cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluorozirconate glasses with improved viscosity behavior for fiber drawing

Abstract Investigations on the viscous and thermal properties of a 63 ZrF 4 - 27 BaF 2 - 5 LaF 3 - 5 AlF 3 glass revealed a narrow glass working range and a high activation energy for viscous flow which were inappropriate for fiber preparation. The addition of fluoride dopants such as LiF, BiF 3 , and PbF 2 rendered the glass workable, improved its viscosity-temperature characteristics, and allowed fluoride glass fibers to be drawn at extended lengths.
CRT-410 Lipid-containing Plaque Distribution In Native Coronary Arteries: A Near-infrared Spectroscopy Study

The near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) catheter system identifies lipid core-containing coronary plaques (LCP) of interest in the coronary arteries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate axial distance in location between the maximum LCP site and the site that had the most luminal-narrowing as
Self-assembly of 2,6-dimethylpyridine on Cu(1 1 0) directed by weak hydrogen bonding

Abstract Sequential stages of formation of a self-assembled monolayer of flat-lying 2,6-dimethylpyridine molecules on a single crystal Cu(1 1 0) surface have been observed by low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (LT-STM). At an adsorption temperature of 10 K, all of the molecules are randomly distributed at low coverage upon adsorption. The isolated molecules align their molecular axes parallel to the 〈0 0 1〉 azimuth of the Cu lattice. The nitrogen atom in the molecule is located at the four-fold hollow site. Upon annealing to 100 K, the molecules associate to form head-to-head dimers. The dimer units involve a pair of weak hydrogen bonds between methyl group-hydrogen atoms and N moieties on adjacent molecules, forming a core structure for further growth. In a later stage of self-assembly, single head-to-tail weak hydrogen bonds between ring C–H bonds and N moieties form in chains on the periphery of the central cores, leading to larger domains with a c(6 × 2) overlayer structure.
Job Satisfaction Among Long-Term Care Staff: Bureaucracy Isn't Always Bad

The study investigated the influence of role conflict, workload, centralization, and formalization on job satisfaction of long-term care staff. Regression analysis revealed that role conflict, workload, centralization, and formalization together contributed 40.0% variance in job satisfaction. Role conflict and workload decrease job satisfaction while centralization and formalization increase it.
A search for precursors to the Sitka, 1972, earthquake: Sea level, magnetic field, and P -residuals

The Sitka earthquake of 30 July, 1972, was a shallow strike-slip fracture of 170 km length and it closed a gap defined by Sykes (1971). A tide gauge station, a magnetic observatory and a seismological station are located 40 km to the east of the center of the rupture. A comparison of the sea level at Sitka with that at three tide gauges up to 430 km from Sitka indicates that the sea level at Sitka remained constant for 32 years before the earthquake (standard deviation ±1.5 cm) with the exception of the years 1966 and 1967 when the land may have been elevated by 3 cm. Preliminary analysis of mean teleseismic-P-residuals suggests that a P-wave delay may have existed under the station Sitka during 1966 and 1967. The quiet annual means of the horizontal component of the magnetic field at Sitka were compared to that at College, Alaska, and Victoria, Canada, for all years since the establishment of these stations in 1941 and 1957 respectively. Starting 7.5 years before the earthquake the field differences appear to have decreased by approximately 20γ, gradually returning to normal the year after the earthquake.
Respiratory heart rate relationship in the decerebrate cat

The respiratory heart rate relationship was examined in 10 decerebrate cats. The relationship appears to be a multi-part phenomenon consisting of (1) the inspiratory acceleration of the heart rate, which is well known, plus (2) the tendency toward small numbered relationships of integers between heart and respiration, as for example 2:1 to 5:1 heart rate to respiratory rate rather than complete randomness in the multiples of cardiac intervals in the respiratory cycle, and (3) registry of the heart and respiratory cycles upon each other in conformity to definitions of linear autonomous systems. So the phenomenon can be attributable to the influence of respiration upon the heart, the influence of the heart upon respiration, resulting in the mutual influence of both in supplying the physiological needs of perfusion of the periphery revealing higher integrations which an autonomous system would require.
An improved polyurethane support system for monitoring growth in plant cell cultures

An improved culture system for plant cells that employs filter paper resting on polyurethane saturated with liquid medium is described. It combines a simplified version of the system outlined by Weber and Lark [1979, Theor Appl Genet 55: 81–86] with the method of growth estimation described by Horsch et al. [1980, Can J Bot 58: 2402–2406]. The growth of plated cells or callus can be conveniently monitored through repeated non-destructive fresh weight measurements of the filter paper and adhering cells, thereby allowing the construction of a complete growth curve over the course of an experiment. Experiments with 3 Nicotiana genotypes (N. plumbaginifolia Viv., N. tabacum L. ‘SC 58’ and N. tabacum ‘WI 38’) and 3 Vitis vinifera L. genotypes (‘Chenin Blanc’, ‘Dogridge’ and ‘White Riesling’) clearly demonstrate higher growth rates of plated cells on polyurethane supports compared with agar. Further experiments with N. plumbaginifolia illustrate the use of polyurethane supports for culturing cells at low pH (4.0) and the recovery of spent medium for monitoring changes in pH. These features will greatly facilitate quantitative studies of mineral nutrition and metal toxicity in cultured cells. Polyurethane supports also allow the incorporation of conditioned medium or feeder cells to support the growth of cells at low densities and facilitate the rapid recovery of variant cells.
Pair counting, pion-exchange forces and the structure of light nuclei

