cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of corrosion scale structure of pre-oxidized stainless steel 316 in molten lead bismuth eutectic and the relation to impedance spectroscopy response

Abstract Stainless steel 316 is a candidate structural material for heavy liquid metal spallation neutron sources and fast reactor systems. Impedance spectroscopy (IS) provides a means of real-time measurements of the stability of protective oxide scales in these systems. The IS technique has been shown to yield quantitative results at lower temperatures, but does not yet yield quantitative results at temperatures of interest for engineering applications. To understand this, pre-oxidized stainless steel 316 samples were immersed in oxygen-saturated stagnant lead bismuth eutectic at 550 °C for 1335 h. During the exposure, real-time impedance spectroscopy was taken from different samples. Negligible impedance was observed from one sample at the end of 1335 h, indicating that the oxide scale was non-protective. A variety of microanalysis techniques revealed that oxide layers formed on the sample surface suffered corrosion attack from the LBE. A duplex oxide structure composed of outer iron oxide and inner iron chromium oxide was found on some sample surface area. The major phases of the duplex oxide scales were Fe 3 O 4 and FeCr 2 O 4 . The high conductivity of this duplex scale explains the corrosion rate as well as the lack of IS response.
Elastic and plastic behavior of a co-continuous alumina/aluminum composite

The uniaxial deformation properties of an alumina/aluminum composite where both phases are continuous have been studied both experimentally and analytically using the Finite Element (FE) method. The analytical and experimental work have shown the material to behave in a nearly bilinear manner defined by the Young's modulus and an elastic-plastic modulus. The FE modeling has shown good predictive capability in both regimes. This comparison along with transmission electron microscopy establishes that in the elastic-plastic regime, elastic deformation in the ceramic is accommodated by plastic deformation in the metal phase. No significant microcracking was observed, or is necessary for deformation. Residual stresses are also shown to have only subtle effects on the deformation of this material.
m-Hydroxyphenylacetic and m-Methoxyphenylacetic Acids of Rhizoctonia solani: Their Effect on Specific Root-Nodule Activity and Histopathology in Soybean

m-Methoxyphenylacetic acid (m-OMePAA), a derivative of m-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (m-OHPAA), having the same chemical composition as that phytotoxic compound produced in culture by Rhizoctonia solani, a fungal pathogen of soybean, reduced growth and symbiotic N2-fixation activity of ‘Tracy’ soybeans in soil: perlite at 1.5 × 10-4 M, the lowest concentration used. At twice this concentration m-OMePAA was strongly teratogenic and caused root hypertrophy and root fasciation. At 1.2 × 10-3 M, m-OMePAA nearly suppressed seed germination. m-OMePAA at the minimum concentration used and equivalent concentrations of the culture filtrate fraction (m-OHPAA and m-OMePAA) caused cytopathological and histopathological disturbances in the nodule central tissue, extrusion of the nucleoli, and abnormal nuclci. The data indicate that these phytotoxic compounds of R. solani are involved in nodule impairment and reduced N2-fixation in soybean.
Indigenous Yeast Microflora on Arkansas White Riesling (Vitis vinifera) Grapes and in Model Must Systems

The indigenous yeast microflora on Arkansas-grown White Riesling (Vitis vinifera) grapes and in model musts were examined during fermentation of sulfite-treated (0, 25, 50, or 100 mg/L total SO2) musts held at two temperatures 113°C and 21°CL The yeast microflora were examined with time −13°C musts were sampled it 5, 10, and 20 days; 21°C musts were sampled at 2, 4, and 8 days. A two log cycle increase in yeast counts occurred during fermentation, with little difference in counts due to sulfite treatments. Of 70 isolates, the main genera were Cryptococcus, Hanseniaspora, Pichia, Saccharomycopsis, Trichosporon, Zygosaccharomyces, Rhodotorula, Candida, Metschnikowia, and Succharomyces. All isolates recovered showed lipolytic activity on Spirit Blue Agar.
Consumer attitude towards fuel consumption in the United States

Abstract The shortage of energy will exist in the world for a long time. Because of the many ‘crisis’ situations, which arose during the last 5 yr, various presidents have suggested different alternative solutions to the problem. Many of the suggested legislations have not been passed by the Congress and may never pass it in the future. One of the reasons is that the people are not in favor of any particular solutions that the presidents suggest to legislature. Consequently, the Congress is reluctant to pass a legislation which is not acceptable to the majority of the people. The choice of the consumer between rationing and fuel consumption depends upon income, job category, number of cars owned and age. In the study, income and age variables proved important in determining the choice a consumer would make between rationing and price increase. A consumer with a higher income and younger age would likely choose price increase over rationing and vice versa. Also consumers who drive the most will favor price increase over rationing. Other socio-demographic factors not found to be good predictors of the choice a consumer would make between rationing and price increases. The study concludes that to curtail gasoline consumption increase in prices would be an effective tool, while at the same time subsidizing lower income level and aged consumers.
A dual agent algorithm for foraging

