cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A CMOS clock recovery circuit for 2.5-Gb/s NRZ data

This paper describes a phase-locked clock recovery circuit that operates at 2.5 Gb/s in a 0.4-/spl mu/m digital CMOS technology. To achieve a high speed with low power dissipation, a two-stage ring oscillator is introduced that employs an excess phase technique to operate reliably across a wide range. A sample-and-hold phase detector is also described that combines the advantages of linear and nonlinear phase detectors. The recovered clock exhibits an rms jitter of 10.8 ps for a PRBS sequence of length 2/sup 7/-1 and a phase noise of -80 dBc/Hz at a 5-MHz offset. The core circuit dissipates a total power of 33.5 mW from a 3.3-V supply and occupies an area of 0.8/spl times/0.4 mm/sup 2/.
Stimulation of Mouse Cyp1b1 during Adipogenesis: Characterization of Promoter Activation by the Transcription Factor Pax6

Cytochrome P4501B1 (Cyp1b1) is expressed specifically in certain neural crest (NC) cells during embryogenesis. Mesenchymal progenitor cells that develop from NC cells are modeled here by mouse C3H10T1/2 and 3T3-L1 cells. Dexamethasone in combination with methylisobutylxanthine (DM) induces Cyp1b1 and a 6.7 kb mouse Cyp1b1 promoter-luciferase reporter in each cell type prior to adipogenesis. An 18 base sequence (at -6.11 kb) (PaxE) which was essential for this reporter stimulation in 3T3-L1 cells bound the transcription factor Pax6. This is shown by gel mobility shifts and sequence mutations. Heterologous vector expression of Pax6 in 3T3-L1 cells enhanced DM stimulated Cyp1b1 promoter activity through cooperation with two Sp1 sites in the proximal promoter region. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that DM stimulated binding of Pax6 adjacent to Sp1 in the proximal promoter more than in the PaxE region. The Cyp1b1 induction by DM in C3H10T1/2 cells was more rapid but independent of Pax6. The far upstream enhancer region (FUER) found in rat Cyp1b1 responded to DM but was inactive in the mouse promoter due to key sequence changes. The expression patterns of Pax6 and Cyp1b1 frequently overlap during mouse embryogenesis. The relationship between Pax6 and Cyp1b1 expression warrants further investigation, particularly in the NC.
QSERL: quasi-static energy recovery logic

A new quasi-static energy recovery logic family (QSERL) using the principle of adiabatic switching is proposed in this paper. Most of the previously proposed adiabatic logic styles are dynamic and require complex clocking schemes. The proposed QSERL uses two complementary sinusoidal supply clocks and resembles the behavior of static CMOS. Thus, switching activity is significantly lower than dynamic logic. In addition, QSERL circuits can be directly derived from static CMOS circuits. A high-efficiency clock generation circuitry, which generates two complementary sinusoidal clocks compatible to QSERL, is also presented in this paper. The adiabatic clock circuitry locks the frequency of clock signals, which makes it possible to integrate adiabatic modules into a VLSI system. We have designed an 8/spl times/8 carry-save multiplier using QSERL logic and two phase sinusoidal clocks. SPICE simulation shows that the QSERL multiplier can save 34% of energy over static CMOS multiplier at 100 MHz.
Addition and elimination of HCl to tetrahydrocannabinol isomers. A method for the preparation of stereospecifically 2H‐labeled cannabinoids

Addition of HCl gas to (−)Δ8-, (−)Δ9-, or (−)Δ9,11-THC solutions at −60°C results in the formation of 9α- and 9β-chlorohexahydrocannabinol (Cl-HHC). The addition appears to involve initial protonation of the double bond in the form of a bridged hydrogen cation followed by attack of the chloride anion at the most substituted 9-position. For both steps in the addition reaction the stereochemistry is dependent on the double bond position in the THC isomer. Elimination of HCl from each of the two addition products using potassium-tert-amylate leads exclusively to Δ9-THC in the case of 9β-Cl-HHC and to Δ9,11-THC in the case of 9α-Cl-HHC. The individual addition products can be separated and used to obtain regio- and stereochemically 2H-isotopically labeled tetrahydrocannabinols which can be used in biophysical and biochemical studies. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Equality of Work Opportunity: A Linear Programming Application

Employer-union agreements frequently specify that all workers will have an equal opportunity for overtime employment. Such an agreement is difficult to control when the work force includes a large number of skill categories, and individual workers may be qualified for many categories. The problem can be defined as a linear programming problem with a composite objective function to account for the goals of both the union and the employer.
Photoconductivity in photodiodes

Abstract The decrease in photodiode R0A with incident photon flux is attributed to photoconductivity of the junction depletion region. A theoretical model is developed for the photoconductive shunt resistance, and analytic equations are derived for the photodiode I-V characteristics and R0A products. Calculations based on the photoconductive model are in excellent agreement with published data for indium antimony (InSb) and long-wavelength mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe) photodiodes. The model is used to calculate the background-limited R0A of front- and back-illuminated, medium- and long-wavelength infrared photodiodes. The impact of photoconductivity on photodiode signal and noise are discussed.
Locus‐specific amplification of HLA class I genes from genomic DNA: locus‐specific sequences in the first and third introns of HLA‐A, ‐B, and ‐C alleles

