cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diverse Evolution in 111 Plant Genomes Reveals Purifying and Dosage Balancing Selection Models for F-Box Genes

The F-box proteins function as substrate receptors to determine the specificity of Skp1-Cul1-F-box ubiquitin ligases. Genomic studies revealed large and diverse sizes of the F-box gene superfamily across plant species. Our previous studies suggested that the plant F-box gene superfamily is under genomic drift evolution promoted by epigenomic programming. However, how the size of the superfamily drifts across plant genomes is currently unknown. Through a large-scale genomic and phylogenetic comparison of the F-box gene superfamily covering 110 green plants and one red algal species, I discovered four distinct groups of plant F-box genes with diverse evolutionary processes. While the members in Clusters 1 and 2 are species/lineage-specific, those in Clusters 3 and 4 are present in over 46 plant genomes. Statistical modeling suggests that F-box genes from the former two groups are skewed toward fewer species and more paralogs compared to those of the latter two groups whose presence frequency and sizes in plant genomes follow a random statistical model. The enrichment of known Arabidopsis F-box genes in Clusters 3 and 4, along with comprehensive biochemical evidence showing that Arabidopsis members in Cluster 4 interact with the Arabidopsis Skp1-like 1 (ASK1), demonstrates over-representation of active F-box genes in these two groups. Collectively, I propose purifying and dosage balancing selection models to explain the lineage/species-specific duplications and expansions of F-box genes in plant genomes. The purifying selection model suggests that most, if not all, lineage/species-specific F-box genes are detrimental and are thus kept at low frequencies in plant genomes.
Battle of the Internet Channels: How Do Mobile and Fixed-Line Quality Drive Internet Use?

We study whether and under what conditions mobile Internet networks compete with traditional fixed-line Internet networks by examining how the quality of local fixed-line Internet service influence...
Performance and cost analysis of liquid fuel production from H2 and CO2 based on the Fischer-Tropsch process

Abstract Electro-fuels can be produced from concentrated sources of carbon dioxide and hydrogen using electricity generated from renewable sources; this process enables energy storage at high volumetric energy density. Among the electro-fuels options, FT (Fischer-Tropsch) fuel is attractive for heavy-duty trucks and non-road transportation applications. The present study conducts a techno-economic analysis of FT liquid fuel production from H2 and CO2 using a detailed performance analysis. Minimum fuel selling price is estimated for a broad range of H2 and CO2 prices and for a range of potential CO2 credits. The analysis indicates that H2 price has the largest impact on the minimum selling price of FT fuel. FT fuel production with a CO2 price of $17.3/metric ton requires an H2 price of $0.8/kg to be cost-competitive with the pre-tax petroleum diesel price of $3.1/gal in 2050 (before the application of any CO2 credits). When the H2 price is $2.0/kg from central water electrolysis (2020 target), the minimum selling price of the FT fuel is $5.4–5.9/gal. A sensitivity analysis shows that future system optimization of FT fuel production could focus on improving the H2 and CO2 recycle contributions and FT fuel conversion ratio. The analysis results can be combined with various upstream systems for H2 and CO2 production.
Optimal secretion of thermostable Beta-glucosidase in Bacillus subtilis by signal peptide optimization.

Abstract Commercial applications of β-glucosidase (BGL) demands its purity and availability on a large scale. In the present study, we aim to optimize the expression and secretion of a thermostable BGL from Pyrococcus furiosus (PfuBGL) in B. subtilis strain RIK1285. Initial studies with base strain BV002 harboring aprE signal peptide (aprESP) showed PfuBGL yield of 0.743 ± 0.19 pNP U/ml only. A library of 173 different homologous SPs from B. subtilis 168 genome was fused with target PfuBGL gene (PF0073) in pBE-S vector and extracellularly expressed in RIK1285 strain to identify optimal SP for PfuBGL secretion. High-throughput screening of the resulting SP library for BGL activity with a synthetic substrate followed by systematic scaling of the clones yielded a gene construct with CitHSP reporting a sixteen fold enhancement of PfuBGL secretion in comparison to base strain. Batch fermentation (7.5 L scale) PfuBGL yield of the BV003 strain with CitHSP-PF0073 fusion was observed to be 12.08 ± 0.21 pNP U/ml with specific activity of 35.52 ± 0.53 U/mg. Thus, the study represents report on the secretory expression of thermostable PfuBGL using B. subtilis as a host organism and demonstrating its high potential for industrial production of any protein/enzyme.
Evaluation of a covariate-constrained randomization procedure in stepped wedge cluster randomized trials.

