cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical evidence of cytochrome C oxidase subunit II involvement in pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) in broilers

Defects and variation in the relative amount of protein subunits in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) have been hypothesized to be involved, in part, in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS), a costly metabolic disease. Thus, the major objective of this study was to determine whether differences in relative amounts of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and II (COX I and II) can be detected by immunohistochemistry and digital image analysis in muscle tissue of broilers with PHS compared to control broilers. Cross sections of the breast muscle (pectoralis major) were stained with monoclonal antibodies for COX I and II. Relative areas of multiple microscope viewing fields (400x) per tissue section of COX I and II were quantified by counting immunopositive pixels on the digital images. Whereas the number of immunopositive pixels for COX II was higher in PHS birds compared to controls, there were no difference for COX I. The amount of COX II was positively correlated with the right to total ventricular weight ratio (RV:TV), suggesting that there may be increased expression of COX II associated with severity of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Thus, it is possible that COX II expression in PHS broiler may be involved in the pathogenesis of PHS.
Structure of an unusual S‐adenosylmethionine synthetase from Campylobacter jejuni

S-Adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) participates in a wide range of methylation and other group-transfer reactions and also serves as the precursor for two groups of quorum-sensing molecules that function as regulators of the production of virulence factors in Gram-negative bacteria. The synthesis of AdoMet is catalyzed by AdoMet synthetases (MATs), a ubiquitous family of enzymes found in species ranging from microorganisms to mammals. The AdoMet synthetase from the bacterium Campylobacter jejuni (cjMAT) is an outlier among this homologous enzyme family, with lower sequence identity, numerous insertions and substitutions, and higher catalytic activity compared with other bacterial MATs. Alterations in the structure of this enzyme provide an explanation for its unusual dimeric quaternary structure relative to the other MATs. Taken together with several active-site substitutions, this new structure provides insights into its improved kinetic properties with alternative substrates.
Effect of the late heavy bombardment of the terrestrial planets on chemical evolution on earth and mars

In order for life to have originated through chemical evolution, a number of favorable environmental factors must have been present. For example, the availability of prebiotic reactants and liquid water was necessary. It has only recently become apparent, however, that impacts may also have constrained the process of chemical evolution. During the late heavy bombardment of the terrestrial planets before 3.8 b.y. ago, the time period between formation of impact basins of a given size increased with time. The time period between impacts of objects energetic enough to stop origination of life on Earth eventually increased until it equaled the time required to originate life through chemical evolution. If it is assumed that origination requires 105 to 107 years, then the earliest time that life could have arisen on Earth can be calculated (Maher and Stevenson, 1988).
Perceptions of Three Mile Island and Acceptance of a Nuclear Power Plant in a Distant Community

Links between the accident at Three Mile Island (TMI) and attitudes among residents of a distant community toward a local nuclear power plant were examined. Interviews were conducted about 18 months after TMI with 213 residents of a nuclear host community concerning the effects of TMI, expectations about local events, and attitudes toward the local plant. Residents' perceptions of the importance of TMI in relation to their attitudes were associated with the perceived hazards of the local plant and with changes in attitudes over the past five years. A path analysis showed that the perceived influence of TMI was inversely related to local acceptance of the plant through expectations of local outcomes. Perceived hazards were more strongly related to the perceived influence of TMI than to expected economic benefits. Findings suggested a strong link between a distant event and local expectations and attitudes.
The Drosophila COMPASS-like Cmi-Trr coactivator complex regulates dpp/BMP signaling in pattern formation.

Abstract Drosophila Cara Mitad (Cmi, also known as Lpt) is the N-terminal homolog of mammalian Mixed Lineage Leukemia 2 (MLL2/ALR), a core component of COMPASS-like nuclear receptor coactivator complexes. Cmi is required for the activation of ecdysone hormone targets and plays a critical role in development and tissue patterning. Using multiple approaches that include genetic interaction tests and tissue specific knockdown and overexpression of cmi, we demonstrate that Cmi has important functions in controlling wing vein patterning through regulation of the conserved Decapentaplegic (Dpp) signaling pathway. The loss of function allele, cmi1, enhances loss of dpp function phenotypes in genetic epistasis tests. Wing specific knockdown of cmi results in incomplete veins towards the distal wing margin that are enhanced by the simultaneous knockdown of dpp. In contrast, the overexpression of a tagged full-length HA-cmi transgene results in ectopic veins that are sensitive to Dpp levels. The knockdown and overexpression of cmi result in reduced and increased Dpp signaling as observed by immunostaining for phospho-MAD (Mother against DPP), a downstream effector of Dpp function. shRNAi depletion of cmi suppresses a tkv reduced function phenotype while the overexpression of HA-cmi enhances tkv RNAi phenotypes. We further show by enhancer reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation that Cmi controls wing vein patterning by regulating dpp transcription directly or indirectly through the 3′ disc regulatory region at the larval stage and through the 5′ shortvein (shv) regulatory region at the pupal stage. Our data reveals that Cmi is a key part of the mechanism that controls wing vein patterning through nuclear receptor regulation of the Dpp signaling pathway.
Differentially Substituted Acyclic Diaminocarbene Ligands Display Conformation-Dependent Donicities

