cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic states of Zr4

Abstract Geometries and energy separations of several electronic states of Zr4 are computed using the complete-active space self-consistent field technique followed by multi-references singles + doubles configuration interaction which included up to 3.3 million configurations. We find two nearly degenerate states, namely, 1Ag and 3B1u of rhombus equilibrium geometries. Our computed ZrZr side bond lengths are 2.79 and 2.81 A while the bond angles are 62° and 63°, respectively, for these two states.
In vivo imaging of monoaminergic nerve terminals in normal and MPTP-lesioned primate brain using positron emission tomography (PET) and [11C]tetrabenazine

The first successful in vivo imaging of monoamine vesicular transporters in the living primate brain is described, using [11C]tetrabenazine ([11C]TBZ) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Radioligand uptake into brain is rapid, and at short time periods (10-30 minutes) the higher uptake and retention of the radiotracer in the more densely dopaminergic innervated striatum is clearly visualized. Specific binding in striatum can be entirely blocked with co-administration of a pharmacological dose (1 mg/kg i. v.) of tetrabenazine. In a unilaterally MPTP-lesioned monkey, specific binding of radioligand was absent in the striatum on the lesioned side, with no effect on radiotracer distribution in the cortex, cerebellum or contralateral striatum. PET imaging with [11C]TBZ provides a new approach to the in vivo study of monoaminergic neurons and their loss in neurodegenerative diseases. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Coastal geomorphology of majorca

(1962). COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY OF MAJORCA. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 191-212.
Effects of Diet and Overfeeding On Body Weight and Survival in the Rodent Bioassay: the Impact On Pharmaceutical Safety Assessment

Uncontrolled body weight due to ad libitum (AL) overfeeding is the most significant variable affecting the rodent bioassay. The correlation between AL food consumption, the resultant excessive adult body weight, and the low 2-yr survival in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats was highly significant. However, initial body weight does not correlate with adult body weight or survival. AL feeding of diets that varied in protein, fiber, and energy content did not improve low 2-yr survival. Only moderate dietary restriction (DR) of all diets tested significantly improved survival and delayed the onset or severity of spontaneous degenerative diseases and tumors. Moderate DR-fed rats had a similar incidence of tumors as AL-fed rats by 2 yr; however, the tumors were more likely to be incidental and not fatal. There was a decreased age-adjusted incidence of pituitary and mammary-gland tumors, but tumor volume and growth time were similar between AL and moderate DR groups. These data indicate a similar tumor progression, but o...
HIV-1 Tat Overcomes Inefficient Transcriptional Elongation in Vitro

Tat, the transactivator protein encoded by HIV-1, acts in vivo to increase transcriptional initiation and stabilize elongation. We examined the effects of purified, bacterially-expressed Tat on HIV-1 transcription in a cell-free system. Tat specifically stimulated HIV-directed transcription 12-fold in HeLa cell nuclear extracts and this effect was principally due to increased transcriptional elongation. The degree of transactivation was greatest at later times during the transcription reaction when basal levels of transcription were reduced. At early times, the proportion of basal transcriptional complexes that elongate efficiently was high. Ongoing transcription increased the number of complexes requiring Tat for efficient elongation, possibly due to the activation of a repressor(s). To examine this hypothesis, the effects of the detergent Sarkosyl on HIV transcription were studied. Sarkosyl stimulated HIV-1 transcription to a level similar to that occurring in the presence of Tat alone by improving elongation. Transcription was elevated by Sarkosyl at concentrations inhibitory to reinitiation indicating that inefficient elongation is due to transcriptional pausing. Transcriptional stimulation by Sarkosyl was a general phenomenon as it was also observed with heterologous eukaryotic promoters. Tat was capable of stimulating elongation from a heterologous promoter when Tat binding was provided by a downstream TAR element. We propose that Tat acts as a general transcription factor whose binding at the promoter overcomes inefficient transcriptional elongation.
The influence of oil price on maritime routing of containerized imports from China

US West Coast ports have long been the principal gateway for container imports originating in Northeast Asia and destined for the Eastern United States. However, West Coast ports are losing market share to US Gulf and East Coast ports (USG&ECP). This study investigates the role oil prices may have played in the observed cargo shift. Logistic regression is used to predict the proportion of containerized imports from China shipped on the all-water route directly to USG&ECP based on trade data published by the US Census Bureau. The model employs three predictor variables: oil price, US West Coast labor strife and railroad rates. The model suggests oil price is positively correlated with the proportion of containerized imports from China shipped to USG&ECP and that oil price has a greater influence on the proportion of low value goods than high value goods shipped on the all-water route. Sensitivity tests based on model parameters are preformed to evaluate how future volatility in oil markets might influence maritime routing of containerized imports from China to the United States.
Chronic hypoxia does not affect guinea pig skeletal muscle capillarity.

The soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of chronically hypoxic guinea pigs were analyzed for capillary supply and myoglobin concentration. Weanling male guinea pigs were exposed to a simulated altitude of 5,100 m and an average ambient temperature of 22°C for 2, 4, 6, 10 and 14 weeks (range of BW 244–965 g). The soleus and gastrocnemius-plantaris muscles of one leg were analyzed for myoglobin concentration while the soleus and medial head of the gastrocnemius of the contralateral leg were cut at the midpoint, frozen and sectioned in a cryostat. The myosin ATPase method was used to visualize fibers and capillaries. Values of muscle weight, fiber cross sectional area, capillary density, capillary to fiber ratio and the number of capillaries around the fiber were compared to the values of the same parameters from normoxic guinea pigs selected to match the average body weights of the hypoxic animals. The growth rates of the two groups were not different. No significant differences in the regression lines for the normoxic and hypoxic animals were found so that when the data were combined no significant differences in the normoxic lines were introduced by adding the values of the hypoxic animals. The myoglobin values were significantly higher only in the hypoxic soleus after 14 weeks of exposure.
Left Ventricular Function Is Not Impaired in Weight-Lifters Who Use Anabolic Steroids

Recent reports suggest that anabolic steroid use might deleteriously affect left ventricular function. To examine this possibility, the present study measured left ventricular size and function with use of Doppler echocardiographic techniques in 23 weight lifters: 12 who were currently using anabolic steroids and 11 who reported that they had never used these drugs. Drug users had administered anabolic steroids to themselves for at least three cycles over the past year. All studies were interpreted by blind review and group assignment was confirmed by urine testing. Average age, years of exercise training and body weight, as well as heart rate and blood pressure at rest were similar in both groups. Cardiac dimensions (mean +/- SD) including left ventricular diastolic cavity diameter (57 +/- 3 vs. 56 +/- 5 mm), septal thickness (10 +/- 2 vs. 9 +/- 1 mm), posterior wall thickness (8 +/- 1 vs. 8 +/- 1 mm) and myocardial mass (149 +/- 27 vs. 135 +/- 21 g) did not differ between the anabolic steroid users and nonusers, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Inequality, discrimination, and service delivery: A recapitulation for the public administrator

The equitable provision of urban public services has begun to receive increased attention from researchers, administrators, and the courts. Recent research has questioned the view that minority and low-income groups are systematically deprived in the distribution of public services, e.g. police and fire services, libraries, street quality and maintenance, and parks and recreational facilities. This paper reviews empirical studies in urban service distribution and judicial responses to municipal service claims. The research reveals that discimination in service delivery does exist. However, it is difficult to determine empirically in larger cities if a consistent pattern of discrimination exists and whether or not it bears a significant relationship to race or class. Discrimination and inequality on the basis of race has been subject to meticulous judicial prowess benefitting at one time or another the citizen and the municipality. The courts are requiring overwhelming statistical documentation to substant...
PERFORMANCE ON MULTI-DIMENSIONAL CONCEPT-IDENTIFICATION TASKS: USING EIGHT DIMENSIONS, THREE-VALUE, NONVERBAL AND VERBAL STIMULI

Summasy.-Behavior described by hypothesis theory was investigated using multi-dimensional concept-identification tasks. 25 undergraduate students were given 8 experimental problems (4 nonverbal and 4 verbal) after a brief training. The two sets of problem, each with 1, 2, 3, and 4 dimensions (each with a singular value) in common with a sample card, were counterbalanced and randomly given. No significant differences for nonverbal and verbal stimuli were found. More students tended to employ parallel rather than serial processing of dimensions, although comparison of these groups showed no significant difference in performance. Times to solution and errors to solution were functions of students' sex. These results are interpreted as conforming to hypothesis theory, as being congruent with Neisser's (1964) findings as well as suggesting that men are less willing to state hypotheses through a greater fear of failure. Kreschevsky (1932) insisted that the behavior of rats while responding to a discrimination problem correlated with the different aspects of the stimulus situations, e.g., position and visual cues. Originally he suggested that these animals were actually trying out or testing different guesses or hypotheses associated with a set of stimuli until the correct one, the solution, was found. A particular hypothesis was inferred when the animal responded to a particular stimulus on a greater proportion of trials. Kreschevsky's approach was to assume that hypotheses were of primary importance in all problem solving which, in fact, is quite similar to Tolman's ( 1932 ) concept of "means-ends readiness." Some thirty-odd years after Kteschevsky and Tolman, hypothesis theory has been revived as one promising explanation for concept learning in humans. This approach, alternatively called strategy or neo-noncontinuity theory, is primarily concerned with the formulation and the testing of hypotheses by people responding to problem stimuli (Atkinson, Bower, & Crothers, 1965). Essentially the theory assumes that humans in simple concept-identification experiments make hypotheses regarding the solution of problems which are consistent with prior information given them. A human's overt response in such a situation is assumed to be a function of his hypothesis. When information indicating that an hypothesis is incorrect is provided the person, his hypothesis is rejected. The person is then assumed to formulate a new hypothesis. The problem is considered solved when the person's hypothesis is identical with or equivalent to the classification rule (concept) specified by the researcher. Typically in ex
From Piracy to Policy: Exquemelin's Buccaneers and Imperial Competition in “America”

A. James Arnold is professor of French at the University of Virginia, where he founded the New World Studies program. Since 1986 he has edited a three-volume History of Literature in the Caribbean ...
Anxiety management training as a strategy for enhancing computer user performance.