Swarm intelligence enables the distribution and implementation of complex tasks among multirobot systems to be achieved in a more efficient manner. This paper proposed a dual-agent multirobot system for a foraging task based on swarm intelligence. The dual agent system consists of two type of robots. They served as scouts and harvesters respectively. The scouts are designed to be sensor orientated. The harvester relies upon the scouted information with its limited sensing abilities. All robots will communicate information to a centralized hub, which provides information back to the robots. This paper also compares the optimal ratio of scouts to harvesters well as analyzing the benefit of alternative solutions to the objective.
Cross-Linked Nanoporous Materials from Reactive and Multifunctional Block Polymers

Polylactide-b-poly(styrene-co-2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (PLA-b-P(S-co-HEMA)) and polylactide-b-poly(styrene-co-2-hydroxyethylacrylate) (PLA-b-P(S-co-HEA)) were synthesized by combination of ring-...
Cytokine‐ and Endotoxin‐Induced Nitric Oxide Synthase in Rat Astroglial Cultures: Differential Modulation by Angiotensin II

Recent studies have shown that the stimulatory effects of bacterial endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] on inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) in astroglia are significantly reduced by the peptide angiotensin II (Ang II). In the present study we have compared the modulatory actions of Ang II on cytokine- and LPS-stimulated iNOS in astroglia cultured from adult rat brain. Incubation of astroglia with LPS (100 ng/ml; 24 h) and/or combinations of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta; 10 ng/ml, 24 h), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma; 100 U/ml, 24 h), or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha; 100 ng/ml, 24 h) resulted in significant increases of iNOS mRNA, iNOS protein, and NO production, with the latter indicated by increased nitrite accumulation. The effects of LPS, IL-1 beta, and TNF-alpha were significantly decreased by coincubation with Ang II (100 ng/ ml, 24 h). In contrast, Ang II did not alter the stimulation of iNOS mRNA levels and NO production elicited by IFN gamma. Therefore, Ang II differentially modulates the stimulatory actions of LPS and cytokines on iNOS, and subsequently NO production, in astroglia. These data suggest that Ang II may have an important modulatory role in intracerebral immune responses that involve production of NO by astroglia.
The Riemann problem for 2 × 2 systems of hyperbolic conservation laws with case I quadratic nonlinearities

On etudie les problemes de Riemann pour des systemes 2×2 de lois de conservation non strictement hyperboliques avec des non-linearites quadratiques
Section 504 Accommodation Plans

Discusses types of accommodations and offers an individualized plan for students qualifying under Section 504
Transcription in the early diverging eukaryoteTrichomonas vaginalis: An unusual RNA polymerase II and α-amanitin-resistant transcription of protein-coding genes

We have examined transcription in an early diverging eukaryote by analyzing the effect of the fungus-derived toxin α-amanitin on the transcription of protein-coding genes of the protistTrichomonas vaginalis. In contrast to that typical in eukaryotes, the RNA polymerase that transcribesT. vaginalis protein-coding genes is relatively resistant to α-amanitin (50% inhibition = 250 μg α-amanitin/ml). We have also characterized the gene encoding the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, the subunit that binds α-amanitin. This protein is 41% identical to the mouse RNA polymerase II. Sequence analysis of the 50-amino-acid region thought to bind α-amanitin shows that this region of the trichomonad RNA polymerase II lacks many of the conserved amino acids present in the putative binding site, in agreement with the observed insensitivity to this inhibitor. Similar to other RNA polymerase Its analyzed from ancient eukaryotes, theT. vaginalis RNA polymerase II lacks the typical heptapeptide (Tyr-Ser-Pro-Thr-Ser-Pro-Ser) repeat carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) that is a hallmark of higher eukaryotic RNA polymerase IIs. The trichomonad enzyme, however, does contain a short modified CTD that is rich in the amino acid residues that compose the repeat. These data suggest thatT. vaginalis protein-coding genes are transcribed by a RNA polymerase II that is relatively insensitive to α-amanitin and that differs from typical eukaryotic RNA polymerase Its as it lacks a heptapeptide repeated CTD.
WE‐E‐204B‐07: A Cold Cathode X‐Ray Source Based on TiO2 Nanotube Field Emission

Purpose: To assess the viability of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotube arrays in field emission based x ray sources. Methods and Materials: Aligned TiO2nanotube (NT) arrays with diameter and height in the range 30–100 nm and 1–10 μm, respectively, were grown by electrochemical oxidation from titanium (Ti) sheets in a glycerol+HF electrolyte. Anodization voltage was varied in the range 13–40 V to control TiO2 NT parameters. As‐grown amorphous TiO2 NTs were annealed at 500° C in air for 1 hour. Field emission properties were tested in a dynamic vacuum of 5×10−7 Torr and the current was measured as a function of applied electric field. The test setup utilizes a copper mesh grid spaced 400μm from a grounded NT array with a mesh density of 70%. A 2 mm diameter copperanode is spaced 10 mm from the grid and held at 60 kV potential for the production of X‐rays, which pass through the stainless steel vacuum chamber via a borosilicate glass window. Radiographs of phantoms were produced using a charge integrating flat panel detector. Results: From current‐voltage characterization a clear Fowler‐Nordheim (F‐N) relationship relating applied NT array electric field and the resulting primary anodecurrent and corresponding X‐ray flux is observed. Initial results show that with an applied electric field of 4.5 V/μm, a stable 1.5 mA/cm2 field effect current density is generated with 80 nm diameter NTs, providing sufficient flux for radiography. This configuration produces a minimum measured horizontal resolution of 3.1 line pairs (lp)/mm. Conclusions: The results show that aligned TiO2 NTs can be used as a field effect emission cold cathode to produce x ray emission.
An assessment of needed sales management skills