A simple but useful guide for understanding the structure of light nuclei is presented. It is based on counting the number of interacting pairs in different spin-isospin ($S,T$) states for a given spatial symmetry and estimating the overall binding according to the sum of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{i}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{j}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{i}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{j}$ expectation values, as suggested by one-pion exchange. Applied to s- and p-shell nuclei, this simple picture accounts for the relative stability of nuclei as A increases and as T changes across isobars, the saturation of nuclear binding in the p shell, and the tendency to form $d,t$, or \ensuremath{\alpha} subclusters there. With allowance for pairwise tensor and spin-orbit forces, which are also generated or boosted by pion exchange, the model explains why mixing of different spatial symmetries in ground states increases as T increases across isobars and why, for states of the same spatial symmetry, the ones with greater S are lower in the spectrum. The ordering of some sd-shell intruder levels can also be understood. The success of this simple model supports the idea that one-pion exchange is the dominant force controlling the structure of light nuclei.
Fidelity of tRNA 5′-maturation: a possible basis for the functional dependence of archaeal and eukaryal RNase P on multiple protein cofactors

RNase P, which catalyzes tRNA 5'-maturation, typically comprises a catalytic RNase P RNA (RPR) and a varying number of RNase P proteins (RPPs): 1 in bacteria, at least 4 in archaea and 9 in eukarya. The four archaeal RPPs have eukaryotic homologs and function as heterodimers (POP5•RPP30 and RPP21•RPP29). By studying the archaeal Methanocaldococcus jannaschii RPR's cis cleavage of precursor tRNA(Gln) (pre-tRNA(Gln)), which lacks certain consensus structures/sequences needed for substrate recognition, we demonstrate that RPP21•RPP29 and POP5•RPP30 can rescue the RPR's mis-cleavage tendency independently by 4-fold and together by 25-fold, suggesting that they operate by distinct mechanisms. This synergistic and preferential shift toward correct cleavage results from the ability of archaeal RPPs to selectively increase the RPR's apparent rate of correct cleavage by 11,140-fold, compared to only 480-fold for mis-cleavage. Moreover, POP5•RPP30, like the bacterial RPP, helps normalize the RPR's rates of cleavage of non-consensus and consensus pre-tRNAs. We also show that archaeal and eukaryal RNase P, compared to their bacterial relatives, exhibit higher fidelity of 5'-maturation of pre-tRNA(Gln) and some of its mutant derivatives. Our results suggest that protein-rich RNase P variants might have evolved to support flexibility in substrate recognition while catalyzing efficient, high-fidelity 5'-processing.
Spatiotemporal patterns and return periods of tropical storm and hurricane strikes from texas to maine

Abstract The authors analyze 105 yr (1901–2005) of tropical cyclone strikes at 45 coastal locations from Brownsville, Texas, to Eastport, Maine, with the primary objective of examining spatiotemporal patterns of storm activity. Interpretation of the data suggests that geographically, three focal points for activity are evident: south Florida, the Outer Banks of North Carolina, and the north-central Gulf Coast. Temporally, clusters of hyperactivity are evident in south Florida from the 1920s through the 1950s and then again during the most recent years. North Carolina was a region of enhanced activity in the 1950s and again in the 1990s. A more consistent rate of occurrence was found along the north-central Gulf Coast; the last two years, however, were active in this region. Return periods of tropical storm strength systems or greater range from a frequency of once every 2 yr along the Outer Banks of North Carolina, every three years on average in southeast Texas, southeastern Louisiana, and southern Flori...
Assessing the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in semiarid shrublands dominated by Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis.

Variation in the abiotic environment and host plant preferences can affect the composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AMF) assemblages. This study analyzed the AMF taxa present in soil and seedlings of Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis collected from sagebrush steppe communities in southwestern Idaho, USA. Our aims were to determine the AMF diversity within and among these communities and the extent to which preferential AMF–plant associations develop during seedling establishment. Mycorrhizae were identified using molecular methods following DNA extraction from field and pot culture samples. The extracted DNA was amplified using Glomeromycota specific primers, and identification of AMF was based on phylogenetic analysis of sequences from the large subunit-D2 rDNA region. The phylogenetic analyses revealed seven phylotypes, two within the Claroideoglomeraceae and five within the Glomeraceae. Four phylotypes clustered with known species including Claroideoglomus claroideum, Rhizophagus irregularis, Glomus microaggregatum, and Funneliformis mosseae. The other three phylotypes were similar to several published sequences not included in the phylogenetic analysis, but all of these were from uncultured and unnamed glomeromycetes. Pairwise distance analysis revealed some phylotypes with high genetic variation. The most diverse was the phylotype that included R. irregularis, which contained sequences showing pairwise differences up to 12 %. Most of the diversity in AMF sequences occurred within sites. The smaller genetic differentiation detected among sites was correlated with differences in soil texture. In addition, multiplication in pot cultures led to differentiation of AMF communities. Comparison of sequences obtained from the soil with those from A. tridentata roots revealed no significant differences between the AMF present in these samples. Overall, the sites sampled were dominated by cosmopolitan AMF taxa, and young seedlings of A. tridentata ssp. wyomingensis were colonized in relation to the abundance of these taxa in the soil.
Ultrastructural correlates of experimentally altered transmitter release efficacy in frog motor nerve terminals

