cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Experiment on Oscillatory Shock-Wave Boundary-Layer Interaction

T 1 has pointed out the possibility of self-excited oscillations of a shock-wave boundary-layer interaction. The theoretical considerations which led to this result involve rather radical approximations and simplifications which need experimental verification. We have recently performed some preliminary experiments which appear to confirm the existence of a resonant frequency of a shock-detachment region. The experiments neither confirm nor invalidate the details of the theory.
Consequences for a Theory of Case

In chapter 5, it was demonstrated that control relations are relevant to the case marking of adjuncts in embedded clauses which agree in case with the embedded subject. When the embedded subject is controlled by the higher subject, the control equation ensures that the lower subject will share all features of the controlling subject, and thus the adjunct agrees in case with the higher subject as well as the lower one. However, when the embedded clause represents a closed complement, and thus when the subject of the embedded infinitival clause is not grammatically controlled, then it is independently marked with Dative case, and the adjunct agrees in case with the embedded subject alone.
US telecommunications policy in the executive branch

Abstract The author presents a critical assessment of the requirements of the government in telecommunications. He analyses the successes and failures of the Office of Telecommunications Policy, examines its relationships with other federal agencies, and describes the tradeoffs implicit in several of the alternatives available to it. The author concludes with recommendations for restructuring telecommunications policy in the new administration.
Putting a lid on it.

A cap at the tip of the bacterial flagellum uses a dynamic differential binding of individual subunits to allow the filament tip to grow, achieving control of assembly far from the point of protein translation.
Database Support for Multisource Multiresolution Scientific Data

We extend database technology to provide more meaningful support for exploration of scientific data. We have developed a new data model that incorporates spatial semantics with localized error and are implementing a prototype database system based on the model. Our data model and system focus on support for retrieval and visualization of gridded scientific data at multiple resolutions. While these semantics may not apply naturally to every scientific application, they are common to many. This paper summarizes the data model and describes the key functionality of our prototype system.
Delaware Unifies the Law of Charitable and Noncharitable Purpose Trusts

Whereas benefactors typically create trusts that provide for one or more individuals, some instead create trusts to accomplish or to promote purposes. Historically, trust law divided purpose trusts into a trio of categories, based on the sort of purpose the benefactor had in mind. Trusts for harmful or capricious purposes were void per se as contrary to public policy. Trusts for purposes beneficial to society were given effect in perpetuity as charitable trusts. Trusts for purposes neither harmful nor affirmatively useful - such as those to care for a grave or a pet animal - were not enforced as full-fledged trusts, but the intended trustee nevertheless had a power to carry them out, only within the period of the rule against perpetuities, as "honorary trusts." Statutory rules in many jurisdictions have tinkered with this framework, by making trusts for some or all noncharitable purposes fully enforceable, while continuing to limit their duration, depending on the purpose. New legislation in Delaware is still more innovative. The new Delaware statutes pare back the category of purposes contrary to public policy, while effectively amalgamating charitable and noncharitable purposes into a single category. Under the new legislation, trusts in Delaware can serve any purpose that is not genuinely harmful, and may do so in perpetuity, applying subsidiary rules that have traditionally been confined to charitable trusts. This Article details and critiques Delware's latest trust initiative, exploring the legislation's technical strengths and weaknesses, while also examining the legislation within the context of trust policy, and within the context of inter-jurisdictional competition for trust business.
Trypanosoma brucei RNA Editing A FULL ROUND OF URIDYLATE INSERTIONAL EDITING IN VITRO MEDIATED BY ENDONUCLEASE AND RNA LIGASE

RNA editing in kinetoplastids is the post-transcriptional insertion and deletion of uridylate residues in mitochondrial transcripts, directed by base pairing with guide RNAs. Models for editing propose transesterification or endonuclease plus RNA ligase reactions and may involve a guide RNA-mRNA chimeric intermediate. We have assessed the feasibility of the enzymatic pathway involving chimeras in vitro. Cytochrome b chimeras generated with mitochondrial extract were first found to have junctions primarily at the major endonuclease cleavage sites, supporting the role of endonuclease in chimera formation. Such cytochrome b chimeras are then specifically cleaved by extract endonuclease within the oligo(U) tract at the editing site, and the mRNA cleavage products are then joined by RNA ligase to generate partially edited mRNAs with uridylate residues transferred to an editing site. These in vitro generated partially edited mRNAs mimic partially edited mRNAs generated in vivo. Specific endonuclease cleavage in the editing region of the partially edited RNA demonstrates the potential for further in vitro editing. Finally, sensitivity to various ATP analogs suggests that all editing-like activities reported thus far utilize a mechanism involving RNA ligase.
Studies on the bacteriophage 2 receptors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Abstract The lysogenization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain BI with phage 2 resulted in the loss of the capacity to adsorb the same phage. The absence of phage 2 receptors on the surface of the lysogenized strain BI(2)8 was confirmed by the failure of purified slime polysaccharide (SPB) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to inactivate phage 2. SPB and LPS from a phage 2-resistant strain also failed to inactivate phage 2 in contrast to the phage inactivation exhibited by the SPB and LPS obtained from the wild-type strain BI. Chemically, quantitative differences were apparent when the SPB and LPS of strains BI(2)8 and BI/2S2 were compared with those of the wild-type strain BI. The most striking difference noted was the absence of amino sugars in the SPB of strain BI/2S2. The SPB of strain BI(2)8 also contained a lower percentage of amino sugars compared with the SPB of the wild-type strain BI.
Identification of a novel substance P (SP)-neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) microRNA-221-5p inflammatory network in human colonic epithelial cells.

