cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time-dependence of perfusion outflow facility in the cynomolgus monkey.

Surgically virgin (N), aniridic (I), and ciliary muscle disinserted (D) cynomolgus monkey eyes had total outflow facility determined in vivo for 88–136 minutes by two-level constant pressure perfusion of the anterior chamber. In all three types of eyes, facility increased during the first hour but stabilized thereafter. Average facility for the second half hour was 15% higher than for the first half hour in N and I eyes, and 10% higher in D eyes. Altered iris muscle tone can therefore not explain the facility increase, while increased ciliary muscle tone might explain part but not all of it. Judicious use of the data may aid interpretation of perfusion experiments conducted under similar conditions.
Observations of galactic gamma-rays and their implications for galactic structure studies

The status of our knowledge on galactic gamma-rays and the large-scale distribution of cosmic rays and interstellar gas in the Galaxy is reviewed and reexamined on the basis of new data obtained by the SAS-2 satellite and the European COS-B satellite. To facilitate discussion, the concepts of four galactic regions of various thickness - the nebulodisk, ectodisk, radiodisk, and exodisk - are defined. Bremsstrahlung and pion-decay gamma-rays are associated with the first two regions, and Compton gamma-rays and synchrotron radiation with the latter two. The galactic contribution to the observed high-latitude gamma-ray background is evaluated and is shown to account reasonably for the observed spectrum at high latitudes between 35 and 200 MeV when added onto the extragalactic background.
An exact representation of the space-time characteristic functional of turbulent Navier-Stokes flows with prescribed random initial states and driving forces

By adopting a formal operator viewpoint, the space-time characteristic functional associated with Navier-Stokes turbulence is expressed in terms of a linear operator acting on the space of functionals. Obtained by a simple similarity transformation of the local translation operator generated by the nonlinear terms in the Navier-Stokes equation, this operator is unitary with respect to the formal scalar product of functionals. The equivalence of this operator representation to the functional integral representation of Rosen is shown and, for Gaussian initial velocity and external force fields, some consequences of this representation are presented.
Curcumin induces growth-arrest and apoptosis in association with the inhibition of constitutively active JAK-STAT pathway in T cell leukemia

Adult T cell leukemia is an aggressive and frequently fatal malignancy that expressess constitutively activated growth-signaling pathways in association with deregulated growth and resistance to apoptosis. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a naturally occurring yellow pigment, isolated from the rhizomes of the plant Curcuma longa that has traditionally been used in the treatment of injury and inflammation. But the effect and mechanism of action of curcumin on T cell leukemia is not known. To investigate the antitumor activity of curcumin in T cell leukemia, we examined its effect on constitutive phosphorylation of JAK and STAT proteins, proliferation, and apoptosis in HTLV-I-transformed T cell lines. HTLV-I-transformed T cell leukemia lines, MT-2, HuT-102, and SLB-1, express constitutively phosphorylated JAK3, TYK2, STAT3, and STAT5 signaling proteins. In vitro treatment with curcumin induced a dose-dependent decrease in JAK and STAT phosphorylation resulting in the induction of growth-arrest and apoptosis in T cell leukemia. The induction of growth-arrest and apoptosis in association with the blockade of constitutively active JAK-STAT pathway suggests this be a mechanism by which curcumin induces antitumor activity in T cell leukemia.
Riparian vegetation loss, stream channelization, and web-weaving spiders in northern Japan

Removal of riparian vegetation and straightening of stream channels (channelization) are the most prevalent forms of habitat degradation in streams and their riparian zones. Both have direct effects on organisms in the habitats where they occur, but also have potential to cause indirect effects by interrupting the flux of invertebrate prey between the two adjacent ecosystems. We measured abundance of web-building riparian spiders along four types of streams in Hokkaido, Japan: relatively undisturbed streams, streams where riparian vegetation had been removed, previously channelized streams where the banks had revegetated, and streams that had been both channelized and had the vegetation removed. Spider abundance was reduced by 70% or more by either habitat disturbance alone, or both combined, and the number of spider families was also reduced. Spiders of the family Tetragnathidae, which specialize in capturing adult insects emerging from streams, were strongly reduced by either form of habitat degradation alone, or in combination. In contrast, abundance of spiders in other families that capture prey from both terrestrial and aquatic sources was reduced more strongly by vegetation loss than channelization. These results indicate that riparian vegetation loss has strong direct effects on spiders by reducing habitat for web sites. They also suggest that channelization can have strong indirect effects on riparian-specialist tetragnathid spiders, probably by reducing the flux of adult aquatic insects from the stream to the riparian zone.
Estimating the density of carbon atoms on a Ni catalyst surface in equilibrium with a carbonaceous gas