Abstract This study assessed the effects of self-managed relaxation and cognitive coping skills training on the anxiety and performance of 80 apprehensive computer trainees. The influence of a computer's user friendliness upon these measures was also examined. The college student subjects were taught to use spreadsheet software and were then assigned an independent computer task to complete. Experimental sessions included a control condition as well as manipulations in which subjects were trained to use relaxation coping skills, cognitive coping skills, or a combination of the two skills. Half of the subjects worked with “friendly” and half with “less-friendly” software. Training in 3elaxation or cognitive coping skills reduced error rates and task times, but not computer anxiety. Combined relaxation and cognitive coping skills training had similar effects, as did the use of friendly software. The findings indicate that teaching anxiety management skills may be most appropriate when software is relatively difficult to use.
Naïve, hapten-specific human T lymphocytes are primed in vitro with derivatized blood mononuclear cells.

Our goal is to develop an in vitro system for priming naive, hapten-specific human T cells similar to the effector cells that mediate contact hypersensitivity in vivo . Using strategies based on results of experiments conducted with murine cells, we stimulated peripheral blood T cells from normal human beings in vitro with peripheral blood mononuclear cells that had been pretreated with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and then derivatized with dinitrochlorobenzene. T cells activated in this manner in vitro were compared functionally with immune T cells from individuals sensitized to dinitrochlorobenzene. We found that dinitrochlorobenzene-derivatized fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells induced significant proliferation among immune T cells. Large amounts of interferon-γ, but no interleukin-4, were detected in supernatant of these cultures. More interestingly, a significant number of T cells were activated when naive, hapten-specific T cells were stimulated with dinitrochlorobenzene-modified, cultured autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Again, copious amounts of interferon-γ were detected in the culture supernatants. Furthermore, this subset of T cells proliferated and secreted interferon-γ, but not interleukin-4, when restimulated in vitro with dinitrochlorobenzene-derivatized fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In these regards, in vitro activated T cells functionally resembled T cells that were harvested from the blood of individuals previously sensitized with dinitrochlorobenzene. This in vitro system for activation of naive, hapten-specific T cells offers opportunities on the one hand to study the earliest T cell and antigen-presenting cell events in the induction of human contact hypersensitivity, and on the other hand to simulate in vitro therapies with molecules designed to abort or prevent contact hypersensitivity when it causes disease.
Total Joint Arthroplasty in Transplant Recipients: In-Hospital Adverse Outcomes

This study aims to determine in-hospital complications and mortality in transplant recipients following total joint arthroplasty. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample database was queried for patients with history of transplant and joint arthroplasty (primary or revision) from 1993 to 2011. Kidney transplant increased risk of surgical site infection (SSI) and wound infections (OR=2.03), systemic infection (OR=2.85), deep venous thrombosis (OR=2.07), acute renal failure (ARF) (OR=3.48), respiratory (OR=1.34), and cardiac (OR=1.21) complications. Liver transplant was associated with SSI/wound infections (OR=2.32), respiratory complications (OR=1.68), cardiac complications (OR=1.34), and ARF (OR=4.48). Other transplants grouped together were associated with wound complications (OR=2.13), respiratory complications (OR=2.06), and ARF (OR=4.42). Our study suggests these patients may be at increased risk of in-hospital complications, particularly ARF in renal and liver transplant patients.
The effect of pressure gauge placement on well testing analysis accuracy

The main assumption in well test analysis is that the pressure at the perforation zone is known, although transient pressure data may often be recorded at points above the perforation zone in the wellbore. Conversion of recorded data to bottomhole pressure can be affected by wellbore-related phenomena. In this article we develop a nonisothermal transient multiphase wellbore simulator, coupled to a compositional reservoir simulator, to model fluid flow and pressure during well testing. We show that neglecting multiphase flow effects in wellbores for the calculation of bottomhole pressure may make well test results unreliable. We also develop a method to use our simulator to calculate bottomhole pressure from measured pressure data when gauges are placed far from the perforations due to downhole restrictions.
Profession 77: Selected Articles From the Bulletins of the Association of Departments of English and the Association of Departments of Foreign Languages

