cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microarchitecture choices (implementation of the VAX)

The VAX Architecture provides hardware implementors with an opportunity or a nightmare, depending on your point of view. Such characteristics as 304 opcodes, a large number of addressing modes, a large number of supported data types, and non-regularities in the ISA semantics all provide challenges to the microarchitect. The VAX architecture was introduced in 1977 with its first microarchitecture, the VAX 11/780, a TTL MSI implementation. Since then, there have been several distinct implementations, each reflecting (1) the technology in which it was implemented, (2) the performance/cost tradeoffs it was supposed to consider, and (3) the design methodology of its implementors. This paper is a first attempt at discussing several VAX implementations from the standpoint of the choices made in the microarchitecture as driven by the context of the device technology, the performance/cost tradeoffs, and other considerations.
IgE in horses: Occurrence in health and disease

Since the initial characterization of IgE by Ishizaka et al. (1966), IgE was described in several mammalian species. In horses, a single gene encoding the IgE heavy chain constant region (IGHE gene) exists per haploid genome and several allelic variants of the equine IGHE gene were found. IgE occurs in its soluble form in equine serum and physiological concentrations of total IgE are around 1000-fold higher in normal horse than in normal human serum. Maternal IgE is enriched in the colostrum and transferred to the neonatal foal after birth. Foals do not produce detectable concentrations of endogenous IgE for several months after birth. IgE is also found on the surface of a small percentage of equine peripheral blood cells including basophils, and subpopulations of B-cells and monocytes, and on mast cells in various tissues such as the skin, and the submucosa of the airways and intestine. Both, the high- and low-affinity IgE receptor genes are identified in the horse suggesting binding of soluble IgE from the circulation to these receptors. Horses naturally develop type I hypersensitivities. IgE-mediated mechanisms were implicated in the pathogenesis of several allergic diseases in horses since almost 30 years. The findings were mainly based on the induction of immediate skin reactions after intradermal testing with allergen extracts. With the development of the first monoclonal antibodies to equine IgE within the past years, more insights into the pathogenesis of allergic diseases could be obtained. Today, various techniques are available to detect soluble IgE and the sensitization of mast cell or basophils with IgE in horses. An IgE-mediated allergic etiology is confirmed for skin hypersensitivity. The causing role of IgE in other diseases such as recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) still remains controversial. More recent studies did not confirm an IgE-mediated pathogenesis of RAO. This suggested that the disease is a chronic inflammatory condition with some indication for an involvement of delayed-type hypersensitivity mechanisms. In summary, our knowledge about the role of IgE during the immune response of the horse improved tremendously during the past decade. New IgE-specific tools and technologies are likely to uncover additional aspects of IgE-mediated mechanisms in equine health and disease.
Measurement of the effective length of laser-plasma channels in a laser triggered gas switch by guided microwave backscattering in SF 6 and N 2 /SF 6

Backscattering of guided microwaves has been utilized to measure the effective electrical length of laser produced plasma channels (LPPC's) in a laser triggered gas switch configuration. The LPPC was introduced into the waveguide by focusing the UV trigger laser beam through small holes in the broad wall. By translating the laser-focusing lens, the plasma channel could be scanned through the waveguide. A measure of the channel length was obtained by determination of the limits over which scattering is observed. Backscattering channel length measurements were compared with three other measurements (D-dot probe, visible imaging, Schlieren imaging). It was found that visible and Schlieren imaging significantly underestimate the plasma length. Additionally, the plasma length has been studied as a function of lens focal length, laser energy, and neutral gas fill pressure in both pure SF 6 and an N 2 /SF 6 mixture (90%/10%).
The effects of single bouts of aerobic exercise, exergaming, and videogame play on cognitive control.

highlights The effects of exergames on neurocognition were examined. Treadmill-based exercise, in contrast to exergaming, facilitated neurocognition. Exergames may not incur the same benefits to brain and cognition as traditional physical activities. abstract Objective: The effects of single bouts of aerobic exercise, exergaming, and action videogame play on event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and task performance indices of cognitive control were investigated using a modified flanker task that manipulated demands of attentional inhibition. Methods: Participants completed four counterbalanced sessions of 20 min of activity intervention (i.e., seated rest, seated videogame play, and treadmill-based and exergame-based aerobic exercise at 60% HRmax) followed by cognitive testing once heart rate (HR) returned to within 10% of pre-activity levels. Results: Results indicated decreased RT interference following treadmill exercise relative to seated rest and videogame play. P3 amplitude was increased following treadmill exercise relative to rest, suggesting an increased allocation of attentional resources during stimulus engagement. The seated videogame and exergame conditions did not differ from any other condition. Conclusions: The findings indicate that single bouts of treadmill exercise may improve cognitive control through an increase in the allocation of attentional resources and greater interference control during cog- nitively demanding tasks. However, similar benefits may not be derived following short bouts of aerobic exergaming or seated videogame participation. Significance: Although exergames may increase physical activity participation, they may not exert the same benefits to brain and cognition as more traditional physical activity behaviors.
Do Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Coronary SYNTAX Score Predict Contrast Volume Use During Cardiac Catheterization