Complexes of the type [(L)Ir(COD)Cl] and [(L)Ir(CO)2Cl] (L = N,N′-dimesityl-N,N′-dimethylformamidin-2-ylidene (3) and N,N′-bis(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)-N,N′-dimethylformamidin-2-ylidene (4); COD = cis,cis-1,5-cyclooctadiene) were synthesized and studied in solution as well as in the solid state. While the acyclic diaminocarbene (ADC) ligand in [(3)Ir(COD)Cl] adopted a conformation in which the N-aryl substituents were anti with respect to the coordinated metal, the respective Ir carbonyl complex was prepared as separable isomers ([(anti-3)Ir(CO)2Cl] and [(amphi-3)Ir(CO)2Cl]). The ADC ligands in [(4)Ir(COD)Cl] and [(4)Ir(CO)2Cl] adopted exclusively amphi conformations, where one N-aryl substituent was oriented toward the coordinated metal and the other was oriented away. The Tolman electronic parameter (TEP) for anti-3 (2047.8 cm−1) was derived from the carbonyl stretching energy (νCO) of the aforementioned Ir(CO)2Cl complex and was found to be larger than the TEPs calculated for amphi-3 (2044.4 cm−1) and 4...
A multi-purpose VLSI chip for adaptive data compression of bilevel images

A VLSI chip for data compression has been implemented based on a general-purpose adaptive binary arithmetic coding (ABAC) architecture. This architecture permits the reuse of adapter and arithmetic coder logic in a universal way, which together with application-specific model logic can create a variety of powerful compression systems. The specific version of the adapter/coder used herein is the "Q-Coder," described in various companion papers. The hardware implementation is in a single HCMOS chip, to maximize speed and minimize cost. The primary purpose of the chip is to provide superior data compression performance for bilevel image data by using conditional binary source models together with adaptive arithmetic coding. The coding scheme implemented is called the Adaptive Bilevel Image Compression (ABIC) algorithm. On business documents, it consistently outperforms such nonadaptive algorithms as the CCITT Group 4 (T.6) Standard and comes into its own when adapting to documents scanned at different resolutions or which include significantly different data such as digital halftones. The multi-purpose nature of the chip allows access to internal partition combinations such as the "Q" adapter/coder, which in combination with external logic can be used to realize hardware for other compression applications. On-chip memory limitations can also be overcome by the addition of external memory in special cases. Other options include the uploading and downloading of adaptive statistics and choices to encode or decode, with or without adaptation of these statistics.
What are principal typings and what are they good for

We demonstrate the pragmatic value of the principal typing property, a property distinct from ML's principal type property, by studying a type system with principal typings. The type system is based on rank 2 intersection types and is closely related to ML. Its principal typing property provides elegant support for separate compilation, including "smartest recompilation" and incremental type inference. Moreover, it motivates a new rule for typing recursive definitions that can type some interesting examples of polymorphic recursion.
Estimating realized random effects

Random sampling of a finite population of subjects leads to observed values on the selected subjects. When the measure on a subject includes response error, the observed response for a selected subject can be distinguished from the latent value representing the subject’s parameter. We derive linear unbiased minimum MSE estimates of a realized subject’s latent value from sample data, where these data are considered to have arisen from three possible sample spaces: a space conditional on the realized sample subjects; a space conditional on a single realized subject in the sample; and a space unconditional on the realized sample subjects. The derivation results in the ordinary mean estimate (BLUE) for the first two sample spaces, and the best linear unconditionally unbiased estimate (BLUUE) commonly referred to as the best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP) for the third sample space. Focusing on estimates of a single realized subject’s latent value and the second sample space, we identify a range of latent pa...
Surface-Site Charge-Displacement Model for Analysis of Electromodulated Optical Second-Harmonic Response at a Metal Surface

We present an analysis of second-harmonic (SH) response from metal surfaces that is based on a model representation whose associated parameters are defined in terms of nonlinear polarizabilities originating from charge displacement occurring on a molecular level. Our analysis suggests that the general functional dependence of SH response at a metal/electrolyte interface on the time-independent (dc) electric field is typically different from that implied by previous models. The analysis shows that our model representation is sufficiently general for extracting features from second-harmonic generation (SHG) data in order to analyze such data by methods based on system identification and pattern recognition. Our model, which is based on a classical representation of the nonlinear response of bound (or constrained) charge, is found to be consistent with trends observed in experimental measurements of second-harmonic response as a function of surface charge density. The results of this analysis suggest that SH data are relatively rich in terms of features that can be correlated with local surface structure and that the data should be interpreted by means of a more general model representation than has been previously proposed.
Buxus alkaloids. VI. The constitution of Cyclovirobuxine-D ☆ ☆☆

Abstract C-3 N C-20 N C-3 N C-20 N A CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 F H H CH 3 CH 3 B CH 3 CH 3 H CH 3 G H CH 3 H H C H CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 H H H H CH 3 D H CH 3 H CH 3 I H H H H E CH 3 CH 3 H H On this basis cyclobuxine (I) (2) is renamed cyclobuxine-D, and cyclobuxamine (II) (3) is renamed cyclobuxamine-H.
Assessment of spatial variation of risks in small populations.

