cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The firm constitutional foundation and shaky political future of environmental cooperative federalism

Congress embarked on a new era of environmental protection in 1970, when it passed the federal Clean Air Act. Within a few years, it had adopted statutes protecting the nation’s other natural resources. Many of these laws were built on a foundation of cooperative federalism. They envisioned a partnership between the federal government and the states in the pursuit of federally declared environmental protection goals. The statutes delegated to each level of government authority to adopt, implement, and enforce different aspects of the environmental laws. Over the ensuing decades, litigants have attacked these cooperative federalism statutes, claiming that they are inconsistent with the Constitution’s federalism design. Most frequently, the challenges have focused on alleged abuses of the powers granted to Congress under the Commerce Clause, but litigants have also claimed that federal environmental legislation impermissibly intruded on state sovereignty in violation of the Tenth Amendment. With few exceptions, the courts have dismissed these challenges, finding the environmental statutes to fit comfortably within federalism structures and traditions. The Roberts Court may have opened the door to the next wave of challenges by recognizing limits on the federal Spending Clause, but even if these assaults succeed, which is by no means assured, they are unlikely to disrupt most aspects of the environmental protection laws. The most significant current challenge to the successful implementation of the environmental cooperative federalism statutes lurks not in the litigation arena, but in the implementation of those laws by the Executive Branch. The Trump Administration has made much of it commitment to federalism and to an enhanced state role in fashioning and pursuing environmental policies. The Administration’s actions, however, have not been consistent with promoting that agenda. It has begun an unprecedented retrenchment of federal regulatory authority. Instead of fostering state capacity to fill the resulting gaps, the Administration has sought to withdraw the federal financial support for state regulators that has long been forthcoming, and even raised the possibility of blocking implementation of state programs that are more protective than the federal government’s. The Administration’s devotion to devolution of environmental policymaking authority seems limited to policies that weaken environmental regulation.
Evaluación técnica de la viabilidad de inyección cíclica de vapor en pozos horizontales en el campo de crudo pesado

La evaluacion para la implementacion de la tecnologia de inyeccion ciclica de vapor en el Campo XY se realizo con el fin de evaluar el impacto en el factor de recobro, a traves de un analisis de sensibilidades tanto a nivel operativo, como en propiedades del yacimiento, entre las cuales estan la produccion en frio, con pozos verticales y horizontales. Lo anteriormente descrito se realizo mediante un modelo de simulacion numerica con el software CMG, a traves del cual se evaluaron los diferentes escenarios propuestos para, de esta manera, evaluar el factor de recobro con cada una de estas tecnicas. Finalmente, se realizo un analisis financiero teniendo en cuenta todos los perfiles de produccion generados a partir de las sensibilidades y escoger dos escenarios pesimistas, medios y optimistas, para hacer los flujos de caja correspondientes a los casos seleccionados, y evaluar financieramente la implementacion del metodo.
Farrowing hut design and sow genotype (Camborough-15 vs 25% Meishan) effects on outdoor sow and litter productivity.

Performance measures were evaluated for 125 outdoor sows and litters of two crossbred geno- types (Camborough-15 and 25% Meishan) and in two farrowing hut designs (American-style and English- style hut). Contemporary breeding groups of second- parity sows were evaluated in an intensive, outdoor research unit. Sow genotype and hut designs were ar- ranged factorially. Seven complete blocks were evalu- ated over a 21-wk period. No interactions between envi- ronment and genotype were identified for sow and litter productivity. Litters farrowing in the English-style huts weaned 1.5 more (P < .05) piglets per sow (because
Analysis of Respiration as an Indicator of Oocyte and Embryo Developmental Potential

Reproductive aging in women occurs almost exclusively in the oocyte, which opens the possibility of developing improved single cell assays of oocyte and embryo dysfunction. Disruption of mitochondrial function and production of reactive oxygen are the cornerstones of one of the most widely established theories of cellular aging, and evidence suggests mitochondria and metabolism also underlie oocyte and embryo senescence. The physiology of the early embryo may be indicative of embryo viability and therefore methods to noninvasively monitor physiological parameters of embryos could improve the prediction of preimplantation embryo development. The self-referencing electrophysiological technique is capable of noninvasive measurement of the physiology of individual cells by monitoring the gradient of oxygen that develops around the cell as it consumes oxygen. We used this technique to monitor gradients of oxygen around individual preimplantation embryos. The oxygen-sensitive, self-referencing electrode identifies an extensive gradient of reduced dissolved oxygen concentration surrounding embryos, which extends tens of micrometers into the culture media. We also demonstrated that monitoring the physiology of embryos using the self-referencing technique does not compromise their subsequent development—blastocysts studied with the self-referencing oxygen electrode technique implanted and developed to term at the same rate as control embryos. Growing evidence from a number of groups that have adapted the self-referencing electrode technique to study bovine and human embryos suggests that the self-referencing electrode provides a valuable noninvasive technique for studying the physiology and pathophysiology of individual embryos, including human embryos, without hindering their subsequent development.
Percutaneous revascularization for stable coronary artery disease temporal trends and impact of drug-eluting stents.