The association of cardiovascular risk factors and complexity and severity of coronary artery disease with contrast volume (CV) remains unknown. We assessed the predictive factors of CV use during elective and emergent cardiac catheterization (CC). Electronic medical records from 2010 to 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 708 patients were eligible. On multivariable regression analysis, the presence of obstructed coronary arteries was associated with CV (P = .01, β = -14.17), with greater CV used in patients with single or double vessel disease compared to those with triple vessel disease. The presence of lesions with >70% stenosis in major epicardial arteries (P = .019, β = 24.39) and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (P = .001, β = 36.14) was associated with increased CV use. Elevated B-type natriuretic peptide (P = .036, β = -17.23) and increase in Synergy between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery score (P = .024, β = -29.06) were associated with decreased CV use. These aforementioned associations were attenuated after adjusting for percutaneous coronary intervention. Our findings may help predict patient populations who could be exposed to increased CV during CC, thereby possibly increasing their risk of contrast-induced nephropathy.
Teaching online courses in linguistics

Linguistics is a challenging subject to teach online; however, some instructors are doing it with success. In order to investigate the factors involved in teaching successful online courses, the authors investigated literature related to student characteristics, instructor characteristics, and course design and implementation. The investigators then conducted a qualitative case study of actual online linguistics courses. Through observation of courses and rubrics and interviews with teachers and students, the authors analyze the factors involved with teaching a successful online linguistics course.
Performing the American Right: The Bakersfield Business Conference

Each year since 1985, the American Right has celebrated itself at the Bakersfield Business Conference. This political vaudeville, a latter-day Chautauqua, is theatre on a grand scale, a well-rehearsed extravaganza featuring former U.S. presidents, former heads of state, athletes, movie stars, and present-day CEOs.
Mechanisms of deposition of epicuticular wax in leaves of broccoli, Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.

SUMMARY Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) leaf waxes were labelled with [2-'4C]acetate and examined during synthesis and deposition using microautoradiography. Waxes were viewed with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), including cryo-SEM. In microautoradiography, silver grains resulting from radioactive decay of labelled waxes seemed to be distributed randomly throughout the cuticle. This random distribution supports the hypothesis of diffusion or complex anastomosing pores as the mechanism of epicuticular wax deposition. The hypothesis of wax-depositing pores running perpendicular to the leaf surface is not supported.
The Impact of Depth of Infection and Postdischarge Surveillance on Rate of Surgical-Site Infections in a Network of Community Hospitals

Objective. To describe the epidemiology of surgical-site infections (SSIs) in community hospitals and to explore the impact of depth of SSI, healthcare location at the time of diagnosis, and variations in surveillance practices on the overall rate of SSI.Design. Retrospective cohort study.Setting. Thirty-seven community hospitals in the southeastern United States.Patients. Consecutive sample of patients undergoing surgical procedures between July 1, 2007, and December 31, 2008.Methods. ANOVA was used to compare rates of SSIs, and the F test was used to compare the distribution of rates of SSIs. Wilcoxon rank-sum was used to test for differences in performance rankings of hospitals.Results. Following 177,706 surgical procedures, 1,919 SSIs were identified (incidence, 1.08 per 100 procedures). Sixty-four percent (1,223 of 1,919) of these were identified as complex SSIs; 87% of the complex SSIs were diagnosed in inpatient settings. The median proportion of superficial-incisional SSIs was 37% (interquartile r...
Probably approximately correct coverage for robots with uncertainty

The classical problem of robot coverage is to plan a path that brings a point on the robot within a fixed distance of every point in the free space. In the presence of significant uncertainty in sensing and actuation, it may no longer be possible to guarantee that the robot covers all of the free space all the time, and so it becomes unclear what problem we are trying to solve. We will restore clarity by adopting a “probably approximately correct” measure of performance that captures the probability 1 − e of covering a fraction 1 − δ of the free space. The problem of coverage for a robot with uncertainty is then to plan a feedback policy that achieves a given value of e and δ. Just as solutions to the classical problem are judged by the resulting path length, solutions to our problem are judged by the required execution time. We will show the practical utility of our performance measure by applying it to several examples in simulation.
Using spatial coherence to retrieve cloud properties - ERBE experience and CERES applications

Cloud properties for individual ERBE scanner fields of view are obtained from simultaneous, collocated imagery data. The cloud properties are used to assess the performance of the ERBE maximum likelihood estimate of cloud conditions which ultimately influences estimates of the radiative fluxes at the top of the atmosphere. During EOS the analysis of MODIS observations within the fields of view of the CERES instruments promises to yield, in addition, estimates of surface radiative fluxes as well as the vertical distribution of radiative heating within the atmosphere.
Instruction set extension with shadow registers for configurable processors