Often environmental hazards are assessed by examining the spatial variation of disease-specific mortality or morbidity rates. These rates, when estimated for small local populations, can have a high degree of random variation or uncertainty associated with them. If those rate estimates are used to prioritize environmental clean-up actions or to allocate resources, then those decisions may be influenced by this high degree of uncertainty. Unfortunately, the effect of this uncertainty is not to add "random noise" into the decision-making process, but to systematically bias action toward the smallest populations where uncertainty is greatest and where extreme high and low rate deviations are most likely to be manifest by chance. We present a statistical procedure for adjusting rate estimates for differences in variability due to differentials in local area population sizes. Such adjustments produce rate estimates for areas that have better properties than the unadjusted rates for use in making statistically based decisions about the entire set of areas. Examples are provided for county variation in bladder, stomach, and lung cancer mortality rates for U.S. white males for the period 1970 to 1979.
Analysis of short-wavelength charge-exchange lasers via plasma-gas beam clashing

Abstract The coupled particle and radiation rate equations have been solved for the population inversion and laser intensity which result when a plasma is incident on a vapor target. For the specific case of a helium plasma incident on a cesium vapor target, a laser intensity of order 10 6 W/cm 2 at 584A˚is calculated. The numerical results are in basic agreement with a simple analytical model. Experimental considerations and progress are discussed.
Mars Exploration Rovers entry, descent, and landing navigation.

During the final approach and Entry, Descent and Landing (EDL) of both Mars Exploration Rovers (MER), one-way Doppler were monitored to detect, in real-time, the following events.
Magnetic Nanoparticles and Their Applications

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses magnetic nanoparticles and their applications. There are many exciting new developments in the field of monodomain magnetic nanoparticles, concerning rich and subtle physics and important applications. With the ability to prepare highly monodisperse particles, more details concerning size and surface-dependent effects are being revealed. The ability to stabilize magnetic nanoparticles in liquids and to control their motion is starting to have a significant impact in biomedicine, which is likely to expand in the future. Magnetic data storage is rapidly approaching the super paramagnetic limit and will require a paradigm shift to patterned media to continue increasing the information storage density. Further advances may lead to magnetic RAM and perhaps to magnetic transistors as well. The chapter focuses on nanoparticles based on traditional ferromagnetic materials, but the next nanoparticles of interest may be made from ferromagnetic semiconductors for spintronic application, or of multiferroics, where an applied electric field can switch the magnetization direction in an insulating material.
Variation in Institutional Review Board Responses to a Standard, Observational, Pediatric Research Protocol

Background: Multicenter studies are becoming more common, and variability in local institutional review board (IRB) assessments can be problematic. Objective: To investigate the variability of IRB responses to a multicenter observational study of children presenting to emergency departments. Methods: The authors collected the original IRB applications, subsequent correspondence, and a survey assessing submission timing and response and the nature of IRB queries. The study was conducted as part of the Emergency Medicine Network http://www.emnet-usa.org Results: Of 37 sites initiating the IRB process, 34 (92%) participated in this IRB-approved study. Institutional review boards returned initial applications in a median of 19 days (IQR, 11–34 d), and 91% considered the protocol to be minimal risk. Of 34 submissions, 13 required no changes, 18 received conditional approvals, and 3 were deferred. The median time from initial submission to final approval was 42 days (IQR, 27–61 d). Seven sites did not participate in patient recruitment: two had institutional issues, one obtained IRB approval too late for participation, and four sites (12%) reported that IRB hurdles contributed to their lack of participation. Nonetheless, 68% of sites that recruited patients reported that the overall experience made them more likely to participate in future multicenter research. Conclusions: There was substantial variation in IRB assessment of a standard protocol in this study. The burden of the application process contributed to some investigators not participating, but the majority of investigators remain enthusiastic about multicenter research. A national IRB may streamline the review process and facilitate multicenter clinical research.
The Application of Breakout Prediction System with Thermal Imaging

The system of breakout prediction with thermal imaging is developed, which used cubic spline interpolation algorithm, based on the characteristics of the practical temperature data. This system is designed using VC++. In the measuring temperature experiment, more thermocouples are arranged in the copper plate of the mold. Three rows of thermocouples are installed in the mold copper plate, and there are two adjacent thermocouples in one location. In the system, the temperature field of the mold copper plate is shown as an image, and the function of monitoring temperature on-line is realized. The image is more exquisite and pliable because of existing more measuring temperature points. This system with thermal imaging has a great application value in the steel factories.
Standards-compatible compression for automated image recognition in sensor networks and surveillance systems

