cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leveraging Deep Learning to Improve the Performance Predictability of Cloud Microservices.

Performance unpredictability is a major roadblock towards cloud adoption, and has performance, cost, and revenue ramifications. Predictable performance is even more critical as cloud services transition from monolithic designs to microservices. Detecting QoS violations after they occur in systems with microservices results in long recovery times, as hotspots propagate and amplify across dependent services. We present Seer, an online cloud performance debugging system that leverages deep learning and the massive amount of tracing data cloud systems collect to learn spatial and temporal patterns that translate to QoS violations. Seer combines lightweight distributed RPC-level tracing, with detailed low-level hardware monitoring to signal an upcoming QoS violation, and diagnose the source of unpredictable performance. Once an imminent QoS violation is detected, Seer notifies the cluster manager to take action to avoid performance degradation altogether. We evaluate Seer both in local clusters, and in large-scale deployments of end-to-end applications built with microservices with hundreds of users. We show that Seer correctly anticipates QoS violations 91% of the time, and avoids the QoS violation to begin with in 84% of cases. Finally, we show that Seer can identify application-level design bugs, and provide insights on how to better architect microservices to achieve predictable performance.
THE GENERAL RESOURCE ALLOCATION PROBLEM

This chapter discusses the general resource allocation problem. A theory of resource allocation is built in two stages. In the first, purposeful choices of individuals is studied to provide a model for human behavior in the economic realm. In the second, a theory of exchange coordination and equilibrium is developed to explain social interlink ages. Markets are not the only organizations that help to arrange the allocation of resources. The internal workings of corporations, families, recreational clubs, government bureaus, judicial systems, and legislative bodies are also non-market systems of resource allocation. The resource allocation problem begins by describing the environment facing the economy. The environment includes the list of commodities, the names of all individuals in the society, the tastes, technology, endowment of each individual, and the physical or legal restrictions on individual choices. It is important to be specific about the commodities that are involved in the economic problem. The list of commodities is more extensive than commonly understood because commodities are distinguished by their physical characteristics: quality, date of availability, location of availability, the natural circumstances of availability, or even the property rights associated with it.
And Then the War Came: A Content Analysis of Resilience Processes in the Narratives of Refugees from Humans of New York

In 2015, 34,000 people per day were displaced from their homes during the “refugee crisis.” The media represented refugees as victims or threats and rarely included refugee voices. In contrast, the photoblog Humans of New York (HONY) included two series of Syrian refugee narratives told by refugees. This study analyzes these refugee narratives for the presence of resilience processes. The concept of resilience in refugee narratives counters traditional media representations of refugees. The authors created a codebook operationalizing Buzzanell’s five resilience processes and conducted a content analysis of HONY narratives for these processes. The presence of resilience processes in HONY refugee narratives is compared with resilience in the HONY series: Pediatric Cancer, Invisible Wounds, and Inmate Stories. Refugee narratives are unique in their emphasis on identity, struggle to create normalcy, and lack of positive reframing.
A Multivariate Toolbox for Donor–Acceptor Alignment: MOFs and COFs

The modularity of multivariant scaffolds such as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent–organic frameworks (COFs) provides an unprecedented level of control in the alignment of donor (D) and acceptor (A) units, a demand that is driven by the production of optoelectronic, photonic, and spintronic devices. The foray into novel motifs bearing D-A ensembles in frameworks has been applied towards material property modulation for device performance enhancement. This review surveys an emerging trend in the development of D-A interfaces by highlighting recent advances probing D-A interactions in porous crystalline matrices, with a focus on energy transfer (EnT) and charge transfer (CT) as well as spin alignment. Thus, we anticipate that this review is timely due to the burgeoning field of D-A porous scaffolds that have recently come to light.
Global Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Mitigation Impact Reveals an Arabian Peninsula Cluster with High Infection Rates and Shared Indicators (preprint)

Background: SARS-CoV-2 is a novel virus that appeared in China in November 2019 and spread rapidly. With no vaccine or effective treatment, countries have adopted different mitigation measures to reduce SARS-COV-2 spread with different efficacy. Methods: We mapped the impact of mitigation measures across different countries. We compared regional SARS-COV-2 population burden via Kruskal-Wallis statistical testing. We analyzed time of adoption of mitigation measures and the impact of PCR testing on mitigation impact. We analyzed the association of climate, health, demographic and economic indicators with mitigation impact via non-parametric correlation tests. We performed mechanistic modelling of to predict short-term SARS-COV-2 case numbers in selected countries. Findings: Many countries showed a reduction of infection rates within one month of implementing mitigation measures. However, we identified a geographic cluster of countries centered on the Arabian Peninsula (AP) that show a high SARS-COV-2 population burden despite early adoption of mitigation measures. We find that higher air pollution levels (p=0.01), higher CO2 emissions (p=0.03) and younger population (p=0.02) were associated with reduced mitigation impact in AP countries. We also show that mechanistic modelling can closely predict confirmed case numbers in the short term. Interpretation: The impact of mitigation measures varies greatly between countries. Countries with similar profiles as AP countries should adopt more stringent mitigation measures to more rapidly reduce SARS-CoV-2 spread. Specific interventions targeting young people may also be effective in reducing SARS-COV-2 spread. Funding: This work was supported in part by the Biomedical Research Program (BMRP) a WMCQ Program funded by Qatar Foundation. Declaration of Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Vehicle Position and Context Detection using V2V Communication

