in several non-placental organs. Here we show that PEG1 isoform 2 is in fact imprinted in a large subset of human placentae. A CpG island overlapping PEG1 exon 1a is unmethylated in various fetal and adult non-placental tissues, but is often substantially methylated in the placenta, with the extent of methylation in a large series approximating a normal distribution. Bisulfite conversion/sequencing indicates that the inter-individual differences reflect the relative representation of heavily methylated vs. unmethylated alleles, and RT-PCR/RFLP analysis shows strongly biased allelic expression of PEG1 isoform 2 mRNA in a majority of placentae with a high proportion of methylated alleles. These data highlight PEG1 isoform 2 as a marker for future studies of inter-individual epigenetic variation and its relation to placental and fetal growth in humans.
Organisational Economics and the Evolution of a New Management Science

This paper reviews the origins of organisational economics and critically examines its influence on business-school scholarship and pedagogy in the eighties and nineties and argues three points. First, it is useful to analyse the infiltration of economic ideas about internal organisation of firms into organisational science within the context of the methodology of scientific research programmes. Second, the adoption by management theorists of organisational economics as part of a new science of organisations represented a significant change in research style within business schools and may have contributed to practices that came under heavy criticism in the last decade. Third, the influence of economic ideas on management science represented not only an infusion of methods and models, but an infusion of ideology as well, raising important philosophical questions concerning the development of management science.
Geologic evaluation of plate kinematic models for the North American-Caribbean plate boundary zone

Heubeck, Ch. and Mann, P., 1991. Geologic evaluation of plate kinematic models for the North American-Caribbean plate boundary zone. Tectonophysics, 191: l-26. Four published plate kinematic models for the present-day North American-Caribbean plate boundary predict significantly different fault behavior along this dominantly strike-slip plate boundary zone (PBZ). Using a computer graphics system, we compare the deformational pattern predicted by the four kinematic models with geologic and seismic observations along the entire length of the PBZ from Central America to the northern Lesser Antilles. Our results indicate that none of the kinematic models predict all the geologic and seismic observations across the entire PBZ. However, all four models predict mapped fault character and observed earthquake focal mechanisms along certain segments of the PBZ. We conclude that the present-day deformation within the North American-Caribbean plate boundary zone cannot be described by rotation about a single pole. Instead, the Caribbean “plate” appears to be segmented into at least three major “sub-plates” or blocks, each of which requires an individual pole of rotation to describe its motion relative to the North American plate. Sub-plate boundaries correspond to two poorly studied zones of diffuse deformation within the Caribbean plate (Honduras Depression of Central America and Beata Ridge of the Caribbean Sea).
Sleep Duration and Metabolic Syndrome. An Updated Dose–Risk Metaanalysis

Rationale: Several studies have reported that both short and long sleep durations are associated with the metabolic syndrome, but whether a dose–response relationship exists is unclear.Objectives: We performed a metaanalysis to study the magnitude of the association between the different durations of sleep and metabolic syndrome.Methods: We searched in the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and Ovid (all Journals@Ovid) from inception to October 4, 2014 for cross-sectional studies where an association between metabolic syndrome and sleep duration was analyzed.Measurements and Main Results: Eighteen studies with 75,657 participants were included. Daily sleep duration of 7 to 8 hours was used as the reference group. The odds ratio (OR) of having metabolic syndrome for short (<7 h) sleep was 1.23 (95% CI, 1.11–1.37; P < 0.001; I2, 71%). The ORs for less than 5 hours, 5 to 6 hours, and 6 to 7 hours of sleep were 1.51 (95% CI, 1.10–2.08; P = 0.01), 1.28 (95% CI, 1.11–1.48; P < 0.001), and 1.16 (95% CI, 1.02–1...
Functional and Phylogenetic Characterization of Vaginolysin, the Human-Specific Cytolysin from Gardnerella vaginalis

