cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specific isotopic labeling of sugars. Specific c-deuteration of 1,6-anhydro-2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-D-talopyranose through enolization of an aldosulose derivative: n.m.r. spectral studies

Abstract Treatment of 1,6-anhydro-2,3- O -isopropylidene-β- D - lyxo -hexopyranos-4-ulose ( 1 ) with sodium deuteroxide in deuterium oxide leads to regiospecific and stereo-specific incorporation of deuterium at C-3, to give the 3- C -deuterated analog ( 2 ) of the ketone 1 . Reduction of 1 with sodium borohydride gives 1,6-anhydro-2,3- O -isopropylidene-β- D -talopyranose ( 3 ) stereospecifically, and the 4- C -deuterated analog ( 4 ) was obtained when the reduction was effected with sodium borodeuteride. Similar reductions of the deuterated ketone 2 gave the 3- C -deuterated analog ( 5 ) of 3 and the 3,4-di- C -deuterated analog ( 6 ) of 3 , respectively. The 100-MHz n.m.r. spectrum of 3 was interpreted completely by comparison of its spectrum with those of the deuterated analogs 4-6 . Alterations in the appearance (but not the field position) of various signals in the n.m.r. spectrum of 3 as a function of isotopic substitution permitted complete, reliable determination of chemical shifts and coupling constants for all protons in the molecule.
Analysis of reduced forms of biopterin in biological tissues and fluids.

Abstract A reverse-phese high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) procedure was developed for the separation of biopterin from other unconjugated pteridines. Using iodine in 0.1 n HCl, 7,8-dihydrobiopterin, and tetrahydrobiopterin were shown to be effectively oxidized to biopterin. When 7,8-dihydrobiopterin was oxidized with iodine in 0.1 n NaOH, 90% was recovered as biopterin. Using these same conditions, the oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin resulted in an 80% conversion of tetrahydrobiopterin to pterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-pteridine). Based upon these chemical properties of the reduced forms of biopterin, a microanalytical procedure was developed for the quantitative analysis of the reduced forms of biopterin in biological materials. This procedure consists of an initial iodine oxidation of the reduced forms of biopterin, a partial purification on a Dowex 50 column and subsequent hplc analysis. Using fluorescence detection in the hplc analysis, the sensitivity of this procedure permits the quantitation of biopterin at picomole levels. Using our procedure in the analysis of biological samples, biopterin in rat tissues (pineal, liver, adrenal, brain, and blood) was shown to be present predominantly in the tetrahydro form. Both biopterin and neopterin were present in human blood and urine. The synthesis and secretion of biopterin by the kidney is discussed, as well as a possible role for tetrahydroneopterin as a cofactor in the enzymatic hydroxylation of aromatic amino acids in man.
Interaction of the NH2-terminal Domain of Fibronectin with Heparin ROLE OF THE Ω-LOOPS OF THE TYPE I MODULES

Determinants of the interaction of the 29-kDa NH2-terminal domain of fibronectin with heparin were explored by analysis of normal and mutant recombinant NH2-terminal fibronectin fragments produced in an insect cell Baculovirus host vector system. A genomic/cDNA clone was constructed that specified a secretable human fibronectin NH2 fragment. With the use of site-directed mutagenesis a set of 29 kDa fragments was obtained that contained glycine or glutamic acid residues in place of basic residues at various candidate sites for heparin binding in the five type I modules that make up the domain. The recombinant fragment containing the wild type sequence had a nearly normal circular dichroic spectra and a melting profile, as assayed by loss of ellipticity at 228 nm, that was indistinguishable from that of the native fragment obtained by trypsinization of plasma fibronectin. A substantial proportion of the wild type recombinant fragment bound to heparin-Sepharose, where it was eluted at the same NaCl concentration as the native fragment. The wild type fragment was capable of promoting matrix-driven translocation, a morphogenetic effect in artificial extracellular matrices that depends on the interaction of the fibronectin NH2 terminus with heparin-like molecules on the surfaces of particles. Mutant fragments in which arginines predicted to be most exposed in the folded fragment were converted to glycines retained the same affinity for heparin as the wild type fragment. In contrast, a mutant fragment in which the single basic residue (Arg99) in the minor loop ("Omega-loop") of the second type I module was converted to a glycine had an essentially normal melting profile but exhibited no binding to heparin and failed to promote matrix-driven translocation. A mutant fragment in which the single basic residue (Arg52) of the first type I module was converted to a glycine also completely lacked heparin binding activity, but one in which the single basic residue (Arg191) the fourth type I module was converted to a glycine retained the ability to bind heparin. A mutant fragment in which the single basic residue (Lys143) in the Omega-loop of the third type I module was converted to a glutamic acid lacked heparin binding activity but had a CD spectrum similar to the heparin-liganded native protein and was capable of promoting matrix-driven translocation. The results indicate that multiple residues in the Omega-loops of the fibronectin NH2-terminal domain participate in its interactions with heparin. In addition, the conformation of one of the nonbinding mutants may mimic the heparin-induced structural alteration in this fibronectin domain required for certain morphogenetic events.
Laser-induced acoustic imaging of buried land mines: experiment and modeling