After experimentally inducing long term changes in transmitter release, a series of frog neuromuscular junctions were studied with intracellular recording and then semi-serially sectioned and examined in the electron microscope. Transmitter release per unit length of motor nerve terminal was well correlated with several measures of the length of individual presynaptic active zones and with the number of mitochondria per terminal. Total release from each terminal correlated with estimates of the total amount of active zone. This study of neuromuscular junctions in sartorius muscles of the frog Rana pipiens was undertaken to search for ultrastructural correlates of the increase in transmitter release efficacy that follows denervation of the contralateral sartorius. This treatment typically results in greatly enhanced release at some synapses while others appear unaffected. In the present study, nine identified junctions with known physiological properties were sectioned every 6 μm throughout much of their length to yield 40–105 cross-sectional profiles per junction. Overall, these 9 synapses showed a 33-fold range in quantal transmitter release and an 18-fold range in release per unit nerve terminal length. Release correlated with estimates of active zone size. No correlations were found between release and the density of synaptic vesicles adjacent to active zones. Our results suggest that active zones in motor nerve terminals are plastic structures, and that changes in active zone size may be the structural basis of long term changes in transmitter release and synaptic efficacy.
Uncertainty management in expert systems

Basic expert system terminology is reviewed, and several uncertainty management paradigms are surveyed. The focus is on subjective probability theory, Dempster-Shafer theory, and possibility theory, although a number of other methods are mentioned. The benefits and limitations of the various schemes are examined, examples of expert systems within each school are presented, and some relevant open problems are discussed. >
Highly parallel architectures and algorithms for speech analysis

Highly parallel computer architectures and algorithms for speech analysis operations are surveyed. The classes of architectures considered include SIMD, skewed-SIMD, MIMD, and data flow machines, associative processors, and pipelined systolic and wavefront arrays. Parallel algorithms for digital filtering, FFTs, and linear predictive coding are summarized. System requirements are analyzed in terms of number and complexity of processors, memory requirements, and nature and complexity of inter-processor communications.
High incidence of methotrexate associated renal toxicity in patients with lymphoma: a retrospective analysis

High-dose methotrexate (HDMTX), defined by doses of methotrexate (MTX) ≥ 1 g/m(2), is a widely used regimen known to cause renal toxicity. The reported incidence of renal toxicity in patients with osteosarcoma is 1.8%, but the incidence in hematologic malignancies is not well characterized. In this retrospective study of 649 cycles of HDMTX in 194 patients, renal toxicity occurred in 9.1% of cycles in patients with lymphoma compared to 1.5% in patients with sarcoma. Older age, male sex, decreased baseline creatinine clearance (CrCl) and increased proton pump inhibitor use among the lymphoma population likely contributed to the observed difference. The incidence of renal toxicity was independent of the incidence of delayed MTX elimination, suggesting that kidney function is only one factor involved in MTX clearance. Renal toxicity prolonged the duration of hospitalization but severe renal insufficiency was uncommon. No significant impact on progression-free or overall survival was observed.
Plasma Melatonin Circadian Rhythms during the Menstrual Cycle and after Light Therapy in Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder and Normal Control Subjects

