cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Origins of tumor-associated macrophages and neutrophils

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) can control cancer growth and exist in almost all solid neoplasms. The cells are known to descend from immature monocytic and granulocytic cells, respectively, which are produced in the bone marrow. However, the spleen is also a recently identified reservoir of monocytes, which can play a significant role in the inflammatory response that follows acute injury. Here, we evaluated the role of the splenic reservoir in a genetic mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma driven by activation of oncogenic Kras and inactivation of p53. We found that high numbers of TAM and TAN precursors physically relocated from the spleen to the tumor stroma, and that recruitment of tumor-promoting spleen-derived TAMs required signaling of the chemokine receptor CCR2. Also, removal of the spleen, either before or after tumor initiation, reduced TAM and TAN responses significantly and delayed tumor growth. The mechanism by which the spleen was able to maintain its reservoir capacity throughout tumor progression involved, in part, local accumulation in the splenic red pulp of typically rare extramedullary hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, notably granulocyte and macrophage progenitors, which produced CD11b+ Ly-6Chi monocytic and CD11b+ Ly-6Ghi granulocytic cells locally. Splenic granulocyte and macrophage progenitors and their descendants were likewise identified in clinical specimens. The present study sheds light on the origins of TAMs and TANs, and positions the spleen as an important extramedullary site, which can continuously supply growing tumors with these cells.
Cytokines associated with increased erythropoiesis in Sprague-Dawley rats administered a novel hyperglycosylated analog of recombinant human erythropoietin.

We previously reported an increased incidence of thrombotic toxicities in Sprague-Dawley rats administered the highest dose level of a hyperglycosylated analog of recombinant human erythropoietin (AMG 114) for 1 month as not solely dependent on high hematocrit (HCT). Thereafter, we identified increased erythropoiesis as a prothrombotic risk factor increased in the AMG 114 high-dose group with thrombotic toxicities, compared to a low-dose group with no toxicities but similar HCT. Here, we identified pleiotropic cytokines as prothrombotic factors associated with AMG 114 dose level. Before a high HCT was achieved, rats in the AMG 114 high, but not the low-dose group, had imbalanced hemostasis (increased von Willebrand factor and prothrombin time, decreased antithrombin III) coexistent with cytokines implicated in thrombosis: monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), MCP-3, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1, macrophage inhibitory protein-2, oncostatin M, T-cell-specific protein, stem cell factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and interleukin-11. While no unique pathway to erythropoiesis stimulating agent-related thrombosis was identified, cytokines associated with increased erythropoiesis contributed to a prothrombotic intravascular environment in the AMG 114 highdose group, but not in lower dose groups with a similar high HCT.
Population Trends, Bend Use Relative to Available Habitat and Within‐River‐Bend Habitat Use of Eight Indicator Species of Missouri and Lower Kansas River Benthic Fishes: 15 Years After Baseline Assessment

A baseline assessment of the Missouri River fish community and species-specific habitat use patterns conducted from 1996 to 1998 provided the first comprehensive analysis of Missouri River benthic fish population trends and habitat use in the Missouri and Lower Yellowstone rivers, exclusive of reservoirs, and provided the foundation for the present Pallid Sturgeon Population Assessment Program (PSPAP). Data used in such studies are frequently zero inflated. To address this issue, the zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) model was applied. This follow-up study is based on PSPAP data collected up to 15years later along with new understanding of how habitat characteristics among and within bends affect habitat use of fish species targeted by PSPAP, including pallid sturgeon. This work demonstrated that a large-scale, large-river, PSPAP-type monitoring program can be an effective tool for assessing population trends and habitat usage of large-river fish species. Using multiple gears, PSPAP was effective in monitoring shovelnose and pallid sturgeons, sicklefin, shoal and sturgeon chubs, sand shiner, blue sucker and sauger. For all species, the relationship between environmental variables and relative abundance differed, somewhat, among river segments suggesting the importance of the overall conditions of Upper and Middle Missouri River and Lower Missouri and Kansas rivers on the habitat usage patterns exhibited. Shoal and sicklefin chubs exhibited many similar habitat usage patterns; blue sucker and shovelnose sturgeon also shared similar responses. For pallid sturgeon, the primary focus of PSPAP, relative abundance tended to increase in Upper and Middle Missouri River paralleling stocking efforts, whereas no evidence of an increasing relative abundance was found in the Lower Missouri River despite stocking.
Asymptotic Analysis and Error Estimates of Mixed Finite Element Method for Brinkman Model

In this paper, we study a one-continuum model approach, so-called Brinkman model, to deal with Navier---Stokes---Darcy coupling problem in which the fluid flow exist in both the open channels and porous media. A parameter re-scaling technique is used to reformulate the traditional Brinkman model to a new one in order to investigate its asymptotic accuracy to Stokes and Darcy's equations, respectively. We attain the convergence theorem in quantitative measure with respect to the dimensionless permeability parameter. We also analyze the error estimates of mixed finite element method for Brinkman model and Forchheimer model, and obtain the optimal convergence rates for both velocity and pressure. Numerical experiments validate the convergence results with respect to the permeability parameter and mesh size for both Brinkman model and Forchheimer model.
The effect of mental distress on women's preventive health behaviors.