Objectives We sought to determine the characteristics, outcomes, and temporal trends among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for stable coronary artery disease (CAD) from a single-center registry. Background There is controversy regarding the generalizability of the findings from randomized trials of PCI for stable CAD to daily practice. An important perspective on the significance of the trial results can be achieved by clearly documenting past and present practice of PCI. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of 8,912 consecutive patients undergoing elective PCI from 1979 through 2006 at a tertiary referral center. Clinical, angiographic, and procedural characteristics as well as in-hospital and long-term outcomes were measured in patients grouped into 4 eras depending on the dominant interventional strategy of that time: percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, early stent, bare-metal stent, and drug-eluting stent. Results Procedural success rates have improved (81%, 92%, 96%, and 97%, respectively, p Conclusions Procedural success rates in contemporary practice of PCI for stable CAD are excellent with very low in-hospital mortality. Introduction of drug-eluting stents has reduced target lesion revascularization but not mortality among all comers. Outcomes similar to that observed in recent clinical trials are being achieved in routine clinical practice.
Introducing new and emerging genetic tests into prenatal care.

Abstract Given the rapid advances in genomics, translating new genomic tests effectively into prenatal clinical practice remains challenging. We discuss emerging genetic tests, considerations for their use, how tests should ideally be validated prior to use in clinical practice, and the role of the Federal Drug Administration, Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) laboratories, commercial laboratories, insurers, and professional societies such as the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) in the introduction of new prenatal genetic tests. After the introduction of new tests into the prenatal clinic, it is critical to utilize shared databases with measured outcomes to improve clinical care as well as to advance science.
The Integrated Product Team Educational Experience

The Integrated Product Team (IPT) is a multidisciplinary and multi-university STEM educational project whose goal is to provide the opportunity for undergraduate scientists and engineers to translate stakeholder needs and requirements into viable science and engineering design solutions via a distributed multidisciplinary team environment in a Pre-Phase A design activity. The core of the project is a two-semester senior design sequence where science, engineering, and liberal arts undergraduate students form multidisciplinary competitive teams to develop system concepts of interest for NASA Science Mission Directorate. The two-semester design sequence for the IPT project emphasizes four key principles that are critical for any new scientist/engineer in the competitive environment of today: systems thinking, communication, teamwork, and design. These four principles are taught over four phases in the two-semester sequence: requirements development, team formation and mission architecture development, system definition and development, and system design. Replicating the real world of spacecraft design, the science team members determine the science requirements for the mission, develop the science traceability matrix, select the correct instrumentation to meet the science requirements, and develop the science operations plan. The engineering team members design and develop the spacecraft(s) necessary to accomplish the science requirements and provide computer-aided design models of each spacecraft.
Cooperative Agendas and the Power of the Periphery: the US, Estonia, and NATO after the Ukraine Crisis

ABSTRACTThe geopolitical discourses of hegemonic actors dominate the inter-state system and are significant determinants of how international politics play out on the world stage. Particularly in t...
Highly Modular Synthesis of 1,2-Diketones via Multicomponent Coupling Reactions of Isocyanides as CO Equivalents

A one-pot, four-component Pd-catalyzed coupling has been developed for the synthesis of unsymmetrical 1,2-diketones from aryl halides and alkyl zincs employing tert-butyl isocyanide as a CO source. The intermediate 1,2-diketones have been elaborated to quinoxalines. Mechanistic studies help to rationalize the high selectivity for the bis- vs monoinsertion product.
Molecular-level origin of the carboxylate head group response to divalent metal ion complexation at the air–water interface

We exploit gas-phase cluster ion techniques to provide insight into the local interactions underlying divalent metal ion-driven changes in the spectra of carboxylic acids at the air–water interface. This information clarifies the experimental findings that the CO stretching bands of long-chain acids appear at very similar energies when the head group is deprotonated by high subphase pH or exposed to relatively high concentrations of Ca2+ metal ions. To this end, we report the evolution of the vibrational spectra of size-selected [Ca2+·RCO2−]+·(H2O)n=0to12 and RCO2−·(H2O)n=0to14 cluster ions toward the features observed at the air–water interface. Surprisingly, not only does stepwise hydration of the RCO2− anion and the [Ca2+·RCO2−]+ contact ion pair yield solvatochromic responses in opposite directions, but in both cases, the responses of the 2 (symmetric and asymmetric stretching) CO bands to hydration are opposite to each other. The result is that both CO bands evolve toward their interfacial asymptotes from opposite directions. Simulations of the [Ca2+·RCO2−]+·(H2O)n clusters indicate that the metal ion remains directly bound to the head group in a contact ion pair motif as the asymmetric CO stretch converges at the interfacial value by n = 12. This establishes that direct metal complexation or deprotonation can account for the interfacial behavior. We discuss these effects in the context of a model that invokes the water network-dependent local electric field along the C–C bond that connects the head group to the hydrocarbon tail as the key microscopic parameter that is correlated with the observed trends.
Does generous welfare policy encourage dependence? TANF asset limits and duration of program participation