The use for subsurface buried object detection of high-frequency (15-30 kHz) acoustic waves generated by CO2 laser pulses incident on the surface of dry sand has been demonstrated previously. In this work, field tests of the technique have demonstrated imaging of landmine simulants buried 2.5 cm below the surface in an outdoor test track. Acoustic finite-difference time-domain calculations have given insight into the observed acoustic lineshapes and verified that the over-estimate of the target dimensions in the outdoor field trials may be related to the lower frequency detector used in these measurements. The models also suggest that a large increase in detected signal may potentially be gained by the use of a Laser Doppler Vibrometer interfacial velocity detector in the place of the present airborne microphone.
Dormancy and after-ripening response of seeds from natural populations and conserved Physaria (syn. Lesquerella) germplasm and their association with environmental and plant parameters

Abstract Seed dormancy studies in Physaria are still limited to date. To further understand this trait as well as the after-ripening response in these new crop taxa, we sampled different seed lots of genebank conserved accessions and natural populations of Physaria fendleri (syn. Lesquerella fendleri) and Physaria gordonii (syn. L. gordonii) in the U.S. Southwest. We subjected seeds from the natural populations to different after-ripening regimens, storing them over two saturated salt solutions (LiCl and MgCl2) to equilibrate seed moisture levels, at three storage temperatures (5, 25, and 35 °C) for various lengths of time (4, 8, and 12 weeks) and then germinated the seeds at different temperatures (constant 24 °C and alternating 15/25 °C), while seeds from the conserved accessions to 4 and 12 weeks storage at MgCl2 and at an alternating 15/25 °C. Results obtained from the populations indicate significant differences for total germination among storage durations and between germination treatments. In contrast, no significant difference in total germination was found for seeds of the conserved accessions between storage durations, even with gibberellic acid supplementation. We further explored possible associations of the observed germination responses to climatic data and other parameters recorded from the natural populations.
Estimating the Cumulative Ecological Effect of Local Scale Landscape Changes in South Florida

Ecosystem restoration in south Florida is a state and national priority centered on the Everglades wetlands. However, urban development pressures affect the restoration potential and remaining habitat functions of the natural undeveloped areas. Land use (LU) planning often focuses at the local level, but a better understanding of the cumulative effects of small projects at the landscape level is needed to support ecosystem restoration and preservation. The South Florida Ecosystem Portfolio Model (SFL EPM) is a regional LU planning tool developed to help stakeholders visualize LU scenario evaluation and improve communication about regional effects of LU decisions. One component of the SFL EPM is ecological value (EV), which is evaluated through modeled ecological criteria related to ecosystem services using metrics for (1) biodiversity potential, (2) threatened and endangered species, (3) rare and unique habitats, (4) landscape pattern and fragmentation, (5) water quality buffer potential, and (6) ecological restoration potential. In this article, we demonstrate the calculation of EV using two case studies: (1) assessing altered EV in the Biscayne Gateway area by comparing 2004 LU to potential LU in 2025 and 2050, and (2) the cumulative impact of adding limestone mines south of Miami. Our analyses spatially convey changing regional EV resulting from conversion of local natural and agricultural areas to urban, industrial, or extractive use. Different simulated local LU scenarios may result in different alterations in calculated regional EV. These case studies demonstrate methods that may facilitate evaluation of potential future LU patterns and incorporate EV into decision making.
Non-Contact Characterization of Recombination Processes in 4H-SiC

Carrier decay transients in 4H-SiC n-type and p-type epilayers have been charac-terized using a non-destructive, non-contact microwave photoconductivity technique. Decay transients show a two-stage exponential decay with first decay constants as high as 400 ns in 10 μm p-type epilayers. The second decay constant increases with temperature and is dominated by interface recombination.
From counterinsurgency to peace enforcement: New names for old games?