Abstract In stepped wedge (SW) designs, differing cluster-level characteristics or individual-level covariate distributions that differ by cluster can lead to imbalance by treatment arm and potential confounding of the treatment effect. Adapting a method used in cluster-randomized trials, we propose a covariate-constrained randomization method to be used in SW designs. First, we define a balance metric to be calculated for all possible randomizations of cluster order for a given SW design. The resulting distribution of this balance metric across all possible randomizations is used to select a candidate set of randomizations with acceptable covariate balance. One cluster order is selected at random from this candidate set to be used as the cluster order for treatment implementation. In a simulation study, we implement the covariate-constrained randomization procedure and compare treatment effect estimation, type I error, and power under varying SW design and confounding settings, and using multiple analysis methods. We observed optimal statistical properties when the balance metric was used to exclude a small set of potential randomizations with the highest level of imbalance, and when analysis methods were adjusted for the potential confounders. The covariate-constrained randomization was most beneficial in settings with a small number of clusters and in the presence of cluster-level confounding.
All of this was awful:" Exploring the experience of nurses caring for patients with COVID-19 in the United States."

INTRODUCTION: Little research documents the experience of nurses caring for patients with COVID-19 in the United States. This article explores the experience of nurses providing direct care to COVID-19 patients to understand the working conditions and emotional impact of working in this pandemic on nurses. METHODS: Data were gathered through an online survey distributed via snowball sampling in July 2020. The survey included an open-ended question asking nurses to describe a personal experience providing care to a COVID-19 patient. Researchers analyzed 118 responses using content analysis. RESULTS: The experience of nurses providing care to patients with COVID-19 was summarized into six themes: (1) feeling overwhelmed with the quantity of work (33.1%), (2) patient death (30.5%), (3) helplessness (23.7%), (4) absence of patient family presence and need for additional support (22.9%), (5) personal protective equipment (PPE) concerns regarding safety and how PPE can impair the nursing role (20.3%), and (6) lack of preparedness for the pandemic (16.9%). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest working directly with COVID-19 patients is a significant psychological strain on nurses. Adequate personal and institutional support for nurses is needed to prevent and treat mental distress from working under these conditions.
Combining Micropunch Histology and Multidimensional Lipidomic Measurements for In-Depth Tissue Mapping

While decades of technical and analytical advancements have been utilized to discover novel lipid species, increase speciation, and evaluate localized lipid dysregulation at subtissue, cellular, an...
iSound: A Smartphone Based Intelligent Sound Fusion System for the Hearing Impaired

High quality hearing aids can come with a premium price tag. As a result, it can be challenging for a hearing impaired individual to obtain a hearing aid. Without such a device, the individual may struggle to communicate with others. To address this challenge, we aim to develop a smartphone-based hearing aid application (termed as iSound) that can serve as an alternative option for hearing impaired individuals. The iSound app is designed to have the capability to adapt to various scenarios with different requirements. Specifically, iSound can utilize both gain (volume) increases and frequency compression techniques as required. We implement iSound on an off-the-shelf Android-based smartphone. The current implementation of iSound is demonstrated to be able to compress signals to a desired range of frequencies as specified, with some distortions and delays. We believe iSound can be a viable alternative for hearing impaired individuals.
Hearts at stake

Purpose – The paper aims to present a model for communicating mergers and acquisitions.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is a case study of a corporate merger.Findings – Communication is a crucial strategic tool in the integration process that follows a merger or an acquisition. M&As differ from other changes as virtually everything is at stake – both practical issues as well as the corporate identity. Hence, the identity issue must be addressed specifically, as a change in corporate identity is expected to affect the employees seriously due to the identification with the corporate identity. The paper also emphasizes the importance of empowering and enabling middle managers for the communication task in order to act as change agents, as the middle manager has reason to feel as “endangered” by the acquisition as his/her employees.Originality/value – The paper offers a practical model for integration communication.
When is Negligent Inadvertence Culpable? Introduction to Symposium, Negligence in Criminal Law and Morality

Doug Husak suggests that sometimes an actor should be deemed reckless, and not merely negligent, with respect to the risks that she knowingly created but has forgotten at the moment of action. The validity of this conclusion, he points out, depends crucially on what it means to be aware of a risk. Husak’s “neutral prompt” and “counterfactual actual belief” criteria are problematic, however. More persuasive is his suggestion that we understand belief, in this moral and criminal law context, as a concept whose meaning is determined by its function as a culpability standard. Husak concludes that inadvertent actors are often less culpable than knowing-but-later-forgetful actors; this is plausible, but there are also numerous counterexamples.
Spatial variations in the composition of turbidites due to hydrodynamic fractionation

[1] This study uses measurements from physical experiments to document turbidity currents, which are density currents composed of suspended sediment and water, to be effective at hydrodynamically fractionating minerals on the basis of grain density and grain shape alone, resulting in large-scale spatial variations in the composition of their deposits. While grain composition varies spatially, the population sampled at any one location is hydrodynamically equivalent. Spatial variations in composition of the deposits are modeled using exponential decay functions, which are based on initial concentration of grain types and their respective differences in settling velocity. We further discuss implications of this process for addressing practical geophysical problems, in which mineralogical distributions are important, such as provenance and geochronology studies, subsurface imaging, and predicting bulk properties of subsurface reservoirs.
Crystal Disordering in Melting and Amorphization

