cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Review of “Spatial Literacy: Contemporary Asante Women's Place-Making”

Much of the development literature on contemporary urbanization in Africa is normative, driven by projects and technical fixes for achieving good governance, sustainability, disease eradication, an...
Novel design of an M-valued digital system using M-zero neural network

An M-zero neural network (MZNN) is derived from the study of the asymptotic convergence properties of a system of N coupled nonlinear differential equations. The network is a one-layer, feedback neural system consisting of N artificial neurons. Each neuron has M odd zeros in its input-output response function. These neurons can be realized by simple Zener-diode circuits. The MZNN will converge any N-b analog input to an N-b M-ary (or M-valued) digital output, and it can memorize this output even when the input is removed. Because of these properties, it can be used in the design of a fast, M-valued computing system. The origin of the MZNN system and its application to a practical design problem-the design of a four-valued digital multiplier using MZNNs and analog arithmetic units-are studied. >
Cost-efficient treatment for uninsured or underinsured patients with hypertension, depression, diabetes mellitus, insomnia, and gastroesophageal reflux

Purpose: As the number of uninsured and underinsured patients in the United States continues to rise, savvy nurse practitioners (NPs) must balance quality of carewithcostofdrugs.Thisarticlereviewsevidence-basedtreatmentsinlightof prescribing the most cost-efficient medications. Data sources: Searches of electronic databases including MEDLINE, MEDLINEPlus, EBSCO, PubMed, CINAHL, Clinical Pharmacology, Biomedical Reference Collection—Basic, Health Source—Consumer Edition, Health Source—Nursing/ Academic Edition, Ovid, and the Cochrane Library Online. Conclusions: As the role of NP continues to evolve, it is important for NPs to establish themselves as economically conscious healthcare providers, striking a delicate balance between providing quality and cost-efficient care. An NP’s familiarity with cost-efficient treatment options for common diagnoses such as hypertension, depression, diabetes mellitus, insomnia, and gastroesophageal reflux disorders can help ease the economic burden uninsured and underinsuredpatientsendure,especiallywithrespecttoprescriptiondrugs,andimprove compliance with medication regimens. Implications for practice: NPs should acquire knowledge on how to best treat uninsured or underinsured patients in the most cost-efficient manner. Knowledge of prescription drug cost is one tool an NP can use to encourage patient compliance, improving the overall health of uninsured or underinsured individuals.
Optisch anomale Kristalle

Die optische Symmetrie vieler Kristalle ist niedriger als aufgrund ihrer auseren Form und der Rontgenbeugungsdaten zu erwarten ware. Heute schreibt man solche optischen Anomalien Nichtgleichgewichtsstrukturen zu, die durch kinetisch kontrolliertes Kristallwachstum entstehen. Verunreinigungen werden an Positionen, die normalerweise im Kristallverband uber Symmetrieoperationen ineinander uberfuhrt werden konnten, in unterschiedlichem Ausmas in die Oberflache eingebaut. Die optisch anomalen Kristalle waren nach ihrer Entdeckung durch Brewster im Jahre 1815 wahrend des gesamten 19. Jahrhunderts Gegenstand einer lebhaften Diskussion zwischen den wichtigsten Pionieren auf dem Gebiet der Kristallographie, darunter Biot, Berzelius, Herschel, Mitscherlich, Frankenheim, Pasteur, Mallard, Klein, Groth, Wyrouboff, Barlow, Brauns, Rinne, Pockels und Friedel. Aus dem Nebel wilder Spekulation tauchten zwei sich widersprechende Postulate auf: Zum einen wurde die symmetrische Form auf die zufallige Zwillingsbildung mehrerer Segmente niedrigerer Symmetrie zuruckgefuhrt, zum anderen erklarte man die optischen Besonderheiten mit Spannungen, die man auf Verunreinigungen oder ausere Storungen zuruckfuhrte. Keines dieser Postulate entspricht der heutigen Betrachtungsweise. Um die Jahrhundertwende schwand allmahlich das Interesse an diesem Forschungsgebiet, und nach 1917 griff niemand Tammanns neue und richtige Erkenntnisse auf. Das Problem der anomalen Doppelbrechung blieb - bis zu seiner Losung in jungster Zeit - mehr als ein halbes Jahrhundert unbeachtet. In dieser Ubersicht werden sowohl mineralische als auch organische Systeme diskutiert, wobei das Hauptaugenmerk auf dem Phyllosilicat Apophyllit und auf 1,5-Dichlor-2,3-dinitrobenzol liegt. Das Studium optisch anomaler Nichtgleichgewichtsstrukturen kann dabei helfen, Fragen zu Kristallordnung, Kristallwachstum, molekularen Erkennungsmechanismen und der Entwicklung neuer Werkstoffe zu beantworten. Auch soll dieser Beitrag deutlich machen, wie wertvoll das Polarisationsmikroskop nach wie vor fur die chemische Forschung ist.
Effect of Bending Dynamics of Piezoelectric Patch Actuator on Lamb Wave Displacement Field

