cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultra‐small‐angle X‐ray scattering at the Advanced Photon Source

The design and operation of a versatile ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) instrument at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory are presented. The instrument is optimized for the high brilliance and low emittance of an APS undulator source. It has angular and energy resolutions of the order of 10−4, accurate and repeatable X-ray energy tunability over its operational energy range from 8 to 18 keV, and a dynamic intensity range of 108 to 109, depending on the configuration. It further offers quantitative primary calibration of X-ray scattering cross sections, a scattering vector range from 0.0001 to 1 A−1, and stability and reliability over extended running periods. Its operational configurations include one-dimensional collimated (slit-smeared) USAXS, two-dimensional collimated USAXS and USAXS imaging. A robust data reduction and data analysis package, which was developed in parallel with the instrument, is available and supported at the APS.
Cardiac production of angiotensin II and its pharmacologic inhibition: effects on the coronary circulation.

Angiotensin II (AII), produced systemically as well as locally in the heart, affects the coronary circulation, as do consequences of its pharmacologic inhibition. AII is a powerful vasoconstrictor directly acting on vascular smooth muscle cells, modulating sympathetic innervation and calcium ion influx, and releasing other vasoconstrictor factors. In addition to these immediate actions, AII has longer-term biologic actions that influence cardiac endothelial function, vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype expression, and fibroblast proliferation. Moreover, the production of AII is interrelated with the vasodilator substances bradykinin, nitric oxide, and prostaglandins E 2 and I 2 (prostacyclin). Circulating hormonal actions of AII include fluid retention, direct vasoconstriction, and sympathetic nenromodulation, all resulting in increased left ventricular preload and afterload. Because of these local and hormonal characteristics, AII can immediately affect the myocardial balance of metabolic demand and supply and long term can induce structural vascular and myocardial alterations. Pharmacologic inhibition of AII production likely conveys myocardial and vascular protection in situations of acute myocardial oxygen debt. In the long term, inhibition of AII may attenuate structural changes in the coronary microcirculation related to various cardiomyopathies or acute tissue injury, and direct antiatherogenic effects may also occur.
Water sorption characteristics of grp composite: Effect of outdoor weathering

The complete sorption-desorption equilibrium isotherms determined at 23° C indicate that glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GRP) sheets weathered outdoors for 3 years absorb larger amounts of water vapor than the non-weathered sheets. Sorption and desorption Kinetic results at 23° and two levels of relative pressure (p/p0 = 0.80 and p/p0 = 0.975) show that the weathered sheets absorb water vapor at considerably higher rates than the non-weathered sheets. Larger amounts of sorbed water, and faster sorption and desorption will result in respectively greater magnitudes and higher rates of dimensional changes (swelling and shrinking). This accelerates the overall effects of environmentally exerted stress-fatigue on the GRP composite.
Minirhizotron wheat root data: comparisons to soil core root data

A nondestructive, quick, and efficient root measurement technique that quantifies root dynamics is critical to understanding environmental effects on rooting. The objective of this study was to compare roots of three cultivars of soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) observed in minirhizotrons with those washed from soil cores. Minirhizotron determinations were root count (C a , count cm −2 ) and root length (L a , cm cm −2 ) per unit area; soil core determinations were root length (L v , cm cm −3 ) and root dry weight (W v , mg cm −3 ) per unit volume. Growth stages studied were double ridge, early boot, milk, and soft dough. Analysis of variance showed that growth stage and soil depth were significant for L v , W v , C a , and L a . Cultivar was significant at early boot and milk growth stages for C a [...]
Summation of extraocular motor unit tensions in the lateral rectus muscle of the cat

Contractile measures on 67 single muscle units in the cat lateral rectus muscle were made in response to motoneuron stimulation. Simultaneous activation of four to five additional units, using muscle nerve stimulation, allowed an examination of unit force summation. Linear force addition was found in 73% of the units, while 25% added only about half of their twitch force to the twitch force of the nerve-activated units. “Nonadditive” units had significantly weaker twitch tensions than the units which added linearly. Lengthening or shortening the whole muscle, from maximal isometric settings, reduced whole muscle twitch tension as well as muscle unit tension. Injury to the lateral rectus muscle did not significantly alter whole muscle tension. These findings suggest that the known serial and branching arrangement of these muscle fibers, as well as the complex interfiber matrix, may help explain the force reduction in some muscle units and the whole muscle's resistance to insult. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve20: 1229–1235, 1997
Structure of extracellular tissue factor complexed with factor VIIa inhibited with a BPTI mutant.

