cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipids of the fertilized egg and adult brain of Fundulus heteroclitus

Column chromatography of lipid extracts from the fertilized egg and adult brain of Fundulus heteroclitus separated three major fractions: neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid. The neutral lipid fraction of the egg, approximately 61% of the total, consisted primarily of triglyceride. Cholesterol was present in significant amounts, along with smaller quantities of cholesterol esters and hydrocarbons, and a diverse group of fatty acids were released upon saponification. The neutral lipid fraction from brain, about 30% of the total lipid, exhibited less variety in fatty acid composition and consisted primarily of cholesterol. Phospholipids accounted for 37% of the egg total lipid and 60% of the brain total lipid. Thin-layer chromatography revealed phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine as the major components of the egg phospholipid fraction. Brain phospholipids included phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and many additional components. Phosphatidyl choline accounted for approximately 55% of the phospholipid in both egg and brain samples. Fundulus eggs contain all lipid components previously identified in yolky vertebrate eggs. The presence of glycolipids, cholesterol esters, hydrocarbons and the tendency toward unsaturation in fatty acids of the neutral lipids in fish eggs has been demonstrated. The lipid composition of Fundulus brain conforms to that of the usual vertebrate brain, with its low triglyceride, high cholesterol and high phospholipid content. In contrast to avian and mammalian brain, however, in Fundulus brain phosphatidyl choline rather than phosphatidyl ethanolamine is the major phospholipid and the amount of glycolipid is small.
The case for positive emotions in the stress process

For many decades, the stress process was described primarily in terms of negative emotions. However, robust evidence that positive emotions co-occurred with negative emotions during intensely stressful situations suggested the need to consider the possible roles of positive emotions in the stress process. About 10 years ago, these possibilities were incorporated into a revision of stress and coping theory (Folkman, 1997). This article summarizes the research reported during the intervening 10 years that pertains to the revised model. Evidence has accumulated regarding the co-occurrence of positive and negative emotions during stressful periods; the restorative function of positive emotions with respect to physiological, psychological, and social coping resources; and the kinds of coping processes that generate positive emotions including benefit finding and reminding, adaptive goal processes, reordering priorities, and infusing ordinary events with positive meaning. Overall, the evidence supports the propositions set forth in the revised model. Contrary to earlier tendencies to dismiss positive emotions, the evidence indicates they have important functions in the stress process and are related to coping processes that are distinct from those that regulate distress. Including positive emotions in future studies will help address an imbalance between research and clinical practice due to decades of nearly exclusive concern with the negative emotions.
Statistical design in isothermal aging of polyimide resins

Recent developments in research on polyimides for high temperature applications have led to the synthesis of many new polymers. Among the criteria that determines their thermal oxidative stability, isothermal aging is one of the most important. Isothermal aging studies require that many experimental factors are controlled to provide accurate results. In this article we describe a statistical plan that compares the isothermal stability of several polyimide resins, while minimizing the variations inherent in high-temperature aging studies.
Exercise training below and above the lactate threshold in the elderly

In this study we report the effects of training at intensities below and above the lactate threshold on parameters of aerobic function in elderly subjects (age range 65-75 yr). The subjects were randomized into high-intensity (HI, N = 8; 75% of heart rate reserve = approximately 82% VO2max = approximately 121% of lactate threshold) and low-intensity (LI, N = 9; 35% of heart rate reserve = approximately 53% VO2max = approximately 72% of lactate threshold) training groups which trained 4 d.wk-1 for 30 min.session-1 for 8 wk. Before and after the training, subjects performed an incremental exercise test for determination of maximal aerobic power (VO2max) and lactate threshold (LT). In addition, the subjects performed a 6-min single-stage exercise test at greater than 75% of pre-training VO2max (SST-High) during which cardiorespiratory responses were evaluated each minute of the test. After training, the improvements in VO2max (7%) for LI and HI were not different from one another (delta VO2max for LI = 1.8 +/- 0.7 ml.kg-1.min-1; delta VO2max for HI = 1.8 +/- 1.0 ml.kg-1.min-1) but were significantly greater (P = 0.02) than the post-testing change observed in the control group (N = 8). Training improved the LT significantly (10-12%; P less than 0.01) and equally for both LI and HI (delta LT for for LI = 2.3 +/- 0.6 ml O2.kg-1.min-1; delta LT for HI = 1.8 +/- 0.8 ml O2.kg-1.min-1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
THE GROUP B STREPTOCOCCUS (GBS) AND COMPLEMENT (C) ACTIVATION: CLINICAL AND LABORATORY CORRELATES WITH GRAM NEGATIVE SEPSIS

THE GROUP B STREPTOCOCCUS (GBS) AND COMPLEMENT (C) ACTIVATION: CLINICAL AND LABORATORY CORRELATES WITH GRAM NEGATIVE SEPSIS
Morbidity and mortality associated with Paget's disease of bone: a population-based study.