Lamb wave is a special type of elastic wave that is widely employed in structural health monitoring systems for damage detection. Recently, piezoelectric (piezo) patches are becoming popular for Lamb wave excitation and sensing because it can be utilized as an actuator and a sensor. All published work assumed that the Lamb wave displacement field generated by a piezo patch actuator is axi-symmetric. However, we experimentally observed that the displacement fields excited by the piezo patch actuator are directional and this directionality is frequency dependent. In this paper, we present a simulation model that explains this phenomenon by incorporating the bending deformation of the piezo actuator into the calculations of the Lamb wave generation. The driving forces acting on the host plate are calculated from the out-of-plane deformation of the piezo patch through the deformation of the bonding layer. Treating these forces as tone-burst point loads, the displacement field excited by the piezo patch is constructed from the displacement solutions of time-harmonic point loads. Simulation results confirmed that a piezo patch vibrating at certain vibration mode can result in the directional and frequency dependant displacement fields observed by the experiment.Copyright © 2008 by ASME and US Government
A compendium of FEM integration formulas for symbolic work

This paper presents a set of Mathematica modules that organizes numerical integration rules considered useful for finite element work. Seven regions are considered: line segments, triangles, quadrilaterals, tetrahedral, wedges, pyramids and hexahedra. Information can be returned in floating‐point (numerical) form, or in exact symbolic form. The latter is useful for computer‐algebra aided FEM work that carries along symbolic variables. A few quadrature rules were extracted from sources in the FEM and computational mathematics literature, and placed in symbolic form using Mathematica to generate own code. A larger class of formulas, previously known only numerically, were directly obtained through symbolic computations. Some unpublished non‐product rules for pyramid regions were found and included in the collection. For certain regions: quadrilaterals, wedges and hexahedra, only product rules were included to economize programming. The collection embodies most FEM‐useful formulas of low and moderate order for the seven regions noted above. Some gaps as regard region geometries and omission of non‐product rules are noted in the conclusions. The collection may be used “as is” in support of symbolic FEM work thus avoiding contamination with floating arithmetic that precludes simplification. It can also be used as generator for low‐level floating‐point code modules in Fortran or C. Floating point accuracy can be selected arbitrarily. No similar modular collection applicable to a range of FEM work, whether symbolic or numeric, has been published before.
Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Amorphous Structure of Ca-Mg-Cu and Ca-Mg-Zn Alloys

The atomic and electronic structures of several Ca-Mg-TM amorphous alloys (TM is Cu or Zn) have been analyzed using ab initio molecular dynamics simulation and neutron diffraction. Partial pair distribution functions have been produced and the pair bond distances and partial coordination numbers have been reported for these alloys. Similarities and differences in the amorphous structures of the Ca-Mg-Cu and Ca-Mg-Zn alloys have been discussed. Strong interactions between Ca-Cu, Mg-Cu and Ca-Zn atom pairs rooted from the orbital hybridization of the s-p-d electrons have been recognized to result in noticeable shortening of respective atom pair bond distances and pronounced chemical short range ordering near the TM atoms. Voronoi tessellation analysis has shown that the polytetrahedral-type clusters and five-coordinated atom pairs dominate in the amorphous structures, which indicates that tetrahedra and pentagonal bi-pyramids are the main building blocks in these amorphous alloys.
Spreading Depression and Related Events Are Significant Sources of Neuronal Zn2+ Release and Accumulation:

Spreading depression (SD) involves coordinated depolarizations of neurons and glia that propagate through the brain tissue. Repetitive SD-like events are common following human ischemic strokes, and are believed to contribute to the enlargement of infarct volume. Accumulation of Zn(2+) is also implicated in ischemic neuronal injury. Synaptic glutamate release contributes to SD propagation, and because Zn(2+) is costored with glutamate in some synaptic vesicles, we examined whether Zn(2+) is released by SD and may therefore provide a significant source of Zn(2+) in the postischemic period. Spreading depression-like events were generated in acutely prepared murine hippocampal slices by deprivation of oxygen and glucose (OGD), and Zn(2+) release was detected extracellularly by a Zn(2+)-selective indicator FluoZin-3. Deprivation of oxygen and glucose-SD produced large FluoZin-3 increases that propagated with the event, and signals were abolished in tissues from ZnT3 knockout animals lacking synaptic Zn(2+). Synaptic Zn(2+) release was also maintained with repetitive SDs generated by microinjections of KCl under normoxic conditions. Intracellular Zn(2+) accumulation in CA1 neurons, assessed using microinjection of FluoZin-3, showed significant increases following SD that was attributed to synaptic Zn(2+) release. These results suggest that Zn(2+) is released during SDs and could provide a significant source of Zn(2+) that contributes to neurodegeneration in the postischemic period.
Astronomy as a "Neutral Zone": Interreligious Cooperation in Medieval Spain

Interreligious cooperation on philosophical and scientific matters was part of the legacy of the culture developed under Muslim auspices in Baghdad. This kind of cooperation continued in both Muslim and Christian Spain, although there are instances where Jews and Christians did not wish to call attention to it. Several episodes from the twelfth to the fifteenth centuries involving astronomers are examined in detail to illustrate both "open" and "discreet" cooperation among Jews and Christians in medieval Spain. Alfonso X of Castile is well known as a patron of both Jewish and Christian astronomers, and the compilation of the Alfonsine Tables of Toledo was a notable achievement. The case of Abraham Zacut of Salamanca is also discussed, and some myths about him are dispelled.Keywords: Abraham Zacut; Alfonsine Tables; astronomers; interreligious cooperation; medieval Spain
Mescaline: Its effects on learning rate and dopamine metabolism in goldfish (Carassius auratus)

