cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and evaluation of an automatic procedure for detection of large misregistration of medical images

In many cases the combined assessment of three-dimensional anatomical and functional images [single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT)] is necessary to determine the precise nature and extent of lesions. It is important, prior to performing the addition, subtraction, or any other combination of the images, that they be adequately aligned and registered either by experienced radiologists via visual inspection, mental reorientation and overlap of slices, or by an automated registration algorithm. To be useful clinically, the latter case requires validation. The human capacity to evaluate registration results visually is limited and time consuming. This paper describes an algorithmic procedure to provide proxy measures for human assessment that discriminate between badly misregistered pairs of brain images and those likely to be clinically useful. The new algorithm consists of four major steps: segmentation of brain and skin/air boundaries, contour extraction, computation of the principal axes, and computation of the registration quality measures from the contour volumes. The test data were MR and CT brain images. The results of the present study indicate that the use of a measure based on the combination of brain and skin contours and a principal axis function is a good first step to reduce the number of badly registered images reaching the clinician.
The rate loss in the Wyner-Ziv problem

The rate-distortion function for source coding with side information at the decoder (the "Wyner-Ziv problem") is given in terms of an auxiliary random variable, which forms a Markov chain with the source and the side information. This Markov chain structure, typical to the solution of multiterminal source coding problems, corresponds to a loss in coding rate with respect to the conditional rate-distortion function, i.e., to the case where the encoder is fully informed. We show that for difference (or balanced) distortion measures, this loss is bounded by a universal constant, which is the minimax capacity of a suitable additive-noise channel. Furthermore, in the worst case, this loss is equal to the maximin redundancy over the rate-distortion function of the additive noise "test" channel. For example, the loss in the Wyner-Ziv problem is less than 0.5 bit/sample in the squared-error distortion case, and it is less than 0.22 bit for a binary source with Hamming distance. These results have implications also in universal quantization with side information, and in more general multiterminal source coding problems.
Electoral Coalitions and Institutional Stability: The Case of Metropolitan Reform in Dade County, Florida

While theoretical results demonstrate that majority rule is unstable, there are few documented cases of cyclical majority preferences. This paper uses survey data on the preferences of citizens for metropolitan reform to document one such case. The paper demonstrates voting cycles over proposed reforms for the whole electorate, ethnic voting blocs, and plausible coalitions within the electorate. For this case, intransitive coalition preferences and ethnic group frictions prevent the formation of a stable reform coalition. The stability of the status quo proposal is attributed to the referendum process used to reform Metro-Dade County.
(1R,1′R,2S,2′S)‐2,2′‐Bis(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐2,2′,3,3′‐tetrahydro‐1,1′‐bi‐1H‐isophosphindole and (1S,1′S,2R,2′R)‐2,2′‐Bis(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐2,2′,3,3′‐tetrahydro‐1,1′‐bi‐1H‐isophosphindole

[528814-26-8] C24H32P2 (MW 382.46) InChI = 1S/C24H32P2/c1-23(2,3)25-15-17-11-7-9-13-19(17)21(25)22-20-14-10-8-12-18(20)16-26(22)24(4,5)6/h7-14,21-22H,15-16H2,1-6H3/t21-,22-,25+,26+/m1/s1 InChIKey = HCBRTCFUVLYSKU-PWGHIRGTSA-N [795290-34-5] C24H32P2 (MW 382.46) InChI = 1S/C24H32P2/c1-23(2,3)25-15-17-11-7-9-13-19(17)21(25)22-20-14-10-8-12-18(20)16-26(22)24(4,5)6/h7-14,21-22H,15-16H2,1-6H3/t21-,22-,25+,26+/m0/s1 InChIKey = HCBRTCFUVLYSKU-CNXCYTMISA-N (optically active reagent used as a ligand for asymmetric catalysis; its rhodium(I) complexes are highly enantioselective catalysts in homogeneous asymmetric hydrogenation reactions) Alternate Names: (1R,1′R,2S,2′S)-DuanPhos and (1S,1′S,2R,2′R)-DuanPhos. Physical Data: mp 214–246 °C, +18° (c = 1.0, CH3Cl) for the (1R,1′R,2S,2′S)-enantiomer. Solubility: soluble in THF, CH2Cl2, and other common organic solvents. Analysis of Reagent Purity: optical rotation; NMR spectroscopy. Form Supplied in: colorless crystals, Sigma–Aldrich. Preparative Methods: the DuanPhos ligands are readily synthesized from 1,2-benzenedimethanol (eq 1).1 The derived cyclic sulfate is treated with tert-butylphosphine in the presence of n-BuLi, followed by oxidation with H2O2, to afford the corresponding phosphine oxide. Homocoupling of the phosphine oxide in the presence of CuCl2 and LDA gives the racemic bis(phosphine) oxide, followed by resolution with l-DBT·H2O. The (1R,1′R,2S,2′S)-enantiomer is obtained by reduction of the enantiomerically pure bis(phosphine) oxide with trichlorosilane in the presence of triethylamine. Similarly, the (1S,1′S,2R,2′R)-enantiomer is obtained by resolution with d-DBT·H2O. (1) Purification: passing through a short silica gel plug under N2 afforded the pure phosphine. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: although an ether solution of DuanPhos was exposed to air overnight without any oxidation detected,1 the reagent is still considered air-sensitive and should be handled and stored under an inert atmosphere. Toxicity data are not available.
Analysis of acylglycerols by high temperature gas chromatography