The aim of this study was to replicate and extend previous work in which the authors observed lower, shorter, and advanced nocturnal melatonin secretion patterns in premenstrually depressed patients compared to those in healthy control women. The authors also sought to test the hypothesis that the therapeutic effect of bright light in patients was associated with corrective effects on the phase, duration, and amplitude of melatonin rhythms. In 21 subjects with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and 11 normal control (NC) subjects, the authors measured the circadian profile of melatonin during follicular and luteal menstrual cycle phases and after 1 week of light therapy administered daily, in a randomized crossover design. During three separate luteal phases, the treatments were either (1) bright (> 2,500 lux) white morning (AM; 06:30 to 08:30 h), (2) bright white evening (PM; 19:00 to 21:00 h), or (3) dim (< 10 lux) red evening light (RED). In PMDD subjects, during the luteal phase compared to the follicular menstrual cycle phase, melatonin onset time was delayed, duration was compressed, and area under the curve, amplitude, and mean levels were decreased. In NC subjects, melatonin rhythms did not change significantly during the menstrual cycle. After AM light in PMDD subjects, onset and offset times were advanced and both duration and midpoint concentration were decreased as compared to RED light. After PM light in PMDD subjects, onset and offset times were delayed, midpoint concentration was increased, and duration was decreased as compared to RED light. By contrast, after light therapy in NC subjects, duration did not change; onset, offset, and midpoint concentration changed as they did in PMDD subjects. When the magnitude of advance and delay phase shifts in onset versus offset time with AM, PM, or RED light were compared, the authors found that in PMDD subjects light shifted offset time more than onset time and that AM light had a greater effect on shifting melatonin offset time (measured the following night in RED light), whereas PM light had a greater effect in shifting melatonin onset time. These findings replicate the authors' previous observation that nocturnal melatonin concentrations are decreased in women with PMDD and suggest specific effects of light therapy on melatonin circadian rhythms that are associated with mood changes in patient versus control groups. The differential changes in onset and offset times during the menstrual cycle, and in response to AM and PM bright light compared with RED light, support a two-oscillator (complex) model of melatonin regulation in humans.
Social Neuroscience: Complexities to Be Unravelled

The use of hormone actions to help unravel brain mechanisms for behavior has led to several striking successes in analyzing neural circuits and cellular mechanisms for social behaviors. This success has prompted us to look forward and speculate about the essential nature of the most complex social behaviors. We propose that there are several aspects that distinguish social neuroscience fromneuroscience more generally. One notion is that the nature of human social behavior is qualitatively different from that of any other species and was perhaps a key driving force behind the evolution of the human mind and brain. Other speculations involve the normative aspects of social behaviors, both prosocial and antisocial. Bringing complex social behaviors into the laboratory for systematic analysis will pose one of the major challenges for experimenters in our field.
A STABLE ISOTOPE TRACER STUDY OF NITROGEN UPTAKE AND TRANSFORMATION IN AN OLD‐GROWTH FOREST STREAM

The understanding of nitrogen dynamics in streams of temperate forest biomes historically has been constrained by a combination of anthropogenic disturbances and technical limitations. We report here on a study in an undisturbed stream in Oregon, USA, using a stable isotopic tracer to quantify uptake, transformation, and retention of nitrogen. We added 15NH4Cl for six weeks to Mack Creek, a third-order stream in a 500-year-old-growth coniferous forest and monitored 15N in dissolved, aquatic, and terrestrial riparian food web components. Data collected before, during, and for four weeks after the tracer addition allowed us to derive uptake rates of inorganic N and to trace its fates. Short uptake lengths (35–55 m) and residence times (8–12 min) of ammonium indicated strong demand. Despite nitrate concentrations of 55–68 μg/L, nitrification rates were also high, with 40– 50% of the 15NH4+ converted to nitrate over the 220-m study reach. Aquatic bryophytes and biofilm on large wood (“epixylon”) showed the hi...
Seasonal influenza vaccines: evolutions and future trends

Influenza vaccines are among the oldest still in active use. Purity, potency and standardization have been improved over the years. However, they are still produced using the same basic methods as when they were first introduced and evaluated by the US Armed Forces during and after the Second World War. For some time, the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines have been recognized as having deficiencies. These deficiencies are now being addressed by a number of innovative approaches in vaccine development. These include strategies for broadening the vaccine-induced immune response, increasing the duration of protection, improving the protection induced in older individuals and reducing dependence on the egg supply. Each new vaccine will need to be evaluated carefully, ideally against placebo as well as against a standard vaccine, to determine absolute and relative efficacy. Such data will be necessary to inform decisions on making selections for use.
A STUDY OF THE CIRCULATION, BLOOD PRESSURE, AND RESPIRATION OF SHARKS

The average branchial blood pressure in sand sharks was 32 mm. of mercury. The highest recorded in a resting animal was 43 mm. The average dorsal or systemic pressure was 23.3 mm.; highest 30 mm. The ratio of branchial to systemic pressure is about 3 to 2. The pressure in both systems keeps up well under trauma; but under experimental conditions, with or without manipulation of viscera, slowly falls after several hours. It rises with muscular effort, and a long rise usually follows stoppage of struggling. It rises when sodium carbonate is injected. The adrenalin curve resembles that in a mammal. Spontaneous rises and falls not attributable to the heart occur. Light in some animals increases blood pressure. It is suspected that these fishes have a vasomotor apparatus. The heart rate except after trauma is practically always the same as the respiration rate, and there is some reason for believing that the heart rate is determined by the respiration rate. When not in step with respiration, the heart is slower and often in a simple ratio with respiration. The heart is inhibited by all sorts of stimuli applied practically anywhere (except to the liver?). This effect is abolished by atropin. Respiration is faster in small animals and averages 24 per minute. Respiration slowly decreases in strength with little change in rate. Usually respiration ceases long before the heart stops.
Time optimal trajectories for bounded velocity differential drive robots