Substance P (SP), a neuropeptide member of the tachykinin family, plays a critical role in colitis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression. However, whether SP modulates expression of microRNAs in human colonic epithelial cells remains unknown.We performed microRNA profiling analysis of SP-stimulated human colonic epithelial NCM460 cells overexpressing neurokinin-1 receptor (NCM460-NK-1R). Targets of SP-regulated microRNAs were validated by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Functions of miRNAs were tested in NCM460-NK-1R cells and the TNBS and DSS models of colitis.SP stimulated differential expression of 29 microRNAs, including miR-221-5p, the highest up regulated miR (by 12.6-fold) upon SP stimulation. Bioinformatic and luciferase reporter analyses identified interleukin 6 receptor (IL-6R) mRNA as a direct target of miR-221-5p in NCM460 cells. Accordingly, SP exposure of NCM460-NK-1R cells increased IL-6R mRNA expression, while overexpression of miR-221-5p reduced IL-6R expression. NF-κB and JNK inhibition decreased SP-induced miR-221-5p expression. MiR-221-5p expression was increased in both TNBS- and DSS-induced colitis and colonic biopsies from Ulcerative Colitis, but not Crohn's Disease subjects, compared to controls. In mice, intracolonic administration of a miR-221-5p chemical inhibitor, exacerbated TNBS-and DSS-induced colitis, and increased colonic TNF-α, Cxcl10, and Col2 α 1 mRNA expression. In situ hybridization in TNBS-and DSS-exposed colons revealed increased miR-221-5p expression primarily in colonocytes.Our results reveal a novel NK-1R-miR-221-5p-IL-6R network that protects from colitis. The use of miR-221-5p mimics may be a promising approach for colitis treatment.
A Comparison of the Initial Academic Achievement of Freshman Award Winners who Work and Those who do not Work

Often the parents of first term college students feel that a par.t-time job might interfere with the adjustment of their sons and daughters to their new academic responsibilities. They are apprehensive that part-time employment and a full-time academic schedule will result in poor grades, possibly even probation, on the one hand, or a poor work record on the other hand. Either of these consequences could adversely affect the future of the student, and the parents' primary concern is that the student does the best academic work from the start of which he or. she is capable. For many years, counselors at the secondary and college levels have been concerned with identifying the adjustment problems of first term college students and helping those students overcome their problems in a successful manner.
Characterization of a stress protein from group B Neisseria meningitidis.

Increased levels of a 65-kDa stress protein (Msp65) were observed in group B Neisseria meningitidis grown under stationary-growth conditions. Electron microscopy showed two apposing rings of seven subunits, a structure typical of Escherichia coli GroEL. Msp65 was not found in either the periplasmic space or the outer membrane. Several important differences between the GroEL analogs of N. meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are discussed. Images
MO-A-213-00: Economics Update

The purpose of this session is to introduce attendees to the healthcare reimbursement system and how it applies to the clinical work of a Medical Physicist. This will include general information about the different categories of payers and payees, how work is described by CPT© codes, and how various payers set values for this work in different clinical settings. 2015 is a year of significant changes to the payment system. Many CPT© codes have been deleted and replaced with new CPT© codes. These codes define some of the most common work performed in our clinics including treatment planning and delivery. This presentation will describe what work is encompassed in these codes and will give attendees an overview of the changes for 2015 as they apply to radiation oncology. Finally, some insight into what can be expected during 2016 will be presented. This includes what information is typically released by the Centers for Medicaid & Medicare Services (CMS) during the year and how we as an organization respond. This will include ways members can interact with the AAPM professional economics committee and other resources members may find helpful. Learning Objectives: 1. Basics of how Medicare is structured and how reimbursement rates are set. 2. Basic understanding of proposed changes to the 2016 Medicare rules. 3. What resources are available from the AAPM and how to interact with the professional economics committee. Ownership in pxAlpha, LLC, a medical device start up company.
Composition and spectra of primary cosmic-ray electrons and nuclei above 1010 eV

Recent experiments have extended the knowledge of the flux and energy spectra of individual cosmic-ray components to much higher energies than had previously been accessible. Both electron and nuclear components show a behaviour at high energy which is unexpected, and which carries information regarding the sources and the propagation of particles between sources and observer. Electromagnetic interactions which are suffered by the electrons in interstellar space should steepen their spectrum, a steepening that would reveal the average lifetime a cosmic-ray particle spends in the galaxy. Measurements up to 1000 GeV show no such steepening. It was discovered that the composition of the nuclear species which is now measured up to 100 GeV/nucleon changes with energy. This change indicates traversal of less interstellar matter by the high energy particles than by those of lower energy. We discuss the experimental evidence and its implication.
X-4 Translocations and Meiotic Drive in Drosophila melanogaster Males: Role of Sex Chromosome Pairing