Abstract Purpose. To examine the relationship between mental distress and preventive health behaviors (i.e., mammograms, pap tests, physical exams) among women. Methods. A cross-sectional design was employed. The sample consisted of 426 women from the Appalachian region in the United States who completed a comprehensive health survey. Mental distress was assessed by the 5-item Mental Health Index (MHI). Logistic regression was used to specify the models allowing for the control of covariates (i.e., marital status, education, recipient of Medicaid). Results. Women who reported high mental distress were more likely to not get timely pap tests [OR = 1.64; 95% CI (1.10, 2.45); p < .05] or physical exams [OR = 1.68; 95% CI (1.07, 2.65); p < .05] than women who did not report being mentally distressed. A similar but less robust relationship was found between mental distress and timely mammograms. Conclusions. These findings suggest that mental distress affects the likelihood of engagement in preventive health b...
Proximity and policy: negotiating safe spaces between immigration policy and school practice

Policy around the legal status and social rights of the nation’s estimated 11 million undocumented immigrants is unresolved, making it imperative that PK-12 schools and educators prepare for challenges to undocumented students’ educational access. In 2008, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) appeared near an elementary school, which required school personnel to use the space in and around their school to demarcate boundaries to limit the impact of ICE activity on the school community. Critical moral geography is the guiding theoretical construct the authors use to examine the intersection of immigration policy and education in the context of immigration enforcement near a public school. Critical moral theory suggests that “places” are sites where people contest their values and concepts of what is morally correct, engaging in struggles over power. Thinking about space broadly allows for an exploration of how different policies converge and affect the spaces where educators are trying to engage in mo...
Detection of communication signals using stochastic quantization

We consider the problem of receiving a communication signal using a stochastic signal converter with uncertain quantization levels. Deeply scaled comparator circuits may offer advantages in size and power, but can exhibit random variations in their parameters. We can take advantage of these devices by incorporating the uncertainty of the devices into the system model used for inference. In this paper, we develop a statistical model for such a converter and show how it can be applied to estimate sequences of symbols. We demonstrate the performance of the converter in a simulated communication receiver.
Screening Mammography and Age Recommendations--Reply.

In Reply We agree with Dr Moy that multiple randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses suggest that mammography leads to a statistically significant decrease in breast cancer mortality of approximately 19%.1 Nevertheless, these screening trials were conducted decades ago (starting in the 1960s), and since then both mammography technology and breast cancer treatment have improved substantially, raising questions as to whether the randomized clinical trial data may underestimate or overestimate the real benefit of mammography in today’s context, a point emphasized in the systematic review accompanying the ACS guideline.2 And although, as Moy notes, more recent observational studies suggest mortality reductions of up to 48% for women older than 40 years who are actually screened, such observational studies are limited by potentially noncomparable control groups (because screening participants are typically healthier than others), lead-time and length-time bias, and challenges differentiating benefits of screening from improvements in breast cancer diagnosis and treatments over time. Although we do believe that the evidence supports a likely mortality benefit from mammography, we believe it is most likely modest and almost certainly lower than that suggested by observational studies.
Full-scale characterization of UVLED Al(x)Ga(1-x)N nanowires via advanced electron microscopy.

III-Nitride semiconductor heterostructures continue to attract a great deal of attention due to the wide range of wavelengths at which they can emit light, and the subsequent desire to employ them in optoelectronic applications. Recently, a new type of pn-junction which relies on polarization-induced doping has shown promise for use as an ultraviolet light emitting diode (UVLED); nanowire growth of this device has been successfully demonstrated. However, as these devices are still in their infancy, in order to more fully understand their physical and electronic properties, they require a multitude of characterization techniques. Specifically, the present contribution will discuss the application of advanced scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to AlxGa1–xN UVLED nanowires. In addition to structural data, chemical and electronic properties will also be probed through various spectroscopy techniques, with the focus remaining on practically applying the knowledge gained via STEM to the growth pro...
On achieving predictable adaptive control response for uncertain dynamical systems with large domains of operation