We show that the standard image compression algorithms are not suitable for compressing images in correlation pattern recognition since they aim at retaining image fidelity in terms of perceptual quality rather than preserving spectrally significant information for pattern recognition. New compression algorithms for pattern recognition are therefore developed, which are based on the modification of the standard compression algorithms to achieve higher compression ratio and simultaneously to enhance pattern recognition performance. This is done by emphasizing middle and high frequency components and discarding low frequency components according to a new developed distortion measure for compression. The operations of denoising, edge enhancement and compression can be integrated in the encoding process in the proposed compression algorithms. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed compression algorithms.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Jupiter's decametric rotation period and the source-A emission beam

Determinations of the average decametric rotation period for the planet Jupiter are discussed. Mean rotation periods for a twelve year span are plotted as a function of the mean epochs. Two lesser peaks in the longitude histograms were resolved in addition to the main peak. The three peaks, which are believed to result from emission beams oriented in different directions relative to the corotating magnetic field of the planet, are designated Sources A, B, and C in decreasing order of prominence at frequencies in the vicinity of 18 MHz.
Oxygen Transfer between CO and CO2 Catalyzed by Supported Au, Pt, and Au‐Pt

The rate of oxygen transfer between CO and CO2 has been measured on Au, Pt, and Au Pt supported on SiO2 at 250 °C, constant partial pressure of CO of 42 Torr, and 0.25 < p/pCO < 2.5. Two series of Au Pt catalysts were studied. In one series the total metal loading was held constant at 0.7 w-%, while in another series Pt loading was held constant at 0.7 w-%. The rate of reaction was found to decrease with increasing ratio p/pCO and to be independent of the Au/Pt ratio up to high Au content (∼80 w-%). No reactivity difference was observed between the two series of catalysts. For supported Pt within the particle size range of 20 to 40 A there was no influence of Pt particle size on the reaction rate. Surface collision efficiencies on the order of 10−11 were calculated at 250°C. The nature of the catalyst support strongly influenced the reactivity of Au. In previous studies on the similar Au Pt catalysts differences up to about one order of magnitude in the rate of hydrogen transfer between benzene and cyclohexane were found, while all catalysts had similar activity for the H2 + D2 reaction. Results of the present study are discussed in the light of these earlier findings. The role of the gas phase composition for the detection of possible kinetic effects of metal particle size and surface composition in bimetallic supported catalysts is discussed. Die Geschwindigkeit des Sauerstoffaustausches zwischen CO und CO2 wurde an Au/SiO2, Pt/SiO2 und Au Pt/SiO2-Tragerkatalysatoren bei einer Temperatur von 250 °C, einem konstanten CO-Partialdruck von 42 Torr und einem CO2/CO-Verhaltnis von 0,25 bis 2,5 gemessen. Zwei Serien von Au Pt-Katalysatoren wurden untersucht. Die eine Serie besas einen konstanten Gesamtmetallgehalt von 0,7 Gewichtsprozent, die andere Serie einen konstanten Pt-Gehalt von 0,7 Gewichtsprozent. Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit nahm mit steigendem CO2/CO-Verhaltnis ab und war unabhangig vom Au/Pt-Verhaltnis bis hinauf zu hohem Goldgehalt (etwa 80 Gewichtsprozent). Es war kein Unterschied in der Reaktivitat der zwei Katalysatorserien zu beobachten. Bei den Pt-Tragerkatalysatoren war innerhalb einer Teilchengrose von 20 40 A kein Einflus der Pt-Teilchengrose auf die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit feststellbar. Der Anteil der wirksamen Oberflachenkollisionen lag bei 250°C in der Grosenordnung von 10−11. Die Natur des Tragermaterials beeinfluste die Reaktivitat von Gold stark. In fruheren Arbeiten mit ahnlichen Au Pt-Katalysatoren wurden fur die Wasserstoffubertragung zwischen Benzol und Cyclohexan Geschwindigkeitsunterschiede bis zu einer Grosenordnung gefunden, wahrend alle Katalysatoren gleiche Aktivitat fur die H2 + D2-Reaktion besasen. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie werden anhand dieser fruheren Befunde diskutiert. Die Rolle der Gasphasenzusammen-setzung bei der Auffindung moglicher, von der Metallteilchengrose und der Oberflachenzusammensetzung bimetallischer Tragerkatalysatoren stammender kinetischer Effekte wird erortert.
STORM SURGE DEPOSITION BY HURRICANE IKE ON THE MCFADDIN NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE, TEXAS: IMPLICATIONS FOR PALEOTEMPESTOLOGY STUDIES