The skills required of sales managers are vitally important to the success of the firm's selling effort; however, there has not been a recent review that identifies these needed skills. Based on a survey of sales executives from 145 companies, this research develops a taxonomy of key sales management skills. The perceived importance of these skills is reported based on the level of management, gender and the performance level of the firm. In addition to identifying the relative importance of the various sales management skills, they were found to group into three conceptual dimensions relating to interpersonal, technical and strategic skills. The results also indicate that significant differences in the perceived level of skill importance exist based on level of management, years managing salespeople, gender and on three dimensions of the respondent's firm performance.
Energy Dependency of Glucocorticoid Exacerbation of gp120 Neurotoxicity

Abstract: The HIV envelope glycoprotein, gp120, a well documented neurotoxin, may be involved in AIDS-related dementia complex. gp120 works through an NMDA receptor- and calcium-dependent mechanism to damage neurons. We have previously demonstrated that both natural and synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) exacerbate gp120-induced neurotoxicity and calcium mobilization in hippocampal mixed cultures. GCs, steroid hormones secreted during stress, are now shown to work in conjunction with gp120 to decrease ATP levels and to work synergistically with gp120 to decrease the mitochondrial potential in hippocampal cultures. Furthermore, energy supplementation blocked the ability of GCs to worsen gp120's effects on neuronal survival and calcium mobilization. A GC-induced reduction in glucose transport in hippocampal neurons, as previously documented, may contribute to this energetic dependency. These results may have clinical significance, considering the common treatment of severe cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, typical of HIV infection, with large doses of synthetic GCs.
Fluorescence line narrowing in inorganic glasses: Linewidth measurements

Abstract In this article, we review briefly the status of studies of optical properties of inorganic glasses which have been activated by various types of impurity ions. More specifically, we concentrate our attention on those results which have been derived using laser-induced fluorescence line narrowing or FLN to suppress the large inhomogeneous optical widths common in these totally disordered systems. Experimental results of studies of the homogeneous linewidths of optical transitions central to this issue are surveyed in glass systems containing rare-earth and transition-metal impurities. Comparison with various theoretical predictions is also presented.
The determination of soil chitinase activity: Conditions for assay and ecological studies

Chitinase activity was determined by incubating a mixture of toluene-treated soil with 1% (w/w) colloidal chitin suspension for 18 h at 37°C and then, after dilution, assaying the amount of N-acetyl-glucosamine released. Maximal chitinase activity was observed at 45°C and optimal pH for enzymatic reaction was 5.0–5.5. Soil chitinase activity decreased with increasing soil depth and was significantly affected by crop cover and fertilization regime. Chitin added to soil stimulated chitinase activity. Enzyme activity was correlated with the soil fungal population but not with numbers of actinomycetes or bacteria. A specialized mycoflora was associated with chitin decomposition.
Since Malone's Theory of Intrinsically Motivating Instruction: What's the Score in the Gaming Literature?:

Instructional gaming is an alternative strategy that can be used for many applications including tutoring, promotion of self-esteem, and practice of existing skills. The article begins with an over...
The half-life of fluorine-18

Radiochemically pure 18F has been prepared by three different methods and its decay has been followed with β proportional counters and γ-ray counters in an effort to measure the half-life accurately. Analysis by a computer program that used the method of least squares gave a weighted mean half-life of 18F and a weighted standard deviation of the mean as 109·72 ± 0·06 min.
Fathering in Family Context and Child Adjustment: A Longitudinal Analysis

This study focuses on relations between fathers' behavior in family context and children's adjustment, including the roles of paternal depressive symptoms, paternal marital conflict behaviors, paternal parenting, and children's emotional security. Participants included 235 families with a six-year-old child, with families followed longitudinally each year for three years. In terms of fathers' adjustment, paternal problem drinking was related to paternal negative marital conflict behaviors and decreased positive parenting, which was associated with children's externalizing and internalizing problems. Fathers' depressive symptoms were directly related with children's internalizing problems. Children's emotional security was an intervening variable in relations between father's behavior in family context and children's development.
A spatial verification method applied to the evaluation of high‐resolution ensemble forecasts