While adaptive control has been used in numerous applications, the ability to obtain ap redictable transient and steady-state system response is still an open problem for dynamical systems with large system uncertainties and without ap rioriknowledge of a conservative upper bound on their unknown ideal weights. In order to address this problem, recently a novel command governor architecture was constructed for adaptive stabilization and command following. It was shown that by choosing the design parameter of the command governor, the controlled nonlinear uncertain dynamical system can approach aH urwitz linear time-invariant dynamical system withL1 input-output signals without resorting to high-gain learning rates in the adaptation law. Even though the proposed architecture was shown to be e↵ective and can operate in larger domains with predictable transient and steady-state system response as compared with the standard adaptive controllers, it may result in control signals having high-frequency oscillations as the magnitude of the tracking commands gets larger. This is due to the fact that the controlled uncertain dynamical system subject to a large tracking command behaves as a controlled uncertain dynamical system having high-gain learning rates, although the learning rate of the command governor-based adaptive controller is chosen to be low-gain. To that end, this paper proposes a novel modification to the weight update law that couples the command governor with the adaptive controller. Specifically, this modification filters out the high-frequency content contained in the weight update law while preserving the asymptotic stability of the system error dynamics, and hence, it enables the proposed command governor-based adaptive controller to maintain its performance in the face of applied tracking commands operating the uncertain dynamical system in large domains and/or subject to high-gain learning rates.
Environment and Animal Procurement by the Mogollon of the Southwest

Prehistoric horticulturalists of the American Southwest relied on crop complexes for much of their vegetal diet, but also relied heavily on hunting and trapping. Permanent settlement by the Mogollon resulted in resource depression of larger animal taxa (primarily artiodactyls) in some areas that could not withstand sustained human predation. This resulted in the predation of smaller animals (primarily jackrabbits, cottontail rabbits, and rodents) that could withstand intensive predation. The extent to which small animal taxa were incorporated into the prehistoric food regime is closely tied to the inability of the site catchment environments to support viable populations of larger taxa capable of withstanding human predation. This scenario is exemplified by five Mogollon sites from western and southwestern New Mexico.
Electrostatic spray deposition of Li4Ti5O12 based anode with enhanced rate capability and energy density for lithium-ion batteries

Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (LTO) is one of the most promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its excellent cyclability and extraordinary structure stability during lithium-ion intercalation and deintercalation. However, LTO suffers from the low electronic conductivity and low theoretical capacity, which results in poor rate capability and low energy density. The present work reviews the latest achievement on improving both energy and power density of LTO based anode materials for LIBs. In addition, our recent results on electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) derived LTO electrode is also discussed. Electrochemical test shows that the resulting LTO has a large specific capacity of 293 mAh g -1 under a current density of 0.15 A g -1 and high rate capacity of 73 mAh g -1 under 3 A g -1 . As compared with commercial LTO nano-particle electrode, the improved electrochemical performance of ESD-LTO could be attributed to the structure advantages generate from ESD which could lead to reduced diffusion length for lithium ions and electrons.
Impact of hypofractionated and standard fractionated chemoradiation before pancreatoduodenectomy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that preoperative chemoradiation (CRT) is associated with an improved margin-negative resection rate among patients who undergo pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the optimal preoperative regimen has not been established. METHODS All patients with PDAC who received chemotherapy and/or CRT followed by PD between 1999 and 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. The effects of 2 external-beam radiation regimens-a standard course of 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions and a hypofractionated course of 30 Gy in 10 fractions-were compared. Differences in clinicopathologic characteristics, locoregional recurrence (LR), and overall survival (OS) were assessed. RESULTS Among 472 patients who received preoperative therapy, 224 (47.5%) received 30 Gy, 221 (46.8%) received 50.4 Gy, and 27 (5.7%) received chemotherapy alone. Patients who received 50.4 Gy were more likely to have advanced-stage disease and to have received induction and postoperative chemotherapy, but there was no difference in the R1 margin status, treatment effect, LR, or OS between the 2 radiation groups (all P values > .05). Patients who received preoperative CRT had a lower rate of LR than patients who received preoperative chemotherapy alone (P < .01). In a multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis, 50.4 Gy was associated with OS and LR similar to those associated with 30 Gy, whereas the absence of preoperative radiation was associated with a higher rate of LR (odds ratio, 2.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-4.70) and similar OS. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative hypofractionated CRT was associated with similar local control and OS in comparison with standard CRT in patients undergoing PD for PDAC. The use of chemotherapy alone without CRT was associated with poorer local control but similar survival. Cancer 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society. Cancer 2016;122:2671-2679. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Defining the instruction set architecture

It's like building a bridge. Once the main lines of the structure are right, then the details miraculously fit. The problem is the overall design. Freeman Dyson in Freeman Dyson: Mathematician, Physicist, and Writer, Interview with Donald J. Albers, The College Mathematics Journal, 25, No. 1, January 1994 . Now that we have been introduced to the fundamentals of Verilog, we make a slight change in course to return to the top level of the design flow shown previously in Figure 1.2. In particular, we now discuss the process by which we define the instruction set of a new processor. The instruction set architecture (ISA) of a processor defines all of the instructions available in the processor plus the storage elements that are accessible to the assembly language programmer. The contents of these storage elements, plus a few more that may not be directly accessible to the programmer, comprise the processor's state . In this chapter, we show how the ISA of a complete processor, which we call the Very Small Processor Architecture , or VeSPA for short, is defined, refined, and ultimately specified. This processor is quite simple, with only slightly more than a dozen instructions. However, it is a complete processor capable of executing programs written in a high-level language compiled with an appropriate compiler. We use this processor throughout the remainder of this text as a vehicle for demonstrating the entire processor design process when using the Verilog hardware description language. Instruction set design The design of an instruction set for a new processor is more of an art than a science.
Genetic relationships of boxwood (Buxus L.) accessions based on genic simple sequence repeat markers