A pre-crash detection and warning system in a host vehicle needs to accurately determine the position of each remote vehicle in its vicinity and the context of the driving environment. ADAS (Advanced driver-assistance systems) have extensively used camera radar and LIDAR for automatic detection of vehicles, pedestrians and other road users and their behaviors. However, these vehicle-resident sensors have short operation ranges and require objects to be within the line-of-sight. V2V communication has emerged to be a promising technology to augment vehicle-resident sensors with extended ability of an overall vehicle safety system by addressing a broader range of crash scenarios with improved warning timing. In this paper we present an intelligent system, Geo+NN, developed using the synergy of neural network and geometric modeling. We extract the key geometric features using an analytic geometric model and use them as input to a neural network that is trained on real-world V2V signals to detect and predict remote vehicles’ positions. Geo+NN system is evaluated on V2V communication data recorded during real-world driving trips by vehicles installed with DSRC devices. Experimental results show that Geo+NN has the capabilities of effectively detecting and predicting remote vehicle within the context of 8 different positions.
Learning Deep Features for Shape Correspondence with Domain Invariance.

Correspondence-based shape models are key to various medical imaging applications that rely on a statistical analysis of anatomies. Such shape models are expected to represent consistent anatomical features across the population for population-specific shape statistics. Early approaches for correspondence placement rely on nearest neighbor search for simpler anatomies. Coordinate transformations for shape correspondence hold promise to address the increasing anatomical complexities. Nonetheless, due to the inherent shape-level geometric complexity and population-level shape variation, the coordinate-wise correspondence often does not translate to the anatomical correspondence. An alternative, group-wise approach for correspondence placement explicitly models the trade-off between geometric description and the population's statistical compactness. However, these models achieve limited success in resolving nonlinear shape correspondence. Recent works have addressed this limitation by adopting an application-specific notion of correspondence through lifting positional data to a higher dimensional feature space. However, they heavily rely on manual expertise to create domain-specific features and consistent landmarks. This paper proposes an automated feature learning approach, using deep convolutional neural networks to extract correspondence-friendly features from shape ensembles. Further, an unsupervised domain adaptation scheme is introduced to augment the pretrained geometric features with new anatomies. Results on anatomical datasets of human scapula, femur, and pelvis bones demonstrate that features learned in supervised fashion show improved performance for correspondence estimation compared to the manual features. Further, unsupervised learning is demonstrated to learn complex anatomy features using the supervised domain adaptation from features learned on simpler anatomy.
Loss of putative GABAergic neurons in the ventrolateral medulla in multiple system atrophy.

Study objectives Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is associated with disturbances in cardiovascular, sleep and respiratory control. The lateral paragigantocellular nucleus (LPGi) in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) contains GABAergic neurons that participate in control of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and cardiovagal responses. We sought to determine whether there was loss of putative GABAergic neurons in the LPGi and adjacent regions in MSA. Methods Sections of the medulla were processed for GAD65/67 immunoreactivity in eight subjects with clinical and neuropathological diagnosis of MSA and in six control subjects. These putative GABAergic LPGi neurons were mapped based on their relationship to adjacent monoaminergic VLM groups. Results There were markedly decreased numbers of GAD-immunoreactive neurons in the LPGi and adjacent VLM regions in MSA. Conclusions There is loss of GABAergic neurons in the VLM, including the LPGi in patients with MSA. Whereas these findings provide a possible mechanistic substrate, given the few cases included, further studies are necessary to determine whether they contribute to REM sleep-related cardiovagal and possibly respiratory dysregulation in MSA.
Left Feminists Across Generations

Judith: Laura, you were my first women’s studies professor. I will never forget the special kindness of you coming to pick me up at my college and driving me to Lehigh for your morning class with A...
Clinical implementation of a machine learning system to detect deteriorating patients reduces time to response and intervention