Pore-forming toxins are essential to the virulence of a wide variety of pathogenic bacteria. Gardnerella vaginalis is a bacterial species associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV) and its significant adverse sequelae, including preterm birth and acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus. G. vaginalis makes a protein toxin that generates host immune responses and has been hypothesized to be involved in the pathogenesis of BV. We demonstrate that G. vaginalis produces a toxin (vaginolysin [VLY]) that is a member of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) family, most closely related to intermedilysin from Streptococcus intermedius. Consistent with this predicted relationship, VLY lyses target cells in a species-specific manner, dependent upon the complement regulatory molecule CD59. In addition to causing erythrocyte lysis, VLY activates the conserved epithelial p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and induces interleukin-8 production by human epithelial cells. Transfection of human CD59 into nonsusceptible cells renders them sensitive to VLY-mediated lysis. In addition, a single amino acid substitution in the VLY undecapeptide [VLY(P480W)] generates a toxoid that does not form pores, and introduction of the analogous proline residue into another CDC, pneumolysin, significantly decreases its cytolytic activity. Further investigation of the mechanism of action of VLY may improve understanding of the functions of the CDC family as well as diagnosis and therapy for BV.
Cocaine and Cocaethylene: Microdialysis Comparison of Brain Drug Levels and Effects on Dopamine and Serotonin

Cocaethylene is a pharmacologically active metabolite resulting from concurrent cocaine and ethanol consumption. The effects of cocaine and cocaethylene on extracellular levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, and serotonin in the striatum were characterized in vivo in the anesthetized rat. Both intravenous (3 mumol/kg) and intraperitoneal (44 mumol/kg) routes of administration were used. In addition to monitoring neurotransmitter levels, microdialysate levels of cocaine and cocaethylene were determined at 4-min intervals after intravenous administration, and at 20-min intervals after intraperitoneal administration. Extracellular levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens were increased to approximately 400% of preinjection value by both cocaine and cocaethylene when administered intravenously. Cocaine caused a significant increase of striatal serotonin to 200% preinjection value, whereas cocaethylene had no effect. Brain levels of cocaine and cocaethylene after intravenous administration did not differ. After intraperitoneal administration, extracellular levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens were increased to 400% of preinjection levels by cocaine, but were only increased to 200% of preinjection levels by cocaethylene, the difference being statistically significant. Serotonin levels were increased to 360% of preinjection levels by cocaine, but only to 175% of preinjection value by cocaethylene. Levels of cocaine attained in brain were significantly higher than those for cocaethylene, suggesting pharmacokinetic differences with the intraperitoneal route. These results confirm in vivo that cocaethylene is more selective in its actions than cocaine with respect to dopamine and serotonin uptake. In addition, route-dependent differences in attainment of brain drug levels have been observed that may impact on interpretations of the relative potency of the reinforcement value of these compounds.
Smart distributed control of power systems

The electric power network provides the flexible energy delivery mechanism that interconnects almost an infinite variety of sources and loads with a high level of reliability. However, the existing energy delivery infrastructure, designed over 50-60 years ago, is aging, inflexible, dumb and under-utilized, and will potentially limit societypsilas ability to achieve its long-term energy objectives. Given that transmission investment has considerably lagged generation and load growth for the last two decades, it is easy to see that a crisis is brewing. As our energy infrastructure moves towards long-term sustainability, our aging under-invested grid will become the limiting factor and will need to be completely transformed. Integration of power electronics and communications in a massively distributed manner, into virtually every element of the power system infrastructure to create a dasiaSmart Gridpsila, offers unique possibilities for improving the reliability, asset utilization and power quality. This talk will discuss some of the opportunities that are available for technology to be deployed to build a more reliable and asset efficient infrastructure.
Reorganizing split objects

Object-based (i.e. classless) models are very effective for elucidating requirements from users, and they support exploratory programming and rapid prototyping, providing a direct manipulation approach. On the other hand, class-based models have powerful mechanisms to control redundancy, exploit sharing, express extension, and propagate changes to instances.The price object-based approaches pay is loss of control over change propagation, and potential redundancy. Two mechanisms to overcome this are sharing among objects and definition of objects as extension of others. We examine these mechanisms, and consider the effect that interacting policies for objects sharing and definition-by-extension have on change propagation and replication control. An implication is that, in absence of meta-objects or extra-language support, monolithic shared parts cannot coexist with prototypes represented as split objects.
Polymerization of aromatic nuclei. XXVII. ESR studies on polymers and oligomers from reaction of benzenoid and naphthalene monomers with lewis acid catalyst-oxidant systems