A high temperature gas chromatography method was developed for analyzing the content of fatty acid(FFA) and acylglycerols in oils samples.FFA and acylglycerols were identified by the retention time with standards and quantified by external standard method,which was turned out to be correct.The calibration curves of FFA,monoacylglycerol(MAG),diacylglycerol(DAG)and triacylglycerol(TAG) built by the high temperature gas chromatography showed a good linear correlation at concentration range of 0.5-20.0 mg/mL.Recovery experiments showed the average recoveries of FFA and acylglycerols were at range of 95.69%-105.78% with RSD at range of 0.27%-2.98%.The method had good precision and reproducibility.
Hepatic steatosis in HCV-infected persons in the direct-acting antiviral era.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects 130–170 million people worldwide. Recently, direct-acting antivirals have been shown to eradicate HCV infection in 90–95 % of non-cirrhotic patients depending on genotype, treatment experience, and regimen used. Similar rates are achieved among compensated cirrhotics, although longer treatment duration and/or ribavirin may be required. HCV uses host lipid metabolism for its lifecycle and can cause hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Hepatic steatosis, defined as excessive triglyceride deposition in hepatocytes, affects approximately half of HCV-infected individuals. Genetic factors and co-morbidities can drive further steatosis, which in turn can instigate fibrosis and progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Polymorphisms in genes that modulate lipid deposition in hepatocytes such as patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) and transmembrane six superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) predispose people to steatosis. Metabolic syndrome, obesity, and insulin resistance are increasing worldwide and further contribute to hepatic steatosis, and alcohol has long been recognized as a cause of lipid deposition in the liver. HIV and antiretroviral drugs, but not HBV, may further drive hepatic steatosis. While many of these factors limit response to interferon-based regimens for treating HCV, responses to direct-acting antivirals appear not to be impaired. The effect of HCV eradication on hepatic steatosis and progression to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma warrants further study in the era of direct-acting antivirals.
No Apparent Influence of Reward upon Visual Statistical Learning

Humans are capable of detecting and exploiting a variety of environmental regularities, including stimulus-stimulus contingencies (e.g., visual statistical learning) and stimulus-reward contingencies. However, the relationship between these two types of learning is poorly understood. In two experiments, we sought evidence that the occurrence of rewarding events enhances or impairs visual statistical learning. Across all of our attempts to find such evidence, we employed a training stage during which we grouped shapes into triplets and presented triplets one shape at a time in an undifferentiated stream. Participants subsequently performed a surprise recognition task in which they were tested on their knowledge of the underlying structure of the triplets. Unbeknownst to participants, triplets were also assigned no-, low-, or high-reward status. In Experiments 1A and 1B, participants viewed shape streams while low and high rewards were “randomly” given, presented as low- and high-pitched tones played through headphones. Rewards were always given on the third shape of a triplet (Experiment 1A) or the first shape of a triplet (Experiment 1B), and high- and low-reward sounds were always consistently paired with the same triplets. Experiment 2 was similar to Experiment 1, except that participants were required to learn value associations of a subset of shapes before viewing the shape stream. Across all experiments, we observed significant visual statistical learning effects, but the strength of learning did not differ amongst no-, low-, or high-reward conditions for any of the experiments. Thus, our experiments failed to find any influence of rewards on statistical learning, implying that visual statistical learning may be unaffected by the occurrence of reward. The system that detects basic stimulus-stimulus regularities may operate independently of the system that detects reward contingencies.
The Impact of Varying Wind Risk on the Economic Effectiveness of a Statewide Building Code

As losses from natural disasters steadily increase, communities search for ways to increase resilience. The state of Florida enacted stronger building codes in 2002 as a way to limit losses from windstorms. This study uses realized insured loss data to examine the effect of the Florida Building Code (FBC) on windstorm losses. Further, we analyze the effectiveness of the FBC in different regions within the state. We find that overall the FBC passes a Benefit Cost test with the exception of the use of the higher cost option for impact protection.
Augustine, Shakespeare, and Tolkien on the Identification and Excellence of Humility in Politics

As Aristotle and Augustine both noted, virtue constitutes a particularly difficult subject for political analysis. Limited to hearsay evidence of the state of the consciences of our fellows, we are...
Balloon aortic valvuloplasty in the TAVR era: Not so new but definitely improved.