Introduction Limited information is available about the clinical features of Paget's disease of bone among unselected patients in the community. We examined morbidity and mortality associated with this condition in a large inception cohort of Olmsted County, MN, residents with a new diagnosis of Paget's disease from 1950 through 1994. Materials and methods Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the impact of various covariates on death. Results Paget's disease of bone was diagnosed in 236 Olmsted County residents (mean age at diagnosis, 69.6 yr; 55% men). The majority were symptomatic at diagnosis (58%), and the proportion with symptoms did not change from the prescreening era (1950 to June 1974) to the postscreening era (July 1974-1994). Most patients had polyostotic disease (72%), and the pelvis (67%), vertebra (41%), and femur (31%) were the most common sites of involvement. Skeletal complications attributable to Paget's disease included bowing deformities (7.6%), fracture of pagetic bone (9.7%), and osteosarcoma (0.4%). Osteoarthritis was observed in 73% of patients, and 11% had a hip or knee replacement. Nonskeletal complications related to Paget's disease included cranial nerve (0.4%), peripheral nerve (1.7%), and nerve root (3.8%) compression, basilar invagination (2.1%), hypercalcemia (5.2%), and congestive heart failure (3.0%). Hearing loss, noted in 61%, was significantly higher than previously reported. Conclusions Compared with white Minnesota residents, overall survival was slightly better than expected (p = 0.010). No clinical risk factors were identified that were associated with an increased risk of death.
Increased activity of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase in erythrocytes of normal newborn infants.

Increased Activity of Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase in Erythrocytes of Normal Newborn Infants
Effect of Sn Substitution on the Thermoelectric Properties of Nanostructured Bulk Bi 2-x Sb x Te 3 Alloy.

The carrier concentration and electronic transport properties in Bi2-xSbxTe3 alloy can be tuned by varying the Bi to Sb ratio, for high thermoelectric figure of merit. The concentration of intrinsic antisite defects in these alloys is also known to change with Bi to Sb ratio. Here we report the thermoelectric figure of merit of Sn doped Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 alloy. Different atomic percentages of Sn was substituted at Bi/Sb site in Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 alloy, synthesized by planetary ball milling. The electrical conductivity decreases with increasing Sn doping but for higher Sn content the electrical conductivity increases compared to undoped alloy. The Seebeck coefficient changes in accordance to electrical conductivity, resulting in small decrease in power factor for highest Sn doping. The lattice thermal conductivity shows a systematic decrease, with increasing Sn concentration resulting in a significant thermal conductivity reduction. Hence an increase in thermoelectric figure of merit could be achieved for the highest Sn (3at%) doping in Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 alloy as compared to undoped alloy.
Containing bogus packet insertion attacks for broadcast authentication in sensor networks

Broadcast is a critical communication primitive in wireless sensor networks. The multihop nature of sensor networks makes it necessary for sensor nodes to forward broadcast messages so that the messages can reach an entire network. Authentication of broadcast messages is an important but challenging problem in sensor networks. Public key cryptography (PKC) has been used recently to address this problem. However, PKC-based authentication techniques are susceptible to bogus packet insertion attacks in which attackers keep broadcasting bogus messages and force resource-constrained sensor nodes to forward such messages. Moreover, because it takes time to do signature verifications, it is impractical for each node to authenticate every received message before forwarding it. In this article, we propose a dynamic window scheme to thwart the aforementioned bogus packet insertion attacks which permits sensor nodes to efficiently broadcast messages. Within this scheme, a sensor node has the ability to determine whether or not to verify an incoming message before forwarding the message. We further study the property of this dynamic window scheme and investigate the best strategy for thwarting bogus packet insertion attacks. We propose three strategies for finding the optimal parameters by an improved additive increase multiplicative decrease (AIMD) window updating function so that the proposed dynamic window scheme can achieve the best overall performance with respect to the authentication and forwarding times of messages. Numerical validations show that our proposed scheme performs very well in terms of energy saving and broadcast delays based on three different metrics, including average authentication delays, the percentage of nodes receiving fake messages, and the percentage of nodes forwarding fake messages.
Ephemeral macroalgae display spatial variation in relative palatability

Although geographic variation in algal–herbivore interactions should be common, our appreciation of such variation remains incomplete. For example, feeding choice assays examining variation in palatability of algae typically compare multiple algal species or genera from a single location or a single alga from multiple locations. Unfortunately, most studies have not compared the interaction of herbivores with multiple algae from multiple locations, thus tests of variation of relative palatability are lacking. To examine spatial variation in algal palatability we determined the feeding preferences of the periwinkle snail Littorina littorea when offered multiple algal genera at the same time from two regions in choice assays. Multi-choice experiments were repeated throughout the year to examine temporal variation in feeding preferences. Consistent with previous studies, L. littorea preferred to feed on ephemeral algae compared to perennial species. Importantly, the relative palatability of the two ephemeral genera, Ulva and Porphyra, varied greatly between regions and seasons. Under certain conditions, Ulva only represented 24% of consumed algal wet mass in choice assays, while under other conditions, Ulva was eaten almost exclusively. Preferences for Ulva or Porphyra were unrelated to differences in morphology. Variation in the relative palatability of algae could influence consumer behavior leading to shifts in algal communities across broad geographic scales.
Object-prefix incorporation in Proto Tupí-Guaraní verbs