Chlorobenzene and toluene were polymerized with aluminum chloride–cupric chloride to produce materials that consist mainly of poly(o-phenylene) structures. These species exhibited radical cation concentrations comparable to that of poly(p-phenylene). Polymerization of naphthalene and 1-chloronaphthalene with aluminum chloride–cupric chloride or ferric chloride–water also resulted in products with high radical cation concentrations. Polynuclear structures may be responsible for the paramagnetic character; alternatively, p-quinoidal moieties may be present in naphthalenes. The depth of color in the samples is directly related to the concentration of radical cations.
A High Fidelity Scintillating Fiber Tracker for SONTRAC

We report progress in the development of precision scintillating plastic fiber bundles for 3-d tracking experiments. Specifically, we present an approach for the design and fabrication of the tracking detector for the SOlar Neutron TRACking experiment (SONTRAC), an imaging spectrometer for measurement of 20-200 MeV neutrons in a space environment. SONTRAC operates by measuring the tracks of the recoil protons from n-p scatters in a closely packed bundle of scintillating plastic fibers. The energy and angular resolution of the instrument depends on the accuracy and precision with which the length and orientation of each track can be measured. Early prototype fiber bundles yielded distorted track images due to irregular orientation and registration of the fibers. These fiber detector bundles, composed of 250 mum square scintillating plastic fibers on a nominal 300 mum pitch, contain fibers with registration errors as large as 1 mm. The next fiber bundles will use 290 mum round fibers on 300 mum pitch. The goal is for every fiber in the array to be registered within 300 mum of a rectilinear 3-d grid. We present the requirements, materials, assembly fixtures and procedures for the fabrication of these higher fidelity SONTRAC fiber bundle detectors. We present photographs and measurements of a small prototype fiber bundle constructed using these new techniques.
Prenucleation and coalescence of cobalt nanoclusters mediated by multivalent calixarene complexes

The formation of cobalt nanoclusters from polynuclear Co–alkyne species can be directed by multivalent calixarene ligands; thermochemical studies of Con–calixarenes reveal the influence of multivalency in prenucleation and postnuclear growth processes.
Purpose and Policing

First on the agenda of policy issues for a community seriously concerned with effective crime control and with the quality of life should be public and realistic consideration, and continuing open consideration, of the mission and purposes of the police agency. Without appropriate definition of agency goals and purposes, police resources cannot be allocated with maximum effect: without optimal allocations, crime control and other results can only be disappointing. That “police departments do whatever police departments do” is a sociological reality in many communities, as agencies continue to be dominated by considerations of process and tradition. In such agencies, the principal determinant of today’s allocation of resources (to choose this major function as an example) is yesterday’s allocation. The professional police agenda, centering on a striving for results, will soon feel the effects of goal-orientation. The new form of police agency, with its goals and purposes developed in consultation with the community, will be in an even stronger position to deliver.
Failure of supplementary ultraviolet radiation to enhance flower color under greenhouse conditions

In order to determine whether the concentration of floral petal anthocyanin pigments could be increased, ultraviolet radiations in the UV-A and UV-B wavelength bands were presented to a variety of flowering plants to partly restore those wave- lengths filtered out by greenhouse glass. In no tested plant did the supplementary ultraviolet radiation enhance floral anthocyanin content. Supplementary UV radiation has no economic value in greenhouse production of flowering plants. A factor in the market acceptability of flowering annual plants sold for bedding or as gift plants is the brilliance of their flow- ers. Since, in New England, such plants are frequently grown under glass, the radiation environment must be considered in com- mercial production. Phytochrome and/or the high-energy blue-absorbing pigments play roles in the induction of enzyme systems leading to the synthesis of blue and red an- thocyanin pigments (Mohr and Drumm-Her- rel, 1983). The participation of ultraviolet wavelengths in anthocyanin synthesis has been known for more than a century (Bonner, 1880; Klein, 1976). For several test systems, either the near UV (UV-A = 320 to 385 nm) or the middle UV (UV-B = 290 to 320 nm) or both activate one or more of the enzymes involved in anthocyanin synthesis (Beggs and Wellmann, 1985). Although greenhouse glass is transparent to the visible and most UV-A wavelengths, UV-B is completely filtered out (Klein, 1979). Since both UV-A and UV-B may affect syn- thesis of flora1 anthocyanins, addition of these wavelengths might make it possible to grow flowering plants with more brilliant flowers. A study was conducted in which greenhouse solar radiation was supplemented with UV- A and UV-B radiation to determine if sup- plementary UV radiation might have some economic value in commercial production of flowering plants. Luminaires consisting of one each of com- mercially available UV-A lamps (BLB flu- orescent lamps with emission peaking at 365 nm) and UV-B lamps (Westinghouse FS Sunlight lamps filtered through two layers of
Investigation of the Effect of Injection and Control Strategies on Combustion Instability in Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) Engines