Key Points BAV in the TAVR era is not well studied BAV resulted in improvements in aortic valve area and transvalvular pressure gradient, and in patients with impaired left ventricle function, ejection fraction improved. These improvements diminished over time, but at one year were still improved compared to baseline. BAV resulted in changes of planned therapy more than half of the patients treated as bridge for TAVR did not ultimately undergo TAVR twice as many planned as bridge for surgical valve replacement actually had surgical valve replacement. BAV techniques remain unstandardized and can be improved
On the linear threshold model for diffusion of innovations in multiplex social networks

Diffusion of innovations in social networks has been studied using the linear threshold model. These studies assume monoplex networks, where all connections are treated equally. To reflect the influence of different kinds of connections within social groups, we consider multiplex networks, which allow multiple layers of connections for a given set of nodes. We extend the linear threshold model to multiplex networks by designing protocols that combine signals from different layers. To analyze these protocols, we generalize the definition of live-edge models and reachability to the duplex setting. We introduce the live-edge tree and with it an algorithm to compute cascade centrality of individual nodes in a duplex network.
The Divestment from Fossil Fuels Movement and the Commitments Settled Within Universities—Proactive Examples in the Transition Towards Clean Energy

Campaigns to the divestment from fossil fuels have been significantly increasing worldwide in an attempt to speed the transition towards clean energy. Several universities have already committed to divest from fossil fuels and to increase investments in renewable energy, as a new best practice to promote sustainability on campuses. This is the fastest divestment campaign is the history and the movement gained even more strength after the entry into force of the landmark Paris Agreement, that recognizes the urgency to tackle climate change, bringing nations to undertake their best efforts to combat its causes and effects. In light of this, this work investigates the divestment from fossil fuel campaigns, explaining its concept, aims, evolution, motivations and effects. Also, based on the movement’s background and the commitments in place, a draft of an agreement to divest from fossil fuels and to support renewable energy, to be reached within universities, is proposed, by suggesting gradual targets and establishing a condition of no significant financial impact on academic activities. This paper is thus important because it shows what are the divestment campaigns and how educational institutions can participate in them in a reasonable way. In addition, the paper is important because it shows the agreement as a tool that might encourage society, private and public sectors to re-construct their practices in relation to the use of fossil fuels, increasing their support for low-carbon alternatives.
Virtue in the Greek World: A Comparative Study of Odysseus and Themistocles

The “Homeric World”, as characterized by the epic poems of Homer, presents a fascinating glimpse into the heroic age of Mycenaean rule. Homer’s Iliad and his latter work the Odyssey provide modern scholarship with the earliest written accounts of Greek culture during the late Bronze Age. These two works expose the strengths and weaknesses of Greek society, while concomitantly providing a framework for understanding how the social, political and economic values of Greek society evolved. Interestingly, the values that so rigidly shaped the behavior of most Greeks during the “Late Bronze” period can also be seen influencing the Greek world of Athens one thousand years after the apex of Mycenaean civilization. This analysis will distinguish the relationship of these two periods by comparing the lives of arguably the two most indelible personalities of their age: Odysseus and Themistocles. Furthermore, cultural considerations will be compared within the scope of this study as it relates to the inextricable relationship between Odysseus and Themistocles in the ever-changing world they lived in.
The Matthew Effect in Online Review Helpfulness.

To allow consumers cast a vote on the helpfulness of an online review becomes a popular practice by many ecommerce companies. It was assumed this crowd-sourcing-method-generated ranking could help online shoppers quickly identify quality reviews for a popular product. However, through data collected from amazon.com, we found those most useful reviews identified through this method are heavily influenced by the order the reviews being submitted. Early reviews enjoy a first-mover advantage over later reviews via Matthew effect. How to remedy such influence is discussed.
Behavior modification of an adjustment class: a token reinforcement program.

A base rate of deviant behavior was obtained for the eight most disruptive children in a third grade adjustment class. In a token reinforcement program, the children received teacher's ratings whic...
Femoral Access for TAVR: Techniques for Prevention and Endovascular Management of Complications

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has emerged as an option for select patients with aortic stenosis who are high risk for conventional aortic valve surgery. The most common site of percutaneous access for TAVR is the common femoral artery (CFA), where the TAVR system is advanced retrograde into the ascending aorta and the stent valve is deployed within the annulus of the stenotic native aortic valve. The transcatheter aortic valve prostheses currently in use require a minimum 18 French (F) delivery sheath for smaller valve sizes. Larger first-generation Sapien 26 mm prostheses (RF3 delivery system) require a 24 F delivery sheath.
How do kinins affect vascular tone

Because kinins affect vascular tone, it is assumed that kinins act directly on smooth muscle. However, a direct interaction.is difficult to conceive. Vessels containing smooth muscle are lined by a continuous endothelium with tight junctions. In addition, kinins act on endothelial cells to cause the release of prostaglandin-related substances; possibly through receptors. Furthermore, endothelial cells have a great capacity for hydrolyzing kinins to inactive products. Hence, even invoking active transport, less than 1% of kinins might be expected to reach the first layer of smooth muscle cells. However, kinins may not act directly on smooth muscle as endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells form. specialized cell contacts. Myoendothelial junctions occur, and we have shown, in pulmonary arterioles, that smooth muscle cells send large numbers of projections into the cytoplasm of the endothelial cells. In addition, smooth muscle cells attach directly to the abluminal surface of endothelial cells, as do pericytes. Thus, there is a morphologic basis by which kinins can affect tone of smooth muscle without acting directly on smooth muscle cells.
Neurostimulation for Bladder Pain Syndrome