ABSTRACTThere is increasing evidence that restrictive financial asset limits for eligibility in the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program discourage program participants from build...
Risk Factors for Emergency Department Utilization among Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

This study reaffirms our previous work documenting a higher number of Emergency Department (ED) visits by adolescent females with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) as compared to adolescent males with ASD, as well as significantly more ED visits by older adolescents than younger adolescents with ASD. Combined externalizing and internalizing psychiatric co-morbidities as well as internalizing conditions alone predict a higher number of ED visits in this study. Illness severity as demonstrated by patterns of visits to primary care physicians and psychiatric referrals prior to ED visits and the prescription of two or more classes of psychotropic medications also predict higher number of ED visits. Finally, as expected, previous ED visits predict future ED visits. The identification of these factors may prove helpful in determining adequacy of current supports and resources for teens with ASD navigating the challenges of adolescence.
Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy reveals heat stress-induced changes in hemoglobin profile in chicken breast

Global rise in incidence of woody breast (WB) syndrome imposes a significant economic burden on the poultry industry. The increase in WB is due to the large increase in the weight of chickens these days within a very short period. An early determination of WB can significantly reduce losses to the poultry industry. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy provides a noninvasive and rapid method to interrogate tissue function. The sensitivity of DRS to the distinct absorption spectra of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin allows accurate quantification of average hemoglobin concentration and vascular oxygenation within the sampled tissue. In this study, we used diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to monitor breast hemoglobin concentration (THb) and vascular oxygen saturation (sO2) of 16 chickens that were exposed to heat stress (HS). HS is an important cause of WB myopathy in chickens. Animals were exposed to heat-stress (HS) and optical data were acquired at three time points: at baseline prior to heat stress, 2 days, and 21 days after initiation of HS. Our results show that animals from control and HS groups had a steady decay in optically derived breast hemoglobin concentration consistent with independent i-STAT measurements made on blood sampled from the femoral artery. This study shows that DRS can provide a rapid assessment of hematological changes in longitudinal avian studies.
Activation of GABA B receptors results in excitatory modulation of calyx terminals in rat semicircular canal cristae

Previous studies have found GABA in vestibular end organs. However, existence of GABA receptors or possible GABAergic effects on vestibular nerve afferents has not been investigated. The current study was conducted to determine whether activation of GABAB receptors affects calyx afferent terminals in the central region of the cristae of semicircular canals. We used patch-clamp recording in postnatal day 13-18 (P13-P18) Sprague-Dawley rats of either sex. Application of GABAB receptor agonist baclofen inhibited voltage-sensitive potassium currents. This effect was blocked by selective GABAB receptor antagonist CGP 35348. Application of antagonists of small (SK)- and large-conductance potassium (BK) channels almost completely blocked the effects of baclofen. The remaining baclofen effect was blocked by cadmium chloride, suggesting that it could be due to inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channels. Furthermore, baclofen had no effect in the absence of calcium in the extracellular fluid. Inhibition of potassium currents by GABAB activation resulted in an excitatory effect on calyx terminal action potential firing. While in the control condition calyces could only fire a single action potential during step depolarizations, in the presence of baclofen they fired continuously during steps and a few even showed repetitive discharge. We also found a decrease in threshold for action potential generation and a decrease in first-spike latency during step depolarization. These results provide the first evidence for the presence of GABAB receptors on calyx terminals, showing that their activation results in an excitatory effect and that GABA inputs could be used to modulate calyx response properties.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using in vitro whole cell patch-clamp recordings from calyx terminals in the vestibular end organs, we show that activation of GABAB receptors result in an excitatory effect, with decreased spike-frequency adaptation and shortened first-spike latencies. Our results suggest that these effects are mediated through inhibition of calcium-sensitive potassium channels.
Depression and Sleep Quality in Outpatients attending Penjaringan Primary Health Care, North Jakarta: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Depression is the most common mental disorder. Depression of outpatients in primary health care is frequently unrecognized. It might affect sleep quality, which is associated with worse quality of life, poor medication adherence, higher morbidity, and mortality. The study aimed to determine the association between depression and sleep quality of outpatients in Penjaringan Primary Health Care, Jakarta. Method: This research was observational analytic using a cross-sectional approach involving 434 outpatients in Penjaringan Primary Health Care, Jakarta. The study was conducted from August until September 2019. Instruments used in this research were the demographic questionnaire, the Zung Self-Rating Depression (SDS) questionnaire, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. Data analytics were bivariate. Results: There were 19.1% of respondents had depression, including 12.2% mild depression, 5.8% moderate depression, and 1.2% severe depression. There were 53.5% of respondents had poor sleep quality. There was a significant relationship (p<0.001, OR=7.814) between depression and sleep quality in outpatients. The results also showed that depression scores were moderately correlated with sleep disturbances (r=0.434). Conclusion: This study showed a high prevalence of depression and poor sleep quality among outpatients. Depression was associated with a 7.8 times higher risk of having poor sleep quality and also correlated with the components of sleep quality especially sleep disturbance.
A Review of Witnesses from the Grave: The Stories Bones Tell