Males carrying certain X-4 translocations exhibit strongly skewed sperm recovery ratios. The XP4D half of the translocation disjoins regularly from the Y chromosome and the 4PXD half disjoins regularly from the normal 4. Yet the smaller member of each bivalent is recovered in excess of its pairing partner, apparently due to differential gametic lethality. Chromosome recovery probabilities are multiplicative; the viability of each genotype is the product of the recovery probability of its component chromosomes. Meiotic drive can also be caused by deficiency for X heterochromatin. In(1)sc4Lsc8R males show the same size dependent chromosome recoveries and multiplicative recovery probabilities found in T(1;4)BS males. Meiotic drive in In(1)sc4Lsc8R males has been shown to be due to X-Y pairing failure. Although pairing is regular in the T(X;4) males, the striking phenotypic parallels suggest a common explanation. The experiments described below show that the two phenomena are, in fact, one and the same. X-4 translocations are shown to have the same effect on recovery of independently assorting chromosomes as does In(1)sc4Lsc8R. Addition of pairing sites to the 4PXD half of the translocation eliminates drive. A common explanation—failure of the distal euchromatic portion of the X chromosome to participate in X:Y meiotic pairing—is suggested as the cause for drive. The effect of X chromosome breakpoint on X-4 translocation induced meiotic drive is investigated. It is found that translocations with breakpoints distal to 13C on the salivary map do not cause drive while translocations broken proximal to 13C cause drive. The level of drive is related to the position of the breakpoint—the more proximal the breakpoint the greater the drive.
Changing Trends in Mechanical Circulatory Assistance

BACKGROUND The success of long-term implantable ventricular assist devices has led to their increased use in patients previously thought to be unsuitable for mechanical support. As a result, the demographic profile of patients presenting for LVAD support has changed over time. We reviewed our institutional experience to identify emerging risk factors and changing trends in patients who received the HeartMate VE LVAD. METHODS The clinical records were reviewed of 131 consecutive LVAD recipients between 1996 and 2001. All perioperative data were collected prospectively and entered into an institutional database. All patients received a preoperative risk stratification score based upon published criteria. The cohort was arbitrarily divided into early (n = 45), mid (n = 45), and late groups (n = 41). RESULTS Overall operative mortality was 25% with no difference between groups. The mean risk score increased significantly over time (early 3.5 +/- 0.4 vs. late 5.3 +/- 0.3, p 5) was significantly higher in the late group (51% vs. 29%, p < 0.05). Although ventilation time and ICU stay was similar for all groups, hospital stay was longer in the late group (43 days vs. 23 days, p < 0.05). Mean duration of support fell from 90 to 59 days, but this failed to achieve statistical significance. Out-patient therapy decreased from 73% in the early group to 15% in the late group (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified right heart failure (odds ratio 4.1, 95% CI 2-11) and risk score (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2-1.6) as independent predictors of death. CONCLUSIONS Despite an increasingly high risk patient population, the mortality associated with LVAD therapy has remained constant. Duration of LVAD support has decreased with a trend toward transplantation before hospital discharge. These data continue to support the aggressive institution of mechanical assistance for acute or chronic heart failure.
Gender Differences in Psychotic Disorders With Concurrent Substance Use

Objective: We conducted a comparative analysis of gender differences in patients with primary psychotic disorders with concurrent substance use and in those with substance-induced psychoses. Methods: A total of 385 individuals admitted to psychiatric emergency departments with early-onset psychosis and recent substance use were interviewed at baseline and at six-month intervals for two years. Using a standardized research diagnostic assessment instrument, we classified patients at baseline into primary and substance-induced psychosis groups and analyzed the effects of gender on demographic, family, and clinical characteristics at baseline, the interaction of gender and diagnosis, and gender main effects on illness course, adjustment, and service use over the two-year follow-up period. Results: Women had better premorbid adjustment, less misattribution of symptoms, and a later age at onset of regular drug use compared to men. Women, however, showed greater depression and histories of abuse compared to men....
Extended-Duration Therapy in Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Promise and Pitfalls

For many years, the cornerstone of treatment for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been third-generation platinum-based chemotherapy. Unfortunately, clinical outcomes with the use of this approach have remained poor, with median survival times of only 8-13 months. In an attempt to improve survival, several therapeutic strategies have recently been investigated, including extended-duration chemotherapy. Although historically maintenance chemotherapy in NSCLC has resulted in less-than-optimal outcomes and there has been a recent surge in interest with this treatment modality. This has been in part because of the strategy of the early delivery of a non-cross-resistant agent after platinum chemotherapy, now termed switch maintenance therapy. Results from several recent phase III trials using this strategy are shifting the treatment paradigm of patients with advanced-stage NSCLC. Despite more favorable outcomes demonstrated with this strategy, study designs and reported results have not been without critique. Here, we review all published extended-duration chemotherapy strategies in NSCLC and seek to clarify outstanding issues as they relate to more recent approaches using this strategy.
Rhodium-catalyzed silylcarbocyclization (SiCaC) and carbonylative silylcarbocyclization (CO-SiCaC) reactions of enynes