Abstract The event that initiates the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation is the association of coagulation factor VIIa (VIIa) with its cell-bound receptor, tissue factor (TF), exposed to blood circulation following tissue injury and/or vascular damage. The natural inhibitor of the TF·VIIa complex is the first Kunitz domain of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI-K1). The structure of TF·VIIa reversibly inhibited with a potent (Ki = 0.4 nM) bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) mutant (5L15), a homolog of TFPI-K1, has been determined at 2.1 A resolution. When bound to TF, the four domain VIIa molecule assumes an extended conformation with its light chain wrapping around the framework of the two domain TF cofactor. The 5L15 inhibitor associates with the active site of VIIa similar to trypsin-bound BPTI, but makes several unique interactions near the perimeter of the site that are not observed in the latter. Most of the interactions are polar and involve mutated positions of 5L15. Of the eight rationally engineered mutations distinguishing 5L15 from BPTI, seven are involved in productive interactions stabilizing the enzyme-inhibitor association with four contributing contacts unique to the VIIa·5L15 complex. Two additional unique interactions are due to distinguishing residues in the VIIa sequence: a salt bridge between Arg20 of 5L15 and Asp60 of an insertion loop of VIIa, and a hydrogen bond between Tyr34O of the inhibitor and Lys192NZ of the enzyme. These interactions were used further to model binding of TFPI-K1 to VIIa and TFPI-K2 to factor Xa, the principal activation product of TF·VIIa. The structure of the ternary protein complex identifies the determinants important for binding within and near the active site of VIIa, and provides cogent information for addressing the manner in which substrates of VIIa are bound and hydrolyzed in blood coagulation. It should also provide guidance in structure-aided drug design for the discovery of potent and selective small molecule VIIa inhibitors.
Craniofrontonasal dysplasia: Phenotypic expression in females and males and genetic considerations

The phenotype and pattern of inheritance of craniofrontonasal dysplasia were analyzed in 66 affected persons from 18 families, including one four-generation kindred personally studied. Females were more severely affected than males. Affected females had hypertelorism, broad nasal root, frontal bossing, craniosynostosis, syndactyly of toes and fingers, and vertical grooving of nails. Males had increased bony interorbital distances and distances between the inner canthi of the eyes, broad nasal root, broad halluces, and vertical grooving of nails but no craniosynostosis. Affected men transmitted the condition to all of their daughters but to no sons, while affected women transmitted the disorder to about half their daughters and half their sons. This pattern is compatible with X-linked dominant inheritance, but the far milder manifestation of the syndrome in males cannot be explained by simple mendelian genetics.
Metaphyseal osteomyelitis in children: how often does MRI-documented joint effusion or epiphyseal extension of edema indicate coexisting septic arthritis?

Joint effusions identified by MRI may accompany osteomyelitis and determining whether the joint effusion is septic or reactive has important implications on patient care. Determine the incidence of epiphyseal marrow edema, joint effusions, perisynovial edema and epiphyseal non-enhancement in the setting of pediatric metaphyseal osteomyelitis and whether this may be used to predict coexisting septic arthritis. Following IRB approval, we retrospectively evaluated children who underwent MRI and orthopedic surgical consultation for suspected musculoskeletal infection between January 2011 and September 2013. Criteria for inclusion in the study were microbiologically/pathologically proven infection, MRI prior to surgical intervention, long bone involvement and age 0–18 years. MRI exams were independently reviewed by two faculty pediatric radiologists to confirm the presence of appendicular metaphyseal osteomyelitis, to evaluate extent of edema, to determine subjective presence of a joint effusion and to assess perisynovial edema and epiphyseal non-enhancement. Any discrepant readings were reviewed in consensus. Charts and operative notes were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. One hundred and three joints with metaphyseal osteomyelitis were identified (mean age: 7.1 years; M:F 1.3:1), of whom 53% (55/103) had joint effusions, and of those, 75% (41/55) had surgically confirmed septic arthritis. The incidence of coexisting septic arthritis was 40% in the setting of epiphyseal edema, 74% in epiphyseal edema and effusion, 75% with perisynovial edema, 76% with epiphyseal non-enhancement and 77% when all four variables were present. Of these, the only statistically significant variable, however, was the presence of a joint effusion with a P-value of <0.0001 via Fisher exact test. Statistical significance for coexisting septic arthritis was also encountered when cases were subdivided into intra-articular vs. extra-articular metaphyses (P-value = 0.0499). No statistically significant difference was found between patients younger than 24 months and those older than 24 months. Patients with joint effusions identified by MRI, in the setting of metaphyseal osteomyelitis, should be presumed to have septic arthritis until proven otherwise. Epiphyseal extension of edema, perisynovial edema and epiphyseal non-enhancement in the setting of metaphyseal osteomyelitis are not helpful predictors in differentiating reactive and pyogenic joint effusions. Osteomyelitis at a site with an intra-articular metaphyses, however, is more likely to have concurrent septic arthritis.
Enhanced Field Reconstruction Method for the Efficient Analysis of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines

When designing permanent magnet synchronous machines, the voltage waveforms and mechanical forces are important in many applications. Many analysts use the finite-element (FE) method to determine fields in the air gap of machines. These fields are then used to calculate vector forces, voltages, or other quantities of interest. Although the FE method has been used for decades, it requires significant computational resources, especially when transient analyses are required. This limits its application to a tool for analysis rather than a large design space, iterative optimization. To address this, an enhanced field reconstruction technique (EFRT) has been developed. Using the EFRT, the fields in the air gap of a machine are computed using a minimum number of FE evaluations. Using the results, a set of basis functions are established that enable the calculation of fields under arbitrary excitation and rotor position. The EFRT greatly reduces the computational effort required to compute the vector fields inside machines and compares favorably with the FE method and hardware results.
Turbulence Decay and Restratification in the Equatorial Ocean Surface Layer following Nighttime Convection