Abstract Introduction Acute physiological deterioration is a major contributor to in-hospital morbidity and mortality. Early detection and intervention of deteriorating patients is key to improving patient outcomes. Prior research has demonstrated the effectiveness of Early Warning Systems and other algorithmic approaches in automatically identifying these patients from passively monitoring vital signs. Methods In this work, we conduct a prospective pilot study of clinical deployment of the Mayo Clinic Bedside Patient Rescue (BPR) system using an escalating alerting logic enabled by machine learning. Among four units where the BPR system was deployed, time to response and time to intervention for deteriorating patients were significantly reduced relative to matched control units. Results In pilot units, time to response decreased by 35.4% (from 63.2 minutes to 40.8 minutes) and time to intervention decreased by 48.5% (from 106.3 minutes to 55.9 minutes). No significant differences were observed in counterbalance metrics of mortality, ICU transfer rate, and Rapid Response Team activation rate. Furthermore, the automated alerting system was well-received by clinicians participating in the pilot study, as assessed by survey. Discussion These results demonstrate a successful clinical deployment of a practice-changing machine learning alert system with demonstrable impact on improving patient care.
Class Construction in C and C++: Object-Oriented Programming Fundamentals

A knowledge of C++ is often highly desirable and, in many cases, an essential skill in today's job market. In this book, specifically designed for C programmers interested in learning about C++, Sessions gives an introduction to the paradigm of object-oriented programming and the concept of developing classes. Developing classes in C++, developing them well, and learning to use them as building blocks for complex applications is the focus of this book. Sessions teaches object-oriented programming before C++, discusses the object-oriented subset of C++ (OOS/C++) and looks at this subset in detail.
The Impact of Computers on Ambulatory Health Care

In recent years rapid advances in computer science have resulted in successful applications in virtually all areas of science and industry. The ambulatory health care site is an area where computers can both facilitate and expand the several missions of the primary care physician. University clinics and large health maintenance organizations have already demonstrated the feasibility of computer use for purposes of financial management, patient care and research. Yet in spite of decreasing hardware costs and increasing versitility and sophistication of software the pace of computer introduction into the ordinary health care site (i.e. single handed or small group practices) has been surprisingly slow. It may be useful therefore to examine some of the factors that effect computer use at these sites. This report will give considerable attention to classification systems because they structure in a logical and hierarchical manner patient information, which is an essential first step in creating useful and appropriate computer software.
TU-G-213-01: IEC and US Committee Activities and Organizational Structure

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) writes standards that manufacturers of electrical equipment must comply with. Medical electrical equipment, such as medical imaging, radiation therapy, and radiation dosimetry devices, fall under Technical Committee 62. Of particular interest to medical physicists are the standards developed within Subcommittees (SC) 62B, which addresses diagnostic radiological imaging equipment, and 62C, which addresses equipment for radiation therapy, nuclear medicine and dosimetry. For example, a Working Group of SC 62B is responsible for safety and quality assurance standards for CT scanners and a Working Group of SC 62C is responsible for standards that set requirements for dosimetric safety and accuracy of linacs and proton accelerators. IEC standards thus have an impact on every aspect of a medical physicist’s job, including equipment testing, shielding design, room layout, and workflow. Consequently, it is imperative that US medical physicists know about existing standards, as well as have input on those under development or undergoing revision. The structure of the IEC and current standards development work will be described in detail. The presentation will explain how US medical physicists can learn about IEC standards and contribute to their development. Learning Objectives: 1. Learn about the structure of the IEC and the influence that IEC standards have on the design of equipment for radiology and radiation therapy. 2. Learn about the mechanisms by which the US participates in the development and revision of standards. 3. Understand the specific requirements of several standards having direct relevance to diagnostic and radiation therapy physicists.
Theory of oscillation type viscometers: The oscillating cup

This is the first of a series of papers dealing with the theory of oscillation type viscometers with particular emphasis on those in which a finite right circular cylinder (cup or disk) oscillates in contact with a fluid. The purpose is to obtain formulae which relate the density and viscosity of the fluid to the frequency and logarithmic decrement of the oscillation and the various physical properties of the suspension system. The study is to include an accurate analysis of the fluid motion in the vicinity of the edges since this is the main source of error in most existing theories. The first paper gives a general formulation of the problem and an exact solution (including transients) for the oscillating cup viscometer with the fluid inside the cup.
Elementary school students’ perceptions of stuttering: A mixed model approach

Abstract Purpose Past research studies have focused on perceptions of stuttering by various age groups and only a few have examined how children react to a peer who stutters. All of these studies used a quantitative analysis but only one included a qualitative analysis of elementary school age children's responses to stuttering. The aim of this study was to further explore the perceptions of elementary school students toward a peer who stutters using both quantitative and qualitative analyses of three levels of stuttering. Methods Participants included 88 elementary school children between 8 and 12 years of age. Each participant viewed one of four audiovisual samples of a peer producing fluent speech and mild, moderate, and severe simulated stuttering. Each participant then rated five Likert statements and answered three open-ended questions. Results Quantitative and qualitative results indicated that negative ratings and the percentage of negative comments increased as the frequency of stuttering increased. However, the children in this study indicated that they were comfortable listening to stuttering and would be comfortable making friends with the peer who stutters. Conclusion The findings of this study together with past research in this area should help clinicians and their clients appreciate the range of social and emotional reactions peers have of a child who stutters. Educational objectives: After reading this article, the reader will be able to: (a) discuss past research regarding children's perceptions of stuttering; (b) summarize the need to explore the perceptions of elementary-aged children toward a peer who stutters; (c) describe the major quantitative and qualitative findings of children's perceptions of stuttering; and (d) discuss the need for disseminating more information about stuttering to children and teachers.
Myth: A Very Short Introduction