Bladder pain syndrome (BPS) can be a debilitating disorder with limited treatment options. Recently, neuromodulation has emerged as a viable therapeutic option for patients with intractable symptoms, improving the pain and the urgency–frequency, as well as the quality of life. The most commonly used approach is sacral nerve stimulation (SNS), although pudendal and posterior tibial nerve stimulations have also been described. This chapter details the mechanism of action, patient selection, and procedure technique of SNS. It also reviews the latest scientific literature addressing its use for BPS, and provides a summary of the reported related adverse events. Furthermore, it sheds some light on the current research regarding pudendal, posterior tibial, and caudal epidural sacral nerve stimulations.
Detecting Out-of-Phase Ventilation Using 4DCT to Improve Radiation Therapy for Lung Cancer

Functional avoidance radiation therapy (RT) uses lung function images to identify and minimize irradiation of high-function lung tissue. Lung function can be estimated by local expansion ratio (LER) of the lung, which we define in this paper as the ratio of the maximum to the minimum local lung volume in a breathing cycle. LER is computed using deformable image registration. The end exhale (0EX) and the end inhale (100IN) phases of four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) are often used to estimate LER, which we refer to as LER3D. However, the lung may have out-of-phase ventilation, i.e., local lung volume change is out of phase with respect to global lung expansion and contraction. We propose the LER4D measure which estimates the LER measure using all phases of 4DCT. The purpose of this paper is to quantify the amount of out-of-phase ventilation of the lung. Out-of-phase ventilation is defined to occur when the LER4D measure is \(5\%\) or more than the LER3D measure. 4DCT scans of 14 human subjects were used in this study. Low-function (high-function) regions are defined as regions that have less (greater) than \(10\%\) expansion. Our results show that on average \(19.3\%\) of the lung had out-of-phase ventilation; \(3.8\%\) of the lung had out-of-phase ventilation and is labeled as low-function by both LER3D and LER4D; \(9.6\%\) of the lung is labeled as low-function by LER3D while high-function by LER4D; and \(5.9\%\) of the lung had out-of-phase ventilation and is labeled as high-function by both LER3D and LER4D. We conclude that out-of-phase ventilation is common in all 14 human subjects we have investigated.
Paracervical Block, Lumbar Sympathetic Block, Pudendal Block

This chapter discusses the other blocks that help with labor analgesia. It further discusses the maternal and fetal complications of each block.
Immunotherapy, Radiotherapy, and Hyperthermia: A Combined Therapeutic Approach in Pancreatic Cancer Treatment.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) has the highest mortality rate amongst all other cancers in both men and women, with a one-year relative survival rate of 20%, and a five-year relative survival rate of 8% for all stages of PC combined. The Whipple procedure, or pancreaticoduodenectomy, can increase survival for patients with resectable PC, however, less than 20% of patients are candidates for surgery at time of presentation. Most of the patients are diagnosed with advanced PC, often with regional and distant metastasis. In these advanced cases, chemotherapy and radiation have shown limited tumor control, and PC continues to be refractory to treatment and results in a poor survival outcome. In recent years, there has been intensive research on checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy for PC, however, PC is characterized with dense stromal tissue and a tumor microenvironment (TME) that is highly immunosuppressive, which makes immunotherapy less effective. Interestingly, when immunotherapy is combined with radiation therapy (RT) and loco-regional hyperthermia (HT), it has demonstrated enhanced tumor responses. HT improves tumor killing via a variety of mechanisms, targeting both the tumor and the TME. Targeted HT raises the temperature of the tumor and surrounding tissues to 42–43 °C and makes the tumor more immunoresponsive. HT can also modulate the immune system of the TME by inducing and synthesizing heat shock proteins (HSP), which also activate an anti-tumor response. It is well known that HT can enhance RT-induced DNA damage in cancer cells and simultaneously help to oxygenate hypoxic regions. Thus, it is envisaged that combined HT and RT might have immunomodulatory effects in the PC-TME, making PC more responsive to immunotherapies. Moreover, the combined tripartite approach of immunotherapy, RT, and HT could reduce the overall toxicity associated with each individual therapy, while concomitantly enhancing the immunotherapeutic effect of overall individual therapies to treat local and metastatic PC. Thus, the use of a tripartite combinatorial approach could be promising and more efficacious than monotherapy or dual therapy to treat and increase the survival of the PC patients.
Concurrent Katz Centrality for Streaming Graphs

Most current frameworks for streaming graph analysis “stop the world” and halt ingesting data while updating analysis results. Others add overhead for different forms of version control. In both methods, adding additional analysis kernels adds additional overhead to the entire system. A new formal model of concurrent analysis lets some algorithms, those valid for the model, update results concurrently with data ingest without synchronization. Additional kernels incur very little overhead. Here we present the first experimental results for the new model, considering the performance and result latency of updating Katz centrality on a low-power edge platform. The Katz centrality values remain close to the synchronous algorithm while reducing latency delay from 12.8$\times $ to 179$\times $.
Implementing an established musculoskeletal educational curriculum in a new context: a study of effectiveness and feasibility.