Among the structural phase transitions that evolve from an initially crystalline state, melting is the most common and most extensively studied. Another transformation that produces a disordered final state is solid-state amorphization. In this section the underlying thermodynamic and kinetic features of these two phenomena in a bulk lattice and at surfaces and grain boundaries will be discussed [1]. By focusing on the insights derived from molecular-dynamics simulations, we are led quite naturally to a view of structural disordering that unifies the crystal-to-liquid (C-L) and crystal-to-amorphous (C-A) transitions at high and low temperatures, respectively.
Using mini minimum jerk model for human activity classification in home-based monitoring

This paper proposes a method for human activity classification in home based monitoring. The proposed approach is based on minimum jerk (MinJerk), a primary model for smooth path planning employed by human motor control in upper-extremity motion. Based on new evidences that show common control strategies in lower and upper extremity, MinJerk is adapted in our study to estimate the foot motion with fifth order polynomial functions. Experimental data are recorded during walking and going up and down the stairs using a single inertial measurement unit. Features of interest in this study are the optimized curve fitting coefficients. Using a structured support vector machine with radial basis function, an overall accuracy of 98.6% is achieved for activity classification. The proposed method is also capable of detecting the transitions between the movements with accuracy of 99.96%.
Mutant superoxide dismutase 1 causes motor neuron degeneration independent of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activation by p35 or p25

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective loss of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Neurotoxicity mediated by glutamate is thought to play a role in the neuronal death through intracellular calcium-dependent signaling cascades. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) has been proposed as one of the calcium-dependent mediators that may cause neuronal death observed in this disease. Cdk5 is activated in neurons by the association with its activators, p35 or p39. The calcium-activated protease calpain cleaves p35 to its truncated product, p25, which eventually causes the cellular mislocalization and prolonged activation of Cdk5. This deregulated Cdk5 induces cytoskeletal disruption and apoptosis. To examine whether inhibition of the calpain-mediated conversion of p35 to p25 can delay the disease progression of ALS, we generated double transgenic mice in which ALS-linked mutant copper/zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1G93A) was expressed in a p35-null background. The absence of p35 neither affected the onset and progression of motor neuron disease in the mutant SOD1 mice nor ameliorated the pathological lesions in these mice. Our results provide direct evidence that the pathogenesis of motor neuron disease in the mutant SOD1 mice is independent of the Cdk5 activation by p35 or p25.
Dielectric Elastomers for Actuators and Artificial Muscles

A number of electroactive polymers have been explored for their use as artificial muscles. Among these, dielectric elastomers appear to provide the best combination of properties for true muscle-like actuation. Dielectric elastomers behave as compliant capacitors, expanding in area and shrinking in thickness when a voltage is applied. Materials combining very high energy densities, strains and efficiencies have been known for some time. To date, however, the widespread adoption of dielectric elastomers has been hindered by premature breakdown and the requirement for high voltages and bulky support frames. Recent advances seem poised to remove these restrictions and allow for the production of highly reliable, high-performance transducers for artificial muscle applications.
Low-sodium Cheddar cheese: Effect of fortification of cheese milk with ultrafiltration retentate and high-hydrostatic pressure treatment of cheese

Low-sodium cheeses often exhibit an acidic flavor due to excessive acid production during the manufacturing and the initial stage of ripening, which is caused by ongoing starter culture activity facilitated by the low salt-in-moisture levels. We proposed that this excessive starter-induced acidity could be prevented by the fortification of cheese milk with ultrafiltration (UF) retentates (to increase curd buffering), and by decreasing microbial activity using the application of high-hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment (that is, to reduce residual starter numbers). Camel chymosin was also used as a coagulant to help reduce bitterness development (a common defect in low-sodium cheeses). Three types of low-Na (0.8% NaCl) Cheddar cheeses were manufactured: non-UF fortified, no HHP applied (L-Na); UF-fortified (cheese milk total solids = 17.2 ± 0.6%), no HHP applied (L-Na-UF); and UF-fortified, HHP-treated (L-Na-UF-HHP; 500 MPa for 3 min applied at 1 d post-cheese manufacture). Regular salt (2% NaCl) non-UF fortified, non-HHP treated (R-Na) cheese was also manufactured for comparison purposes. Analysis was performed at 4 d, 2 wk, and 1, 3, and 6 mo after cheese manufacture. Cheese functionality during ripening was assessed using texture profile analysis and dynamic low-amplitude oscillatory rheology. Sensory Spectrum and quantitative descriptive analysis was conducted with 9 trained panelists to evaluate texture and flavor attributes using a 15-point scale. At 4 d and 2 wk of ripening, L-Na-UF-HHP cheese had ~2 and ~4.5 log lower starter culture numbers, respectively, than all other cheeses. Retentate fortification of cheese milk and HHP treatment resulted in low-Na cheeses having similar insoluble calcium concentrations and pH values compared with R-Na cheese during ripening. The L-Na-UF cheese exhibited significantly higher hardness values (measured by texture profile analysis) compared with L-Na cheese until 1 mo of ripening; however, after 1 mo, all low-Na cheeses exhibited similar hardness values, which were significantly lower than R-Na cheese. Pressure treatment significantly increased maximum loss tangent (meltability) from rheology testing and decreased melt temperature. Sensory results indicated only very slight bitterness (<2.5 out of 15-point scale) was detected in all cheeses during the 6 mo of ripening. The L-Na-UF-HHP cheese did not significantly differ in bitterness and acidity from R-Na cheese during ripening. Pressures treatment of cheese at 500 MPa and cheese milk retentate fortification could be used to improve the quality of low-Na cheese.
The Swimming Performance of the Sea-Anemone Boloceroides