Configurable processors are becoming increasingly popular for modern embedded systems (especially for the field-programmable system-on-a-chip). While steady progress has been made in the tools and methodologies of automatic instruction set extension for configurable processors, the limited data bandwidth available in the core processor (e.g., the number of simultaneous accesses to the register file) becomes a potential performance bottleneck. In this paper we first present a quantitative analysis of the data bandwidth limitation in configurable processors, and then propose a novel low-cost architectural extension and associated compilation techniques to address the problem. The application of our approach results in a promising performance improvement.
Separation of gas mixtures in free jets

Spatial distributions of species flux in axisymmetric free jets of helium-argon mixtures were determined experimentally. The experiments encompass the transition range between inviscid and free molecular flow at the exits of the nozzles forming the jets. Comparison is made with existing theories of separation. The results confirm the validity of Sherman's predictions and Rothe's measurements of diffusive separation for nearly inviscid flow. In the transition range departures from the nearly inviscid theory occur. The maximum degree of separation is observed in this range.
On the power of qualitative simualation for estimating diffusion transit times

Models describing the process of qualitative reasoning have significantly enhanced our insight into the general nature of the challenges involved in modeling people's imaginations when they think about complex processes. The composite picture created by combining models suggested by individual researchers may appear blurred This is because, in some cases, the range of applicability of each approach is not sharply defined, and the theoretical claims supporting the work are not sufficiently stated. This state of the art clearly suggests that considerable amount of research is still required in order to reinforce the theoretical foundations for the modeling qualitative reasoning. In this paper I first describe some of the approaches used for qualitative simulation. Second, I discuss present the example of diffusion process in complicated media and the challenges involved in automating the qualitative estimations of diffusion transit times.
The Geometric Mechanics of Undulatory Robotic Locomotion

This paper uses geometric methods to study basic problems in the mechanics and control of locomotion. The authors consider in detail the case of undulatory locomotion in which net motion is generated by coupling internal shape changes with external nonholonomic constraints. Such locomotion problems have a natural geometric interpretation as a connection on a principal fiber bundle. The properties of connections lead to simplified results for studying both dynamics and issues of controllability for locomotion systems. The authors demonstrate the utility of this approach using a novel snakeboard and a multisegmented serpentine robot that is modeled after Hirose`s active cord mechanism.
Acute Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy Associated with Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis

Acute multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (AMPPE) has been associated with disease of the central nervous system. In this case report, we discuss a patient presenting with AMPPE in the setting of a new central nervous system association: cavernous sinus thrombosis.
The relationship between social fragmentation and sleep among adolescents living in Boston, Massachusetts.

Background Sufficient sleep is needed for the healthy development of youth. However, only a small minority of adolescents obtain adequate amounts of sleep. Although individual-level correlates of sleep have been identified, studies investigating the influence of the environment on sleep are warranted. Methods By using cross-sectional data collected from 1878 urban adolescents living in 38 neighborhoods participating in the 2008 Boston Youth Survey (BYS), we determined the association between neighborhood social fragmentation and sleep. Social fragmentation of each participant’s residential neighborhood was composed using 2010 US Census data. Multilevel regression models were used to determine the association between social fragmentation and meeting the recommended hours of sleep (.8.5 h) and sleep duration while controlling for individual-level sex, race, age and nativity. Results Moderate (OR ¼ 0.51, 95% CI ¼ 0.27, 0.97) and high (OR ¼ 0.33, 95% CI ¼ 0.18, 0.61) social fragmentation within the residential neighborhood was associated with a decreased likelihood of obtaining adequate sleep. Those in moderate (b ¼ 223.9, 95% CI ¼ 243.1, 24.8) and high (b ¼ 222.1, 95% CI ¼ 243.3, 20.9) socially fragmented neighborhoods obtained fewer minutes of sleep per night. Conclusions Social fragmentation may be an important determinant of sleep among youth living in urban settings.
Multiple comparisons and association selection in general epidemiology

In this issue of the journal, Prof. Jon Wakefield provides a contribution to the complex topic of screening genetic associations. My comments here are intended to clarify some points and outline connections of his discussion to broader problems, describing how methods such as Wakefield’s can be appropriate in epidemiology beyond genetic research. I will also comment on a few aspects of his presentation related to technical issues. I will assume (as does Wakefield) that the reader is familiar with the terminology of Bayesian statistics as well that of conventional (frequentist) statistics. I will start with a comment on interpretation of P-values, and then turn to the issue of multiple comparisons.
Clopidogrel dose adjustment after outpatient screening for CYP2C19 variant alleles: a pilot study

