cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conformation of dipeptides

The amide bond in L,L- and L,D-α-chloropropionylalanine methyl ester is shown to be trans by molar polarization and infrared spectroscopy. In these dipeptide diastereoisomer analogues, therefore, differences in physical properties, i.e., melting points, crystalline forms, gas chromatographic mobilities, etc., depend on preferred molecular conformations and not peptide bond configuration. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of both compounds were identical, indicating that no major chemical environment differences exist, which might have resulted from dissimilar side group interactions. Based on the data reported here and those of others, most dipeptide conformations can be eliminated because of contradiction with limits set by experimental or theoretical considerations. Of the remaining conformational possibilities, a single pair accounts for observed physical differences in dipeptide diastereoisomers, free or blocked. The preferred form contains α-hydrogens trans to each other and in the plane of the peptide bond. In this conformation, R1–R2 and amino–carboxyl distances are minimal in L,D diastereomers and maximal in L,L forms.
ANALYSIS OF ACTIVITIES OF SCHOOL COUNSELORS

369 school counselors in Kentucky completed a survey of time allocated to 17 different activities. The allocation of time per activity differed across level of school. Developmental implications of the findings are discussed.
Screening for obstructive sleep apnea in children with syndromic cleft lip and/or palate☆

Summary Background Craniofacial malformations including cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) increase risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). While 30% of CL/P occurs in the context of underlying genetic syndromes, few studies have investigated the prevalence of OSA in this high-risk group. This study aims to determine the incidence and risk factors of positive screening for OSA in this complex patient population. Methods The Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) was prospectively administered to all patients cared for by the cleft lip and palate clinic at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between January 2011 and August 2013. The PSQ is a 22-item, validated screening tool for OSA with a sensitivity and specificity of 0.83 and 0.87 in detecting an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) >5/hour in healthy children. The Fisher exact and Chi-square tests were used for purposes of comparison. Results 178 patients with syndromic CL/P completed the PSQ. Mean cohort age was 8.1 ± 4.4 years. Patients were predominately female (53.9%), Caucasian (78.1%), and had Veau Class II cleft (50.6%). Craniofacial syndromes included isolated Pierre Robin Sequence (PRS) (29.8%), 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (14.6%), Van der Woude syndrome (6.7%), and other rare genetic abnormalities (28.8%). The overall incidence of positive OSA screening was 32.0%. Males were at increased risk for positive OSA screening ( P = 0.030), as were non-Caucasians ( P = 0.044). Symptoms with the highest positive predictive value for OSA were "others comment on child appearing sleepy" (76.2%) and "stops breathing during the night" (75.0%). Notably, patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome were at highest risk for positive screens (50.0%, P = 0.042). Conclusions Nearly a third of our patients with syndromic CL/P screened positively for OSA (32.0%), highlighting the importance of screening in this at-risk population. Future work will correlate screening results with polysomnograms to help validate these findings. Clinical question/level of evidence Diagnostic, III.
When strategy pales: Lessons from the department store industry

Abstract The traditional department store was clearly the center of retail activity in cities and small towns in the United States during the first half of the 20th century. However, by the late 1970s and beyond, the department store industry began experiencing financial problems, and serious questions were being raised as to whether their demise was eminent. This article traces the evolution of the industry, and explores some of the underlying dynamics for the changes in the retail trade sector, including the emergence of new alternative retail formats, such as discount stores and category killers. This study further explores the major strategies used by the leading traditional stores with reference to new industry life cycle models and a strategic positioning framework. Of particular interest is the discussion regarding: Were the traditional department stores “locked in” to a declining trajectory? How effective were their strategies to counter the decline of the industry? And what were and are the repositioning options available to the traditional department stores?
The allelopathic mechanisms of dominance in bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) in Southern California

Bracken,Pteridium aquilinum, exerts a strong dominance over associated plants throughout much of its worldwide range. Associated plants are often severely inhibited or even excluded from dense stands of the fern. This study investigated the various aspects of herb suppression in bracken stands and assessed the contribution of the various forms of interference between plants to the establishment and maintenance of bracken dominance. It was shown that competition for soil moisture, light, and nutrients could not account for the lack of herbs in bracken stands. Further, uniformity of soil pH, texture, water-holding capacity, and organic matter content ruled out variability in physical factors as a cause. Baiting and trapping experiments showed that the higher concentration of animal activity inside the bracken stands contributed significantly to the pattern of herb suppression, but only against select species. The maintenance of this pattern in the animal-free Santa Cruz Island stands indicates the importance of another factor, allelopathy. It was found that phytotoxins leached from the dead, standing bracken fronds with the first few rains of the wet season were largely responsible for herb suppression. These toxins were isolated in raindrip and from soil inside the fern stands. Removal of the fronds from the stand before the rains could leach them resulted in reinvasion by the herbs after several seasons, and, conversely, placing fronds over the herbs in the grassland brought about herb inhibition. A number of known allelopathic chemicals were tentatively identified from bracken leachates. The importance of the interaction of allelopathy with other factors of plant interference is illustrated by bracken.
An Alfvén eigenmode similarity experiment