Abstract Although the process of restratification of the ocean surface layer at the equator following nighttime convection is similar in many ways to the process at midlatitudes, there are important differences. A composite day calculated from 15 days of consistent conditions at 140°W on the equator was compared with midlatitude observations by Brainerd and Gregg. In the depth range of 20–40 m, 1) minimum nighttime stratification was similar [N2 of 1.2–3.2 (× 10−6 s−2) vs 0.4–1.7 (× 10−6 s−2)], 2) maximum daytime stratification was significantly larger, as might be expected from the greater surface heat input [N2 of 8–21 (× 10−6 s−2 vs 3–7 (× 10−6 s−2)], and 3) minimum nighttime shear was similar [shear-squared was 1.4–4.6 (× 10−6 s−2) vs 0.8–1.9 (× 10−6 s−2)], but the maximum daytime shear was much larger [shear-squared of 24–41 (× 10−6 s−2) vs 3–7 (× 10−6 s−2)]. For much of the surface layer, the dominant identifiable cause of restratification in both cases was the divergence of the penetrating shortwav...
A view of the thermal wave behaviors in thin plates

Abstract The objective of this research is to study the temperature variation in thin dielectric materials. The thermal wave model is being used as the classical Fourier law of heat conduction breaks down when a dielectric material of sub-micron geometry is heated rapidly. The first part of the work reviews the temperature distribution due to thermal wave in semi-infinite bodies. The main emphasis of this paper is to accurately determine the temperature profile in a finite plate made up from a dielectric material. The boundary conditions of the first and the second kind are selected for this study. Using the classical Laplace transform technique, analytical solutions are obtained for finite bodies with different boundary conditions the first kind and the second kind. Due to complexity of the problem, a symbolic algebra provided the solution for examining the thermal behavior of dielectric materials during rapid heating.
The relationship between creativity and psychosis-proneness

Abstract One-hundred and fifteen undergraduates were repeatedly administered a battery measuring schizotypal personality type and creativity (remote associations). Principal Components Analysis found a two-factor model to be most parsimonious. The pattern of results suggests that magical ideation and perceptual aberration items are represented by one factor and suspiciousness by the second. Analysis of consistent versus inconsistent high scorers on the schizoptypia measure indicated that inconsistent high scorers on the suspiciousness factor scored significantly higher than consistent high scorers on the creativity measure.
Evaluation of Recementation Reactivity of Recycled Concrete Aggregate Fines

The use of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) as a drainage material in exfiltration trenches and base and subbase layers is becoming increasingly common. During crushing, stockpiling, transporting, and placing, however, RCA may produce fines that could recement and clog the pavement drainage system. Many previous studies indicated that not only the structural capacity but also drainage of pavement subsurface layers can be greatly affected by the properties and gradation of the aggregate used. This study evaluated the recementation reactivity of RCA fines that could eventually impair drainage performance. RCA fines passing the No. 200 sieve (less than 75 μm) were produced through the simulation of an in-place aggregate abrasion process, and cement paste cylinders were cast with complete replacement of cement with RCA fines. The hydration properties of the paste samples with RCA fines were evaluated by means of heat of hydration, pH variation, and Vicat needle penetration in their early age. Compressive str...
Bremsstrahlung from gas atom targets: Study of background processes

Abstract Recent absolute bremsstrahlung cross section experiments on gas targets of Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe at 28 and 50 keV have shown a significant polarization bremsstrahlung (PB) contribution, in contrast with previous thin-film experiments where no PB has been seen. Recently, Obolensky and Pratt have considered ways to improve the PB model, but the theory is still about 20% below the data. While a more complete theoretical calculation is certainly needed, we consider two additional background processes, not corrected in the experiment, that depend on the background photon spectrum in the beam line produced by electron interaction with collimators in the beam. We compare an estimate of both backgrounds with that from beam electrons elastically scattered by the gas into the cell window or wall and discuss initial efforts to measure these backgrounds.
Familial Hypercholesterolemia: What the Zebra Can Teach Us About the Horse

SELECTED CASES Case 1 A 6-year-old boy was referred to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1974 for evaluation of xanthomas and hypercholesterolemia. Raised, yellowish plaques had first appeared between his fingers at the age of 4 years. When he was 6 years of age, his pediatrician also noted the presence of tuberous xanthomas on his elbows and knees. After it was determined that his blood cholesterol level was 29.2 mmol/L (1120 mg/dL), the patient was referred to the NIH for evaluation and treatment. Physical examination disclosed the presence of planar and tuberous xanthomas on the hands (Fig 1, A), circumferential arcus corneae (Fig 1, B), and tuberous xanthomas on the elbows (Fig 1, C). Planar xanthomas on the knees were also detected (Fig 1, D). Cardiac examination disclosed a normal S1 and S2, but a III/VI systolic ejection murmur at the left base radiated throughout the precordium and
Control of three-dimensional phase dynamics in a cylinder wake

Recently there has been a surge of new interest in three-dimensional wake patterns. In the present work, we have devised a method to control the spanwise end conditions and wake patterns using “end suction”, which is both continuously-variable and admits transient control. Classical steady-state patterns, such as parallel or oblique shedding or the “chevron” patterns are simply induced. The wake, at a given Reynolds number, is receptive to a continuous range of oblique shedding angles (θ), rather than to discrete angles, and there is excellent agreement with the “cos θ” formula for oblique-shedding frequencies. We show that the laminar shedding regime exists up to Reynolds numbers (Re) of 205, and that the immense disparity among reported critical Re for wake transition (Re = 140–190) can be explained in terms of spanwise end contamination. Our transient experiments have resulted in the discovery of new phenomena such as “phase shocks” and “phase expansions”, which can be explained in terms of a simple model assuming constant normal wavelength of the wake pattern. Peter Monkewitz (Lausanne) also predicts such transient phenomena from a Guinzburg-Landau model for the wake.
Colorectal cancer incidence and mortality in Texas 1990-1992: a comparison of rural classifications.