Hurricane Ike made landfall at Galveston, Texas on September 13, 2008. A storm surge in excess of 3 m struck the upper Texas coast, situated in the northeast quadrant of the landfalling hurricane. The storm surge caused widespread flooding many tens of kilometers inland and transported large amounts of offshore and littoral sediments into nearshore subaerial environments. This study documents the character of storm surge sedimentation on the McFaddin National Wildlife Refuge, which includes extensive palustrine marshes and large brackish lakes. The storm surge deposit exhibits two distinct styles of sedimentation: a thick, sandy washover fan, extending about 150 m inland, deposited as traction load; and a thinner, finer, more organic-rich blanket of sediments extending more than 2.7 km inland, deposited from suspension. Cores collected from the bed of Clam Lake, a large brackish lake on the refuge, approximately four weeks before and 16 weeks after Hurricane Ike’s landfall, show that the storm surge deposited a 10-cm-thick sediment layer onto the lake bed. Lithologically, the deposit was similar to lake-bed sediments and did not form a distinct layer in cores, but it was distinguished by abundant offshore foraminifers. However, examination of a lake-bed core for earlier hurricane deposits revealed that foraminifers are not well preserved, and it was concluded that Clam Lake was unsuitable for paleotempestology studies based on lithologic and foraminiferal evidence of hurricane strikes. The study shows that storm surge sedimentation can extend a considerable distance inland, with the implication that paleotempestology studies could be conducted farther inland than in previous studies if sites suitable for long-term preservation of foraminifers are available.
Effect of hyperthermia, radiation and adriamycin combinations on tumor vascular function

Abstract Pathophysiologic studies of tumor vascular responses to hyperthermia, radiation or adriamycin given alone or in specific combinations have been made in the cervical carcinoma grown in the transparent cheek pouch chamber of the Syrian hamster. A specially designed chamber containing a compartment for flowing water enabled controlled heating of the tumor and pouch to within 0.2°C; the desired temperatures were achieved within one minute. Heating at 42°C for 30 minutes was followed, at 1, 5 or 24 hours, by a second heating for 30 minutes at 42°C. In addition, the same period of heating was preceded or followed, at 1, 5 or 24 hour intervals, by a single exposure to 2000R or a single intravenous injection of adriamycin given at a rate of 0.45mg/100gm body weight. Of the three modalities, heat appeared to have the greatest acute effect on the tumor vascular system. A single dose of heat produced a rapid but transient constriction followed by a prominent dilation of vessels. Two heating periods given at a 1 hour interval caused persistent stasis in the tumor which progressed to coagulation necrosis. Although heating prior to irradiation or adriamycin, in general, increased the vascular responses to these agents, this sequence gave no tumor control. Radiation or adriamycin given prior to heating had relatively little effect on the vascular response to heating and produced no tumor control except when heat was applied shorly after irradiation. These studies indicate that changes in the microvasculature and perfusion in tumors, in response to hyperthermia alone or combined in specific sequences with radiation, can alter the internal environment of the tumor to produce a greater degree of tumor control than can be attributed to direct cell killing by these agents.
Causes and indicators of housing quality

This paper examines the feasibility and validity of one method for combining measures of different dimensions of the quality of a household's housing situation into a summary index value. Housing quality is treated as an unobservable variable for which there are multiple observable causes and indicators. Alternative mathematical models are specified, and their parameters are estimated using data from a sample of low-income renter households in a major U.S. metropolitan area.
Acoustic-wave interactions with counterflow single- and twin-premixed flames: Finite-rate kinetics, heat release and phase effects

Abstract The interaction of acoustic waves with planar methane–air counterflow premixed flames is investigated numerically employing a detailed and several global kinetic models. The quasi one-dimensional fully unsteady governing equations for laminar counterflow flames are integrated based on a MacCormack predictor–corrector scheme with the implementation of Navier–Stokes characteristic boundary conditions. For well-resolved simulations, the occurrence of self-excited flame–acoustics instabilities is analyzed in both twin-premixed and single-premixed counterflow flames for a range of flow strain rates and flame locations. While previous unsteady counterflow work required external perturbations, the resonant unsteady phenomenon predicted in this study is self-sustained under favorable boundary conditions. It is shown that the acoustic response of the flame with the detailed model varies depending on geometry and phase effects. In contrast, one-step global models with large activation energy (126 kJ mol−1) always promote the amplification of acoustic pressure fluctuations. However, two-step global models developed with the same activation energy for the initiation reaction and with zero activation energy for the second propagation reaction exhibit a wide range of flame–acoustics interactions, depending on the distribution of heat release among the two reactions. Detailed analyses of the difference in phase between oscillatory pressure and velocity due to flame location, as well as of characteristic time-scales associated with transport, chemistry and acoustics are presented to provide a better understanding of the exact coupling mechanisms.
Myeloencephalopathy resembling Alexander's disease in a Scottish terrier dog