The major radius dependence of Alfven mode stability is studied by creating plasmas with similar minor radius, shape, magnetic field (0.5 T), density (ne3×1019 m−3), electron temperature (1.0 keV) and beam ion population (near-tangential 80 keV deuterium injection) on both NSTX and DIII-D. The major radius of NSTX is half the major radius of DIII-D. The super-Alfvenic beam ions that drive the modes have overlapping values of vf/vA in the two devices. Observed beam-driven instabilities include toroidicity-induced Alfven eigenmodes (TAE). The stability threshold for the TAE is similar in the two devices. As expected theoretically, the most unstable toroidal mode number n is larger in DIII-D.
A relaxation method for understanding spontaneous speech utterances

This paper describes an extension to the MIT ATIS (Air Travel Information Service) system, which allows it to answer a question when a full linguistic analysis fails. This "robust" parsing capability was achieved through minor extensions of pre-existing components already in place for the full linguistic analysis component. Robust parsing is applied only after a full analysis has failed, and it involves the two stages of 1) parsing a set of phrases and clauses, and 2) gluing them together to obtain a single semantic frame encoding the full meaning of the sentence. We have assessed the degree of success of the robust parsing mechanism through a breakdown of the performance of robustly parsed vs. fully parsed sentences on the October '91 "dry-run" test set. It was clear that the robust parser allowed us to answer many more questions correctly, as over a third of the sentences were not covered by the grammar. We also report here on the performance of the system on the February '92 test sentences, and discuss some issues with regard to the evaluation methodology.
Use of Metallopeptide Based Mimics Demonstrates That the Metalloprotein Nitrile Hydratase Requires Two Oxidized Cysteinates for Catalytic Activity

Nitrile hydratases (NHases) are non-heme FeIII or non-corrin CoIII containing metalloenzymes that possess an N2S3 ligand environment with nitrogen donors derived from amidates and sulfur donors derived from cysteinates. A closely related enzyme is thiocyanate hydrolase (SCNase), which possesses a nearly identical active-site coordination environment as CoNHase. These enzymes are redox inactive and perform hydrolytic reactions; SCNase hydrolyzes thiocyanate anions while NHase converts nitriles into amides. Herein an active CoNHase metallopeptide mimic, [CoIIINHase-m1] (NHase-m1 = AcNH-CCDLP-CGVYD-PA-COOH), that contains CoIII in a similar N2S3 coordination environment as CoNHase is reported. [CoIIINHase-m1] was characterized by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), gel-permeation chromatography (GPC), Co K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (Co−S: 2.21 A; Co−N: 1.93 A), vibrational, and optical spectroscopies. We find that [CoIIINHase-m1] will perform the catalytic conversion of acrylonitrile...
Platelet-derived growth factor is increased in pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis.

Abstract Background: Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH) is a rare cause of pulmonary arterial hypertension with no effective medical therapy and a high risk of mortality. The pathogenesis of PCH is unknown. Methods: We used gene expression analysis to compare lung tissue samples from two patients with PCH to those from seven control subjects. The nodules of proliferating capillaries in PCH patients were needle microdissected from cryostat sections. RNA extraction and labeling were followed by hybridization to U95Av2 oligonucleotide arrays (Affymetrix; Santa Clara, CA). In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were also performed. Results: The gene expression profile of PCH allowed for unsupervised clustering from the profile of the lung tissue samples of control subjects. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B gene ( PDGFB ), PDGF receptor (PDGFR)-β gene ( PDGFR -β), mast cell-related genes, and type 2 pneumocyte-related genes were found to be overexpressed in PCH lesions. In situ hybridization as well as immunohistochemistry for PDGFB showed expression by type 2 pneumocytes and endothelial cells. Immunohistochemical staining for PDGFR-β localized to pericytic/vascular smooth muscle cells surrounding the proliferating capillaries. CD117 staining confirmed an abundance of mast cells in the lesions, which also stained heavily for PDGFR-β. Conclusions: The expression of the PDGFB and PDGFR- β genes characterizes the nodular proliferations of PCH. Increased numbers of mast cells, pericytes, and type II pneumocytes accompany the endothelial proliferation. The up-regulation of these important angiogenic and antiapoptotic genes suggests a mechanism and potential therapeutic approaches for PCH.
The effect of anaerobiosis on the origin of respiratory-deficient yeast.

Abstract Respiratory-sufficient (AER) haploid yeast cells were subjected to aerobic and anaerobic conditions to determine whether anaerobiosis transforms respiratory-sufficient cells into respiratory-deficient (aer) cells. Anaerobiosis in the absence of growth failed to increase the frequency of aer cells. Growth of AER cells under anaerobiosis resulted in a 10-fold increase in aer variants over the frequency under aerobiosis. Control experiments showed that the increase was not due to the dispersal of cell aggregates or the selection of aer cells. These experiments confirm Warburg's hypothesis that anaerobiosis may lead to the degradation of the oxidative mechanism. It is proposed that dedifferentiation which might lead to cancer can occur either by the degradation of the cytoplasmic aerobic mechanism or by destruction of genes which produce the specific materials, the oxidation of which controls the maintenance of tissue specificity.
Assessing the lumber manufacturing sector in western Washington