The pharmacological action of mescaline on goldfish was studied with the Bitterman-Agranoff shock-avoidance test. In short term experiments with high mescaline doses an increase in learning rates was observed. Similar results were obtained with apomorphine andl-dopa. However, when the fish were exposed to smaller mescaline doses (or to fluphenazine) for 3 days, their ability to avoid electric shock was reduced. Apparently, mescaline induced a release of dopamine which stimulated central dopaminergic systems. Subsequently, MAO destroys the liberated dopamine. Thus, the ensuing dopamine deficit appears to be responsible for the marked changes in behavior in the chronic experiment.
Age of an Apollo 15 mare basalt - Lunar crust and mantle evolution.

An internal Rb-Sr isochron for the large basalt boulder 15555 returned from the edge of Hadley rille by the Apollo 15 mission yields an age3.32 ± 0.06AE and an initial88Sr/86Sr,I = 0.69934 ± 5. This age andI value fall well within the range obtained for the Apollo 12 basalts from the Ocean of Storms and may indicate that extensive lava flows occurred at ∼ 3.3 AE over widespread areas of the moon. The Sr composition of the anorthosite 15415 is as low as that of plagioclase extracted from the Apollo 11 low K rocks. The initial Sr composition of 15415 for anassumed age of 3.3 to 4.6 AE is extremely primitive and provides further evidence for an extremely short formation interval (3 to 1 × 106 yr) of a nonchondritic moon with respect to an origin in time defined by BABI. The initial87Sr/86Sr for crystalline rocks returned from all lunar missions is correlated with the concentration of Rb and correspondingly K, U and Th. This correlation places distinctive constraints on the evolution of lunar magmas and the internal structure of the moon.
"Good little girls": reports of pregnant adolescents and those who know them best.

A qualitative descriptive study was conducted to identify characteristics and themes in the lives of pregnant adolescents. Eight pregnant adolescents between the ages of 16 and 18 years of age were recruited from a large public prenatal clinic. Half the adolescents were African-American and half were European American. Fully 75% lived in middle-income families and 25% in lower income families. At the time of participation in the study, 75% remained in high school and 25% had dropped out. The girls identified their mothers as "the person who knows me best". The eight dyads participated in individual interviews. The adolescents' views of themselves, of their characteristics and behavior, and their mothers' perceptions of the adolescents' characteristics and behaviors were elicited. Home observation notes and demographic data also were collected. The template method of content analysis and a codebook from two preliminary pilot studies were used to analyze the interview data. Findings included reports that th...
Intravitreal antibiotic therapy with vancomycin and aminoglycoside: examination of the retinal toxicity of repetitive injections after vitreous and lens surgery.

The combination of vancomycin and an aminoglycoside antibiotic is frequently injected into aphakic/vitrectomized eyes for the treatment of endophthalmitis. At 2 weeks after lens and vitreous removal, rabbit eyes received an injection of a combination of 1 mg vancomycin and either 400 μg amikacin or 100 μg gentamicin. Furthermore, the effects of repeating the same combination a second and third time at intervals of 48 h were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy at 7 days to 4 months after the last injection. A single injection of either combination produced no toxicity. After 2 or 3 sets of injections of either combination, 13 of 16 eyes displayed retinal toxicity manifested by macrophages in the subretinal space, disorganization of the outer segments and retinal pigment epithelium, and discontinuities in Bruch's membrane. These results indicate that whereas a single injection of these combinations is not toxic to aphakic/vitrectomized eyes, repetitive injections may result in increasing toxicity.
Familial psychiatric disorders in child DSM-IV ADHD: moderation by child gender.

: Examined selected psychiatric disorders in parents of boys and girls with DSM-IV ADHD and control children. Excess parent psychopathology was observed for parents of boys—primarily due to psychopathology in fathers—score potential gender differences in development of ADHD.
Characterization of the Mr difference between secreted murine fourth component of complement and the major plasma form: evidence for carboxyl-terminal cleavage of the alpha chain.

Abstract The alpha-chain of murine fourth component of complement (C4) secreted by cells in vitro and in vivo has a Mr that is larger by approximately equal to 4,000 than that of the alpha-chain of the principal form of C4 in plasma. By using in vivo labeling of C4 with [35S]methionine, C4 was shown to be first synthesized with the higher Mr ("secreted") alpha-chain, which was then quickly processed (t1/2 approximately equal to 1 hr) extracellularly to the mature ("plasma") C4 possessing the lower Mr alpha-chain. Both forms of C4 were functional as assayed by the ability of their alpha-chains to be cleaved by the protease C1, to bind methylamine, and to undergo denaturation-dependent autolysis. When secreted C4 and plasma C4 were activated to C4b, the Mr difference of 4,000 was maintained in the alpha'-chains. The Mr difference was localized to the carboxyl-terminal autolytic fragment of the alpha-chain and was unaffected by the removal of carbohydrate. C4 from resident peritoneal macrophage cultures could be converted to the plasma form by incubation with heparin/plasma. This conversion could be blocked by EDTA or 1,10-phenanthroline. These data suggest that an enzyme, presumably a neutral proteinase present in mouse plasma, cleaves the carboxyl terminus of newly synthesized C4 alpha-chains, thereby creating the major form of C4 in plasma.
Mapping the Boston Poor: Inmates of the Boston Almshouse, 1795-1801

