cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical assessment of high-circulation print newspaper coverage of the Institute of Medicine report Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D.

Objective To evaluate high-circulation US and Canadian newspaper coverage of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D and assess pre-report and post-report reporter-specific vitamin D-related coverage. Design Two independent reviewers analysed the newspaper articles. The key report findings cited, proportion of sentences describing the IOM report and proportion of sentences describing critical viewpoints on the report were calculated. The content of articles written by reporters with a history of pre-report vitamin D-related articles was compared with that of articles written by reporters without such a history. Setting Factiva and LexisNexis searches of the top thirty US and three English-language Canadian print newspapers, by circulation. Subjects Articles on the IOM report published from 30 November to 21 December 2010 and previous vitamin D-related articles written by the same reporters. Results Only ten articles met inclusion/exclusion criteria. Articles inconsistently cited the key findings in the IOM report. Reporters with a history of pre-report articles highlighting the benefits of vitamin D dedicated a greater proportion of sentences to viewpoints critical of the IOM report (P < 0·01). There was no significant difference between pre-report publication history and proportion of sentences focused on the IOM report. A borderline-significant difference (P = 0·058) was observed between pre-report articles highlighting the benefits of vitamin D and the absence of reference to potential risks of vitamin D overconsumption. Conclusion Our findings suggest that newspaper articles did not consistently or comprehensively report the IOM recommendations and that pre-report publication history of reporters was related to post-report article content.
Dynamic program visualizations: an experience report

In this paper, we describe our experiences using dynamic program visualizations in our Java-based CS1 and CS2 courses during the spring semester 2013. The visualizations were constructed by both faculty and students using the new viewer canvas in jGRASP. A public beta version was downloaded and installed in our computer labs and on student and faculty machines. Program visualizations were used in the classroom as well as in lab activities and programming projects. Since the viewers had already been evaluated in controlled experiments, our focus was on ease of use of the viewer canvas by the students and the utility of the program visualizations in helping students understand their programs. Direct observations in the lab and individual meetings with students to discuss their work indicated that students could indeed build dynamic visualizations that, in conjunction with the debugger, helped them understand and correct bugs in their programs much more effectively than using the debugger alone.
Evidence for aggregate particles in the atmospheres of Titan and Jupiter

The present optical-property calculations for aggregate particles allow most of the photometric and polarimetric observations for the Titan atmosphere to be explainable in terms of aggregate particles, whose mean projected area equals that of an 0.14-micron radius sphere; these would contain monomers of near-0.06-micron radius. Such aggregate particles may further account for the observed optical properties of Jupiter's high-altitude haze, and could ultimately furnish an essential constraint on the Titan's coupled surface/atmosphere evolution.
Hantaan/Andes virus DNA vaccine elicits a broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibody response in nonhuman primates

Abstract At least four hantavirus species cause disease with prominent renal involvement-hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS); and several hantavirus strains cause disease with significant pulmonary involvement-hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). The most prevalent and lethal hantaviruses associated with HFRS and HPS are Hantaan virus (HTNV) and Andes virus (ANDV), respectively. Here, we constructed a DNA vaccine plasmid (pWRG/HA-M) that contains both the HTNV and ANDV M gene segments. Rhesus macaques vaccinated with pWRG/HA-M produced antibodies that bound the M gene products (i.e., G1 and G2 glycoproteins), and neutralized both HTNV and ANDV. Neutralizing antibody titers elicited by the dual-immunogen pWRG/HA-M, or single-immunogen plasmids expressing only the HTNV or ANDV glycoproteins, increased rapidly to high levels after a booster vaccination administered 1–2 years after the initial vaccination series. Memory responses elicited by this long-range boost exhibited an increased breadth of cross-neutralizing activity relative to the primary response. This is the first time that hantavirus M gene-based DNA vaccines have been shown to elicit a potent memory response, and to elicit antibody responses that neutralize viruses that cause both HFRS and HPS.
Innate Immunity Stimulates Permeability Barrier Homeostasis

A key function of the skin is to provide a permeability barrier to restrict the movement of water, electrolytes, and other small molecules between the outside environment and the internal milieu. Following disruption of the permeability barrier, there is a rapid restoration of barrier function, and one of the key signals initiating this repair response is a decrease in the concentration of calcium in the outer epidermis. In this issue, Borkowski et al. present evidence showing that activation of Toll receptor 3 by double-stranded RNA may be another pathway for activation of permeability barrier repair. These results provide further evidence for a link between innate immunity and the permeability barrier.
Applications of Combinatorial Programming to Data Analysis: The Traveling Salesman and Related Problems.