Diffuse degenerative myeloencephalopathy resembling Alexander's disease in a tetraparetic 9-month-old Scottish terrier dog is described. There were widespread deposits of Rosenthal fibers throughout brain and spinal cord in subpial, subependymal, perivascular and white matter regions. A diffuse proliferation of pleomorphic astrocytes in the white matter and subependymal areas was also seen. Demyelination was not a salient feature of the disease.
Motivation to manage among women: Studies of college students

Abstract Studies were conducted with samples of students from four different universities to determine if male-female differences in motivation to manage existed. Although differences were not found among students majoring in the field of education, females in business administration and the liberal arts did prove to have lower managerial motivation scores than the comparable male samples. These findings are discussed in terms of their relationships to sex discrimination, prospective managerial talent shortages and the vocational guidance of female college students.
Interpolation-based condensation of algebraic semi-discrete models with frequency response application

Abstract Condensation model reduction theory, a method of degree-of-freedom-elimination for semi-discrete system models with response-prediction fidelity in the retained degrees-of-freedom (DOF), is applied to algebraic semi-discrete models. The condensation process makes use of an interpolation over a user-chosen subset, denoted as a “window,” of the set of continuous-independent-variable values. The window's “size” and “location,” as well as the accuracy of the method within the window, are hence controllable by the user. (There is a computational-cost versus accuracy/windowsize tradeoff for a given DOF reduction, as would be expected.) One target of this capability is the DOF reduction of spatially-discrete, continuous-time-transformed (Fourier, Laplace, etc.) linear system models, for which the resulting semi-discrete model has frequency as the continuous independent variable. The window would then correspond to a selected frequency range, (a region of the complex frequency plane in the most general case). Another target of this capability is the DOF reduction of nonlinear, path-independent static or quasistatic models, for which the window corresponds to a region of the reduced-DOF-model solution space itself. As a demonstration, the method is applied to the frequency response of a non-periodic linear elastic laminate over a rectangular window in the complex frequency plane. It is seen that the frequency-response predicted by the reduced-DOF model at each of various values within the window, as well as the eigenvalues predicted by the reduced-DOF model within the window, agree well with the corresponding predictions of the original, full-DOF model.
The observation of surface relief during the martensitic transformation in TiNi

Abstract The martensite transformation in TiNi occurs athermally in the vicinity of room temperature. The surface relief produced during the transformation was observed by light and scanning electron microscopy. The role of repeated cycling through the transformation on the martensite start temperature and distribution of martensite plates was determined.
Modification of a quasi-monochromatic beam spatial coherence function through propagation in a two-dimensional Kerr medium

We compute the modification to the transverse coherence length of a quasi-monochromatic intense beam propagating in a two-dimensional Kerr medium as a function of the nonlinear index of refraction, the beam intensity amplitude, and the distance of propagation. We show that the coherence length decreases to a limiting value that is a characteristic of the medium nonlinear index of refraction and of the beam intensity amplitude.
Formation of oriented thaw lakes by thaw slumping

[1] In the classic model for oriented thaw lakes, sublittoral shelves form by wind-driven circulation near shorelines oriented perpendicular to the wind, protecting the adjacent banks from thaw and wave cut erosion. Here I propose an alternative model based on thaw slumping and test the model predictions against observations in northern Alaska. Thermal modeling illustrates that bank height controls the rate of thaw slumping because summertime thaw penetrates only decimeters into a tall bank but as much as tens of meters into a short bank. This effect also leads to oriented lakes because of a nonlinear relationship between bank height and bank retreat rate. Bank material texture also controls the rate of thaw slumping because fine-grained sediments drain slowly and maintain higher pore pressures than coarse-grained sediments, resulting in lower critical angles for slumping. To test the thaw slumping model quantitatively, I constructed a process-based numerical model that includes thaw slumping, lacustrine sediment dispersal, and thaw-driven lake floor subsidence. The model predicts that lake orientations and aspect ratios are controlled by topographic aspect and slope, not by wind direction and intensity. The thaw slumping model further predicts inverse correlations between lake area and bank height and between lake area and bank material texture. An analysis of oriented thaw lakes in northern Alaska shows that systematically smaller, deeper lakes form in coarse-grained eolian sediments compared with those formed in fine-grained fluvial marine sediments. This pattern strongly supports the thaw slumping model.
The development of the posterior cardinal veins in relation to the swim bladder in Lepidosteus

The origin and development of the posterior cardinals and associated veins in relation to the swim bladder, as well as their morphology, have been studied in Lepidosteus. The posterior cardinals develop, beginning in the 4-mm. stage, as sinuses in the mesenchyme dorsal to the gut and near the mesonephori. A pneumatic vein appears first in the 13-mm. stage. It collects from the posterior portion of the swim bladder and empties into the right posterior cardinal. In the younger stages the caudal vein empties directly into the posterior cardinals as is the case in the adult cyclostome, but by the 58-mm. stage it has joined veins dorsal to the mesonephori forming a renal portal system. An anal vein appears in the region of the anus and joins the caudal. Later, with the development of the renal portal system, the anal separates from the caudal to become the single posterior extension of the posterior cardinals. The posterior portion of the right cardinal contributes largely to the development of an abdominal portal vein extending from the posterior root of the right posterior cardinal to the liver. These relationships of the posterior cardinals differ from those found in other fishes, due perhaps to the function of the right cardinal and its pneumatic branch in collecting blood from the swim bladder.
Larval ecology of the great barracuda, Sphyraena barracuda , and other sphyraenids in the Straits of Florida