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Robert A. Segal Year: 2004 Pages: 166 Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 978-0-19-280347-4 (soft cover). Prices: £6.99(soft cover).
Uncovering the Structural Underpinnings of Political Discussion Networks: Evidence From an Exponential Random Graph Model†

How do individuals structure their political discussion networks, and what factors systematically shape such patterns? While much research has focused on the effect of personality traits and one's motivations, abilities, and opportunities, network-structural factors present different principles of tie formations. Evidence from an Exponential Family Random Graph Model and the meta-analysis of an Exponential Random Graph Model (ERGM) from 20 different groups' networks indicated that the pattern of political discussions was shaped by general discussion and network-endogenous structural processes. Results suggest that informal discussions of individuals serve as the important foundations of political behavior, and the processes of citizens' everyday political interactions emerge through complex interactions that cannot be regressed to mere individuals' predispositions or pure social selection processes.
Analysis of Heuristics for the Freeze-Tag Problem

In the Freeze Tag Problem (FTP) we are given a swarm of n asleep (frozen or inactive) robots and a single awake (active) robot, and we want to awaken all robots in the shortest possible time. A robot is awakened when an active robot "touches" it. The goal is to compute an optimal awakening schedule such that all robots are awake by time t*, for the smallest possible value of t*. We devise and test heuristic strategies on geometric and network datasets. Our experiments show that all of the strategies perform well, with the simple greedy strategy performing particularly well. A theoretical analysis of the greedy strategy gives a tight approximation bound of ?(?logn) for points in the plane. We show more generally that the (tight) performance bound is ?((log n)1-1/d) in d dimensions. This is in contrast to general metric spaces, where greedy is known to have a ?(log n) approximation factor, and no method is known to achieve an approximation bound of o(log n).
Definition of APC Presentation of Phosphoantigen (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl Pyrophosphate to Vγ2Vδ2 TCR

Although microbial (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP) can activate primate Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, molecular mechanisms by which HMBPP interacts with Vγ2Vδ2 T cells remain poorly characterized. Here, we developed soluble, tetrameric Vγ2Vδ2 TCR of rhesus macaques to define HMBPP/APC interaction with Vγ2Vδ2 TCR. While exogenous HMBPP was associated with APC membrane in an appreciable affinity, the membrane-associated HMBPP readily bound to the Vγ2Vδ2 TCR tetramer. The Vγ2Vδ2 TCR tetramer was shown to bind stably to HMBPP presented on membrane by various APC cell lines from humans and nonhuman primates but not those from mouse, rat, or pig. The Vγ2Vδ2 TCR tetramer also bound to the membrane-associated HMBPP on primary monocytes, B cells and T cells. Consistently, endogenous phosphoantigen produced in Mycobacterium-infected dendritic cells was transported and presented on membrane, and bound stably to the Vγ2Vδ2 TCR tetramer. The capability of APC to present HMBPP for recognition by Vγ2Vδ2 TCR was diminished after protease treatment of APC. Thus, our studies elucidated an affinity HMBPP-APC association conferring stable binding to the Vγ2Vδ2 TCR tetramer and the protease-sensitive nature of phosphoantigen presentation. The findings defined APC presentation of phosphoantigen HMBPP to Vγ2Vδ2 TCR.
The native metastable fold of C1-inhibitor is stabilized by disulfide bonds.

Abstract C1-inhibitor is a member of the serpin family of proteinase inhibitors and is an important inhibitor of complement and contact system proteinases. The native protein has the characteristic serpin feature of being in a kinetically trapped metastable state rather than in the most stable state it could adopt. A consequence of this is that it readily forms loop–sheet dimers and polymers, by a mechanism believed to be the same as observed with other serpins. An unusual feature of C1-inhibitor is that it has a unique amino-terminal domain, of unknown function, held to the serpin domain by two disulfide bonds not found in other serpins. We report here that reduction of these bonds by DTT, causes a conformational change such that the reactive center loop inserts into β-sheet A. This form of C1-inhibitor is less stable to heat and urea than the native protein, and is more susceptible to extensive degradation by trypsin. These data show that the disulfide bonds in C1-inhibitor are required for the protein to be stabilized in the metastable state with the reactive center loop expelled from β-sheet A.
Implementation of design of experiments (DOE) in the development and validation of a cell-based bioassay for the detection of anti-drug neutralizing antibodies in human serum