Although cancer incidence and mortality rates are known to be higher in urban populations, more unstaged tumors and later staged cancer are diagnosed in rural populations. Most investigators have used a dichotomous definition of urban and rural in studying these populations, and they have not considered whether a more detailed categorization of rural areas could influence their findings. The objective of this study was to evaluate colorectal cancer incidence and mortality rates in Texas from 1990 to 1992 by using a dichotomous definition (Metropolitan Area vs. Nonmetropolitan Area [MA/non-MA]) and two, more detailed rural classifications (the Rural-Urban Continuum Code [RUCC] and the Urban Influence Code [UICI). Cancer data were obtained from the Texas Cancer Registry for 1990 to 1992 and supplemented with data from the Texas State Department of Vital Statistics (mortality), the U.S. Census Bureau (age, gender, race) and the Area Resource File (rural and urban definitions). Incidence and mortality rates, age-adjusted to the 1970 U.S. standard population, were calculated for non-Hispanic White, African American, and Hispanic males and females. Results revealed a nonlinear relationship between rural category and colorectal cancer incidence or mortality for all races. Applying the MA definition yielded rates in the middle of the ranges obtained with using RUCC or UIC classifications and most closely reflected the result for non-Hispanic Whites using the more detailed scales. Our results suggest that a dichotomous definition of rural and urban may mask important variation in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality rates within rural areas.
Detection of functional connectivity using temporal correlations in MR images.

Functional connectivity among brain regions has been investigated via an analysis of correlations between regional signal fluctuations recorded in magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained in a steady state. In comparison with studies of functional connectivity that utilize task manipulations, the analysis of correlations in steady state data is less susceptible to confounds arising when functionally unrelated brain regions respond in similar ways to changes in task. A new approach to identifying interregional correlations in steady state data makes use of two independent data sets. Regions of interest (ROIs) are defined and hypotheses regarding their connectivity are generated in one data set. The connectivity hypotheses are then evaluated in the remaining (independent) data set by analyzing low frequency temporal correlations between regions. The roles of the two data sets are then reversed and the process repeated, perhaps multiple times. This method was illustrated by application to the language system. The existence of a functional connection between Broca's area and Wernicke's area was confirmed in healthy subjects at rest. An increase in this functional connection when the language system was actively engaged (when subjects were continuously listening to narrative text) was also confirmed. In a second iteration of analyses, a correlation between Broca's area and a region in left premotor cortex was found to be significant at rest and to increase during continuous listening. These findings suggest that the proposed methodology can reveal the presence and strength of functional connections in high-level cognitive systems.
Acoustic stimulation increases phosphoinositide breakdown in the guinea pig cochlea

The effect of sound stimulation on phosphoinositide turnover was investigated in the inner ear of the guinea pig. The perilymphatic spaces of the cochlea were perfused with (~2P)orthophosphate (32P i) and labeled lipids analyzed in the tissues of the lateral wall of the cochlea (stria vascularis and spiral ligament) and the basilar membrane (organ of Corti). Consistent with previous results, polyphosphoino- sitides rapidly incorporated ~2p~ comprising 70-80% of labeled lipids in all tissues analyzed: phosphatidyl- inositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdlnsP z) was 66% of total (~zP)phospholipids in the lateral wall tissues and 45 % in the organ of Corti; phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdlnsP) was 28% in the lateral wall and 24% in the organ of Corti. After 90 min of labeling the hydrolysis of lipids was measured by replacing the radioactive P~ with 1 mM Nail 2 PO 4 in the perfusate for the 30 min "'chase". Exposure of the ear to sound (100 dB white noise) during the chase significantly augmented the hydrolysis of (32P)PtdlnsP2 in the organ of Corti by 20% (P = 0.01) but not in the lateral wall tissues. Since the organ of Corti contains the auditory sensory cells, the results suggest that the observed increased hydrolysis of PtdlnsP, is associated with auditory processing in the inner ear. Auditory processing in the mammalian cochlea involves two distinct populations of sensory cells, the inner and the outer hair cells. The inner hair cells are thought to be the primary transducers of acoustic information while the outer hair cells may modulate the micromechanical response of the cochlea by an active motile process in response to efferent activation (Kim, 1984). Contractile movements have indeed been observed in isolated outer hair cells in vitro in response to electrical and chemical stimuli (Brownell, 1984; Zenner et al., 1985). We have previously investigated phospholipids in auditory receptors. Sound increased 32p~-incorpor- ation into phosphoinositides in the ear of the noctuid moth, an effect associated with the action potential (Kilian and Schacht, 1980) while the guinea pig cochlea did not reveal changes in the synthesis of 32p-lipids in response to acoustic stimuli (Schacht, 1984). A dynamic role of phospholipids in receptor- mediated cellular responses was first proposed about 30 years ago (Hokin and Hokin, 1953) but only recently have details of this signal transduction
Some related aspects of sequential coupling

