cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mining hidden mixture context with ADIOS-P to improve predictive pre-fetcher accuracy

Predictive pre-fetcher, which predicts future data access events and loads the data before users requests, has been widely studied, especially in file systems or web contents servers, to reduce data load latency. Especially in scientific data visualization, pre-fetching can reduce the IO waiting time. In order to increase the accuracy, we apply a data mining technique to extract hidden information. More specifically, we apply a data mining technique for discovering the hidden contexts in data access patterns and make prediction based on the inferred context to boost the accuracy. In particular, we performed Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (PLSA), a mixture model based algorithm popular in the text mining area, to mine hidden contexts from the collected user access patterns and, then, we run a predictor within the discovered context. We further improve PLSA by applying the Deterministic Annealing (DA) method to overcome the local optimum problem. In this paper we demonstrate how we can apply PLSA and DA optimization to mine hidden contexts from users data access patterns and improve predictive pre-fetcher performance.
Flexible hybrid complementary inverters with high gain and balanced noise margins using pentacene and amorphous InGaZnO thin-film transistors

Abstract Hybrid organic–inorganic complementary inverters composed of pentacene and amorphous InGaZnO for p- and n-channel thin-film transistors (TFTs) were fabricated on flexible polyethersulfone substrates. The p- and n-channel TFTs showed saturation mobility values of 0.15 and 3.8 cm2/Vs, respectively. We propose a new method to find the switching threshold voltage and the optimum supply voltage of complementary inverters. With this method, we demonstrate hybrid complementary inverters that at a supply voltage of 25 V show a high gain of 130 V/V at a switching threshold voltage of 12.5 V. Operating these inverters at the ideal supply voltage leads to high and balanced noise margins with values of 84% of their theoretical maximum.
Clinical Implications of Reinforcement as a Determinant of Substance Use Disorders

Extensive scientific evidence indicates that reinforcement plays an important role in the genesis, maintenance, and recovery from substance use disorders. In this chapter, we review recent clinical research from laboratory, clinic, and naturalistic settings examining the role of reinforcement in substance use disorders. Well-controlled human laboratory studies are reviewed characterizing orderly interactions between the reinforcing effects of drugs and environmental context that have important implications for understanding risk factors for substance use disorders and for the development of efficacious interventions. Recent treatment-outcome studies on voucher-based contingency management and community reinforcement therapy are reviewed demonstrating how reinforcement and related principles can be used to improve outcomes across a wide range of different substance use disorders and populations. Overall, the chapter characterizes a vigorous area of clinical research that has much to contribute to a scientific analysis of substance use disorders.
STUDIES ON FREE STREAM TURBULENCE AS RELATED TO GAS TURBINE HEAT TRANSFER

A review of the past work done on free stream turbulence (FST) as applied to gas turbine heat transfer and its implications for future studies are presented. It is a comprehensive approach to the results of many individual studies in order to derive the general conclusions that could be inferred from all rather than discussing the results of each individual study. Three experimental and four modeling studies are reviewed. The first study was on prediction of heat transfer for film cooled gas turbine blades. An injection model was devised and used along with a 2-D low Reynolds number k-epsilon model of turbulence for the calculations. Reasonable predictions of heat transfer coefficients were obtained for turbulence intensity levels up to 7%. Following this modeling study a series of experimental studies were undertaken. The objective of these studies was to gain a fundamental understanding of mechanisms through which FST augments the surface heat transfer. Experiments were carried out in the boundary layer and in the free stream downstream of a gas turbine combustor simulator, which produced initial FST levels of 25.7% and large length scales (About 5-10 cm for a boundary layer 4-5 cm thick). This result showed that one possible mechanism through which FST caused an increase in heat transfer is by increasing the number of ejection events. In a number of modeling studies several well-known k-epsilon models were compared for their predictive capability of heat transfer and skin friction coefficients under moderate and high FST. Two data sets, one with moderate levels of FST (about 7%) and one with high levels of FST (about 25%) were used for this purpose. Although the models did fine in their predictions of cases with no FST (baseline cases) they failed one by one as FST levels were increased. Under high FST (25.7% initial intensity) predictions of Stanton number were between 35-100% in error compared to the measured values. Later a new additional production term indicating the interaction between the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and mean velocity gradients was introduced into the TKE equation. The predicted results of skin friction coefficient and Stanton number were excellent both in moderate and high FST cases. In fact these model also gave good predictions of TKE profiles whereas earlier unmodified models did not predict the correct TKE profiles even under moderate turbulence intensities. Although this new production term seems to achieve the purpose, it is the authors' belief that it is diffusion term of the TKE equation, which needs to be modified in order to fit the physical events in high FST boundary layer flows. The results of these studies are currently being used to come up with new diffusion model for the TKE equation.
A multivariant micromechanical model for SMAs Part 1. Crystallographic issues for single crystal model