Background: Musculoskeletal (MSK) problems are common, yet many primary care (PC) providers feel inadequately trained to manage these conditions. Previous studies describe successful MSK educationa...
Multiphysics modeling of ultrasonic elastic wave attenuation for wireless power transfer including viscoelasticity and acoustic emission

Abstract A COMSOL Multiphysics model is developed to computationally predict power attenuation in an ultrasonic elastic wave wireless power transfer application. This model invokes the complete equations of elastodynamics, coupled electric field and piezoelectric elastic response, and coupled transmitter and receiver circuits. Structural damping is captured in the adhesive layers by treating them as isotropic viscoelastic media with complex valued elastic moduli. Structural damping is captured in the parent structure by modeling the acoustic emission from the exposed surfaces which couples the displacement field of the parent structure with the surrounding fluid medium. This model quantitatively predicts the electrical power transduction efficiency to within 5% over a range of excitation frequencies. This model is also able to predict the voltage gain to between 10 and 25% over the same range of excitation frequencies.
Instructional Design and User Experience Design: Values and Perspectives Examined Through Artifact Analysis

An exploration of values and perspectives embodied in designed artifacts was conducted via the analysis of two artifacts: Mathemagics-Mental Math Tricks™ and Photomath™. Two frameworks were used for the analysis, first principles of instruction and interaction criticism, in order to identify points at which similar and different value positions and specific perspectives may have been in play during design. Authors discuss informed impressions of the professional values in play for the artifacts’ designers, presumably absorbed from the fields in which they practice and manifest in the artifacts they have produced, and call for exploration of such values across related fields of design to enrich practice in both.
Deferred Tax Asset Valuation Allowances and Auditors’ Going Concern Evaluations

The valuation allowance for deferred tax assets is an audited disclosure that reflects management’s expectations regarding the future profitability of a company. Building on prior literature that establishes this disclosure as an indicator of future distress, we examine whether the valuation allowance is associated with auditors’ going concern evaluations. We find evidence that the existence and magnitude of the valuation allowance, as well as changes in the allowance, are positively associated with the likelihood that a company receives a going concern opinion. We also find that valuation allowances are associated with reduced Type I and Type II going concern opinion errors. Our results suggest that the information related to management’s plans and expectations that is reflected in the valuation allowance is viewed as incrementally relevant by auditors in their assessment of a company’s likelihood of failure.
Expression of the Tomato pot-1 Gene Confers Potato Virus Y (PVY) Resistance in Susceptible Potato Varieties

The translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) has been implicated in naturally-occurring resistance to the Potato Virus Y (PVY) determined by the pot-1 locus in tomato. The susceptible potato varieties Russet Norkotah, Silverton Russet, and Classic Russet, along with the Michigan State University breeding line MSE149-5Y, were transformed with the pot-1 gene from Solanum hirsutum to achieve PVY resistance. Transgenic potato events and their non-transgenic controls were screened for PVY resistance against three PVY strains (PVYO, PVYN:O, PVYNTN) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in greenhouse and in field trials. The event A95.87.05 (Classic Russet) and MSE149.87.22 (MSE149-5Y) had resistance against all three PVY isolates tested in both foliage and tuber under either greenhouse or field conditions. In contrast, SR.87.62 (Silverton Russet) and RN1.87.09 (Russet Norkotah), displayed moderate susceptibility to PVY in foliage during the growing season and increased level of infection in tubers. Transformation of PVY-susceptible potato varieties with the tomato pot-1 gene can be a useful tool for improving PVY resistance.
2019-nCOV distress and depressive, anxiety and OCD-type, and eating disorder symptoms among postpartum and control women.

This study compared postpartum and control women on depressive, anxiety, and OCD-type symptoms, and eating disorder symptoms during the 2019-nCOV pandemic and evaluated if associations between 2019-nCOV distress and these mental health symptoms differed for postpartum compared to control women. A community sample of women, ages 18–39, who had either given birth in the past 12 months (n = 232) or had no pregnancy history (n = 137; controls), was recruited to complete an online survey about their depressive, anxiety, OCD, and eating disorder symptoms. Postpartum women reported greater OCD-type symptoms related to concerns about both contamination and responsibility for harm (ps < .05) compared to controls. After controlling for general stress and mental health history, the association between 2019-nCOV distress and OCD-type symptoms related to concerns about contamination was stronger among postpartum compared to control women (ps < .002). For all women, 2019-nCOV distress was positively related to general anxiety symptoms, total OCD-type symptoms, and OCD-type symptoms related to concerns about responsibility for harm after controlling for general stress and mental health history (ps < .03). Data are first to suggest postpartum women may be at elevated risk for OCD-type symptoms during 2019-nCOV pandemic, and pandemic distress is associated with anxiety and OCD-type symptoms among postpartum women more so than control women.
AGC Control Strategy Study of Sliding Pressure Drum Boiler Unit