A differential drive robot is perhaps the simplest type of mobile robot, and the bounded velocity model is perhaps the simplest useful model of the admissible controls. This paper develops the bounded velocity model for differential drive mobile robots, and derives the time-optimal trajectories.
Differential expression of Eph receptors and ephrins in the cochlear ganglion and eighth cranial nerve of the chick embryo

The cochleovestibular ganglion of the chick differentiates at early embryonic stages as VIIIth nerve axons enter the brainstem. The tonotopic organization of the auditory portion of the VIIIth nerve can be discerned at the time axons initially reach their brainstem targets. The mechanisms underlying this early organization are not known. Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands, the ephrins, have a demonstrated role in guiding axons to topographically appropriate locations in other areas of the nervous system. In order to begin to test whether Eph proteins have a similar role in the auditory system, we investigated the tonotopic expression of several Eph receptors and ephrins in the VIIIth nerve during embryonic ages corresponding to the initial innervation of the auditory brainstem. Expression patterns of EphA4, EphB2, EphB5, ephrin-A2, and ephrin-B1 were evaluated immunohistochemically at embryonic days 4 through 10. Protein expression was observed in the cochlear ganglion and VIIIth nerve axons at these ages. EphB5, ephrin-A2, and ephrin-B1 were expressed throughout the nerve. EphA4 and EphB2 had complementary expression patterns within the nerve, with EphA4 expression higher in the dorsolateral part of the nerve and EphB2 expression higher in the ventromedial part of the nerve. These regions may correspond to auditory and vestibular components, respectively. Moreover, EphA4 expression was higher toward the low-frequency region of both the centrally and peripherally projecting branches of cochlear ganglion cells. Regional variation of Eph protein expression may influence the target selection and topography of developing VIIIth nerve projections.
ESEfinder: A web resource to identify exonic splicing enhancers.

Point mutations frequently cause genetic diseases by disrupting the correct pattern of pre-mRNA splicing. The effect of a point mutation within a coding sequence is traditionally attributed to the deduced change in the corresponding amino acid. However, some point mutations can have much more severe effects on the structure of the encoded protein, for example when they inactivate an exonic splicing enhancer (ESE), thereby resulting in exon skipping. ESEs also appear to be especially important in exons that normally undergo alternative splicing. Different classes of ESE consensus motifs have been described, but they are not always easily identified. ESEfinder (http://exon.cshl.edu/ESE/) is a web-based resource that facilitates rapid analysis of exon sequences to identify putative ESEs responsive to the human SR proteins SF2/ASF, SC35, SRp40 and SRp55, and to predict whether exonic mutations disrupt such elements.
PKC regulates agonist-induced force enhancement in single alpha-toxin-permeabilized vascular smooth muscle cells

To determine whether activation of protein kinase C (PKC) is involved in the mechanism of agonist-induced force enhancement, force and stiffness were measured in both Ca(2+)- and agonist-stimulated...
Emerging genetics of COPD

Since the discovery of alpha-1 antitrypsin in the early 1960s, several new genes have been suggested to play a role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) pathogenesis. Yet, in spite of those advances, much about the genetic basis of COPD still remains to be discovered. Unbiased approaches, such as genome-wide association (GWA) studies, are critical to identify genes and pathways and to verify suggested genetic variants. Indeed, most of our current understanding about COPD candidate genes originates from GWA studies. Experiments in form of cross-study replications and advanced meta-analyses have propelled the field towards unravelling details about COPD's pathogenesis. Here, we review the discovery of genetic variants in association with COPD phenotypes by discussing the available approaches and current findings. Limitations of current studies are considered and future directions provided.
Advanced capabilities in PVM 3.4

This paper describes many of the new features available in the newly released version 3.4 of PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine). Under development for over a year, PVM 3.4 provides a big leap forward in capabilities over PVM 3.3 by adding communication context, message handlers, message box, user defined tracing, and a WIN32 port to the virtual machine model. This paper will describe how to take advantage of these new features to create sophisticated distributed computing applications. The reader is expected to already have an understanding of parallel and distributed computing and a knowledge of the basic features provided by the PVM software. Other programming topics covered in this paper include improving application performance, adding fault tolerance, building interactive applications, and debugging.
In vivo murine left ventricular pressure-volume relations by miniaturized conductance micromanometry

The mouse is the species of choice for creating genetically engineered models of human disease. To study detailed systolic and diastolic left ventricular (LV) chamber mechanics in mice in vivo, we ...
An electronically temperature-compensated 427MHz low phase-noise AlN-on-Si micromechanical reference oscillator

This paper reports on the first demonstration of series tuning for lateral micromechanical oscillators and its application in a temperature-compensated 427MHz AlN-on-Si reference oscillator. The sustaining amplifier is a 13mW tunable TIA implemented in 0.18µm CMOS that uses shunt-parasitic cancellation to increase the tuning by 12× to 810ppm. The tunable oscillator along with a 2mW on-chip temperature compensation circuit has reduced the overall frequency drift to 70ppm in −10°C to 70°C. The phase-noise of the oscillator reaches −82dBc/Hz at 1kHz offset with floor below −147dBc/Hz.
Knowledge representation issues in default reasoning