Abstract A general 3-D multivariant model for shape memory alloy constitutive behavior is further developed in this paper. The model is based on the habit planes and transformation directions for variants of martensite and uses a thermodynamic and micromechanics approach to develop the governing equations for thermomechanical response. The model accounts for the self-accomodating group structure exhibited during martensitic plate formation and utilizes this concept in its calculation of the interaction energy between variants. In this paper, we expand the multivariant model to consider the impact of inclusion shape on model predictions. A direction selection scheme is proposed for penny shaped inclusions and is based on the fact that several habit plane variants tend to cluster about one of the {011} or {001} poles. We also explore in detail the crystallographic basis of material response and the impact of specific crystallographic changes on the macroscopic single crystal constitutive response. Differences between type I and type II twinning are examined and it is shown that choice of the proper twinning type is essential to capture experimental data. The grouping structure is examined and several different options published for a NiTi alloy are implemented and results compared. Several concepts, i.e. artificial merging, exclusive and non-exclusive grouping, are raised to assist exploration of NiTi grouping possibilities. The anisotropy of the single crystal material response is illustrated and implications on higher level modeling are discussed. It is noted that properly representing the details of the crystallographic microstructure is crucial to obtaining accurate macroscopic stress–strain predictions.
Caudal Septal Deviation

The nasal septum is a structure poorly understood and appreciated by the lay public and the nonotolaryngologist--head and neck surgeon alike. Deviation of the caudal portion of the nasal septum may result in nasal obstruction, a crooked nose, and columellar irregularities. The correction of a severely deviated caudal septum is one of the most difficult challenges of the otolaryngologist and facial plastic surgeon. A variety of options are available for correction of mild, to the most severe, deflections. This condition, as with all challenges in medicine, should not be a one size fits all or one surgery fits all situation. The skilled surgeon should understand the multiple options available for surgical correction and tailor fit the procedure to the deformity.
GROWTH-FACTOR REGULATION OF MDM-2 MESSENGER-RNA EXPRESSION

We have investigated the growth factor regulation of mdm-2 mRNA levels in mouse embryo fibroblasts, whose growth is controlled by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). We find that both growth factors up-regulate the expression of mdm-2 mRNA, independently of each other.
THE SMALL GROUP CONTEXT: DESIGNATED DISTRICT COURT JUDGES IN THE UNITED STATES COURTS OF APPEALS

Decision making in the United States Courts of Appeals occurs primarily in three-judge panels with rotating membership. A substantial proportion of court of appeals cases is decided by panels that include a judge who is not a regular court of appeals jurist but is, instead, a district court judge serving temporarily on the court of appeals bench. Taken together, these two traits mean that court of appeals decision making is often a function of small groups with temporary members. In this paper, we set out to examine whether designated district court judges behave differently than their court of appeals colleagues with whom they render decisions. And, in doing so, we suggest a profitable direction for theory building vis-a-vis judicial behavior. Our analysis of data contained in the United States Courts of Appeals Database indicates that the votes of judges on three-judge panels are influenced by the preferences of their fellow panelists and that variance in the ideological direction of votes cast is not systematically related to status as a designated district court judge, with such judges manifesting greater variance in their ideological decision making.
The effect of a quality improvement feedback loop on paramedic-initiated nontransport of elderly patients.

Objective. To examine the effect of a paramedic educational program and quality improvement feedback loop on paramedic-initiated nontransport of patients 65 years of age and older. Methods. Prospective observational study. Patients 65 years of age and older who were evaluated but not transported by paramedics were contacted by telephone within two weeks of emergency medical services (EMS) contact and asked: 1) whether the patient sought medical help within 24 hours after contact; 2) whether the patient was admitted to a hospital and, if so, what was the diagnosis; 3) who was responsible for the nontransport decision (patient, paramedic, or mutual); and 4) how satisfied the patient was with the EMS service. After six weeks of data collection, the results were presented in a nonjudgmental fashion to the paramedics. After this intervention, the data collection continued for another five weeks without the paramedics' knowledge. Results. After the intervention, the overall nontransport rate remained constant (...
CONTROL OF M-CURRENT

M-current is a non-inactivating potassium current found in many neuronal cell types. In each cell type, it is dominant in controlling membrane excitability by being the only sustained current in the range of action potential initiation. It can be modulated by a large array of receptor types, and the modulation can occur either by suppression or enhancement. Modulation of M-current has dramatic effects on neuronal excitability. This review discusses the numerous second messenger pathways that converge on regulation of this current: in particular, two forms of regulation of the M-current, receptor-mediated modulation and the control of macroscopic current amplitude by intracellular calcium. Both types of regulation are discussed with reference to the modulation of single-channel gating properties.
Product Life Cycle