The reaction of a 1,6-enyne with a hydrosilane catalyzed by Rh(acac)(CO)2, Rh4(CO)12, or Rh2Co2(CO)12 under ambient CO atmosphere or N2 gives 2-methyl-1-silylmethylidene-2-cyclopentane or its heteroatom congener in excellent yield through silylcarbocycization (SiCaC) process. The same reaction, but in the presence of a phosphite such as P(OEt)3 and P(OPh)3 under 20 atm of CO, affords the corresponding 2-formylmethyl-1-silylmethylidene-2-cyclopentane or its heteroatom congener with excellent selectivity through carbonylative silylcarbocycization (CO−SiCaC) process. The SiCaC reaction has also been applied to a 1,6-enyne bearing a cyclohexenyl group as the alkene moiety and a 1,7-enyne system. The functionalized five- and six-membered ring systems obtained by these novel cyclization reactions serve as useful and versatile intermediates for the syntheses of natural and unnatural heterocyclic and carbocyclic compounds. Possible mechanisms for the SiCaC and CO−SiCaC reactions as well as unique features of thes...
Failure of compression-loaded multi-directional composite laminates

An analytical and experimental investigation of the failure of selected compression-loaded composite laminates is described. A general nonlinear theory is presented for predicting a laminate's compressive strength and failure mode. The theory includes the effects of out-of-plane ply waviness, inplane fiber waviness, and fiber scissoring. A simple compressive test technique is used to obtain the experimental data. The analytical and experimental results show good agreement for theta less than 45 deg and show excellent agreement for theta not less than 45 deg. The dominant compression failure modes for the laminates in this study were found to be interlaminar shearing, inplane matrix shearing, and matrix compression.
Integrating perioperative information from divergent sources.

The enormous diversity of physician practices, including specialists, and patient requirements and comorbidities make integration of appropriate perioperative information difficult. Lack of communicating computer systems adds to the difficulty of assembling data. Meta analysis and evidence-based studies indicate that far too many tests are performed perioperatively. Guidelines for appropriate perioperative management have been formulated by several specialties. Education as to current findings and requirements should be better communicated to surgeons, consultants, and patients to improve healthcare needs and at the same time decrease costs. Means to better communication by interpersonal collaboration are outlined. Mt Sinai J Med 79:3–12, 2012.© 2012 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Simulation of the surface structure of lithium manganese oxide spinel

Simulations of the surface structure of low-index surfaces of LiMn${}_{2}$O${}_{4}$ (LMO), a candidate Li-ion battery electrode material, have been performed within the $\text{GGA}+U$ approximation, using the VASP code. Surfaces of (001), (110), and (111) orientation were considered, with at least two terminations treated in each case. A slab geometry was employed, with termination-layer vacancies introduced to remove the bulk dipole moment while maintaining ideal stoichiometry. To complement static-structure relaxation calculations, molecular-dynamics simulations were performed to explore the phase space of possible surface reconstructions. A reconstruction is predicted for the Mn-terminated (111) surface, in which the top layers mix in stoichiometric proportions to form an LMO termination layer with square-planar-coordinated Mn. Average surface Mn oxidation states are reduced, relative to the bulk, for all surfaces considered, as a consequence of the lower-energy cost of Jahn-Teller distortion at the surface. Threefold-coordinated surface Mn, found for two terminations, is divalent, which may enhance its vulnerability to dissolution. The Li-terminated (001) surface is lowest in energy, consistent with previous classical-potential simulations for MgAl${}_{2}$O${}_{4}$ that showed the Mg-terminated (001) surface to be lowest in energy.
Biochemical determination of tubulin-microtubule equilibrium in cultured cells.

Abstract The relative amount of free and microtubule-associated tubulin in tissue culture cells was determined by colchicine binding. Both microtubules and tubulin were stabilized in a dilute homogenate containing 50% glycerol and 5% dimethylsulfoxide. Microtubules were separated by sedimentation at 100,000g for 10 min in a benchtop ultracentrifuge and then depolymerized to tubulin. Colchicine binding to free tubulin could be performed only after dilution of the organic solvents present to prevent a 70% reduction in apparent affinity of tubulin for colchicine. Tubulins purified from rat brain, human skin fibroblasts, and rat GH3 cells were each homogeneous and similar in molecular weight, affinity for DEAE-cellulose, and apparent affinity for colchicine. Microtubules contained 34–41% of tissue culture cell tubulin. Colchicine (10−6 to 10−5 m ) and incubation at 4°C reduced microtubule-derived tubulin to less than 6% of expected.
Predicting the size- and temperature-dependent shapes of precipitates in Al–Zn alloys