The administration of biological therapeutics can potentially elicit the development of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to the therapeutic drug in patients, which could have a significant impact on drug efficacy and safety. A rigorous in vitro cell-based assay for the detection of NAbs is critical for the assessment of the immunogenicity profile of the therapeutic drug. Conatumumab is a fully human monoclonal agonist antibody directed against the extracellular domain of human TRAIL receptor 2 (TR-2). It is being investigated as a cancer treatment because it is able to induce apoptosis in sensitive tumor cells. This report demonstrates how statistically designed experiments could be employed effectively in different stages of a NAb bioassay life cycle in order to characterize, optimize and stabilize the assay with added benefit of resource efficiency. By combining the approach of design of experiments (DOE) with subject matter expertise and experience, we were able to understand thoroughly how assay parameters affect the performance of the assay individually and interactively, identify the key assay parameters, define assay operating ranges and finally achieve a robust and sensitive cell-based assay for the detection of NAbs to Conatumumab. With the goal of developing a cell-based bioassay that is highly optimized for sensitivity, specificity, precision, and robustness, we performed 2 DOE experiments for assay optimization and 1 DOE experiment to validate assay robustness. We evaluated key operating parameters of the assay such as cell number, percentage of serum matrix, concentration of the therapeutic drug, concentration of the cross-linker, length of various incubation steps, cell age, interval between cell subculture and bioassay time, and detection equipment.
Flow tube reactor studies of catalytically stabilized combustion of methyl chloride

Catalytically stabilized combustion of methyl chloride (=0.035) was studied at partial through 99.98% conversion in a catalytically coated isothermal 1.6 mm ID tubular reactor at temperatures from 800–1350 K. Results were compared with product profiles from an equivalent non-catalytic reactor. Two catalysts were studied: platinum and manganese oxide. Catalytic stabilization was shown to produce better performance compared to the thermal reactor in terms of temperature and residence time required for a given destruction effectiveness. Catalytic stabilization was also found to alter the reaction kinetics involved as evidenced by different reaction intermediates at partial conversion conditions for each of the two catalysts studied and for the non-catalytic reactor. This provides direct evidence for heterogeneous/homogeneous reaction mechanism coupling in the catalytically stabilized combustion of chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Learning into Action: Partnerships Take the Classroom to the Community.

This chapter describes the faculty-imitated development of experimental projects with community agencies and businesses as a core requirement for transfer students to become engaged with both their campus and their community.
Domain-Specific Knowledge Acquisition from Text

In many knowledge intensive applications, it is necessary to have extensive domain-specific knowledge in addition to general-purpose knowledge bases. This paper presents a methodology for discovering domain-specific concepts and relationships in an attempt to extend WordNet. The method was tested on five seed concepts selected from the financial domain: interest rate, stock market, inflation, economic growth, and employment.
Site-specific opioid receptor blockade allows prepubertal guinea pigs to display progesterone-facilitated lordosis.

Abstract Ovariectomized (OVX) juvenile guinea pigs (∼3 weeks old) rarely display steroid-induced sexual receptivity. Systemic administration of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone enhances the display of progesterone-facilitated lordosis in prepubertal females, suggesting that endogenous opioids tonically inhibit the expression of sexual receptivity at this age. This study was designed to ascertain the neural site(s) at which naloxone injection would stimulate lordosis in juvenile guinea pigs. Hartley guinea pigs were OVX at 10–11 days of age and 2–6 days later implanted with bilateral cannulae aimed at the medial preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus (MPOA/AH), ventrolateral hypothalamus/ventromedial hypothalamus (VLH/VMH), or mesencephalic central gray (MCG). At 21–23 days of age, following administration of estradiol benzoate (10 μg) and progesterone (0.5 mg), naloxone (100 ng/side) or 0.9% saline was injected through the cannulae and the guinea pigs were tested for the display of lordosis. The MPOA/AH was the only site at which application of naloxone reliably elicited lordosis (87% positive response vs 12% for saline). Few females (
Protein binding and signaling properties of RIN1 suggest a unique effector function

Human RIN1 was first characterized as a RAS binding protein based on the properties of its carboxyl-terminal domain. We now show that full-length RIN1 interacts with activated RAS in mammalian cells and defines a minimum region of 434 aa required for efficient RAS binding. RIN1 interacts with the “effector domain” of RAS and employs some RAS determinants that are common to, and others that are distinct from, those required for the binding of RAF1, a known RAS effector. The same domain of RIN1 that binds RAS also interacts with 14-3-3 proteins, extending the similarity between RIN1 and other RAS effectors. When expressed in mammalian cells, the RAS binding domain of RIN1 can act as a dominant negative signal transduction blocker. The amino-terminal domain of RIN1 contains a proline-rich sequence similar to consensus Src homology 3 (SH3) binding regions. This RIN1 sequence shows preferential binding to the ABL–SH3 domain in vitro. Moreover, the amino-terminal domain of RIN1 directly associates with, and is tyrosine phosphorylated by, c-ABL. In addition, RIN1 encodes a functional SH2 domain that has the potential to activate downstream signals. These data suggest that RIN1 is able to mediate multiple signals. A differential pattern of expression and alternate splicing indicate several levels of RIN1 regulation.
Mental health consultation with groups