The product life cycle (PLC) is a central, enduring framework in marketing. The four stages of introduction, growth, maturity, and decline are appealing intuitively and are supported empirically in recent research. Here, we draw on several literatures to develop an integrated theory to explain the observed shape of the PLC. We present specific definitions and metrics for key events and stages of the PLC. On the basis of these definitions and metrics, we present generalizable results for many characteristics of the PLC based on a sample of 30 consumer durables. Results include duration of stages, sales volume, sales growth, price reductions, and penetration. There is a dramatic increase in sales at the transition from the introduction stage to the growth stage, and a sudden change from sales growth to sales decline at the transition from the growth stage to the maturity stage. Overall, the PLC is a useful framework for understanding and anticipating the sales growth of new consumer durables. Keywords: diffusion of innovation; sales takeoff; Bass model; new products; informational cascades
Reciprocal Allogrooming in Dam‐reared and Hand‐reared Impala Fawns

Among adult females and males of African antelope impala are unique in their performance of reciprocal allogrooming. The occurrence of this behaviour in neonatal impala fawns was explored in a free-ranging impala herd at the San Diego Wild Animal Park where 5 dam-reared fawns were observed from birth through 10 weeks of age. One-way maternal grooming and reciprocal allogrooming with the dam and non dam partners emerged as distinct behavioural systems. Maternal grooming, directed mostly to the anogenital area, was typical of that seen in other ungulates, and sharply declined over the first two weeks. Reciprocal allogrooming, characterized by alternate exchanges of grooming bouts with a partner in the same manner as in adults, was seen as early as 3–8 d after birth. All fawns were grooming with unrelated adult females by the end of the second week. By week 2 virtually every measure of reciprocal allogrooming by fawns (grooming delivered per hour, reciprocity, and percent of encounters initiated) was as high as for adults. The appearance of this reciprocal allogrooming pattern, especially at such an early age, appears to be unique among ungulates, and possibly mammals in general. Three hand-reared impala fawns, deprived of the opportunity to interact with older herdmates, but having access to impala fawns and heterospecific fawns, were observed from 1–3 mo of age. The hand-reared impala showed no alteration in the occurrence of reciprocal allogrooming behaviour compared with the dam-reared control fawns, indicating that allogrooming experience with older animals was not required for the appearance of reciprocal allogrooming at an early age. Interestingly, hand-reared fawns persisted in grooming heterospecific fawns despite the fact that heterospecifics rarely reciprocated grooming. We postulate that the strong predisposition for impala young to groom others may be related to the threat of tick infestation in the impala's ecotone habitat.
Collaborative risk-based preparedness for pandemic influenza in Southeastern Virginia

There is consensus among preparedness experts, including epidemiologists, that another influenza pandemic is imminent (R.I. Webby and R.G. Webster, 2003). An influenza pandemic is a worldwide spread of a new, highly contagious strain of flu where little or no immunity exists and a vaccine is unavailable. The development of a preparedness plan before the next pandemic outbreak is vital because past pandemics have led to millions of American casualties and substantial economic losses. This project develops a set of risk mitigation strategies in the form of mask distribution for reducing the impact of an influenza outbreak in the Hampton Roads Planning District (HRPD). The project found a significant reduction in illnesses, hospitalizations, deaths, worker absenteeism, economic losses and medical surge for all strategies. However, an analysis of regional supply concludes that only partial mask strategies are feasible.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α–Converting Enzyme Roles in Hypertension-Induced Hypertrophy: Look Both Ways When Crossing the Street

In response to hypertension, the left ventricle (LV) initially responds with a concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, which compensates for the increase in pressure to normalize LV wall stress. After prolonged hypertension, however, the LV decompensates with increased fibrosis and dilation and can lead to heart failure.1 The LV response to pressure loading involves the intersection of multiple intracellular (myocytes, fibroblasts, and inflammatory cells) and extracellular matrix signaling pathways. Enzyme systems that degrade the extracellular matrix, namely, the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), serine protease, and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) families, play key roles in regulating extracellular matrix turnover. In this issue of Hypertension , Wang et al2 examine the role of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α–converting enzyme (TACE; also known as ADAM-17) in mediating cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Using 2 models (the spontaneously hypertensive rat and a mouse model of angiotensin II infusion), they demonstrate that inhibition of TACE depresses pressure-overload–stimulated hypertrophic and fibrotic responses and concomitantly decreases MMP-2 and ADAM-12 levels without significantly lowering blood pressure. The ADAM family contains 21 functional transmembrane enzymes with a broad range of membrane protein substrates.3 MMP-2 substrates include collagen IV, transforming growth factor-β, insulin-like growth factor binding protein, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 14; ADAM-12 substrates include heparin binding-epidermal growth factor, type IV collagen, and fibronectin; and TACE substrates include TNF-α, TNF receptors I and II, interleukin 1 receptor II, transforming growth factor-α, heparin binding-epidermal growth factor, amphiregulin, and several G proteins.5 These 3 proteases have been shown previously …
Test Particle Transport due to Long Range Interactions