Abstract We study theoretically the size versus shape versus temperature relation of precipitates in Al–Zn via quantum-mechanical first-principles simulations. Our parameter-free model, based on a mixed-space cluster expansion, allows the prediction of the experimentally observed size and temperature dependences of the precipitate shape. We find that aging experiments can be explained in terms of equilibrium shapes. The precipitates change from a nearly spherical to a more ellipsoidal/hexagonal shape with increasing size and decreasing temperature. They always flatten in the [111] direction, which can be interpreted as a consequence of a mechanical instability of face-centered cubic Zn when rhombohedrally distorted along [111] and a strong anisotropy of the chemical energy. The excellent agreement between experiment and theory shows that our model can be used to quantitatively predict precipitate shapes and sizes.
Utility of head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma sentinel node biopsy: a systematic review.

ObjectiveSentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is standard of care for melanoma, but its role in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) has not been established. Study objectives include: (1) analyze the feasibility and reliability SLNB for head and neck (HN 73 patients from 11 publications met inclusion criteria (3 case series; 8 prospective cohorts). Studies ranged from 1 to 15 patients (median 5). Median age was 74 years. Median follow-up was 21.5 months. Average tumor size was 3.09 cm. At leas...
Plasma‐deposited polymer films. III. The effects of gamma irradiation

The results of a study of irradiated and unirradiated samples of polymers prepared by plasma polymerization in an inductively coupled radiofrequency (rf) reactor using infrared, elemental, thermogravimetric, and ESR analyses and density and refractive index measurements are presented. The plasma-formed polymers studied include polypropylene, poly(ethylbenzene), poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(tetrafluoroethylene), poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene), and poly(trimethylchlorosilane).
Memory functions of amorphous silicon-based floating gate mis capacitors

Amorphous silicon metal insulator semiconductor (MIS) capacitor, which includes an amorphous silicon thin film embedded in the silicon nitride gate dielectric stack, has been prepared and characterized for memory functions. The capacitor's current-voltage and capacitance-voltage hysteresis curves showed strong charge trapping and detrapping phenomena. The embedded amorphous silicon film enhanced charge retention in the dielectric film. The 9 nm embedded a-Si:H layer had a charge storage capacity six times that of the capacitor without the embedded layer. This kind of nonvolatile memory device can be used in many lowtemperature circuits.
Protecting the Leads of a Powered Magnet That is Protected With Diodes and Resistors

MRI magnets and other magnets that have a low current and high self-inductance are passively quench-protected with a system that includes sub-divided coils with resistors and diodes that are in parallel with sections of the coils. The primary purpose of coil sub-division is to protect the coil from the high voltages that can occur during a quench. In the event of a lead failure (conventional or superconducting) between the coil and its power supply or its persistent switch, the total current in the coil flows through the diodes and resistors in parallel with the coil. When a lead fails, the current decay time constant for the coil current can be quite long. It is desirable that the coil quench in a time that is short compared to the coil current decay time constant. Experience shows that the heating from the resistors and diodes will eventually quench the magnet. This paper presents methods for shortening the time between a lead failure or a persistent switch failure and the eventual magnet quench.
Composition Profiles around Solute-Lean, Spherical Nanocrystalline Precipitates in an Amorphous Matrix: Implications for Corrosion Resistance

Although precipitates and the uneven solute distributions surrounding them are generally detrimental to the corrosion resistance of metals, solute-depleted nanocrystalline precipitates in an amorphous metallic matrix are unexpectedly benign. This good corrosion resistance might result from the beneficial effects related to solute buildup in the remaining amorphous matrix. In this work, we examine theoretically the influence of transformation strain, compositional strain, surface stress, capillarity, and alloy composition on the composition profile surrounding a spherical nanocrystalline precipitate growing into a supersaturated amorphous matrix. The imposed radial symmetry, the assumption of linear elasticity, and a quasistationary approximation of the matrix composition field at low supersaturations permit analytical expressions for the interfacial compositions and composition fields to be obtained. The results are compared with the known bulk effects of solute in real glass systems, to suggest that solute composition fields may contribute to the good corrosion resistance of partially nanocrystalline alloys.
An interior-point piecewise linear penalty method for nonlinear programming

We present an interior-point penalty method for nonlinear programming (NLP), where the merit function consists of a piecewise linear penalty function and an l 2-penalty function. The piecewise linear penalty function is defined by a set of break points that correspond to pairs of values of the barrier function and the infeasibility measure at a subset of previous iterates and this set is updated at every iteration. The l 2-penalty function is a traditional penalty function defined by a single penalty parameter. At every iteration the step direction is computed from a regularized Newton system of the first-order equations of the barrier problem proposed in Chen and Goldfarb (Math Program 108:1–36, 2006). Iterates are updated using a line search. In particular, a trial point is accepted if it provides a sufficient reduction in either of the penalty functions. We show that the proposed method has the same strong global convergence properties as those established in Chen and Goldfarb (Math Program 108:1–36, 2006). Moreover, our method enjoys fast local convergence. Specifically, for each fixed small barrier parameter μ, iterates in a small neighborhood (roughly within o(μ)) of the minimizer of the barrier problem converge Q-quadratically to the minimizer. The overall convergence rate of the iterates to the solution of the nonlinear program is Q-superlinear.
Sensitive Femtosecond Chirp Measurement