: We have identified locus-specific sequences in the first and third introns flanking the polymorphic second and third exons of HLA class I genes. PCR primers derived from these conserved sequences produced DNA fragments of the expected sizes for each of the HLA-A, -B, and -C loci in the amplification of genomic DNA. PCR products generated using each of the locus-specific sets of primers displayed exquisite locus specificity, as assessed by hybridization with oligonucleotide probes specific for ten classical and non-classical HLA class I genes. Amplification with these primer sets was effective and specific for the HLA alleles tested under the given PCR conditions. When hybridized with oligonucleotides derived from shared polymorphic sequence motifs, reaction patterns of PCR products from each locus were precisely as expected from published or database sequences. Chemiluminescent signals generated from digoxygenin-ddUTP-labeled probes were even for all samples and as strong as those obtained in MHC class II typing. These locus-specific primer sets derived from intron sequences provide an effective means to amplify genomic DNA which will facilitate PCR-based HLA class I typing methods. This will also allow HLA class I typing to be conducted with greater precision, at lower cost, and faster than previously described class I typing methodologies.
Oral spindle cell neoplasms: A review of 307 cases

The infrequent exposure of pathologists to soft tissue spindle cell neoplasms coupled with overlapping histologic patterns can often make diagnosis challenging. We reviewed all nonodontogenic spindle cell neoplasms seen between 1982 and 2002 (86,162 total accessions). Diagnoses were reclassified according to current standards supplemented with immunohistochemistry. Of the 307 neoplasms reviewed (0.36% of total accessions), neural tumors were the most common benign entities, accounting for 21% of total cases. Kaposi's sarcoma was the most common malignancy, accounting for 67% of all cases. Diagnoses were revised for 57 cases. Schwannoma and neurofibroma were most commonly revised to palisaded encapsulated neuroma. There were 8 myofibromas and 1 inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. There were no oral leiomyomas; that is, all 4 originally reported cases were reclassified as myofibroma, palisaded encapsulated neuroma, and solitary fibrous tumor. With the exception of Kaposi's sarcoma, oral soft tissue sarcomas were rare; most benign lesions were neural in origin. The relatively high prevalence of some tumors, such as myofibroma, likely reflects the use of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of spindle cell tumors.
What Are They Thinking? The Moral Judgment of Children with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders.

This study was conducted to describe the moral judgment of 12 third- through fifth-grade children with and without emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) and to explore how feelings affected their thought processes. Data were gathered via three individually conducted moral dilemma interviews with each child participant. These procedures produced 2,107 moral judgments that were coded and submitted to an analysis using case study research methodology. The results showed that 10 of the children voiced an egocentric moral orientation and that only 2 voiced a developmentally typical cooperative moral orientation. The children also described how caring, just relationships engendered feelings of happiness and love and inspired a sense of moral autonomy while harsh, unjust relationships fueled feelings of anger, sadness, and fear and led to prescriptions of disobedience and retaliation. The implications of the results are discussed with respect to the importance of children’s experiences in inclusive classroom ...
Mutual Contact of Adherent Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes Inhibits Their Generation of Superoxide

Superoxide generation by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in suspension, or adherent to glass or plastic, after stimulation with N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine or phorbol myristate acetate was measured by cytochrome c reduction and spin trapping. Amounts of superoxide generated by adherent PMNs were inversely related to cell density. The generation of hydrogen peroxide was also inhibited at higher cell densities. In contrast to adherent cells, superoxide released by PMNs in suspension linearly increased with respect to cell number over a wider range. Microscopic observation indicated that the number of cells in mutual contact increased rapidly at cell densities higher than 4 x 10(4) cells/cm2, and inhibition of superoxide became apparent at higher cell densities. Mediators which could be released by PMNs, such as NO and adenosine, were not the cause of inhibition. These data suggest that mutual contact of PMNs suppresses their generation of superoxide. Survival rates of PMNs after stimulation increased at higher densities, indicating that the mutual contact-induced inhibition of superoxide generation by PMNs may be physiologically relevant at sites of inflammation.
Land ownership security and farm productivity: Evidence from Thailand

The article discusses the impact of land ownership security on farmers’ input use and output value. Economic theory suggests that farmers with secure legal ownership will have more incentives and better ability to invest, due to a lower perceived risk and a favourable access to institutional credit. This leads to higher variable inputs use and higher output per unit of land. The article uses farm level data from three provinces in Thailand to test the above propositions. The data pertain to samples of squatters, who lack secure legal ownership, as contrasted with legally titled farmers. The results confirm that the provision of secure ownership in LDCs can increase productivity significantly.
Abstract 1596: Effect of combined treatment with ursolic acid (UA) and resveratrol (Res) on skin tumor promotion by TPA