Collisional transport of particles and energy across magnetic field lines is an active area of plasma theory and experiments, with fundamental questions as to the binary vs collective and short-range vs long-range nature of interparticle collisions. Classical Boltzmann theory [1] describes ion transport in terms of local collisions, with impact parameters less than the cyclotron radius, i.e., r& r c; but it has long been recognized that electron particle and heat transport may involve long-range collisions, with rce ,r& l D [2,3]. In Q machines, experiments with optical tagging of ions [4] have demonstrated classical collisional diffusion [5,6] and shear-induced convection [7]. In fusion plasmas, tritium diffusion and convection coefficients have been obtained from neutron emission, but direct comparison to theory is still ambiguous [8]. Measurements of bulk transport in pure electron plasma have shown enhanced viscosity thought to be due to longrange interactions [9]; and the present experiments are an attempt to quantify these interactions. Here, we measure cross-field test-particle transport in an unneutralized ion plasma, where the cyclotron radius is smaller than the Debye length, i.e., rc ,l D . The quiescent, near-thermal-equilibrium ion column is contained steady state in a Penning-Malmberg trap [10], with no net transport or particle loss. Ions are tagged by spin orientation, and the slow cross-field diffusion of these test particles is accurately measured using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). This test particle diffusion has been measured over a wide range of density, temperature, and magnetic field, and is generally about ten times faster than predicted by the classical theory of velocity-scattering collisions. Measurements of velocity-space isotropization on the same ion plasmas agree closely with classical theory [11,12], indicating there is no uncertainty in this collision rate. The enhanced test particle diffusion scales essentially as B 22 , and is probably due to long-range “ E 3 B drift” collisions with rc ,r, l D [2,3]. These weak, long-range binary interactions between ions are ultimately limited by velocity-scattering collisions and by shear in the E 3 B rotation of the column.
Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide impairs hyaluronan clearance in vivo and its uptake by the isolated, perfused rat liver

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide on hyaluronan concentration in blood plasma, hyaluronan removal from the blood and hyaluronan uptake by isolated, perfused rat liver. Intravenous administration of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide to rats markedly increased plasma hyaluronan concentration in a dose-dependent manner. One day after lipopolysaccharide challenge (0.1 or 1.0 mg per 100 gm body wt), plasma hyaluronan levels were 570.7 ± 66.8 ng. ml−1 and 1,951.0 ± 120.3 ng ml−1, respectively, as compared with 94.2 ± 12.2 ng. ml−1 in time-matched control animals. Removal of intravenously injected hyaluronan (30 μg per 100 gm body wt) was suppressed 32% by lipopolysaccharide administration (100 μg per 100 gm body wt). At the same dose, lipopolysaccharide induced a severe inhibition (60% to 80%) of hyaluronan uptake by perfused livers isolated 3 or 24 hr after lipopolysaccharide administration. The inhibitory effect of lipopolysaccharide on hyaluronan uptake by the isolated, perfused liver was not abolished by pretreatment with either antibodies to tumor necrosis factor–α IgG or indomethacin, an inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase pathway. Continuous intravenous infusion of recombinant murine tumor necrosis factor–α for 18 to 20 hr did not affect plasma hyaluronan concentration. These data suggest that neither tumor necrosis factor–α, an early cytokine induced by lipopolysaccharide, nor prostaglandins are involved in the mechanism of lipopolysaccharide-induced inhibition of hyaluronan uptake by the perfused rat liver. Although the mechanism of such inhibition remains to be elucidated, we conclude that gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide produces lesions at the level of hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells, impairing their capacity to remove circulating hyaluronan. (HEPATOLOGY 1993;18:173–178).
Intrarenal Angiotensin III Infusion Induces Natriuresis and Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor Translocation in Wistar-Kyoto but not in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

In Sprague-Dawley rats, renal angiotensin (Ang) type 2 receptors (AT(2)Rs) mediate natriuresis in response to renal interstitial (RI) D(1)-like receptor stimulation or RI Ang III infusion. After D(1)-like receptor activation, apical membrane (AM) but not total renal proximal tubule cell AT(2)R expression is increased, suggesting that AM AT(2)R translocation may be important for natriuresis. The onset of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) is preceded by defects in renal sodium excretion. The present study examines AT(2)R-mediated natriuresis in response to RI Ang III infusion in Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs) and SHRs. WKYs and SHRs received RI Ang III infusion after 24 hours of systemic AT(1)R blockade with candesartan. In WKYs, urine sodium excretion rate increased from 0.043+/-0.01 to 0.191+/-0.06 micromol/min (P<0.05) in response to Ang III infusion, but identical conditions failed to increase the urine sodium excretion rate in SHRs. The increase in the urine sodium excretion rate was blocked by coinfusion of PD-123319, a selective AT(2)R antagonist. On confocal microscopy images, Ang III-infused WKYs demonstrated greater renal proximal tubule cell AM AT(2)R fluorescence intensity compared with SHRs (5385+/-725 versus 919+/-35; P<0.0001), and Western blot analysis demonstrated increased AM (0.050+/-0.003 versus 0.038+/-0.003; P<0.01) but not total cell AT(2)R expression in WKYs. In SHRs, AM AT(2)R expression remained unchanged in response to RI Ang III infusion. Thus, RI Ang III infusion elicits natriuresis and renal proximal tubule cell AT(2)R translocation in WKYs. Identical manipulations fail to induce natriuresis or AT(2)R translocation in SHRs, suggesting that defects in AT(2)R-mediated natriuresis and trafficking may be important to the development of hypertension in SHRs.
The Pathology of Lupus Nephritis