Abstract The amount of carbon adsorbed on the surface of Ni in contact with carbonaceous gas mixtures such as CH 4 /H 2 and CO/CO 2 , is estimated from equilibrium segregation data. The results are displayed on “gas composition versus temperature” plots for the above two gas mixtures. These plots provide basic thermodynamic information relevant to reactions such as steam reforming of hydrocarbons on supported Ni catalysts. For example, the plot for CO/CO 2 gas mixtures represents the Boudouard equilibrium on a single crystal Ni catalyst, whilst the plot for CH 4 /H 2 gas mixtures provides information relevant to the equilibrium hydrogenation of adsorbed C to CH 4 .
Wave instability under short-wave amplitude modulations

Abstract The instabilities of nonlinear waves with a square-root dispersion ω ∼ | k | are studied. We present a new type of instability that affects wavelengths of the order of the carrier wave. This instability can initiate the formation of collapses and of narrow pulses.
[Introduction to the] negotiation support systems minitrack

Negotiation Support Systems (NSS) are designed to assist negotiators in reaching mutually satisfactory decisions by providing a means of communication and through analysis of available information. The purpose of this minitrack is to provide a forum for interchange of ideas, research results, development activities, and applications among academicians and practitioners in the NSS field. Since 1991, this minitrack has gathered a respectable collection of papers in this young but promising area of research. Collectively, the selected papers in this minitrack continue to offer innovative and thought-provoking research in computersupported mediation. The focus of this year NSS minitrack is to explore the role of negotiation support in online multiple-issue auctions with various conditions of information sharing.
Two-Year Outcomes for Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy in Individuals With Bipolar I Disorder

Context Numerous studies have pointed to the failure of prophylaxis with pharmacotherapy alone in the treat ment of bipolar I disorder. Recent investigations have demonstrated benefits from the addition of psychoeducation or psychotherapy to pharmacotherapy in this population. Objective To compare 2 psychosocial interventions: interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT) and an intensive clinical management (ICM) approach in the treatment of bipolar I disorder. Design Randomized controlled trial involving 4 treatment strategies: acute and maintenance IPSRT (IPSRT/IPSRT), acute and maintenance ICM (ICM/ICM), acute IPSRT followed by maintenance ICM (IPSRT/ICM), or acute ICM followed by maintenance IPSRT (ICM/IPSRT). The preventive maintenance phase lasted 2 years. Setting Research clinic in a university medical center. Participants One hundred seventy-five acutely ill individuals with bipolar I disorder recruited from inpatient and outpatient settings, clinical referral, public presentations about bipolar disorder, and other public information activities. Interventions Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, an adaptation of Klerman and Weissman’s interpersonal psychotherapy to which a social rhythm regulation component has been added, and ICM. Main Outcome Measures Time to stabilization in the acute phase and time to recurrence in the maintenance phase. Results We observed no difference between the treatment strategies in time to stabilization. After controlling for covariates of survival time, we found that participants assigned to IPSRT in the acute treatment phase survived longer without a new affective episode ( P = .01), irrespective of maintenance treatment assignment. Participants in the IPSRT group had higher regularity of social rhythms at the end of acute treatment ( P P = .05). Conclusion Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy appears to add to the clinical armamentarium for the management of bipolar I disorder, particularly with respect to prophylaxis of new episodes.
Brucella taxonomy and evolution

Taxonomy and nomenclature represent man-made systems designed to enhance understanding of the relationship between organisms by comparison of discrete sets of properties. Initial efforts at bacterial taxonomy were flawed as a result of the previous use of nonsystematic approaches including common names resulting in confusing and inaccurate nomenclature. A decision was made to start afresh with bacterial nomenclature and to avoid the hazards experienced in the taxonomic classification of higher organisms. This was achieved by developing new rules designed to simplify classification and avoid unnecessary and confusing changes. This article reviews the work of a number of scientists attempting to reconcile new molecular data describing the phylogenetic relationship between Brucella organisms and a broader family of organisms with widely variant phenotypes that include human virulence and host range against a backdrop of strict regulatory requirements that fail to recognize significant differences between organisms with similar nomenclature.
Changes in the lipid components of minced carp (Cyprinus carpio) following cooking

The changes in weight, moisture, lipid content and composition, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and carbonyl values were determined in minced carp following cooking by baking and deep-frying. Baked samples lost lipid via drip while the deep-fried samples absorbed oil. Free fatty acids decreased following cooking. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values increased following cooking by either method. Antioxidants (TBHQ and BHA) inhibited the production of TBA-reactive compounds though the production of carbonyls during deep-frying was enhanced. Tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) was slightly more effective than BHA in inhibiting the formation of TBA-reactive compounds.
Head sensitivity function determined from recording measurements