Abstract We discuss the situation in which one electronic state is coupled to a sparse set of vibronic states which are in turn coupled to a continuum. Analysis is made of photophysical decay in formaldehyde, delayed thermal fluorescence, and intersystem crossing in aromatic hydrocarbons.
The Extended Metropolis: Settlement Transition in Asia

Asian urbanization is entering a new phase that differs significantly from the patterns of city growth experienced in other developing countries and in the developed world. According to a recent hypothesis, zones of intensive economic interaction between rural and urban activities are emerging. The zones appear to be a new form of socioeconomic organization that is neither rural nor urban, but preserves essential ingredients of each. The landscapes in these extended metropolitan zones have changed little over decades. Most people live in villages, and almost all of the land is under cultivation. However, most income now comes from non-agricultural sources. Village and small-town industries provide employment for some family members, who help out in the fields only at planting or harvesting time. Others commute to jobs in the central cities. Still others live in the cities and their satellites, remitting portions of their salaries to the family. This study elaborates on this hypothesis through studies of urban areas in China, India, Indonesia and Japan. Contributors offer different perspectives from a variety of disciplines including geography, regional planning, sociology, economics and public administration. All seek to determine how rapidly, under what circumstances, and on what scale the extended metropolis is emerging.
Heavy ion backscattering spectrometry (HIBS) — An improved technique for trace element detection

Abstract We have developed an improved approach to Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) which has hundreds of times greater sensitivity to medium-to-heavy surface impurities than conventional RBS. The basis of this technique is to use a medium-energy (~ a few 100 keV) heavy ion beam for analysis (eg. 400 keV C+); the key innovation is the use of a thin (~ 200 nm), self-supporting carbon foil in front of the surface-barrier detector to range out particles scattered from the substrate. Using this technique, called heavy ion backscattering spectrometry (HIBS), we have demonstrated sensitivity of better than 1011 at. cm 2 for Au on a Si substrate.
The selection of microcomputers for industrial data acquisition

Abstract The continued decline in the cost of computer hardware has led to new applications of computer technology in data acquisition systems. This paper is concerned with the proper selection of small scale computers for these applications. The first section of the paper compares microcomputers with two likely alternatives in data acquisition systems—minicomputers on the high end of the scale and hard-wired logic on the low end. In the second section the criteria for selecting microcomputers are discussed. Two case studies illustrating the application of these criteria are analyzed in the concluding section.
Lateral scalability limits of silicon conduction channels

We have investigated the lateral scalability limits of the conduction channels in several metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structures, at room temperature, with the goal to understand for which geometries and under which operating conditions a narrow channel approaching the quantum-wire limit can maintain reasonable isolation. A wide range of calculations were carried out using an efficient two-dimensional self-consistent model based on the coupled Schrodinger and Poisson equations. We found that a good trade-off in performance and manufacturability is obtained with a T-shaped gate metallization. Our calculations show that if one uses a highly doped substrate for this system, a quasimonomode quantum wire can be realized at room temperature with a sufficiently high confining barrier. Because of random dopant fluctuations affecting reproducibility and threshold behavior, it would be desirable to eliminate doping in the channel when the width approaches nanometer scale. However, the same MOS structures implem...
Epidemiology of West Nile virus: a silent epiornitic in Northern Delaware in 2007 without associated human cases.

Abstract We performed a 2-year longitudinal study (2006–2007) of West Nile virus (WNV) infections in wild birds, mosquitoes, and sentinel chickens at 6 WNV-endemic sites in northern Delaware. We determined virus infection rates of Culex pipiens and other mosquito vectors as well as seroprevalence and antibody titers of amplifying hosts. Endemicity status varied widely among the 6 sites based on 3 criteria—mosquito infections, sentinel chicken seropositivity, and wild bird seropositivity. A highly endemic site would display at least 2 of the 3 criteria during each year of the study, while a site with just 1 positive criterion was considered to have low endemicity. Culex pipiens was the principal vector detected at 2 highly endemic sites in 2006 vs. 1 site in 2007. However, in 2006, we also found 2 other WNV-positive vector species as well as an unidentifiable Culex species at 1 highly endemic site, suggesting increased activity at the end of the 1st year of the study. Wild birds were early indicators of WN...
Mesocosm studies of DCMU-enhanced fluorescence as a measure of phytoplankton photosynthesis

When measurements of in-vivo fluorescence are used to estimate photosynthesis in the field, the marked temporal and spatial variations in phytoplankton populations, and their nutrient and light histories, have produced varied results. Natural phytoplankton populations in large, flow-through mesocosms with different controlled nutrient and sewage sludge additions were sampled weekly from June to September 1984. Good correlations were observed between the increase in fluorescence upon the addition of DCMU (ΔF) and both in-situ production and the parameters (Pm and α) of the photosynthesis-irradiance curve for these phytoplankton populations. Good correlations were also obtained between DCMU-enhanced fluorescence (FDCMU) and chlorophyll a concentrations. The relationship between ΔF and in-situ14C production was consistent among mesocosms even in the face of major shifts from diatom-dominated to dinoflagellate-dominated populations. On the other hand, the FDCMU:Chl a relationship was significantly different between mesocosms and related to species composition. It was concluded that ΔF offers the possibility of rapidly and accurately indexing both in-situ production and the photosynthetic capacity of mixed phytoplankton populations.
The Constituted Nature of Constituents’ Interests Historical and Ideational Factors in Judicial Empowerment