Abstract The production structure of the lumber manufacturing sector in western Washington was investigated using a translog cost function with capital, labor, and sawlog inputs. Analyses were performed with a panel data set of biennial observations from 1972 to 2002 on a cross section of sixteen western Washington counties. Production structure was examined using Allen and Morishima partial elasticities of substitution, own- and cross-price factor demand elasticities, and total factor productivity decomposed into scale effects and technical change effects. Allen and Morishima substitution elasticities agreed that capital and labor were most easily substituted inputs. Own-price elasticity at the regional level showed that capital demand was the most responsive to changes in own-price while log demand was least. Demand for logs was virtually unresponsive to changes in capital and labor price, suggesting that producers had little flexibility to reduce total costs by substituting away from log inputs. Total factor productivity increased by 1.54% every two years on average; productivity gains in the industry were dominated by scale effects. Hicks-neutral technological change was rejected; technical change bias was sawlog-saving, capital-using, and labor-neutral Results suggest that policies influencing log costs had the greatest impact on sawmill viability.
Autoionization phenomena in dense photoionized plasmas

Abstract Elementary electron–ion collisional and spontaneous radiative transitions involving autoionizing resonances play important roles in atomic ionization, recombination, and radiative-emission processes in high-temperature astrophysical and laboratory plasmas. When electron–ion collisions are dominant, the ionization structure is usually determined by the steady-state (or dynamical) balance between electron-impact ionization (including autoionization following inner-shell-electron excitation) and radiative recombination combined with dielectronic recombination. The atomic radiative-emission spectrum tends to be dominated by the electron-impact excitation of ordinary spectral lines together with dielectronic satellite lines. In photoionized plasmas, a much higher degree of ionization can be established at a lower electron temperature, particularly as a result of multiple ionization due to Auger transitions following K inner-shell-electron photo-ionization. Radiative and dielectronic recombination can occur predominantly via transitions that are usually not considered to be important, and the unified quantum-mechanical description of the combined electron–ion photo-recombination process may be necessary. The satellite-line emission produced by the radiative decay of multiple-vacancy states can be more prominent, relative to the characteristic-line emission from the decay of single-vacancy states. We have developed a multiple-vacancy-state model for single and multiple ionization, together with characteristic-line and satellite-line emission, resulting from the cascade decay (by spontaneous radiative and Auger transitions) of an arbitrary initial inner-shell-electron vacancy distribution. The initial vacancy distribution may be created by electron or photon impact. We have also developed a unified description of the combined electron–ion photo-recombination process, taking into account the quantum-mechanical interference between radiative and dielectronic recombination. Results of calculations for Fe ions are discussed, which are expected to be valid at low densities. Implications for the detailed kinetics and spectral modeling of dense photoionized plasmas are discussed.
Intracranial Vascular Anomalies in Patients With Morning Glory Disk Anomaly

Purpose An association between morning glory disk anomaly (MGDA) and intracranial vascular anomalies including Moyamoya disease has been recognized. We evaluated a series of patients with MGDA to ascertain the frequency of cerebrovascular anomalies. Design Retrospective observational case series. Methods We reviewed the neurologic histories and neuroimaging studies of twenty patients with MGDA at two institutions between 1982 and 2004. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the brain was performed on all patients who had not undergone neuroimaging. MRI/MRA studies done for 40 pediatric patients without MGDA were also evaluated for cerebrovascular anomalies. The prevalence of anomalies in the two groups was compared by Fisher exact test. Results Nine of 20 patients (45%) with MGDA had cerebrovascular anomalies. Anomalies ranged from agenesis of the A1 segment of the anterior cerebral artery to bilateral stenosis of the internal carotid arteries with moyamoya disease. Three patients underwent revascularization procedures. Ten of 40 patients (25%) in the control group had any intracranial vascular anomaly, whereas only two of 40 (5%) had an abnormality of the anterior circulation, the most common finding in the MGDA group. Conclusion We recommend that all patients with MGDA undergo MRI/MRA or computerized tomographic angiography to detect vascular and structural brain anomalies. It may be unclear whether cerebrovascular anomalies represent isolated congenital anomalies or findings of progressive occlusive cerebrovascular disease. Follow-up imaging should be considered in patients with cerebrovascular anomalies and is clearly indicated if neurologic signs or symptoms are present.
Diminished insulin sensitivity and increased insulin response in nonobese, nondiabetic Mexican Americans.

The contributions of diminished insulin sensitivity and decreased insulin response to the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) remain controversial. Nondiabetics in high-risk populations for NIDDM, including Pima Indians and Mexican Americans, are characterized by obesity and hyperinsulinemia relative to nondiabetics in the lower-risk white population. However, it is not clear to what extent diminished insulin sensitivity in the high-risk groups reflects obesity per se or is an inherent characteristic of these groups. Insulin sensitivity and secretion were determined in 10 nonobese, normoglycemic Mexican Americans (mean body mass index [BMI], 23.8 kg/m2) and 11 normoglycemic non-Hispanic whites (mean BMI, 22.5 kg/m2) using the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and the minimal model approach of Bergman et al. Age, BMI, sum of skinfolds, and the ratio of waist-to-hip circumference (WHR) were similar in both ethnic groups. Mexican Americans had decreased insulin sensitivity compared with non-Hispanic whites (4.06 +/- 0.72 in Mexican Americans v 7.56 +/- 1.13 in non-Hispanic whites, P = .017). The areas under the C-peptide and insulin curves were significantly greater in Mexican Americans than in non-Hispanic whites (P less than .01), suggesting greater insulin secretion in the former. This study provides evidence for diminished insulin sensitivity and increased insulin response in young, nonobese, normoglycemic Mexican Americans.
Calmodulin kinase II in pure cultured astrocytes.

: Calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity was studied in pure neuronal and glial cultures. The addition of calcium and calmodulin stimulated 32P incorporation into several neuronal proteins including two in the 50- and 60-kilodalton (kD) region which comigrated with purified forebrain calmodulin kinase II sub-units (CaM kinase II). In mature astrocytes, CaM kinase activity was also present, and was inhibited by trifluoroperazine and diazepam. Again in homogenates of these cells, two phosphoproteins of apparent molecular masses of 50 and 60 kD comigrated with purified CaM kinase. CaM kinase activity was absent in immature mixed glia and oligodendrocytes. The presence of CaM kinase in neurons and mature astrocytes was confirmed using monoclonal antibodies specific for the 50-kD subunit of the enzyme. No immunoreactivity was observed in oligodendrocytes. The presence of CaM kinase in astrocytes suggests a more ubiquitous role of this enzyme in regulating cellular processes than was previously recognized.
Retrospective Cost Adaptive Control for Systems with Unknown Nonminimum-Phase Zeros

We develop a multi-input, multi-output direct adaptive controller for discrete-time, possibly nonminimum-phase, systems with unknown nonminimum-phase zeros. The adaptive controller requires limited modeling information about the system, specifically, Markov parameters from the control input to the performance variables. Often, only a single Markov parameter is required, even in the nonminimum-phase case. We demonstrate the algorithm on command-following and disturbance-rejection problems, where the command and disturbance spectra are unknown. This controller is based on a retrospective performance objective, where the controller is updated using either batch or recursive least squares.
Processing and Representing Temporal Information in Narrative Text.

Abstract According to current theories in discourse research, readers monitor a series of 5 situational dimensions during narrative comprehension (Zwaan, Langston, & Graesser, 1995; Zwaan & Radvansky, 1998). These dimensions are time (e.g., the order of events), space (e.g., locations), protagonist (e.g., main character actions), causality (e.g., how one event influences another event), and intentionality (e.g., goals). These experiments were designed to further explore how readers process and represent time (duration) in situation-model construction. In 3 experiments, we examined how duration-related inconsistencies influenced processing time and processing strategies. Results indicate that readers routinely monitor the duration of events and detect temporal inconsistencies even when temporal information is implicitly presented. This provides evidence for the representation of duration information in situation models.
Universal motions for a class of viscoelastic materials of differential type

Universal quasi-static motions for a class of incompressible, viscoelastic materials of differential type are examined. These time dependent motions are similar to corresponding static universal deformations well-known for incompressible, isotropic elastic materials. General details are illustrated for the pure torsion problem, and specific results and physical effects are provided for the viscoelastic Mooney-Rivlin model.
A Goal Programming Method for Generating Priority Vectors

The generation of priority vectors from pairwise comparison information is an integral part of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Traditionally, either the right eigenvector method or the logarithmic least squares method have been used. In this paper, a goal programming method (GPM) is presented that has, as its objective, the generation of the priority vector whose associated comparison values are, on average, the closest to the pairwise comparison information provided by the evaluator. The GPM possesses the properties of correctness in the consistent case, comparison order invariance, smoothness, and power invariance. Unlike other methods, it also possesses the additional property that the presence of a single outlier cannot prevent the identification of the correct priority vector. The GPM also has a pair of naturally meaningful consistency indicators that offer the opportunity for empowering the decision maker. The GPM is thus an attractive alternative to other proposed methods.
Effect of heparin in nonionic contrast media on blood coagulation and its dose response curve

To investigate the local effect of heparin on blood clot formation and partial thromboplastin time (PTT), blood was withdrawn into the catheters filled with iopamidol and heparin at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 U per ml concentrations as debubbling. After 30 min incubation, blood clotting was observed in all 8 experiments with heparin concentrations of 0 and 1 U per ml; in 3 of 8 with 2 U per ml; and in none with greater than or equal to 3 U per ml. PTT of blood and contrast mixture in catheters increased significantly when heparin concentrations were increased from 2 to 3 U per ml and reached a level of greater than 110 sec at 5 or more U per ml. Thus, the addition of heparin to nonionic contrast media at concentrations of 5 U per ml may be an easy measure with which to prevent blood clotting and reduce thromboembolic complications during coronary arteriography.
An efficient HARQ retransmission algorithm in OFDMA based wireless networks