An international working group of clinicians and pathologists met in 2003 under the auspices of the International Society of Nephrology (ISN) and the Renal Pathology Society (RPS) to revise and update the 1982 and 1995 World Health Organization classification of lupus glomerulonephritis. This article compares and contrasts the ISN/RPS classification and the antecedent World Health Organization classifications. Although systemic lupus erythematosus is the prototypical systemic immune-complex disease, several non-immune-complex mechanisms of glomerular injury and dysfunction have been proposed, and this article summarizes the evidence supporting the pathogenic mechanisms of lupus vasculitis, glomerular capillary thrombosis, and lupus podocytopathy. The most significant and controversial feature of the ISN/RPS classification is the separation of diffuse glomerulonephritis into separate classes with either segmental (class IV-S) or global (class IV-G) lesions. Several groups have tested the prognostic significance of this separation, and this article discusses the implications of these studies for the ISN/RPS classification.
CULTURAL AND GENETIC EVOLUTION IN MOUNTAIN WHITE-CROWNED SPARROWS: SONG DIALECTS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH POPULATION STRUCTURE

Bird song often varies geographically within a species; when this geographic variation has distinct boundaries, the shared song types are referred to as song dialects. How dialects are produced and their adaptive significance are longstanding problems in biology, with implications for the role of culture in the evolution and ecology of diverse organisms, including humans. Here we test the hypothesis that song dialect, a culturally transmitted trait, is related to the population genetic structure of mountain white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha). To address this, we compared microsatellite allele frequencies from 18 sample sites representing eight dialect regions in the Sierra Nevada. Pairwise genetic distances were not significantly correlated with geographic distances either within or between dialects, nor did dialect groups form distinct genetic groups according to neighbor-joining or UPGMA analysis, and most variation in allele frequencies occurred among individuals rather than at higher levels. However, most of the remaining variation was attributable to differences among, rather than within, dialect regions, and this among-dialect component of variance was statistically significant. Moreover, when controlling for the effect of geographic distance, song dissimilarity and genetic distance between site pairs were significantly correlated. Thus, song dialects appear to be associated with reductions in, but not strict barriers to, gene flow among dialect regions.
Influence of Acute High Glucose on Protein Abundance Changes in Murine Glomerular Mesangial Cells

The effects of acute exposure to high glucose levels as experienced by glomerular mesangial cells in postprandial conditions and states such as in prediabetes were investigated using proteomic methods. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry methods were used to identify protein expression patterns in immortalized rat mesangial cells altered by 2 h high glucose (HG) growth conditions as compared to isoosmotic/normal glucose control (NG(⁎)) conditions. Unique protein expression changes at 2 h HG treatment were measured for 51 protein spots. These proteins could be broadly grouped into two categories: (1) proteins involved in cell survival/cell signaling and (2) proteins involved in stress response. Immunoblot experiments for a protein belonging to both categories, prohibitin (PHB), supported a trend for increased total expression as well as significant increases in an acidic PHB isoform. Additional studies confirmed the regulation of proteasomal subunit alpha-type 2 and the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone and oxidoreductase PDI (protein disulfide isomerase), suggesting altered ER protein folding capacity and proteasomal function in response to acute HG. We conclude that short term high glucose induces subtle changes in protein abundances suggesting posttranslational modifications and regulation of pathways involved in proteostasis.
Essential Being and Existential Metaphysics

Edith Stein worked out the complex metaphysical notion of essential being (wesenhaftes Sein) against the backdrop of debates within phenomenology and Thomism. Both debates can be characterized as a back-and-forth between viewpoints that emphasize essence or existence as foundational for ontology. The existence versus essence debate characterizes the rift between Husserlian phenomenology and Heideggerian thought. A similar struggle took place between the Neo-Thomists, who emphasized Aquinas’ allegiance to Aristotle (the essentialists), and those who argued for an existential interpretation of Thomas’ metaphysics (the Existential Thomists). While seeking the perennial middle ground between phenomenology and Thomism, Stein steps over the false dilemma of existence or essence. The concept of essential being bears marks of influence from Husserl and Heidegger, Neo-Thomists and Existential Thomists.
Use of the Word “Crisis” in Sickle Cell Disease: The Language of Sickle Cell