Documentary and geographical evidence about Boston from 1795 to 1801 reveals distinct patterns in poor people's use of the Boston Almshouse and in their areas of residence within the city. A much higher percentage of Almshouse inmates came from Boston's densely populated North End than from less urban areas with lower population densities. They clustered in distinctive ways—immigrants tending to come from districts close to commercial and shipping areas, and women and families from the outskirts of town. Recurrent users of the almshouse were highly mobile, likely to have changed their ward of residence at least once from 1795 to 1801. This geographical mobility on the part of the poor continuously recreated the city and challenged the contours of class and tradition.
The effect of prior growth conditions on the kinetics of adaptive enzyme formation in yeast.

Abstract 1. 1. The aeration of anaerobically grown yeast in a glucose-buffer solution induces the synthesis of two enzymes generally associated with mitochondria, the succinic dehydrogenase complex and cytochrome oxidase. 2. 2. Depending on how the anaerobic yeast was grown, both enzymes increase rapidly in a straight line from 0 time, or they exhibit a lag and an initial slow increase following an S-shaped curve. 3. 3. S-shaped adaptation curves for the succinic dehydrogenase complex were obtained with anaerobic yeast grown without shaking in a medium unsupplemented as to fats. 4. 4. Rapid straight-line synthesis of the succinic dehydrogenase complex was obtained with anaerobic yeast grown to completion of growth in an improved medium containing ergosterol, oleic acid and a higher sugar content. When the anaerobic yeast was grown in the improved medium, but was harvested earlier in the growth cycle, intermediate rates of adaptation were obtained. 5. 5. The possibility of fat deficiency in the anaerobically grown cells being a factor in the delay in enzyme formation is discussed and also the relation of these findings to the interpretations of the kinetics of adaptive enzyme formation and the mechanism of enzyme adaptation.
Electric field drives the nonlinear resonance of a piezoelectric nanowire

This paper studies the nonlinear vibration of a ZnO nanowire driven by an external electric field. The equation of motion for the nanowire with a nonlinear elastic deformation is formulated. The numerical computation results reveal the nonlinear vibration behaviors of the nanowire subject to the applied electric field with the piezoelectric field effect. The results agree with the experimental observations in the nanowire deflection behaviors. It is demonstrated that the nanowire is in a finite periodic oscillation subject to the applied field strength, with bifurcations leading to resonance recurrence.
Cardiovascular and metabolic responses to fasting and thermoneutrality in Ay mice

Several lines of evidence support a role for reduced melanocortin signaling in the regulation of metabolic rate and cardiovascular function during negative energy balance. We tested the hypothesis that agouti yellow (B6.Cg-A(y)) mice would exhibit blunted physiologic responses to fasting and thermoneutrality. Male B6.Cg-A(y) mice (A(y); n=11, 34+/-2 g) and lean B6 littermates (B6; n=7, 26+/-2 g) were implanted with telemetry devices and housed in metabolic chambers (T(a)=23 degrees C) to determine the effects of a 24-h fasting and exposure to thermoneutrality (T(a)=30 degrees C) on mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), AP and HR variability (time and frequency domain), oxygen consumption (VO(2)), and locomotor activity. A(y) mice exhibited elevated baseline light-period MAP (A(y): 113+/-4; B6: 99+/-3 mm Hg) and VO(2) (A(y): 1.82+/-0.08 vs. B6: 1.45+/-0.13 ml/min) with no difference in HR (A(y): 530+/-12 vs. B6: 548+/-19 bpm). At 12-24 h after food removal, A(y) mice displayed normal fasting-induced bradycardia (A(y): -106+/-12; B6: -117+/-19 bpm) and reduction in VO(2) (A(y): -0.19+/-0.04 vs. B6: -0.28+/-0.05 ml/min), but with augmented hypotension (A(y): -9+/-2 vs. B6: -0.5+/-2 mm Hg) and blunted hyperactivity (A(y): 27+/-23 vs. B6: 122+/-42 m/11 h). Fasting was associated with increased HR variability in both time and frequency domain in B6 but not A(y) mice. Exposure to thermoneutrality produced comparable reductions in MAP, HR, and VO(2) in both strains. We conclude that inhibition of melanocortin signaling is not requisite for, but participates in, the metabolic and cardiovascular responses to negative energy balance.
Determination of ammonia, ethanol and acetic acid in solution using membrane introduction mass spectrometry.