In wireless transmission, Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) can improve the throughput performance by using error correction and error detection techniques when the signal quality is poor. In this paper, the effectiveness of HARQ in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) based wireless networks is studied. In OFDMA networks, every channel is split into a set of orthogonal sub-carriers collectively. Every user is assigned a set of sub-carriers for data transmission. When the network is overloaded, some of the packet retransmissions could be delayed. For applications with critical delay and jitter requirement, such as video and VoIP, packets with large delay because of too many retransmission attempts are usually discarded. If those retransmissions are assigned to sub-carriers with better signal quality, the transmission efficiency can be improved. In this paper, we propose an enhanced HARQ algorithm to schedule retransmissions to subcarriers to achieve higher throughput. A timestamp, determined by delay requirements, is attached to the retransmission request. The OFDMA scheduler allocates sub-carriers and time offsets to retransmission packets based on channel properties and the timestamp value. Retransmissions with smaller timestamp value than the estimated propagation time will be aborted. Therefore, the traffic load introduced by unnecessary retransmissions is reduced and the throughput can be improved.
The Effect of Commitment and Reactance On Action-Taking

In reactance terms, commitment to a position may reduce freedom concerning the attitude position. Without an explicit request (Experiment 1) subjects under public commitment avoided further commitment-related behavior, suggesting that committed subjects may attempt freedom restoration by avoiding further involvement. Private commitment subjects complied less with a consonant request that implied high rather than low threat to freedom and this effect was attenuated under public commitment (Experiment 2), suggesting that freedoms lost by commitment involve the freedom to refuse an explicit request for attitude-consistent compliance.
Performance of CDMA random access systems with packet combining in fading channels

We analyze the system performance of code-division multiple-access (CDMA) random access systems with linear receivers and packet combing in multipath fading channels. Both slotted and unslotted CDMA systems with random spreading codes are considered. The analysis is based on large systems in which both the offered load and the processing gain tend to infinity but their ratio is fixed. It is relatively easy to characterize the traffic in such large systems, which enables us to derive the system throughput and average delay. From the analysis results, it is observed that multiuser detection and packet combining substantially improve the system performance.
Neuropsychopharmacologic challenge in biological psychiatry.

Psychopharmacologic challenge procedures offer many useful features for biological psychiatry research. First, challenge procedures acutely stimulate neurotransmitter and (or) hormonal systems in the brain and offer the chance to assess the function, and (or) reserve, of the brain neurotransmitter/hormone system of relevance. Second, these paradigms often offer functional information about specific areas of the brain (e.g., limbic-hypothalamus). Regardless of these advantages, the power of these procedures is limited to the specificity of the agent and of the functional anatomy of the "circuit" that leads to the outcome measure, which, in turn, is linked to the stimulation by the acute pharmacologic challenge. We describe here the development of the psychopharmacologic challenge methodology and the strengths and weaknesses of this approach. Finally, the application of this paradigm in the study of various neuropsychiatric disorders will be reviewed and critiqued.
Multidimensional systems: present state and future prospects

Research results in multidimensional systems theory are highlighted. Topics considered include the stability of interval polynomials; the positive realness of interval rational functions; the invariance of the strict Hurwitz property for bivariate polynomials under coefficient perturbation; and the stability of exponential internal polynomials. >
Regulation of Depolarization-Dependent Release of Neurotransmitters by Adenosine: Cyclic AMP-Dependent Enhancement of Release from PC12 Cells

: We have used pheochromocytoma cells, clone PC12, as a model system for studying the effects of adenosine on neurosecretion. Exposure of the cells to adenosine or 2-chloroadenosine caused immediate activation of adenylate cyclase, increases in cellular cyclic AMP content, and inhibition of SAM-dependent phospholipid N-methylation and protein carboxymethylation. However, the effects on methylation were only observed with concentrations of adenosine 100 times greater than those that elevated cyclic AMP. Exposure of the cells to adenosine and 2-chloroadenosine did not alter the release of [3H]norepinephrine ([3H]NE) in the absence of depolarization. However, depolarization-dependent release of [3H]NE was markedly elevated by short (1–20 min) pretreatments with adenosine or 2-chloroadenosine. The enhancement of release was observed irrespective of the nature of the depolarizing stimulus (elevated K+, carbamylcholine, or veratridine). Release of [3H]acetylcholine in response to elevated K+ also was increased by adenosine pretreatment. These effects of adenosine and 2-chloroadenosine on neurotransmitter release closely paralleled elevation of cellular cyclic AMP but not inhibition of methylation. Taken together, the results show that adenosine, probably acting through adenosine receptors coupled to stimulation of adenylate cyclase, is able to modulate the neurosecretory process in PC12 cells. Furthermore, the enhancement of release occurred even though the extent of depolarization (measured as 86Rb+ flux through the acetylcholine receptor channel) and the amount of 45Ca2+ which entered upon depolarization were unchanged. Therefore, the enhancement of release produced by elevated cyclic AMP appeared to reflect increased efficiency of the stimulus-secretion coupling process.
Triphenylphosphine–N‐Bromosuccinimide