Abstract In recent years, much study has been done on languages within the Tupi-Guarani language family, making possible both phonological (Lemle 1971) and morphological (Jensen 1984) reconstruction of Proto-Tupi-Guarani as well as a tentative division of the various languages into eight subgroups (Rodrigues 1984–1985). This family is unique within the Tupi trunk in having developed a new set of prefixes for independent verbs along nominative-accusative lines. The present paper presents reconstructions of the prefixes involved in this new system. It shows that in a transitive verb whose object is third person, an object prefix *i- ∼ c- should be reconstructed between the subject prefix and the stem, as in such languages as Guarani and Tupinamba. This analysis is productive as well in explaining the variants of *opo- (second-person plural object with first-person subject) which occur in some languages, apo- and oropo-, as a reanalysis of po- (second-person plural object) analogous to the third-person object prefix. It also provides a basis for explaining the *ti- (first-person plural subject) prefix which occurs in some languages as a derivation from three prefixes: purpose + subject + object (*t-ya-i-).
Selective transport of Pb2+ and Cd2+ across a phospholipid bilayer by a cyclohexanemonocarboxylic acid-capped 15-crown-5 ether.

Abstract A cyclohexanemonocarboxylic acid-capped 15-crown-5 ether was synthesized and found to be effective as an ionophore for Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ , transporting them across a phospholipid bilayer membrane. Transport studies were carried out using 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl- sn -glycerophosphatidylcholine (POPC) vesicles containing the chelating indicator 2-([2-bis(carboxymethyl)amino-5-methylphenoxy]methyl)-6-methoxy-8-bis(carboxymethyl)aminoquinoline (Quin-2). Data obtained at pH 7.0 using this system, show that the synthetic ionophore transports divalent cations with the selectivity sequence Pb 2+ > Cd 2+ ≫ Zn 2+ > Mn 2+ > Co 2+ > Ni 2+ > Ca 2+ > Sr 2+ . Selectivity factors, based on the ratio of individual initial cation transport rates, are 280 (Pb 2+ /Ca 2+ ), 62 (Pb 2+ /Zn 2+ ), 68 (Cd 2+ /Ca 2+ ), and 16 (Cd 2+ /Zn 2+ ). Plots of log initial rate versus log M n + or log ionophore concentration suggest that Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ are transported primarily as a 1:1 cation–ionophore complex, but that complexes with other stoichiometries may also be present. The ionophore transports Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ by a predominantly electrogenic mechanism, based upon an enhanced rate of transport that is produced by agents which dissipate transmembrane potentials. The rate of Pb 2+ transport shows a biphasic pH dependence with the maximum occurring at pH ∼ 6.5. The high selectivity for Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ displayed by the cyclohexanecarboxylic acid-capped 15-crown-5 ether suggests potential applications of this ionophore for the treatment of Pb and Cd intoxication, and removal of these heavy metals from wastewater.
A Review of Flow and Heat Transfer in Rotating Microchannels

Abstract Rotating microchannels are integral part of centrifugally actuated miniaturized microfluidic devices, which have important applications in chemical analysis and biomedical diagnostics. As the field of centrifugal microfluidics continues to evolve, it is becoming imperative to understand the fundamental principles of fluid flow inside microchannels under the influence of centrifugal and Coriolis forces. These forces arise as a consequence of expressing the governing equations in rotating Eulerian reference frame and change the flow pattern significantly from the symmetric parabolic profile of a non-rotating channel. In this paper, we have summarized the recent advances in the area of fluid flow and heat trans er applications in radially rotating microchannels. A review of experimental and numerical studies available in the current literature is performed and issues with the applicability of analytical correlations for conventional macro-sized channels to describe the microscale flow phenomena have been discussed. From this state of the art review, it is evident that further systematic investigations are needed for a clear understanding of the transport mechanism associated with the flow and heat transfer inside rotating microchannels.
New technologies for the study of carnivore reproduction

Routine analysis of urinary metabolites of estrogen and progesterone provided substantial information about the estrous cycle of bears. However, these data alone were not adequate to determine the precise timing of ovulation needed to maximize AI success rates, or to distinguish between pregnancy and pseudopregnancy. Therefore, there is a critical need to develop technologies that will enhance understanding of the reproductive mechanisms of ursids. Using the domestic dog as a model, three techniques were investigated for potential application to the propagation of captive endangered bears. In a modification of standard staining of bitch vaginal cells, trichrome staining of giant panda cells revealed two consistent chromic shifts 9 and 2 days prior to the periovulatory decrease in urinary estrone sulfate, enhancing the ability to predict ovarian events preceding ovulation. To further define the relationship between the decrease in estrogen and ovulation, the utility of a rapid immunochromatographic LH assay was investigated for giant pandas using a commercial LH kit canine serum. Serum collected during estrus exhibited positive test results, indicating the cross-reactivity of giant panda LH with canine LH antibodies, and preliminary data supported further development of the LH kit for the detection of LH in bear urine. Due to the limitations of hormone analysis for distinguishing pregnancy from pseudopregnancy in canids and ursids, forward-looking infrared thermography was evaluated as a method to visualize proliferating placental tissue, fetuses, or both. While further investigation is needed to confirm the utility of thermal imaging for pregnancy diagnosis in the domestic bitch, pregnancy and pseudopregnancy were successfully detected in two giant pandas.
Rate enhancement of pyruvate aldolization by divalent cations: A model for class II aldolases