This paper uses detailed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling with the kiva-chemkin code to investigate the influence of injection timing, combustion phasing, and operating conditions on combustion instability. Using detailed CFD simulations, a large design of experiments (DOE) is performed with small perturbations in the intake and fueling conditions. A response surface model (RSM) is then fit to the DOE results to predict cycle-to-cycle combustion instability. Injection timing had significant tradeoffs between engine efficiency, emissions, and combustion instability. Near top dead center (TDC) injection timing can significantly reduce combustion instability, but the emissions and efficiency drop close to conventional diesel combustion levels. The fuel split between the two direct injection (DI) injections has very little effect on combustion instability. Increasing exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate, while making adjustments to maintain combustion phasing, can significantly reduce peak pressure rise rate (PPRR) variation until the engine is on the verge of misfiring. Combustion phasing has a very large impact on combustion instability. More advanced phasing is much more stable, but produces high PPRRs, higher NOx levels, and can be less efficient due to increased heat transfer losses. The results of this study identify operating parameters that can significantly improve the combustion stability of dual-fuel reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engines.
Modeling unsteady two-phase blood flow in catheterized elastic artery with stenosis

Abstract We consider the problem of unsteady two-phase blood flow in a catheterized elastic artery with stenosis, where the form and extent of the stenosis is chosen based on the available experimental data for a human's artery with stenosis. Equations for the dependent variables of the two-phase arterial blood flow are solved together with the equations for the elastic wall displacements subjected to reasonable modeling and approximation. We find, in particular, that the radial and axial displacements of the elastic wall oscillate in time, and their oscillations grow with increasing the hematocrit, catheter size, volume flow rate, blood pressure force and the viscoelastic wall stress, but such oscillations decay with increasing the elastic wall stiffness and the elastic wall thickness.
Ab initio studies onl-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (l-DABA)

Ab initio calculations are used to determine the most stable conformation forl-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (l-DABA). Structural characteristics are obtained and compared toγ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) It is found that forl-DABA the extended, partially folded, and cyclic conformations are almost equal in energy.
Disinfection Status of Basic Medical Institutions in Jingmen City

[Objective]To learn the status of disinfection management and disinfection quality in basic medical institutions of Jingmen city[Methods]With combination of field investigation and laboratory test,the disinfection quality of 415 basic medical institutions was monitored.[Results]In basic medical institutions,the equipment rate of high-effect disinfectants,ultraviolet lamp and pressure steam sterilizer was 95.66%,87.47% and 93.73% respectively,and the usage rate was 95.18%,26.02% and 50.36% respectively.During 2007-2009,9004 samples were tested with the qualified rate of 78.10%,and the qualified rate of community health service stations,private clinics and village health room was 93.69%,80.20% and 74.97% respectively.[Conclusion]The equipment rate of disinfection facilities in basic medical institutions is high,but the usage rate is low.The aseptic concept of doctors and nurses in basic medical institutions should be strengthened,and the disinfection technology should be improved.
Bradykinin-induced contractions of canine prostate and bladder: effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition.