Abstract Language matters. The words used to name and describe disease phenomena are a reflection of society. The authors address the use of the word “crisis” in SCD from sociological, historical, medical, and patient perspectives. The term “crisis” became associated with sickle cell disease in the mid-1920s, more than a decade after the first description of the disease had been published. The term had been used for centuries in conjunction with fever and as a signifier of severe pain in certain diseases during the nineteenth century. The application of the term to this new disease in the 1920s resulted from physicians’ observations of their patients’ urgent situations. Though commonly used by health care providers and patients today, “crisis” may not be the appropriate term for sickle cell patients suffering severe pain, because people endure differing amounts of pain before stating they are “in crisis.” The result can be undertreatment of the pain or mistrust between physicians and patients about use of strong (narcotic) pain-relievers. Some patients believe the term is useful in communicating the severity of their pain and the urgency of their need for relief from it, especially when seeking care at hospital emergency departments, while others believe “crisis” does not accurately reflect the severity or seriousness of their situation.
A Typology of Consensual Criminal Procedures: An Historical and Comparative Perspective on the Theory and Practice of Avoiding the Full Trial

In the words of Clifford Geertz, this chapter engages in “an exercise of intercultural translation” in order to understand the reality of plea bargaining and other forms of consensual resolution of criminal cases. It provides a history of consensual and alternative forms of criminal procedure around the world. It also provides a comprehensive discussion on alternatives to a full trial in modern penal systems and issues that arise with those alternatives.
Comparison between thrombelastography and thromboelastometry in hyperfibrinolysis detection during adult liver transplantation.

Abstract Background Hyperfibrinolysis is one of the main causes of non-surgical bleeding during liver transplantation (LT). Viscoelastic haemostatic assays, including thromboelastometry (ROTEM®) and thrombelastography (TEG®), can detect hyperfibrinolysis at the bedside. No study has yet demonstrated which device or assay is more suitable for detecting hyperfibrinolysis. Methods This prospective observational study compared ROTEM® and TEG® in isolated adult LT. ROTEM® (EXTEM® [tissue factor activation], FIBTEM® [tissue factor activation with platelet inhibition], and APTEM® [tissue factor activation with tranexamic acid/aprotinin]) and TEG® (kaolin-TEG®) were simultaneously performed using arterial blood samples at eight time-points during LT: induction of general anaesthesia, 60 min after skin incision, 10 and 45 min after portal vein clamp, 15 min before graft reperfusion, and five, 30, and 90 min after graft reperfusion. Hyperfibrinolysis was identified per the manufacturers’ definitions (maximum lysis >15% in ROTEM® or Lysis30>8% in TEG®) and confirmed with APTEM®; incidence was compared between assays McNemar’s test. Results Among 296 possible measurement points from 376 consecutive LT recipients, 250 underwent final analysis: 46 measurement points were excluded because of missing assays or flat line. Hyperfibrinolysis was confirmed at 89 (36%) of 250 measurement points: FIBTEM®, EXTEM®, and kaolin-TEG® detected 84 (94%), 41 (46%), and 21 (24%) hyperfibrinolysis, respectively. These hyperfibrinolysis detection rates significantly differed from each other (P Conclusions Tissue factor-triggered ROTEM® tests were more sensitive than contact-activated k-TEG® in identifying hyperfibrinolysis in LT patients. Inhibition of platelet-fibrin interaction in FIBTEM® enhanced sensitivity to hyperfibrinolysis detection compared with EXTEM®.
A Combined DFT and Statistical Mechanics Study for the CO Oxidation on the Au10–1 Cluster

The CO oxidation reaction pathways on the negatively charged Au10–1 cluster are investigated using density functional theory calculations. Pre-exponential factors and reaction rate constants of each elementary step are calculated using statistical mechanics. Our results demonstrate that the reaction of CO and O2 on Au10–1 preferably proceeds through the formation of a 4-center intermediate rather than through O2 dissociation. The oxygen atom produced then reacts with adsorbed CO to form CO2. The rate-determining step of the CO oxidation appears to be the CO2 release from the 4-center intermediate. Interestingly, it is shown that gaseous CO2, which binds near an adsorbed atomic oxygen, forms easily a bidentate CO3 species that can poison the catalyst. The reverse reaction (carbonate decomposition) occurs with a rate constant comparable to the rate-determining step. A rate constant comparison for various reactant arrangements suggests a site-dependent reactivity, even for this subnanometer Au10–1 catalyst.
Coverage-Dependent Luminescence from Two-Dimensional Systems of Covalently Attached Perylene Fluorophores on Silica

Photophysical processes occurring in two-dimensional systems of perylene derivatives covalently attached to planar silica surfaces are studied using a combination of steady-state and time-resolved measurements. Monomeric emission is observed for low fluorophore densities (below 0.15 nm–2). A broad emission feature centered around 530 nm is observed for high fluorophore densities (above 0.44 nm–2) and is attributed to excimer-like emission from partially overlapping perylene moieties. No distinct emission feature from the fully relaxed excimer state is observed, although the presence of a small fraction of such sites is inferred from both steady-state and time-resolved measurements. A one-carbon chain is used to anchor the fluorophore to the surface by the reaction of perylene-3-methanol with free hydroxyl and strained siloxane sites, likely hindering the ability of neighboring molecules to form a fully relaxed excimer state. Analysis of fluorescence decay profiles indicates energy migration between sites ...
Entangled or ‘Extruded’ Histories? Displacement, National Refugees, and Repatriation after the Second World War