Abstract Zn 2+ catalysis of pyruvate aldolization is approx. 10 5 times more effective than water at pH 6.4. The reaction is first order in pyruvate and general base catalyzed, suggesting that enolization of pyruvate is rate limiting. As a result of the high efficiency Zn 2+ catalysis, the half life of a 1.0 M pyruvate solution containing 24 mM Zn 2+ , pH 6.4, is only 37 min. Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ are much less effective than Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Co 2+ or Ni 2+ . The great enhancement of pyruvate aldolization by Zn 2+ lends support to a previously suggested model of Class II (metallo) aldolase reactions in which coordination of metal ions to the carbonyl oxygen of the substrate labilizes the α-carbon-hydrogen bond. Metal ions present in stock solutions of pyruvate at concentrations high enough to catalyze significant amounts of aldolization may lead to complications when pyruvate-containing assay mixtures are used in enzyme studies, since the aldol dimer of pyruvate is a potent inhibitor of the citric acid cycle.
Comparison of skylight polarization measurements and MODTRAN-P calculations

Increased use of polarization in optical remote sensing provides motivation for a study of instruments and methods that can be used to test and validate polarized atmospheric radiative transfer codes and simulation tools. An example comparison of measured skylight polarization and calculations from a preliminary version of the polarized MODTRAN radiative transfer code (MODTRAN-P) for cloud-free conditions is presented. The study combines data from an all-sky polarization imager at 452, 491, 532, 632, and 701 nm, a solar radiometer, a zenith-viewing aerosol and cloud lidar, a weather station, and radiosonde profiles of atmospheric temperature and pressure to compare measurements and model calculations of the maximum degree of linear polarization for cloud-free atmospheres. Comparisons for conditions ranging from extremely clear to thick forest fire smoke indicate that the additional data most needed for constraining calculations are aerosol size distributions. Nevertheless, comparisons made with standard aerosol models in version 2.1-alpha of MODTRAN-P with an unpolarized multiple-scattering algorithm illustrate the methodology and provide quantitative information about the range of conditions for which a single-scattering radiative transfer code is useful for predicting skylight polarization. This approach is also warranted because many users simulate atmospheres with the MODTRAN standard aerosol models. The agreement of model calculations with measurements is high for low aerosol optical depth and degrades with increasing optical depth. Agreement between measurements and model results is best for the longer wavelengths.
Hadronic charm production by gluon fusion

Rates for production of charmed particles in hadronic collisions are calculated in the gluon-fusion model. Aspects studied include the following: a comparison of the results obtained for different gluon distributions, angular and energy distributions expected for the produced charmed quarks, and dependence of the results on the mass of the ''charmed'' quark (this allows comparison of the rates for particles containing s, c, or b quarks).
The First Steps in Drosophila Motion Detection

The visual system, with its ability to perceive motion, is crucial for most animals to walk or fly steadily. Theoretical models of motion detection exist, but the underlying cellular mechanisms are still poorly understood. In this issue of Neuron, Rister and colleagues dissect the function of neuronal subtypes in the optic lobe of Drosophila to reveal their role in motion detection.
Asymptotic normality of the instrumental variable estimates for ARIMA(p, m, q) processes

Abstract In this paper, we derive the asymptotic normality of the instrumental variable estimates for untransformed ARIMA(p, m, q) processes with at least one stable root. Using these results, we consider the Wald test on AR coefficients.
Optically active, bulky tris(oxazolinyl)borato magnesium and calcium compounds for asymmetric hydroamination/cyclization

Abstract The synthesis of the new chiral, pseudo C3-symmetric, monoanionic ligand tris(4S-tert-butyl-2-oxazolinyl)phenylborate [ToT]− is reported. The steric bulk, tridentate coordination, and anionic charge of [ToT]− are suitable for formation of complexes of the type ToTMX, where one valence is available for reactivity. With this point in mind, we prepared magnesium and calcium ToT complexes that resist redistribution to (ToT)2M compounds. Both ToTMgMe and ToTCaC(SiHMe2)3 contain tridentate ToT-coordination to the metal center, as shown by NMR spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. These compounds are active catalysts for the cyclization of three aminoalkenes to pyrrolidines, and provide non-racemic mixtures of pyrrolidines in enantiomeric excesses up to 36%.
Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Spin-on Glass Thin Films

The crack-velocity behavior of silsesqioxane spin-on glass thin films exposed to moist environments is examined. Anabsolute reaction-rate model is used to predict crack velocity using a deleted-bond model and fused silica as a basis, and compared with observed steady-state crack velocities as a function of film thickness and variations in the curing process. An implication is that, on curing, the driving force for film fracture, determined by thermal expansion mismatch, increases less rapidly than the fracture resistance, determined by polymerization.
Recognizing glaucomatous field loss with the Humphrey STATPAC.