The chirp of an ultrashort laser pulse can be extracted accurately in real-time using a simple modified auto-interferometric correlation (MOSAIC) technique with a new time-domain algorithm that is well suited for low signal-to-noise conditions.
Setting Educational Standards for Gerontological Home Care Personnel

While home care programs for older people have gradually established themselves as one of the more popular interventive strategies of the day, surprisingly little discussion has centered on establishing educational guidelines for program personnel in this field of service. A survey study of the work experience and opinions of administrative and direct service program staff (N = 91) in three Older Americans Act-funded home care programs in New York City sheds light on issues of training and education in home health care. Findings reveal considerable agreement among both agency-based and home-based staff as to a desirable set of educational attainment levels necessary for the performance of distinct home care jobs. High school cducation was generally seen as satisfying the requirements of performing such service functions as intake/ application, housekeeping, personal care and household management. College level preparation was seen as desirable in satisfying the demands of supervision, case management, and...
Lattice modes in ferroelectric perovskites. III. Soft modes in BaTi O 3

We report careful right-angle Raman measurements, in the tetragonal phase of BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, of the lowest overdamped "soft" $E(\mathrm{TO})$ mode. The measurements are from 22\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to the tetragonal-to-cubic phase transition, which occurs at ${T}_{c}=135\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$C. We fit the data to the usual damped-harmonic-oscillator form, and obtain the harmonic frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{o}$ and the damping constant $\ensuremath{\gamma}$. The results are in reasonable agreement with other measurements (which, however, have not gone as high in temperature). Unexpectedly, we find that ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$ increases up to ${T}_{c}$, which means that the dielectric constant perpendicular to the ferroelectric axis, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{a}$, decreases right up to ${T}_{c}$. However, this result agrees with capacitance measurements of ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{a}$ to $T={T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$C. We also comment on the results of the ${A}_{1}$ modes and reemphasize that all the ${A}_{1}$ and $E$ modes disappear abruptly above ${T}_{c}$ and thus obey the appropriate selection rules. There are, however, broad features at about 270 and 520 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ that can be observed above as well as below ${T}_{c}$. These broad features are not any of the $3n\ensuremath{-}3=12$ optical modes at the center of the Brillouin zone.
Implementing CRA With Secondary Students With Learning Disabilities in Mathematics

Students with learning disabilities struggle to acquire essential mathematical concepts and skills, especially at the secondary level. One effective approach to improving secondary math performance supported by research is the concrete-to-representational-to-abstract (CRA) sequence of instruction. Although CRA is an evidenced-based instructional practice, it is somewhat complicated for teachers to implement in their day-to-day instruction.To better assist implementation of the CRA, an instructional approach with the mnemonic CRA-MATH was developed as a flexible roadmap to help math teachers better address student deficits using the CRA sequence of instruction. The purpose of this article is to describe the seven-step strategy used to guide curricular CRA modifications in secondary mathematics.
Demonstration and analysis of reduced reverse-bias leakage current via design of nitride semiconductor heterostructures grown by molecular-beam epitaxy

An approach for reducing reverse-bias leakage currents in Schottky contacts formed to nitride semiconductor heterostructures grown by molecular-beam epitaxy is described, demonstrated, and analyzed. By incorporation of a GaN cap layer atop a conventional AlxGa1−xN∕GaN heterostructure field-effect transistor epitaxial layer structure, the direction of the electric field at the metal-semiconductor interface of a Schottky contact is reversed, resulting in a suppression of electron flow into conductive screw dislocations that are known to dominate reverse-bias leakage currents in nitride semiconductors grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. Analysis of temperature-dependent current-voltage characteristics indicates that, in structures incorporating a GaN cap layer, reverse-bias leakage currents are reduced by one to three orders of magnitude, with the mechanism for leakage current flow differing from that established previously for the more conventional structure due to the alteration in the electric field at the m...
Complex splitting of self-representations in sexually abused adolescent girls

Recent work on psychopathology supports a connection between repeated childhood maltreatment and disturbances in self-definition and -regulation. This study tested the hypothesis that chronic childhood sexual abuse is associated with developmentally complex affective splitting of representations of self-with-others, including both a negativity bias in evaluating core self and a high degree of affective splitting of scripts for self-in-relationships. Sixteen inpatient adolescent girls with affective disorders participated in the Self-in-Relationships Interview to produce and analyze a self-diagram; seven had been victims of prolonged sexual abuse, and nine had not. The results supported the hypothesis, showing two powerful differences in splitting between the groups, (a) The abused girls placed negative characteristics as central to their core self and also produced an unusually large overall number of negatives. The nonabused girls regarded negative characteristics as mostly peripheral in their self-diagram and produced fewer negatives, (b) The abused girls showed a form of complex dissociative coordination called polarized qffective splitting, which was not produced by the nonabused group. They also showed slightly higher developmental levels in general than the nonabused group, thus contradicting the traditional view that maltreatment produces splitting through developmental fixation or regression. Psychopathology from abuse arises along a complex, distinctive developmental pathway, not as a result of a delay or failure of development.
Ursodeoxycholic acid delays the onset of esophageal varices in primary biliary cirrhosis