A case-seminar method of group mental health consultation is presented and differentiated from group supervision, seminar teaching, sensitivity training, and group psychotherapy. The group consultant employs roles and techniques of a teacher, a group leader, a clinician, and a communication facilitator. Analysis of the process of group consultation suggests that several phases are discernable and that each phase offers opportunities for fruitful, problem-solving discussions of the personal reaction of clients and consultees. Group discussion of consultees' reactions to and feelings about their clients and the active use of group processes by the consultant most clearly differentiate this method from Caplan's approach to mental health consultation with individual consultees.
Solubilization of hydrocarbons by surfactant micelles and mixed micelles

Abstract Extensive and highly precise vapor pressure results have been obtained for solutions of cyclohexane and hexane in cationic, anionic, and nonionic surfactant micelles, and in mixed anionic-nonionic, cationic-nonionic, and anionic-cationic micelles. Thermodynamic results for the transfer of the hydrocarbons from the pure liquid hydrocarbon phase into the micelles have been inferred from the data as well as solubilization equilibrium constants as functions of the intramicellar mole fraction of hydrocarbon. Results for individual surfactant micelles and mixed micelles are interpreted in terms of interactions between hydrocarbon and surfactant molecules.
THE CHANGING BEHAVIOUR OF NEW ONSET IBD IN IRISH CHILDREN FROM 2010–2011

Introduction The rise in the incidence of paediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Ireland from 2000 to 2010 has been recently documented. Aims/Background The aim of this current study was to examine the phenotypic attributes of IBD among children diagnosed with new onset IBD in 2010 to 2011. Method A retrospective review of paediatric IBD was undertaken using nationally representative data from the National Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (NCPGHN) in Ireland. IBD was phenotyped using the Paris classification and compared against previous Irish data from 2000 and 2008 and international figures. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results The incidence of IBD from October 2010 to October 2011 was 7.5/100,000/year. Seventy nine children were diagnosed with IBD during the defined review period (49 boys, 32 girls, median age of diagnosis 12.7 years). The phenotype of new onset IBD has changed significantly from historic cohorts (Table 1). There is a marked increase in the incidence of combined upper and lower gastrointestinal CD. Furthermore, there is a distinct increase in complex disease behaviour (27%) such as stricturing and penetrating disease. The incidence of UC (n=29) has increased three-fold in 10 years (16 boys, median age of diagnosis 13.1 years). Additionally, 59% of children were reported to have moderate to severe disease activity, similar to previously reported data. At one year, 21 (46%) children with CD and 19 (66%) children with UC children were in remission, with 91% of children steroid free. Conclusion The incidence of IBD in Ireland remains high. The phenotypic behaviour of CD is changing with more complex disease behaviour evident at presentation. The prevalence of UC has tripled over 10 years. Future prospective longitudinal studies are needed to fully elucidate the factors underlying IBD in Irish children.
Implicit spatial averaging in inversion of inelastic x-ray scattering data

Inelastic x-ray scattering (IXS) is now a widely used technique for studying the dynamics of electrons in condensed matter. We previously posed a solution to the phase problem for IXS [P. Abbamonte et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 237401 (2004)] that allows explicit reconstruction of the density propagator of a system. The propagator represents, physically, the response of the system to an idealized, point perturbation, so provides direct, real-time images of electron motion with attosecond time resolution and $\text{\AA{}}$-scale spatial resolution. Here we show that the images generated by our procedure, as it was originally posed, are spatial averages over all source locations. Within an idealized, atomiclike model, we show that in most cases a simple relationship to the complete, unaveraged response can still be determined. We illustrate this concept for recent IXS measurements of single-crystal graphite.
Thalamo-cortical systems regulating spindle bursts and recruiting responses. I. Effect of cortical ablations.

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of various cortical ablations upon recruiting responses and spindle bursts in cats was studied in acute preparations immobilized with gallamine. 2. 2. Recruiting responses were induced by low frequency stimulation of the midline thalamic nuclear complex; spontaneous spindle bursts were produced by mesencephalic reticular formation lesions. 3. 3. Ablations of primary cortical areas (somato-sensory, auditory and visual), motor cortex and association areas, and orbito-frontal cortex were made in sequence and singly. Extensive ablations of the dorso-lateral convexity enhanced and modified both spindle bursts and recruiting responses. Only orbito-frontal cortex ablations abolished recruiting responses and spindle bursts recorded at the cortex, in the subcortical white matter, and in the thalamus. 4. 4. The results of these experiments suggest that the orbito-frontal cortex is an essential link in a thalamo-cortical synchronizing system responsible for spindle bursts and recruiting responses.
RETINAL AND TISSUE VITAMIN E KINETICS IN THE NEWBORN KITTEN FOLLOWING VITAMIN E ADMINISTRATION