(1999). From counterinsurgency to peace enforcement: New names for old games? Small Wars & Insurgencies: Vol. 10, Peace Operations Between War and Peace, pp. 40-57.
Control of Sleep and Wakefulness

This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness. Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Multiple interacting neurotransmitter systems in the brain stem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain converge onto common effector systems in the thalamus and cortex. Sleep results from the inhibition of wake-promoting systems by homeostatic sleep factors such as adenosine and nitric oxide and GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, resulting in large-amplitude, slow EEG oscillations. Local, activity-dependent factors modulate the amplitude and frequency of cortical slow oscillations. Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep results in conservation of brain energy and facilitates memory consolidation through the modulation of synaptic weights. Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep results from the interaction of brain stem cholinergic, aminergic, and GABAergic neurons which control the activity of glutamatergic reticular formation neurons leading to REM sleep phenomena such as muscle atonia, REMs, dreaming, and cortical activation. Strong activation of limbic regions during REM sleep suggests a role in regulation of emotion. Genetic studies suggest that brain mechanisms controlling waking and NREM sleep are strongly conserved throughout evolution, underscoring their enormous importance for brain function. Sleep disruption interferes with the normal restorative functions of NREM and REM sleep, resulting in disruptions of breathing and cardiovascular function, changes in emotional reactivity, and cognitive impairments in attention, memory, and decision making.
A developmentally regulated, putative serine/threonine protein kinase is essential for development in Dictyostelium

Using PCR technology, we have cloned parts of three developmentally regulated putative serine/threonine kinases from Dictyostelium. All show significant homology to members of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A/protein kinase C subfamilies. A genomic clone encoding one of these, DdPK3, has been isolated and sequenced. The open reading frame encodes a protein of 648 amino acids with the conserved kinase domain in the C-terminal half. The protein encoded by this gene is unusual in that it contains long homopolymer runs in the N-terminal half of the protein, including a long run of 88 amino acids in which 73 are glutamine residues. To examine the function of DdPK3, a gene disruption was created via homologous recombination. Ddpk3- cells do not aggregate by themselves but will co-aggregate with wild-type cells. However, after aggregation these cells are 'sloughed off' and do not proceed further through development, but are found as a discrete mass alongside the fruiting body formed by the wild-type cells. Analysis of signal transduction pathways indicates that cAMP pulse-induced expression of aggregation stage-specific genes is normal in Ddpk3- cells, as is induction of the prestalk gene Ddras in single cell assays. However, cAMP induction of the late promoters of cAMP receptor cAR1 and of two prespore-specific genes is absent under similar conditions. These cells show normal activation of adenylate cyclase and normal phosphorylation of the G alpha protein G alpha 2 in response to cAMP. The possible role of DdPK3 in Dictyostelium development is discussed.
Conformational Dynamics of the E. Coli SOS Mutagenesis Protein UmuD

The SOS response in Escherichia coli involves the induction of at least 57 genes in response to DNA damage, including the umuD gene. UmuD2 is a homodimer of 139-amino acid subunits that interacts with RecA/ssDNA nucleoprotein filaments, resulting in cleavage of its N-terminal 24-amino acids to yield UmuD’2. The full-length form UmuD plays a role in a primitive DNA damage checkpoint and prevents mutagenesis, whereas the cleaved form facilitates mutagenesis by Y family DNA polymerase UmuC. The goal of our research is to determine the conformation and dynamics of UmuD in order to understand its regulatory role in response to DNA damage. UmuD2 and UmuD’2 are both exceptionally tight dimers, with picoMolar dissociation constants. However, we find that a monomeric variant of UmuD maintains essentially all biological roles of UmuD2. This surprising finding suggests that UmuD can cleave in either a cis or trans conformation. By forming alternate dimeric forms of UmuD, we determined that cleavage in trans is more efficient than cleavage in cis. UmuD2 and UmuD’2 readily exchange monomers to form the heterodimer UmuDD’, which is the most stable dimeric form. We are investigating the kinetics and mechanism of exchange of UmuD dimers and the UmuDD’ heterodimer by using FRET assays and native PAGE. The different dimeric forms of the umuD gene products exchange on the minute time scale, and each dimer can continue to exchange once formed. Designed site-directed mutations are expected to allow us to determine the mechanism of UmuD dimer exchange.
Spatial-Light-Modulator Interconnected Computers