• The results generated by the STAT-PAC program of the Humphrey Field Analyzer (Allergan Humphrey, San Leandro, Calif) from 72 eyes with documented early visual field loss and 98 normal eyes were examined. When global summary indexes and their significance levels were used to compare the tested eyes with age-matched normal values, STATPAC yielded a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 84%. In comparison, analysis by an independent, previously reported method yielded a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 90%. STATPAC results were strongly influenced by the reliability of the tested subjects.
THE FLOCCULATION MAXIMUM (pH) OF FIBRINOGEN AND SOME OTHER BLOOD-CLOTTING REAGENTS. (RELATIVE TURBIDIMETRY WITH THE EVELYN PHOTOELECTRIC COLORIMETER).

By means of a novel adaptation of the Evelyn photoelectric colorimeter to the measurement of relative turbidities, the question of the flocculation maximum (F.M.) in acetate buffer solutions of varying pH and salt content has been studied on (a) an exceptionally stable prothrombin-free fibrinogen and its solutions after incipient thermal denaturation and incomplete tryptic proteolysis, (b) plasma, similarly treated, (c) prothrombin, thrombin, and (brain) thromboplastin solutions. All the fibrinogens show a remarkable uniformity of the precipitation pattern, viz. F.M. =4.7 (+/-0.2) pH in salt-containing buffer solutions and pH = 5.3 (+/-0.2) in salt-poor buffer (N/100 acetate). The latter approximates the isoelectric point (5.4) obtained by cataphoresis (14). There is no evidence that denaturation or digestion can produce any "second maximum." The data support the view that fibrin formation (under the specific influence of thrombin) is intrinsically unrelated to denaturation and digestion phenomena, although all three can proceed simultaneously in crude materials. A criticism is offered, therefore, of Wohlisch's blood clotting theory. Further applications of the photoelectric colorimeter to coagulation problems are suggested, including kinetic study of fibrin formation and the assay of fibrinogen, with a possible sensitivity of 7.5 mg. protein in 100 cc. solution.
Evaluating the Superposition Integrals by Retaining the Singularity Functions in the Integrands

This paper shows how the superposition integrals can be evaluated without recourse to changing the limits of integration, when the integrands are zero over a range, through the use of singularity functions. This method avoids the need for sketching the integrands and illustrates the concepts involved in the superposition integrals without restricting the range or duration of the functions involved. As a teaching aid, the approach described is especially useful at the sophomore or junior level, where the students first encounter superposition integrals and singularity functions.
The formation of the Sudetendeutsche Bergbau-A.G.

The Sudetendeutsche Bergbau-A.G. was a corporation formed in 1938-1939 by the Dresdner Bank at the request of the German government for the purpose of merging the coal mines of Czechoslovakia into a department of the Reichswerk Hermann Goering. The fact that about 55% of the Czech mines had been previously owned by Jews has led to the facile conclusion that the Germans took them over after the invasion of Czechoslovakia simply because Jewish property was involved. This is, it appears, an oversimplification, for the Germans were indiscriminate in their seizures. They were as interested in the mines of the Czech state and of well-known German (or, better said, Austrian) noblemen as they were in the mines which belonged to the Jews. One must search further, then, to delineate the motives for such seizures. Long before the emergence of the National Socialists, the tendency toward merger and joint venture had been a characteristic of German business. These arrangements ordinarily occurred during periods of stress; for example, the Vereinigte Stahlwerke was founded during the desperate interwar years’ and the RheinischWestfalische Kohlen-Syndikat was organized in the 1890s during a period of depression.2 Competition has rarely been considered a healthy or desirable business strategy by German leaders, and it has been allowed to exist only in periods of comparative prosperity or
Exponentiated beta distributions

Beta distributions are usually defined on the unit interval [0,1]. For wider applicability, we introduce six exponentiated beta distributions and derive several of their properties, including the moment generating function, expectation, variance, skewness, kurtosis, Shannon entropy, and the Renyi entropy.
Water-immersion sigmoidoscopy to treat acute GI bleeding in the perioperative period after surgical colorectal anastomosis