Boilers burning brown coal significantly reduced the AGC mode unit load speed of response and control stability margin degrees.In order to improve the unit AGC load speed of response and control accuracy,the paper on the basis of the traditional control strategy proposes a new control strategy for burning lignite unit sliding pressure.The basic idea is a load instruction and instruction time-sharing control of the main steam pressure,peak shifting regulation,the main steam pressure setpoint dynamic adaptive boiler operating status,the use of high-speed load command instead of the actual load instruction feedforward,dynamic advanced control improving characteristics of the boiler.On the condition of taking full advantage of the boiler heat storage to meet the load requirements of the grid,the new control strategy is to solve the boiler parameter swinging problem of sliding pressure in the operating mode for burning lignite direct firing unit.After long-term experiment and optimization,the new control strategy in Tieling Power Plant units has been successfully appliced.
Theoretical foundations for quantitative paleogenetics

REH theory is extended by deriving the theoretical equations that permit one to analyze the nonrandom molecular divergence of homologous genes and proteins. The nonrandomicities considered are amino acid and base composition, the frequencies with which each of the four nucleotides is replaced by one of the other three, unequal usage of degenerate codons, distribution of fixed base replacements at the three nucleotide positions within codons, and distributions of fixed base replacements among codons. The latter two distributions turn out to dominate the accuracy of genetic distance estimates. The negative binomial density is used to allow for the unequal mutability of different codon sites, and the implications of its two limiting forms, the Poisson and geometric distributions, are considered. It is shown that the fixation intensity — the average number of base replacements per variable codon - is expressible as the simple product of two factors, the first describing the asymmetry of the distribution of base replacements over the gene and the second defining the ratio of the average probability that a codon will fix a mutation to the probability that it will not. Tables are given relating these features to experimentally observable quantities inα hemoglobin,β hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromec, and the parvalbumin group of proteins and to the structure of their corre-sponding genes or mRNAs. The principal results are (1) more accurate methods of estimating parameters of evolutionary interest from experimental gene and protein sequence data, and (2) the fact that change in gene and protein structure has been a much less efficient process than previously believed in the sense of requiring many more base replacements to effect a given structural change than earlier estimation procedures had indicated. This inefficiency is directly traceable to Darwinian selection for the nonrandom gene or protein structures necessary for biological function. The application of these methods is illustrated by detailed consideration of the rabbitα -andβ hemoglobin mRNAs and the proteins for which they code. It is found that these two genes are separated by about 425 fixed base replacements, which is a factor of two greater than earlier estimates. The replacements are distributed over approximately 114 codon sites that were free to accept base mutations during the divergence of these two genes.
Communicating Guideline Recommendations Using Graphic Narrative Versus Text-based Broadcast Screensavers.

BACKGROUND The use of graphic narratives, defined as stories that use images for narration, is growing in health communication. OBJECTIVE In this study, we describe the design and implementation of a graphic narrative screensaver (GNS) to communicate a guideline recommendation (avoiding low-value acid suppressive therapy (AST) use in hospital inpatients), and examine the comparative effectiveness of the GNS versus a text-based screensaver (TBS) on clinical practice (low-value AST prescriptions) and clinician recall. METHODS During a two-year period, GNS and TBS were displayed on inpatient clinical workstations. The number of new AST prescriptions were examined in the four quarters before, the three quarters during, and the one quarter after screensavers were implemented. Additionally, an electronic survey was sent to resident physicians one year after the intervention to assess screensaver recall. RESULTS Designing an aesthetically engaging graphic that could be rapidly understood was critical in the development of the GNS. The odds of receiving an AST prescription on medicine and medicine subspecialty services after the screensavers were implemented was lower for all 4 quarters (GNS and TBS broadcast together; only TBS broadcast; only GNS broadcast; no AST screensavers broadcast) compared to the quarter prior to implementation (Odds Ratio (OR) 0.85, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.78-0.92; OR 0.89, CI 0.82-0.97; OR 0.87, CI 0.80-0.95; OR 0.81, CI 0.75-0.89, respectively; p<0.0001 for all comparisons). There were no statistically significant decreases for other high volume services such as the surgical services. These declines appear to have begun prior to screensaver implementation. When surveyed about the screensaver content one year later, resident physicians recalled both the GNS and TBS (61% vs 77%, p=0.07), and were more likely to recall the main message of the GNS compared to the TBS (70% vs 2%, p <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS It is feasible to use a graphic narrative embedded in a broadcast screensaver to communicate a guideline recommendation, but further study is needed to determine the impact of graphic narratives on clinical practice. CLINICALTRIAL
A Matched Comparison of the Benefits of Breast Reduction on Health-Related Quality of Life.