The authors present a novel approach to measuring the response of a recording head used with a hard disk to form a recording system. The technique can be implemented on any test stand used for recording measurements using standard instrumentation with minor modifications to the write electronics. The resolution across the track width is about 0.5 mu m, and the head-media separation is controlled in the usual way by the design of the air-bearing surface and the velocity of the disk. Data are given for a thin-film head to illustrate the utility of the technique. >
Cognitive engineering for intelligent man-machine systems

This paper discusses a methodology for cognitive engineering which provides a framework for the cognitive studies/spl rarr/intelligent system development/spl rarr/cognitive studies cycle. The methodology has been developed to address the problem of providing knowledge-based cooperative assistance in visual reasoning tasks, and is discussed in terms of its impact on three different application domains: diagnostic radiology, geographical information systems, and tele-assisted robot supervision. >
Mexican Enclaves and the Price of Culture

Abstract Studies of Mexican immigrant earnings consistently find a negative relationship between concentration of Mexicans and earnings. Smith and Newman [ Economic Inquiry , 15 , 51–66 (1977)] and Yuengert [ Journal of Human Resources , 30 , 194–204 (1995)], among others, attribute this enclave effect as the compensating differential for culture. However, the existence of a land market suggests that the “price” of culture may also depend on culture's effect on the price of land. Adopting a model developed by Roback [ Economic Inquiry , 26 , 23–41 (1988)], I first show that the price of Mexican culture is a function of culture's effect on both earnings and rents. Second, using data for California and Texas from the 1990 Census, I estimate the price for Mexican culture. Consistent with the model, culture lowers earnings and increases rents in enclaves with larger concentration of Mexicans. In fact, land's share of the price of culture is as much as 42%. Therefore, studies that attribute the lower earnings in enclaves as the compensating differential for enclave externalities underestimate the value of culture. This paper also tests several predictions implied by the theoretical model. Satisfying the general equilibrium conditions, the earnings of other workers are higher in enclaves. Furthermore, except for Mexican-Americans, the assumption that culture is not an amenity to other workers is supported by the data.
On mutation and crossover in the theory of evolutionary algorithms

The Evolutionary Algorithm is a population-based metaheuristic optimization algorithm. The EA employs mutation, crossover and selection operators inspired by biological evolution. It is commonly applied to find exact or approximate solutions to combinatorial search and optimization problems. This dissertation describes a series of theoretical and experimental studies on a variety of evolutionary algorithms and models of those algorithms. The effects of the crossover and mutation operators are analyzed. Multiple examples of deceptive fitness functions are given where the crossover operator is shown or proven to be detrimental to the speedy optimization of a function. While other research monographs have shown the benefits of crossover on various fitness functions, this is one of the few (or only) doing the inverse. A background literature review is given of both population genetics and evolutionary computation with a focus on results and opinions on the relative merits of crossover and mutation. Next, a family of new fitness functions is introduced and proven to be difficult for crossover to optimize. This is followed by the construction and evaluation of executable theoretical models of EAs in order to explore the effects of parameterized mutation and crossover. These models link the EA to the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. Dynamical systems analysis is performed on models of EAs to explore their attributes and fixed points. Additional crossover deceptive functions are shown and analyzed to examine the movement of fixed points under changing parameters. Finally, a set of online adaptive parameter experiments with common fitness functions is presented.
Relative Resistance in the Development of T Cell Anergy in CD4+ T Cells from Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Disease-Resistant Sooty Mangabeys

Despite high viral loads, T cells from sooty mangabey (SM) monkeys that are naturally infected with SIV but remain clinically asymptomatic, proliferate and demonstrate normal Ag-specific memory recall CD4 + T cell responses. In contrast, CD4 + T cells from rhesus macaques (RM) experimentally infected with SIV lose Ag-specific memory recall responses and develop immunological anergy. To elucidate the mechanisms for these distinct outcomes of lentiviral infection, highly enriched alloreactive CD4 + T cells from humans, RM, and SM were anergized by TCR-only stimulation (signal 1 alone) and subsequently challenged with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 Abs (signals 1 + 2). Whereas alloreactive CD4 + T cells from humans and RM became anergized, surprisingly, CD4 + T cells from SM showed marked proliferation and IL-2 synthesis after restimulation. This resistance to undergo anergy was not secondary to a global deficiency in anergy induction of CD4 + T cells from SM since incubation of CD4 + T cells with anti-CD3 alone in the presence of rapamycin readily induced anergy in these cells. The resistance to undergo anergy was reasoned to be due to the ability of CD4 + T cells from SM to synthesize IL-2 when incubated with anti-CD3 alone. Analysis of phosphorylated kinases involved in T cell activation showed that the activation of CD4 + T cells by signal 1 in SM elicited a pattern of response that required both signals 1 + 2 in humans and RM. This function of CD4 + T cells from SM may contribute to the resistance of this species to SIV-induced disease.
Solid‐state Properties of Creatine Monohydrate