(Ph3P) [603-35-0] C18H15P (MW 262.30) InChI = 1S/C18H15P/c1-4-10-16(11-5-1)19(17-12-6-2-7-13-17)18-14-8-3-9-15-18/h1-15H InChIKey = RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (NBS) [128-08-5] C4H4BrNO2 (MW 177.99) InChI = 1S/C4H4BrNO2/c5-6-3(7)1-2-4(6)8/h1-2H2 InChIKey = PCLIMKBDDGJMGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (NCS) [128-09-6] C4H4ClNO2 (MW 133.54) InChI = 1S/C4H4ClNO2/c5-6-3(7)1-2-4(6)8/h1-2H2 InChIKey = JRNVZBWKYDBUCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N (NIS) [516-12-1] C4H4INO2 (MW 224.99) InChI = 1S/C4H4INO2/c5-6-3(7)1-2-4(6)8/h1-2H2 InChIKey = LQZMLBORDGWNPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (conversion of primary alcohols to alkyl halides) Physical Data: See Triphenylphosphine, N-Bromosuccinimide, N-Chlorosuccinimide, and N-Iodosuccinimide. Preparative Method: the mixed reagent is prepared in situ as needed by combining triphenylphosphine, the alcohol, and N-halosuccinimide in a suitable solvent (usually DMF) and heating. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: precautions in handling should be made as described for the individual reagents. This mixed reagent is not appropriate for storage. Recrystallization of the triphenylphosphine and N-halosuccinimide is necessary to achieve the most efficient halogenation reaction. In addition, the use of anhydrous solvent is important for the success of the reaction.
Point of View: Leadership Studies from Different Perspectives.

By adopting the dictum that all knowledge is knowledge from a point of view, educators can arrange the literature on leadership into nine categories from three conceptually distinct points of view, namely the Leader, the Follower, and the Investigator. Students who come to appreciate and account for point of view not only increase their understanding of leadership, but also prepare to compensate, if not transcend their own point of view – a skill that successful participants in leadership will increasingly require.
Reflex LH Release in Estrous Cats Following Single and Multiple Copulations

The nature of copulation-induced LII release in the domestic cat was assessed by measuring serum LH levels during each of 60 estrous periods studied in 13 animals. LII was measured by radioimmunoassay in serum samples collected at -48, -24,0,0.17, 1,4, 8, and 24 h after copulation or contact with a male. The queens were permitted either 1 copulation (n = 18), 4copulations during a 21-81 mm period (n = 23), ad libitum (8-12) copulatory activity for 4 h (n = 13), mounting without intromission (n 4) or no mounting (n = 2). The subsequent occurrence of reflex ovulation was determined by radioimmunoassay of luteal phase serum progesterone levels. The incidence of ovulation in trials involving zero, single, and multiple copulations was 0%, 50%, and 100%, respectively. At 10 mm after copulation, LH levels in ovulating cats (17 ± 2 ng/ml) were higher (P<0.05) than the levels (8 ± 2 ng/ml) observed at 10 mm in the nonovulating once-mated cats. LI-I levels at 1 h in ovulating once-mated cats (34 ± 9 ng/ml) were lower (P<0.05) than LII levels present at 1 h in cats allowed multiple matings (73 ± 11 ng/ml). Peak levels of LII occurred at 1-4 h in cats copulating 8-12 times in a 4 h period, and were higher (P<0.05) than those in cats permitted only 4 copulations (121 ± 24 vs 89 ± 15 ng/ml). LH levels had returned to baseline at 4 h in nonovulating once-mated cats (1.6 ± 0.4 ng/ml). Levels remained elevated until 8 h in ovulating cats and were lower (P<0.05) in once-mated cats (9 ± 3 ng/mI) than in cats mated 4-12 times (28 ± 4 ng/ml). At 24 h, levels were basal in all treatment groups. The results suggest that 1) LH release in cats ovulating in response to one copulation is similar in magnitude and duration to that reported in rabbits, 2) ovulation failure in some once-mated cats is due to inadequate LH release, and 3) the magnitude and duration of LII release, in cats allowed to copulate at natural intervals, are dependent on the number of copulations.
Malignant melanoma of the female genitalia

Fifteen women with genital malignant melanoma were studied. Their ages ranged from 19 to 66 years (mean 49.1 years); 12 were white, and three were black. The sites of involvement were the mons pubis (one patient), perineal body (one), labium majus (three), labium minus (three), and vagina (seven). Ten patients (66.6%) died of their disease, one is alive with disease, and four are alive without evidence of disease. For the living patients the duration of follow-up was 20 to 118 months (mean 63.6 months). Of those who died, survival ranged from 3 to 76 months (mean 25.1 months). The predominant type of malignancy was superficial spreading melanoma 50%. Nodular melanoma represented 22%, and the nodular polypoidal variant 14%. Melanoma of the squamous mucosa, also referred to as lentiginous melanoma, constituted 14%. By using Chung's method of determining levels of invasion, we found that no lesion was in situ (level I), two were level II (less than 1.0 mm thick), one was level III (between 1.0 and 2.0 mm) and the remaining 11 patients had lesions that were greater than 2.0 mm (levels IV and V). Because the subcutaneous fat is not consistently present in all sites of the female genitalia, all tumors thicker than 2.0 mm were included in level IV, and no level V tumors were classified in our study. Using Breslow's microstaging method, we found the thickness to range from 0.65 to 9.5 mm (mean 4.75 mm). When we correlated survival with level and thickness of tumor in nine patients who died, one tumor was level III and eight were level IV; thickness ranged from 1.65 to 9.0 mm (mean 5.64 mm). Of five living patients, four have no evidence of disease. Of these four, two had level II malignancies and two had level IV; their tumors ranged from 0.65 to 5.5 mm (mean 2.67 mm). In one patient living with disease, the tumor was level IV and was 5.2 mm thick.
Navigation and Discovery in 3D CAD Repositories