Most existing approaches to reasoning in uncertainty and with incomplete information appeal to formal theories, with relatively little attention to the phenomena they are intended to capture. This has had two major consequences. First, it has led to the spurious disputes, in which participants criticize alternative approaches in the belief that they are competing, when in fact they are investigating different aspects of related phenomena, and should ultimately be viewed as cooperative efforts. Second, it has led to wasted efforts of models which fail to reflect important aspects of kinds of reasoning which they are trying to capture, because the representational requirements have not been adequately spelled out. This paper delineates several different kinds of reasoning in uncertainty, establishes some directions within the field, and attempts to begin setting some ground rules for representational adequacy.
Early days of CVS

The topic of this article is to discuss the early days of CVS, from the late 1980s to the mid 1990s. First, a timeline depicting key milestones for those early days is discussed and this is followed by an interview with Brian Berliner, the creator of CVS in C. This article concludes with a reading list on CVS for further study.
A seamless control strategy of distributed generation inverter for critical load safety under strict grid disturbance

This paper is to introduce a seamless grid interconnection control strategy for the renewable energy distributed generations such as photovoltaic, wind generator, and fuel cell systems. The proposed control method consists of a voltage controller in stand alone mode, a current controller in grid connected mode, and a hybrid voltage controller in a transition mode, which is to minimize the grid overvoltage. The hybrid voltage controller is added to the Q-axis current control loop in order to improve the response time under light load condition or to protect the critical load in SA operation during the grid fault conditions. The proposed control strategy reduces the impact of the renewable energy and the critical load under the grid fault or disturbance conditions. In addition, the smooth operation of the inverter will also enhance the stability and reliability of the utility grid. Real time digital simulator based hardware in the loop tests and simulation results show that distributed generation inverter can achieve seamless mode change under grid fault conditions.
Seeking explanation in theory: reflections on the social practices of organizations that distribute public use microdata files for research purposes

Public concern about personal privacy has recently focused on issues of Internet data security and personal information as big business. The scientific discourse about information privacy focuses on the crosspressures of maintaining confidentiality and ensuring access in the context of the production of statistical data for public policy and social research and the associated technical solutions for releasing statistical data. This article reports some of the key findings from a small-scale survey of organizational practices to limit disclosure of confidential information prior to publishing public use microdata files, and illustrates how the rules for preserving confidentiality were applied in practice. Explanation for the apparent deficits and wide variations in the extent of knowledge about statistical disclosure limitation (SDL) methods is located in theories of organizational life and communities of practice. The article concludes with suggestions for improving communication between communities of practice to enhance the knowledge base of those responsible for producing public use microdata files.
Signal space implementation of sampled-data receivers

Several of the basic algorithms to be used by general-purpose digital signal processors (DSPs) in recovering digitally modulated signals are discussed. DSP-based algorithms for data detection, carrier tracking, and symbol synchronization are presented from the vector space point of view. This allows for the development of general algorithms that are applicable to a wide range of modulation formats without the need for specialized processors. The result is a set of initial design rules, which can be used in the DSP implementation of multimode multirate modems. Only quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)-type signaling formats are considered. >
GPU-RMAP: Accelerating Short-Read Mapping on Graphics Processors

Next-generation, high-throughput sequencers are now capable of producing hundreds of billions of short sequences (reads) in a single day. The task of accurately mapping the reads back to a reference genome is of particular importance because it is used in several other biological applications, e.g., genome re-sequencing, DNA methylation, and ChiP sequencing. On a personal computer (PC), the computationally intensive short-read mapping task currently requires several hours to execute while working on very large sets of reads and genomes. Accelerating this task requires parallel computing. Among the current parallel computing platforms, the graphics processing unit (GPU) provides massively parallel computational prowess that holds the promise of accelerating scientific applications at low cost. In this paper, we propose GPU-RMAP, a massively parallel version of the RMAP short-read mapping tool that is highly optimized for the NVIDIA family of GPUs. We then evaluate GPU-RMAP by mapping millions of synthetic and real reads of varying widths on the mosquito (Aedes aegypti) and human genomes. We also discuss the effects of various input parameters, such as read width, number of reads, and chromosome size, on the performance of GPU-RMAP. We then show that despite using the conventionally “slower” but GPU-compatible binary search algorithm, GPU-RMAP outperforms the sequential RMAP implementation, which uses the “faster” hashing technique on a PC. Our data-parallel GPU implementation results in impressive speedups of up to 14:5-times for the mapping kernel and up to 9:6-times for the overall program execution time over the sequential RMAP implementation on a traditional PC.
A Hyperactive Signalosome in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Drives Addiction to a Tumor-Specific Hsp90 Species