In recent years, emerging evidence suggests that cancer chemopreventive agents when combined might be more effective than when given alone. Both UA and Res have been shown to reduce inflammation and tumor development in various tissues. In mouse skin, both compounds have been shown to block skin tumor promotion by TPA and reduce TPA-induced inflammation. In this study, we have further evaluated the effect of UA and Res on skin tumor promotion with emphasis on examining combinations of these agents. For these experiments, UA, Res and combinations of UA + Res were applied topically (various doses) prior to TPA treatment on mouse skin. The combination of UA + Res showed additive and possibly synergistic inhibition of TPA-induced epidermal hyperproliferation as assessed by both epidermal hyperplasia and BrdU labeling index. The effect of UA, Res and the combination of UA + Res on epidermal signaling pathways was also evaluated. The combination of UA + Res significantly inhibited activation of epidermal Akt, NF-κB, p38 MAPK, and JNK in response to TPA treatment compared to the treatment with the individual compounds. The combination of UA + Res also dramatically reduced the induction of epidermal Cox-2 by TPA. Notably, combined treatment with UA and Res induced a dramatic increased phosphorylation of AMPK-α suggesting that AMPK activation may also play a critical role in the ability of the combination to alter skin tumor promotion. Combination treatment during skin tumor promotion showed greater inhibition of tumor multiplicity than with either agent alone. In further experiments, the effect of UA, Res and UA + Res on proliferation of bulge-region keratinocyte stem cells (KSCs) was evaluated. Both UA and Res treatment inhibited TPA-induced proliferation and migration of bulge-region KSCs. Furthermore, the combination of UA + Res appeared to be more effective at blocking proliferation of these cells from the hair follicle when compared with the single compound-treated groups. Taken together, these data suggest that the combination of UA + Res has either additive or synergistic inhibitory effects on keratinocyte proliferation (including KSCs) and various signaling pathways. These effects may explain the greater inhibition of skin tumor promotion by the combination of UA and Res. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1596. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1596
Influence of Microstructure on Aggressive Chemical Mechanical Planarization Processes for Thick Copper Films

Novel die-stacking schema using through-wafer vias may require thick electrodeposited copper and aggressive first-step chemical mechanical planarization (CMP). However, the effect of microstructural parameters, including surface orientation and grain size, on the CMP behavior of thick electrodeposited copper is not well understood. Here we explore the relationship be-tween the surface orientation of copper grains and local CMP removal parameters using electron backscatter diffraction and topography correlation techniques. In the present work, solid copper disks are studied which are annealed to produce samples with differing grain sizes. In addition, aggressive CMP is performed on copper films (30 μm) electrodeposited on silicon. At the bulk level, the slurry composition is found to have the greatest effect on the removal rate and surface roughness. At the microstructural level, the nature of the grain boundaries (e.g. coincidence site lattice (CSL) vs. non-CSL boundaries) is shown to impact the depth of grooving at the grain boundaries. A relationship between surface orientation and local removal rate is found.
Catecholamines induce metamorphosis in the hydrozoan Halocordyle disticha but not in Hydractinia echinata

Planula larvae of the marine hydroids Halocordyle disticha and Hydractinia echinata were treated with the catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine, as well as with certain of their precursors and agonists. Norepinephrine, l-dopa, dopamine and the dopamine agonist ADTN at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.001 mM induced metamorphosis within 24 h in Halocordyle disticha, with no observable morphogenetic abnormalities. Epinephrine, the adrenergic agonists phenylephrine, isoproterenol and methoxyamine, and the catecholamine precursors phenylalanine and tyrosine were found not to induce metamorphosis at the concentrations employed. None of the compounds was effective in inducing metamorphosis in Hydractinia echinata. A model is presented for neural control of metamorphosis in Halocordyle disticha
MRI in the evaluation and management of a newborn infant with cardiac rhabdomyoma.

A newborn infant presented with a life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia. Echocardiography showed a large cardiac mass growing exophytically in the region of the left atrial appendage extending along the left ventricular wall but showedno clear tissue plane between the mass and the left ventricular wall. Based on the echocardiogram, surgical resection might damage the left ventricular wall. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a clear plane of demarcation, making surgical resection a viable life-saving option.
Interaction of members of the heat shock protein-70 family with the macrophage mannose receptor

The macrophage MR has been the subject of investigation for over 20 years, and several important physiological functions have been described. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate MR signaling and trafficking during these processes still remain elusive. The focus of the current paper was to identify potential cellular MR-interacting proteins. An initial screen of binding proteins in MR-expressing cells was performed using coimmunoprecipitation, followed by identification of matching peptide sequences using proteomics and MS. The major class of binding proteins identified belonged to the heat shock family of proteins. The specific interaction of the MR with HSP70 family members was validated by Western blot analysis, ligand binding assays, and intracellular colocalization using confocal microscopy. Additional studies indicated that inhibition of the HSP BiP by treatment of cells with EGCG reduced BiP interaction with and surface expression of the MR. Studies of possible motifs within the cytoplasmic tail of the receptor suggested that a juxtamembrane dibasic sequence may contribute to the interaction with BiP. These findings suggest that the molecular association of the MR with HSP70 family members via the receptor cytoplasmic tail may contribute to MR trafficking in macrophages.
Biosynthesis of Holarrhena alkaloids from cholesterol