The verification of ensemble systems is being operationally carried out in several meteorological centres. However, the main operational ensemble systems have a coarser spatial resolution with respect to the deterministic runs. Only recently, high-resolution limited-area ensembles have started to be run on a regular basis. Their verification requires combining the usual probabilistic evaluation with the statistical verification techniques which are being developed for high-resolution model forecasts (1–10 km). These techniques permit to evaluate a deterministic forecast in a probabilistic manner, by taking into account the spatio-temporal distribution of the forecast at different scales. In this work, a spatial verification technique, called ‘distributional method’, is used to verify the Consortium for Small-scale MOdeling Limited-area Ensemble Prediction System (COSMO–LEPS) ensemble system, a mesoscale ensemble with 10 km horizontal resolution. The system is mainly designed to give probabilistic assistance in the forecast of severe weather, in particular of intense precipitation possibly leading to floods, hence verification is focused on the ability of the system in forecasting precipitation at high spatial resolution. The methodology is based on a comparison of forecasts and observations in terms of some parameters of their distributions, evaluated after the values are aggregated over boxes of selected size. In particular, performances in terms of average, a few percentiles and maximum forecast value in a box are considered. The system is compared against European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Ensemble Prediction System (ECMWF EPS), addressing the issues of an intercomparison between a higher-resolution smaller-size ensemble and a lower-resolution larger-size one. Results show that when the forecast of the average amount of precipitation over an area is concerned, COSMO–LEPS is more skilful than the Ensemble Prediction System (EPS) only from the resolution point of view. Therefore, although not properly calibrated, it is more capable of distinguishing between events and non-events, especially for moderate and high precipitation. Furthermore, COSMO–LEPS has skill in forecasting the occurrence of precipitation peaks over an area, irrespective of the exact location. The analysis of the score behaviour as a function of the distribution parameter shows that EPS has the maximum skill in reproducing the central part of the observed precipitation distribution over an area of about 10 000 km2, while COSMO–LEPS is more skilful in reproducing the tail of the observed precipitation distribution. The problem of the predictability of precipitation at different spatial scales is also investigated, showing the role of different system resolutions. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
S and P wave η production in an SU(3) bag model

Abstract The πN→ηN reaction mechanism is analysed using the chiral SU(3)[ version of the cloudy gag model. (56,1-) and (70,1-) quark structures are identified with the N (1535) and N (1650) S11 resonances, and (56, 0+) with the P11 N (1440). A simultaneous fit to the πN elastic phase shifts and ηN production cross section determines the η−η′ mixing angle to be ≈-25°.
Well-posedness and finite dimensional approximations of a mathematical model for the dynamics of shape-memory alloys

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA's) are intermetallic materials (chemical compounds of two or more elements) that are able to sustain a residual deformation after the application of a large stress, but they 'remember' the original shape to which they creep back, without the application of any external force, after they are heated above a certain critical temperature. We present here a general one-dimensional dynamic mathematical model which reflects the balance laws for linear momentum and energy. The system accounts for thermal coupling, time-dependent distributed and boundary inputs and internal variables. Well-posedness is obtained using an abstract formulation in an appropriate Hilbert space and explicit decay rates for the associated linear semigroup are derived. Numerical experiments using finite- dimensional approximations are performed for the case in which the thermodynamic potential is given in the Landau-Devonshire form. The sensitivity of the solutions with respect to the model parameters is studied.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
How Roy's equations resolve the up-down ambiguity and reproduce the S* resonance

By making simple Regge-pole and resonance estimates of the high-energy and intermediate-energy $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ scattering amplitude and using recent $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ experimental data, we are able to show that both the rapid rise of the $I=0$ $s$-wave phase shift near the $K\overline{K}$ threshold and the consequent resolution of the up-down ambiguity are consistent with the rigorous equations of Roy.
010 Late onset congenital erythropoietic porphyria (Günther's disease)

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria is a rare autosomal recessive disease due to the deficient activity of uroporphyrinogen III synthase, the fourth enzyme in the porphyrin-heme synthetic pathway. Of the porphyrias, it is the most mutilating type, usually presenting early in life. We present a patient who developed skin fragility of sun-exposed skin and red urine at the age of 72 years. Porphyrin profile showed plasma maximum fluorescence at neutral pH of 617 nm. In plasma, urine and erythrocytes, the predominant porphyrins were uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin. In all specimens, isomer I predominated. Urine δ-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen, and erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase levels were within nomal limits. These finding were consistent with congenital erythropoietic porphyria. Thrombocytopenia and myelodysplasia with bone-marrow sideroblasts were also incidentally discovered. Including our patient, only 12 cases of late onset congenital erythropoietic porphyria have been reported worldwide, with our patient being the oldest. Patients who develop late onset congenital erythropoietic porphyria develop less severe manifestations, possibly due to heterogeneous mutations in the defective enzyme. Of the 12 reported cases, seven had thrombocytopenia, six of which also had myelodysplasia.
A molecular dynamics study of the crystalline and liquid phases of pyridine