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous and fatal disease with an urgent need for improved therapeutic regimens given that most patients die from relapsed disease. Irrespective of mutation status, the development of aggressive leukemias is enabled by increasing dependence on signaling networks. We demonstrate that a hyperactive signalosome drives addiction of AML cells to a tumor-specific Hsp90 species (teHsp90). Through genetic, environmental, and pharmacologic perturbations, we demonstrate a direct and quantitative link between hyperactivated signaling pathways and apoptotic sensitivity of AML to teHsp90 inhibition. Specifically, we find that hyperactive JAK-STAT and PI3K-AKT signaling networks are maintained by teHsp90 and, in fact, gradual activation of these networks drives tumors increasingly dependent on teHsp90. Thus, although clinically aggressive AML survives via signalosome activation, this addiction creates a vulnerability that can be exploited with Hsp90-directed therapy.
THE USE OF BONE CHIPS IN THE TREATMENT OF LOCALIZED OSTEITIS FIBROSA

The use of bone chips is an excellent method of treating localized cystic osteitis fibrosa. It certainly is superior to simple scraping and the use of caustic substances. The cavity can be filled much easier with chips than with solid cortical bone grafts, and it seems also that the power of osteogenesis is greater with the use of chips. Giant-cell tumors are not so susceptible to this form of treatment, especially if they are in the more advanced stage and if too great a defect results after the curettage of the tumor tissue. Nevertheless, the author obtained a very good result in one case in which the entire lateral condyle was involved. Care should be taken to fill the defect with the chips as completely as possible. If necessary, both tibiae may be used as donors. In too advanced cases or in recurrent cases of giant-cell tumor, resection with heavy, bridging, tibial grafts is preferable to the less radical procedures, such as curettage and the use of bone chips, and to the more radical ones, such as amputation and exarticulation.
The Dimensions of Medical Rationality: A Problematic for the Psychosocial Study of Medicine

Social anthropologists work to understand why people behave as they choose to behave and why types of behavior (e.g., medical behavior) are often remarkably different from society to society. Much of their thinking on this subject has been shaped by a set of premises that originated in the utilitarianism of Hobbes and Locke and is reflected today in the anthropologists’ discourse on the nature of rational man and the universality of ration-ally determined behavior (e.g., Barth 1966; Frankenberg, 1967; Prattis, 1973; Sahlins, 1976; Wilson, 1970). The first of the premises contends that in every society man is capable of calculating his interests. He is inclined to choose rationally among what he believes are his alternatives, and to set priorities on his different wants, placing self-preservation over the pursuit of physical pleasure, for example. Second, although rational choice presupposes coherent beliefs about the world, there are important differences between how populations perceive and appraise objects and events. These differences are determined by the particular cultures and experiences of the populations. Third, material (technoenvironmental) circumstances limit the kinds of alternatives from which people are able to choose. Finally, even after we take into account a population’s particular perceptions and circumstances, we are sometimes left with a residuum of behaviors that do not appear to be the product of calculation.
Mycotoxins and Product Safety

Aflatoxin contamination impacts both the marketability and safety of peanuts as a food source worldwide. Regulations on allowable levels of aflatoxin reduce exposure in many countries, but in developing countries where food is scarce and regulations are not well enforced, populations are exposed to aflatoxin concentrations that can cause acute and chronic syndromes. Such syndromes include increased incidence of cancer, immunosuppression, stunting in children, and death in the most severe cases. Exposure occurs when peanuts or peanut products contaminated with aflatoxins are ingested. Contamination can occur when peanuts are infected in the field or in storage by certain species of fungi within Aspergillus section Flavi . Aspergillus flavus is the predominant aflatoxin producing species on peanut, but Aspergillus parasiticus is often present. These two species occupy overlapping ecological niches and respond similarly to control strategies. Aflatoxin B 1 is the most toxic and carcinogenic of the aflatoxins produced by the two fungi. Aspergillus flavus also produces B 2 and A. parasiticus produces B 1 , B 2 , G 1 , and G 2 . Management of aflatoxin contamination is difficult in the field and in storage. Environmental conditions greatly affect susceptibility of peanuts to the disease in the field. Resistance to aflatoxin contamination is heritable, and genotypes with some resistance have been identified; however, it has been difficult to achieve adequate levels of resistance under environmental conditions most favorable for aflatoxin contamination. Control of aflatoxin in storage resulting from either new infections occurring in storage or continued aflatoxin production from infection that occurred before the seeds went into storage also is challenging. The available genome sequences of Arachis ipaensis and Arachis duranensis , the diploid progenitors of cultivated peanut, provide new resources to accelerate genomics-assisted breeding and the development of transgenic plants.
Recent highlights from the ATLAS heavy-ion program

Abstract These proceedings report on recent measurements performed with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC presented at the Quark Matter 2015 Conference. These include measurements of two-particle correlations in pp collisions at s = 2.76 and 13 TeV. These results are the first to show a second harmonic modulation in the azimuthal dependence of the particle yields in pp collisions, a signature closely associated with collective flow in ion-ion collisions. Measurements of p+Pb collisions at s N N = 5.02 TeV are presented including charged particle multiplicities, Bose-Einstein correlations and yields of jets and electroweak bosons that provide insight into the initial stages of these collisions including the nuclear geometry. Finally, measurements of dijet asymmetry and jet structure in Pb+Pb and pp collisions at s N N = 2.76 TeV are presented that further illuminate the phenomenon of partonic energy loss.
Memory and photovoltaic elements in organic field effect transistors with donor/acceptor planar-hetero junction interfaces