AbstractAlpha-adrenergic, cholinergic, and serotonergic receptor-mediated contractile responses have been well characterized in the genitourinary tissues of several mammalian species. The present study characterizes the in vitro contractile responsiveness of canine bladder and prostate to the peptides, bradykinin, angiotensin I, and angiotensin II. All preparations contracted to 0.15M KCl. Bradykinin elicited contractile responses in both prostate (10−10 to 10−7 M) and bladder (10−10 to 10−6 M). In both tissues, angiotensin II produced minimal responses and angiotensin I failed to elicit contractions. The potent angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, enalaprilic acid [MK-422] (10−6 M) increased the contractile response of the prostate to bradykinin two-fold while having no effect on bradykinin-induced contractions in the bladder. Enalaprilic acid did not affect the contractile responses of the two tissues to angiotensin I or angiotensin II. The canine urogenital tissue contractile responses to bra...
The Level Playing Field and Rules of Fair Play

Mr Edgar D. Brown of Pottsville, Pennsylvania entrusted $100 000 to a large US bank to be invested in ‘safe’ bonds. A representative of the bank’s securities affiliate advised Mr Brown that the US government securities that he owned were ‘all wrong’ and reinvested his account in Viennese, German, Greek, Peruvian, Chilean, Rhenish, Hungarian and Irish governmental obligations as well as bonds issued by private US corporations. Mr Brown was also persuaded to borrow to finance additional investments. When the bonds declined in value, Mr Brown complained, and was told by his broker that it was his own fault for buying bonds: ‘Why don’t you let me sell you some stock?’ Once reinvested in stock, Mr Brown’s portfolio still lost money, and he eventually sold out, sacrificing most of his capital.1
High-Fidelity Lexical Axiom Construction from Verb Glosses

This paper presents a rule-based approach to constructing lexical axioms from WordNet verb entries in an expressive semantic representation, Episodic Logic (EL). EL differs from other representations in being syntactically close to natural language and covering phenomena such as generalized quantification, modification, and intensionality while still allowing highly effective inference. The presented approach uses a novel preprocessing technique to improve parsing precision of coordinators and incorporates frames, hand-tagged word senses, and examples from WordNet to achieve highly consistent semantic interpretations. EL allows the full content of glosses to be incorporated into the formal lexical axioms, without sacrificing interpretive accuracy, or verb-to-verb inference accuracy on a standard test set. Evaluation of semantic parser performance is based on EL-match, introduced here as a generalization of the smatch metric for semantic structure accuracy. On gloss parses, the approach achieves an ELmatch F1 score of 0.83, and a wholeaxiom F1 score of 0.45; verb entailment identification based on extracted axioms is competitive with the state-of-the-art.
Extracellular Electron Transfer on Sticky Paper Electrodes: Carbon Paste Paper Anode for Microbial Fuel Cells

Carbon paste paper electrodes (CPPEs) were fabricated by coating a regular paper strip with carbon paste made from graphite powder and mineral oil, followed by coating with polyaniline. The CPPEs were evaluated as anodes in bioelectrochemical cells (BECs) using Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 as bacteria that donate electrons through extracellular electron transfer. The CPPE was compared to a carbon felt electrode (CFE) modified with polyaniline under the same conditions. The BEC using the CPPE anode produces current continuously for at least 4 days without the need for additional fuel (lactate). Twenty-four hours after inoculation, the BEC using the CPPE anode generates a current density more than two times greater than that of the cell using the CFE, with a competitive maximum value of 2.2 A m–2. The simple fabrication, ease of modification, and low cost of the CPPE make it a promising new bioelectrode material for microbial fuel cells.
Polycomb Protein OsFIE2 Affects Plant Height and Grain Yield in Rice

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins have been shown to affect growth and development in plants. To further elucidate their role in these processes in rice, we isolated and characterized a rice mutant which exhibits dwarfism, reduced seed setting rate, defective floral organ, and small grains. Map-based cloning revealed that abnormal phenotypes were attributed to a mutation of the Fertilization Independent Endosperm 2 (OsFIE2) protein, which belongs to the PcG protein family. So we named the mutant as osfie2-1. Histological analysis revealed that the number of longitudinal cells in the internodes decreased in osfie2-1, and that lateral cell layer of the internodes was markedly thinner than wild-type. In addition, compared to wild-type, the number of large and small vascular bundles decreased in osfie2-1, as well as cell number and cell size in spikelet hulls. OsFIE2 is expressed in most tissues and the coded protein localizes in both nucleus and cytoplasm. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays demonstrated that OsFIE2 interacts with OsiEZ1 which encodes an enhancer of zeste protein previously identified as a histone methylation enzyme. RNA sequencing-based transcriptome profiling and qRT-PCR analysis revealed that some homeotic genes and genes involved in endosperm starch synthesis, cell division/expansion and hormone synthesis and signaling are differentially expressed between osfie2-1 and wild-type. In addition, the contents of IAA, GA3, ABA, JA and SA in osfie2-1 are significantly different from those in wild-type. Taken together, these results indicate that OsFIE2 plays an important role in the regulation of plant height and grain yield in rice.
Does ampullary adenoma size predict invasion on EUS? Does invasion on EUS predict presence of malignancy?