The “Traveling Salesman” and similar combinatorial programming tasks encountered in operations research are discussed as possible data analysis models in psychology, for example, in developmental scaling, Guttman scaling, profile smoothing, and data array clustering. In addition, a short overview of the various computational approaches from this area of combinatorial optimization is included.
Verification of information in a file

Computer centers and particularly data processing centers deal with a stack load of information files as a daily routine. The information in many of these files is organized according to a particular format. For example, in an "employee file," the information about an employee might consist of the name of that employee, his or her age, sex, social security number, salary, etc., in some order.
Compressive recovery of 2-D off-grid frequencies

Estimation of two-dimensional frequencies arises in many applications such as radar, inverse scattering, and wireless communications. In this paper, we consider retrieving continuous-valued two-dimensional frequencies in a mixture of r complex sinusoids from a random subset of its n regularly-spaced timedomain samples. We formulate an atomic norm minimization program that, with high probability, guarantees perfect recovery from O(r log r log n) samples under a mild frequency separation condition. We propose to solve the atomic norm minimization via semidefinite programming, and validate the proposed algorithm via numerical examples. Our work extends the framework proposed by Tang et. al. [1] for line spectrum estimation to multidimensional spectrum estimation.
Transudative chylothorax in a patient with liver cirrhosis: A rare association

Chylothorax is an unusual type of pleural effusion which results from the accumulation of chyle in the pleural cavity. High triglyceride content and presence of chylomicrons in the chyle give this fluid a characteristic milky appearance. Chylothorax most commonly results from the obstruction of the thoracic duct by a malignant lesion or from its traumatic disruption. Liver cirrhosis is an uncommon and frequently underappreciated cause of chylothorax. Pleural effusion in chylothorax is typically described as a lymphocytic predominant, exudative type and it is exceedingly rare to encounter a transudative type of chylothorax. To date, very few cases of transudative chylothoraces have been described in the literature, most commonly in association with liver cirrhosis. Only a limited range of other clinical settings have been linked to transudative chylothorax and timely recognition of these associations can prevent unnecessary, expensive and sometimes invasive workup in this patient population.
Bis(amino acid) derivatives of 1,4-diamino-2-butyne that adopt a C2-symmetric turn conformation

1,4-Diamino-2-butyne was prepared from 1,4-dichloro-2-butyne via 1,4-diazido-2-butyne. Bis(amino acid) derivatives of 1,4-diamino-2-butyne having the general structure (Boc-Xxx-NHCH2C)2 (Xxx = Ala, Phe and Met) were prepared and examined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Using chemical shift, coupling constant and DMSO titration data it is found that these compounds adopt a C2-symmetric turn conformation featuring two intramolecular hydrogen bonds.
Iron deficiency increases growth and nitrogen-fixation rates of phosphorus-deficient marine cyanobacteria

Marine dinitrogen (N2)-fixing cyanobacteria have large impacts on global biogeochemistry as they fix carbon dioxide (CO2) and fertilize oligotrophic ocean waters with new nitrogen. Iron (Fe) and phosphorus (P) are the two most important limiting nutrients for marine biological N2 fixation, and their availabilities vary between major ocean basins and regions. A long-standing question concerns the ability of two globally dominant N2-fixing cyanobacteria, unicellular Crocosphaera and filamentous Trichodesmium, to maintain relatively high N2-fixation rates in these regimes where both Fe and P are typically scarce. We show that under P-deficient conditions, cultures of these two cyanobacteria are able to grow and fix N2 faster when Fe deficient than when Fe replete. In addition, growth affinities relative to P increase while minimum concentrations of P that support growth decrease at low Fe concentrations. In Crocosphaera, this effect is accompanied by a reduction in cell sizes and elemental quotas. Relatively high growth rates of these two biogeochemically critical cyanobacteria in low-P, low-Fe environments such as those that characterize much of the oligotrophic ocean challenge the common assumption that low Fe levels can have only negative effects on marine primary producers. The closely interdependent influence of Fe and P on N2-fixing cyanobacteria suggests that even subtle shifts in their supply ratio in the past, present and future oceans could have large consequences for global carbon and nitrogen cycles.
Diapause development in the tobacco hornworm: A role for ecdysone or juvenile hormone?

Abstract Injection of a moderate dose of 20-hydroxy-ecdysone (20-HE) or a large dose of juvenile hormone analog leads to prompt termination of diapause in pupae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Johannson). Both agents appear to exert their major stimulatory effect directly on the neuroendocrine system. There is little or no change in the 20-HE ED50 during diapause development, and injection of a subthreshold dose of 20-HE does not alter the duration of diapause. Hemolymph juvenile hormone activity is indetectable in diapausing pupae, and allatectomy of young pupae does not affect diapause duration. Results are discussed in light of a possible role for ecdysone or juvenile hormone in diapause development.
Characterization of disease resistance responses in certain gene-for-gene interactions between flax and Melampsora lini

Abstract Six gene-for-gene interactions between flax and Melampsora lini exhibited changes in the synthesis of soluble proteins 6 to 18 h after inoculation. The rates at which various-sized proteins were synthesized varied for each different gene-for-gene combination. The increased rate of synthesis detected in particular fractions from a column separation was reproducible and characteristic for certain gene combinations. In general, the net rate of protein synthesis increased in the four incompatible (resistant) interactions but did not increase in the two compatible (susceptible) interactions. It is concluded that this characteristic increase in protein synthesis is one of the first detectable expressions of disease resistance in the flax-flax rust interaction.
Interactions Between He 3 Atoms in Dilute Solutions of He 3 in Superfluid He 4

The magnitude, sign, and momentum dependence of the effective interaction between ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ atoms in superfluid ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ are derived from the experimental data. Calculations of the Fermi-liquid parameters for the normal state of ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ in solution yield results in agreement with experiment; the temperature for a superfluid transition associated with the ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ is estimated to be \ensuremath{\sim}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
Inactivation of Tor proteins affects the dynamics of endocytic proteins in early stage of endocytosis.