Through an analysis of constitutional transitions in one democratizing case (Spain 1978) and one authoritarian case (Chile 1980), this article argues that judicial empowerment can be accurately explained only through reference to the historical and ideational context in which institutional designers operate. Historical and ideational factors—that is, shared experiences, beliefs, identities, ideologies, and interpretations of events and sequences of events at home or abroad—shape the way that political actors perceive their interests, formulate their strategies, and justify their decisions and are thus crucial to explaining when, why, and how institutional designers choose to empower courts.
Differences in the concentration and correlation of cervical immune markers among HPV positive and negative perimenopausal women.

Abstract Introduction Women ⩾45 years of age with persistent HPV infections have distinct peripheral circulating immune profiles. Few studies have comprehensively evaluated the cervical immunologic microenvironment in HPV-positive and HPV-negative perimenopausal women. Methods We collected cervical secretion specimens from 34 high risk HPV (HR-HPV) positive and 44 HR-HPV negative women enrolled in an ongoing prospective cohort assessing the natural history of HPV across the menopausal transition. We used these specimens to quantify concentrations of 27 different immune markers using multiplexed bead-based immunoassays. Results HR-HPV positive women had significantly higher median concentrations of IL-5 (0.11 ng/mg total protein vs. 0.08 ng/mg total protein ), IL-9 (2.7 ng/mg total protein vs. 2.1 ng/mg total protein ), IL-13 (2.1 ng/mg total protein vs. 0.9 ng/mg total protein ), IL-17 (2.9 ng/mg total protein vs. 1.1 ng/mg total protein ), EOTAXIN (4.1 ng/mg total protein vs. 1.1 ng/mg total protein ), GM-CSF (4.3 ng/mg total protein vs. 3.3 ng/mg total protein ), and MIP-1α (3.5 ng/mg total protein vs. 1.9 ng/mg total protein ) compared to HR-HPV negative women. A shift in the correlation of T-cell and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, and TNF-α) from IL-2 to EOTAXIN was observed between HR-HPV negative and positive women. Conclusions Higher local concentrations of anti-inflammatory and allergy associated markers, with a shift in T-cell associated cytokine correlation from IL-2 to EOTAXIN, are associated with HPV infection among older women.
Magnetic moments of 2 1 + states of even-even Pd, Cd, and Ba isotopes

The magnetic moments of ${2}_{1}^{+}$ states of $^{102\ensuremath{-}110}\mathrm{Pd}$, $^{106\ensuremath{-}116}\mathrm{Cd}$, and $^{130\ensuremath{-}136}\mathrm{Ba}$ have been measured by the dynamic field technique. The resulting magnetic moments are compared to the predictions of the vibrational model and to the interacting boson model.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{102\ensuremath{-}110}\mathrm{Pd}$($^{32}\mathrm{S}$, $^{32}\mathrm{S}$\ensuremath{'}) $^{102\ensuremath{-}110}\mathrm{Pd}$ (${2}_{1}^{+}$), $^{106\ensuremath{-}116}\mathrm{Cd}$($^{32}\mathrm{S}$, $^{32}\mathrm{S}$\ensuremath{'}) $^{106\ensuremath{-}116}\mathrm{Cd}$ (${2}_{1}^{+}$), $^{130\ensuremath{-}136}\mathrm{Ba}$($^{32}\mathrm{S}$,$^{32}\mathrm{\ifmmode \acute{S}\else \'{S}\fi{}}$)$^{130\ensuremath{-}136}\mathrm{Ba}$(${2}_{1}^{+}$) ${E}_{S}\ensuremath{\sim}72\ensuremath{-}80$ MeV, enriched targets; measured $W(\ensuremath{\theta},H,\ensuremath{\infty})$ through polarized iron; deduced $g(2_{}^{+}{}_{1}{}^{})$.
New Concept in Runback Water Modeling for Anti-Iced Aircraft Surfaces

A numerical simulation of the anti-icing of aircraft surfaces is presented. The simulation utilizes the breakup of a uniformly thin liquid film into individual streams or rivulets separated by dry spaces to more accurately describe the physics of runback water. A two-dimensional heat transfer approach is used to calculate the temperature distributions in the runback water and in the solid wall. The model allows a multilayer representation of the solid wall with the possibility of heating the surface by means of electrical heating elements embedded within the layers or by means of convective heating of the surface from the inside using compressor bleed air. Parametric studies are performed to investigate the effects of some of the problem variables on the results.
Regulation of metalloproteinases and NF‐κB activation in rabbit synovial fibroblasts via E prostaglandins and Erk: contrasting effects of nabumetone and 6MNA