Boxwoods (Buxus L., Buxaceae) are popular woody landscape shrubs grown for their diverse forms and broad-leaved evergreen foliage. We used genic simple sequence repeat (genic-SSR) markers to assess genetic diversity and relatedness of 275 accessions from the National Boxwood Collection at the U.S. National Arboretum. Flow cytometry was conducted to determine the relative ploidy of each accession. Genic-SSR loci were highly variable among the accessions, detecting an average of 6.7 alleles per locus based on 17 primer pairs. Data were analyzed with a distance matrix based on Jaccard’s similarity index, followed by Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean clustering. Two major clusters were identified, with four subclusters consisting of individual accessions from B. balearica Lam., B. bodinieri Levl., B. harlandii Hance, B. microphylla Siebold et Zuccarini, B. sempervirens L., B. sinica (Rehd. et Wils.) M. Cheng, and their putative interspecific hybrids. The accessions generally clustered by cultivar, provenance, or species. Clustering within each group typically reflected breeding pedigrees, when known, and the clusters were supported by bootstrap results. This information will be used for breeding programs and collection management, and for identifying possible sources of disease tolerance for boxwood blight and other diseases and pests.
Validating Deep Sub-Micron Effects

In this chapter, we motivate our approach by a brief analysis on the trends of resistance and capacitance of on-chip interconnect with decreasing feature sizes of VLSI ICs (which is described in Section 2). We show analytically that the capacitance of a conductor to its neighboring conductors is becoming an increasing fraction of its total capacitance, thus giving rise to a situation where cross-talk problems become increasingly important. In Section 3, we detail our interconnect geometry predictions. Based on these predictions, we experimentally validate the above capacitance trends in Section 4. Finally, in Sections 5, we experimentally validate the delay variation (Section 5.1) and signal integrity (Section 5.2) problems by means of SPICE [Nagel, 1995] simulations. In Section 6, we review some existing techniques to handle cross-talk.
The effect of Preparation Method on Metal-Support Interaction in Pd/L-Zeolite Catalysts

Abstract The method of preparation, ion exchange (IE) versus impregnation (IP), effects the final dispersion, acidity and sintering stability of L-zeolite supported catalysts. The origin of the dispersion effect appears to be in the shape and size of the PdO precursor formed upon calcination which is more elongated with respect to the zeolite channel and has a lower nearest neighbor oxide coordination number when IP is used. While acidity introduced into the L-zeolite before preparation does not appear to effect the initial dispersion, acidity introduced after reduction of the IE preparation stabilizes the Pd particles toward sintering in H 2 .
CryoEM structure of the Methanospirillum hungatei archaellum reveals structural features distinct from the bacterial flagellum and type IV pilus.

Archaea use flagella known as archaella—distinct both in protein composition and structure from bacterial flagella—to drive cell motility, but the structural basis of this function is unknown. Here, we report an atomic model of the archaella, based on the cryo electron microscopy (cryoEM) structure of the Methanospirillum hungatei archaellum at 3.4 A resolution. Each archaellum contains ∼61,500 archaellin subunits organized into a curved helix with a diameter of 10 nm and average length of 10,000 nm. The tadpole-shaped archaellin monomer has two domains, a β-barrel domain and a long, mildly kinked α-helix tail. Our structure reveals multiple post-translational modifications to the archaella, including six O-linked glycans and an unusual N-linked modification. The extensive interactions among neighbouring archaellins explain how the long but thin archaellum maintains the structural integrity required for motility-driving rotation. These extensive inter-subunit interactions and the absence of a central pore in the archaellum distinguish it from both the bacterial flagellum and type IV pili. A cryoEM structure of the archaeal flagella, the archaellum, shows distinct features from related bacterial structures.
Vortex-Loops and Phase Nucleation in Superfluid 4He and 3He

We propose a new model for the nature of the nucleation of solid from the superfluid phases of 4He and 3He. A fast solidification event in the superfluid results in a local release of pressure and a velocity field in the superfluid. This in turn facilitates the nucleation of vortex-loops. The kinetic energy gain of this process balances the surface tension, as the solid surface is quickly covered by many vortex-loops (“hairy snow-ball”). We show that this scenario gives good agreement with experiments on heterogeneous nucleation.
A Pilot, Randomized Controlled Study of Tai Chi With Passive and Active Controls in the Treatment of Depressed Chinese Americans.