Abstract A molecular dynamics simulation study of the solid and liquid phases of pyridine (C 5 H 5 N) has been carried out based on an intermolecular potential parameterized to solid state data. Structural and thermodynamic properties, as well as selected time correlation functions have been calculated for both phases. The simulations show evidence of a strong coupling between translational and rotational motion, particularly in the liquid phase. Comparison with the experimental data for both phases reveals inadequacies in the potential model employed.
Documents of learning: graduate students’ experiences of tensions when studying qualitative data analysis approaches

This reflective article discusses the learning processes and experiences associated with qualitative data analysis as presented in students’ reflection journals. Fourteen doctoral students in a qualitative data analysis course shared their reflective journals with the research team. Data analysis included: (1) analysis of tension type and contexts; and (2) critical discourse analysis of students’ texts. The data illustrated various types and contexts of tensions such as: (1) desire for mastery and positioning oneself as a lifelong learner; (2) time required for analysis and time available to complete the research project; (3) holistic and detail oriented analysis; and (4) individual perception of an analysis and group consensus. Based on the findings, the use of reflective journaling can facilitate student learning and instructors’ understandings of students’ professional growth. The article concludes with some benefits and limitations of reflective journaling as documents of learning in the context of re...
Red Storm/XT Supercomputers Cooling System Design and Optimization

Developing the optimal design for a supercomputer system is a complex and time consuming process. This paper describes a sequential optimization approach that can lead to the most effective computer cooling system design in the shortest time possible. Ways of seeking effective Pareto designs are shown. Cost driven quality engineering was applied to develop cooling solutions for chips, printed circuit boards, cabinets and the computer facility. CFD thermal analysis, small and large scale experiments allowed to maximize supercomputer cooling system performance.
Parameterizing Menu Based Natural Language Interfaces with Location Models

Menu based natural language interfaces (MBNLI) use cascaded menus and completion dialogs to keep users from straying beyond the bounds of language coverage that an underlying target system can understand. Domain restricted English subsets can be parsed and translated into the native language of the underlying system, thus resulting in an effective means for humans to communicate with a computer. By acting as a sort of "universal remote" to many agents in a system, an MBNLI can enable a user to command and query these agents using natural language. This paper explores parameterizing an MBNLI grammar with a location model - a set of rules having to do with spatial information that can be reused across many agent systems and enables rapid development of MBNLI-equipped agent systems
An experimental system for robotic needle biopsy of lung nodules with respiratory motion

CT-guided needle biopsy is a dominant method of obtaining tissue samples from lung nodules for lung cancer diagnosis. Current practice requires patients to hold their breath during the procedure, which is not applicable to those who have difficulty in holding breath. This paper introduces a CT-guided robotic needle biopsy technique, which adapts to the patient respiratory motion pattern and uses a robot manipulator to drive the biopsy needle towards a target lung nodule with respiratory motion. It enables biopsies on patients who have difficulty in holding breath. An experimental system has been created to facilitate the development and evaluation of the robotic needle placement technique. It consists of three subsystems coordinated by a computer, i.e. a lung nodule phantom subsystem which mimics a lung nodule with respiratory motion, a robotic needle manipulation subsystem which drives the biopsy needle to hit the moving target, and a vision feedback subsystem which tracks the moving lung nodule phantom in real time for controlling the needle placement. The results from a sequence of needle placement tests based on clinically-obtained lung nodule motion paths show that the robotic needle placement technique can provide quick and highly accurate needle placement on moving nodules.
A palaeontologist’s view of bivalve phylogeny

The fossil record of the Class Bivalvia is dominated by simple skeletons with relatively few characters, and induces much chance duplication of structure, mosaic evolution, parallelism, and convergence. Overall, there appears to have been a net increase in diversity that has not yet reached a limit. Considering the complex fluctuations in population size and selection pressures which characterized the history of many taxa, both the model of punctuated equilibrium and the Darwinian view of organic change as a slow, steady process seem simplistic. Evolutionary trends, well documented in many pelecypod groups, include shortterm, probably stochastic, repetition. Sustained trends are presumably products of sustained selection. Separate lineages commonly display similar sequences of morphological grades. In contrast to the vertebrates, many pelecypod superfamilies and orders are not clearly segregated into well defined adaptive zones. Trivial differences separate marginal members of some higher categories suggesting that they originated as ordinary species of ancestral taxa preadapted to radiate into a variety of similar niches. Strict cladistics and unweighted phonetics are inadequate guides to pelecypod phylogeny because they tend to ignore stratigraphic evidence. A more flexible evolutionary systematics is recommended that incorporates the chronological data of stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography.
Simulation of the three‐dimensional distribution of tracer during the Cross‐Appalachian Tracer Experiment