Witnesses from the Grave promises to “explore the world of Forensic Anthropology through the eyes of one of its foremost practitioners, Clyde Snow.” The promise is kept for both the forensic science practitioner and the general reader.
The Variety of Channels

We have discussed several types of active (voltage-gated) channels for specific neuron models. The Hodgkin–Huxley model for the squid axon consisted of three different ion channels: a passive leak, a transient sodium channel, and the delayed rectifier potassium channel. Similarly, the Morris–Lecar model has a delayed rectifier and a simple calcium channel (with no dynamics). Hodgkin and Huxley were smart and supremely lucky that they used the squid axon as a model to analyze the action potential, as it turns out that most neurons have dozens of different ion channels. In this chapter, we briefly describe a number of them, provide some instances of their formulas, and describe how they influence a cell’s firing properties. The reader who is interested in finding out about other channels and other models for the channels described here should consult http://senselab.med.yale.edu/modeldb/default.asp, which is a database for neural models.
Forecasting the effect of an environmental change on market performance: An intervention time-series approach

Abstract Forecasting the effects of changes in advertising or pricing strategies on a company's sales or market share is an important task faced by marketing managers. This paper applies a time series approach, intervention analysis, to several marketing policy applications illustrating the flexibility and value of the method for testing hypotheses and providing forecasts. Empirical evidence is presented for two different marketing situations, one that involves a change in advertising and another that involves offering price specials.
Critical heat flux and boiling heat transfer to water in a 3-mm-diameter horizontal tube.

Boiling of the coolant in an engine, by design or by circumstance, is limited by the critical heat flux phenomenon. As a first step in providing relevant engine design information, this study experimentally addressed both rate of boiling heat transfer and conditions at the critical point of water in a horizontal tube of 2.98 mm inside diameter and 0.9144 m heated length. Experiments were performed at system pressure of 203 kPa, mass fluxes in range of 50 to 200 kg/m{sup z}s, and inlet temperatures in range of ambient to 80 C. Experimental results and comparisons with predictive correlations are presented.
Connexin mutations and hearing loss

Kelsell et al.1 provide convincing evidence that mutations in the gene encoding the gap-junction protein connexin 26 (Cx26) are responsible for autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing loss at the DFNB1 locus on chromosome 13q12. They also report a small family with apparent autosomal dominant congenital hearing loss and autosomal dominant palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK) in which two siblings with profound hearing loss are heterozygous for a single base-pair substitution resulting in a methionine-to-threonine (ATG-to-ACG) change in codon 34 (M34T) of Cx26 (12). The authors conclude that the M34T change is the genetic basis of profound hearing loss in this family and suggest, on this basis, that the Cx26 gene is responsible for autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss (ADNSHL) at the DFNA3 locus chromosome 13q12 (ref. 3). We have identified a family in which the M34T variant is not associated with hearing loss, suggesting that this conclusion might be premature.
Software Development Metrics

Software development metrics are the means by which software engineers assess and predict aspects of those processes, resources, and products that are relevant to the software engineering activity. Metrics serve as the compass that guides the discipline in the search for efficient and effective solutions to complex problems. Future progress in the discipline will be closely tied to the ability of these metrics to provide accurate and timely information to those software engineers navigating the problem-solving seas. In this article, the notion of a software metric and its formulation for use in a problem-solving situation are presented. A description of the basic categories of software metrics based on the entities of the software development process that they measure is given. Metrics that have been proposed for each phase of the software development process using this classification are surveyed. Keywords: classification; testing; maintenance; reuse; product; resources; processes; languages
Fine Art and Perceptual Neuroscience: Field of Vision and the Painted Grid