Libro grava pri grava situacioSe vi estas optimisto kies optimismo estas rompigema, Profession 77 ne estas la libro, kiun vi volus legi. Gia temo estas la nuntempa situacio de la instruado de literaturo kaj fremdaj lingvoj (t.e., lingvoj aparte de la angla) en Usono. Kunmetita el dek unu artikoloj, la lihrp temas precipe pri la multaj kaj ofte gravaj problemoj, kontraŭ kiuj la profesiularo hodiaŭ devas batali. Generale, kio estas la karaktero de tiuj problemoj?Multaj de tiuj, kiuj instruas anglajn literaturon kaj lingvon diras, ke nun en Usono mal-klereco grave kreskas. Pli kaj pli, studentoj venas al la universitato sen kono de la vorto skribita; ili ofte ne povas uzi bone sian propran indigenan lingvon. Tiaj studentoj ne legas, au, se ili legas, ili legas librojn de malaltaj tipoj - verkojn kiuj ne estas indaj esti nomatajiiteraturo', guste parolante. La instruistoj de fremdaj lingvoj front-as malsaman problem on. Ili konsentas, ke en la plej multaj okazoj, iliaj programoj ne estas estintaj sukcesaj en ci tiu lando. Studento studas fremdan lingvon, sed li ne lernas gin. Kaj la instruistoj de la angla kaj la instruistoj de femdaj lingvoj devas konfesi, ke ili apartenas al profesiularo, kies saneco ne estas bona. La situacio estas ironia. Hodiau ne estas malkresko de junuloj, kiuj deziras igi membroj de la profesiularo. Male! Estas fakte multaj junuloj, kiuj volas esti instruistoj, sed bedaurinde ne estas postenoj por ili en la lernejoj de la lando. Entute, la bildo estas ne tre bela. Sed eble la kialo de ci tiu malgojiga fakto ne estas trovota, sercante grandajn, kaj komplik-ajn kaŭzojn. Se la bildo ne estas bela, eble la pentristo ne estas sufice kompetenta.
A priori bounds and upper and lower solutions for nonlinear second-order boundary-value problems

y” = f(h y, r’), (1.1) r(a) kL(Y’(a)) = 0, (1.2) Y(b) i92(3”(b)) = 0, (1.3) where we assume throughout that f(t, y, y’) is continuous on [a, b] x Rg, and g,( y’) and g,( y’) are continuous and nondecreasing in (--CO, co). Our method originates from the observation that if y(t) is a solution to (l.l)--(1.3) with ~rlax[,,,~y(t) = y(t,) M > 0 and a --I#( y, y’) on an appropriate set and (A) The function $((x, x’) is positive, continuous, and satisfies a locai f,ipschitz condition on H”. 291 Copyright
A review of six multifactor tests for homogeneity of spread

In factorial designs, tests of homogeneity of variance do not have to be restricted to the omnibus hypothesis that all cells have equal variance. Tests on variance main effects and/or interactions are described. The tests are divided into two sets, those for a multiplicative model on variances, and those for an additive model. Within each set there is a classically-based test that assumes normality and has superior power under this condition, but that has an inflated risk of Type I error if the data is leptokurtic. They are the Bartlett & Kendall and the Overall & Woodward tests respectively. Two other tests in each set are form-robust, and control the risk of Type I error for any population distribution. In the multiplicative model these are the log jackknife (for equal n cases) and the Box-Scheffe (for unequal n cases). For the additive model, the form robust tests are the jackknife and the Brown & Forsythe. Illustrations of multiple comparison techniques and complex contrasts on variances are provided.
Moving digital libraries into the student learning space: The GetSmart experience

The GetSmart system was built to support theoretically sound learning processes in a digital library environment by integrating course management, digital library, and concept mapping components to support a constructivist, six-step, information search process. In the fall of 2002 more than 100 students created 1400 concept maps as part of selected computing classes offered at the University of Arizona and Virginia Tech. Those students conducted searches, obtained course information, created concept maps, collaborated in acquiring knowledge, and presented their knowledge representations. This article connects the design elements of the GetSmart system to targeted concept-map-based learning processes, describes our system and research testbed, and analyzes our system usage logs. Results suggest that students did in fact use the tools in an integrated fashion, combining knowledge representation and search activities. After concept mapping was included in the curriculum, we observed improvement in students' online quiz scores. Further, we observed that students in groups collaboratively constructed concept maps with multiple group members viewing and updating map details.
When technology alone is not enough: A discussion of a struggling telepsychiatry project and lessons from model programs

Telemedicine programs, though popular and increasingly effective, can sometimes fail with little indication as to why they did not succeed. This study, in an effort to investigate a failed telepsychiatry program and explore the impact of technology, conducted a series of interviews with project staff and other individuals participating in telepsychiatry across the country. Results indicated that barriers related to technology were not a key factor in terms of failure or success. Instead, community, patient-based, and study-specific barriers were the most commonly cited issues that inhibited study recruitment and enrollment. Based on these findings, a series of recommendations are put forth for utilizing technology to address common barriers and increase the likelihood of success in telepsychiatry.
Teleophthalmology for Diabetic Patients: Saving Vision through IT