Abstract Methods have been developed to allow applications of membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) to monitor solution phase components of fermentation broths using electron ionization. The solutions are transported by flow injection analysis (FIA) through a direct insertion membrane probe, fitted with a silicone membrane in the sheet configuration. Analytes of interest pass through the membrane and are ionized by electron implant ionization. The compounds monitored are ammonia, acetic acid, and ethanol, with ammonia being detected as the monochloramine derivative which is generated at pH 10 upon addition of hypochlorite. Quantitation is achieved using external standard solutions. The dynamic range for the quantification of ammonia is 2–8000 ppm, and for ethanol and acetic acid 10–1000 ppm. This method provides rapid detection of analytes of interest, on-line monitoring capabilities, and the advantage of electron ionization. The introduction of samples into the mass spectrometer is achieved readily and automatically, the response time is a few seconds, and there are no memory effects.
IR Photodissociation Spectroscopy of Na+[H2O]m[C6F6]n Clusters: Evidence for Separation of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Phases

The structures of Na+[H2O]m[C6F6]n cluster ions were investigated using IR photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy in the O−H stretching region. The IRPD spectra of Na+[H2O]1[C6F6]n cluster ions indi...
Isotopic Studies of Ribose, Purine, Pyrimidine, and Amino Acid Formation in Clostridium Perfringens

tridium perfringens are of interest because this organism is an important human pathogen and because such studies of fastidious specialized organisms have only rarely been made with the organism growing in synthetic culture media. The unexplained finding that P32 uptake is enhanced rather than suppressed by dinitrophenol (Mallin and Kaplan, 1959) makes the study of biochemical pathways of C. perfringens of particular interest. Our initial interest in studies of C.
The progression of behavioral and pathological effects of the parasite Toxocara canis in the mouse

Abstract Toxocara canis, the parasitic roundworm of the dog may infect aberrant hosts including mice and humans. The present study examined the behavioral and pathological changes at each of three postintubation periods (Period 1: 8–10 days, 2: 49–51 days, and 3: 84–86 days postintubation, respectively) in independent groups of mice intubated with 1000 eggs of T. canis. Eight-ten days after intubation Toxocara infected animals typically showed depressed levels of activity relative to saline-intubated controls. The scope and severity of behavioral changes were attenuated when different mice were tested 49–51 days after infection, and then became more severe when the third set of animals was tested 84–86 days after intubation. While brain pathology increased over the three periods, visceral organs showed marked pathology 8–10 days after intubation followed by a decrease in severity. These data suggest that Toxocara associated pathological changes in visceral organs and in the brain have behavioral consequences in mice. Given the similarity in migratory pathways of this parasite in rodents and humans, and the findings of T. canis larvae in human brain tissue, the results of this animal study may have implications concerning the possible etiology of behavioral disorders for children who have a known history of pica for dirt.
New perspectives on maturity method and approach for high performance concrete applications

This paper presents a maturity concept and approach of applying the maturity method for predicting the development of mechanical properties of high-performance concrete over time. An examination of the activation energy and assumptions taken in the developmental process of the existing maturity method is first presented to better understand the capabilities and limitations of the maturity method, which is supported by new and existing experimental evidence. A practical approach is then proposed in which the activation energy is determined mathematically by minimizing the error between the predictions and experimental data. It is based on a new concept that the same maturity is defined only when different specimens of the same concrete have achieved the same level of a specified property under different curing temperatures. This concept makes the maturity approach more robust and more general for application to different concrete mix formulations and different types of property. The accuracy and feasibility of the proposed approach were successfully confirmed by experimental evidence.
Therapeutic implications of diffuse hepatic uptake following I-131 therapy for differentiated thyroid cancer.

OBJECTIVE To determine if diffuse hepatic uptake (DHU) of radioactive iodine (I-131) following radioactive iodine treatment has prognostic implications in otherwise scan-negative patients. METHODS This is a retrospective review of patients treated for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center between January 1990 and June 2006. This group included patients receiving therapy to ablate presumed remnant tissue, as well as treatment for persistent disease as measured by thyroglobulin or imaging. All patients included in the study had no remnant uptake and otherwise negative posttherapy scans. A total of 57 patients with 63 scans met these criteria. The scans were then scored for DHU on a scale of 0 to 5, with 0 being no uptake and 5 being intense uptake relative to background. RESULTS Sixteen of 63 treatments were remnant ablations. Ten of 57 patients had positive thyroglobulin antibodies. Average DHU was similar in the ablation and therapeutic groups (1.9 vs. 2.3, P = .3). There was no correlation with either I-131 dose or the presence of thyroglobulin antibodies. There was a difference for DHU in the rate of disease-free survival, (undetectable thyroglobulin and no clinical or radiographic evidence of metastasis); 50% of patients with hepatic uptake scores of 0-2 were disease-free compared to 15% with scores of 3-5 (P<.01). The average length of follow-up for disease-free patients was 4.6 years. CONCLUSION In patients with DHU with otherwise negative whole-body scans following I-131 treatment, more intense hepatic uptake is associated with lower likelihood of complete response to I-131 treatment.
BOOK AND CD-ROM REVIEWS