Due to increasing product design complexities and the ever-expanding variety of product parts, the amount of information that designers must catalog has exploded. Accordingly, capable CAD tools to help designers create engineering artifacts are now pervasive. The volume of such engineering artifacts generated has increased exponentially and enterprises spend huge resources to organize and archive them into repositories. In these large design repositories, traditional text-based searches prove unwieldy and impractical, and are thus insufficient for individuals seeking 3D content. The paper explains that while traditional text-based searches are impractical for users seeking 3D content in large repositories, existing 3D search systems present search results in a 1D list, which is hard to search. A new interaction paradigm lets users navigate results in 2D and 3D spaces and easily find 3D models that are similar overall or in a single orientation.
Acute supplementation of amino acids increases net protein accretion in IUGR fetal sheep

Placental insufficiency decreases fetal amino acid uptake from the placenta, plasma insulin concentrations, and protein accretion, thus compromising normal fetal growth trajectory. We tested whether acute supplementation of amino acids or insulin into the fetus with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) would increase net fetal protein accretion rates. Late-gestation IUGR and control (CON) fetal sheep received acute, 3-h infusions of amino acids (with euinsulinemia), insulin (with euglycemia and euaminoacidemia), or saline. Fetal leucine metabolism was measured under steady-state conditions followed by a fetal muscle biopsy to quantify insulin signaling. In CON, increasing amino acid delivery rates to the fetus by 100% increased leucine oxidation rates by 100%. In IUGR, amino acid infusion completely suppressed fetal protein breakdown rates but increased leucine oxidation rate by only 25%, resulting in increased protein accretion rates by 150%. Acute insulin infusion, however, had very little effect on amino acid delivery rates, fetal leucine disposal rates, or fetal protein accretion rates in CON or IUGR fetuses despite robust signaling of the fetal skeletal muscle insulin-signaling cascade. These results indicate that, when amino acids are given directly into the fetal circulation independently of changes in insulin concentrations, IUGR fetal sheep have suppressed protein breakdown rates, thus increasing net fetal protein accretion.
Effects of Printed Circuit Board Transmission Lines and Loading on Gate Performance

Experimental measurements were conducted on a typical high-speed logic gate (AS04) driving a similar gate(s) as a load(s) and connected via a printed circuit board transmission line. This simple system was used to investigate waveform characteristics. The results show that rise and fall times are a function of position and are linearly dependent on fanout. The gate and line parameters are estimated from these measurements using both lumped and distributed models of the loads.
TYPES OVER C.K/ SPACES

Let be a compact Hausdorff space and the Banach space of all real-valued continuous functions on , with the sup norm. Types over (in the sense of Krivine and Maurey) are represented here by pairs of bounded real-valued functions on , where is lower semicontinuous and is upper semicontinuous, and for every isolated point of . For each pair the corresponding type is defined by the equation for all , where is the sup norm on bounded functions. The correspondence between types and pairs is bijective.
A Low Noise Chipset for Passive Millimeter Wave Imaging

Technology for passive millimeter wave imaging has been maturing over the last 4-5 years. One key piece of technology that will allow for large scale production is a low cost front-end receiver. We have developed a two chip solution that addresses this need at W-band. A four stage InP LNA with a pre-matched Sb-heterostructure diode provides a low noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD). Our fabricated chipset provides sensitivities of 10,000 mV/muW over a 22 GHz noise equivalent bandwidth and an NETD of 0.8 K. To our knowledge, this is the best performance to date of a two chip solution for a passive millimeter wave radiometer.
The Revealed Market Power of a Natural Gas Pipeline

A natural gas pipeline operates in a regulated market environment in which transportation rates are set by regulators. Transportation rates are set using a fixed plus variable changing scheme in order to achieve a revenue path that covers the cost of providing service. Regulators have allowed pipelines to discount their rates from the maximum allowed by regulation in order to meet the competition in the market place. While isolated incidents exists, full deregulation of the natural gas transportation market has not been allowed by regulators. The discounting behavior of a pipeline in a regulated environment provides indirect evidence of the competitiveness in the market place.
A fiducial approach to multiple comparisons

Comparing treatment means from populations that follow independent normal distributions is a common statistical problem. Many frequentist solutions exist to test for significant differences amongst the treatment means. A different approach would be to determine how likely it is that particular means are grouped as equal. We developed a fiducial framework for this situation. Our method provides fiducial probabilities that any number of means are equal based on the data and the assumed normal distributions. This methodology was developed when there is constant and non-constant variance across populations. Simulations suggest that our method selects the correct grouping of means at a relatively high rate for small sample sizes and asymptotic calculations demonstrate good properties. Additionally, we have demonstrated the flexibility in the methods ability to calculate the fiducial probability for any number of equal means. This was done by analyzing a simulated data set and a data set measuring the nitrogen levels of red clover plants that were inoculated with different treatments.
The heart in massive (more than 300 pounds or 136 kilograms) obesity: Analysis of 12 patients studied at necropsy