1 Nabumetone is a prodrug that is converted in vivo into 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6MNA), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor with anti-inflammatory properties. We tested the effects of nabumetone and 6MNA on the inflammatory responses of synovial fibroblasts (SFs). 2 Brief exposures to 6MNA (50-150 microm) had no effect on IL-1beta/TNF-alpha (each 20 ng ml(-1))-stimulated Erk activation. Longer exposures depleted prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) as much as 70%, and stimulated Erk as much as 300%. Nabumetone (150 microm) inhibited Erk activation by 60-80%. 6MNA (50-150 microm) stimulated (approximately 200%) and nabumetone (150 microm) inhibited (approximately 50%) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, but not MMP-13 secretion from SFs. 3 6MNA stimulation of MMP-1 secretion was inhibited approximately 30% by PGE1 (1 microm) and approximately 80% by the Erk pathway inhibitor UO126 (10 microm), confirming that PGE depletion and Erk activation mediate MMP-1 secretion by 6MNA. 4 Consistent with its role as an Erk inhibitor, nabumetone (150 microm) abrogated 6MNA enhancement of MMP-1 secretion. 5 UO126 (10 microm) and nabumetone (150 microm) inhibited (approximately 70 and 40%, respectively), but 6MNA (150 microm) enhanced (approximately 40%), NF-kappaB activation. 6 Our data indicate that 6MNA shares with other COX inhibitors several proinflammatory effects on synovial fibroblasts. In contrast, nabumetone demonstrates anti-inflammatory and potentially arthroprotective effects that have not been previously appreciated.
FIC Descriptions and Interpretive Social Science: Should Philosophers Roll Their Eyes?

Many social scientists and journalists attempt to explain events in recent or distant history by uncovering hidden beliefs and desires held by groups. Such ascriptions are problematic in that beliefs are attributed to groups rather than individuals, and, in that being “hidden,” they cannot be attributed using ordinary everyday methods. In this paper, I try to sort out what is sensible and what is muddled in this unusual but very common type of belief ascription.
Backbone 1H, 15N, and 13C resonance assignments for the NOXO1β PX domain.

NOXO1 (Nox Organizer 1) is a homolog of the NAPDH oxidase protein p47phox. NADPH oxidases transfer electrons from NADPH to molecular oxygen, generating the superoxide anion. NOXO1 contains an N-terminal PX (phox homology) domain and is one of several PX domain-containing proteins found in the cytosolic subunits of the NADPH oxidase complex. These PX domains bind to membrane lipids and target the protein to membranes, recruiting other cytosolic components to the membrane bound components and aiding formation of a active enzyme complex. This recruitment represents a level of regulation of these oxidases. Here we report the backbone assignments of NOXO1β PX.
Insulin increases NADH/NAD + redox state, which stimulates guanylate cyclase in vascular smooth muscle

BACKGROUND: Insulin inhibits contraction and migration of primary confluent, cultured canine vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by stimulating cyclic GMP (cGMP) production. The present study was performed to determine how insulin stimulates guanylate cyclase activity in these cells. METHODS: Primary cultured VSMC were obtained from canine femoral arteries. Lactate and pyruvate levels were measured by enzymatic assays, cGMP production by radioimmunoassay, iNOS activity by conversion of arginine to citrulline, and cell contraction by photomicroscopy. Results: Insulin (1 nmol/L) increased cGMP production fivefold in VSMC with iNOS while raising the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio (LPR) from 3.1 ± 0.5 to 10.0 ± 1.6 (P < .05), indicating a rise in the ratio of reduced/oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH/NAD+) redox state of the cell. Insulin’s stimulation of cGMP production was blocked by 0.1 mmol/L NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (L-NMMA) indicating dependence on iNOS activity, but insulin did not affect iNOS activity. Blocking insulin’s increase in LPR by pyruvate (0.5 mmol/L) or oxaloacetate (0.5 mmol/L) completely inhibited the insulin-stimulated component of cGMP production. Pyruvate also blocked insulin’s inhibition of serotonin-induced contraction in nonproliferated cells. In the absence of insulin, 5 mmol/L lactate or isocitrate increased the LPR by 420% ± 47% and 167% ± 20%, respectively (both P < .05), and stimulated cGMP production by 1045% ± 272% and 278% ± 33%, respectively (both P < .05) by an L-NMMA–inhibitable mechanism. Although cGMP production in cells with iNOS was increased by insulin, the stimulation of cGMP production in cells without iNOS by 3-(5"-hydroxymethyl-2"furyl)-1-benzyl indazole (YC-1) was not affected by insulin, suggesting that insulin does not stimulate guanylate cyclase activity directly. Conclusion: We conclude that insulin increases cGMP production in VSMC with iNOS by raising the cell NADH/NAD+ redox state, which may increase the availability of iNOS-derived NO.
Gauged supergravities, de Sitter space and cosmology

We have studied scalar potentials V of gauged N=8,4,2 supergravities in d=4. Extrema of these potentials may correspond to de Sitter, anti de Sitter and Minkowski vacua. We have found that all known de Sitter extrema correspond to unstable maximum/saddle points with negative curvature |V{double_prime}| = 2V for the fields canonically normalized at the extremum. This is equivalent to the relation |m{sup 2}| = |R|/2 = 6H{sup 2} for the tachyonic mass m, the curvature scalar R, and the Hubble constant H. This prevents the use of de Sitter extrema for slow-roll inflation in the early universe, which would require |V{double_prime}| V. We also display some potentials that have flat directions with vanishing cosmological constant, and discuss their possible cosmological implications.
Word Study: A Multilinguistic Approach for Spelling Instruction