Abstract Creatine monohydrate (CM) is a nutritional supplement and an ergogenic aid for athletes. It appears to increase lean body mass, high‐intensity power output and strength in healthy humans. The crystal structure of creatine monohydrate has previously been reported. However, little information is available on its solid‐state properties. In this investigation, creatine monohydrate was subjected to Thermal Analyses, Karl‐Fisccher Titrimetry (KFT), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Variable Temperature X‐ray Powder Diffractometry (VTXRD) to characterize its solid‐state properties. The results of this study suggested that commercially available creatine monohydrate dehydrates at about 97–125°C. A phase transition after dehydration was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction studies. This dehydrated phase at a temperature above 230°C undergoes intramolecular cyclization with a loss of an additional mole of water to form creatinine. Creatinine finally melts with decomposition at about 290°C. VTXRD, confirmed that the above solid‐state thermal transformation was kinetically driven, and occurred within a narrow temperature range. Mass Spectrometric (MS) studies further indicated a possible dimerization of creatinine formed during the solid‐state transformation. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmaceutical Association J Pharm Sci 91:708–718, 2002
Insulation systems for liquid-immersed transformers - new materials require new methods for evaluation

Insulation systems for liquid-immersed transformers have been essentially unchanged for the last 100 years, using combinations of mineral oil and cellulosic based papers and boards. Previous papers have outlined initial work in the development and then validation of a dual-temperature method for the evaluation of the thermal capability of insulation systems. This paper will provide a comparison of this method to historical methods, showing very similar results for the dual-temperature model as compared to industry data which make up the traditional life curves for upgraded and non-upgraded cellulose papers.
Advances in Cone-Based Preference Modeling for Decision Making with Multiple Criteria

Decision making with multiple criteria requires preferences elicited from the decision maker to determine a solution set. Models of preferences, that follow upon the concept of nondominated solutions introduced by Yu (1974), are presented and compared within a unified framework of cones. Polyhedral and nonpolyhedral, convex and nonconvex, translated, and variable cones are used to model different types of preferences. Common mathematical properties of the preferences are discussed. The impact of using these preferences in decision making is emphasized.
Emergence of Vaccine-Related Pneumococcal Serotypes as a Cause of Bacteremia

Background. The heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) has decreased the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease among children in the United States. In the postlicensure period, the impact of non-PCV7 serotypes against pediatric pneumococcal bacteremia is unknown.Methods. Episodes of bacteremia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae and other respiratory pathogens (ORP), namely Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis, were identified in children <18 years old at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia from January 1999 to May 2005. For pneumococci, serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance were compared.Results. A total of 188 episodes of pneumococcal bacteremia and 55 episodes of ORP bacteremia were identified. By comparing data from 1999–2000 with data from 2001 to May 2005, we found that the incidence of pneumococcal bacteremia decreased by 57%. The incidence of bacteremia caused by ORPs was unchanged; 1.43 episodes (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84–2.29 episodes) to 1.25 (95% CI, 0.88–1.71) per 10,000 emergency department visits. Vaccine serotypes caused 85% of episodes of bacteremia in 1999–2000, compared with 34% of episodes of bacteremia in 2001 to May 2005 (P < .01). The percentage of isolates nonsusceptible to penicillin increased from 25% to 39% (P < .05). The percentage of episodes of pneumococcal bacteremia caused by vaccine-related serotypes—those of the same serogroup but not of the same serotype as PCV7—increased from 6% of episodes in the prelicensure period to 35% of episodes in the postlicensure period (P < .01). Rates of serotype pneumococcal bacteremia caused by nonvaccine serotypes were not statistically different between the 2 periods.Conclusions. The overall incidence of pneumococcal bacteremia decreased by 57% after the introduction of PCV7. During the postlicensure period, there were significant decreases in the incidence of pneumococcal bacteremia caused by vaccine serotypes; however, rates of penicillin resistance and bacteremia due to vaccine-related serotypes increased.
A Meta-analytical Comparison of Fish Assemblages from Multiple Estuarine Regions of Southeastern Louisiana Using a Taxonomic-Based Method

Abstract The estuarine ecosystems of southeastern Louisiana are threatened by numerous environmental impacts such as wetland loss, coastal development, and overharvesting of natural resources. If the relative health of different estuaries can be determined, then management efforts might be focused on those regions needing the most protection. Unfortunately, estuaries are by definition dynamic, precluding easy comparisons of relative environmental health. Meta-analyses can be used to overcome problems associated with this natural variability. Analyzing sizable ecological data sets that cover large spatial and temporal scales is helpful in assessing relative ecosystem health among different regions. To compare the health of four estuarine regions of southeastern Louisiana (the Barataria Basin, Lake Maurepas, Lake Pontchartrain, and the Biloxi Marsh and Chandeleur Islands region), we calculated taxonomic distinctness and variation in taxonomic distinctness for fishery-independent data collected from three ha...
Effect of anti-fungal nasal lavage with amphotericin B on nasal polyposis