This article uses ‘national refugees’ in Italy after 1945 as a starting point for broader reflections on the classifications of displaced persons (DPs) employed in both international refugee law and historical accounts of the refugee in the postwar world. After 1945, Italy became temporary home to many persons displaced by the war and the consolidation of socialist regimes in Eastern Europe. At the same time, Italy had its own refugees forced to leave territories (including African colonies) lost with the collapse of fascism. Scholarship on flows resulting from decolonization (including settler returns) has remained distinct from that on post-war DPs. The analysis demonstrates the productiveness of conceptualizing these various experiences of displacement as ‘entangled histories’ marked by asymmetries of various types. In addition to reconsidering these global population movements as ‘entangled’, scholars might reframe the histories of imperial displacements as ‘extruded’. The notion of extrusion highlights the ways in which these histories and their bearers (particularly colonial repatriates) often prove uncomfortable, as in the Italian case.
Photonic Devices: Coupling of waves and modes

The principles of many photonic devices are based on the coupling between optical fields of different frequencies or different spatial modes. In general, the coupling mechanism can be described by a polarization Δ P on top of a background polarization representing the property of the medium in the absence of the coupling mechanism. In this chapter, we present the general coupled-wave and coupled-mode formalisms, which provide the foundation for understanding the functions of many devices in the following chapters. The coupled-wave formalism deals with the coupling of optical waves of different frequencies, whereas coupled-mode theory applies to the coupling of optical fields of different spatial modes. Coupled-wave theory In this section, the general formulation of the coupled-wave formalism for coupling of optical waves of different frequencies is presented. For simplicity, we consider only coupling among plane optical waves, but the formulation can be easily extended for nonplane waves, such as optical waves of Gaussian beam profiles. As discussed in Section 1.3, coupling among opticalwaves of different frequencies is possible only if the optical property of the medium in which the optical waves propagate is either time varying or optically nonlinear. Time-varying optical properties can be induced by time-varying electric, magnetic, or acoustic fields through electro-optic, magneto-optic, or acousto-optic effects, which are discussed in Chapters 6, 7, and 8, respectively. In particular, an acoustic wave always induces time-varying changes in the optical property of a medium, whereas changes induced by electro-optic or magnetooptic effects can be static when they are caused by static electric or magnetic fields. Nonlinear optical properties are discussed in Chapter 9.
Editorial: Educational Perceptions vs. Reality; Classroom and Clinical Education

A s a college student, I spent two summers working as a tour guide and an archeological excavator (the professional archeologists didn't like us calling ourselves diggers) at a historic preservation site in the Midwest. Our duties included attending a class three mornings a week on American History of the period and of our particular site. Our professor, a prominent university historian, began the first class with a statement that has stuck with me over the years; “History is not what happened. Rather it is what people think happened.” He then admonished us to study original documents of the period to discover what people of the day were saying, and by extension, thinking. There are two issues relating to athletic training education for which perception may be overshadowing reality. They are “educators vs. clinicians” and “the relative value of clinical vs. class room instruction.” My desire is to convince every athletic trainer to use language that does not perpetuate philosophies that I feel are detrimental to the profession. Knowing this is impossible, my hope is that I bolster the arguments of those who agree with me, and sway some who either are on the fence or have an opposing view to my way of thinking. The phrase “educators versus clinicians” has developed over the years to differentiate between those who hold academic positions as athletic training educators from those who hold staff positions as athletic training clinicians. Clearly these two groups of professionals have different roles and responsibilities; one group is mainly responsible for classroom and laboratory instruction while the other is mainly responsible for patient care. Innocent enough. The problem with these perceptions, however, is that they imply that clinicians are not educators. Some clinicians are not educators, but the vast majority are, especially those who function as approved clinical instructors in our accredited educational programs. Clinical education is a necessary part of our student’s education, and to state, or even imply, that those to impart this education are not educators is not only demeaning to them, but is absolutely false. They are educators and should be recognized as such. So if there is a need to differentiate between these two groups. I suggest we use the terms “academics” and “clinicians” Academics are those who hold academic positions at a college or university and clinicians are those who hold clinical or staff positions. But regardless of how Human Resources classifies an athletic trainer, if he/she is teaching students, he/she is an educator. There is much discussion about the relative value of clinical and class room instruction. Studies have been performed and opinion/editorials written. In a recent article in the NATA News , 1
Living-Apart-Together (LAT) Relationships