Abstract After administration of cholesterol-4-C 14 to the leaves of Holarrhena floribunda , the alkaloid fraction obtained by extraction contained 14% of the original radioactivity. The steroidal alkaloids holaphyllamine and holaphylline, isolated by thin-layer chromatography and purified via the N -acetyl derivatives, were both labeled. No radioactive pregnenolone could be detected in the neutral fraction.
A New Fluorescence Photobleaching Method for Determining Solute Diffusive-Reactive Properties in Biological Tissues

Knowledge of solute transport in biological tissues is fundamental in order to understand cell nutrition and biosynthetic activity, and to design and fabricate tissue engineered constructs.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Effects of superoxide dismutase and polyclonal tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibodies on chloroacetate-induced cellular death and superoxide anion production by J774.A1 macrophages.

Abstract Dichloroacetate (DCA) and trichloroacetate (TCA) are by-products that are formed during the process of water chlorination and have been previously shown to induce superoxide anion (SA) production and cellular death when added to J774.A1 macrophage cultures. In this study, the effects of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and polyclonal tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) antibodies on DCA- and TCA-induced SA production and cellular death have been tested on the J774.A1 macrophage cultures. TCA and DCA were added to different cultures either alone, each at a concentration of 16 mM, or in combination with SOD (2–12 units/ml), or with TNF-α antibodies (10 and 25 units/ml). Cells were incubated for 48 h, after which cellular death/viability, lactate dehydrognase (LDH) leakage by the cells, and SA production by the cells were determined. While TCA and DCA caused significant cellular toxicity, indicated by reduction in cellular viability and increases in LDH leakage and SA production, SOD addition resulted in significant reduction of the effects induced by the compounds. On the other hand, addition of TNF-α antibodies to the DCA- and TCA-treated cultures resulted in significant reduction of DCA- but not TCA-induced cellular death and SA production by the cells. Although these results suggest a significant role for SA in DCA- and TCA-induced cellular death, they may also suggest two different mechanisms for the chloroacetate-induced SA production by the cells.
An osteopontin (SPP1) polymorphism is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Osteopontin (SPP1) is a soluble ligand with pleomorphic immunologic activities including activation of macrophage chemotaxis, promotion of Th1 responses, and activation of B1 B cells. It has been implicated in the development of murine lupus and is overexpressed in humans with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We examined a polymorphism of osteopontin for an association with lupus in humans in an effort to determine whether there is any evidence that a genetic predisposition to altered osteopontin expression might explain the overexpression seen in human SLE patients. A silent polymorphism (707C>T, rs1126616) of osteopontin was significantly associated with SLE. Additional associations with renal disease and opportunisitic infections were suggested. This is the first phenotypic association with a polymorphic variant of osteopontin. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cancee of the Cervix Uteri in Nulliparous Women: A Report of 53 Cases

Since 1927, when Graves (1) briefly summarized 50 cases of carcinoma of the cervix in nulliparous women, the literature on the subject has consisted principally of reports of isolated cases and incidental comments in the course of discussions of uterine cancer. The following study was undertaken to compare cervical cancer in nulliparous with cervical cancer in parous women. Since 1899 the diagnosis of carcinoma of the cervix has been made upon 715 patients admitted to the Department of Gynecology of the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Definite statements of parity and microscopic confirmation of the diagnosis have been recorded in 505 instances. These 505 case histories are the basis for this report. In this study the patient is considered nulliparous when the gynecologic history records her statement that pregnancy has never occurred. Percentage of Nulliparity: Statistics show that in the United States about 10 per cent of patients with cancer of the cervix are nulliparous (Table I). Our series shows approximately the same percentage. Of 505 patients with cervical cancer 53 (10.5 per cent) were nulliparous. The salient facts about these patients are presented in Table II.
Resistance of Camelina microcarpa to acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides

Summary An accession of Camelina microcarpa suspected to be resistant to sulfonylurea herbicides was identified in Oregon in 1998 field experiments. Greenhouse research confirmed that the putative resistant biotype was resistant to chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron on a whole plant level. Compared with the resistant (R) biotype, the susceptible (S) biotype was 1000 and 10 000-fold more sensitive to metsulfuron and chlorsulfuron respectively. The R biotype was also resistant to other sulfonylurea, sulfonylaminocarbonyl-triazolinone, imidazolinone and triazolopyrimidine herbicides. An in vivo enzyme assay indicated that acetolactate synthase (ALS) from the R plants required 111 times more chlorsulfuron to inhibit activity by 50% compared with the amount required to have a similar effect on ALS from S plants. Analysis of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences demonstrated that a single-point mutation from G to T in the als1 gene conferred the change from the amino acid tryptophan to leucine at position 572 in the resistant biotype. This research confirmed that ALS inhibitor resistance in an Oregon accession of C. microcarpa is based on an altered target site conferred by a single-point mutation.
Permeability of Porous Friction Course Pavements: Before and After Accelerated Pavement Tests