Recent studies have suggested that allergic fungal rhino-sinusitis could be involved in the development of nasal polyposis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of anti-fungal nasal lavages. Patients performed nasal lavage with 20 ml of a one per one thousand amphotericin B suspension in each nostril, twice a day, for four weeks. In addition, all patients continued their saline nasal lavage and their conventional topical corticosteroid spray. This study included 74 patients, with a mean age of 46 years (range from 19 to 73). Before anti-fungal treatment, the distribution of nasal polyposis, according to Malm, was: 13 patients in stage I (17.5 per cent), 48 patients in stage II (65 per cent) and 13 patients in stage III (17.5 per cent). After anti-fungal nasal lavages, the total disappearance of nasal polyposis was observed in 29 patients (39 per cent). Eight patients were stage I, 21 stage II, and none stage III. In patients who have had previous endoscopic polypectomy and functional endoscopic sinus surgery, total disappearance of nasal polyposis was seen in 24 patients (47 per cent). Hyper-reactivity to fungal organisms could be one of the mechanisms underlying the development of nasal polyposis. A direct effect of amphotericin B suspension on the integrity of the cell membrane of the polyps' epithelium could not be excluded.
Single bus studies of split, multiple battery energy storage systems

High system costs for battery energy storage systems (BESS) has led to questions about their viability going forward. Innovations in the field however have continued to discover methods to improve the cost requirements. One of the current areas of progress has been in the automotive industry. A system of smaller and cheaper batteries with similar energy and power ratings can reduce the cost by approximately 40% according to some reports. This work examines some of the viability of these systems and the challenges associated with it. In particular, varied setups in terms of the power electronic conversion systems will be shown and some of the implications there of. Work presented here will eventually be applied to the alternative source lab setup within Drexel's Center for Electric Power Engineering (CEPE).1
High-Stakes Testing and Students With Disabilities: Challenges and Promises

The use of high-stakes testing has become an increasingly popular assessment for schools to use in demonstrating individual academic performance of students, and providingaccountability for school ...
Alterations of NADPH-Generating and Drug- Metabolizing Enzymes by Feed Restriction in Male Rats

Two groups of weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a semi- synthetic diet (ad libitum group) and 50% of that consumed by the ad libitum group (restricted group) for 49 days. Compared to the ad libitum group, the animals of the restricted group gained 55% less in body weight and had 60% smaller livers. While serum glucose, urea nitrogen, uric acid and lipids were lowered in the restricted animals, other serum biochemical parameters remained unchanged. The in vitro activities of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes were increased two- to threefold in the restricted animals. Feed restriction also caused a significant increase in the activities of NADPH- generating enzymes of liver and adipose tissue; however, the enzymes not concerned with the production of NADPH remained unaffected by feed restriction. It is concluded that feed restriction, unlike starvation, enhanced activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes as well as NADPH-generating enzymes. J. Nutr. 112: 2301-2306, 1982.
SEREBRO: facilitating student project team collaboration

In this demonstration, we show SEREBRO, a lightweight courseware developed for student team collaboration in a software engineering class. SEREBRO couples an idea forum with software project management tools to maintain cohesive interaction between team discussion and resulting work products, such as tasking, documentation, and version control. SEREBRO has been used consecutively for two years of software engineering classes. Student input and experiments on student use in these classes has directed SERBRO to its current functionality.
Electronic structure and dielectric behavior of finite-length single-walled carbon nanotubes

The electronic structure and dielectric screening of finite-length armchair carbon nanotubes are studied within a tight-binding model, which well captures the oscillation pattern of the band gap as the tube length increases. We find that: (1) the parallel screening constant /spl epsi//sub /spl par// grows almost linearly with the length and shows little dependence on the band gap; (2) the perpendicular screening is strongly related to the band gap and /spl epsi//sub /spl perp// converges to its bulk value when the length exceeds tens of radius. Our method is employed to study the depolarization effect of a short (6,6) nanotube in a wet environment, when water is inside the tube. This situation is of interest for biomimetic uses of carbon nanotubes.
Applying Quantitative Marketing Techniques to the Internet

Quantitative models have proved valuable in predicting consumer behavior in the offline world. These same techniques can be adapted to predict online actions. The use of diffusion models provides a firm foundation to implement and forecast viral marketing strategies. Choice models can predict purchases at online stores and shopbots. Hierarchical Bayesian models provide a framework for implementing versioning and price-segmentation strategies. Bayesian updating is a natural tool for profiling users with clickstream data. A key challenge for practitioners of Internet marketing is to extract value from the huge volume of data that can be collected. These techniques illustrate how this information can be leveraged to create better decisions.
Interventions with Family Caregivers of Cancer Patients: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials†‡§