Over the past decade, the integration of psychology and fine art has sparked growing academic interest among researchers of these disciplines. The author, both a psychologist and artist, offers up a unique merger and perspective of these fields. Through the production of fine art, which is directly informed by neuroscientific and optical processes, this volume aims to fill a gap in the literature and understanding of the creation and perception of the grid image created as a work of art. The grid image is employed (for reasons discussed in the text) to illustrate more general processes associated with the integration of vision, visual distortion, and painting. Existing at the intersection of perceptual neuroscience, psychology, fine art and art history, this volume concerns the act of painting and the process of looking. More specifically, the book examines vision and the effects of visual impairment and how these can be interpreted through painting within a theoretical framework of visual neuroscience.
Economic Reform in Eastern Europe

Many of us have surely grown skeptical of the possibility of really reforming the Soviet economy or changing its essential nature in any important way. Considering that the Russians have been engaged in economic reform for the last fifteen years and that the problems do not seem to change much, one wonders whether economic reform is not something of a hoax. The rationale for this paper must be some presumption that this time the Russians are serious about economic reform, and one of the tasks of my paper must be to consider that question. I also find it difficult to interpret the current reform measures as a movement from the command economy model to the market socialism model, and a seconid goal of my paper is to ask whether the Soviet leaders might not be moving toward a kind of system distinct from either of these. Finally, I want to explore a bit the political implications of the reform.
From simply inaccurate to complex and inaccurate: complexity in standards-based quality measures

Quality measurement has been slow to make a major impact in health care. Initial measures were too simple to affect outcomes of importance. Incentive programs such as Meaningful Use encourage better measures, but in process may become more complex. We evaluated the measures selected for Meaningful Use in two ways: we counted unique concept identifiers, taxonomies, and aggregated concepts as measures of complexity; and we surveyed informatics professionals to assess difficulty. There were 20,316 unique concept identifiers, 35 taxonomies, and 317 aggregated concepts across the 45 measures. Half the respondents reported measures at least moderately difficult. The number of identifiers was associated with fewer implementations (r=−.37); rating-of-difficulty was associated with more taxonomies (r=.24). The impact on accuracy may be substantial when moving to measures intended to be more relevant to clinical outcomes but requiring the use of more taxonomies, unused structured concept identifiers, or concepts only in free text fields.
Follicular Exclusion and Rapid Elimination of Hen Egg Lysozyme Autoantigen-Binding B Cells Are Dependent on Competitor B Cells, But Not on T Cells

In mice with a diverse B cell repertoire, hen egg lysozyme (HEL) autoantigen-binding B cells are excluded from follicles and eliminated in 3 days. To explore the roles of competitor B cells and of T cells in this mechanism of self-tolerance, HEL-specific B cells were transferred into mice containing HEL and deficient in endogenous B cells (μMT), T cells (TCR−/−), or B and T cells (RAG1−/−). Previous studies suggested a dual requirement for B cell receptor (BCR) engagement and competition in HEL autoantigen-binding B cell elimination, but interpretation of these experiments has been confounded by the possible failure to independently regulate autoantigen concentration and competitor B cell frequency. In experiments in this study, we have fixed one variable, HEL concentration, while varying the second, the presence or absence of other B cells. By this approach, we find that follicular exclusion and rapid elimination of autoreactive B cells require BCR engagement plus competition with other B cells, rather than BCR engagement alone. We also find, by transfers into T cell-deficient mice, that T cells are not required for this peripheral tolerance mechanism. Unexpectedly, in mice lacking both T cells and competitor B cells (RAG1−/−), transferred HEL-binding cells survive less well than in mice just lacking competitor B cells. These results suggest T cells can enhance autoreactive B cell survival. Enhanced survival of autoreactive B cells, due to the presence of T cells and the lack of competitor B cells, might contribute to the elevated frequency of autoimmunity in B cell-deficient individuals.
Individual and National Level Associations Between Economic Deprivation and Partner Violence Among College Students in 31 National Settings

This study expands previous work by examining individual and national level effects of economic deprivation on partner violence among college students. Three main hypotheses were tested: (1) individual level economic deprivation (i.e., ability to meet daily needs and family income) is associated with partner violence, (2) gross national income is associated with the mean rates of partner violence across nations, and (3) the association between individual level economic deprivation and partner violence varies according to the economic national context as measured by gross national income. Data for 14,090 participants from 31 nations came from the International Dating Violence Study that queried university students about violence in their relationships and relevant risk factors. A series of overdispersed Poisson hierarchical linear regression models were specified to test the hypotheses. Ability to meet daily needs, but not family income, was associated with rates of partner violence. Gross national income was also associated with mean rates of partner violence across nations as well as the relationships between ability to meet daily and partner violence and between family income and partner violence. The findings show the importance of context, as indicated by national economic standing, on rates of partner violence. Not only do economically deprived individuals experience more partner violence, but those living in poorer nations experience more partner violence, regardless of individual economic deprivation. Limitations of the study include a non-random sample and substantial variation in the study sites beyond economic standing. Nonetheless, findings indicate efforts to confront partner violence must also call for cross-national economic development. Aggr. Behav. 9999:XX-XX, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
Facial and autonomic manifestations of the dimensional structure of emotion