Optical technologies perform the basic computer operations of communications, switching, and storage, have already proven superior to electronics for many communications situations, and advances in devices and materials suggest that optics are important for switching and storage. The spatial light modulator (SLM) is one of the devices expected to play an important role in optical computing. An SLM acts as a piece of film whose transmittance or reflectance may be varied spatially and temporally by electronic or optical means. Types of SLMs, the use of optics for computation and three proposed, as well as diverse optical computing systems that use SLMs for interconnections are described in this article.
Titan's hydrodynamically escaping atmosphere: Escape rates and the structure of the exobase region

Abstract In Strobel [Strobel, D.F., 2008. Icarus, 193, 588–594] a mass loss rate from Titan's upper atmosphere, ∼ 4.5 × 10 28 amu s − 1 , was calculated for a single constituent, N2 atmosphere by hydrodynamic escape as a high density, slow outward expansion driven principally by solar UV heating due to CH4 absorption. It was estimated, but not proven, that the hydrodynamic mass loss is essentially CH4 and H2 escape. Here the individual conservation of momentum equations for the three major components of the upper atmosphere (N2, CH4, H2) are solved in the low Mach number limit and compared with Cassini Ion Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) measurements to demonstrate that light gases (CH4, H2) preferentially escape over the heavy gas (N2). The lightest gas (H2) escapes with a flux 99% of its limiting flux, whereas CH4 is restricted to ⩾75% of its limiting flux because there is insufficient solar power to support escape at the limiting rate. The respective calculated H2 and CH4 escape rates are 9.2 × 10 27 and 1.7 × 10 27 s − 1 , for a total of ∼ 4.6 × 10 28 amu s − 1 . From the calculated densities, mean free paths of N2, CH4, H2, and macroscopic length scales, an extended region above the classic exobase is inferred where frequent collisions are still occurring and thermal heat conduction can deliver power to lift the escaping gas out of the gravitational potential well. In this region rapid acceleration of CH4 outflow occurs. With the thermal structure of Titan's thermosphere inferred from INMS data by Muller–Wodarg et al. [Muller-Wodarg, I.C.F., Yelle, R.V., Cui, J., Waite Jr., J.H., 2008. J. Geophys. Res. 113, doi:10.1029/2007JE003033 . E10005], in combination with calculated temperature profiles that include sputter induced plasma heating at the exobase, it is concluded that on average that the integrated, globally average, orbit-averaged, plasma heating rate during the Cassini epoch does not exceed ∼ 5 × 10 8 eV cm − 2 s − 1 ( ∼ 0.0008 erg cm − 2 s − 1 ).
The identification of three previously unreported lindane metabolites from mammals

Abstract Previously unreported metabolites from the urine of rats treated with lindane have been identified as configurational isomers of 2,4,5,6- and 2,3,4,6-tetrachloro-2-cyclohexen-1-ol. In addition, an intermediate metabolite from the incubation of lindane with liver preparations, under N2, has been identified as the configurational isomer γ-3,4,5,6-tetrachlorocyclohex-1-ene. The pathways leading to these metabolites appear to have an important role in the metabolism of lindane by mammals.
An Epistemological Note on Chirality

The terms “chiral” and “achiral” are sharply defined when applied to geometric figures or models. The same terms are also commonly used to refer to the real systems to which these models have been adjoined, e.g., molecules, solvents, or reagents. Here, the terms are not sharply defined but depend upon conditions of measurement. The contrast between the geometric and operational usages is discussed in detail.
Intermedial Strategies of Memory in Contemporary Novels

In her article "Intermedial Strategies and Memory in Contemporary Novels" Sara Tanderup discusses a tendency in contemporary literature towards combining intermedial experiments with a thematic preoccupation with memory and trauma. Analyzing selected works by Steven Hall, Jonathan Safran Foer, and Judd Morrissey and drawing on the theoretical perspectives of N. Katherine Hayles (media studies) and Andreas Huyssen (cultural memory studies), Tanderup argues that recent intermedial novels reflect a certain nostalgia celebrating and remembering the book as a visual and material object in the age of digital media while also highlighting the influence of new media on our cultural understanding and representation of memory and the past.
Mice deficient in Abl are osteoporotic and have defects in osteoblast maturation.

