cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Surrounding Tissues on Biomechanics of Aortic Wall: A Feasibility Study of Mechanical Homeostasis

Previous research in cardiovascular mechanics has shown that mechanical factors strongly influence the growth and remodeling of blood vessels, thereby leading the hypothesis of mechanical homeostasis as a mechanism of regulating vascular adaptation [1]. Nevertheless, this assumption is mostly based on stress analysis of an idealized blood vessel. However, for the aorta, its motion is considerably limited by the surrounding tissue during the cardiac cycle, with the thickness of the posterior side significantly thinner than the anterior side (Fig. 1). In this work, we test the possibility of the existence of a homeostatic level of stress in the aorta using a linear plane-strain model that accounts for thickness variations and surrounding tissues. The results of this computational study show that the surrounding tissue, together with thickness variations, homogenizes the stress level of blood vessel under a physiological pressure, which implies that the mechanical homeostasis is still feasible even with thickness variations and the influence of the surrounding tissues in the aorta.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Stochastic control of randomly varying systems

In this paper we consider the linear quadratic regulator problem for a class of linear, randomly varying systems based on partial observation. The novelty, in part, of the solution is that the state estimator is non-linear and the separation principle does not hold (not in the usual sense, at any rate). Using a linear approximation, we indicate a procedure for constructing a class of approximately optimal controls.
Calculated band structures, optical constants and electronic charge densities for InAs and InSb

Abstract The energy band structure, reflectivity, modulated reflectivity and imaginary part of the frequency dependent dielectric function are calculated for InAs and InSb using the empirical pseudopotential method. Comparison is made with the measured reflectivity and modulated reflectivity and prominent features in the experimental spectra are identified and associated with interband transitions in specific regions of the Brillouin zone. The wavefunctions obtained from our calculated band structures are used to calculate the electronic charge density as a function of position in the unit cell.
ACUTE AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION: A COMPLICATION OF ALUMINUM TAPE WRAPPING OF TRACHEAL TUBES IN LASER SURGERY

A case is reported of acute airway obstruction arising from the use of a tracheal tube wrapped with aluminum tape during laryngeal surgery with a carbon dioxide laser. Problems associated with aluminum tape wrapping of tracheal tubes are discussed.
Optimal Workload and Energy Storage Management for Cloud Data Centers

Electricity expenditure comprises a significant fraction of the total operation cost in cloud data centers and cloud service providers are required to reduce their electricity cost as much as possible. In this paper, we consider electricity cost minimization problem in data centers with energy storage under wholesale electricity markets by considering both the delay-sensitive and delay-tolerant workloads. Considering the stochastic nature of workload arrivals and electricity price, we formulate the problem as a stochastic program and propose an online control algorithm based on the technique of Lyapunov optimization to solve it approximately. The analytical results show that our algorithm can achieve close-to-optimal performance with the increase of energy storage capacities while guaranteeing the quality of service of different workloads.
Late Tertiary hominoids and human origins

There are two principal hypotheses about the time of the emergence of the Hominidae, the family that includes man: first, the hominid lineage emerged before 16 Myr ago1–4; or second, living apes and man are so similar genetically that they must have diverged later5, perhaps as late as 5 Myr ago6,7. The first hypothesis is supported primarily by fossil evidence, whereas the second is championed by advocates of the molecular clock6,7. Hominid fossils are abundant back to 3.7 Myr (Australopithecus afarenesis)8 but are rare before that. Ramapithecus (16–8 Myr) was once classified as a member of Hominidae, but recent discoveries and interpretations show that it should be placed in its own family, Ramapithecidae9,10. Two fossil specimens classified as members of Hominidae predate A. afarensis, however: a lower molar from Lukeino in central Kenya dating to 6.5 Myr (KNM-LN 335)11 and a mandibular fragment from Lothagam Hill in north Kenya dated at 5–5.5 Myr (KNM-LT 329)12. Does their morphology justify classification as the first members of Hominidae? Their geological age is relatively secure. The Lukeino Formation which is up to 130m thick is bracketed by K/A dates of 7–5.4 Myr11. The deposits from which the Lothagam Hill mandible derives are disconformably overlain by an intrusive basalt sill with a K/A date of 3.7 Myr and are associated with mammalian fauna that yields a biostratigraphical age of 5–5.5 Myr12,13. We report here a morphological study which indicates that the Lukeino molar has cusp proportions similar to the modern chimpanzee and the Lothagam Hill mandible is morphologically intermediate between modern pongids and A. afarensis.
Enzymes in addition to CYP3A4 and 3A5 mediate N-demethylation of dextromethorphan in human liver microsomes.