Abstract While subjects viewed and rated a series of 25 emotionally evocative slides, their heart rate and skin conductance were continuously monitored and their facial expressions were covertly videotaped. Judges subsequently viewed the videotapes and rated trial-by-trial the pleasantness and intensity of each subject's facial expressions. Both phasic skin conductance responding and judged facial intensity were curvilinearly related to self-reported pleasantness, with the largest responses occurring at both extremes of the self-report scale. In contrast, phasic cardiac reactions and judged facial pleasantness were linearly related to self-reported pleasantness; extreme pleasantness was accompanied by heart rate acceleration, and unpleasantness by cardiac deceleration. The results suggest that visceral information reflects the dimensions that underlie the organization of affects and, hence, may play a more important role in emotional experience than is assumed in a number of currently held theories of emotion.
Effects of a personified guide on adherence to an online program for alcohol abusers.

The quality of the therapeutic alliance has robust effects on the outcome of psychotherapy and psychopharmacologic interventions. Automated behavioral health programs that are being developed to in...
Oscilloscope conversion for biopotential measurements

A convertor to adapt general-purpose or obsolete oscilloscopes for biopotential measurements has been designed. This device consists of complete vertical and horizontal circuits to drive directly cathode-ray-tube delection plates. Vertical sensitivity ranges from 0·1 to 10 mV/cm and sweep speeds from 0·5 s/cm to 0·1 ms/cm. The linear-sweep sawtooth waveform is generated by an analogue integrator, which is reset by a vertical or external-input trigger signal. The circuits use low-cost operational amplifiers for design simplicity.
Directed Self-Assembly to Create Molecular Terraces with Molecularly Sharp Boundaries in Organic Monolayers

We demonstrate the ability to control the placement of molecules within self-assembled films. We show quasi-two-dimensional mosaic structures within two-component self-assembled monolayers. These demonstrate new types of monolayer features: the domains of each component form molecular terraces, and the boundaries between these domains form molecular step edges. We find the molecular step edges are molecularly sharp and laterally epitaxial. The molecular step edges have the unique ability to expose a typically buried part of the larger molecule at the boundary. For the identical components in the crystalline monolayer, we can also distribute the molecules randomly. These structures were selected and created using simple controlled sequences of self-assembly and processing with different length alkanethiols on Au{111}. We have imaged these films using molecular resolution scanning tunneling microscopy.
The Toxicity of 3-(Acetonylbenzyl)-4-Hydroxycoumarin (Warfarin) to Laboratory Animals

The toxicity to laboratory animals of 3-(acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin (warfarin), used as the sodium salt, is described. It is shown that the acute oral LD50's of the salt range from 58 mg./Kg. for the female rat (male: 323) to greater than 1 Gm./Kg. for the chicken. Prior castration increases male and decreases female rat susceptibility to acute warfarin dosage. Subacute dietary feeding caused deaths in rats at 6.25 p. p. m. in about 10 days while chickens survived 100 p. p. m. for the fifty days fed, though succumbing to higher levels. Monkey, guinea pig, and rabbit susceptibility approached that shown by rats while dogs were somewhat more resistant.
Finding disease variants in Mendelian disorders by using sequence data: methods and applications.

Many sequencing studies are now underway to identify the genetic causes for both Mendelian and complex traits. Via exome-sequencing, genes harboring variants implicated in several Mendelian traits have already been identified. The underlying methodology in these studies is a multistep algorithm based on filtering variants identified in a small number of affected individuals and depends on whether they are novel (not yet seen in public resources such as dbSNP), shared among affected individuals, and other external functional information on the variants. Although intuitive, these filter-based methods are nonoptimal and do not provide any measure of statistical uncertainty. We describe here a formal statistical approach that has several distinct advantages: (1) it provides fast computation of approximate p values for individual genes, (2) it adjusts for the background variation in each gene, (3) it allows for incorporation of functional or linkage-based information, and (4) it accommodates designs based on both affected relative pairs and unrelated affected individuals. We show via simulations that the proposed approach can be used in conjunction with the existing filter-based methods to achieve a substantially better ranking of a gene relevant for disease when compared to currently used filter-based approaches, this is especially so in the presence of disease locus heterogeneity. We revisit recent studies on three Mendelian diseases and show that the proposed approach results in the implicated gene being ranked first in all studies, and approximate p values of 10−6 for the Miller Syndrome gene, 1.0 × 10−4 for the Freeman-Sheldon Syndrome gene, and 3.5 × 10−5 for the Kabuki Syndrome gene.
Natural killer cells: Right-side-up and up-side-down NK-cell receptors