1. Boloceroides can swim orally by repeated aboral-oral flexions of its tentacles which make up over 90% of the weight of the anemone. Tentacles at different distances from the mouth beat slightly out of phase, with more marginal tentacles leading more oral ones. Isolated tentacles occasionally give aboral-oral flexions like those of attached tentacles during swimming. 2. Early in a bout of swimming the stroke frequency is about 1·2 strokes/sec. and the swimming velocity about 1·9 cm./sec. The stroke frequency is slightly higher in small animals than in large ones. The swimming velocity achieved is independent of animal size. 3. In tethered swimming the maximum forward force developed during a stroke increases with animal size approximately as the square of the diameter of the tentacle crown. About 8o % of the forward impulse produced during the effective portion of the stroke cycle is negated by rearward impulse during the recovery portion of the cycle. The average forward force for the whole cycle is only about 5% of the maximum force.
When Constructivists Jean Piaget And Lev Vygotsky Were Pedagogical Collaborators: A Viewpoint From A Study Of Their Communications

Jean Piaget, author of Genetic Epistemology, and Lev Vygotsky, creator of Cultural–Historical Theory, were able to communicate and exchange ideas for a period of five years. After 1929, despite Stalin cutting off all East–West communications, they still were able to have some communication. Many think that Genetic Epistemology and Cultural–Historical Theory are dissimilar, but the knowledge of these mutual communications presents the idea that these researchers changed their pedagogical theories to become more similar to each other's each time they were able to communicate.
Intraoperative electroneurography: Management of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow

At the elbow the ulnar nerve may be compressed either in the retrocondylar groove or at the cubital tunnel. Optimal surgical therapy should be directed at the specific site of involvement. Intraoperative electroneurography performed in conjunction with 19 ulnar nerve explorations helped localize the precise site of compression. Of the primary procedures, abnormality was at the retrocondylar groove in 9, cubital tunnel in 4, both locations in 3, and at an unusual distal point in 1; 12 anterior subcutaneous transpositions, 4 cubital tunnel releases, and 1 distal decompression resulted. Intraoperative studies helped identify residual compression in two patients undergoing reexploration. Although routine electrodiagnosis may localize an ulnar neuropathy to the elbow, reliably separating retrocondylar from cubital tunnel compression is more difficult. Preoperatively, percutaneous serial short increment studies were more accurate than simple "inching" in predicting the site of compression.
Kaleidoscope: mixing objects, constraints, and imperative programming

Kaleidoscope is an object-oriented language being designed to integrate the traditional imperative object-oriented paradigm with the less traditional declarative constraint paradigm. Imperative state changes provide sequencing while declarative constraints provide object relations. A variables as streams semantics enables the declarative-imperative integration. A running example is used to illustrate the language concepts—a reimplementation of the MacDraw II dashed-lines dialog box. The example is in three parts: the input channel, using imperative code to sequence through modes; the output channel, using constraints to update the display; and the internal relations, using constraints to maintain the data objects' consistency requirements. The last sections of the paper discuss views as a natural result of combining objects with constraints, as well as related and future work.
Catalytic combustion of alcohols for microburner applications

Abstract The combustion of energy dense liquid fuels in a catalytic micro-combustor, whose temperatures can be used in energy conversion devices, is an attractive alternative to cumbersome batteries. To miniaturize the reactor, an evaporation model was developed to calculate the minimum distance required for complete droplet vaporization. By increasing the ambient temperature from 298 to 350 K, the distance required for complete evaporation of a 6.5 μm droplet decreases from 3.5 to 0.15 cm. A platinum mesh acted as a preliminary measurement and demonstrated 75% conversion of ethanol. We then selected a more active rhodium-coated alumina foam with a larger surface area and attained 100% conversion of ethanol and 95% conversion of 1-butanol under fuel lean conditions. Effluent post-combustion gas analysis showed that varying the equivalence ratio results in three possible modes of operation. A regime of high carbon selectivity for CO 2 occurs at low equivalence ratios and corresponds to complete combustion with a typical temperature of 775 K that is ideal for PbTe thermoelectric energy conversion devices. Conversely for equivalence ratios greater than 1, carbon selectivity for CO 2 decreases as hydrogen, olefin and paraffin production increases. By tuning the equivalence ratio, we have shown that a single device can combust completely for thermoelectric applications, operate as a fuel reformer to produce hydrogen gas for fuel cells or perform as a bio-refinery for paraffin and olefin synthesis.
Pars Plana Vitrectomy as a Primary Treatment for Acute Bacterial Endophthalmitis