Observations are described in 12 massively obese patients (5 women, 7 men), aged 25 to 59 years (mean 37), who weighed 312 to more than 500 pounds (mean 381). Seven patients had had systemic hypertension, 4 hypersomnia or sleep apnea, 2 diabetes mellitus, and 1 patient symptomatic coronary artery disease. Five patients died suddenly from undetermined causes, 2 from right-sided congestive heart failure, 1 patient from acute myocardial infarction; 1 from aortic dissection; 1 from intracerebral hemorrhage; 1 from a drug overdose, and 1 soon after an ileal bypass. The heart weight was increased in all 12 patients. The heart weight to body weight ratio expressed as a percent ranged from 0.22 to 0.61 (mean 0.37) (normal for men 0.42 to 0.46 [mean 0.43], normal for women 0.38 to 0.46 [mean 0.40]). The left ventricular cavity was dilated in 11 patients and the right ventricular cavity in all 12. Only 2 patients (aged 42 and 59 years) had 1 or more major epicardial coronary arteries narrowed >75% in cross-sectional area by atherosclerotic plaque, 1 of whom had no symptoms of myocardial ischemia. Of 664 five-millimeter segments from the 4 major epicardial coronary arteries from 11 patients (mean 60 per patient), 431 (65%) were narrowed 0 to 25% in XSA, 143 (21%) were narrowed 26 to 50%, 73 (11%) were narrowed 51 to 75%, and 17 (3%) were narrowed 76 to 100%. Thus, these extremely obese patients who died prematurely did not have more coronary atherosclerosis than might be expected at their ages.
Development of Storm Drainage Cost Functions

Planners must have simple quantitative relationships to rapidly but accurately estimate the costs of urban drainage facilities. Using fundamental concepts of urban hydrology, engineering design, and cost estimation, relationships are derived between percent imperviousness of urban areas, return period of design storm, and the resulting cost of drainage facilities. Increasing design return periods demand greater storm sewer sizes and additional coverage of drainage basins by the sewer network. A case study demonstrates rapid increases in cost from 1-yr to 10-yr return periods, but reduced rates of increase from 10-yr to 100-yr designs. The relationships developed will be useful for tradeoff decisions between levels of urbanization, storm drain design criteria, and the resulting cost of facilities.
The Road to fMRI Using Endogenous MR Blood Contrast

Looking back at my MRI result collected on May 9, 1991, recording visual cortex activation using deoxyhemoglobin contrast, it was clear that fortune smiled on the initial functional MRI (fMRI) experiment. The highly hypothetical link between endogenous MR blood contrast and brain activation turned out to be a clean MR signal response observable by the naked eye through a simple subtraction of the images of the baseline epoch from the images of stimulus ON epoch. I learned about the role of deoxyhemoglobin on the effect of the MR parameter T2 from the work of Dr. Keith Thulborn who was a radiology resident at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) in early 1991. I was yet unaware of Dr. Seiji Ogawa’s published results on blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast, now a synonym for the MRI contrast of deoxyhemoglobin. Dr. Thulborn’s comments on deoxyhemoglobin suggested to me the possibility of applying the gradient-echo sequence, known to be highly sensitive to magnetic susceptibility, to look for MR brain signal change upon the challenges of sensory and cognitive stimuli. In the 3–4 years leading up to 1991, a constant research theme of the MGH Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (MGH-NMR) Center was MR susceptibility contrast. Major strides have been made in the use of spin echo, offset spin echo, and gradient-echo MR sequences to image the various manifestations of magnetic susceptibility. The innovative research on susceptibility at MGH provided the indispensable intellectual framework and inspiration for my pursuit of the deoxyhemoglobin signal contrast for functional studies.
The Oil Game: Generating Enthusiasm for Geosciences in Urban Youth in Newark, NJ

ABSTRACT A hands-on game based upon principles of oil accumulation and drilling was highly effective at generating enthusiasm toward the geosciences in urban youth from underrepresented minority groups in Newark, NJ. Participating 9th-grade high school students showed little interest in the geosciences prior to participating in the oil game, even if they had completed an Earth Science course. Benchmark surveys showed that only 9.7% of these students would consider a career in the geosciences prior to playing the game. The oil game teaches principles of fluid density, porosity and permeability, stratigraphy, seismic reflection profiling, and petroleum traps and shows practical applications in a problem-based learning format. The exercise is run like a game show, where groups of students earn money by best applying geologic principles. The streetwise participants in the study were 64% African American and 29% Hispanic/Latino American, faced inner-city dangers daily, and were generally difficult to motivate ...
Applications of nitrous oxide for procedural sedation in the pediatric population.

ObjectiveThe objective of this review was to provide a general descriptive account of the physical properties, end-organ effects, therapeutic applications, and delivery techniques of nitrous oxide (N2O) as used in the arena of procedural sedation.Data SourceA computerized bibliographic search regard