The great barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda) is a widespread, ecologically and socioeconomically important coastal fish, yet very little is known about its larvae. We examined spawning and larval ecology of Western Atlantic sphyraenids using monthly ichthyoplankton samples collected over 2 years along a transect spanning the east–west axis of the Straits of Florida (SOF). Samples were dominated by the great barracuda (92.8%) and sennets (Sphyraena borealis and Sphyraena picudilla; 6.6%). While larval sennets and S. barracuda displayed similar vertical distributions (majority in upper 25 m), horizontal and temporal patterns of abundance suggested a spatial and temporal species replacement between larval S. barracuda and sennets that tracks adult ecology. The diet of both taxa consisted largely of copepods, with inclusion of fish larvae at 8 mm SL, and in S. barracuda alone, a switch in the wet season to exclusive piscivory by 12 mm SL (18 days post-hatch). A lack of piscivory in S. barracuda larvae captured in the dry season corresponded to slower larval growth than in the wet season. Larval growth was also related to size-at-hatch and larval age such that larvae that were larger at hatch or larger (older) at capture grew faster at earlier ages, suggesting faster larval growth, and indirectly larger hatch size, conveys a survival advantage. Unlike larval growth, instantaneous mortality rate did not differ with season, and no lunar cyclic patterns in spawning output were identified. Our results provide insight into the pelagic phase of sphyraenids and highlight the importance of both diet and hatch size to the growth and survival of fish larvae in low latitude oceanic environments.
Hormone replacement therapy and the association with coronary heart disease and overall mortality: Clinical application of the timing hypothesis

Conclusions from randomized controlled trial (RCT) data over the past 10 years has spanned from presumed harm to consistency with observational data that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) decreases the risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) as well as overall mortality in women who are recently postmenopausal. Multiple clinical studies including randomized trials and observational studies converge with animal experimentation to show a consistency that HRT decreases CHD risk and overall mortality in primary prevention when HRT is started at the time of or soon after menopause. The totality of data supports the "timing" hypothesis that posits that HRT effects are dependent on when HRT is started in relation to age and/or time-since-menopause. The totality of data shows that HRT decreases CHD and overall morality when started in women who are less than 60 years old and/or less than 10 years postmenopausal, providing a "window-of-opportunity". Further evidence shows that women who start HRT when in their 50s and continued for 5-30 years that there is an increase of 1.5 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Additionally, HRT is highly cost-effective at $2438 per QALY gained. The totality of data converges to show a consistency between randomized trials and observational studies that when started in women at or near menopause and continued long-term, HRT decreases CHD and overall mortality compared with women who do not use HRT. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Menopause'.
PsaL subunit is required for the formation of photosystem I trimers in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

When membranes of the wild type strain of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 were solubilized with detergents and fractionated by sucrose-gradient ultracentrifugation, photosystem I could be obtained as trimers and monomers. We could not obtain trimers from the membranes of any mutant strain that lacked PsaL subunit. In contrast, absence of PsaE, PsaD, PsaF, or PsaJ did not completely abolish the ability of photosystem I to form trimers. Furthermore, PsaL is accessible to digestion by thermolysin in the monomers but not in the trimers of photosystem I purified from wild type membranes. Therefore, PsaL is necessary for trimerization of photosystem I and may constitute the trimer-forming domain in the structure of photosystem I.
Thermodynamic Properties of Coherent Interphase Boundaries in Substitutional Fcc Alloys

The structural and thermodynamic properties of coherent interphase boundaries (IPB’s) have been studied using the Cluster Variation Method. Calculations have been performed for IPB’s in model ordering and phase-separating substitutional alloy systems with fcc-based crystal structures. Special attention has been devoted in this study to an analysis of the effects which temperature and crystallographic orientation have upon the finite-temperature properties of IPB’s. Values of the interfacial excess free energies, i.e. the interphase energies, have been calculated as a function of temperature for IPB’s with {100}, {110} and {111} crystallographic orientations. Additionally, the dependences of the composition, long-range and short-range order parameters on distance within compositionally diffuse interfacial regions have been computed. It will be demonstrated that both the thermodynamic and structural properties of IPB’s can be strongly dependent upon the temperature and the nature of the energetic parameters in the alloy system.
Water in Coal Pores: Low-Temperature Heat Capacity Behavior of the Moisture in Wyodak Coal