Background The occurrence of lower acute GI bleeding in the early perioperative period after colorectal anastomosis represents a life-threatening condition. The early treatment includes surgery or endoscopy, the latter being subject to complications associated with air insufflation and associated perforation. Objective To study the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of early perioperative water-immersion endoscopy to treat the source of bleeding in patients having undergone colorectal anastomosis. Design To prospectively study patients with active lower GI bleeding early after colorectal anastomosis and subject them to therapeutic water-immersion endoscopy instead of surgery. Setting University referral center for digestive surgery and endoscopy. Patients This study involved 2 patients presenting with active lower GI bleeding within 4 days after colorectal surgery. Intervention Instead of air insufflation during endoscopy, an underwater investigation was performed in each patient after colonic water immersion. Main Outcome Measurements Efficacy of therapeutic endoscopy. Results Water-immersion endoscopy in each case allowed us to identify the location of the anastomosis and the source of active bleeding. It allowed us to safely place clips on the active vessels and stop the bleeding. Limitations Number of patients included, no comparison between conventional endoscopy and water-immersion endoscopy. Conclusion Diagnostic as well as therapeutic water-immersion colonoscopy is safe in patients presenting with active lower GI bleeding in the early perioperative period after colorectal anastomosis.
Cytoskeletal polarity in mammalian lymphocytes in situ.

The distribution of vimentin and spectrin in lymphocytes within murine lymphoid tissues was studied by means of immunofluorescence. A polarized submembranous aggregate of intermediate filaments was observed to be characteristic of lymphocytes within the medulla of the thymus as well as in lymphocytes within specific areas of spleen and lymph-node. This aggregate was determined to be in close association with a similarly polarized aggregate of spectrin. Lymphocytes of both B and T surface phenotype comprise the population of cells that are naturally polarized in terms of these cytoskeletal proteins. Lymphocytes with such a naturally polarized cytoskeleton are not observed in the spleen until approximately 5 days after birth, but are observed in the thymus by day 19 of gestation. Incubating lymphocytes with cytochalasin D, but not colchicine, caused a rapid dispersal of the spectrin aggregate without altering the polar accumulation of intermediate filaments. When splenic B-cells were allowed to form uropods as a result of ligand binding, the uropod (as well as surface receptor “cap”) was positioned above the region containing the polar aggregate of spectrin and vimentin. The possible physiological significance of naturally occurring cytoskeletal polarity in lymphocytes is discussed.
Handed asymmetry in nematodes.

Abstract Like most animals, C. elegans and other nematodes exhibit several internal left–right asymmetries with an essentially invariant (dextral) handedness. Handedness is established in early cleavage, resulting in a markedly left–right-asymmetric embryo on which bilateral symmetry must be superimposed later in embryogenesis. Some of the asymmetric cell interactions that accomplish this have been identified, but the mechanism that initially establishes dextral rather than sinistral handedness is not understood, in C. elegans or any other embryo. Analysis of mutations that result in reversal of handedness, such as spn-1 in C. elegans, should help elucidate this process. A model involving centriolar segregation is proposed as a possible mechanism for handedness choice.
Effect of Estrogen on Acidification in Osteoclasts

Isolated chicken osteoclasts were neutralized with NH4Cl, then recovery of acid formation was monitored by measuring acridine orange fluorescence over a period of 4 hrs. Estradiol-17 beta and diethylstilbestrol (DES), in nanomolar amounts, blocked acidification 20% to 60%. Effects were detectable in 30 min and maximal by one hr. Estradiol-17 alpha was ineffective. This action of estradiol is believed to be mediated at the plasma membrane since the response was rapid and was not affected by cycloheximide inhibition of protein synthesis. Stimulation of acidification by PTH and cyclic AMP was blocked by estradiol. Estradiol was inhibitory to the same extent as calcitonin; these effects were not additive. Estradiol-17 beta and DES, in micromolar but not in nanomolar amounts, blocked proton pumping in isolated plasma membrane vesicles.
Studies on the Behaviors of Impurities on the Crystallization of l-Glutamic Acid

The behaviors of impurities such as amino acids and inorganic salts at the time of crystallization of l-glutamic acid were investigated; and it was concluded that amino acids which co-existed in the solution of l-glutamic acid followed the crystals of l-glutamic acid persistently, and the contamination mechanism would not be clarified by the adherence of mother liquor or the formation of liquid foams in the crystals, or by the mixed crystal formation, but by a physical adsorption on the crystal surfaces.
Competitive and Cooperative Interactions in Receptor Signaling Complexes

In bacterial chemotaxis, clustered transmembrane receptors and the adaptor protein CheW regulate the kinase CheA. Receptors outnumber CheA, yet it is poorly understood how interactions among receptors contribute to regulation. To address this problem, receptor clusters were simulated using liposomes decorated with the cytoplasmic domains of receptors, which supported CheA binding and stimulation. Competitive and cooperative interactions were revealed through the use of known receptor signaling mutants, which were used in mixtures with the wild type domain. Competitive effects among the receptor domains sorted cleanly into two categories defined by either stronger or weaker interactions with CheA. Cooperative effects were also evident in CheA binding and activity. In the transition from the stimulating to the inhibiting states, both the cooperativity of the transition and the persistence of stimulation by the wild type domain increased with receptor modification, as in the intact receptor. We conclude that competitive and cooperative receptor interactions both contribute to CheA regulation and that liposome-mediated assembly is effective in addressing these general membrane phenomena.
Novel detection strategies for drug discovery.