This paper presents and applies a three-dimensional Monte Carlo transport and dispersion model applicable to individual plumes traveling over regional (>200 km) scales. Transport is explicitly calculated using a mass-consistent interpolated wind field. Dispersion is introduced solely by the interaction of vertical mixing and wind velocity shears. The degree of vertical mixing is parameterized contingent upon the Lagrangian time scale. The model was used to simulate the surface concentration of tracer released during the Cross-Appalachian Tracer Experiments (CAPTEX). The results indicate that the scale of horizontal distribution of tracer observed during the CAPTEX may be explained by the influence of vertical wind velocity shear. The simulations also suggest that the surface “footprint” did not represent well the movement of the majority of mass of the plumes for CAPTEX releases 1 and 2. The majority of the mass was simulated to have traveled to the south of the surface footprint and stayed well above the surface. Thus it is inappropriate to specify fixed-level trajectories as representative of the movement of pollutants over regional distances based on similarity of simulated to observed surface concentrations.
Public health in northern new spain

Public health is that branch of preventative medicine in which the community at large has a special interest. When the cause of a neighbor's illness threatens the well being of the entire community or when his disease itself cannot be easily contained then the mechanisms of the state properly intercede. Traditionally public health has articulated two primary, but related goals: the prevention of disease and the improvement of life expectancy. The methods used to achieve these goals have varied throughout history but two basic approaches have dominated the public health effort: monitoring and correcting the environmental causes of illness and arresting the rapid spread of epidemic contagion.
Compositional Analysis of Glyphosate-Tolerant Soybeans Treated with Glyphosate

The compositional analyses and safety assessment of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans (GTS) were previously described. These analyses were extensive and included addressing the potential effects on seed composition from the genetic modification. Detailed compositional analyses established that GTS, which had not been treated with glyphosate, were comparable to the parental soybean line and to other conventional soybeans. In this study, two GTS lines, 40-3-2 and 61-67-1, were treated with commercial levels of glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup herbicide. The composition of the seed from soybeans sprayed with glyphosate was compared to that of a nonsprayed parental control cultivar, A5403. The nutrients measured in the seed included protein, oil, ash, fiber, carbohydrates, and amino acids. The concentration of isoflavones (also referred to as phytoestrogens) was also measured as these compounds are derived from the same biochemical pathway that was engineered for glyphosate tolerance. The analytical results from these studies demonstrate that the GTS soybeans treated with glyphosate were comparable to the parental soybean cultivar, A5403, and other conventional soybean varieties.
Rapid Gas Chromatographic Procedure for Measuring Moisture in Silage

Abstract A simple gas chromatographic procedure for rapidly determining moisture in silage is described. Isopropanol was used as the extracting solvent and nbutanol as an internal standard. Chromosorb 102 was used as column packing. Excellent resolution and symmetry of water, isopropanol, and n-butanol peaks facilitated accurate, automatic integration of peak areas, and quantitation of results. Excellent linearity of response and high correlation were obtained between the amount (1 to 10 g) of water in standards and that measured. Silages containing 33 to 72% moisture were analyzed by this procedure, and moistures were compared with those from oven drying and toluene distillation. Unlike the oven drying and toluene distillation methods where inte-fering “volatiles” bias results, the gas chromatographic procedure determines only water. Moistures obtained are, therefore, more accurate. With the gas chromatographic procedure, moisture can be determined rapidly in a large number of silage samples with accuracy and precision.
Meshfree and particle methods and their applications

Recent developments of meshfree and particle methods and their applications in applied mechanics are surveyed. Three major methodologies have been reviewed. First, smoothed particle hydrodynamics ~SPH! is discussed as a representative of a non-local kernel, strong form collocation approach. Second, mesh-free Galerkin methods, which have been an active research area in recent years, are reviewed. Third, some applications of molecular dynamics ~MD! in applied mechanics are discussed. The emphases of this survey are placed on simulations of finite deformations, fracture, strain localization of solids; incompressible as well as compressible flows; and applications of multiscale methods and nano-scale mechanics. This review article includes 397 references. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1431547#
Pseudobaeospora aphana, a new species from California

Pseudobaeospora aphana, characterized by a brownish pileus with a lilac sheen, yellowish lamellae, a cutis of narrow hyphae on a subpellis of relatively wide and short cells, absence of cheilocystidia and color changes in KOH, and abundant clamp connections, is described as new. It was discovered during the Jan 2007 Mycoblitz at Point Reyes National Seashore, the fourth such event in an ongoing effort to inventory the mycoflora of this national park.
Although Divergent in Residues of the Peptide Binding Site, Conserved Chimpanzee Patr-AL and Polymorphic Human HLA-A*02 Have Overlapping Peptide-Binding Repertoires