The c-Abl protein is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase involved in many aspects of mammalian development. c-Abl kinase is widely expressed, but high levels are found in hyaline cartilage in the adult, bone tissue in newborn mice, and osteoblasts and associated neovasculature at sites of endochondrial ossification in the fetus1,2. Mice homozygous for mutations in the gene encoding c-Abl (Abl) display increased perinatal mortality, reduced fertility, foreshortened crania and defects in the maturation of B cells in bone marrow3,4. Here we demonstrate that Abl−/− mice are also osteoporotic. The long bones of mutant mice contain thinner cortical bone and reduced trabecular bone volume. The osteoporotic phenotype is not due to accelerated bone turnover—both the number and activity of osteoclasts are similar to those of control littermates—but rather to dysfunctional osteoblasts. In addition, the rate of mineral apposition in the mutant animals is reduced. Osteoblasts from both stromal and calvarial explants showed delayed maturation in vitro as measured by expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), induction of mRNA encoding osteocalcin and mineral deposition.
Impact of the Casimir-Polder potential and Johnson noise on Bose-Einstein condensate stability near surfaces.

We investigate the stability of magnetically trapped atomic Bose-Einstein condensates and thermal clouds near the transition temperature at small distances $0.5\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}\ensuremath{\le}d\ensuremath{\le}10\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ from a microfabricated silicon chip. For a $2\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ thick copper film, the trap lifetime is limited by Johnson noise induced currents and falls below 1 s at a distance of $4\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$. A dielectric surface does not adversely affect the sample until the attractive Casimir-Polder potential significantly reduces the trap depth.
Testing Oral Skills in a FLES Short Course.

ABSTRACT This paper reports on the testing procedure (Haring, 4) employed in a brief FLES course in a second-grade classroom. The authors perceive testing as an integral part of any instruction; they give here a rationale for the testing procedure and explain the test and test results as they were developed in this specific setting.
Effects of lipofuscin on in situ hybridization in human neuronal tissue

Abstract In situ hybridization is a highly sensitive technique for detecting nucleic acid sequences within tissues, and is frequently employed in neurovirology. However, this technique requires many appropriate controls in order to recognize and avoid potential artifactual hybridization. We have encountered abundant reaction to lipofuscin in neurons in human peripheral and central nervous systems, using various DNA probes, which could be misinterpreted as positive signals. This pseudohybridization reaction was resistant to treatment with RNase or DNase and was also present in tissue sections treated with hybridization mixture or nuclear autoradiographie emulsion in the absence of any radioactive probes. Characteristics used to distinguish between authentic in situ hybridization and the reaction to neuronal lipofuscin include cellular localization, color, margins and granular appearance, sensitivity to treatment with nucleases and the effect of exposure time on signal intensity. These guidelines should be used to avoid potential misinterpretation of in situ hybridization results with human tissue.
Vibration control of H-shaped planar frames based on the classical euler-bernoulli and the advanced timoshenko bending theories

Coupled bending and longitudinal vibrations in H-shaped planar frames are controlled from a wave standpoint, in which vibrations are described as waves traveling along uniform structural waveguides, and being reflected and transmitted at structural discontinuities. Active discontinuities are created using active control forces/moments both along structural elements and at structural joints to control vibration waves. The bending vibrations are modeled and controlled using the classical Euler-Bernoulli as well as the advanced Timoshenko theories. Numerical examples are presented. Comparisons are made between the results obtained using the classical Euler-Bernoulli model and the advanced Timoshenko model. Good agreements have been reached at low frequencies. However, discrepancies are significant at higher frequencies, typically when the transverse dimensions are not negligible with respect to the wavelength. This study addresses the importance of taking into account the effects of rotary inertia and shear distortion at high frequencies.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
FAST MESH INTERPOLATION AND MESH DECOMPOSITION WITH APPLICATIONS