Objective To address the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy on development of esophageal varices in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Materia and Methods: We compared, as part of a prospective treatment trial, the risk of varices developing in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis who received ursodeoxycholic acid (13 to 15 mg/kg daily) versus those who received placebo for up to 4 years. Upper endoscopy was performed every 2 years or as indicated clinically. At the end of the 4-year period, all patients in the placebo group were offered ursodeoxycholic acid therapy. During follow-up, the risk of developing endoscopically confirmed varices was assessed. Results The 180 patients who entered the ursodeoxycholic acid trial were assessed for the presence or absence of varices by esophagogastroduodenoscopy; 139 patients had no varices, and 41 patients demonstrated varices on initial examination. At 4 years, the risk of newly developing endoscopically confirmed varices was 16% for the ursodeoxycholic acid-treated patients and 58% for the placebo-treated patients ( p = 0.001). Thus, the use of ursodeoxycholic acid was associated with a significantly lower risk of developing varices in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Conclusion In addition to biochemical improvement, delay in death, and prolongation of time to orthotopic liver transplantation, ursodeoxycholic acid has now been demonstrated to decrease the risk of esophageal varices developing in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.
Sexual and Psychological Implications of Gynecologic Malignancy

The sexual implications of gynecologic malignancy are best understood by asking, and answering, the following three questions. What is the psychological effect on the woman? What is the physiological effect on the woman? What is the psychological effect on the partner? The psychological effect of the cancer on the woman is primarily determined by whether the malignancy is primary, recurrent, or terminal; the primary physiological determinants are whether the treatment is with surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy. The partner can be affected psychologically by all six of the variables. Preoperative knowledge of the woman's sexual history may influence subsequent treatments.
4,5‐Dihydro‐2,3;6,7‐dibenzoxepindion‐(4,5)

Das 4,5-Dihydro-2,3; 6,7-dibenzoxepintiion-(4,5) (II) wurde hergestellt und seine physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften untersucht.
Mechanism of Injury Predicts Patient Mortality and Impairment After Blunt Trauma

Background Different mechanisms of injury (MOI), such as motor vehicle crashes, falls, or pedestrians struck by motor vehicle impart varying degrees of force and energy transfer that may impact outcomes. This study analyzed the independent relationship between MOI and mortality and functional outcomes following blunt trauma among adults. Materials and methods Retrospective review of blunt trauma patients 15 y and older in the National Trauma Data Bank from 2001 to 2005. Primary outcome measures were mortality and presence of functional deficit in speech, walking, or feeding at discharge. MOI categories, identified by ICD-9 E codes, were motor vehicle crash, pedestrian struck by motor vehicle, motorcycle crash, falls at same level and from any height, and bicycle crash. A multiple regression analysis was performed adjusting for patient demographics and injury severity variables with motor vehicle crash as the reference mechanism group. Results Over the period studied, 515,464 patients met inclusion criteria. Mean Injury Severity Score (16.9), mortality rate (11%), and extremity injury (20%) were highest among pedestrians struck by motor vehicle, and head injury (16%) highest for motorcyclists. Overall, 52% had impaired ambulation, 16% impaired feeding, and 10% impaired speech. Adjusted odds of death, impaired walking, and impaired speaking were highest for pedestrians struck by motor vehicle, and impaired feeding highest for motorcyclists. Conclusion After adjusting for confounders, MOI was found to independently predict mortality and functional impairment at hospital discharge. Current injury assessment models could be greatly enhanced by including MOI, and we propose routine adjustment for injury mechanism in trauma outcomes research.
Utilización de colaboración y tecnología para construir una comunidad de aprendizaje en una clase de español

El objetivo del articulo es presentar una experiencia educativa de colaboracion para crear una comunidad de aprendizaje compuesta de los estudiantes y la profesora. Esta comunidad se formo en un curso de comunicacion oral de nivel avanzado de espanol en la Duke University al trabajar de forma cooperativa en la creacion de contenido y al participar los estudiantes en ciertas decisiones sobre la evaluacion de una tarea. La combinacion de estrategias colaborativas y tecnologicas utilizadas forjaron un ambiente donde se mejoraron destrezas linguisticas, discursivas y, a la vez, se creo una plataforma donde se facilito el pensamiento critico. Esta experiencia educativa transformo los roles de los estudiantes y de la profesora para permitir una maxima colaboracion e integracion de sus roles.
Conformational analysis 20. A gas-phase electron-diffraction and ab initio molecular orbital investigation of 3-chloro-propan-1-ol