Tor2 is an activator of the Rom2/Rho1 pathway that regulates α-factor internalization. Since the recruitment of endocytic proteins such as actin-binding proteins and the amphiphysins precedes the internalization of α-factor, we hypothesized that loss of Tor function leads to an alteration in the dynamics of the endocytic proteins. We report here that endocytic proteins, Abp1 and Rvs167, are less recruited to endocytic sites not only in tor2 but also tor1 mutants. Furthermore, we found that the endocytic proteins Rvs167 and Sjl2 are completely mistargeted to the cytoplasm in tor1Δtor2ts double mutant cells. We also demonstrate here that the efficiency of endocytic internalization or scission in all tor mutants was drastically decreased. In agreement with the Sjl2 mislocalization, we found that in tor1Δtor2ts double mutant cells, as well as other tor mutant cells, the overall PIP2 level was dramatically increased. Finally, the cell wall chitin content in tor2ts and tor1Δtor2ts mutant cells was also significantly increased. Taken together, both functional Tor proteins, Tor1 and Tor2, are essentially required for proper endocytic protein dynamics at the early stage of endocytosis.
A method to limit the muon neutrino mass

Abstract Existence of a purely leptonic neutral current weak interaction may permit the use of ν ω , e − elastic scattering to limit the muon neutrino mass.
Behavioral and biochemical consequences in methylmercury chloride toxicity

Abstract The present experiment was designed to assess the developmental period(s) during which exposure to methylmercury chloride (MMC) would result in permanent learning deficits in rats. In addition, the mercury (Hg) content of the brain at these different stages was measured. Offspring (30 days of age) of mothers exposed during gestation and offspring exposed directly to MMC for nine days after weaning exhibited the greatest learning deficits on a water escape T maze. These deficits persisted through a retest session 21 days later. Biochemical analysis of brain Hg content indicated that Hg need not be present for these learning deficits to occur.
Behavioral interactions between ethanol and imidazodiazepines with high affinities for benzodiazepine receptors.

Abstract The intrinsic effects of two imidazodiazepines RO 15–3505 and RO 17–1812 on the behavior of mice in a holeboard test were investigated. The interactions of these two drugs with ethanol were also studied. RO 15–3505 (0.75–6.0 mg/kg) failed to significantly alter either exploratory head-dipping or locomotor activity when administered alone but doses of 0.75 and 1.5 mg/kg reversed the reduction in the number of head-dips caused by ethanol (2 g/kg) and partially reveresed ethanol's locomotor stimulant action. In contrast, RO 17–1812 (0.75–6.0 mg/kg) increased locomotor activity when administered alone, and enhanced the reduction in exploration caused by ethanol. Neither RO 15–3505 nor RO 17–1812 altered blood alcohol concentrations suggesting a pharmacodynamic basis for these interactions. The results suggest that in the holeboard test the interactions of imidazodiazepines with ethanol are related to the nature of their interaction with benzodiazepine receptors, inverse agonists antagonising and agonists enhancing ethanol's effects on exploration.
Decreased pressor responsiveness in pregnancy: studies in experimental animals.

Pregnant animals of several species are resistant to the pressor effects of vasoconstrictor substances. Although a blunted pressor response to angiotensin II (All) has been most thoroughly documented, resistance to the pressor effects of norepinephrine (NE), and arginine vasopressin (AVP) has also been found. In this review, possible mechanisms for decreased pressor responsiveness are discussed. Although antagonism of vasoconstriction by vasodilatory prostaglandins is the most likely cause for decreased pressor responsiveness in pregnancy, other possibilities have been proposed. Reduced pressor responsiveness to All occurs in many conditions other than pregnancy, and the mechanisms involved include down-regulation of All receptors, increased production of vasodilatory prostaglandins (as in pregnancy), and post-receptor defects in All action. Several recent studies have also suggested a role of the sex hormones, particularly 17-β-estradiol and prolactin, in stimulating prostaglandin production and causing the decreased pressor response to All in pregnancy.
The Accounting Review and the Production of Accounting Knowledge

Abstract The Aaccounting Review (TAR) is a significant medium through which validated accounting knowledge is disseminated. This paper reports the results of an analysis of selected characteristics of TAR editorial board members which provides a partial description of the validating process at TAR . Results indicate that more power to validate knowledge claims is bestowed on individuals who received PhD degrees at a particular set of 15 schools and that the bases for selection to the board cannot be construed as universal. It also appears to be the case that little difference exists in the nature of the texts appearing in TAR and the other prestigious US accounting journals.
Accessibility and reactivity of ascorbate 6-palmitate bound to erythrocyte membranes