This pilot study examined the feasibility of outpatient screening and clopidogrel dose adjustment for patients with previous percutaneous coronary intervention and at least one CYP2C19 loss-of-function allele. After screening a total of 211 outpatients, 50 patients were enrolled in a crossover study comparing 30 days of standard dose (75 mg) to 30 days of high-dose clopidogrel (150 mg). Platelet function was assessed with the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay. In patients with CYP2C19*2, 150 mg daily of clopidogrel was associated with improved ADP-specific platelet inhibition (217 vs 258 P2Y12 reaction units, p = 0.01). Outpatient screening for CYP2C19 loss-of-function polymorphisms is feasible, and a strategy of clopidogrel dose escalation may improve platelet inhibition in appropriately selected patients.
The North American long-term soil productivity experiment: Findings from the first decade of research

First decadefindings on the impacts of organic matter removal and soil compaction are reported for the 26oldest installations in the nation-wide network of long-term soil productivity sites. Complete removal of surface organic matter led to declines in soil C concentration to 20 cm depth and to reduced nutrient availability. The effect is attributed mainly to the loss of the forest floor. Soil C storage seemed undiminished, but could be explained by bulk density changes following disturbance and to decomposition inputs of organic C from roots remaining from the harvested forest. Biomass removal during harvesting had no influence on forest growth through 10 years. Soil compaction effects depended upon initial bulk density. Soils with densities greater than 1.4 Mg m � 3 resisted compaction. Density recovery was slow, particularly on soils with frigid temperature regimes. Forest productivity response to soil compaction depended both on soil texture and the degree of understory competition. Production declined on compacted clay soils, increased on sands, and generally was unaffected if an understory was absent. # 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ERONs: Dynamic lightpath networking via overlay control of static optical connections

To bridge the gap between the current practice of setting up expensive, dedicated, lightpath connections (i.e., static topologies), and the distant future vision of inexpensive access to dynamically switched end-to-end lightpaths we propose a medium term solution in the form of edge-reconfigurable optical networks (ERONs). An ERON is an overlay-control network created by installing readily available MEMS optical switches and implementing a GMPLS control plane at sites interconnected by static lightpaths. The switches and control software are deployed at the edge of the network and operated by the organization-user (i.e., outside the network provider's control), hence the term “ERON.“ By providing dynamic, automated control of end-to-end lightpaths, ERONs enable the sharing of expensive network resources among multiple users and applications that require sporadic access to these resources. We develop an algorithm for creating an ERON from an existing topology of static lightpaths, and we present simulation results that quantify the benefits of ERONs in terms of lightpaths compared to assembling a set of independent and dedicated circuits.
Surgical Emergencies After Neurosurgery

Care of the neurosurgical patient by the anesthesiologist extends beyond the operating suite. Complications can occur in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) that require intervention by the anesthesiologist. Common postoperative emergencies in the neurosurgical patient include depression of airway reflexes, hemodynamic instability, increased intracranial pressure (ICP), and bleeding complications. This section will focus on etiology, prevention, and treatment of three common postsurgical complications: (1) hemorrhage from the surgical site, (2) coagulopathy, and (3) hematoma formation.
Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Myofascial Pain Syndrome and Fibromyalgia

Myofascial pain is one of the most common forms of human pain characterized by spontaneous and pressure-induced pain in muscle trigger points. Treatment of myofascial pain syndrome is partially successful with conventional analgesics, but a large number of patients remain unsatisfied.
A generic layered modeling for cognitive radio networks

In this paper, we present different components necessary for a design of a typical cognitive radio (CR) and classify them in the context of modeling and simulation. A design of a CR network (CRN) includes the software defined radio (SDR), spectrum sensing, and communication channels. We construct a theoretical representation of a CR by specifying its unique characteristics needed for modeling and simulation. Furthermore, we show the mapping of these characteristics into a layered architecture framework which ease the model formalization and simplify the simulation of a complex CRN.
A Phenomenological Study of Middle Grade Female and Male Students' Single-Sex Mathematical Experiences.

AbstractUtilizing a descriptive phenomenological design, this study examines the lived experiences of seven middle grade students, four females and three males, enrolled in a single-sex mathematics classroom within a coeducational school setting. The intent of the study is to understand, from students themselves, about the experience of single-sex mathematics classrooms in public schools. The findings reveal that, as a whole, participants do not foreground their experience within the academic discipline under study (mathematics), but rather almost exclusively discuss social aspects of their classroom experience. One contrast between the girls and boys in this study is that girls spoke more positively about their experience in a single-sex mathematics class than boys.
The ratios and separation of X and Y spermatozoa in human semen.

Determination of the proportion of Y spermatozoa in a large number of semen samples and evaluation of methods of separation of X and Y sperm were done. There were 36% Y(plus or minus 1.3) sperm 58% X (plus or minus 1.5) and 1% YY(plus or minus .3). Gravity separation of X and Y sperm was unsuccessful. Centrifugation resulted in a slightly higher percentage of X sperm in the deposit than in the original semen sample or in the supernatant. The motility of centrifuged spermatozoa was unaffected if the sperm were unstained.
Carpometacarpal dislocations on the ulnar side of the hand.