This study investigates the effect of permanent deformation on the permeability of different asphalt porous friction course (PFC) pavements with heavy vehicle simulator (HVS) testing. The testing was performed under controlled temperatures, speeds, and loads. HVS rutting tests were performed with single and dual wheels. Under dual-wheel loading, dust was added to one of the tire tracks to determine the impact of aerially deposited dust on surface clogging of permeable pavements. Permeability measurements were performed to evaluate clogging related to dust and permanent deformation. Measurements were made on each test section before and after HVS operation with both ASTM C1701 and the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) methods. Results obtained from this study showed that (a) permeability measured by ASTM and NCAT methods were correlated, especially when a smaller ASTM ring was used, but generally the values measured by the ASTM method were larger than those by the NCAT method; (b) sections with...
NSF loses a plane, regains another

A plane owned by the National Science Foundation (NSF) took off in Antarctica on January 11, 1988, flying under its own power nearly 17 years after it crashed and was abandoned 1300 km northwest of McMurdo Station. The specially equipped Lockheed LC-130 transport plane was successfully salvaged from a grave of snow and ice, but only at the cost of another LC-130, which crashed December 9, 1987, during attempts to reoutfit the plane that went down in 1971. Two U.S. Navy crewmen died in that accident. (See “Congress Trims NSF Budget,” Eos, January 5, 1988, p. 1.)
Intramolecular proton transfer from multiple sites in catalysis by murine carbonic anhydrase V.

The hydration of CO2 catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase requires proton transfer from the zinc-bound water at the active site to solution for each cycle of catalysis. In the most efficient of the mammalian carbonic anhydrases, isozyme II, this transfer is facilitated by a proton shuttle residue, His 64. Murine carbonic anhydrase V (mCA V) has a sterically constrained tyrosine at the analogous position; it is not an effective proton shuttle, yet catalysis by this isozyme still achieves a maximal turnover in CO2 hydration of 3 × 105 s-1 at pH > 9. We have investigated the source of proton transfer in a truncated form of mCA V and identified several basic residues, including Lys 91 and Tyr 131, located near the mouth of the active-site cavity that contribute to proton transfer. Intramolecular proton-transfer rates between these shuttle groups and the zinc-bound water were estimated as the rate-determining step in kcat for hydration of CO2 measured by stopped-flow spectrophotometry and in the exchange of 18O bet...
Silylation of hyaluronan to improve hydrophobicity and reactivity for improved processing and derivatization

A novel hyaluronan (HA) derivative was synthesized through silylation reaction to improve the hydrophobicity of HA, to enhance its solubility in common organic solvents, and to make it more reactive for further derivatizations (e.g. esterification). While HA can not be silylated directly, its ion-paired complex with a long aliphatic chain quaternary ammonium salt (HA–CTA) was an effective starting material for the silylation reaction. The degree of silylation (DS) was controlled by changing the reaction parameters such as temperature, time and amount of silylation reagent. Silylated HA–CTA with a high DS (>3.2) was soluble in xylenes and hexane, while that with a low DS (3.2>DS>2.5) was only soluble in acetone, THF and 1,2-dichloroethane. The silyl groups and ammonium cations were also easily removed through hydrolysis to regenerate the native HA.
Spatial distribution of chlordanes and PCB congeners in soil in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, USA

Abstract Residential soils from Cedar Rapids, Iowa, USA were collected and analyzed for chlordanes and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). This study is one of the very few urban soil investigations in the USA. The chlordanes concentrations ranged from 0 to 7500 ng g −1 dry weight (d.w.), with a mean and standard deviation of 130 ± 920 ng g −1 d.w., which is about 1000 times larger than background levels. ΣPCB concentrations ranged from 3 to 1200 ng g −1 d.w., with a mean and standard deviation of 56 ± 160 ng g −1 d.w. and are about 10 times higher than world-wide background levels. Both groups exhibit considerable variability in chemical patterns and site-to-site concentrations. Although no measurements of dioxins were carried out, the potential toxicity due to the 12 dioxin-like PCBs found in the soil is in the same order of magnitude of the provisional threshold recommended by USEPA to perform soil remediation.
The frequency distributions of silver grain counts from autoradiographs.