Abstract CONSUMER EUROPE 1998/9, 14th ed. Chicago: Euromonitor In-ternational Inc., (Researched and published by London: Euromonitor plc) 1998, 622 pp., $1,090.00, ISBN 0-86338-803 B 5. Reviewed by Theodora T. Haynes. MAJOR COMPANIES OF EUROPE 1999, 18th ed. Vols. 1-4. Oddy, C. A. (Ed). London: Graham & Whiteside Ltd., 1998 (distributed to libraries in the U.S. and Canada by The Gale Group), 4 vols., $1,700.00 (volumes available individually for $535.00/volume), ISBN 1-86099-111-4. Reviewed by Judith M. Nixon. MAJOR MARKETING CAMPAIGNS ANNUAL 1998. Riggs, Thomas (Ed.). Detroit, MI: Gale, 1999, 525 pp., $125.00; ISBN 0-7876-3043-8; ISSN 1521-6683. Reviewed by Judith M. Nixon. PROFILES OF AMERICAN LABOR UNIONS. Craft, Donna and Terrance W. Peck (Eds.). Detroit: Gale Research, 1998, 1,700 pp., $275.00, ISBN 0-8103-9059-0; ISSN 1009-5358. Reviewed by Brent Alan Mai. STATISTICAL HANDBOOK ON THE AMERICAN FAMILY, 2nd ed. Chadwick, Bruce A. and Tim B. Heaton (Eds.). Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press, 1999, $62.50, ISBN 1-5...
Update on Neuroimaging and Cognitive Functioning in Maltreatment-Related Pediatric PTSD: Treatment Implications

This article reviews maltreatment-related pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) neuroimaging and neuropsychology research. Existent interventions that target brain networks associated with PTSD and cognitive impairment are highlighted. Furthermore, the benefits of combining neuroimaging and neuropsychology research in treatment outcomes are discussed. To conduct this review, a literature search was done utilizing the words MRI, structural, functional, neuropsychological testing, children, maltreatment, treatment, and PTSD. This was supplemented with a direct search of developmental trauma experts. Results from the neuroimaging studies found differences in the total cerebral volume, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, superior temporal gyrus, corpus callosum, and other regions in maltreatment-related childhood PTSD. Neuropsychological findings demonstrate deficits in memory, attention, learning, and executive function that correspond to these brain regions. Existent and novel psychotherapeutic interventions address these deficits. These interventions may be directed at key networks associated with cognitive processing. Future directions include the implementation of treatment outcome research integrating psychotherapy with putative biological and psychological markers.
Novel and cost-effective multiple patterning technology by means of invisible SiOxNy hardmask

The Cost of Ownership (CoO) for semiconductor processing has been primarily dominated by lithography. In multiple patterning processes, additional materials and the impact to throughput of multiple patterning passes appear to become additional major contributors to manufacturing cost as well. We introduce SiOxNy hardmask as a new memorization layer for multiple patterning that addresses the non-lithographic cost contributor to manufacturing. The optical constants of the SiOxNy hardmask are matched to those of the photoresist at the imaging wavelength, and that makes it invisible at the exposure wavelength, enabling lithography directly over the hardmask topography, while at the same time it will be visible to those wavelengths that are used for alignment and overlay. The SiOxNy hardmask is inserted below the photoresist which will make the rework and integration schemes much simpler and result in cost savings by replacing only photoresist layers during multiple patterning processes. Additionally, by eliminating the need for traditional spincast planarization and the associated tri-layer etch we can improve the critical dimension uniformity (CDU) and reduce proximity contributions from etch, and their respective etch proximity corrections. In this work, we engineered the lithographic stack to be compatible with the invisible SiOxNy hardmask. Lithographic process windows, CDU, and LER/LWR are compared with conventional tri-layer stack and we demonstrate triple patterning memorized into the SiOxNy hardmask after which patterns are then transferred, at once, into the bottom integrated stack. Finally, major benefits of using the invisible hardmask on device scaling and patterning challenges are discussed, such as for LE2, LE3, and trench and cut patterning.
A Quality Improvement Project on Hand Hygiene Compliance and Its Impact on Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infections

2011 rates went from a high of 7.72/1000 vent days (May 2011) to 2.65/1000 vent days with a median rate of 3.1/1000 vent days. 2012 saw an overall decline from a high of 5.41/1000 vent days (Jan 2012) to 0.0/1000 vent days for seven (7) months out of eleven (11) with a median of 1.2/1000 vent days. (Figure 1) Additional non-measured benefits include the following: continual patient care during transport/ necessary testing and no change in nurse-patient ratio for the remaining critically ill patients in the ICU. LESSON LEARNED: Reduction of harm to patients related to VAP relies on new and innovative ways to improve current processes and redesign roles to meet the needs of the patients. Dedication to timely defect analysis by the team with cycles of change in processes result in a positive outcomes.
Role of Lysine in catalysing Ester Hydrolysis

RECENTLY, Gero and Withrow1 have cited the catalysis of alkaline triglyceride hydrolysis by lysine as a chemical model of a biological reaction. They postulated a bifunctional2 attack by lysine upon the carbonyl O and C of the ester linkage as the mechanism of this hydrolysis.
Model mismatch between global and regional simulations