We successfully treated six patients with culture-proven acute bacterial endophthalmitis by a combination of emergency pars plana vitrectomy and the instillation of intravitreal antibiotics. All six patients regained satisfactory vision.
Conflict escalation and conflict reduction in an international crisis: Suez, 1956

Conflict research has already advanced some very useful conceptual and empirical discoveries concerning the structure and process of international conflict escalation. Some of the more basic findings suggest that when two parties involve themselves in a conflict situation, they tend to escalate the intensity, scope, and frequency of their negative signals; they tend to make more visible or even possibly compound their areas of incompatibility; they tend to raise the intensity of their mutual images; and they tend to engage in or increase the rate of a potentially destructive arms race (Boulding, 1961; North, 1963; Richardson, 1960; Singer, 1962; Smoker, 1966; Wright, 1965). Conflict reduction on the other hand is less well understood. However there is
De Haas-van Alphen studies of electron-scattering in dilute copper-based alloys

We have used the de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) effect to study the relaxation times of “neck” and “belly” electrons in copper containing a range of dilute heterovalent and transition-metal solutes. The scattering (Dingle) temperaturex is derived from the variation of signal amplitude with magnetic field at a fixed temperature. Values ofx are believed accurate to within 0.1°K in a range ofxN(neck) from ≃0.4°K to ≃6°K andxB(belly) from ≃0.2°K to ≃3°K. Our results may be summarized as follows:Heterovalent solutes (Zn, Cd, Al; up to 0.1 at. %)\(x_N \simeq 22^\circ K/at.{\mathbf{ }}\% {\mathbf{ }}for{\mathbf{ }}Zn,{\mathbf{ }}Cd;{\mathbf{ }} \simeq {\mathbf{ }}95^\circ K/at.{\mathbf{ }}\% {\mathbf{ }}for{\mathbf{ }}Al.{\mathbf{ }}x_N /x_B \simeq 1.2\).Transition-metal solutes (Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr; up to 0.05 at.-%)\(x_N \simeq 22^\circ K/at.{\mathbf{ }}\% {\mathbf{ }}for{\mathbf{ }}Ni,{\mathbf{ }}Mn;{\mathbf{ }} \simeq {\mathbf{ }}95^\circ K/at.{\mathbf{ }}\% {\mathbf{ }}for{\mathbf{ }}Fe,{\mathbf{ }}Cr;{\mathbf{ }} \simeq {\mathbf{ }}70{\mathbf{ }}^\circ K/at.{\mathbf{ }}\% {\mathbf{ }}for{\mathbf{ }}Co.{\mathbf{ }}x_N /x_B \simeq 0.5{\mathbf{ }}for{\mathbf{ }}Ni,{\mathbf{ }}Mn;{\mathbf{ }} \simeq {\mathbf{ }}0.3{\mathbf{ }}for{\mathbf{ }}Fe,{\mathbf{ }}Cr;{\mathbf{ }} \simeq {\mathbf{ }}0.4{\mathbf{ }}for{\mathbf{ }}Co.\).
Zero-Field Cr 53 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Ferromagnetic Cr I 3 : Renormalized Spin-Wave and Green's-Function Analysis

The zero-field $^{53}\mathrm{Cr}$ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been studied in ferromagnetic Cr${\mathrm{I}}_{3}$ in the temperature range 1.6-27.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The observed spectrum consists of a quadrupole triplet (${h}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{e}^{2}qQ=0.744\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005$ Mc/sec) arising from nuclei within the ferromagnetic domains, and a broad absorption at lower frequencies due to nuclei in domain walls. The difference between the domain and wall frequencies follows the relation $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu} (\frac{\mathrm{Mc}}{sec})=0.8(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1)+0.248(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005)T$ over the entire range of our experiments, where $T$ is the temperature in \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The temperature dependence of the domain magnetization, as derived from the resonance data, is in excellent agreement with predictions of a renormalized spin-wave model using values for the intralayer and interlayer exchange constants of $\frac{{J}_{T}}{{k}_{B}}=13.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5$ and $\frac{{J}_{L}}{{k}_{B}}=1.72\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20$, respectively, and a published value for the uniaxial anisotropy constant. The extrapolated 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K zero-field \textonehalf{}  -\textonehalf{} $^{53}\mathrm{Cr}$ NMR frequency is $\ensuremath{\nu}(0)=49.393$ Mc/sec. The results of the spin-wave analysis are supported by calculations of the Curie temperatures for Cr${\mathrm{Br}}_{3}$ and Cr${\mathrm{I}}_{3}$ using the random-phase Green's-function method, based on the spin-wave-derived exchange constants. The calculated values of 33.6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for Cr${\mathrm{Br}}_{3}$ and 68.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for Cr${\mathrm{I}}_{3}$ are in excellent agreement with reported experimental ordering temperatures of 32.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 68\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, respectively.
Introduction to Practice Matters Special Section on VA Compensation and Pension Exams for PTSD and Other Mental Disorders