Abstract Lipophilic derivatives of ascorbic acid may protect lipid bilayers and micelles against lipid peroxidation. In this work the binding, accessibility, and reducing capacity of ascorbate 6-palmitate (A6P) were studied in human erythrocyte membranes. In contrast to less lipophilic carbon-6-modified ascorbate derivatives, A6P bound to erythrocyte membranes in a concentration-dependent manner. This binding was preserved following centrifugation washes, but was largely reversed by extraction with bovine serum albumin. Most of the ascorbyl groups of membrane-bound A6P were readily accessible to oxidation by water-soluble oxidants. Ferricyanide quantitatively oxidized membrane-bound A6P, but the latter spared endogenous tocopherols from destruction. In EPR studies, A61? was much more effective than ascorbate in reducing nitroxide spin labels positioned at either carbon-5 or carbon-16 of membrane-bound stearic acid in both intact cells and in membranes. A6P, thus, appears to intercalate into the erythrocyte membrane with the ascorbyl group located superficially, but with access to the hydrophobic membrane interior, and with the ability to recycle endogenous a-tocopherol during oxidant stress.
A rapid method for the isolation of functional thymus‐derived murine lymphocytes

A rapid method is described for effectively removing immunoglobulin-bearing cells from either primed or unprimed mouse spleen and lymph node cell suspensions. Incubation of cell suspensions in nylon wool columns for 45 min at 37 °C resulted in a 9 to 100-fold depletion of immunoglobulin-bearing cells and a complementary 1.5 to 2-fold enrichment of T cells in the column effluent populations. The effluent population, derived from passage of spleen cells through these columns, was virtually devoid of B precursor and memory cell activity, but contained all of the helper cell and cytotoxic effector cell precursor activity when compared to unfractionated spleen cells.
(+)-epi-α-Bisbolol Is the Wound-Healing Principle of Peperomia galioides: Investigation of the in Vivo Wound-Healing Activity of Related Terpenoids

Bioassay-guided investigation of the ethanol extract of Peperomia galioides using a tensile strength method in mice as a monitor led to the isolation of epi-α-bisabolol (1) (ED50 155 μg/mL). An in vivo healing study of selected commercially available monoterpenoids yielded two bioactive compounds, α-bisabolol (2) and α-terpineol (3) (ED50 of 228 and 240 mg/g mouse, respectively).
WiFi attack vectors

The security risks of WiFi connectivity have been established---the reasons for these risks of intrusion are not as well understood.
Decreased triadin and increased calstabin2 expression in Great Danes with dilated cardiomyopathy.

Background: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common cardiac disease of Great Dane dogs, yet very little is known about the underlying molecular abnormalities that contribute to disease. Objective: Discover a set of genes that are differentially expressed in Great Dane dogs with DCM as a way to identify candidate genes for further study as well as to better understand the molecular abnormalities that underlie the disease. Animals: Three Great Dane dogs with end-stage DCM and 3 large breed control dogs. Methods: Prospective study. Transcriptional activity of 42,869 canine DNA sequences was determined with a canine-specific oligonucleotide microarray. Genome expression patterns of left ventricular tissue samples from affected Great Dane dogs were evaluated by measuring the relative amount of complementary RNA hybridization to the microarray probes and comparing it with expression from large breed dogs with noncardiac disease. Results: Three hundred and twenty-three transcripts were differentially expressed (≥2-fold change). The transcript with the greatest degree of upregulation (+61.3-fold) was calstabin2 (FKBP12.6), whereas the transcript with the greatest degree of downregulation (−9.07-fold) was triadin. Calstabin2 and triadin are both regulatory components of the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) and are critical to normal intracellular Ca2+ release and excitation-contraction coupling. Conclusion and clinical importance: Great Dane dogs with DCM demonstrate abnormal calstabin2 and triadin expression. These changes likely affect Ca2+ flux within cardiac cells and may contribute to the pathophysiology of disease. Microarray-based analysis identifies calstabin2, triadin, and RyR2 function as targets of future study.
Investigation of PEG Crystallization in Frozen PEG–Sucrose–Water Solutions: II. Characterization of the Equilibrium Behavior During Freeze-Thawing