As a result of increased life expectancy, high divorce rates, and declining marriage and remarriage rates, older adults have experienced remarkable changes in norms surrounding patterns of partnering and family formation. The family lives of older adults now demonstrate greater heterogeneity and complexity than did those of earlier cohorts. New ways of “doing family” have become more prevalent, particularly in terms of how romantic partnerships are enacted and maintained. Although cohabitation is on the rise, another form of partnering is gaining visibility in Western societies—living apart together (LAT). These relationships are often defined as committed, monogamous intimate partnerships between unmarried individuals who live in separate homes but identify themselves as a couple. This entry provides an overview of LAT relationships in older adulthood including prevalence rates, explanations as to why older adults choose to LAT, and the benefits and disadvantages of LAT in later life. Keywords: commitment; family; gender; intimacy; LAT; living apart together; love; older adults; psychology of relationships; sexuality
Abstract 232: The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Mortality Risk Score Predicts 30-Day Hospital Readmissions

Introduction- Readmissions are associated with poor quality of care and unnecessary healthcare costs. Hence, minimizing unplanned hospital readmissions has become a priority among health care professionals and policymakers. Accurately predicting the risk for readmission could guide the efficient delivery of timely transitional care. Recently, the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) risk score was used to predict hospital charges and resource use after aortic valve replacement. We hypothesize that the STS predicted mortality risk score could accurately discriminate which of the patients will be readmitted within 30 days. Methods- Clinical data from patients undergoing cardiac surgical procedures at four Intermountain hospitals over a three year period (1/2009 - 12/2011) were analyzed. The main outcome was 30-day all-cause acute care readmissions. The predicted mortality risk score was ascertained using the STS risk algorithm and categorized into tertiles based on the population distribution. Odds ratio (OR)...
Propagator-Renormalized Perturbation Theory for the Hubbard Model

Anderson [1] has argued forcefully that the unusual properties of the high temperature super-conductors for T > T c place these materials in the universality class described by Haldane’s Luttinger liquid theory (LL) [2] instead of the more familiar class of metals governed by Landau’s Fermi liquid theory. The proven examples of Luttinger liquids are all one dimensional systems where the breakdown of the Fermi liquid picture can be traced to susceptibilities which diverge for T → 0 on account of the 1D analog of perfect Fermi surface nesting. The low-energy elementary excitations of the LL ground state exhibit separation of spin and charge, and if one trys to cast the one-electron Green’s function into standard Fermi liquid form, the resulting quasiparticle renormalization factor a k retains a strong frequency and temperature dependence, and vanishes as a power law when these variables tend to zero.
Elizabeth Cary Agassiz: The Art of Scientific Observation

This chapter analyzes women’s scientific gaze through a close reading of Elizabeth Cary Agassiz’s travel narrative, A Journey in Brazil (1868), which she co-authored with her husband, famed Harvard scientist Louis Agassiz. A staunch creationist, Agassiz organized an expedition to the Amazon to find geological traces of glaciers in order to disprove Darwin’s evolutionary theory. Cary Agassiz accompanied her husband recording all aspects of their journey. While her husband searched for proof and pontificated about the perils of Brazil’s racial mixing, she observed nature as well as the people of Brazil, their social life, and race relations with a less judgemental stance. Her narrative illustrates how women approached science and engaged with the scientific shift as evolution took center stage.
Pathogen-Specific Bacterial Imaging in Nuclear Medicine

When serious infections are suspected, patients are often treated empirically with broad-spectrum antibiotics while awaiting results that provide information on the bacterial class and species causing the infection, as well as drug susceptibilities. For deep-seated infections, these traditional diagnostic techniques often rely on tissue biopsies to obtain clinical samples which can be expensive, dangerous, and has the potential of sampling bias. Moreover, these procedures and results can take several days and may not always provide reliable information. This combination of time and effort required for proper antibiotic selection has become a barrier leading to indiscriminate broad-spectrum antibiotic use. Exposure to nosocomial infections and indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics are responsible for promoting bacterial drug-resistance leading to substantial morbidity and mortality, especially in hospitalized and immunosuppressed patients. Therefore, early diagnosis of infection and targeted antibiotic treatments are urgently needed to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by bacterial infections worldwide. Reliable pathogen-specific bacterial imaging techniques have the potential to provide early diagnosis and guide antibiotic treatments.
Case Report of a Successful Hair Transplantation in a Patient with Lichen Planopilaris / Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia Due to Incidental Chemotherapy for Breast Carcinoma

Lichen planopilaris (LPP) and its variant frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is a disfiguring alopecia that rarely yields satisfactory hair transplantation results. Grafts may grow initially only to be obliterated by re-activation of the disease within the first few months to years post-transplant. Here, we detail the management of a patient who was diagnosed and treated for breast carcinoma after her diagnosis of LPP/FFA. Two years after completion of chemotherapy, the patient presented with quiescence of her LPP and successfully underwent hair transplantation by follicular unit transplantation method. She has maintained the grafts without re-activation of her scarring alopecia for 7 years – a success we attribute to chemotherapy.
Late East Brazilian Uplands

relative time period: Follows the Early Brazilian Uplands tradition, precedes the historic period.