We analyze how telemedicine can be employed in preventive care of diabetic patients. From different perspectives, we discuss conditions under which telemedicine based diabetic retinopathy detection can be cost effective when compared to referring patients to an eye doctor for a standard dilated eye examination. We analyze how success of this program can depend on the prevalence and incidence of retinopathy and eye care use for the given population. We also present numerical results based on our model by focusing on a specific case for a clinic, federally funded to care for migrant farm workers. While telemedicine can be proved to be cost-effective from the societal perspective, as it avoids blindness and helps in preventive care, the benefit to the clinics may not be on the economics side but more to do with meeting the objective on screening patients. We conclude by discussing the incentive programs that can be used to influence the clinics in adopting telemedicine and suggest how images taken of the eye can help educate patients about diabetes to help promote better self-care and health outcomes.
Competitive fuzzy edge detection

Abstract Our fuzzy classifier detects classes of image pixels corresponding to gray level variation in the various directions. It uses an extended Epanechnikov function as a fuzzy set membership function (FSMF) for each class where the class assigned to each pixel is the one with the greatest fuzzy truth of membership. This classification is done first, after which a competition is run as a second step to thin the edges. Like the Canny edge detector, the edge sensitivity of our competitive fuzzy edge detector (CFED) can be set from low to high by the user. The performance of our algorithm is somewhat similar to that of the Canny algorithm but ours is significantly faster. For both, the proper level of sensitivity must be chosen by the user for the best results because the tradeoff is more edges with more noise versus fewer edges and less noise. However, the settings are less sensitive and more intuitive for our algorithm. We make comparisons on good and degraded images.
Temporally correlated expression of nAChR genes during development of the mammalian retina.

Abstract In situ hybridizations and RNase protection assays have been used to characterize nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) gene expression in the developing and adult rat retina. At the earliest time examined (embryonic day 13) a low level of α-3 and β-4 gene expression could be detected. During the next 48 hr there was a dramatic induction of the α-3, α-4, β-2, β-3 and β-4 genes in the recently differentiated retinal ganglion cells. By post-natal day 4 we detected nAChR gene expression in the inner nuclear layer. In the adult retina, in situ hybridizations showed these genes are expressed by cells residing in the ganglion and inner nuclear layers. These results suggest a common regulatory mechanism for the induction of nAChR expression in retinal ganglion cells during development. In addition, the variety of nAChR genes expressed in the retina imply a relatively large number of different types of nAChRs can be expressed by these cells.
The blood to tissue distribution of various polar materials in the dogfish, Squalus acanthias.

Abstract 1. 1. Nine radioactively labeled polar materials were injected into Squalus acanthias, and their distribution in skeletal muscle, heart, pericardial fluid (PCF), rectal gland and spiral valve determined at times ranging from 0·5 to 20 hr. 2. 2. The plasma volumes, as indicated by the dextran spaces, varied from 1 per cent (skeletal muscle) to 13 per cent (rectal gland). 3. 3. Using the inulin, sucrose, mannitol and chloride data, extracellular spaces were determined in these tissues; the extracellular spaces ranged from 10 per cent (skeletal muscle) to 31 per cent (spiral valve). 4. 4. The tissue equilibration times for the nine tracers were, in general, shortest for the spiral valve and rectal gland and longest for the PCF.
Primary lysosomal dysfunction causes cargo-specific deficits of axonal transport leading to Alzheimer-like neuritic dystrophy.

Abnormally swollen regions of axons and dendrites (neurites) filled mainly with autophagy-related organelles represent the highly characteristic and widespread form of “neuritic dystrophy” in Alzheimer disease (AD), which implies dysfunction of autophagy and axonal transport. In this punctum, we discuss our recent findings that autophagic/lysosomal degradation is critical to proper axonal transport of autophagic vacuoles (AVs) and lysosomes. We showed that lysosomal protease inhibition induces defective axonal transport of specific cargoes, causing these cargoes to accumulate in axonal swellings that biochemically and morphologically resemble the dystrophic neurites in AD. Our findings suggest that a cargo-specific failure of axonal transport promotes neuritic dystrophy in AD, which involves a mechanism distinct from the global axonal transport deficits seen in some other neurodegenerative diseases.
Regulation of Estrogen Receptor α-mediated Transcription by a Direct Interaction with Protein Phosphatase 2A

Estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) mediates the effects of estrogen by altering gene expression following hormone binding. It has recently been shown that kinase-mediated phosphorylation of ERalpha also transcriptionally activates the receptor in the absence of estrogen. We now report that ERalpha-dependent gene expression also is regulated by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). ERalpha co-immunoprecipitates with enzymatically active PP2A. ERalpha binds directly to the catalytic subunit of PP2A, which dephosphorylates serine 118 of the receptor. Amino acids 176-182 in the A/B domain of ERalpha are required for the interaction between PP2A and the receptor. Phosphatase inhibition disrupts the ERalpha-PP2A complex and induces formation of an ERalpha-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase complex, phosphorylation of ERalpha on serine 118, and transcriptional activation. These findings demonstrate that estrogen receptors exist in complexes with phosphatases as well as kinases. We propose a new model of ligand-independent activation of estrogen receptors in which the level of phosphorylation of ERalpha, and hence its transcriptional activation, is determined by the net effect of these counterregulatory pathways.
Determination of concentration and activity of immobilized enzymes

Methods that directly measure the concentration of surface-immobilized biomolecules are scarce. More commonly, the concentration of the soluble molecule is measured before and after immobilization, and the bound concentration is assessed by elimination, assuming that all bound molecules are active. An assay was developed for measuring the active site concentration, activity, and thereby the catalytic turnover rate (kcat) of an immobilized dihydrofolate reductase as a model system. The new method yielded a similar first-order rate constant, kcat, to that of the same enzyme in solution. The findings indicate that the activity of the immobilized enzyme, when separated from the surface by the DNA spacers, has not been altered. In addition, a new immobilization method that leads to solution-like activity of the enzyme on the surface is described. The approaches developed here for immobilization and for determining the concentration of an immobilized enzyme are general and can be extended to other enzymes, receptors, and antibodies.
Simultaneous titrimetric determination of polyphosphoric and sulphuric acids in a mixture

Polyphosphoric and sulphuric acids in a mixture may be determined simultaneously by titration. Experimental equivalent weights of the separate individual acids are first determined and these values are used to calculate weight percents for each acid in the mixture. Hydrolysis of the polyphosphoric acid (PPA) for three hours is necessary for quantitative conversion into orthophosphoric acid.
Existence and the communicatively competent self

Most readers of Habermas would not classify him as an existential thinker. The view of Habermas as a philosopher in German Idealist and Critical traditions from Kant to Hegel and Marx to the Frankfurt School prevails among Continental as much as among analytic philosophers. And the mainstream Anglo-American reception of his work and politics is shaped by the approaches of formal analysis rather than those of existential and social phenomenology or even current American pragmatism. One may argue that both these readings eclipse richer existential dimensions of a thinker who challenges the notorious methodological and political splits among analytic, Continental and pragmatist orientations. I argue that Habermas' critical relation to Heidegger's ahistorical history of Being and his misguided political career cannot explain a competing narrative of his own affirmative appropriation of existential-ethical dimensions of thought and activism. Second, if one sets in the foreground this competing narrative, there emerges a weak thesis, whether or not a plausible complementarity between the communications critical social theory and concrete existential categories can be established. Third, one may inquire further into a stronger thesis whether or not this link must be developed in order to render Habermas' own theory of a communicatively competent self sufficiently concrete and critical.
Towards optimal placement of bio-weapon detectors

Biological weapons are difficult and expensive to detect. Within a limited budget, we can afford a limited number of bio-weapon detector stations. It is therefore important to find the optimal locations for such stations. A natural idea is to place more detectors in the areas with more population — and fewer in desert areas, with fewer people. However, such a commonsense analysis does not tell us how many detectors to place where. To decide on the exact placement of bio-weapon detectors, we formulate the placement problem in precise terms, and come up with an (almost) explicit solution to the resulting optimization problem.
When Less Is More: Counterfactual Thinking and Satisfaction among Olympic Medalists

Research on counterfactual thinking has shown that people's emotional responses to events are influenced by their thoughts about "what might have been." The authors extend these findings by documenting a familiar occasion in which those who are objectively better off nonetheless feel worse. In particular, an analysis of the emotional reactions of bronze and silver medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics--both at the conclusion of their events and on the medal stand--indicates that bronze medalists tend to be happier than silver medalists. The authors attribute these results to the fact that the most compelling counterfactual alternative for the silver medalist is winning the gold, whereas for the bronze medalist it is finishing without a medal. Support for this interpretation was obtained from the 1992 Olympics and the 1994 Empire State Games. The discussion focuses on the implications of endowment and contrast for well being.
Analytical calculation of a fourth-order vacuum polarization coefficient

Using the result of Gorishny, Kataev and Larin for the fourth-order Gell-Mann-Low function, we have analytically extracted the coefficient of the single power of logarithm occurring in the fourth-order vacuum polarization in the asymptotic expansion of the renormalized photon propagator.
Splitting P κ λ into stationary subsets

Etude de la decomposition de P k λ en sous-ensembles stationnaires. Condition de saturation
Delinquency and Recidivism: A Multicohort, Matched-Control Study of the Role of Early Adverse Experiences, Mental Health Problems, and Disabilities.