Interfacial charge transfer at organic/organic planar-hetero junctions allows access to device structures that create new opportunities for flexible electronic devices. Fundamental characteristics ...
Rank According to Perron: A New Insight

If A = (aij), aij > 0, i, j = 1,. .., n, Perron [4] proved that A has a real positive eigenvalue Xmax (called the principal eigenvalue of A) that is unique, and Xmax > lXkl for the remaining eigenvalues of A. Furthermore, the principal eigenvector w = (wl,..., wn) that is a solution of Aw= Xmaw is unique to within a multiplicative constant and wi > 0, i = 1,..., n. We can make the solution w unique through normalization. We define the norm of the vector w as IIw II = we where e = (1, 1,..., 1)', eT is its transpose, and to normalize w is to divide it by its norm. We shall always think of w in normalized form. Perron's result has found wide use in many areas, both theoretical and applied. Among these are applications to multicriterion decisions. In a recent article in this journal [1], Barbeau gave a lucid exposition and illustrated the use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to assist a college in interpreting grades and testing students for admission. The AHP, which I developed, uses Perron's principal eigenvector as an essential property for determining the preference ranking among a set of alternatives when the judgments are inconsistent. In the AHP the alternatives are compared in pairs with respect to a common attribute in a positive reciprocal matrix whose entries represent the numerical value of the relative preference for one (the row) over another (the column). The reader is referred to Barbeau's paper for a concise reference to the AHP. My purpose in this note is to show how important the principal eigenvector is in determining the rank of the alternatives through dominance walks. Suppose we wish to rate five teachers A, B, C, D, and E according to their excellence in teaching. We enter our evaluation in the following matrix, whose principal eigenvector has been normalized:
CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE ACTIVITY IN INTERPOPULATION HYBRIDS OF A MARINE COPEPOD: A TEST FOR NUCLEAR-NUCLEAR OR NUCLEAR-CYTOPLASMIC COADAPTATION.

The respiratory enzyme cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is composed of subunits encoded by both nuclear and mitochondrial genes; thus, COX activity reflects, to some extent, the coordinated function of the two genomes. Because extensive mtDNA differentiation exists between populations of the copepod Tigriopus californicus, we hypothesized that laboratory hybridizations that disrupt natural combinations of nuclear and mitochondrial genes might negatively impact COX activity. Although experimental results varied greatly among different crosses, replicate sets of crosses between two particular populations showed consistent evidence for nuclear-cytoplasmic coadaptation.
Calcium Metabolism and Dietary Calcium in Salt Sensitive Hypertension

Evidence has accumulated over the past decade that suggests a relationship between low calcium intake, abnormalities in cation metabolism and hypertension in certain segments of the essential hypertension population. This evidence has been developed from epidemiological data, calcium intervention trials and observations related to biochemical alterations suggestive of a calcium deficiency in certain patients with hypertension and in animal models of essential hypertension. It is becoming increasingly evident that salt sensitive individuals are especially likely to be characterized by abnormalities of calcium metabolism and blood pressure responses to dietary calcium. In this review the role of calcium in the regulation of blood pressure is examined with an emphasis on epidemiological, biochemical, hemodynamic and dietary intervention data in the salt sensitive hypertensive patient.
Synthesis of High Refractive Index Silicone Materials Incorporating Aromatic Moieties with Adjacent Linkage Groups for Flexible Electronic Displays

The refractive index study of copoly(arylene-siloxane)s constructed with amide, ester, or ether linkage units was conducted to synthesize a step-growth polymer for application in flexible displays. The copoly(arylene-siloxane) based materials have potential use in optical applications due to their durability, flexibility, and possession of good optical clarity properties when compared to conventional silica-filled polydimethylsiloxane-based materials. Measurement of refractive index (RI) was used as the main mode of analysis due to its direct correlation to optical clarity and material flexibility. Synthesis and characterization, including RI compiled data, was performed for six series of step-growth polymers. Effects of different linkage units, namely amides, esters, and ethers, adjacent to at least one six-membered cyclic unit (aromatic or aliphatic) were evaluated. It was observed that the refractive index of these polymers was directly proportional to the aryl content; however, the influence on RI was not equal across all types of linkage units. The highest RI copolymer, poly(4,4-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate-co-carbinol-terminated polydimethylsiloxane) (MDI-SD1.0k), yielded refractive index 1.470 and molecular weight (Mn) 16,100 g/mol; however, the copolymer poly(toluene-2,4-diisocyanate-co-carbinol-terminated polydimethylsiloxane) (TDI-SD) had the highest RI (1.462) per phenyl content. The 4,4-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI), and hydrogenated methylenediphenyl-4,4-diisocyanate (HMDI) amide containing linkages best improved the refractive indices of the materials studied.