Abstract The Human Genome Project is expected to increase the number of potential drug targets from the current figure of 500 to ∼3000–4000. This increased number of targets, and increasing knowledge of signaling-pathway networks and their complexities, sets new demands for efficiency on HTS assay technologies. Assessment of the total efficacy of a given drug candidate requires not only the classical assays, but also a wide variety of assays related to signaling cascades and cellular functions. Discrete functional assays traditionally involved Ca 2+ flux, kinases and cAMP, but today extend to the whole signaling network, from ligand binding to expression. This review discusses emerging novel non-radioisotopic assays, such as ligand-stimulated GTP-binding, the inositol triphosphate assay, cellular receptor trafficking, and protein–protein interactions.
Physical activity does not provoke panic attacks in patients with panic disorder: A review of the evidence

This paper summarizes the results of published studies in which physical activity has been performed by patients with panic disorder. Several case studies of apparent exercise-induced panic attacks were found. However, in field studies that involved ambulatory monitoring of panic disorder patients only 1 of 91 panic attacks that were monitored actually occurred while the test subject was engaged in moderately intense physical activity. Moreover, only five panic attacks occurred in association with 444 exercise bouts performed by 420 panic disorder patients in laboratory settings despite the fact that exercise induces somatic signs and symptoms of anxiety. Thus, the weight of the published evidence shows that acute physical activity does not provoke panic attacks in panic disorder patients.
Tuning memory performance of sequential and parallel programs

To improve program memory performance, programmers and compiler writers can transform the application so that its memory-referencing behavior better exploits the memory hierarchy. The challenge in achieving these program transformations is overcoming the difficulty of statically analyzing or reasoning about an application's referencing behavior and interactions. In addition, many performance-monitoring tools collect high-level information that is inadequately detailed to analyze specific memory performance bugs. We describe MemSpy, a performance-monitoring tool we designed to help programmers discern where and why memory bottlenecks occur. MemSpy guides programmers toward program transformations that improve memory performance through detailed statistics on cache-miss causes and frequency. Because of the natural link between data-reference patterns and memory performance, MemSpy helps programmers comprehend data structure and code segment interactions by displaying statistics in terms of both the program's data and code structures, rather than for code structures alone. >
Nucleic acid levels in livers of rats fed diets deficient in choline or containing ethionine

Abstract Rats grown on a diet deficient in choline had normal liver DNA values for the first 7 weeks after the removal of choline from the diet. At the 12th week the liver DNA level was 20% higher than the liver DNA level in the control group. By the 22nd week the level of liver DNA was 50% higher than control rats and remained at this high level for the remainder of the experiment. The level of RNA in the liver of the choline-deficient group was lower than the level of the liver RNA of the control group during this period. Rats fed a basal diet containing 0.2% ethionine, 0.1% methionine, and 0.2% choline had normal liver DNA values for the first 3 weeks. By the 4th week the level of liver DNA was 60% higher than that of the control group and remained at a high level for the remainder of the experiment. When the choline and methionine levels of the ethionine-containing diet were increased to 0.6%, liver DNA values were comparable to those of controls.
Bilirubin induces a calcium-dependent inhibition of multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II activity in vitro.

Bilirubin Induces a Calcium-Dependent Inhibition of Multifunctional Ca 2+ /Calmodulin-Dependent Kinase II Activity in Vitro
Jitters in high performance microprocessors

High performance microprocessors work with very little cycle time, usually within few hundreds of picoseconds nowadays. Since generating and routing a multiple GHz clock system on the motherboard is usually not possible, microprocessor clock is usually generated on chip with a PLL. While this has been a great advancement, this is not all nirvana yet. As great as an on-chip PLL is, the clock still have to be distributed to every state elements (i.e. latches, flops) on the chip, which amounts to millions spread over an area of up to 15 mm square. Realistically, there is the consideration of clock skew and also inevitably the jittering of those clock edges. Both of these cut into the useful cycle time, forcing a reduction of performance. Even the mighty PLL, due to its analog operation in nature, is also affected by process variations and the worsening of transistor performance with process scaling over the last 40 years. While clock skews and jitters on a board can be monitored and analyzed clock skews and jitters on a chip pose great difficulty. We cannot improve what we cannot observe, hence the observing and monitoring clock skews and jitters have been synonymous with high performance design for the last 10 years. This tutorial will present the sources of these skews and jitters and how they manifest and impact the performance of microprocessors. We will also show the effect of scaling on transistor performance and how it impacts the clock system. We will also present solutions that have been developed to overcome these hurdles.
Size variation in group A streptococcal M protein is generated by homologous recombination between intragenic repeats

M protein, a major surface protein and virulence factor for the group A streptococcus, exhibits extraordinary size variation in strains of the same serotype (Fischetti et al. 1985). RNA sequence analysis of spontaneous M protein size variants shows that deletion mutations arise in a single strain by homologous recombination events between intragenic tandem repeats. Similar deletion and duplication events also occur in serial streptococcal isolates from a single patient and among related strains in a recent outbreak. We discuss how homologous recombination events can lead to the generation of antigenic variation.
Escape Behavior of the Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Response to Disturbance