Our objective was to characterize, by DSC and XRD, the equilibrium thermal behavior of frozen aqueous solutions containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) and sucrose. Aqueous solutions of (i) PEG (2.5-50% w/w), (ii) sucrose (10% w/v) with different concentrations of PEG (1-20% w/v), and (iii) PEG (2% or 10% w/v) with different concentrations of sucrose (2-20% w/v), were cooled to -70 ° C at 5 ° C/min and heated to 25 ° C at 2 ° C/min in a DSC. Annealing was performed for 2 or 6 h at temperatures, ranging from -50 to -20 ° C. Experiments under similar conditions, on select compositions, were also performed in a powder X-ray diffractometer. Two endotherms, observed during heating of a frozen PEG solution (10% w/v), were attributed to PEG-ice eutectic melting and ice melting, and were confirmed by XRD. At higher PEG concentrations (≥ 37.5% w/w), only the endotherm attributed to the PEG-ice eutectic melting was observed. Inclusion of sucrose decreased both PEG-ice melting and ice melting temperatures. In unannealed systems with a fixed sucrose concentration (10% w/v), the PEG-ice melting event was not observed at PEG concentration ≤ 5% w/v. Annealing for 2-6 h facilitated PEG crystallization. In unannealed systems with a fixed PEG concentration (10% w/v), an increase in the sucrose concentration increased the devitrification but decreased the PEG-ice melting temperature. The PEG-ice melting temperatures obtained by DSC and XRD were in good agreement. In ternary systems at a fixed PEG to sucrose ratio, the T' g as well as the PEG-ice melting temperature were unaffected by the total solute concentration. XRD confirmed the absence of a PEG-sucrose-ice ternary eutectic. When the PEG to sucrose ratio was systematically varied, the PEG-ice and ice melting temperatures decreased with an increase in the sucrose concentration. However, at a fixed PEG to sucrose ratio, the PEG-ice melting temperature, was unaffected by the total solute concentration.
Opportunistic spectrum access based on a constrained multi-armed bandit formulation

Tracking and exploiting instantaneous spectrum opportunities are fundamental challenges in opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) in presence of the bursty traffic of primary users and the limited spectrum sensing capability of secondary users. In order to take advantage of the history of spectrum sensing and access decisions, a sequential decision framework is widely used to design optimal policies. However, many existing schemes, based on a partially observed Markov decision process (POMDP) framework, reveal that optimal policies are non-stationary in nature which renders them difficult to calculate and implement. Therefore, this work pursues stationary OSA policies, which are thereby efficient yet low-complexity, while still incorporating many practical factors, such as spectrum sensing errors and a priori unknown statistical spectrum knowledge. First, with an approximation on channel evolution, OSA is formulated in a multi-armed bandit (MAB) framework. As a result, the optimal policy is specified by the well-known Gittins index rule, where the channel with the largest Gittins index is always selected. Then, closed-form formulas are derived for the Gittins indices with tunable approximation, and the design of a reinforcement learning algorithm is presented for calculating the Gittins indices, depending on whether the Markovian channel parameters are available a priori or not. Finally, the superiority of the scheme is presented via extensive experiments compared to other existing schemes in terms of the quality of policies and optimality.
Acquired Cerebral Trauma: Epilogue

The article summarizes a series of articles concerning acquired cerebral trauma. Reviewed are technological advances, treatment, assessment, potential innovative therapies, long-term outcome, family impact of chronic brain injury, and prevention. Language: en
It's 2008: do you know where your talent is? Connecting people to what matters

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to speak of the importance of connecting people in the workplace. It describes the types of connections that foster employee development and engagement, and proposes methods and tools that help strengthen these connections.Design/methodology/approach – The analysis in this report is based on industry and literature reviews and interviews with top executives. It builds on research carried out by Deloitte Research on talent management.Findings – In today's competitive talent market, it is not sufficient for companies to follow a traditional “attract‐retain” talent management strategy. A “develop‐deploy‐connect” strategy seems to better engage and meet the demands of the workforce. Of these three components, “connect” is emerging as the most important but least understood.Practical implications – Because value today is created largely out of interactions, people's connections are increasingly important and complex. Companies that do not invest thought and effort in unde...
Frequency-domain turbo equalization for MIMO underwater acoustic communications

This paper investigates a low-complexity frequencydomain turbo equalization (FDTE) based on linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) criterion for single-carrier (SC) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) underwater acoustic communications (UAC). The receiver incorporates both the equalizer and the decoder which exchange the extrinsic information on the coded bits for each other to implement the iterative detection. The channel impulse responses (CIRs) required in the equalization are estimated in the frequency domain (FD) by inserting the well-designed pilot blocks which are frequency-orthogonal Chu sequences. The proposed SC-MIMO-FDTE architecture is applied to the fixed-to-fixed underwater data gathered during SPACE08 ocean experiments in October 2008, where multiple transducers and hydrophones are deployed in communication ranges of 200m and 1000m, and the channel bandwidth is 9.765625 kHz. The phase shift keying (PSK) signals are transmitted from multiple transducers in various block sizes. The proposed transceiver has been demonstrated to improve the bit-error-rate (BER) performance significantly by processing the QPSK data blocks with block length of 1024 in 200m and 1000m ranges. The average BERs obtained by turbo detection with 3 iterations can achieve approximately 1.4 × 10−4 for the 200m system and 4.4 × 10−5 for the 1000m system.
Flow separation behind ellipses at Reynolds numbers less than 10