In reviewing the literature, one is impressed with the fact that carpometacarpal dislocations on the ulnar side of the hand can be treated by many different methods. Our conclusion is that in an acute fracture-dislocation, generally, reduction may be achieved by closed manipulation but maintenance of the reduced state may be difficult, as evidenced by two of our cases. If reduction is not complete, then open reduction is necessary, preferably supplemented by skeletal fixation and immobilization. In the acute, uncomplicated case, no disability should remain if there is early and complete relocation of the fracture-dislocation.
FCGR3A and FCGR3B copy number variations are risk factors for sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder that causes significant morbidity. Genetic factors contribute to sarcoidosis risks. In this study, we investigated whether copy number variations (CNVs) of FCGR3A (coding for FcγRIIIA) and FCGR3B (coding for FcγRIIIB) genes are associated with sarcoidosis susceptibility and whether the expressions of FcγRIIIA on NK cells and FcγRIIIB on neutrophils are altered in sarcoidosis patients. TaqMan real-time PCR assays were used to analyze the CNV of FCGR3A and FCGR3B genes. FCGR3A and FCGR3B CNV genotypes were compared between 671 biopsy-proven sarcoidosis patients and the same number of healthy controls matched with age, sex, race, and geographic area from the ACCESS (A Case Control Etiologic Study of Sarcoidosis) cohort. Flow cytometry analyses were used to determine expressions of FcγRIIIA on NK cells and FcγRIIIB on neutrophils in phenotype analyses. We found that FCGR3A CNVs were significantly associated with sarcoidosis in females (CN = 1 vs. CN = 2 logistic regression adjusted for sex and race, OR 4.0156, SE = 2.2784, P = 0.0143; CN = 3 vs. CN = 2 logistic regression adjusted for sex and race, OR 2.8044, SE = 1.1065, P = 0.0090), suggesting that FCGR3A gene abnormality influences sarcoidosis development in a gender-specific manner. Furthermore, FcγRIIIA expressions were significantly decreased on NK cells from sarcoidosis patients compared to those from healthy controls (P = 0.0007). Additionally, low FCGR3B CN was associated with sarcoidosis (CN <2 vs. CN = 2 logistic regression adjusted for sex and race, OR 1.5025, SE = 0.2682, P = 0.0226), indicating that the functions of FCGR3B gene may also contribute to the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. We conclude that FCGR3A CNVs are a major risk factor for female sarcoidosis and FCGR3B CNVs may also affect the development of sarcoidosis.
Watershed-scale forest biomass distribution in a perhumid temperate rainforest as driven by topographic, soil, and disturbance variables.

Temperate rainforests are the most carbon dense forest ecosystem on the planet, with C stocks several times higher than most other forested biomes. While climatic and disturbance drivers of these C stocks are relatively well explored, the spatial distribution of those stocks at the scale of entire watersheds is less well known, particularly in perhumid rainforests where research has been minimal. This study explored biomass distributions across an entire watershed simultaneously, from ocean to glacial icefields, in Southeast Alaska. Utilizing LiDAR and ground surveys, biomass was modelled throughout the landscape and distributions are described statistically. The dominant driver of biomass distributions at this scale (controlling for elevation) was the flow of water through the landscape: areas of higher water accumulation typically had low biomass (often <10 Mg·ha–1), whereas well-drained areas supported biomass approaching 950 Mg·ha–1. This relationship was strong at all elevations; only riparian locati...
New Approach To Mark Insects for Feeding and Dispersal Studies

This study examines the feasibility of marking Lygus hesperus Knight adults externally by submersion in rabbit immunoglobulin G(IgG) solution. Rabbit IgG retention time was measured in the laboratory on insects submerged in an IgG solution. We marked insects with rabbit IgG and ran an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with its complementary antibody (antirabbit IgG). We concurrently ran an ELISA assay using the same samples against an egg-specific L. hesperus monoclonal antibody (MAb)to measure the presence of L. hesperus egg antigen in the insect. A previously developed egg-specific MAb to L. hesperus enabled us to assay simultaneously adult females (which possess the egg antigen) and adult males for the presence of L. hesperus egg antigen. This combination of techniques will enable us to examine the gut contents of potential predators of L. hesperus eggs or adult females using whole body macerates while simultaneously evaluating the efficiency of lab-reared predators for augmentative biological control.
Infrared Temperature Measuring Optimized Algorithm for Substation

Since existing thermal imagers cannot monitor temperature automatically and precisely for the whole targets,a smart infrared temperature measuring method is proposed to determine target emissivity by image matching and to search for overheat target by auto focus.According to existing theories,combined with mixed and close distribution of high and low temperature equipments,the influence of different parameters on the temperature measurement data is discussed,including environmental factors and target features.The simulation results show that,when the temperature difference between the target and surrounding high temperature objects or the environment temperature is within a certain range,a constant or a direct proportion coefficient could be used to correct the data.The new method could increase the monitoring speed and could guarantee the precision in order to realize the real-time and accurate monitoring of the whole target area and early warning for the equipment faults.
Advances in QTL Analysis for Cold Tolerance of Rice