BACKGROUND Breast reduction surgery has consistently fallen within the top 10 surgical procedures performed by plastic surgeons. This is because of its capability to relieve the physical and psychological impact of macromastia. Although numerous women pursue consultation, many never undergo the procedure. The authors aim to quantify the impact of breast reduction surgery on quality of life by comparing patients who underwent breast reduction surgery with those who did not. METHODS Patients seeking breast reduction surgery between 2016 and 2019 were identified. As standard-of-care, patients are surveyed during the consultation visit and postoperative visits using the BREAST-Q. The preoperative survey was readministered a second time for those who did not undergo breast reduction surgery. Propensity score matching, based on patient demographics, comorbidities, and breast examination, was used to balance baseline characteristics. RESULTS A total of 100 propensity-matched patients were identified (operative, n = 78; nonoperative, n = 22). Mean participant age was 39.5 ± 25 years and mean body mass index was 31.1 ± 7.4 kg/m2. Quality of life significantly improved in each domain for those in the operative group (p < 0.05). Those who did not undergo breast reduction surgery realized no improvement in quality of life and had a downward trend in quality of life across two of the four domains. CONCLUSIONS Breast reduction surgery offers a significant improvement in quality of life for macromastia. This matched study demonstrates that patients who are able to undergo breast reduction surgery have a statistically significant improvement in all aspects of quality of life, whereas nonsurgical patients experience no benefit with time, with a trend toward deterioration in specific domains.
Is Grade Group 1 (Gleason score 3 + 3 = 6) adenocarcinoma of the prostate really cancer?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Whether Grade Group 1 (GG1) prostate cancer is really cancer remains controversial. RECENT FINDINGS Favoring renaming GG1 with a noncancerous diagnosis are: fear of the term cancer, which will lead to overtreatment of GG1; and indolence of GG1. Favor designating GG1 as cancer are: morphologically, GG1 may be indistinguishable from GG2 to GG5 and GG1 is invasive (lacks basal cells), can show perineural invasion and extraprostatic extension; molecularly, GG1 has many of the hallmarks of prostate cancer; calling GG1 noncancer would lead to inconsistencies and confusion in reporting; sampling error with GG1 on biopsy can miss higher grade cancer; removing the label of cancer in men with GG1 on biopsy may make it challenging to insure follow-up during active surveillance; the prognosis of treated GG1 may not be the same if GG1 called noncancer and not treated; with Grade Group terminology, GG1 is more intuitive to patients as lowest grade cancer; and patients are increasingly adopting active surveillance, recognizing that not all prostate cancers are the same and GG1 can be followed carefully and safely on active surveillance. SUMMARY There is strong support for retaining the carcinoma designation for GG1.
A Note on the Determination of Cavitation Nuclei Distributions by Holography

The purpose of this brief note is to describe the holographic technique and the equipment used to determine nuclei distribution in a water tunnel. Some of the resulting distributions are presented and compared with those of other investigations.
Pain following spinal cord injury: pathophysiology and central mechanisms.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the results of experimental and clinical studies that provide insights into possible mechanism(s) underlying selected pain states following spinal injury. Emphasis is placed on studies related to central dysesthetic pain, perhaps the most disabling of all sensory complications associated with spinal cord injury (SCI). The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of different SCI pain syndromes are reviewed. The most obvious pathological characteristics associated with traumatic or ischemic injury to the spinal cord include but are by no means limited to the dramatic loss of neurons, damage to surrounding white matter, astrocytic scarring, syrinx formation, and breakdown of the spinal blood brain barrier. Common central injury cascade was proposed for the initiation of pain-related behaviors following central or peripheral injury. The different components of this central cascade are shown that include anatomical, neurochemical, excitotoxic, and inflammatory events that collectively interact to influence the functional state of spinal sensory neurons leading to the onset of different clinical pain states. Continued research directed towards specific components of the spinal injury cascade should provide a better understanding of spinal and supraspinal mechanisms responsible for this condition and the future development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Plant tissue and the color infrared record

Green plant tissue should not be considered as having a uniguely high near-infrared reflectance but rather a low visual reflectance. Leaf tissue without chloroplasts appears to reflect well both visual and near infrared wavelengths. The sensitometry of color infrared film is such that a spectral imbalance strongly favoring infrared reflection is necessary to yield a red record. It is the absorption of visual light by chlorophyll that creates the imbalance that makes the typical red record for plants possible. Reflectance measurements of leaves that have been chemically blanched or which have gone into natural chloride decline strongly suggests that it is the rise in the visual reflectance that is most important in removing the imbalance and degrading the red CIR record. The role of water in leaves appears to be that of rendering epidermal membranes translucent so that the underlying chlorophyll controls the reflection rather than the leaf surface.
If You Want to Be Russian Go to the United States

Abstract The latest and largest group of Russian immigrants arrived in the United States after 1983, when the Soviet Union collapsed. This was the first time in over seventy years that Russia's Jews were allowed to leave Russia. Unlike many other immigrants, this group had lived in a country where little or no contact had been allowed with the outside world. Not unlike Plato's characters living in a cave, the Russian Jews saw the outside world only as it had been portrayed in Russian propaganda. Mistrust of the Soviet regime led to fantasies and confusion about it. Understanding this group of immigrants requires knowing something of Jewish life in Russia during the last hundred years. In an enclosed, totalitarian, oppressive society, individuals developed character traits that were necessary for survival. Some of these will be discussed in this article. Lack of knowledge on the part of the immigrants as well as on the part of American human services professionals has often led to culture shock for both gr...
Effect of inhibition of macromolecule synthesis on the association of bacteriophage T4 DNA with membrane.