Objective This pilot, randomized clinical trial investigates the effectiveness of tai chi as the primary treatment for Chinese Americans with major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods 67 Chinese Americans with DSM-IV MDD and no treatment for depression were recruited between March 2012 and April 2013 and randomized (1:1:1) into a tai chi intervention, an education program, or a waitlisted group for 12 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS₁₇); positive response for this outcome was defined as a decrease in total score of 50% or more, and remission was defined as HDRS₁₇ ≤ 7. Results Participants (N = 67) were 72% female with a mean age of 54 ± 13 years. No serious adverse events were reported. After the end of the 12-week intervention, response rates were 25%, 21%, and 56%, and remission rates were 10%, 21%, and 50% for the waitlisted, education, and tai chi intervention groups, respectively. The tai chi group showed improved treatment response when compared to both the waitlisted group (odds ratio [OR] = 2.11; 95% CI, 1.01-4.46) and to the education group (OR = 8.90; 95% CI, 1.17-67.70). Tai chi intervention showed significantly improved remission rate over the waitlisted group (OR = 3.01; 95% CI, 1.25-7.10), and a trend of improved remission compared to the education group (OR = 4.40; 95% CI, 0.78-24.17). Conclusions As the primary treatment, tai chi improved treatment outcomes for Chinese Americans with MDD over both passive and active control groups. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01619631.
A simple numerical solution of diffusional equations for dilatational rheology of complex surfactant mixtures in any geometry

Abstract Dilatational rheology of a multi-component surfactant mixture at fluid-fluid interfaces is of importance for many real-life applications (biology, food products, crude oil production, etc.). However, although experimental data are easily measured, they cannot yet be analyzed in the framework of diffusional exchange between the surfactant solution and the interface when the number of the components exceeds two. Furthermore, although the single component analytical models exist for different interface geometries (flat, spherical, cylindrical), the binary mixture model is only available for a flat interface. To alleviate these limitations, a simple numerical scheme has been developed enabling the calculation of dilatational rheology with diffusional exchange for an n-component mixture in any geometry. The derived approach is limited to the case where relaxation is controlled by diffusion only and it relies on the matrix inversion of a set of first principle equations (mass conservation, diffusion and adsorption isotherm). Numerical solutions were validated against the exact analytical expression of both single component model and binary mixture dilatational rheology.
The reward value of getting out of a starting box: Further extensions of Zimmerman’s work

Four control groups without secondary reinforcement training were tested in a Zimmerman Skinner box-runway apparatus. Two control groups, which were permitted to leave the box after bar pressing, pressed the bar as often as an experimental group with Sr training. The other two control groups, which were confined in the goal box after bar pressing, made significantly fewer bar presses. Zimmerman’s Sr interpretation of his results was questioned and the reward value of getting out of the starting box after bar pressing was discussed.
Effect of Shorter Door-to-Balloon Times Over 20 Years on Outcomes of Patients With Anterior ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

Cardiovascular disease remains the most common cause of mortality. We studied the change in outcomes for anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) between 1995 and 2014. Over the past 20 years, 1,658 patients presenting to our center with anterior STEMI underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention within 12 hours of presentation. We divided these into 4 quartiles, 1995 to 1999 (n = 312), 2000 to 2004 (n = 408), 2005 to 2009 (n = 428), and 2010 to 2014 (n = 510). Across the 4 quartiles, mean age decreased (64.4, 62, 60.3, and 60 years, p 120 minutes, HR 1.91, 95% CI 1.23 to 2.96, p = 0.004). In conclusion, over the past 2 decades, long-term outcomes improved in patients presenting with anterior STEMI associated with shortening of DBT.
Transcriptional programs of tumor infiltrating T-cells provide insight into mechanisms of immune response and new targets for immunotherapy.

Early 2015 marked the first major clinical success of immunotherapy in lung cancer, resulting in the FDA approval of nivolumab (an anti-PD-1 antibody) for metastatic squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A little over a year later, two additional PD-1 blocking agents were approved, atezolizumab and pembrolizumab, for use in the treatment of metastatic NSCLC. Pembrolizumab was approved as a first line therapeutic option if a patient’s tumor was found to contain at least 50% of tumor cells expressing PD-L1.
Reflections on Racial Stigmas and Stereotyping

I have been a member of the bar for over 50 years. When I graduated from law school, blacks were denied access to most meaningful positions in private firms, corporations, government jobs, the judiciary, and the academy. Today we can point to significant numbers of African Americans in prominent positions in every arena in which lawyers serve our society. Yet, with all the progress we have seen, we are still plagued by the pernicious effects of racial stigmas and stereotyping. And racial injustices still stain the landscape of our country. In this piece, I reflect on our ongoing quest for racial justice. I respond to those who suggest that our pursuits are fruitless. I also ponder whether we too often label ourselves victims and, consequently, internalize stigmas and stereotypes that become self-fulfilling prophecies.
Sugars and Sugar Products