As Section Editor, it is with considerable pleasure that Iintroduce the Practice Matters Section of PsychologicalInjury and the Law (PIL). The brainchild of PIL FoundingEditor-in-Chief Gerald Young, this section of the journalfeatures articles focusing on practical applications of thescience of psychological injury. The section concerns “onthe ground issues,” such as how to conduct examinations insuch areas as disability law, police-related assessments, andworkers compensation. It further plans to include new testreviews, how to use tests, and how to integrate developingcase law and new professional guidelines into one’s day-to-day psychological injury-related work. Consistent with themission of PIL, articles will incorporate the scientific under-pinnings fundamental to competent and ethical forensicpsychological and psychiatric practice.For its maiden voyage, the Practice Matters Sectionpresents a Special Section of three articles on Departmentof Veterans Affairs (VA) Compensation and Pension (C&P)examinations. While literally hundreds of these examinationsareconductedonanygivenworkday,tomyknowledge,therehasneverbeenacomprehensivetreatmentpublishedinapeerreviewed journal that describes how such examinationsshould be conducted in a manner consistent with standardforensic psychological and psychiatric practice. This SpecialSections provides such an opportunity and hopefully opensserious discussion and debate on this area of professionalpractice.TheSpecialSectionsopenswithattorneyandlawprofessorJames Ridgway’s review of the history and legal foundationfor VA C&P PTSD and mental disorders examinations, em-phasizingthevagariesandcomplexitiesofthisdisjointedareaof psychological injury law. His cogent description and anal-ysispresentsC&Ppsychological andpsychiatric practitionerswith a much-needed legal basis for these examinations, pro-viding legal information and guidance that is currently un-available in a single resource.Next comes the centerpiece of the Special Section,Worthen and Moering’s practical guide for conductingC&P PTSD and mental disorders examinations. The authorsgo into considerable detail about many aspects of theseexaminations, continually emphasizing a scientific and fac-tual basis for psycholegal opinions central to good forensicpsychological and psychiatric practice. For seasoned foren-sic psychological and psychiatric examiners, Worthen andMoering may seem quite basic at times. Please bear inmind that the current practice in C&P examinationsoften involves a simple, unstructured interview followedby a psychological report with a psycholegal opinionfrequently leading to lifetime financial award. Worthenand Moering acknowledge time and political pressureson C&P PTSD and mental disorders examiners, thoughopt for a scientifically and factual based approach tothese examinations.
Detrusor Underactivity in Men Following Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy - Prevalence, Importance and Evaluation

Stress Urinary Incontinence is a common morbidity after radical prostatectomy. It is estimated that up to 6 % of men who undergo radical prostatectomy will subsequently have a procedure for correction of stress urinary incontinence. Over the past two decades, the interest in treating male stress incontinence with sling procedures has increased. The success of sling surgery is predicated on ventral urethral compression to maintain continence while continuing to allow spontaneous voiding. In some men however, the increased urethral resistance provided by the sling can precipitate urinary retention, specifically those with detrusor underactivity. This paper will review: a) the difficulty in defining detrusor underactivity in men after radical prostatectomy; b) the incidence of urodynamic detrusor underactivity after radical prostatectomy; and c) the potential importance of this finding in men seeking treatment for post radical prostatectomy incontinence.
Minimally invasive lumbar decompression

Lumbar spinal stenosis is a common indication for surgical intervention. Traditional “open” surgical techniques are well proven and successful, but include inherent approach morbidity. Minimally invasive alternatives can accomplish successful surgical decompression while minimizing postoperative pain, reducing the size of the incision and speeding recovery.
HOW TO TELL WHOSE BITE IS BIGGEST

![Figure][1] Many male lizards use a variety of head and jaw movements in elaborate displays when courting potential mates and/or confronting conspecific rivals. In male collared lizards ( Crotaphytus ), for example, conspicuous gaping displays are an important component of the behavioral
The role of surgery in global health: analysis of United States inpatient procedure frequency by condition using the Global Burden of Disease 2010 framework.

Background The role of surgical care in promoting global health is the subject of much debate. The Global Burden of Disease 2010 study (GBD 2010) offers a new opportunity to consider where surgery fits amongst global health priorities. The GBD 2010 reinforces the DALY as the preferred methodology for determining the relative contribution of disease categories to overall global burden of disease without reference to the likelihood of each category requiring surgery. As such, we hypothesize that the GBD framework underestimates the role of surgery in addressing the global burden of disease. Methods and Findings We compiled International Classification of Diseases, Version 9, codes from the United States Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2010. Using the primary diagnosis code for each hospital admission, we aggregated admissions into GBD 2010 disease sub-categories. We queried each hospitalization for a major operation to determine the frequency of admitted patients whose care required surgery. Major operation was defined according to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). In 2010, 10 million major inpatient operations were performed in the United States, associated with 28.6% of all admissions. Major operations were performed in every GBD disease subcategory (range 0.2%–84.0%). The highest frequencies of operation were in the subcategories of Musculoskeletal (84.0%), Neoplasm (61.4%), and Transport Injuries (43.2%). There was no disease subcategory that always required an operation; nor was there any disease subcategory that never required an operation. Conclusions Surgical care cuts across the entire spectrum of GBD disease categories, challenging dichotomous traditional classifications of ‘surgical’ versus ‘nonsurgical’ diseases. Current methods of measuring global burden of disease do not reflect the fundamental role operative intervention plays in the delivery of healthcare services. Novel methodologies should be aimed at understanding the integration of surgical services into health systems to address the global burden of disease.
TEM Study of the Electron-Doped Layered La2−2xCa1+2xMn2O7: Orthorhombic Phase in the 0.8<x<1.0 Composition Range