Recent cDNA cloning of the receptors on human natural killer cells for MHC class I molecules reveals that human and mouse receptors have inverted structural orientations. Are there two distinct receptor systems?
Spatially-explicit individual based modeling of marine populations: A review of the advances in the 1990s

Abstract The utility of individual based models (IBMs) is that properties of ecological systems can be derived by considering the properties of individuals constituting them. Individual differences may be physiological, behavioral or may arise from interactions among individuals. The differences result in unique life histories, which when considered as a whole give rise to growth and size distributions that provide a measure of the state of the population. Early IBMs generally did not consider the effect of a spatially variable physical environment. Recent advances in ocean circulation models that include realistic temporal and spatial variation of currents, turbulence, light, prey, etc., have enabled IBMs to be embedded in model flow fields and for unique, sometimes behaviorally modified, Lagrangian trajectories to be computed. The explicit consideration of realistic spatial heterogeneity provides an additional factor that contributes to the differentiation among individuals, to variances in population s...
Predictors of primary care follow-up after a pediatric emergency visit for asthma.

Objective. Prior studies have reported low rates of follow-up with a primary care provider (PCP) after emergency department (ED) treatment for asthma. We sought to identify predictors associated with PCP follow-up. Methods. As part of a randomized trial we surveyed parents of children aged 2–18 years being discharged after ED asthma treatment. Parents described their child's asthma history and perceived benefits and barriers to making a PCP follow-up visit. Bivariate tests and multivariable logistic regression were used to determine association with completion of a follow-up visit within 4 weeks of the ED visit. Results. A total of 278 subjects (N = 278)were enrolled; 55% saw their PCP within 4 weeks of the ED visit. Baseline factors that were associated with an increased likelihood of follow-up included a recent hospitalization, more than one ED visit for asthma in the past year, the parent's assessment that the child has “very severe” asthma, and current daily use of a controller medication. Parental be...
31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the rabbit masseter muscle

Dynamic biochemical changes in the masseter muscle were studied in 14 New Zealand adult male rabbits by 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. NMR spectra were obtained during rest and electrical stimulation of the muscle in the anaesthetized animal at 33 recording sessions. Electrical stimulation was applied by a pair of copper wires placed separately with hypodermic needles into the muscle. NMR spectra were acquired with a 2 × 3 cm, double-turn, copper transmit/receive coil. Sixteen spectra were averaged over 30 s to obtain averaged spectra continuously during a 30-min recording. The spectra were processed automatically using a non-linear ‘least-squares’ fitting program on the spectrometer. A Lorentzian line shape was assumed for the peaks, and values of peak height, area and chemical shifts were generated. Each averaged spectrum consisted of five peaks: inorganic phosphate (Pj), creatine phosphate (PCr), and three peaks related to ATP. Data were analysed as to absolute changes in Pi and PCr, in the ratio of PiPCr, and the shift of Pi, to PCr to estimate pH. Several protocols were used in which ranges of frequency, intensity and duration of electrical stimulation were tested. The protocol for detailed studies involved stimulating the muscle twice at 5 Hz for 3 min separated by a 3-min rest period, then stimulating twice at 50 Hz for 3 min separated by a rest period. During contraction of the muscle, there was a significant increase in the PiPCr ratio (p < 0.05) as compared to the resting level. The ratio reached a plateau over a 3-min contraction using 5-Hz stimulation, then increased significantly more with the 50-Hz stimulation but decayed during the 3 min. Sustained stimulation with 50 Hz for 15–45 min evoked an initial sharp change in PiPCr, which then reached a steady plateau that remained over the entire stimulation. These findings indicate that the rabbit masseter muscle is relatively fatigue resistant in maintaining a steady-state equilibrium in the relation of Pi to PCr.
CENTRIFUGAL–CENTRIPETAL FORCES IN INTERNATIONAL PETROLEUM COMPANY REGIONS1

(1961). CENTRIFUGAL–CENTRIPETAL FORCES IN INTERNATIONAL PETROLEUM COMPANY REGIONS. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 124-138.
Integral operators with Green's function type kernel

Abstract A variant of the Nystrom method based on Simpson's rule is presented. This is designed to deal with integral operators with kernels k(s, t) that are not continuous along the diagonal s = t. A complete analysis is carried out, generalizations for other interpolatory quadrature rules are proposed; also a variant using Gaussian quadrature is considered and examples are given.
Business transformation: Leadership, integration and innovation – A case study