The compounds known as carbohydrates acquired that name at a time when the known members of the group had the empirical formula Cx(H2O)y and were considered to be hydrates of carbon. By the time the structures of these compounds had been elucidated and it was discovered that the simple two-to-one hydrogen-oxygen relationship did not always hold, the name had become so well established that it was retained.
Prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely low gestational age neonates: current evidence

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is one of the most frequent complications in extremely low gestational age neonates, but has remained largely unchanged in rate. We reviewed data on BPD prevention focusing on recent meta-analyses. Interventions with proven effectiveness in reducing BPD include the primary use of non-invasive respiratory support, the application of surfactant without endotracheal ventilation and the use of volume-targeted ventilation in infants requiring endotracheal intubation. Following extubation, synchronised nasal ventilation is more effective than continuous positive airway pressure in reducing BPD. Pharmacologically, commencing caffeine citrate on postnatal day 1 or 2 seems more effective than a later start. Applying intramuscular vitamin A for the first 4 weeks reduces BPD, but is expensive and painful and thus not widely used. Low-dose hydrocortisone for the first 10 days prevents BPD, but was associated with almost twice as many cases of late-onset sepsis in infants born at 24-25 weeks' gestation. Inhaled corticosteroids, despite reducing BPD, were associated with a higher mortality rate. Administering dexamethasone to infants still requiring mechanical ventilation around postnatal weeks 2-3 may represent the best trade-off between restricting steroids to infants at risk of BPD while still affording high efficacy. Finally, identifying infants colonised with ureaplasma and treating those requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation with azithromycin is another promising approach to BPD prevention. Further interventions yet only backed by cohort studies include exclusive breastmilk feeding and a better prevention of nosocomial infections.
Small molecules that inhibit the late stage of Munc13-4-dependent secretory granule exocytosis in mast cells.

Ca2+-dependent secretory granule fusion with the plasma membrane is the final step for the exocytic release of inflammatory mediators, neuropeptides, and peptide hormones. Secretory cells use a similar protein machinery at late steps in the regulated secretory pathway, employing protein isoforms from the Rab, Sec1/Munc18, Munc13/CAPS, SNARE, and synaptotagmin protein families. However, no small-molecule inhibitors of secretory granule exocytosis that target these proteins are currently available but could have clinical utility. Here we utilized a high-throughput screen of a 25,000-compound library that identified 129 small-molecule inhibitors of Ca2+-triggered secretory granule exocytosis in RBL-2H3 mast cells. These inhibitors broadly fell into six different chemical classes, and follow-up permeable cell and liposome fusion assays identified the target for one class of these inhibitors. A family of 2-aminobenzothiazoles (termed benzothiazole exocytosis inhibitors or bexins) was found to inhibit mast cell secretory granule fusion by acting on a Ca2+-dependent, C2 domain–containing priming factor, Munc13-4. Our findings further indicated that bexins interfere with Munc13-4–membrane interactions and thereby inhibit Munc13-4–dependent membrane fusion. We conclude that bexins represent a class of specific secretory pathway inhibitors with potential as therapeutic agents.
High k t 2 .Q silicon Fin Bulk Acoustic Resonators (FinBAR) FOR chip-scale multi-band spectrum analysis

This paper reports on the silicon (Si) Fin Bulk Acoustic Resonator (FinBAR) technology that enables extreme frequency scaling and integration of multi-band signal processors over the ultra-and super-high-frequency regimes (UHF and SHF). High-aspect-ratio Si fins are covered by aluminum nitride (AlN) films to enable efficient electromechanical transduction of bulk acoustic resonance harmonics with large coupling coefficient (k%). The low phononic dissipation of single crystal Si, along with suppression of piezoelectric charge redistribution loss result in unprecedentedly high quality-factors (Q). Having a frequency defined lithographically by the width of the Si fin, FinBARs with frequencies spread over UHF and SHF can be co-integrated to enable a single-chip multi-band spectrum analyzer. Benefiting from low temperature sensitivity of elastic constants in N-doped Si, FinBARs demonstrate significantly lower temperature instability compared to uncompensated AlN FBARs. FinBAR prototypes, with different fin widths are presented operating in 3rd and 9th width extensional modes at 0.93 GHz, 1.65 GHz, 2 GHz, and 6 GHz, with Qs of 8450, 6400, 4800, and 2300 respectively, k t 2 over 0.2%-1.2%, and temperature coefficient of frequency (TCFi) of −17.6 ppm/°C. The resulting record f ×Q of 1.4 × 1013, the large k2t ×Q of 58, and lithographical frequency scalability demonstrate the promising potential of FinBAR technology to realize multi-band acoustic signal processors for the emerging 5G systems.
Simulation Methods and Numerical Algorithms