Patr-AL is an expressed, non-polymorphic MHC class I gene carried by ∼50% of chimpanzee MHC haplotypes. Comparing Patr-AL+ and Patr-AL− haplotypes showed Patr-AL defines a unique 125-kb genomic block flanked by blocks containing classical Patr-A and pseudogene Patr-H. Orthologous to Patr-AL are polymorphic orangutan Popy-A and the 5′ part of human pseudogene HLA-Y, carried by ∼10% of HLA haplotypes. Thus, the AL gene alternatively evolved in these closely related species to become classical, nonclassical, and nonfunctional. Although differing by 30 aa substitutions in the peptide-binding α1 and α2 domains, Patr-AL and HLA-A*0201 bind overlapping repertoires of peptides; the overlap being comparable with that between the A*0201 and A*0207 subtypes differing by one substitution. Patr-AL thus has the A02 supertypic peptide-binding specificity. Patr-AL and HLA-A*0201 have similar three-dimensional structures, binding peptides in similar conformation. Although comparable in size and shape, the B and F specificity pockets of Patr-AL and HLA-A*0201 differ in both their constituent residues and contacts with peptide anchors. Uniquely shared by Patr-AL, HLA-A*0201, and other members of the A02 supertype are the absence of serine at position 9 in the B pocket and the presence of tyrosine at position 116 in the F pocket. Distinguishing Patr-AL from HLA-A*02 is an unusually electropositive upper face on the α2 helix. Stimulating PBMCs from Patr-AL− chimpanzees with B cells expressing Patr-AL produced potent alloreactive CD8 T cells with specificity for Patr-AL and no cross-reactivity toward other MHC class I molecules, including HLA-A*02. In contrast, PBMCs from Patr-AL+ chimpanzees are tolerant of Patr-AL.
The Use of a Miniaturized Circuit and Bloodless Prime To Avoid Cerebral No-Reflow After Neonatal Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Background Our miniaturized bloodless prime circuit for neonatal cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has previously been shown to elicit significantly reduced systemic inflammation. We studied the effects of this circuit on cerebral reperfusion because the pathophysiology of "no-reflow" is believed to have an inflammatory component. Methods Twenty neonatal piglets were randomized to CPB with miniaturized circuitry using either blood (group 1) or bloodless (group 2) prime. At 18°C, piglets underwent 60 minutes of either (A) deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) or (B) continuous low-flow bypass (DHCLF). Analysis of cerebral blood flow (CBF) was undertaken before and after CPB in addition to quantification of circulating tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and intracerebral TNFα messenger RNA (mRNA). Results The final hematocrit in group 2 was 22% versus 28% ( p p p Conclusions We attribute the hyperemic cerebrovascular response to reduced inflammation through avoiding allogeneic whole blood. The analysis of circulating and intracerebral TNFα in this study suggests that DHCLF in conjunction with a bloodless prime might offer advantages through avoiding ischemia, no-reflow, and in addition, resulting in a significantly reduced cerebral inflammatory response.
Reading Resistance Psychoanalytically

I agree whole-heartedly with Barbara Applebaum that we cannot ask the pragmatic question without also considering the complicity question. The question of how we might undo the mechanisms through which we unwittingly participate in the reproduction of social and global domination — our own oppression and that of others — is one with which we must grapple in the struggle for social justice. I suggest, however, that she may be underestimating the degree to which the pragmatic approach actually does consider the complicity question. For it is precisely because she believes that imposing strict rules for classroom engagement (those that Lynn Weber Cannon and Applebaum defend) “unwittingly reinforce power relations” that Barbara Stengel claims we should abandon them. Furthermore, while Applebaum worries that “when educators focus on ‘defusing’ resistance,” the needs of the systemically privileged are recentered at the expense of the marginalized, I contend that the problem of resistance is central to educational theory and practice.
Synthetic aperture radar observation of the sea surface imprints of upstream atmospheric solitons generated by flow impeded by an island

[1] Two cases of upstream propagation of atmospheric solitons generated by atmospheric flow over topography were identified on two RADARSAT-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired near St. Lawrence Island in the Bering Sea on 7 September 1997 and 6 June 2001, respectively. In both cases, a group of solitons was shown as three dark-bright linear features on the SAR images. The soliton width and peak-to-peak distance measured from the two SAR images are about 3 km and 4.5 km, respectively. Simultaneous radiosonde measurements, a surface weather map and operational weather model results confirm that these waves did not propagate on the lee side of the island as is commonly observed with island lee waves, but indeed propagated against the flow in the upstream direction. In the second case, the same group of solitons was also identified as a wave-like cloud pattern on a MODIS image taken about 4.5 hours later. In this MODIS image, the soliton train propagated further upstream with the leading crest reaching about 30 km north of the island, and the number of crest-trough features increased from three to seven. In this study, we describe the generation and evolution of upstream atmospheric solitons using the Force KdV (fKdV) model with radiosonde and island topography data. The numerical solution of the fKdV exhibits a sequence of solitons propagating upstream of the island. Both temporal and spatial scales of the solitons are in good agreement with that estimated from the successive SAR and MODIS satellite images.
Biomechanical Deficiencies in Women with Semitendinosus-Gracilis Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction During Drop Jumps