Abstract Several mathematical distributions were fitted to grain counts from autoradiographs. Six experiments were best described by the normal curve and four by the negative binomial. It was therefore concluded that the type o frequency distribution of further experiments could not be predicted, suggesting that non-parametric statistical methods should be employed. Thirty fixative comparisons were analyzed by the non-parametric U test and by Student's t test and the results were dissimilar in seven cases.
Stem and Crown Rot of Chickpea in California Caused by Sclerotinia trifoliorum

The identities of Sclerotinia isolates obtained from chickpea plants showing stem and crown rot were determined using morphological characteristics, variations in group I introns, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Isolates could be separated into two groups based on growth rates at 22°C, fast growing (about 40 mm per day) versus slow growing (about 20 mm per day). All fast-growing isolates induced stronger color change of a pH-indicating medium than did slow-growing isolates at 22°C. The slow-growing isolates contained at least one group I intron in the nuclear small subunit rDNA, whereas all fast-growing isolates lacked group I introns in the same DNA region. ITS sequences of the slow-growing isolates were identical to sequences of Sclerotinia trifoliorum. Those of the fast-growing isolates were identical to sequences of S. sclerotiorum. Finally, the slow-growing isolates showed ascospore dimorphism, a definitive character of S. trifoliorum, whereas the fast-growing isolates showed no ascospore dimorphism. Isolates of both species were pathogenic on chickpea and caused symptoms similar to those observed in the field. This study not only associated the differences between S. sclerotiorum and S. trifoliorum in growth rates, group I introns, ITS sequences, and ascospore morphology, but also represented the first report that S. trifoliorum causes stem and crown rot of chickpea in North America.
Non-linear statistical static timing analysis for non-Gaussian variation sources

Existing statistical static timing analysis (SSTA) techniques suffer from limited modeling capability by using a linear delay model with Gaussian distribution, or have scalability problems due to expensive operations involved to handle non-Gaussian variation sources or non-linear delays. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel SSTA technique to handle both nonlinear delay dependency and non- Gaussian variation sources simultaneously. We develop efficient algorithms to perform all statistical atomic operations (such as max and add) efficiently via either closed- form formulas or one-dimensional lookup tables. The resulting timing quantity provably preserves the correlation with variation sources to the third-order. We prove that the complexity of our algorithm is linear in both variation sources and circuit sizes, hence our algorithm scales well for large designs. Compared to Monte Carlo simulation for non-Gaussian variation sources and nonlinear delay models, our approach predicts all timing characteristics of circuit delay with less than 2% error.
High precision phase measurement using reduced sine and cosine tables

A high-precision phase measurement technique, which can accurately determine the phase even when the signals are distorted by harmonics, was presented previously by the author (ibid., vol.38, p.954-60, Oct. 1989). He proposes a microprocessor-based hardware implementation of the technique. The hardware implementation requires two reduced tables: a sine table and a cosine table. If each table has i(i+5)/2 entries, then the phase can be accurately determined even if the signals are distorted by any number of harmonics in the range of second through ith harmonics. >
THE THERMAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NEST OF THE SOCIABLE WEAVER PHILETAIRUS SOCIUS: SUMMER OBSERVATIONS

Summary The Sociable Weaver of southern Africa builds the largest of all birds' nests. Individual nests contain many chambers and may be occupied by a colony of a hundred or more pairs. Most aspects of the biology of this species are linked, either directly or indirectly, to the nest and its construction. One readily demonstrable function served by this enormous nest is the amelioration of the impact of low environmental temperatures.
Diversity initiatives, status, and system-justifying beliefs: When and how diversity efforts de-legitimize discrimination claims

Diversity initiatives aim to improve outcomes for low-status groups in organizations. Yet they also may ironically act as legitimizing cues, leading to an assumption of fairness and reducing the detection of discrimination. We explored how group status (high-status majority vs. low-status minority) and beliefs about the fairness of the system influence when the mere presence of a diversity initiative will de-legitimize claims of discrimination against a company. Non-Hispanic Whites and Latino participants (N = 135) read a profile of a company that had or had not received diversity awards, and then read a discrimination claim brought against the company by a Latino employee. Whites in general, and Latinos high in system-justifying beliefs, saw the company with diversity-awards as more respectful and fair to minorities than the company with neutral awards and also derogated the discrimination claimant more. Perceived fairness mediated the effect on claimant derogation. Implications are discussed.
An inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis impairs human polymorphonuclear leukocyte priming by tumor necrosis factor α

TNF primes polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) for enhanced oxidative and secretory activity and directly induces adhesion and IL-1 beta expression. Previous reports suggest that polyamine biosynthesis by ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) has an essential role in macrophage activation by TNF. In the current study, TNF induced rapid increases in the putrescine and spermine content of PMNs. Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), a selective inhibitor of ODC, inhibited these increases and blunted the enhancement of superoxide generation and secondary granule release associated with priming by TNF. DFMO did not affect the expression of TNF receptors or block receptor-independent activation of the respiratory burst by phorbol esters. Moreover, DFMO did not antagonize induction of adhesion or IL-1 beta mRNA expression by TNF. Thus, polyamine biosynthesis plays an important role in priming by TNF, but is not involved in all PMN responses to this cytokine. This suggests that ODC is a potential target for selective chemotherapeutic modulation of the inflammatory response.
A method for the objective evaluation of bronchodilator drugs: effects of dapanone, isuprel, and aminophylline in patients with bronchial asthma.