The effectiveness of vitamin E in prevention of oxygen induced tissue damage is likely related to the concentration at the site of action. The objective of this study was to evaluate the tissue disposition of E in the newborn following topical (TOP) as eye drops, intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) E (100 mg/kg). TOP E had no significant effect on serum or tissue levels of E. Peak E concentration in the liver and lung following IV was observed within 5 hrs; However maximal sustained retinal E levels following IV administration were not observed until 40 hrs. IM administration produced a significant increase in retinal E within 16 hrs. Peak values for serum, tissue (mcg/g tissue) and retinal (mcg/g protein) E are:
A mesoporous anisotropic n-type Bi2Te3 monolith with low thermal conductivity as an efficient thermoelectric material

A mesoporous Bi_2Te_3 monolith with ≈20% porosity is fabricated by hot-pressing mesoporous powders. The mesostructures are able to transport carriers and scatter phonons efficiently. The reduction (≈60%) of the thermal conductivity is sufficient to compensate for the loss of electrical conductivity perpendicular to the direction of applied pressure, leading to an enhanced zT of 0.7, highest among all reported self-doped, n-type Bi_2Te_3 at similar temperatures.
Shock Interaction Control for Scramjet Cowl Leading Edges

An experimental study was conducted to qualitatively determine the effectiveness of stagnation-region gas injection in protecting a scramjet cowl leading edge from the intense heating produced by Type III and Type IV shock interactions. The model consisted of a two-dimensional leading edge, representative of that of a scramjet cowl. Tests were conducted at a nominal freestream Mach number of 6. Gaseous nitrogen was supersonically injected through the leading-edge nozzles at various mass flux ratios and with the model pitched at angles of 0deg and -20deg relative to the freestream flow. Qualitative data, in the form of focusing and conventional schlieren images, were obtained of the shock interaction patterns. Results indicate that large shock displacements can be achieved and both the Type III and IV interactions can be altered such that the interaction does not impinge on the leading edge surface.
Hydrocephalus and epilepsy: an actuarial analysis.

OBJECTIVE : To determine the prevalence of epilepsy among patients with hydrocephalus and to identify risk factors. METHODS : Retrospective chart review at a single institution was conducted. The definition of epilepsy used was long-term administration of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) for suppression of seizures. Actuarial methodology was used, with initiation of AED therapy as the endpoint of the analysis. RESULTS : Insertion or revision of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts was performed on 464 patients at the study institution from 1976 through 1989. At the time of initial CSF shunt insertion, 12% of patients had already been treated with AEDs. After the 2nd year, the hazard rate for initiation of AED treatment was a constant 2% per year, and by 10 years after initial shunt insertion the estimated prevalence of AED treatment had risen to 33%. The cause of the hydrocephalus was a strong determinant of the prevalence of AED treatment, but most of the statistical effect of the cause was already manifest at the time of initial CSF shunt insertion. Age of patient at diagnosis of hydrocephalus, burr hole site, number of CSF shunt operations during follow-up, and history of shunt infection were factors that had no detectable association with AED treatment. CONCLUSION : Epilepsy is common among patients with hydrocephalus, and the risk of the development of epilepsy continues indefinitely for those patients. The complications of CSF shunt surgery seem to play a relatively minor role in the development of epilepsy in this patient population.
COMPARISON OF THE LIKELIHOOD TO VOTE AMONG PREELECTION POLL RESPONDENTS AND NONRESPONDENTS

There is evidence that nonrespondents can substantially bias the outcome of some preelection polls. For example, in the 1989 Virginia gubernatorial election, the black democratic candidate was predicted to win by a 10 percent margin when in fact he won by only 0.4 percent. It is strongly suspected that interview refusals cast a higher percentage of votes for the white republican candidate than respondents did, which could account for the error if, as usual, nonrespondents were assumed to distribute their votes in the same proportions as respondents. There are indications that respondents to the first telephone call differ in candidate preference to other respondents (Mitofsky 1981), and thus it is reasonable to suspect that individuals who could not be reached after several attempts may vote differently from both respondents and interview refusals. Moreover, the likelihood to vote may differ among these three groups, and even if the within group voting distributions could be estimated for the nonrespondent groups by intense subsampling, the size of the vote within groups would be needed for any weighting adjustment. Despite these and many other similar situations, there appears to be no literature dealing with the size and distribution of the nonrespondent vote. For discussions of the likelihood to vote among respondents, see Perry (1979) and Traugott and Tucker (1984). In this note, we compare the likelihood to vote among respondents and various types of nonrespondents in a 1988 presidential preelection poll taken 1 week before the election in a suburban city of 22,000 near Washington, DC. A systematic sample of 608 names was selected from the voter registration list of 11,846 citizens. Of these, 428 had listed telephone numbers, and an attempt was made to interview these individuals 1 week prior to the election. Validation of voting status after the election revealed that 77.6 percent of the 608 actually voted compared with 77.8 percent of all 11,846 registered voters. As an interesting aside, the
A small-molecule inhibitor of the aberrant transcription factor CBFβ-SMMHC delays leukemia in mice