The identification method for cold tolerance of rice at germination stage,seedling stage and booting stage and recently advances in quantitative traits locus(QTL) were reviewed.The materials,the identification methods and indicators for location of cold tolerance gene and the utilization of cold tolerance gene after gene location were prospected.
Embedded Reasoning for Atmospheric Science Using Unmanned Aircraft Systems

This paper addresses the use of unmanned aircraft systems to provide embedded reasoning for atmospheric science. In particular, a specific form of heterogeneous unmanned aircraft system (UAS) is introduced. This UAS is comprised of two classes of aircraft with significantly different, though complementary, attributes: miniature daughterships that provide improved flexibility and spatio-temporal diversity of sensed data and larger motherships that carry and deploy the daughterships while facilitating coordination through increased mobility, computation, and communication. Current efforts designing unmanned aircraft for in situ sensing are described as well as future architectures for embedded reasoning by autonomous systems within complex atmospheric phenomena.
A comparative analysis of story representations for interactive narrative systems

Interactive narrative is a blossoming field, with new systems and approaches being developed each year. However, despite this burgeoning array of designs, little work has been done in empirically evaluating and comparing them (Weyhrauch 1997; Nelson and Mateas 2005; Magerko 2007). Such a comparison is complicated by the fact that different systems are used to create different narratives; it is difficult to differentiate between the authored content and the system capabilities in an empirical setting. This paper proposes a comparative analysis approach to determining the strengths and weaknesses of interactive narrative systems. Such a comparison is a positive first step towards understanding and evaluating current and future interactive narrative systems.
Ten‐Year Prevalence and Incidence of Urinary Incontinence in Older Women: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Health and Retirement Study

Objectives To measure the incidence of urinary incontinence (UI) over 10 years in older women who did not report UI at baseline in 1998, to estimate the prevalence of female UI according to severity and type, and to explore potential risk factors for development of UI. Design Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort. Setting Health and Retirement Study. Participants Women participating in the Health and Retirement Study between 1998 and 2008 who did not have UI at baseline (1998). Measurements UI was defined as an answer of “yes” to the question, “During the last 12 months, have you lost any amount of urine beyond your control?” UI was characterized according to severity (according to the Sandvik Severity Index) and type (according to International Continence Society definitions) at each biennial follow-up between 1998 and 2008. Results In 1998, 5,552 women aged 51 to 74 reported no UI. The cumulative incidence of UI in older women was 37.2% (95% confidence interval (CI)=36.0–38.5%). The most common incontinence type at the first report of leakage was mixed UI (49.1%, 95% CI=46.5–51.7%), and women commonly reported their symptoms at first leakage as moderate to severe (46.4%, 95% CI=43.8–49.0%). Conclusion Development of UI in older women was common and tended to result in mixed type and moderate to severe symptoms.
Lactate, a Neglected Factor for Diabetes and Cancer Interaction

Increasing body of evidence suggests that there exists a connection between diabetes and cancer. Nevertheless, to date, the potential reasons for this association are still poorly understood and currently there is no clinical evidence available to direct the proper management of patients presenting with these two diseases concomitantly. Both cancer and diabetes have been associated with abnormal lactate metabolism and high level of lactate production is the key biological property of these diseases. Conversely, high lactate contribute to a higher insulin resistant status and a more malignant phenotype of cancer cells, promoting diabetes and cancer development and progression. In view of associations between diabetes and cancers, the role of high lactate production in diabetes and cancer interaction should not be neglected. Here, we review the available evidence of lactate's role in different biological characteristics of diabetes and cancer and interactive relationship between them. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind metabolic remodeling of diabetes- and cancer-related signaling would endow novel preventive and therapeutic approaches for diabetes and cancer treatment.
Incident AIDS or Death After Initiation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Treatment Regimens Including Raltegravir or Efavirenz Among Adults in the United States.

Background. The long-term effectiveness of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatments containing integrase inhibitors is unknown. Methods. We use observational data from the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to estimate 4-year risk of AIDS and all-cause mortality among 415 patients starting a raltegravir regimen compared to 2646 starting an efavirenz regimen (both regimens include emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate). We account for confounding and selection bias as well as generalizability by standardization for measured variables, and present both observational intent-to-treat and per-protocol estimates. Results. At treatment initiation, 12% of patients were female, 36% black, 13% Hispanic; median age was 37 years, CD4 count 321 cells/µL, and viral load 4.5 log10 copies/mL. Two hundred thirty-five patients incurred an AIDS-defining illness or died, and 741 patients left follow-up. After accounting for measured differences, the 4-year risk was similar among those starting both regimens (ie, intent-to treat hazard ratio [HR], 0.96 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .63-1.45]; risk difference, -0.9 [95% CI, -4.5 to 2.7]), as well as among those remaining on regimens (ie, per-protocol HR, 0.95 [95% CI, .59-1.54]; risk difference, -0.5 [95% CI, -3.8 to 2.9]). Conclusions. Raltegravir and efavirenz-based initial antiretroviral therapy have similar 4-year clinical effects. Vigilance regarding longer-term comparative effectiveness of HIV regimens using observational data is needed because large-scale experimental data are not forthcoming.
Geographic Variation in Mentally Unhealthy Days: Air Pollution and Altitude Perspectives.