Abstract A simple method for the evaluation of bronchodilator drugs has been used in a group of patients with chronic bronchial obstruction. A new bronchodilator agent, 5 per cent Dapanone, was found to be about as effective as 0.5 per cent Isuprel (both given as aerosols). Maximal benefits, however, were obtained by the simultaneous use of these nebulized drugs and aminophylline, administered intravenously. Data obtained in this study on the variability in vital capacity and maximal expiratory flow rate in asthmatic patients without therapy reemphasize the need for careful control studies in the evaluation of bronchodilator drugs.
Exposing Whiteness in Higher Education: White Male College Students Minimizing Racism, Claiming Victimization, and Recreating White Supremacy.

This research critically examines racial views and experiences of 12 white men in a single higher education institution via semi-structured interviews. Participants tended to utilize individualized definitions of racism and experience high levels of racial segregation in both their pre-college and college environments. This corresponded to participants seeing little evidence of racism, minimizing the power of contemporary racism, and framing whites as the true victims of multiculturalism (i.e. ‘reverse racism’). This sense of racial victimization corresponded to the participants blaming racial minorities for racial antagonism (both on campus and society as a whole), which cyclically served to rationalize the persistence of segregated, white campus subenvironments. Within these ethnic enclaves, the participants reported minimal changes in their racial views since entering college with the exception of an enhanced sense of ‘reverse racism,’ and this cycle of racial privilege begetting racial privilege was e...
Adderall XR® and Vyvanse™

Adderall XR® (MAS XR) and Vyvanse™ (LDX) are both schedule II amphetamine-based central nervous system stimulants indicated for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Differences among the two primarily involve dosage form, pharmacokinetic profiles, and abuse potential. MAS XR and LDX are both long-acting stimulants with an approximate duration of action of 10 hours. The long-acting property of LDX is secondary to its prodrug formulation, whereas MAS XR utilizes bead filled capsules that mimic twice daily dosing upon administration. MAS XR is a substrate of CYP 2D6 while LDX does not utilize the cytochrome P450 enzymes for metabolism. There are few efficacy studies that directly compare LDX and MAS XR. There are no head to head abuse liability studies for MAS XR and LDX; however, the prodrug formulation of LDX is proposed to have lower abuse potential.
Interfacing Microbial Styrene Production with a Biocompatible Cyclopropanation Reaction

The introduction of new reactivity into living organisms is a major challenge in synthetic biology. Despite an increasing interest in both the development of small-molecule catalysts that are compatible with aqueous media and the engineering of enzymes to perform new chemistry in vitro, the integration of non-native reactivity into metabolic pathways for small-molecule production has been underexplored. Herein we report a biocompatible iron(III) phthalocyanine catalyst capable of efficient olefin cyclopropanation in the presence of a living microorganism. By interfacing this catalyst with E. coli engineered to produce styrene, we synthesized non-natural phenyl cyclopropanes directly from D-glucose in single-vessel fermentations. This process is the first example of the combination of nonbiological carbene-transfer reactivity with cellular metabolism for small-molecule production.
Shifting from a Heteronomous to an Autonomous Worldview of Organizational Communication: Communication Theory on the cusp

A number of organizational analysts have argued that we are in the midst of a paradigm shift, away from a strictly rational to a more transactional view of organization, but their arguments are not situated in a well-explicated communication theory. This article argues for the existence of two, mutually exclusive worldviews of organization and communication, one heteronomous, the other autonomous. A beteronomous model views organization as responding to an environment, and communication as the exchange of information. An autonomous model assumes organization to be generative of its own structures, through a reflexive process of self-production. The resulting “cell” of talk, in the autonomous model, is a conversation. Conversations are reflexive and self-organizing: they are produced by communication but are in turn the frame, or envelope, of the communication that generated them, in the absence of which communication would be impossible. They are the Organization in the communication. The article explores, through the mechanism of speech acts, the reflexive properties of human conversation, and its capacities to generate those relational properties that we associate with organization. The phenomenon of coupling and its organizational implications are briefly explored. The article concludes by a brief consideration of how to revise our ideas about the conduct of communication research.
Tradeoffs in instruction format design for horizontal architectures

With recent improvements in software techniques and the enhanced level of fine grain parallelism made available by such techniques, there has been an increased interest in horizontal architectures and large instruction words that are capable of issuing more that one operation per instruction. This paper investigates some issues in the design of such instruction formats. We study how the choice of an instruction format is influenced by factors such as the degree of pipelining and the instruction's view of the register file. Our results suggest that very large instruction words capable of issuing one operation to each functional unit resource in a horizontal architecture may be overkill. Restricted instruction formats with limited operation issuing capabilities are capable of providing similar performance (measured by the total number of time steps) with significantly less hardware in many cases.
Bacterial Communities of Two Parthenogenetic Aphid Species Cocolonizing Two Host Plants across the Hawaiian Islands

Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) have been the focus of several studies with respect to their interactions with inherited symbionts, but bacterial communities of most aphid species are still poorly characterized. In this research, we used bar-coded pyrosequencing to characterize bacterial communities in aphids. Specifically, we examined the diversity of bacteria in two obligately parthenogenetic aphid species (the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii, and the cardamom aphid, Pentalonia caladii) cocolonizing two plant species (taro, Colocasia esculenta, and ginger, Alpinia purpurata) across four Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Kauai, Maui, and Oahu). Results from this study revealed that heritable symbionts dominated the bacterial communities for both aphid species. The bacterial communities differed significantly between the two species, and A. gossypii harbored a more diverse bacterial community than P. caladii. The bacterial communities also differed across aphid populations sampled from the different islands; however, communities did not differ between aphids collected from the two host plants.
Enabling mobility in enterprise security management

The increasing demand for and the wide adoption of mobile technologies have been witnessed in enterprise information technology (IT) environments in recent years. However, there exist few solutions to address the applicability of mobile technologies or devices in enterprise security management (ESM). In this paper we present an approach to enabling mobility in ESM, whereby security administrators can manage various types of enterprise security polices using mobile devices in order to effectively monitor and defend their trusted domains, which are constantly under attacks. Specifically, we describe a security architecture for designing and implementing a mobile-enabled solution for ESM through which various benefits such as the backup of important security policies or credentials, offline administration, immediate response, and monitoring can be achieved. We also discuss our approach in the context of the security framework development guideline provided by the ISO 17799 code of practice for information security management (2000).
A lexicon for the expert witness and defendant

Some important words and phrases are presented in this article which are used by the witness, defendant, defense attorney or plaintiff's attorney in deposition or in trial. It is important that any expert witness or defendant be cognizant of this lexicon in order to avoid mistakes in or misinterpretations of their testimony.
Disruption of the Complement Anaphylatoxin Receptor C5L2 Exacerbates Inflammation in Allergic Contact Dermatitis

The complement anaphylatoxin C5a is a critical mediator of allergic contact dermatitis, bridging essential aspects of innate and adaptive immunity. This anaphylatoxin functions by interacting with two 7-transmembrane segment receptors, the C5aR and C5L2. The C5aR is a classical G protein coupled receptor, whereas C5L2 is deficient in coupling to G proteins because of variations in the sequence. Our previous work in human neutrophils revealed a unique role for C5L2 in negatively modulating anaphylatoxin receptor mediated cellular activation through interactions with β-arrestin. When C5L2 is deficient, C5aR-mediated β-arrestin signaling is greatly enhanced. The work described in this study was undertaken first to determine the effect of C5L2 deficiency in a murine model of contact sensitivity, and second to determine whether the resultant exacerbation of inflammatory parameters reflects a negative modulatory function of C5L2 on the C5aR. First, we find dramatic increases in inflammation in C5L2−/− animals compared with wild type mice. Second, these increases are completely reversed following administration of mAb against the C5aR. Thus, in allergic contact sensitivity, as in isolated human neutrophils, C5L2 functions to suppress C5a-C5aR–mediated responses, further underscoring its role as a negative regulator of anaphylatoxin activity.
Chemical Investigation of Vaccinium myrtillus L

The huckleberry shrub has been subjected to chemical investigation, and several constituents were isolated among which oleanolic and ursolic acids, β-amyrin, myrtillol, and nonacosane were identified. Several fat acids, plant acids, tannins, and sugars were also identified. Hydroquinone, but not arbutin, could be detected.
Catastrophe and Response Expanding the Notion of Self to Mobilize Nurses’ Attention to Policy and Activism

The author in this column explores implications of the 2010 Gulf of Mexico British Petroleum oil spill for human-environment-health. One aim was to acknowledge the continuing occurrences of catastrophe affecting human-environment-health that are greatly compounded due to lack of regulation and enforcement, lack of infrastructure maintenance, and lack of public policy oversight. The second aim was to explore how disciplinary conceptualizations of self need to expand to better include environment so that nurses can contribute further to preventing disaster, while continuing their historically significant response to such events.
Large-displacement structural durability analyses of simple specimens emulating rocket chambers

Large-displacement elastic and elastic-plastic, stress—strain finite element analyses (FEA) of an oxygen-free high-conductivity (OFHC) copper plate specimen were performed using an updated Lagrangian formulation. The plate specimen is intended for low-cost experiments that emulate the most important thermomechanical loading and deformation/failure modes of a more complex rocket thrust chamber. The plate, which is loaded in bending at 593°C, contains a centrally located and internally pressurized channel. The cyclic crack initiation lives were estimated using the results from the FEA analyses and isothermal strain-controlled low-cycle fatigue data for OFHC copper at 538°C. A comparison of the predicted and experimental cyclic lives showed that an elastic analysis predicts a longer cyclic life than that observed in experiments by a factor greater than 4. The results from elastic-plastic analysis for the plate bend specimen, however, predicted a cyclic life in close agreement with experiment, thus justifying the need for the more rigorous stress-strain analysis.