The low-temperature heat capacity behavior of naturally occuring water in Wyodak coal indicates that there are two types of water present. More than two-thirds is "nonfreezable," displaying no evidence of a phase transition in the neighborhood of 273 K where normal bulk water melts. The remainder is "freezable," displaying a somewhat distorted heat capacity peak, which is indicative of a phase transition. This evidence suggests that the nonfreezable water is either adsorbed on the internal surfaces of the coal or is in smaller pores, whereas the freezable water is in larger pores. Parallels to the heat capacity behavior of the coal-water system include the water in a porous ceramic, water in the mineral endellite, and water in the protein collagen.
Party Caucuses and Coordination: Assessing Caucus Activity and Party Effects

Party caucuses are increasingly important to members' allocation of time. This article reports findings from new data on the minutes, frequency, timing, and attendance of House party caucus meetings. I argue that the party caucuses increasingly affect political and policy information flows to members. This growing party coordination has resulted in a greater bonding and shared strategic information among rank-and-file copartisans. This research also contributes to the party effects literature. Earlier research on congressional partisanship has used roll-call data to measure both member preferences and party effects. I investigate whether or not members' attendance at party caucus meetings immediately prior to key congressional votes imposes partisan cohesion beyond members' preferences. The results indicate that party coordination contributes to greater congressional party unity on key floor votes at both the bill and member level controlling for members' ideological preferences. This party coordination effect occurs even during a period of high intraparty preference homogeneity.
STRUCTURAL FACTORS GOVERNING HEMIN DISSOCIATION FROM METMYOGLOBIN

Rates of hemin dissociation from approximately 100 different metmyoglobin mutants were measured to determine which amino acid residues are important for retaining the prosthetic group. Most of the amino acids examined are within 4 A of the porphyrin ring, but replacements of a number of noncontact residues were also made. Mutations of His93(F8) and Leu89(F4) can result in > 100-fold increases in the rate of hemin loss at pH 5 and 7. Some replacements of the contact residues His64(E7), Val68(E11), His97(FG3), Ile99(FG5), Thr39(C4), and Tyr103(G4) cause > 10-fold changes in the rate of hemin dissociation. Substitutions of the noncontact residues Leu29(B10), Phe46(CD4), and Gly65(E8) can also increase the rate of hemin loss > 10-fold. The key structural factors stabilizing bound hemin in myoglobin are (1) hydrophobic interactions between apolar residues in the heme pocket and the porphyrin ring, (2) the covalent bond between His93(F8) and the Fe3+ atom, and (3) hydrogen bonding between distal residues and coordinated water. Specific electrostatic interactions between the heme propionates and amino acids at the surface of the protein appear to be less important. Loss of these polar interactions can be compensated by increasing the apolar character of either the heme group by esterification of the propionates or replacement of charged surface residues with large apolar side chains [e.g., replacing His97(FG3) with Phe].
Statistical analysis of dayside equatorial ionospheric electric fields and electrojet currents produced by magnetospheric substorms during sawtooth events

[1] Substorms cause significant disturbances in the ionosphere. However, it has not been well understood how the electric field and electrojet in the dayside equatorial ionosphere respond to substorm onset. Previous studies found that the equatorial electric field, after substorm onset, could be eastward or westward. Because the onset of isolated substorms is often related to a northward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), the measured total electric field is determined by contributions from both IMF northward turning and substorm onset and is not necessarily the signature of the onset. In order to exclude the effect of IMF northward turning, we analyze the variations of ionospheric electric field and electrojet during storm time substorms when the IMF remains stable. Thus, the ionospheric variations can be identified to be caused solely by substorms. The electric field data are measured by the Jicamarca radar, and the electrojet is derived from magnetometers at Jicamarca and Piura. It is found that substorm onset induces an eastward electric field and electrojet in the dayside equatorial ionosphere when the IMF remains continuously southward across the onset. The equatorial electrojet starts to increase at the onset, reaches a maximum value ∼30 min after the onset, and then decreases to the pre-onset value ∼60 min after the onset. Westward electric field and counter-electrojet occur only if the substorm onset is associated with a northward turning of the IMF. It is concluded that the effect of substorm onset on the dayside equatorial ionosphere, without involvement of IMF reorientations, is an enhanced eastward electric field.
Bayesian nonparametric point estimation under a conjugate prior

Abstract Estimation of a nonparametric regression function at a point is considered. The function is assumed to lie in a Sobolev space, Sq, of order q. The asymptotic squared-error performance of Bayes estimators corresponding to Gaussian priors is investigated as the sample size, n, increases. It is shown that for any such fixed prior on Sq the Bayes procedures do not attain the optimal minimax rate over balls in Sq. This result complements that in Zhao (Ann. Statist. 28 (2000) 532) for estimating the entire regression function, but the proof is rather different.
Multilateral environmental agreements and the WTO

Addressing many environmental problems requires international cooperation. However, rules under the World Trade Organization (WTO) may deter participation in multilateral environmental agreements. Using a partial identification approach, we obtain strictly negative bounds for non-OECD countries in the WTO era.