Objective To compare landing mechanics and neuromuscular recruitment strategies between women with semitendinosus-gracilis anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (SG-ACLr) and noninjured women during double- and single-legged drop jumps. Design Cross-sectional biomechanical study. Setting Single university-based biomechanics laboratory. Participants Fourteen women 1-5 years post–SG-ACLr and 16 noninjured women participated in this study. Methods After anthropometric measurements, warm-up, and familiarization procedures, participants performed 5 trials of a double- and single-legged drop jumps. Main Outcome Measurements Dynamic knee valgus was measured as the distance between knee joints during the landing phase of the double-leg drop jumps. Medial knee displacement was the outcome considered during the landing phase of the single-leg drop jumps. For both drop jump tasks, neuromuscular recruitment was evaluated through rectified normalized electromyographic activity of the quadriceps and hamstrings (amplitude and latency), and quadriceps/hamstrings electromyographic co-contraction ratio. Results Although the SG-ACLr group demonstrated a tendency toward a greater dynamic knee valgus during both drop jumps, these differences did not reach statistical significance. EMG data revealed different neuromuscular strategies for each group, depending on the specific jump. Conclusions These findings suggest that women with SG-ACLr have a tendency toward greater dynamic knee valgus that could predispose to additional knee injuries. Rehabilitation specialists need to be aware of existing kinematic and neuromuscular deficiencies years after SG-ACLr. Taking this into consideration will aid in prescribing appropriate interventions designed to prevent re-injury.
Abnormal Structure–Function Relationship in Spasmodic Dysphonia

Spasmodic dysphonia (SD) is a primary focal dystonia characterized by involuntary spasms in the laryngeal muscles during speech production. Although recent studies have found abnormal brain function and white matter organization in SD, the extent of gray matter alterations, their structure–function relationships, and correlations with symptoms remain unknown. We compared gray matter volume (GMV) and cortical thickness (CT) in 40 SD patients and 40 controls using voxel-based morphometry and cortical distance estimates. These measures were examined for relationships with blood oxygen level–dependent signal change during symptomatic syllable production in 15 of the same patients. SD patients had increased GMV, CT, and brain activation in key structures of the speech control system, including the laryngeal sensorimotor cortex, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), superior/middle temporal and supramarginal gyri, and in a structure commonly abnormal in other primary dystonias, the cerebellum. Among these regions, GMV, CT and activation of the IFG and cerebellum showed positive relationships with SD severity, while CT of the IFG correlated with SD duration. The left anterior insula was the only region with decreased CT, which also correlated with SD symptom severity. These findings provide evidence for coupling between structural and functional abnormalities at different levels within the speech production system in SD.
Gastrointestinal infections in the immunocompromised host

Immunocompromised patients, including patients with AIDS, solid organ and bone marrow transplant recipients, patients with leukemia and lymphoma, patients with inherited immune deficiencies, and patients on immunosuppressive therapy for a variety of disorders, are at risk for infections-particularly opportunistic infections, which, by definition, do not infect the healthy host. All systems of the body, including the gastrointestinal tract, are susceptible. The esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine are sites of infection for viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Symptoms can range in severity from fevers of unknown etiology to life-threatening hemorrhage and perforation. This review summarizes recent case reports, clinical studies, and reviews pertaining to pathogens that uniquely cause disease, more frequently cause disease, or cause more severe disease in the immunocompromised host than in the immunocompetent host.
Models of Successful Industrial Product Launch: What Drives the Development Process?

Product Launch is a costly and risky contributing factor to ultimate product success. This study examines successful industrial product launches andidentifieskey factors of success. We propose two models of successful industrial product launch, and discuss the importance of the "dual-drive" (technology plus market) concept in new product development.
Genetic dissection of clonally inherited genomes of Poeciliopsis: II. Investigation of a silent carboxylesterase allele.

According to the ratchet mechanism hypothesis, deleterious mutations should accumulate in clonal genomes of unisexual fish of the genus Poeciliopsis. This study defines one such mutant, a silent carboxylesterase allele ( Es-5o ) which is found in the heterozygous condition in a particular population of P. monacha-occidentalis . An antiserum to purified Poeciliopsis carboxylesterase cross-reacts with the gene product of the Es-5o allele upon immunoelectrophoresis. This finding of cross-reacting material associated with the Es-5o allele provides a useful marker for the breeding of a carboxylesterase deficient strain.
Evaluating the Sensitivity of a Media-Fill Challenge Test Under Various Situations as a Reliable Method for Recommended Aseptic Technique Competency Assessment.

Background: Microbial contamination of compounded medications is a serious concern within hospital pharmacies as it can lead to severe patient injury. The United States Pharmacopeia mandates ...
Earnings Management, Antitrust Investigations, and Business Cycles

This paper examines evidence of earnings management pertaining to antitrust investigations over business cycles. The sample consists of firms subject to merger-related antitrust scrutiny under Section 7 of the Clayton Act, during the 1973-1992 period. While industrial organization literature suggests that these firms' earnings management incentives may vary over business cycles, our results indicate that investigated firm choose income-decreasing discretionary accruals during both expansions and recessions, in order to reduce the political costs associated with Clayton Act cases. Consistent with expectations, it appears that firms that settle their cases with the U.S. Department of Justice or the Federal Trade Commission have incentives to manage accruals, even after the initial settlement has been reached, to effect subsequent regulatory-imposed wealth transfers.