Disturbances to monitors and baits have often been noted as a confounding factor for the success of termite baiting systems. We studied escape behavior of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki to a food source disturbance in the laboratory. Four peripheral chambers connected to the central food chamber through tubes served as escape routes from which escape patterns, escape and return times and differences in soldier and worker responses were recorded. We used two sand conditions: moist and dry to test whether favorable versus unfavorable conditions change escape behavior. The post disturbance responses were video recorded for 1 h. C. formosanus quickly escaped from the central chamber when disturbed. The time taken to reach the maximum number of termites that escaped ranged from 20 s to 210 s followed by a gradual return to the disturbed chamber. The majority of the escapees returned to the disturbed area within a few minutes after evacuation in both dry and wet sand conditions. A significantly higher percentage of termites escaped in wet sand arenas (43%) than in the dry sand arenas (31%). Our experiments demonstrate that C. formosanus is highly unlikely to abandon bait stations for extensive periods of time as a result of mechanical disturbances regardless of habitat quality.
A146: Strategies for Assessment and Management of Severe Environmental Allergies at “Camp JRA”

Background/Purpose: Camp JRA (Juveniles Reaching Achievement) has been offering a week of fun, education, friendship, independence and support for 17 years to children with arthritis and related diseases. The number of campers has grown from 28 the first year to 120 maximum capacity for the past few years. Experienced Pediatric Rheumatology nurses and physicians provide hands-on care in the “Med Shed” at Camp JRA. Medical information is completed by parents, pediatric rheumatologists and primary care providers. The senior medical staff review and verify the information. Over the past 5 years we identified that coping with environmental allergies consumed a disproportionate amount of time for the staff and we felt unprepared to optimally address these issues. We wish to share our strategy in addressing the growing concern about environmental sensitivities in a residential week long camp for children with rheumatic diseases. Mindfulness of drug allergies is standard of care in any environment where medications are given. Coping with food allergies has assumed a significant position in our hierarchy of medical responsibilities in the Med Shed, as well. We found ourselves struggling to manage the increasing complexity of this issue. We found that some campers had multiple allergies listed that had not been reported, and no details were provided. For many years, we have run a very organized medical camp, however, this issue confounded our care of these complex children. Methods: The emergence of the multiple allergies issue was a barrier to providing a confidently safe camp environment. New approaches were developed and implemented. 1. We developed new allergy history questionaire that triggered progression to further detailed information. 2. We consulted with our Pediatric Allergist to develop an algorithm for assessment of symptoms (Attached to poster). 3. We developed an Allergy Action Plan specific to each camper with allergy issues, approved in advance by parent and signed. 4. We developed a system for Epi-pen storage: over the door holder with multiple clear pockets, with the Epi-pen, the child's photo, the signed Allergy Action Plan. Results: We oriented all medical staff who worked in the Med-Shed to the new system. When implemented at Camp JRA in July 2013 and we experienced no allergy response problems. Increasing allergy sensitivities in patients requires a proactive plan for residential camps. We have developed a model for assessing allergies and reaction preparedness. This plan has improved our confidence that we can provide safe rheumatologic AND allergy response care. Conclusion: The development of increasing allergy sensitivities and concerns by families and patients requires a proactive plan for residential camps of children with rheumatic disease. We hve developed a model for assessing allergies and reaction preparedness.
Acoustic backscatter properties of the particle/bubble ultrasound contrast agent

Abstract Bubble-based suspensions with diameters in the 1–5 μm range have been developed for use as ultrasound contrast agents. Bubbles of these dimensions have resonance frequencies in the diagnostic ultrasonic range, thus improving their backscatter enhancement capabilities. The durability of these bubbles in the blood stream has been found to be limited, providing impetus for a number of approaches to further stabilize them. One of the approaches has been the development of micrometer-size porous particles or ‘nano-sponges’ with properties suitable for the entrapment and stabilization of gas bubbles. However, the complex morphology and surface chemistry involved in the production of this type of agent makes it unfeasible to directly measure the volume of the entrained gas. A model based on acoustic scattering principles is proposed which indicates that only a small volume fraction of gas should be necessary to significantly enhance the echogenicity of this type of particle-based contrast agent. In the model, the effective scattering cross-section is evaluated as a function of the volume fraction of gas contained in the overall scatterer and the overall scatterer diameter. Initially, the volume fraction of gas is considered as a discrete entity or single bubble. Using common mixture rules, it is then shown that the gas can be considered to be distributed throughout the particle and still arrive at a result that is similar to that for a single, discrete volume of gas. The main contribution to the increased scattering cross-section is due to the compressibility difference between gas and water. The backscatter coefficient is computed as the product of the resulting differential scattering cross-section and the scatterer number density. This approach facilitates comparison with known backscatter coefficients of biological targets such as liver and blood. Simple experimental results are presented for comparison with the model, and the implications relevant to clinical use are suggested.