The authors examined the role of early adverse experiences, mental health problems, and disabilities in the prediction of juvenile delinquency and recidivism, using a matched-control group design. The delinquent group comprised 99,602 youth, born between 1981 and 1988, whose cases had been processed by the South Carolina Department of Juvenile Justice. Records of 99,602 controls, matched by age, race, and gender were drawn from the records of the South Carolina Department of Education. Data on Child Protective Services, foster care, mental health referrals, and diagnoses as well as information about eligibility for free/reduced-price lunch were obtained from the South Carolina Budget and Control Board, Office of Research and Statistics. Logistic regression analyses showed that parental maltreatment and foster care made unique contributions to the prediction of membership in a delinquent sample. Presence of a public school classification of learning disability or emotional/behavioral disorder was also predictive of delinquent outcomes. A prearrest "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (4th ed.) diagnosis relating to aggressive behavior (e.g., conduct disorder) was the strongest predictor of delinquency. Analyses conducted on the delinquent sample to predict recidivism showed a similar pattern, with an early mental health diagnosis of an aggressive disorder the strongest predictor of recidivism. Language: en
Growth and nutrient interrelationships of three vegetable crops with different sensitivities to soil pH as affected by lime and fertilizer treatments

Abstract In seeking reasons for differences in sensitivity among vegetables to low soil pH and the roles of lime and fertilizers, an experiment was conducted in 1984 with 3 crops: snapbeans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.), and red beets (Beta vulgaris L.). The lime treatments, check, calcitic lime, and dolomitic lime, were applied in 1979 and resulted in soil pH levels of 5.5, 6.9 and 6.7, respectively, at the time of planting. Banded fertilizer treatments were randomized in each lime plot. These were: check, NP, N, NPK, NPCa, and NPMg for snapbeans while with tomatoes and beets, K was added to the N, NPCa and NPMg treatments. Leaf samples from each plot were analyzed for 11 elements. Growth responses of the 3 crops were related to the plant sensitivity to acid soils. When grown on soil with pH 5.5, snapbean vine weights and pod yields were not affected, tomato yields tended to be lower, and red beet yields were substantially reduced. Leaf Mn levels increased with the greate...
Coupling of conformational folding and disulfide-bond reactions in oxidative folding of proteins.

The oxidative folding of proteins consists of conformational folding and disulfide-bond reactions. These two processes are coupled significantly in folding-coupled regeneration steps, in which a single chemical reaction (the "forward" reaction) converts a conformationally unstable precursor species into a conformationally stable, disulfide-protected successor species. Two limiting-case mechanisms for folding- coupled regeneration steps are described. In the folded-precursor mechanism, the precursor species is preferentially folded at the moment of the forward reaction. The (transient) native structure increases the effective concentrations of the reactive thiol and disulfide groups, thus favoring the forward reaction. By contrast, in the quasi-stochastic mechanism, the forward reaction occurs quasi-stochastically in an unfolded precursor; i.e., reactive groups encounter each other with a probability determined primarily by loop entropy, albeit modified by conformational biases in the unfolded state. The resulting successor species is initially unfolded, and its folding competes with backward chemical reactions to the unfolded precursors. The folded-precursor and quasi-stochastic mechanisms may be distinguished experimentally by the dependence of their kinetics on factors affecting the rates of thiol -disulfide exchange and conformational (un)folding. Experimental data and structural and biochemical arguments suggest that the quasi-stochastic mechanism is more plausible than the folded-precursor mechanism for most proteins.
Model-Predicted Groundwater Circulation Well Performance

Groundwater circulation well (GCW) techniques are an innovative remedial technology that may effectively remediate contaminated ground water in areas unfavorable to more traditional technologies. Traditional pump-and-treat systems may be problematic where concentrated hot spots of contamination are present, aquifer drawdown due to remedial activities is unacceptable, surface discharge of treated groundwater is unwanted, or property acquisition is challenging. The vertical component of groundwater flow induced by GCW systems presents a new challenge to practitioners evaluating their potential performance. Modifications were made to two familiar pump-and-treat analysis tools—capture zone type curves and MODFLOW numerical groundwater flow modeling—to predict site specific effectiveness of GCW technologies. These techniques were used to predict the GCW treatment area dimensions, which included the capture zone, recharge zone, and circulation cell diameter. Additionally, GCW design parameters including GCW spacing, screen length, screen placement, and circulation flow rate were determined. The state of the practice is to use these predictive tools to design an instrumentation scheme that can effectively evaluate the performance of GCW systems during full-scale pilot testing.
Farmers Without Farms: Agricultural Tenancy in Nineteenth-Century Iowa

A systematic examination of Midwestern land tenancy, this book is based on extensive research in manuscript censuses and county records, including those which shed light on tenancy rates before the federal census began providing data in 1880.
Strategic Compromise: A Student Teacher's Design of Kindergarten Mathematics Instruction in a High-Stakes Testing Climate.

This report describes one preservice teacher's development of mathematics instruction during her student-teaching internship in a kindergarten classroom at a low-performing, urban elementary school...
The effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on the glycosylation of recombinant protein produced by the insect cell-baculovirus expression system.

The effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on human secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) glycosylation by the insect cell-baculovirus expression system was investigated in a well-controlled bioreactor. Oligomannose-type N-linked glycans (i.e., Man2 to Man6 and Man3F) were present in SEAP produced by Spodoptera frusiperda Sf-9 (Sf-9) and Trichoplusia ni BTI-Tn-5B1-4 (Tn-5B1-4) insect cell lines. The relative amounts of the most highly processed glycans (i.e., Man3F and Man2 in the SEAP from Sf-9 and Tn-5B1-4 cells, respectively) were significantly higher at 50% of air saturation than at either 10% or 190% of air saturation. That is, glycan processing was inhibited at both low and high dissolved oxygen concentrations.
Adhesion and abrasion of surface materials in the Venusian aeolian environment

In laboratory simulations of the Venusian environment, rock and mineral 'target' surfaces struck by aeolian particles develop a thin layer of accretionary material derived from the particles' attrition debris. Accretion may be (in part) a manifestation of 'cold welding', a process well known in engineering, where bonding occurs between metals at a tribological interface. Accretion on geological materials was found to occur at all Venusian surface temperatures and for all types of materials tested. First-order variations in the amount deposited by particles are related to relative attrition susceptibilities. Second-order variations relate to properties of the particle-target interface. Variations in accretion volume are apparently independent of mineral chemistry and are only weakly dependent on crystallography. The results suggest that accretion should be a fairly universal phenomenon in areas of Venus subject to aeolian activity.
GEOGRAPHICAL GENETICS: CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS AND EMPIRICAL APPLICATIONS OF SPATIAL GENETIC DATA IN WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

Molecular-genetic technology and statistical methods based on principles of population genetics provide valuable information to wildlife managers. Genetic data analyzed in a hierarchical, spatial context among individuals and among populations at micro- and macro-geographic scales has been widely used to provide information on the degree of population structure and to estimate rates of dispersal. Our goals were to (1) provide an overview of spatial statistics commonly used in empirical population genetics, and (2) introduce analytical designs that can be employed to extend hypothesis-testing capabilities by incorporating space-time interactions and by using information on habitat quality, distribution, and degree of connectivity. We show that genetics data can be used to quantify the degree of habitat permeability to dispersal and to qualify the negative consequences of habitat loss. We highlight empirical examples that use information on spatial genetic structure in areas of harvest derivation for admixed migratory species, wildlife disease, and habitat equivalency analysis.
Cellular senescence in aging and age-related disease: from mechanisms to therapy

Cellular senescence, a process that imposes permanent proliferative arrest on cells in response to various stressors, has emerged as a potentially important contributor to aging and age-related disease, and it is an attractive target for therapeutic exploitation. A wealth of information about senescence in cultured cells has been acquired over the past half century; however, senescence in living organisms is poorly understood, largely because of technical limitations relating to the identification and characterization of senescent cells in tissues and organs. Furthermore, newly recognized beneficial signaling functions of senescence suggest that indiscriminately targeting senescent cells or modulating their secretome for anti-aging therapy may have negative consequences. Here we discuss current progress and challenges in understanding the stressors that induce senescence in vivo, the cell types that are prone to senesce, and the autocrine and paracrine properties of senescent cells in the contexts of aging and age-related diseases as well as disease therapy.
Eberl's Independent Investors, and the Incoherence of the Reasonable Compensation Rule

In this article, Professor Zelinsky discusses the recent decision of the Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit in Eberl's Claim Services, Inc. v. Commissioner. In Eberl's, the Tenth Circuit, affirming the Tax Court, held that substantial amounts paid to the sole shareholder of an incorporated claims adjusting company were not reasonable compensation, properly deductible by the corporation. These amounts, the Tenth Circuit held, were instead disguised dividends, subject to the double tax regime for corporate earnings. Professor Zelinsky contends that Eberl's reflects the doctrinal disarray of the law of unreasonable compensation as well as the incoherence of that law in terms of policy. As a matter of doctrine, in Eberl's, the Tenth Circuit refused to align itself with the other courts of appeals that have embraced the "hypothetical independent investor" test for reasonable compensation inquiries. Eberl's thus presents the kind of inter-circuit split that only the Supreme Court can resolve. Moreover, the hypothetical independent investor test is itself no panacea for the conundrum that is the reasonable compensation rule. Indeed, the circuits embracing the hypothetical independent investor standard so disagree among themselves that there are effectively two versions of that standard. As a matter of policy, Professor Zelinsky concludes, the reasonable compensation test of section 162(a) is an anomaly in a world where federal tax policy permits the income of closely held businesses to be taxed only once. In practice, the reasonable compensation rule is little more than a randomly imposed penalty on entrepreneurial success. For the long run, Professor Zelinsky suggests, the best solution to the problem posed by cases like Eberl's is the legislative abolition of the reasonable compensation doctrine.