[1] A method to identify and to correct the large-scale biases in regional climate simulations is proposed. This bias is caused by the mismatch of the regional and the driving global models' physical parameterizations. It is suggested that simulations at spatial resolution similar to the driving global model should be used to estimate the possible bias in the higher resolution simulations. This correction is shown for a climate downscaling experiment over Southeast Asia. The global model is the NCAR community climate model (CCM3), and the regional model is the regional spectral model (RSM) of NCEP. The bias is estimated by taking the difference between a RSM0 (RSM run with similar CCM3 resolution) and the CCM3 solution. Once this bias is removed, the resulting seasonal-mean at higher resolution simulation shows a large-scale pattern more similar to that of the driving CCM3, but still retains additional realistic regional details.
Mutational Analysis of the N-Linked Glycans on Autographa californica Nucleopolyhedrovirus gp64

gp64 is the major envelope glycoprotein in the budded form of Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). gp64 is essential for AcMNPV infection, as it mediates penetration of budded virus into host cells via the endocytic pathway. In this study, we used site-directed mutagenesis to map the positions of the N-linked glycans on AcMNPV gp64, characterize their structures, and evaluate their influence on gp64 function. We found that four of the five consensus N-glycosylation sites in gp64 are used, and we mapped the positions of those sites to amino acids 198, 355, 385, and 426 in the polypeptide chain. Endoglycosidase H sensitivity assays showed that N-linked glycans located at different positions are processed to various degrees. Lectin blotting analyses showed that each N-linked glycan on gp64 contains alpha-linked mannose, all but one contains alpha-linked fucose, and none contains detectable beta-linked galactose or alpha2,6-linked sialic acid. The amounts of infectious progeny produced by AcMNPV mutants lacking one, two, or three N-linked glycans on gp64 were about 10- to 100-fold lower than wild-type levels. This reduction did not correlate with reductions in the expression, transport, or inherent fusogenic activity of the mutant gp64s or in the gp64 content of mutant budded virus particles. However, all of the mutant viruses bound more slowly than the wild type. Therefore, elimination of one or more N-glycosylation sites in AcMNPV gp64 impairs binding of budded virus to the cell, which explains why viruses containing these mutant forms of gp64 produce less infectious progeny.
Topology identification in distribution network with limited measurements

We consider here the problem of detecting changes in the status of switching devices, circuit breakers in particular, in distribution networks. The lack of measurements in distribution networks compared to transmission networks is the main challenge of this problem. Using expected values of power consumption, and their variance, we are able to quickly calculate the confidence level of identifying the correct topology, or the current status of switching devices, using any given configuration of real time measurements. This allows to compare between different configurations in order to select the optimal one. The main approach we propose relies on approximating the measurements as normal distributed random variables, and applying the maximum likelihood principle. We also discuss an alternative based on support vectors. Results are demonstrated using the IEEE 123 buses distribution test case.
MULTISTEP CONVERGENT SOLUTION-PHASE COMBINATORIAL SYNTHESIS AND DELETION SYNTHESIS DECONVOLUTION

A solution-phase convergent versus linear, divergent solid-phase synthesis of chemical libraries is illustrated enlisting the 2-fold dimerization of iminodiacetic acid diamides ultimately incorporating eight variable groups. The first dimerization is conducted with ω-alkene carboxamide derivatives of iminodiacetic acid which sets up the second dimerization conducted with the olefin metathesis reaction. This latter reaction randomizes the linking tether length adding a ninth degree of diversification suitable for the discovery of receptor dimerization antagonists and their linkage into potential receptor dimerization agonists. Unlike the divergent synthesis of libraries which is amendable to solid-phase synthesis techniques, such convergent syntheses are especially suited for solution-phase synthesis and are precluded by conventional solid-phase techniques since the combining components typically would be on mutually exclusive phases. Two mixture libraries of 476 775 and 114 783 975 compounds were prepared...
Auf Wache für die Nation: Erinnerungen–Vejas Gabriel Liulevicius

This memoir, translated from Lithuanian into German, makes for fascinating reading. Juozas Gabrys, a nationalist activist for the cause of Lithuanian independence before and during World War I, was...
The motor cortex of the rat: cytoarchitecture and microstimulation mapping

The first motor (MI) cortex of the rat was identified as the region from which movements could be evoked by the lowest intensity of electrical stimulation. The location of this region was correlated with cytoarchitecture in the frontal and parietal cortex. Two frontal areas can be discerned in Nissl-stained sections: (1) the medial agranular field, marked by a pale-staining layer III and a compact layer II, and (2) the lateral agranular field, which has more homogeneous superficial layers and a broad layer V containing large, densely staining cells. Both of these regions project to the spinal cord and can therefore be included in the somatic sensorimotor cortex. MI in the rat coincides with the lateral agranular field but also overlaps with part of the adjacent granular cortex of the first somatic sensory (SI) representation. We conclude that the rat MI cortex can be identified by microstimulation techniques and by cytoarchitecture in the rat.
Marked esophageal deviation detected on lung imaging

During a ventilation (particulates)-perfusion lung scan, midline activity with a marked deviation was noted. Initially, this was thought to represent the trachea; however, chest radiographs did not demonstrate tracheal-bronchial deviation. The finding was due to esophageal activity, with the aortic knob possibly accounting for the deviation
An association between Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease and Guillain-Barré syndrome

Abstract PURPOSE: To describe an association between Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease and Guillain-Barre;1.5 syndrome. METHODS: Case series, describing three patients. RESULTS: In two patients, the disorders had their onsets within 2 weeks of each other; in the third patient, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease occurred after 3 months, as Guillain-Barre;1.5 syndrome resolved. All three patients had bilateral panuveitis typical of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. Each also developed well-accepted manifestations of Guillain-Barre;1.5 syndrome, including paresis of the lower extremities (all patients), paresis of the upper extremities (two patients), paresis of cranial nerves (two patients), areflexia (all patients), and abnormal electromyography findings (two patients). CONCLUSIONS: Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease may follow or occur simultaneously with Guillain-Barre;1.5 syndrome. The fact that these two autoimmune disorders occur together in some patients suggest that they may share common disease mechanisms.
Deferring to Trade in Slaves: The Jola of Casamance, Senegal in Historical Perspective