Background and study aims: It is common practice to perform ampullectomy without endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) for ampullary lesions < 1 cm but no data exists to support it. No studies have explored whether EUS findings of invasion correlate with malignancy or high-grade dysplasia (HGD) on pathology. We explored the association between adenoma size, pathology results, and invasion on EUS. Patients and methods: This was a single-center retrospective cohort study at a large tertiary care academic hospital. Chart review was performed for 161 patients with benign ampullary lesions on endoscopic biopsy (identified by pathology records). The primary outcomes were mean size (mm) of adenomas and pathology findings with and without intraductal and/or duodenal wall invasion on EUS. Results: Invasion was identified by EUS in 41 (34.1 %) of 120 patients who underwent EUS. The mean size of the lesion in these patients was 20.9 mm (± 11.6 mm) compared to 13.9 mm (± 11.3 mm, P = 0.0001) in patients without invasion. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC 0.73, 95 % CI 0.63 – 0.83) revealed 100 % sensitivity for absence of invasion on EUS in lesions less than 6.5 mm. Invasion on EUS had sensitivity of 63.0 % (95 % CI 47.0 % – 77.0 %) and specificity 88.0 % (95 % CI 78.0 % – 95.0 %) for presence of malignancy, HGD or invasion on pathology. Conclusions: EUS should be considered for ampullary lesions > 6.5 mm. This study provides evidence to support the practice of ampullectomy without EUS for smaller adenomas. EUS evidence of invasion is highly specific for pathologic malignancy, HGD, or invasion (which preclude endoscopic ampullectomy).
Optimization of wind plant layouts using an adjoint approach

Abstract. Using adjoint optimization and three-dimensional steady-state Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations, we present a new gradient-based approach for optimally siting wind turbines within utility-scale wind plants. By solving the adjoint equations of the flow model, the gradients needed for optimization are found at a cost that is independent of the number of control variables, thereby permitting optimization of large wind plants with many turbine locations. Moreover, compared to the common approach of superimposing prescribed wake deficits onto linearized flow models, the computational efficiency of the adjoint approach allows the use of higher-fidelity RANS flow models which can capture nonlinear turbulent flow physics within a wind plant. The steady-state RANS flow model is implemented in the Python finite-element package FEniCS and the derivation and solution of the discrete adjoint equations are automated within the dolfin-adjoint framework. Gradient-based optimization of wind turbine locations is demonstrated for idealized test cases that reveal new optimization heuristics such as rotational symmetry, local speedups, and nonlinear wake curvature effects. Layout optimization is also demonstrated on more complex wind rose shapes, including a full annual energy production (AEP) layout optimization over 36 inflow directions and 5 wind speed bins.
A SELECTION-THEORETIC APPROACH TO CERTAIN EXTENSION THEOREMS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a selection-theoretic approach to certain extension theorems. A function space C(Y, E) can be endowed with several natural topologies: the most familiar are the topology of point-wise convergence, the compact-open topology, and the topology of uniform convergence. Furthermore, it was proved in [HLZ] that even if X is compact, one cannot always obtain extension operators that are continuous in the topology of point-wise convergence. However, it was left open whether one could always obtain extension operators that are continuous with respect to the topology of uniform convergence. Michael's selection theorem [M1, M2] asserts that any lower semicontinuous carrier ψ; Υ → C (B), where Y is paracompact, admits a continuous selection, that is, a continuous function η:Υ → B having the property η(y) ɛ ψ(y) for each y ɛ Y.