Flow separation behind two-dimensional ellipses with aspect ratios ranging from 0, a flat plate, to 1, a circular cylinder, were investigated for Reynolds numbers less than 10 using both a cellular automata model and a commercial computational fluid dynamics software program. The relationship between the critical aspect ratio for flow separation and Reynolds number was determined to be linear for Reynolds numbers greater than one. At slower velocities, the critical aspect ratio decreases more quickly as the Reynolds number approaches zero. The critical Reynolds numbers estimated for flow separation behind a flat plate and circular cylinder agree with extrapolations from experimental observations. Fluctuations in the values of the stream function for laminar flow behind the ellipses were found at combinations of Reynolds number and aspect ratio near the critical values for separation.
A theory of fault-based testing

A theory of fault-based program testing is defined and explained. Testing is fault-based when it seeks to demonstrate that prescribed faults are not in a program. It is assumed that a program can only be incorrect in a limited fashion specified by associating alternate expressions with program expressions. Classes of alternate expressions can be infinite. Substituting an alternate expression for a program expression yields an alternate program that is potentially correct. The goal of fault-based testing is to produce a test set that differentiates the program from each of its alternates. A particular form of fault-based testing based on symbolic execution is presented. In symbolic testing, the output from the system is an expression in terms of the input and the symbolic alternative. Equating this with the output from the original program yields a propagation equation whose solutions determine those alternatives which are not differentiated by this test. Since an alternative set can be infinite, it is possible that no finite test differentiates the program from all its alternates. Circumstances are described as to when this can be decided. >
The baryon Isgur-Wise function in the large-Nc limit

Abstract In the large-Nc limit, the Λb and Λc can be treated as bound states of chiral solitons and mesons containing a heavy quark. We show that the soliton and heavy meson are bound in an attractive harmonic oscillator potential. The Isgur-Wise function for Λ b → Λ c e − ν e decay is computed in the large-Nc limit. Corrections to the form factor which depend on mN/mQ can be summed exactly (mN and mQ are the nucleon and heavy quark masses). We find that this symmetry breaking correction at zero recoil is only 1%.
Modeling and Analysis of Planar-Gate Electrostatic Capacitance of 1-D FET With Multiple Cylindrical Conducting Channels

This paper presents accurate analytical models to calculate the electrostatic gate capacitance of 1-D field-effect transistors (FETs) with multiple cylindrical conducting channels. Gate capacitance Cgg is decomposed into three major components: 1) capacitance Cgc between the gate and the parallel cylindrical conducting channels (the number of channels ges 1) in dual-layer dielectric materials; 2) outer fringe capacitance Cof between the gate and the source/drain cylinder conductors; and 3) coupling capacitance Cgtg between the adjacent gates. A realistic planar-gate structure with high-k gate dielectric material is considered in this paper, including the screening effect of the parallel conductors and different dielectric materials on capacitance. An accuracy of 10% is achieved from the analytic models, compared with the values that were simulated by 3-D numerical field solvers. Using a simple analytical expression for the gate delay that includes the parasitic capacitance and screening of multiple parallel conducting channels, this paper also shows that both increasing the number of channels per gate and reducing the gate height are effective ways to improve device speed.
Salivary anlage tumor of the nasopharynx: A case report and review of the literature

Introduction: Salivary gland anlage tumors (SGAT) are rare lesions with fewer than 25 cases reported. The authors report a case of a neonate presenting with multiple congenital anomalies and respiratory distress, who was found to have a SGAT. In addition to presenting our particular case, we review the limited literature and discuss nasal obstruction during the neonatal period. Methods: Case report and literature review. Results: A newborn presented with respiratory distress and multiple congenital anomalies (oligohydramnios, shortened long bones, macrocephaly and abnormal facial features). On physical examination, he had nasal obstruction caused by a large nasopharyngeal mass. MRI demonstrated a nasopharyngeal mass homogeneous and isointense in signal on T1 and intermediate in signal on T2-weighted images, without skull base or intracranial involvement. The mass was endoscopically resected and pathology returned as SGAT. Discussion: These are rare lesions, more common in males with most cases presenting during the first 2 weeks of life as respiratory distress. They are usually pedicled, facilitating their resection, and no recurrences have been reported to date. The histology is similar to normal salivary glands suggesting this lesion may represent a hamartoma rather than a neoplasm. Despite the presence of other congenital anomalies in this patient, there are no reports in the literature correlating SGAT with any other feature or genetic abnormality. Complete resection is the primary management and recurrences have not been reported.
Inferring motion from the rank constraint of the phase matrix

We investigate the rank constraint of the discrete phase difference, and derive its exact parametric model. We show that the discrete phase difference of two shifted images, or their subregions, is a 2-dimensional sawtooth signal. This allows us to determine the motion parameters to subpixel accuracy by simply counting the number of cycles of the phase difference along each frequency axis. The subpixel portion is given by the non-integer fraction of the last cycle along each axis. The problem is formulated as a homogeneous cost function under rank constraint for the phase matrix, and the shape constraint for the filter that computes the group delay, and is solved using a robust technique.
Un)ethical behavior in organizations.