Together with the exponential growth of computer performance, simulation became a cheap and widespread engineering and research practice. It is unthinkable to live without it in today’s high-technology society. And singleelectronics is no exception. This chapter includes tried and proven algorithms for the simulation of single-electron devices and circuits. Where possible, I present more than one algorithm for one task to better illustrate advantages and disadvantages. And there is seldom only one right way to do something.
A layered brain architecture for synthetic creatures

This paper describes a new layered brain architecture for simulated autonomous and semi-autonomous creatures that inhabit graphical worlds. The main feature of the brain is its division into distinct systems, which communicate through common access to an internal mental blackboard. The brain was designed to encourage experimentation with various systems and architectures. It has so far proven flexible enough to accommodate research advancing in a number of different directions by a small team of researchers.
Attack surface definitions: A systematic literature review

Abstract Context Michael Howard conceptualized the attack surface of a software system as a metaphor for risk assessment during the development and maintenance of software. While the phrase attack surface is used in a variety of contexts in cybersecurity, professionals have different conceptions of what the phrase means. Objective The goal of this systematic literature review is to aid researchers and practitioners in reasoning about security in terms of attack surface by exploring various definitions of the phrase attack surface. Method We reviewed 644 works from prior literature, including research papers, magazine articles, and technical reports, that use the phrase attack surface and categorized them into those that provided their own definition; cited another definition; or expected the reader to intuitively understand the phrase. Results In our study, 71% of the papers used the phrase without defining it or citing another paper. Additionally, we found six themes of definitions for the phrase attack surface. Conclusion Based on our analysis, we recommend practitioners choose a definition of attack surface appropriate for their domain based on the six themes we identified in our study.
Osteometric Analysis of Sexual Dimorphism in the Sternal End of the Rib

Although there have been a number of radiological studies of the entire anterior thorax, no attempt has been made to establish a method of sex determination based on direct metrical analysis of an isolated rib. The present study attempts to determine sex from the sternal end of the fourth rib. The sample (144 males, 86 females) was obtained from individuals of known age, sex, and race autopsied at a medical examiner's office. Three measurements (height, width, and sternal articular pit depth) were taken from each bone. The sample was divided into three groups: young, old, and the combined total and analyzed by means of stepwise discriminant function statistics. It was found that the accuracy of sex determination varied from 82% in the young and 89% in the old groups to 83% for the combined group. However, when a discriminant function formula developed for a different age group was used the accuracy of correct assessment diminished considerably. It was, therefore, concluded that sexual dimorphism can be detected by metrical analysis from the teens to the 70s and this dimorphism increases with age.
Should we resuscitate elderly patients with blunt traumatic cardiac arrest? Analysis of National Trauma Registry Data in Japan

Objectives Recent studies suggest that survival after traumatic cardiac arrest (TCA) has been improving. Many elderly adults enjoy active lifestyles, which occasionally result in TCA. The epidemiology and efficacy of resuscitative procedures on blunt TCA in elderly patients are largely unknown. Our primary aim was to compare the survival to discharge following blunt TCA between non-elderly adult (ages 18–59 years) and elderly patients (age ≥60 years). Methods We analysed 2004–2015 observational cohort data from a nationwide trauma registry in Japan. We included all adult patients (18 years and older) who experienced blunt TCA. We excluded patients missing data for age, survival, mechanism of injury or initial vital signs. Resuscitative procedures included thoracotomy and resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta. We compared survival for elderly patients (age ≥60 years old) to younger adults. Results Of 8347 patients with blunt TCA, 3547 (42.5%) were elderly. Survival differed significantly by age: 164/4800 (3.4%) of younger adults survived whereas 188/3547 (5.3%) of elderly patients survived (p Conclusion In a cohort of patients with blunt TCA, survival increased with increasing patient age. A number of patients with low ISS in the elderly group raises the possibility that this improved survival is due to preceding or concomitant medical cardiac arrest in the older cohort. Clinicians should be cautious about applying TCA algorithms to elderly patients and should not be discouraged from resuscitating TCA because of patient age.
Luminescent Properties of DOBDC Containing MOFs: The Role of Free Hydroxyls.

A novel metal–organic framework (MOF), Mn-DOBDC, has been synthesized in an effort to investigate the role of both the metal center and presence of free linker hydroxyls on the luminescent properti...
Long‐term neural regeneration following injury to the peroneal branch of the sciatic nerve in sheep

Peripheral nerves (PNs) are frequently injured as a result of trauma or disease. Development of therapies to regenerate PNs requires the use of animal models, typically beginning in rodents and progressing to larger species. There are several large animal models of PN regeneration that each has their benefits and drawbacks. Sheep have been used in PN studies due to their similarities in body weight to humans and the ease and lesser expense in their care and housing relative to other species. We have investigated the use of sheep for studies of PN regeneration and have developed and tested an injury model in the peroneal branch of the sciatic nerve. Three experimental groups were tested on mature sheep: a bisection; a 5-cm reverse autograft; and sham surgery. Protocols were developed for the post-operative care for animals with this injury, and regeneration was tracked for extended time points via compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) and endpoint assessments of nerve morphometry, muscle mass and muscle fibrosis. Results indicate the practical viability of this PN injury model and show distinctions in the degree and rate of regeneration between bisection and reverse autograft that persisted 14 months. This long-term study shows bisections lead to significantly improved CMAPS and muscle mass and lesser muscle fibrosis as compared to reverse autograft. The persistence of these discernable changes between two relatively similar experimental groups out to extended time points is an indication of the sensitivity of this nerve section and its potential applicability for comparative studies.
Comparison of Clinical Outcomes of Induction Regimens in Patients Undergoing Liver Transplantation for Acute Liver Failure