Abstract The Cornerstone Program represented a significant business transformation for Hydro One. Just as a cornerstone helps determine the position of an entire structure; the Cornerstone Program has helped shape the future strategic position of Hydro One. This strategy and vision includes supporting the business infrastructure through improvements to rapidly respond to business needs, enabling rapid access to information for strategic decisions, and streamlined business operations enabling the organization to deal with growing requirements. This case study introduces a conceptual framework that draws from theoretical change models but is also grounded in the reality of the change environment at this organization. Realizing major organizational change is a complex process influenced by the characteristics of an organization, the integrated project and change management framework, and the importance of key leadership roles throughout the change process. Results from this study suggest that effective change implementation was enabled by leadership, program management, and change ownership, integrated with project implementation.
Comparative geography of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract From a comparative survey of the geographic distribution of these diseases, with particular reference to the parameters of latitude, and to a lesser extent, altitude, it seems evident that the world geographic pattern of multiple sclerosis is the most clearly defined one of the group. In contrast, the geographic patterns of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, and rheumatoid arthritis are rather less sharply defined by the available data. Within the United States, there is a pronounced and well-defined increase in the prevalence of multiple sclerosis with increasing latitude, and a similarly pronounced /ldlatitude effect/rd is apparent from some data for rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, but other data are indicative of a more gradual trend. For rheumatoid arthritis, the very limited available data with respect to latitude are not indicative of any significant variation. Elsewhere in the world, moderately extensive data that are reasonably comparable indicate that the geographic pattern of multiple sclerosis appears to correlate better with geomagnetic rather than with geographic latitude, whereas for rheumatoid arthritis, the existence of a systematic variation of prevalence with latitude remains in doubt. Cooperative population surveys in different areas of the world in recent years appear to have been much fewer in the case of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease (perhaps because of the general deline in their prevalence, in contrast to the apparently stationary prevalence, more or less, of multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis), and hence it is difficult to compare quantitatively prevalences and latitude trends in the United States with those in other parts of the world. There is some amount of evidence indicating an increased risk for rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease at increased altitudes (even at low latitudes) and perhaps also for rheumatoid arthritis, but not for multiple sclerosis, except possibly at high latitudes. For none of these conditions has the etiology been fully clarified, nor has the observed geographic pattern been fully explained, but in view of some of the apparent similarities that are suggested by the present comparative survey, a satisfactory explanation for the geography of one, in relation to the question of etiology, may have some relevance to one or more of the others.
Interaction of time stepping and convection schemes for unsteady flow simulation

For the time dependent flow simulation, despite the existence of extensive literature dealing with either the convection or the unsteady terms, their interaction has not been adequately investigated. In order to shed more light on this important issue, three time stepping methods, including the first-order backward Euler scheme, the second-order Crank-Nicolson scheme, and the third-order Adams-Bashforth/Adams-Moulton predictor-corrector scheme are studied along with four convection schemes, including the first-order upwind, the second-order upwind, the second-order central differencing, and QUICK schemes. The Burgers equation of both linear and nonlinear forms is used as the test problem, aided by the von Neumann stability analysis and the FFT spectral analysis. The results indicate that a second-or higher-order accuracy for both time and space discretizations can produce satisfactory results for smooth solution profiles. Overall, among the schemes tested, either a combination of first-order upwind for convection and Crank-Nicolson for time, or a combination of second-order upwind for convection and backward Euler for time performs better. It appears that by selectively utilizing the dispersive and diffusive characteristics of the time stepping and convection schemes in complementary manners, overall accuracy can be improved.
Immunologic studies in Turner syndrome before and during treatment with growth hormone

Immunologic studies of 14 girls with Turner syndrome were done before and during treatment with biosynthetic growth hormone (GH). Compared with control subjects, the patients before treatment had a decreased CD4/CD8 ratio and an increased number of cells bearing the natural killer cell marker CD16; serum immunoglobulin levels were within the normal range. During GH treatment some of the girls had a slight reduction in the percentage of CD20+ B cells, but we observed no impairment of B lymphocyte function as demonstrated by the normal in vivo antibody response to the primary antigen Helix Pomatia hemocyanin, administered 6 months after the start of GH treatment. The number of CD16+ natural killer cells returned to normal. Although the number of children with thyroid antibodies increased from two before treatment to five after 1 year, no conclusion about an adverse effect of GH is warranted, because the phenomenon might be part of the natural course of the disease. We conclude that girls with Turner syndrome have minor changes in some immunologic measurements and that GH treatment resulted in some alterations that have no effect on immune function.