Abstract The composition of gaseous 3-chloropropan-1-ol at 115°C and 367°C, and the molecular structures of the rotational conformers have been investigated by electron diffraction aided by results from ab initio ( HF 6-31 G ∗ ) molecular orbital calculations. The mole fractions of the two conformers capable in principle of forming intramolecular OH⋯Cl hydrogen bonds was found to be only 0.04 (14) and 0.05 (24) at the lower and higher temperatures, in good agreement with the theoretical prediction of 0.017 at 0 K, but substantially less than that estimated from an earlier electron diffraction study. Our result stands in contrast to that for 2-chloroethanol where the gauche conformer dominates the vapor-phase composition, presumably in large part because of intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The parameter values of 3-chloropropan-1-ol are unexceptional. Some of the more important ones ( r g A , ∠ α deg ) at 115°C with estimates of 2σ uncertainties are 〈r(CC〉 = 1.527 (5), r(COC) = 1.547 (12), r(CCCl) = 1.497 (12), 〈r(CH〉 = 1.099 (9), r(CO) = 1.424 (6), r(CCl) = 1.803 (4), ∠(COH) = 107.3 (assumed), ∠(CCCl) = 111.6 (11), [∠( CCC ) + ∠( CCO )] 2 = 110.3 (11) , ∠(CCC) − ∠(CCO) = 3.7 (assumed); assumed values are from the theoretical calculations.
The Influence of Cognitive Development and Perceived Racial Discrimination on the Psychological Well-being of African American Youth

The present study examined the influence of cognitive development in the relationship between multiple types of racial discrimination and psychological well-being. A sample of 322 African American adolescents (53% female), aged 13-18, completed measures of cognitive development, racial discrimination, self-esteem and depressive symptoms. Based on the cognitive development measure, youth were categorized as having pre-formal or formal reasoning abilities. The results indicate no significant differences in perceptions of individual, cultural or collective/institutional racism between pre-formal reasoning and formal reasoning adolescents. However, the results do suggest that perceptions of collective/institutional racism were more harmful for the self-esteem of pre-formal reasoning youth than the self-esteem of formal reasoning youth. The implications for the racial discrimination literature among African American adolescents are discussed.
Biochemical properties of the nucleoside of 3-amino-1,5-dihydro-5-methyl-1,4,5,6,8-pentaazaacenaphthylene (NSC-154020).

Abstract A study of 3-amino-1, 5-dihydro-5-methyl-l-β- d -ribofuranosyl-1, 4, 5,6,8- pentaazaacenaphthylene (NSC-154020), a “tricyclic” nucleoside with activity against certain experimental tumors, was undertaken to determine if it differed in biochemical properties from structurally related7- deazapurine nucleosides with established biological activity, such as sangivamycin. In cultured L1210 cells, [ 14 C-methyl]-NSC-154020 was converted to a single metabolite with the properties of a 5'-monophosphate as shown by (a) similarity to AMP in migration on paper chromatograms and in retention time when subjected to high pressure liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) on an ion exchange column and (b) conversion to a compound with the properties of NSC-154020 upon treatment with alkaline phosphatase or 5'-nucleotidase. In cultured H.Ep.-2 cells, the principal metabolite of NSC-154020 was also the monophosphate. H.Ep.-2 cells contained in addition a variable amount of a second metabolite which also had the retention time (on h.p.l.c. analysis) of a monophosphate and which was converted by the action of alkaline phosphatase or 5'-nucleotidase to a compound that migrated like NSC-154020 upon chromatography in three solvent systems. This second metabolite is as yet unidentified. In crude extracts of L1210 cells, addition of adenosine or 6-(methylthio)purine ribonucleoside decreased the phosphorylation of NSC-154020. NSC-154020 was a substrate for adenosine kinase 110-fold purified from H.Ep.-2 cells; the K m was 215 μM and the V max was 1.8 times greater than that of adenosine. No 14 C from labeled NSC-154020 was found in the polynucleotides of either H.Ep.-2 cells or L1210 cells grown for 24 hr in the presence of the labeled nucleoside. Several different studies failed to reveal any selective sites of action for NSC-154020. In cultured L1210 cells it inhibited synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein and reduced ribonucleotide pools, but with little selectivity. The incorporation of [ 14 C]formate into polynucleotides was inhibited more severely than that of hypoxanthine; this is evidence for a blockade of purine synthesis de novo , an effect also produced by many other analogs of purines and nucleosides. Sangivamycin produced generally similar inhibitions of incorporation of formate and hypoxanthine. However, the cytotoxicity of NSC-154020 and sangivamycin to L1210 cells was not prevented or reversed by 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide (AIC), adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, uridine, or AIC + uridine; therefore, inhibition of de novo synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides is not a primary site of action of these compounds. Although the loci of action of NSC-154020 are not yet defined, the fact that it is not metabolized to polyphosphates indicates that its mechanism of action probably differs significantly from those of the related compounds, tubercidin and sangivamycin, which are converted to polyphosphates and incorporated into RNA and DNA.