This paper describes the multilinguistic spelling assessment and treatment protocol for aseventh-grade male student using a collaborative approach between a speech-languagepathologist and librarians. Working together, the team used internet search tools toprovide authentic reading and writing materials for generalization of acquired word studyskills. Specific goals and activities were tailored to meet the student's needs byintegrating 5 linguistic awareness components of word study instruction.
Private Governments in Urban Areas: Political Contracting and Collective Action

Urban areas are increasingly populated by new organizations called private governments that are created within the boundaries of existing local governments. Examples include homeowner associations, community benefits districts, and business improvement districts. Citizens attempting to form private governments that supply public goods may encounter collective action problems. Utilizing transaction resource theory, the article examines potential collective action problems in forming private governments and explains how solutions to these problems emerge as a conse- quence of a political contracting process between stakeholders, where the rules of the resulting relational contract define expected cooperative behaviors. The article also applies transaction resource theory to a case study of the contracting process used to overcome potential collective action problems in creating a private government in Balti- more, Maryland. The case study demonstrates the complexities of the contracting process and illustrates how collective action problems might be intertwined in the prephase, negotiation phase, and postphase.
EVIDENCE OF ALTERED SECONDARY LYMPHOID-TISSUE CHEMOKINE RESPONSIVENESS IN BALB/C MICE INFECTED WITH SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI

To determine the extent to which splenic T cells were affected by Schistosoma mansoni infection, we investigated the ability of the T cells to produce interferon (IFN)-γ, as well as their chemotactic ability 7 wk PI. In this study, we report that splenic T cells from Balb/c mice with S. mansoni infections were capable of producing levels of IFN-γ comparable with splenic T cells from naive mice. However, the T cells exhibited altered chemotactic activity, as evidenced by an inability to respond to secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine (SLC/CCL21). Although no difference in chemokine expression was found between the spleens of infected versus control mice, chemokine production was greater in the livers of infected versus control mice. Collectively, these data indicate that Balb/c mice with 7-wk S. mansoni infection possess splenic T cells with altered chemotactic activity and that the alterations may be a consequence of the granulomatous response in the liver.
POS5 Gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Encodes a Mitochondrial NADH Kinase Required for Stability of Mitochondrial DNA

In a search for nuclear genes that affect mutagenesis of mitochondrial DNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, an ATP-NAD (NADH) kinase, encoded by POS5, that functions exclusively in mitochondria was identified. The POS5 gene product was overproduced in Escherichia coli and purified without a mitochondrial targeting sequence. A direct biochemical assay demonstrated that the POS5 gene product utilizes ATP to phosphorylate both NADH and NAD+, with a twofold preference for NADH. Disruption of POS5 increased minus-one frameshift mutations in mitochondrial DNA 50-fold, as measured by the arg8m reversion assay, with no increase in nuclear mutations. Also, a dramatic increase in petite colony formation and slow growth on glycerol or limited glucose were observed. POS5 was previously described as a gene required for resistance to hydrogen peroxide. Consistent with a role in the mitochondrial response to oxidative stress, a pos5 deletion exhibited a 28-fold increase in oxidative damage to mitochondrial proteins and hypersensitivity to exogenous copper. Furthermore, disruption of POS5 induced mitochondrial biogenesis as a response to mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, the POS5 NADH kinase is required for mitochondrial DNA stability with a critical role in detoxification of reactive oxygen species. These results predict a role for NADH kinase in human mitochondrial diseases.
Expression and clinicopathological significance of oestrogen-responsive ezrin-radixin-moesin-binding phosphoprotein 50 in breast cancer.

Aims: Ezrin–radixin–moesin-binding phosphoprotein 50 (EBP50) is a post synaptic density-95/Disk-large/ZO-1 homologous domain-containing protein that is involved in the linkage of integral membrane proteins to the cytoskeleton and plays an important role in cell signalling. To gain insights into its biological relevance, this study examined expression of EBP50 in two cohorts of breast carcinoma. Methods and results: Forty-nine breast carcinoma tissue specimens were first examined by both immunohistochemistry and RNA in situ hybridization. EBP50 expression was correlated with various clinicopathological variables. The relative abundance of EBP50 mRNA in breast carcinomas and their corresponding normal tissue was compared using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). EBP50 immunoreactivity was then further independently validated in 120 breast carcinomas on tissue microarrays. EBP50 immunoreactivity was observed in morphologically normal and cancerous epithelial cells contrasting with the adjacent immunonegative stromal cells. An elevated cytoplasmic accumulation of EBP50 protein was readily detected in 73.5–80% of breast carcinomas. EBP50 immunoreactivity was significantly associated with tumour stage, lymph node and oestrogen receptor status. These immunohistochemical observations were further validated using RNA in situ hybridization and RT-PCR. EBP50 immunoreactivity was significantly correlated with the mRNA expression level. Conclusion: Oestrogen-responsive EBP50 may play an important role in tumour progression and might be a potential marker of invasiveness for breast cancer.