This review spotlights research related to ethical and unethical behavior in organizations. It builds on previous reviews and meta-analyses of the literature on (un)ethical behavior in organizations and discusses recent advances in the field. The review emphasizes how this research speaks to the influence of the organizational context on (un)ethical behavior, proceeding from a more macro to a more micro view on (un)ethical behavior and covering ethical infrastructures, interpersonal influences, individual differences, and cognitive and affective processes. The conclusion highlights opportunities for future research.
A comparison of control architectures for atomic force microscopes

We evaluate the performance of two control architectures applied to atomic force microscopes (AFM). Feedback-only control is a natural solution and has been applied widely. Expanding on that, combining feedback controllers with plant-injection feedforward filters has been shown to greatly improve tracking performance in AFMs. Alternatively, performance can also be improved by the use of a closed-loop-injection feedforward filter applied to the reference input before it enters the feedback loop. In this paper, we compare the plant-injection architecture with the closed-loop-injection architecture when used in controlling AFMs. In particular, we provide experimental results demonstrating the closed-loop-injection architecture yields better tracking performance of a raster scan.
Dynamic Pay-Per-Action Mechanisms and Applications to Online Advertising

We examine the problem of allocating an item repeatedly over time amongst a set of agents. The value that each agent derives from consumption of the item may vary over time. Furthermore, it is private information to the agent, and prior to consumption it may be unknown to that agent. We describe a mechanism based on a sampling-based learning algorithm that under suitable assumptions is asymptotically individually rational, asymptotically Bayesian incentive compatible, and asymptotically ex ante efficient. Our mechanism can be interpreted as a pay-per-action or pay-per-acquisition PPA charging scheme in online advertising. In this scheme, instead of paying per click, advertisers pay only when a user takes a specific action e.g., purchases an item or fills out a form on their websites.
ProPSA and diagnostic biopsy tissue DNA content combination improves accuracy to predict need for prostate cancer treatment among men enrolled in an active surveillance program.

Objectives To assess a novel application of the Prostate Health Index (phi) and biopsy tissue DNA content in benign-adjacent and cancer areas to predict which patients would eventually require treatment of prostate cancer in the Proactive Surveillance cohort. Methods We identified 71 men who had had serum and biopsy tissue from their diagnosis banked and available for the present study. Of the 71 patients, 39 had developed unfavorable biopsy findings and 32 had maintained favorable biopsy status during surveillance. The serum total prostate-specific antigen (tPSA), free PSA (fPSA) and [−2]proPSA were measured using the Beckman Coulter immunoassay. The DNA content measurements of Feulgen-stained biopsy sections were performed using the AutoCyte imaging system. Results The ratio of phi was significantly greater (37.23 ± 15.76 vs 30.60 ± 12.28; P = .03) in men who ultimately had unfavorable biopsy findings. The serum phi ratio (P = .003), [−2]proPSA/%fPSA (P = .004), biopsy tissue DNA content (ie, benign-adjacent excess of optical density, P = .019; and cancer area standard deviation of optical density, P = .002) were significant predictors of unfavorable biopsy conversion on Cox regression analysis. However, phi and [−2]proPSA/%fPSA showed a highly significant correlation (rho = 0.927, P Conclusions The Prostate Health Index to proPSA/%fPSA, combined with biopsy tissue DNA content, improved the accuracy to about 70% to predict unfavorable biopsy conversion at the annual surveillance biopsy examination among men enrolled in an Active Surveillance program.
Retrocervical, rectovaginal pouch, and rectovaginal septum endometriosis

The paper by Anaf et al in this issue has a title using a global area, the rectovaginal (RV) pouch of Douglas, rather than the specific retrocervical location as the site of endometriosis. Although this is an anatomically correct title, it can suggest both rectal and vaginal involvement with endometriosis. The authors clarify that nodules were removed only from the vaginal portion of the RV pouch and not from the rectum itself. Use of the global term can create confusion similar to that noted in 1917 and 1989 articles that described RV septum involvement where this was not present. The 1917 article has illustrations and the 1989 article a magnetic resonance image (MRI) of retrocervical RV pouch endometriosis with minimal or no involvement of the RV septum. The illustrations and MRI suggest lengthening of the RV septum due to RV pouch contraction. Lengthening of the RV septum has also been associated with pregnancy. The RV pouch covers part of the vagina and rectum, and its base is the upper limit of the RV septum. The RV pouch is not the RV septum. Retroperitoneal endometriosis and posterior vaginal fornix endometriosis are behind the RV pouch, not within it. The degree of surgical treatment by Anaf et al is similar to that described for cul-de-sac endometriosis and retrocervical endometriosis. Retrocervical may be a more descriptive term for describing RV pouch, retroperitoneal, and vaginal fornix endometriosis behind or beneath the cervix with no rectal involvement. Rectovaginal is used when both vaginal and rectal areas of the pouch are involved and may include involvement of the RV septum. These distinctions are
An automated naval oceanographic monitoring system