A new approach for constructing a smooth subdivision surface to interpolate the vertices of an arbitrary mesh is presented. The construction process does require setting up neither any linear systems, nor any matrix computation, but is simply done by iteratively moving vertices of the given mesh locally until control mesh of the required interpolating surface is reached. The new interpolation method has the simplicity of a local method in effectively dealing with meshes of a large number of vertices. It also has the capability of a global method in faithfully resembling the shape of a given mesh. Furthermore, the new method is fast and does not require a fairing step in the construction process because the iterative process converges to a unique solution at an exponential rate. Another important result of this work is, with the new iterative process, each mesh (surface) can be decomposed into a sum of simpler meshes (surfaces) which carry high-and low-frequency information of the given model. This mesh decomposition scheme provides us with new approaches to some classic applications in computer graphics such as texture mapping, denoising/smoothing/sharpening, and morphing. These new approaches are demonstrated in this paper and test results are included.
A method for computing the transition from ambipolar to free diffusion in a decaying plasma

Abstract A method for economically obtaining accurate results for the transition from ambipolar to free diffusion in an isothermal afterglow is presented. The techniques employ variable spatial zoning for sheath resolution and utilize the Gear package for integrating the stiff system of equations in time. Results are presented which indicate that significant errors can be made by improper sheath resolution. The results also show that in contrast to earlier work, the computational times required are insensitive to the ratio of ion to electron diffusion coefficients.
Community and Consistency: The Ethnic Factor in Status Inconsistency

The concept of status inconsistency has been continuously refined and elaborated for several years. The development of the concept of individual status inconsistency is surveyed and criticisms voiced against its utility. Special consideration is paid to application of status inconsistency in explaining politcal processes. An alternative explanation is offered from the perspective of historical social marginality and persistence of ethnic group traditions. Suggestions are made for recasting status inconsistency into a collective rather than individual phenomenon.
Single-mode small-form-factor fiber optic connectors for enterprise computing systems

Advanced enterprise servers require dense packaging of their fiber optic input/output (I/O) interconnections. This can be accomplished using small-form-factor (SFF) optical connectors and transceivers such as the MT-RJ and LC. Previously, we presented a performance comparison between some of the major types of multimode SFF connectors; at the time, none of these designs was mature enough to offer equivalent performance to established connectors or to support a single-mode interface. We extend the previous work to include recent design enhancements in multimode connectors, as well as the first performance comparison between single-mode SFF connectors. Fiber optic jumper cables are tested using industry standard test procedures and bench marked against the industry standard SC Duplex connector. Initial loss data as well as stress testing are performed. Variations are found in the performance of the connectors types, with the mechanical stress tests of axial and off-axial pull being the most demanding application tests. Because SFF connectors are more susceptible to pull forces, we describe a new type of strain relief developed for high-density I/O interconnects. These connectors demonstrated for the first time design points that are suitable to replace the SC Duplex interface in both multimode and single-mode enterprise system applications.
The analysis of phase separation phenomena in branching conduits

Abstract Phase separation phenomena in a two-phase (air/water) mixture flowing through a plexiglas tee test section was measured. R was found that eren for low inlet flow qualities (≤1%) the degree of phase separation was quite pronounced, with the gas phase preferentially separating into the branch. Using these data a physically-based empirical model was developed with which to calculate the phase distribution of a subsonic, two component, two-phase mixture in the downstream branches of a branching conduit. The model appears to correctly prcdict the observed phase separation in horizontal and vertical wyes and tees (having a horizontal branch). Moreover, aithough there is no data available for high pressure steam/water conditions, the predicted trends appear to be reasonable. The model described in this paper is only considered to be valid for small conduits and mass withdrawal ratios ( G 3 A 3 G 1 A 1 ) greater than 0.3.
Soft X-ray background flux.

Soft cosmic X ray background flux from rocket observations on 21 September 1968 from White Sands, discussing flux origins
Relation of epithelial ion transport to corneal thickness and hydration.

THE control of corneal thickness is a complex process involving the chemistry of the stromal tissue and the barrier properties of the two bounding membranes. Fluid dynamics are intimately involved, for corneal thickness is linearly related to hydration1, which in turn is affected by ion transport. Also, it was shown recently that in the rabbit cornea the epithelium is the source of an active sodium transport system, and the endothelium shows only a passive behaviour in relation to the passage of ions2.