Abstract Ha, Hoehun. Geographic variation in mentally unhealthy days: air pollution and altitude perspectives. High Alt Med Biol. 18:258–266, 2017. Background: Mental health incorporates our emotio...
The impact of p53 on the early stage replication of retrovirus.

The function of p53 in cancer biology has been studied extensively, but its role in anti-retrovirus infection has been elusive for many years. The restriction of retrovirus early stage replication by p53 was investigated in this study. VSV-G pseudotyped retrovirus with GFP reporter gene was used to infect both HCT116 p53+/+ cells and its isogenic p53 knockout HCT116 p53−/− cells. The infection was detected by flow cytometry. Reverse transcription products were quantified by real time PCR. Mutation analysis was performed after 1-LTR cycle and 2-LTR cycle DNA were amplified and PCR products were sequenced. Transcription and translation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (p21Cip1) and SAM domain and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) were analyzed by TaqMan PCR and Western blot experiments. siRNA experiment was applied to study the role of p53 downstream gene p21Cip1 in the restriction of retrovirus infection. It was found that the block of retrovirus infection in non-cycling cells was significantly attenuated in HCT116 p53−/− cells when compared to HCT116 p53+/+ cells. It was found that both late reverse transcription products and viral 2-LTR cycle DNA were significantly increased in infected non-cycling HCT116 p53−/− cells. Furthermore, the mutation frequency detected in 1-LTR DNA from HCT116 p53+/+ cells were significantly decreased in comparison to HCT116 p53−/− cells. A higher number of insertion and deletion mutations were detected in the joint region of 2-LTR cycle DNA in infected p53+/+ cells. Cell cycle analysis showed retrovirus infection promoted host cell replication. Higher levels of mRNA and protein of p21Cip1 were found in HCT116 p53+/+ cells in comparison to the HCT116 p53−/− cells. Furthermore, knockdown of p21Cip1 in non-cycling HCT116 p53+/+ cells significantly increased the infection. The results of this study showed that p53 is an important restriction factor that interferes with retrovirus infection in its early stage of replication. Our results suggested that p53 mediates the inhibition of retrovirus infection in non-cycling cells through it downstream gene p21Cip1, and p53 also functions to influence formation of 1-LTR cycle and 2-LTR cycle DNA.
Cost-utility of empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk.

Abstract Aims In the Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes (EMPA-REG) trial, empagliflozin reduced cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients at high cardiovascular risk. We sought to estimate the cost-effectiveness of empagliflozin versus standard treatment for the prevention of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with T2D. Methods A Markov model was developed to assess the cost-effectiveness of empagliflozin (versus standard treatment) for the prevention of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with T2D using a 3-month cycle length and a lifetime horizon. Data sources included the EMPA-REG randomized clinical trial and other published epidemiological studies. Outcomes included treatment costs (in 2016 US$), quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). Probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) was performed to test the robustness of conclusions. Results Empagliflozin use resulted in higher total lifetime treatment costs ($371,450 versus $272,966) but yielded greater QALYs (10.712 vs. 9.419) compared to standard treatment. This corresponded to an ICER of $76,167 per QALY gained. PSA suggested empagliflozin would be cost-effective in 96% of 10,000 iterations assuming a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000 per QALY gained. Conclusion Empagliflozin may be cost-effective compared to standard treatment in T2D patients at high cardiovascular risk.
More nonlocality with less entanglement in Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt experiments using inefficient detectors

It is well-known that in certain scenarios weakly entangled states can generate stronger nonlocal effects than their maximally entangled counterparts. In this paper, we consider violations of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality when one party has inefficient detectors, a scenario known as an asymmetric Bell experiment. For any fixed detection efficiency, we derive a simple upper bound on the entanglement needed to violate the inequality by more than some specified amount $\ensuremath{\kappa}\ensuremath{\ge}0$. When $\ensuremath{\kappa}=0$, the amount of entanglement in all states violating the inequality goes to zero as the detection efficiency approaches $50%$ from above. We finally consider the scenario in which detection inefficiency arises for only one choice of local measurement. In this case, it is shown that the CHSH inequality can always be violated for any nonzero detection efficiency and any choice of noncommuting measurements.
Longitudinal Model Predicting Self-Concept in Pediatric Chronic Illness