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common form of adult leukemia. The transcription factor fusion CBFβ-SMMHC (core binding factor β and the smooth-muscle myosin heavy chain), expressed in AML with the chromosome inversion inv(16)(p13q22), outcompetes wild-type CBFβ for binding to the transcription factor RUNX1, deregulates RUNX1 activity in hematopoiesis, and induces AML. Current inv(16) AML treatment with nonselective cytotoxic chemotherapy results in a good initial response but limited long-term survival. Here, we report the development of a protein-protein interaction inhibitor, AI-10-49, that selectively binds to CBFβ-SMMHC and disrupts its binding to RUNX1. AI-10-49 restores RUNX1 transcriptional activity, displays favorable pharmacokinetics, and delays leukemia progression in mice. Treatment of primary inv(16) AML patient blasts with AI-10-49 triggers selective cell death. These data suggest that direct inhibition of the oncogenic CBFβ-SMMHC fusion protein may be an effective therapeutic approach for inv(16) AML, and they provide support for transcription factor targeted therapy in other cancers.
Serotonin depletion attenuates cocaine seeking but enhances sucrose seeking and the effects of cocaine priming on reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats.

Rationale: Acute serotonin (5-HT) depletion by the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, para-chlorophenylalanine, attenuates cocaine seeking in rats. Objective: The present study examined the effects of chronic 5-HT depletion on cocaine- and sucrose seeking using the 5-HT-selective neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT). Methods: Separate groups of rats were trained to lever press for cocaine infusions (0.33 mg/kg/0.1 ml, i.v.) or for sucrose pellets (45 mg Noyes) on a fixed ratio (FR) 1 schedule of reinforcement during daily 2-h sessions. Subsequently, animals received i.c.v. infusions of either vehicle or 5,7-DHT (150 µg/6 µl or 200 µg/20 µl). After a minimum of 10 days post-lesion, cocaine- and sucrose seeking were measured as lever presses in the absence of reinforcement (extinction). Some cocaine-trained animals were also assessed for the re-establishment of self-administration and reinstatement of extinguished cocaine seeking by i.v. cocaine priming injections and response-contingent presentations of cocaine-paired stimuli. Results: 5-HT depletion by the 150 µg/6 µl dose of 5,7-DHT failed to alter cocaine- and sucrose seeking despite producing a 42–77% depletion of 5-HT in limbic terminal regions. The 200 µg/20 µl dose of 5,7-DHT attenuated cocaine seeking but enhanced sucrose seeking during extinction and produced a 55–85% depletion of 5-HT. In addition, cocaine-paired cues and cocaine priming reinstated cocaine-seeking behavior, and responding was enhanced in 5,7-DHT-treated animals relative to vehicle-treated controls at the 1 mg/kg/0.1 ml priming dose. However, re-establishment of cocaine self-administration was not altered by 5,7-DHT. Conclusion: The results suggest that 5-HT depletion may attenuate cocaine seeking but may enhance sucrose seeking when animals are tested during extinction. Furthermore, 5-HT depletion may enhance cocaine seeking produced by cocaine itself. Together these findings suggest that 5-HT depletion may have opposite effects on incentive motivation for cocaine during abstinence versus relapse.
Crystallographic controlled dissolution and surface faceting in disordered face-centered cubic FePd

Electrochemical dissolution by congruent oxidation of Fe Pd in 1 M HCl solution was strongly controlled by crystallographic orientation. Anodic dissolution was characterized over a wide variety of grain surface plane orientations providing a detailed view of the crystallographic nature of oxidative dissolution and surface facet evolution as a function of grain orientation. Near {100}-oriented grains retained low surface roughness after corrosion and low dissolution rates. Grains with orientation within 2° of {111} were also topographically smooth after dissolution and were nearly as corrosion resistant as {100} grains. Overall dissolution depth depended linearly on crystallographic angle within 40° of {100} and within 10° of {111} planes. Post-corrosion surface faceting and dissolution were substantially increased at grain orientations near {110} and were highest between 10° and 20° from the {111} plane normal. Grains at these crystallographic angles roughened during oxidative dissolution by forming complex semi-periodic topographies. These finely spaced arrays of terraces and ledges likely consisted of combinations of more corrosion resistant low-index planes. Therefore, the overall corrosion depth within a grain possessing an initially irrational crystal orientation was determined by the amount of dissolution required to expose new, slowly dissolving surface facets with low-index orientations. Computations of Fe-Pd alloy surface energies and surface atom coordination as a function of crystal orientation are utilized to help support this explanation.