Family caregivers of cancer patients receive little preparation, information, or support to perform their caregiving role. However, their psychosocial needs must be addressed so they can maintain their own health and provide the best possible care to the patient. The purpose of this article is to analyze the types of interventions offered to family caregivers of cancer patients, and to determine the effect of these interventions on various caregiver outcomes. Meta-analysis was used to analyze data obtained from 29 randomized clinical trials published from 1983 through March 2009. Three types of interventions were offered to caregivers: psychoeducational, skills training, and therapeutic counseling. Most interventions were delivered jointly to patients and caregivers, but they varied considerably with regard to dose and duration. The majority of caregivers were female (64%) and Caucasian (84%), and ranged in age from 18 to 92 years (mean age, 55 years). Meta-analysis indicated that although these interventions had small to medium effects, they significantly reduced caregiver burden, improved caregivers' ability to cope, increased their self-efficacy, and improved aspects of their quality of life. Various intervention characteristics were also examined as potential moderators. Clinicians need to deliver research-tested interventions to help caregivers and patients cope effectively and maintain their quality of life.
Equilibria of a noncooperative game for heterogeneous users of an ALOHA network

A noncooperative group of users sharing a channel via ALOHA is considered. Depending on their quality-of-service requirements and willingness to pay, the users will select a desired throughput. The users then participate in a noncooperative game wherein they adjust their transmission-probability parameters in an attempt to attain their desired throughputs. The possible equilibrium points reached by such a community of users are studied.
The Case-Crossover Design: A Method for Studying Transient Effects on the Risk of Acute Events

A case-control design involving only cases may be used when brief exposure causes a transient change in risk of a rare acute-onset disease. The design resembles a retrospective nonrandomized crossover study but differs in having only a sample of the base population-time. The average incidence rate ratio for a hypothesized effect period following the exposure is estimable using the Mantel-Haenszel estimator. The duration of the effect period is assumed to be that which maximizes the rate ratio estimate. Self-matching of cases eliminates the threat of control-selection bias and increases efficiency. Pilot data from a study of myocardial infarction onset illustrate the control of within-individual confounding due to temporal association of exposures.
Effect of Uniaxial Strain on the Drain Current of a Heterojunction Tunneling Field-Effect Transistor

The electrical characteristics of a heterojunction tunneling field-effect transistor (HETT), with a p-type Si0.75Ge0.25 source, have been measured as a function of strain. HETTs with channel transport and applied strain both in the [110] direction show a smooth monotonic change in drain current over a range of 0.09% compressive to 0.13% tensile strain. A measure γ = (d/d ln JD)(d ln JD/ds) |s=0 of the effect of strain s on tunneling current JD is proposed, which captures the dependence of the tunneling exponential argument on strain. An experimental value of γ = -11.7 is extracted for the tensile case and compared to simulation results. We found theoretically that the value and sign of depend sensitively on the built-in strain at the Si-SiGe interface.
Writing Manuscripts Describing Clinical Trials: A Guide for Pharmacotherapeutic Researchers

Once researchers have completed a clinical trial and analyzed the data, they have a duty to make the results known to their peers by writing a manuscript suitable for publication in a biomedical journal. Before beginning any writing, those involved in the clinical drug trial first need to decide among themselves who is to be the first author and secondary authors, the readership they want to influence, and the most appropriate target journal to reach this readership. For content and formatting of the manuscript, writers need to carefully follow the instructions for authors as stipulated by the target journal. In general, a manuscript based on a clinical trial is presented sequentially in four sections: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion (IMRAD). The introduction concisely presents background information about the topic that was researched in the clinical trial, provides the study hypothesis, and describes the study rationale, purpose, and objectives. The Methods section delineates the study design, subject/patient selection process, procedures, end points, and types of analysis conducted in the clinical trial to investigate the study hypothesis. The Results section presents the findings of the clinical trial, and the Discussion section interprets the meaning of these findings, assesses how the findings answer the study hypothesis, and compares the study data with findings reported in earlier studies. Writers should select a title for the clinical trial manuscript that is fewer than 10 words and which embodies the essence of the study findings clearly and specifically without being sensationalistic. Writers should create the abstract last; the abstract should provide an overview of the manuscript and stimulate readers' interest. Overall, following the above principles in writing a manuscript based on a clinical drug trial will make the actual writing easier and more enjoyable, as well as increase the possibility of the manuscript being accepted for publication.
Synthesis of optimal ensemble controls for linear systems using the singular value decomposition