Although self-concept has been identified as salient to the psychosocial adjustment of adolescents dealing with a chronic illness (CI), little research has focused on its predictors it. Given that depression and parent-child attachment have been linked to self-concept in the population at large, the goal of this study was to evaluate these relationships longitudinally in a sample of adolescents with CI. Using participant data from the Mastering Each New Direction (MEND) program, a 3-month psychosocial, family based intensive outpatient program for adolescents with CI, we employed multilevel modeling to test longitudinal changes in self-concept, as predicted by depressive symptoms and parent-child attachment, in a sample of 50 youths (Mage = 14.56, SDage = 1.82) participating in MEND. Both "time spent in the program" and decreases in depressive symptoms were associated with increases in self-concept over time. Higher baseline levels of avoidant attachment to both mother and father were also associated with greater initial levels of self-concept. Targeting depressive symptoms and supporting adaptive changes in attachment may be key to promoting a healthy self-concept in pediatric CI populations. The association between avoidant attachment and higher baseline self-concept scores may reflect differences in participants' autonomy, self-confidence, or depression. Limitations of the study include variability in the amount of time spent in the program, attrition in final time point measures, and the inability to fully examine and model all potential covariates due to a small sample size (e.g. power).
Test Re-Test Reliability of Four Versions of the 3-Cone Test in Non-Athletic Men

Until recently, measurement and evaluation in sport science, especially agility testing, has not always included key elements of proper test construction. Often tests are published without reporting reliability and validity analysis for a specific population. The purpose of the present study was to examine the test re-test reliability of four versions of the 3-Cone Test (3CT), and provide guidance on proper test construction for testing agility in athletic populations. Forty male students enrolled in classes in the Department of Physical Education at a mid-Atlantic university participated. On each of test day participants performed 10 trials. In random order, they performed three trials to the right (3CTR, standard test), three to the left (3CTL), and two modified trials (3CTAR and 3CTAL), which included a reactive component in which a visual cue was given to indicate direction. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) indicated a moderate to high reliability for the four tests, 3CTR 0.79 (0.64-0.88, 95%CI), 3CTL 0.73 (0.55-0.85), 3CTAR 0.85(0.74-0.92), and 3CTAL 0.79 (0.64-0.88). Small standard error of the measurement (SEM) was found; range 0.09 to 0.10. Pearson correlations between tests were high (0.82-0.92) on day one as well as day two (0.72-0.85). These results indicate each version of the 3-Cone Test is reliable; however, further tests are needed with specific athletic populations. Only the 3CTAR and 3CTAL are tests of agility due to the inclusion of a reactive component. Future studies examining agility testing and training should incorporate technological elements, including automated timing systems and motion capture analysis. Such instrumentation will allow for optimal design of tests that simulate sport-specific game conditions.
Dissociation & multiple personality disorder. A challenge for psychosocial nurses.

1. Multiple personality disorder (MPD) is a dissociative disorder in which two or more distinct personality states exist within an individual. At least two of these personalities recurrently take full control of the person's behavior. 2. Most MPD clients report histories of severe childhood trauma, particularly physical, sexual, and ritual cult abuse. MPD most likely originates in childhood, but is not usually diagnosed until adulthood. In most reported cases, the first dissociative episode is thought to have occurred at a very young age. 3. Signs and symptoms that may suggest MPD include a history of medical and psychiatric diagnoses; inconsistencies in accounts of elapsed time and physical behaviors; psychophysiological complaints; experiencing voices inside the head; and an individual referring to herself as "we" instead of "I."
Comparison of the Pharmacokinetic Properties of Naloxone Following the Use of FDA-Approved Intranasal and Intramuscular Devices Versus a Common Improvised Nasal Naloxone Device

For more than a decade, first responders and the general public have been able to treat suspected opioid overdoses using an improvised nasal naloxone device (INND) constructed from a prefilled syringe containing 2 mg of naloxone (1 mg/mL) attached to a mucosal atomization device. In recent years, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved Ezvio, an autoinjector that delivers 2 mg by intramuscular injection and Narcan nasal spray (2- and 4-mg strengths; 0.1 mL/dose) for the emergency treatment of a known or suspected opioid overdose. The present study was conducted to compare the pharmacokinetics of naloxone using the FDA-approved devices (each administered once) and either 1 or 2 administrations using the INND. When naloxone was administered twice using the improvised device, the doses were separated by 2 minutes. The highest maximum plasma concentration was achieved using the 4-mg FDA-approved spray. The highest exposures at 5 minutes postdose, based on AUC values, were after administration with the autoinjector and the 4-mg FDA-approved spray; at 10, 15, and 20 minutes postdose, the latter yielded the greatest exposure. Even after 2 administrations, the INND failed to achieve naloxone plasma levels comparable to the FDA-approved devices at any time. The ease of use and higher plasma concentrations achieved using the 4-mg FDA-approved spray, compared with the INND, should be considered when deciding which naloxone device to use.