An ever-growing literature on West African slavery has, for obvious reasons, tended to concentrate on societies that developed complex forms of domestic slavery and/or were closely tied to the export trade. Three major collections on slavery published in the last ten years deal almost exclusively with such groups. The history of peaples who refused, at least in the beginning, to take captives for the purpose of selling them to outsiders or keeping them for themselves has been ignored. And yet these acephalous groups are very instructive. They illustrate how certain structural features and other cultural preferences may have impeded, or at least retarded, the development of indigenous slaving institutions.This paper discusses the role of slavery in a marginal area of the Upper Guinea coast. Emphasis will be placed on how practices surrounding the acquisition and disposal of captives were embedded in local institutions. Because these practices developed in the context of Africans dealing with each other, and not exclusively in the context of their dealings with the Europeans, they reflected modes of thinking and organizations intrinsic to certain forest groups of west Africa. A comprehensive history of why the Jola of Lower Casamance, Senegal, were slow to develop various kinds of slaving practices emphasizes their resistance to currents of change affecting the political economy of this region before, during, and after the heyday of the Atlantic slave trade.
Interactions between Lythrum salicaria and native organisms: A critical review

Seventy-one articles concerningLythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife), a European herb introduced to North America, were reviewed for evidence of utilization by North American fauna and the effect of loosestrife on native plant species. In contrast to popular claims, 29 species of organisms were found to utilize this plant, and no evidence of species declines due to purple loosestrife were found. Evidence that loosestrife out-competes cattails and other plant species was found to be lacking or contradictory. Thus detailed, quantitative data are needed to understand loosestrife's natural history, population dynamics, and impacts on native ecosystems if we are to effectively manage this plant.
Sema6B, Sema6C, and Sema6D expression and function during mammalian retinal development.

In the vertebrate retina, the formation of neural circuits within discrete laminae is critical for the establishment of retinal visual function. Precise formation of retinal circuits requires the coordinated actions of adhesive and repulsive molecules, including repulsive transmembrane semaphorins (Sema6A, Sema5A, and Sema5B). These semaphorins signal through different Plexin A (PlexA) receptors, thereby regulating distinct aspects of retinal circuit assembly. Here, we investigate the physiological roles of three Class 6 transmembrane semaphorins (Sema6B, Sema6C, and Sema6D), previously identified as PlexA receptor ligands in non-retinal tissues, in mammalian retinal development. We performed expression analysis and also phenotypic analyses of mice that carry null mutations in each of genes encoding these proteins using a broad range of inner and outer retinal markers. We find that these Class 6 semaphorins are uniquely expressed throughout postnatal retinal development in specific domains and cell types of the developing retina. However, we do not observe defects in stereotypical lamina-specific neurite stratification of retinal neuron subtypes in Sema6B−/− or Sema6C−/−; Sema6D−/− retinas. These findings indicate these Class 6 transmembrane semaphorins are unlikely to serve as major PlexA receptor ligands for the assembly of murine retinal circuit laminar organization.
The theory of electric resistance of pure metals and metals with a given concentration of impurities, vacancies, and dislocations

A simple theory is proposed which allows to calculate approximately the resistivity and its dependence on temperature and concentrations of impurities, vacancies, and dislocations by geometrical modelling of obstacles at which the conduction electron energy dissipates. The relationships obtained are in a good or satisfactory agreement with the available experimental data and can be used for practical estimates. Eine einfache Theorie wird vorgeschlagen, die die naherungsweise Berechnung der Leitfahigkeit und ihrer Abhangigkeit von Temperatur sowie Konzentration von Storstellen, Leerstellen und Versetzungen mittels einer geometrischen Modellierung der Hindernisse, an denen die Energie der Leitungselektronen dissipiert, gestattet. Die erhaltenen Beziehungen befinden sich in guter oder befriedigender Ubereinstimmung mit verfugbaren experimentellen Daten und lassen sich fur praktische Berechnungen benutzen.
Management of the Pregnant Cancer Patient

One in every 1,000 pregnant women will be diagnosed with cancer.1 Despite this fact, the level of evidencebased medicine available in the field of cancer during pregnancy is low. Randomized controlled trials in this area do not exist. Instead, retrospective collections of patients treated with varying treatment regimens and strategies, collected case reports, studies based on events, such as the Japanese atomic bomb experience, and, for rare malignancies, isolated case reports generally constitute the medical literature on pregnancy and cancer. Nonetheless, this chapter may guide oncologists facing patients in this relatively uncommon, but serious position. We discuss the use of the major diagnostic and treatment modalities in oncology during pregnancy: surgery, diagnostic imaging and therapeutic radiation, and antineoplastic agents. Therapeutic strategies for malignancies seen most frequently during pregnancy are addressed: these include breast cancer, cancer of the uterine cervix, Hodgkin’s disease, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Medical management of symptoms of malignancy and its treatment that are unique to the pregnant patient are discussed.