Abstract The “Mg2+-Sarkosyl crystals” (M band) technique distinguishes between membrane-bound and free intracellular DNA. This procedure was employed to investigate the nature of the reactions necessary to convert input T4 DNA to a rapidly sedimenting form. Energy poisoning inhibits this attachment reaction. Neither protein nor DNA synthesis appears to be required, but experiments with rifampin and extensively irradiated T4 suggest that RNA synthesis is involved. These results were confirmed by a second procedure for the determination of rapidly sedimenting DNA.
Reciprocal scaffolding: A context for communication treatment in aphasia

Background: The goal of social approaches to aphasia treatment is to improve life quality. This study explored the potential therapeutic value of increasing participation in life through natural language use with communicative partners during shared learning activities. Reciprocal Scaffolding Treatment (RST), based on an apprenticeship model of learning where novices are taught skills by a more skilled partner, was developed to provide an individual with aphasia an opportunity to use pre-stroke knowledge and vocabulary during teaching interactions. Aims: The purposes of the study were to determine whether an individual with aphasia in the role as a teacher would improve language production and whether changes in quality of life were evident as a result of the experience. Methods & Procedures: A descriptive case study approach was used to compare RST and peer discourse group treatment. The participant was a former physicist with moderate aphasia. He was placed in a preschool classroom to teach science to 4...
Vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG strains Danish and Pasteur in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) experimentally challenged with Mycobacterium bovis.

Summary Wildlife reservoirs of Mycobacterium bovis represent serious obstacles to the eradication of tuberculosis in domestic livestock and the cause for many faltering bovine tuberculosis eradication programmes. One approach in dealing with wildlife reservoirs of disease is to interrupt inter-species and intraspecies transmission through vaccination of deer or cattle. To evaluate the efficacy of BCG vaccination in white-tailed deer, 35 deer were assigned to one of three groups; one s.c. dose of 107 CFU of M. bovis BCG Pasteur (n = 12); 1 s.c. dose of 107 CFU of M. bovis BCG Danish (n = 11); or unvaccinated deer (n = 12). After vaccination, deer were inoculated intratonsilarly with virulent M. bovis. Lesion severity scores of the medial retropharyngeal lymph node, as well as all lymph nodes combined, were reduced in vaccinated deer compared to unvaccinated deer. BCG Danish vaccinated deer had no late stage granulomas characterized by coalescent caseonecrotic granulomas containing numerous acid-fast bacilli compared to BCG Pasteur vaccinated or unvaccinated deer where such lesions were present. Both BCG strains were isolated as late as 250 days after vaccination from deer that were vaccinated but not challenged. In white-tailed deer, BCG provides protection against challenge with virulent M. bovis. Issues related to vaccine persistence, safety and shedding remain to be further investigated.
Cooperative monomer binding by polynucleotides. Effect of multiple-loop configurations on formation of triple-stranded complexes.

Simulated binding curves for the reaction 2 polymer + monomer = triple-stranded complex are presented, in which loop formation and sliding degeneracy of the polymer adsorption surface are considered. Exact calculations for a polymer chain length N of 11 units suggest that configurations of two or more loops have negligible effect on the isotherm when SW > 1, where S and W are exponential weighting factors for monomer–monomer S and polymer–polymer W nearest neighbor interactions. There is a pronounced effect, however, when SW ≪ 1. Limiting expressions (N ≫ 1, but finite) for the single-loop configurations suggest these configurations are negligible at any degree of saturation θ if θ (1 − θ)2–kN3–k ≪ SW, where k is defined by the weighting factor (j + 1)−k for a ring of j units. This expression suggests that single monomer-stack configurations are the only significant contributors to the grand partition function at the midpoint of the isotherm if N3–k ≪ SW. Furthermore, single-loop configurations are negligible below θ = 0.5 but become dominant above the isotherm midpoint when SW ∼ 1 (random binding) if 2 3 and N ∞, loop configurations have no effect in any region of the random binding isotherm usually analyzed experimentally (θ < 0.95). Equivalence of matrix and sequence generating methods is also demonstrated.
Ultrafast Time-Resolved Quantum Beats in the Polarization State of Coherent Emission from Quantum Wells

Dual-channel spectral interferometry is used to measure the ellipticity, the orientation of the polarization ellipse, and the sense of rotation of the four-wave-mixing signal from a GaAs-AlGaAs multiple quantum well. Each is observed to oscillate dramatically at the heavy-hole-light-hole quantum beat frequency. During each beat period (in the strong quantum beat regime), the ellipticity oscillates twice between linear and almost circular polarization, the orientation of the polarization ellipse rotates through a complete 180°, and the sense of rotation changes from left to right circular polarization.