An emerging and challenging area in mathematical control theory called Ensemble Control encompasses a class of problems that involves the guidance of an uncountably infinite collection of structurally identical dynamical systems, which are indexed by a parameter set, by applying the same open-loop control. The subject originates from the study of complex spin dynamics in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging (MRI). A fundamental question concerns ensemble controllability, which determines the existence of controls that transfer the system between desired initial and target states. For ensembles of finite-dimensional time-varying linear systems, the necessary and sufficient controllability conditions and analytical optimal control laws have been shown to depend on the singular system of the operator characterizing the system dynamics. Because analytical solutions are available only in the simplest cases, there is a need to develop numerical methods for synthesizing these controls. We introduce a direct, accurate, and computationally efficient algorithm based on the singular value decomposition (SVD) that approximates ensemble controls of minimum norm for such systems. This method enables the application of ensemble control to engineering problems involving complex, time-varying, and high-dimensional linear dynamic systems.
Social Norms and Identity Relevance: A Motivational Approach to Normative Behavior

Two studies demonstrated that greater identification with a group was associated with more positive emotions for members who conformed with versus violated the group's norms. These effects were found with injunctive norms, which specify what members should do or what they ideally would do, but emerged less consistently with descriptive norms, which specify what members typically do. Descriptive norms affected emotional responses when they acquired identity-relevance by differentiating an important ingroup from a rival outgroup. For these descriptive norms, much like injunctive norms, greater identification yielded more positive emotions following conformity than violation. The authors suggest that positive emotions and self-evaluations underlie conformity with the norms of self-defining groups.
Decomposed, Reduced Order Model for Double-Cage Induction Machines

A method is presented and validated for increasing the computational efficiency in simulating double-cage induction machines where stator transients are to be included. Iterative decomposition is used to separate the flux-linkage equations into decoupled fast and slow subsystems, after which the model order of the fast subsystem is reduced by neglecting the heavily damped fast transients caused by the starting cage. The two decoupled subsystems along with the equation for the very slowly changing slip constitute a three time-scale model for the machine which resulted in more than doubling computational speed.
Beta adrenergic receptor alterations in diabetic rat prostate: effects of insulin and dietary myoinositol.

As sexual dysfunction is a well-recognized manifestation of diabetes mellitus and as the function of the prostate, a major accessory organ in the male reproductive system, is regulated by the autonomic nervous system, we studied beta adrenergic receptors in the prostate of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, using radioligand receptor binding techniques. Four groups of rats were maintained for 8 weeks: controls, diabetics, insulin-treated diabetics, and myoinisitol-treated diabetics. The diabetic and myoinisitol-treated diabetic animals were smaller, had higher blood glucose levels, higher water intake and urine output, smaller prostates, and lower serum insulin levels than the other groups. Saturation experiments with [3H]dihydroalprenolol showed that the induction of diabetes decreased the density of beta adrenergic receptors in prostatic membrane particulates. Inhibition studies with selective beta adrenergic antagonists demonstrated that these receptors were of the beta 2 subtype. Furthermore, insulin but not myoinositol treatment normalized blood glucose and insulin levels, maintained normal prostate and body weight-gain, and prevented the decrease in the density, i.e., down-regulation, of the prostatic beta adrenergic receptors.
Compensation of unmodeled friction in manipulators using neural networks

A neural network compensator augmented computed torque control scheme for the compensation of unmodeled frictional effects in manipulators is proposed. The proposed compensator is implemented by a three layer network structure. A weight adaptation methodology based on the extended Kalman filter algorithm is used. Computer simulations are performed to verify and study the stability, convergence and trajectory tracking performance of the proposed control architecture. Results from the simulations show that the training algorithm derived from the extended Kalman filter is stable. Convergence is also verified. The simulations also show the stability of the computed torque control law augmented by the neural network compensator approximating the unmodeled frictional terms. >
The Multisectoral Trilemma of Network Management

This article presents an analysis of different network coordination strategies. The article extends network management scholarship by integrating sector-based differences within a theoretical framework encompassing extant conceptions of network management. Even as the emergent field of network management scholarship advances, current research tends to generalize network management approaches based on assumptions that organizations behave similarly within a network regardless of whether the organizations are governmental, nonprofit, or commercial. Consequently, existing research does not fully account for whether sector-based differences have implications for network management. This article provides evidence that sector-based differences within a network matter because the differences provide strategic opportunities and constraints for managers involved in coordinating mixed-sector networks. This article makes several contributions to network management scholarship. First, this article provides a framework that reviews and situates current conceptions about network coordination within a passive-to-active continuum of managerial approaches. Sectoral differences are situated and integrated within this framework. Second, this article provides an empirically based investigation of a quasi-natural experiment that examines sector-based differences in mixed-sector workforce development networks in Boston. The article's findings suggest that integrating sector-based orientations within a passive-to-active network managerial continuum helps clarify and categorize the strategic options and trade-offs that managers may consider in coordinating multisectoral networks.
Exploring the Influence of Parasocial Relationships and Experiences on Radio Listeners’ Consumer Behaviors