Abstract A series of Ruddlesden–Popper compounds with n=2 and stoichiometry La2−2xCa1+2xMn2O7 were synthesized by a citrate gel technique and studied by TEM for the composition range 0.8
Reduced descriptions of hydrodynamic turbulence

Navier-Stokes turbulence at ordinarily large Reynolds numbers can involve excitation of perhaps 1018 Fourier modes. A variety of proposals for reduced description have been offered, both to gain physical insight and to make computation feasible. The present brief and idiosyncratic survey discusses Galerkin approximations, Liapunov bases, Karhunen-Loeve decompositions, and statistically based decimation techniques.
Clinical Features of Diphtheria in the Respiratory Tract

Clinical features of 44 culture-confirmed cases of diphtheria involving the respiratory tract treated at the University of Washington and affiliated hospitals in Seattle over a five-year period were studied. Of 42 patients treated primarily in Seattle, five (11.9% died; nonfatal, toxin-induced complications occurred in seven (16.7%). Airway obstruction was the most common cause of death in this series. Diphtheritic membrane (especially in the larynx), dyspnea, and leukocytosis were dire prognostic signs. We urge indirect laryngoscopy in all cases showing membrane formation; tracheotomy should be considered when laryngeal membrane is present. Diphtheria should be suspected in any patient with pharyngitis who has been in contact with endemic areas, especially when pharyngeal membrane is present. (JAMA242:2197-2201, 1979)
Variational polaron method for Bose-Bose mixtures

We study degenerate mixtures of heavy bosons and light superfluid bosons using a variational polaron transformation. We consider the Mott-insulator--superfluid transition of the heavy species and find that at $T=0$ interaction favors the superfluid phase of the heavy species. Our analytic results agree well with numerically exact quantum Monte Carlo simulations in two dimensions. We then show that in three dimensions the variational polaron transformation can be combined with a Gutzwiller approximation to give good results.
Clinical applications of sociology in health care.

Prospects and problems for clinical applications of sociology in health care are proposed. The author suggests areas in which sociological insights and techniques are notably and uniquely beneficial for clinical practice. Special emphases are upon the symbolic dimensions of illness, locating illness processes in social structures, and viewing persons as members of groups. The paper concludes with a critical appraisal of clinical sociology at its current level of development. The basic goal is to indicate an agenda for sociologists working in health care.
What Is “Nazi Music”?

This chapter examines how assumptions about Nazi music continue to rest on outmoded ways of thinking about the Third Reich that date back as far as 1945, with the inauguration of the ill-fated Allied program of denazification and the early postwar zero-hour mentality. In the western zones of occupation, later the Federal Republic of Germany, any full confrontations with the Nazi past had to wait until the 1970s, by which time general historians had questioned several assumptions that music historians nevertheless embraced. As a result, to this day discussions of music in Nazi Germany often gravitate toward fulfilling the denazification-inspired task of determining the guilt or innocence of individual musicians and composers, and answering zero-hour-inspired questions about the degrees to which the Nazis, and even Adolf Hitler himself, acted to suppress certain types of music and promote others.
2‐Step Optimization of the Extraction and Subsequent Physical Properties of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) Skin Gelatin

To optimize the extraction of gelatin from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) skin, a 2-step response surface methodology involving a central composite design was adopted for the extraction process. After screening experiments, concentration of NaOH, alkaline pretreatment time, concentration of acetic acid, and extraction temperature were selected as the independent variables. In the 1st step of the optimization the dependent variables were protein yield (YP), gel strength (GS), and viscosity (V). Seven sets of optimized conditions were selected from the 1st step for the 2nd-step screen. Texture profile analysis and the 3 dependent variables from the 1st step were used as responses in the 2nd-step optimization. After the 2nd-step optimization, the most suitable conditions were 0.20 M NaOH pretreatment for 84 min, followed by a 0.115 M acetic acid extraction at 55 degrees C. The optimal values obtained from these conditions were YP = 19.2%, GS = 252 g, and V = 3.23 cP. The gelatin obtained also showed relatively good hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, and chewiness. The yield of protein and viscosity can be predicted by a quadratic and a linear model, respectively.
The gender‐generation gap in British elections

(1993). The gender‐generation gap in British elections. British Elections and Parties Yearbook: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 129-142.
Design Principles of Scalable Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems

Abstract This paper explains the importance of cost-effective volume scalability of existing manufacturing systems, which enables enterprises to meet market demand in a timely manner. The system must be designed at the outset for future scalability in order to enable its rapid and cost-effective volume expansion, exactly when needed. Accordingly, this paper offers a set of principles to guide manufacturing systems design for scalability, and presents several examples.
Aural assault: Obscene telephone calls

Patterns of conversational structure and telephone technology put a call recipient in a position where she or he is vulnerable to abuse by anonymous callers. Obscene telephone callers assault women by manipulating or violating conventions of conversational interaction and recognized categories of social relationships that have established telephone styles associated with them. Women create images of their assailants. These images reveal that they consider callers to be threatening, unpredictable outsiders, socially distant from themselves and the people they know. The opportunity exists for women to blame themselves for being victimized by callers. Call recipients judge whether their handling of a call has significance for their conceptions of themselves as women of good moral character. The treatment of call activity by agencies charged with controlling it as well as the responses of people whom women tell about their experiences create conflict over the definition that these acts are unambiguously wrong. The fact that it is women who are offended by gender-related harassment while the perpetrators are, ordinarily, more socially powerful men is a condition of this conflict.
Is Mitral Annular Calcification Associated With Atherosclerotic Risk Factors and Severity and Complexity of Coronary Artery Disease

We assessed the association of mitral annular calcification (MAC) with atherosclerotic risk factors and severity and complexity of coronary artery disease (CAD). Cardiac catheterization reports and electronic medical records from 2010 to 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 481 patients were divided into 2 groups: MAC present (209) and MAC absent (272). All major cardiovascular risk factors, comorbidities, and coronary lesion characteristics were included. On linear regression analysis, age (P = .001, β 1.12) and female gender (P = .031, β 0.50) were the independent predictors of MAC. Mitral annular calcification was not independently associated with the presence of lesions with >70% stenosis (P = .283), number of obstructive vessels (P = .469), lesions with 50% to 70% stenosis (P = .458), and Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Taxus and Cardiac Surgery score (P = .479). Mitral annular calcification is probably a benign marker of age-related degenerative changes in the heart...
A Stochastic Flow Capturing Location and Allocation Model for Siting Electric Vehicle Charging Stations

With the move of electric vehicle (EV) initiatives in many countries, there is a growing demand for fast-charging stations for recharging EVs. In this paper, the authors consider the problem of siting these EV charging stations in a transportation network with demand uncertainty. The demand for service considered is the passing flows in the network, i.e., the drive-by customers. The authors started with formulating the problem as a deterministic flow capturing location-allocation problem and then extended it into a stochastic model. The authors results show that the stochastic model more realistically capture the actual coverage of the demand. The authors also developed a backup flow capturing model for providing secondary or multiple facilities coverage to ensure stability in service coverage and reduce the “range anxiety.” Test cases with different flow composition and cost parameters are examined.
Response of the ionosphere to the passage of neutral atmospheric waves

Abstract A series of theoretical calculations of the response of the ionosphere to the passage of neutral atmospheric waves is presented. The results of these calculations should be applicable as a tool for interpreting and assessing the significance of ionospheric drift data. In the F -region of the ionosphere, the ion gyrofrequency is much greater than the ion-neutral collision frequency so the bulk motion of ions is constrained to be along the Earth's magnetic field lines. When the relevant atmospheric wave frequency is much less than the ion-neutral collision frequency, the motion of ions will be in phase with the atmospheric wave but the ionization will take on only the component of the neutral gas motion that is parallel to the Earth's magnetic field. Coulomb forces require corresponding changes in the electron density and the resulting redistribution of the ionization is strongly influenced by the magnetic field orientation relative to the neutral particle trajectories. Based on this model of the interaction between a neutral wave and F -region of the ionosphere, calculations are made of the ionospheric response to several idealized neutral atmospheric wave types. The treatment ignores source and sink mechanisms and seeks solutions of the continuity equation to give the redistribution of ionization under the influence of neutral atmospheric waves as a driving mechanism. Analytic expressions are obtained for the change in the peak electron density and the change in the height of the peak during the passage of a wave. Computer calculations based on the same model permit somewhat less idealized wave and ionospheric characteristics to be used.
Implant Surface Roughness Affects Osteoblast Gene Expression

The transcription factor Cbfa1 regulates osteoblast differentiation and expression of genes necessary for the development of a mineralized phenotype. The purpose of this study was to determine if Cbfa1 and BSPII gene expression are influenced by implant surface microtopography. Osteoblasts were cultured on 600-grit (grooved) or sandblasted (roughened) cpTi implant discs. Mineralization was evaluated by Alizarin-Red-S staining. Real Time PCR was used for quantitative analysis of Cbfa1 and BSPII gene expression. Enhanced mineralization was seen in osteoblasts grown on roughened implant surfaces relative to tissue culture plastic. Real Time PCR showed significant (P < 0.05) increases in Cbfa1 gene expression in cells grown on roughened, as compared with grooved, implant surfaces. BSPII gene expression was also increased on rough surfaces in the UMR cells, but was reduced in the rat calvarial osteoblast cultures. These results suggest that osteoblast gene expression and mineralization are affected by roughene...