Purpose Spontaneous survival rates in acute liver failure (ALF) are vastly improved by liver transplantation (LT). However, the value of induction agents beyond steroids continues to be debated. To understand the potential benefit of different induction regimens in the ALF population, we compared one-year survival of recipients undergoing LT in the United States for ALF. Methods Utilizing the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, we assessed the impact of induction immunosuppression (IS) in a cohort of 3754 first-time liver transplant recipients with a diagnosis of ALF from 2002 - 2018. Induction IS therapy was grouped into steroid-only induction, use of anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) or Interleukin-2 receptor antibody (IL-2Ra). Other regimens were excluded from analysis. Survival analysis was estimated via Cox proportional hazard models and expressed as hazard ratios (HR). Results In LT for ALF, use of induction agents beyond steroids is increasingly frequent over the last two decades. Use of ATG is associated with worse one-year survival, even after adjusting for donor and recipient factors, with HR of 1.26 (1.02 - 1.56, p 0.03). An increase in cold ischemic time, recipient and donor age, black ethnicity, and prior surgery were all associated with reduced survival whereas maintenance immunosuppression with calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) was associated with improved one-year survival. Conclusions While adjunct induction therapy has become more common, our analysis shows that compared to a steroid- only induction regimen, the addition of ATG is associated with worse one-year survival after liver transplant ALF. CNI maintenance was highly protective, suggesting an immunosuppression strategy focusing on corticosteroids-only induction followed by CNI maintenance may offer the best one-year survival rates.
“Dangerous organizations: Facebook’s content moderation decisions and ethnic visibility in Myanmar”:

On February 5th, 2019 Facebook labeled four Ethnic Armed Organizations (EAOs) in Myanmar as “Dangerous Organizations” thereby formally banning them from using the company’s platform. At the time of...
Epidemiologic Patterns of Maxillofacial Trauma in a Metropolitan Area: A Retrospective Analysis.

Purpose To illuminate epidemiologic trends of maxillofacial trauma in an urban setting over an 11-year period. Materials and Methods We performed an exhaustive database search at the University of Pennsylvania. The data were collected from 11 years of attending oral and maxillofacial surgery clinician and resident operating room logs was conducted from 2011 to 2021. The procedures where then selected for those that represented maxillofacial trauma. Results About 3,427 procedures met the inclusion and exclusion criteria to be considered a novel incidence of trauma. Dramatic differences in maxillofacial trauma exist between time of the year, patient age, and patient race. There is a correlation between summer time criminal activity and maxillofacial trauma. African-Americans ages 18 to 65 are the most affected patient demographic. Conclusions With datasets of this size spanning over a decade, epidemiologic trends are able to be illuminated. There is a need for understanding the disparity between the demographics of the Philadelphia population and oral-maxillofacial (OM) trauma patients. A prospective extension of this study is to explore secondary, tertiary and quaternary ICD-10 codes to illuminate common injury patterns in OM trauma of varying patient populations.
A Global Model for Predicting Vacuum Drying of Used Nuclear Fuel Assemblies

A global model is proposed to simulate the drying process of used nuclear fuel assemblies under vacuum drying conditions. The transient model consists of a coupled mass and energy conservation equa...
Evaluating Stress-Corrosion Crack-Propagation Rates in High-Strength Aluminum Alloys with Bolt Loaded Precracked Double-Cantilever-Beam Specimens

Propagation rates for stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) of high-strength aluminum alloys determined with mechanically precracked double-cantilever-beam (DCB) specimens provide a quantitative means of comparing the resistance to SCC of alloys and tempers. For relatively resistant materials however, the rates can be markedly influenced by test conditions and interpretation of the crack-growth data. This paper describes a relatively simple, accelerated testing method for determining SCC velocities that rank the SCC behavior of aluminum alloys in the same order as SCC propagation rates in a seacoast or industrial atmosphere. Practical difficulties associated with this test method, however, warrant further evaluation to justify this as a primary method of testing.
Homocysteine Elicits an Inflammatory Profile in Murine Macrophages Through an EMMPRIN Mediated Pathway

Introduction: Macrophages are known to differentiate between two distinct phenotypic subsets: M1 and M2. The M1 phenotype elicits a pro-inflammatory profile while M2 macrophages are categorized as ...