The purpose of the present study was to explore the influence of radio listener experiences on radio listening behaviors, consumer perceptions and behaviors, and social media involvement. A national sample of listeners (N = 2,700) from a variety of small, medium, and large designated market areas (N = 9) throughout the United States revealed the presence of parasocial relationships (PSRs) and experiences of parasocial interaction (EPSI) with local and nationally syndicated radio personalities. Both PSRs and EPSI predicted radio listening, positive perceptions about, recall of, and purchasing of the brands, products, and services recommended by listeners’ favorite radio personalities. Results also show that PSRs and EPSI predicted listeners’ involvement with social media platforms.
High Reynolds Number Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow over Rough Walls: Wall Pressure Spectrum and Noise

Experiments have been performed on series of high Reynolds number zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layers formed over rough and smooth walls. The boundary layers were fully rough yet the elements remained a very small fraction (<1.4%) of the boundary layer thickness ensuring conditions free of transitional effects. The wall pressure spectrum and its scaling were studied in detail. The radiated roughness noise was compared with predictions made using diffraction theory. One of the major findings is that the rough wall turbulent pressure spectrum at vehicle relevant conditions is comprised of three scaling regions. These include a newly discovered high frequency region where the pressure spectrum has a viscous scaling controlled by the friction velocity, adjusted to exclude the pressure drag on the roughness elements.
The importance of erosion in distributary channel network growth, Wax Lake Delta, Louisiana, USA

A river delta’s shape and kinematics are dictated by the three-dimensional evolution of its distributary channels on the delta front, yet measurements of this evolution are scarce. We supply four bathymetric surveys documenting this evolution for Gadwall Pass—part of the Wax Lake Delta, one of the few rapidly prograding regions of the greater Mississippi Delta in coastal Louisiana, United States. This distributary channel extends 2–6 km beyond the sub-aerially emergent delta (dependent on water surface elevation) and bifurcates into four similarly sized distributary channels (average channel width = ∼150 m) in this sub-aqueous reach. Distributary channel growth proceeds primarily through erosion of the unchannelized foreset deposit, and growth patterns differ between high and low river flow. During high river flow, high upstream sand supply acts to aggrade the bed both inside and outside of the channel network. Erosion during high flow is focused at the sand shoals that define the sidewalls of the bifurcate channels, causing channel network rearrangement into a single primary channel with the remaining secondary channels branching off of it. During low river flow, bed erosion is focused at channel tips and the beds of all of the subaqueous distributary channels, leading to a bayward extension of each channel tip by ≥0.87 channel-widths. Channel-bottom erosion during low river flow is enhanced by tidally modulated currents that support sand suspension and transport in the subaqueous channels during ebb tide while receiving only a small sand supply from upstream.
Laser Ablation Deposition of Germanium Oxide Thin Films

Laser pulsed sputtering of GeO 2 targets in both vacuum and oxygen environments is us;ed to produce germanium oxide thin films. Infrared transmission and Auger electron spectroscopies are employed to infer compositional information on the films. The films grown in vacuum are oxygen deficient and they show a radial variation in the metal to oxide content. In contrast, the films grown in an oxygen atmosphere appear stoichiometric along the entire film.
Nuclear introgression without mitochondrial introgression in two turtle species exhibiting sex‐specific trophic differentiation

Despite the presence of reproductive barriers between species, interspecific gene introgression has been documented in a range of natural systems. Comparing patterns of genetic introgression in biparental versus matrilineal markers can potentially reveal sex-specific barriers to interspecific gene flow. Hybridization has been documented in the freshwater turtles Graptemys geographica and G. pseudogeographica, whose ranges are largely sympatric. Morphological differentiation between the species is restricted to females, with female G. geographica possessing large heads and jaws compared to the narrow heads of G. pseudogeographica females. If hybrid females are morphologically intermediate, they may be less successful at exploiting parental feeding niches, thereby limiting the introgression of maternally inherited, but not biparental, molecular markers. We paired sequence data with stable isotope analysis and examined sex-specific genetic introgression and trophic differentiation in sympatric populations of G. geographica and G. pseudogeographica. We observed introgression from G. pseudogeographica into G. geographica at three nuclear loci, but not at the mitochondrial locus. Analysis of ∂(15)N and ∂(13)C was consistent with species differences in trophic positioning in females, but not males. These results suggest that ecological divergence in females may reduce the opportunity for gene flow in this system.