An automated prototype oceanographic monitoring system has been developed for extended operational use aboard US Navy submarines. The system, consisting of a mix of commercial off-the-shelf data processing electronics and tailored oceanographic sensors, augments previously time-consuming manual monitoring procedures. Results show that the system can automatically indicate incipient changes in water mass conditions associated with ocean fronts, improves the quality of environmental input to the ship's operational decisions, and offers new opportunities to collect oceanographic information in data-poor areas of the world. >
Trouble aboard Red October

The April submarine disaster was only the latest in a string of Soviet nuclear shipping accidents. Although they have not been officially reported rumors about them have added to the Soviet public's growing nuclear allergy.
Association of a Best-Practice Alert and Prenatal Administration With Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid, and Acellular Pertussis Vaccination Rates

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate how implementation of a best-practice alert, a reminder of clinical guidelines within the electronic medical record, in combination with the recommended change in immunization timing from postpartum to antepartum, affected tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular
Marketing Today and Tomorrow

EVERYWHERE one turns, one sees marketing men playing a more important role in the management of business. As it becomes more and more apparent that marketing will be the number one problem of business after the war, we find more and more marketing men being moved up into high places. In the past, all too frequently, the marketing man was not called in until the going got rough. Business is fast realizing that the marketing man is an essential ingredient of a well balanced organization. According to the Twentieth Century Fund, more than i 0 agencies, groups, councils, commissions and associations are engaged in planning for the world of the future. All of these plans will be mere ink marks on paper unless we have a sound economic structure. And we can not have a sound economic structure unless our marketing is sound. Marketing is the keystone of the economic arch. Furthermore, we can not have a sound economic structure unless the individual business enterprises are sound; and a business can not be sound unless its marketing is sound. Business men have been most successful in manufacturing and least successful in marketing. Everyone realizes that the cost of distribution should be reduced, but not everyone realizes that marketing men are best equipped to do the job. A well balanced management calls for a qualified marketing executive as vicepresident in charge of marketing and,
Comparative Numerical Study of RDE Injection Designs

The pressure gain of detonation has great potential to increase efficiency of cycles involving combustion. Rotating detonation engines (RDEs) have a great deal of promise as a detonation based combustor. The RDE’s advantages over current pulsed detonation cycles include needing only a single initiation, having a more uniform exhaust pressure, compact design, and capability to process high flow rates. With very few exceptions, premixed operation of an RDE has proven difficult, with the flame igniting the supply upstream of the RDE. As a consequence, much energy has been put toward the design of a mixing system that occurs near or at the inlet of the RDE. Designs utilizing many thin two dimensional (2D) slots have shown some promise, however ignition of the incoming flow due to dead zones behind the plates has occurred. This may be the cause for reversals as seen in simulations by Schwer and Kailasanath, which also may be a mode for blow-off. The current study aims to investigate more complex three dimensional RDE injection and mixing designs and to reduce the ability to flame-hold, and ensure fewer hot dead zones in the post-detonation refill. A numerical study using a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) program Fluent, by ANSYS is performed to test three dimensional (3D) configurations of RDE fuel injection and mixing. The effect of various 3D geometries are studied, including central pintel injection and side wall simple constriction injection, along with modifications to a currently viable experimental design. A simple Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model is used to better simulate mixing of hydrogen and air. Detonation of the more successful mixing designs will test for flame-holding.
Myocardial metabolism. IV. Metabolism of free and esterified cholesterol by the perfused rat heart and homogenates.

SummarySeveral aspects of the myocardial metabolism of cholesterol and its esters have been investigated using isolated perfused rat heart and heart homogenates. Between 35-50% of tracer amounts of circulating cholesterol-4-14C and cholesterol palmitate-1-14C were extracted by the heart during 45-min perfusion, but there was no indication of cholesterol ester synthesis or hydrolysis either in the medium or in the heart. Similar studies using heart homogenates revealed the lack of detectable enzymatic hydrolysis of cholesterol oleate and absence of both low- and high-energy-requiring ester synthesizing systems. Further evidence for the inability of heart tissue to split sterol esters was based on the finding that 14CO2 was not produced from the palmitate-1-14C moiety of the ester. When diluted rat lymph containing 87% cholesterol-4-14C ester was perfused, about 5% of the circulating label was recovered in the myocardium, and of this, 80% was still esterified sterol.
Doing science while black

When I was 11 years old, my older brother left our village in Sierra Leone to study physics in the West. After completing his degree, he returned home to contribute to development. I followed his lead, though I studied genetics—and I never returned to live in Africa. Instead, I established a
ETHICS OF LOVE? MORALITY AND THE MEANING OF DIVINE LOVE

While there is wide agreement on the importance of love to Christian ethics, just what an ethics of love includes and entails differs depending upon how Christian love is understood. Toward clarifying the relationship between love and Christian ethics, this essay briefly engages the highly influential agapist conception of love and questions its sufficiency as the basis of Christian ethics. Consideration of some apparent shortcomings of the agapist conception leads to the proposal that the continued quest for a more intentionally and distinctively biblical conception of divine love is integral to a compelling and faithfully Christian ethics of love.