Both indinavir and troleandomycin (CYP3A inhibitors) are incapable of completely inhibiting dextromethorphan metabolism to 3-methoxymorphinan in human liver microsomes. It is hypothesized that CYPs in addition to CYP3A4 and 3A5 contribute to this biotransformation. The effect of CYP-selective inhibitors on the residual 3-methoxymorphinan activity in human liver microsomes (i.e. in the presence of 30 μm indinavir, a selective CYP3A4 and 3A5 inhibitor) was measured to identify these enzymes. At this concentration, indinavir completely inhibited the formation of 3-methoxymorphinan by rCYP3A4 and rCYP3A5. In addition, the formation kinetics of 3-methoxymorphinan in rCYPs was measured. Only CYP2B6, 2C8 and 2C18 were considered likely candidates as contributors to residual 3-methoxymorphinan activity. The residual 3-methoxymorphinan activity was highly correlated with CYP2B6 activity as measured by CYP2B6 antibody (r2=0.90, p 0.05) with CYP2C8 activity. Collectively, these findings suggest that CYP2B6 is a major contributor towards residual 3-methoxymorphinan activity, while CYP2C8 and 2C18 are either minor contributors or do not contribute to this metabolic process. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neuropathology in Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy is a complex neuromotor, which affects a large percentage of the pediatric population served by developmental physical and occupational therapists. Because therapists are frequently called upon by parents, special education personnel, and other health professionals to define and describe the underlying nature of this handicapping condition, it is important that they be well informed about all aspects of this disorder. The following paper presents a brief definition of cerebral palsy followed by a discussion of the etiology and underlying neuropathology associated with each of the major clinical types of cerebral palsy.
Relationship of voluminous ignimbrites to continental arc plutons: Petrology of Jurassic ignimbrites and contemporaneous plutons in southern California

Abstract Volcanism was broadly associated in both space and time with Mesozoic plutonism in the Cordillera continental margin arc, but the precise petrogenetic relationships between volcanic rocks and adjacent zoned plutons are not known. Igneous rocks in a tilted crustal section in California include four laterally extensive Jurassic ash flow tuffs from 550 to >1100 m thick underlain at deeper structural levels by Jurassic plutons. Zircon geochronology confirms previous correlations of individual tuffs, suggesting ignimbrites with eruptive volumes up to 800 km 3 were deposited both during the apparent Early Jurassic plutonic lull as well as contemporaneous with solidification of regionally widespread Middle and Late Jurassic plutons. The tuffs are weakly to strongly porphyritic (5 to 55% phenocrysts) monotonous intermediate porphyritic dacite to low-silica rhyolite and show strong bulk rock chemical affinity to contemporaneous plutons. Trace element compositions of zircons from the tuffs and contemporaneous plutonic rocks record large and consistent differences in Hf/Zr and REE over similar ranges in Ti abundances, supporting bulk compositional similarities and illuminating similarities and variations in thermal histories despite the effects of hydrothermal alteration.
Error complexity analysis of two algorithms for computing powers of arbitrary Hessenberg matrices

Abstract The error complexity analysis of two algorithms for computing powers of arbitrary Hessenberg matrices is given. It is shown that the usual inner product type algorithm is relatively insensitive to variations in the magnitude of superdiagonal elements when compared to a new efficient algorithm wherein division by the superdiagonals are necessary. The results also show that the standard inner product type algorithm produces far fewer basic terms as well as smaller maximum error complexity than those produced by the new algorithm.
The Direct Electrochemical Detection of Amino Acids at a Platinum Electrode in an Alkaline Chromatographic Effluent

Abstract It is the general experience that most organic compounds including amino acids do not produce reversible or even quasi-reversible anodic waves at a Pt electrode under conditions of conventional cyclic voltammetry. Furthermore, amperometric detection of these compounds at a constant electrode potential is not successful because of the accumulation of adsorbed reaction products and/or an oxide film at the electrode surface. However, it is observed that a Pt electrode surface is cleaned quite effectively of adsorbed organic molecles and radicals simultanaeously with the anodic formation of the oxide layer. This oxidation of adsorbed organic species is concluded to be electrocatalyzed by PtOH formed as the first step in the production of the oxide layer (PtO). A pulsed-potential waveform applied at a frequency of ca. 1 Hz is demonstrated to provide direct amperometric detection of adsorbed amino acids at a Pt electrode. Satisfactory analytical precision (i.e., < 3% rel. std. dev.) results because the...
Theorems Supporting r-flip Search for Pseudo-Boolean Optimization

Modern metaheuristic methodologies rely on well defined neighborhood structures and efficient means for evaluating potential moves within these structures. Move mechanisms range in complexity from simple 1-flip procedures where binary variables are "flipped" one at a time, to more expensive, but more powerful, r-flip approaches where "r" variables are simultaneously flipped. These multi-exchange neighborhood search strategies have proven to be effective approaches for solving a variety of combinatorial optimization problems. In this paper, we present a series of theorems based on partial derivatives that can be readily adopted to form the essential part of r-flip heuristic search methods for Pseudo-Boolean optimization. To illustrate the use of these results, we present preliminary results obtained from four simple heuristics designed to solve a set of Max 3-SAT problems.
Analysis and modeling of the radiation budget and net radiation of a sandhills wetland

The surface radiation budget consists of the streams of incoming and outgoing shortwave and longwave radiation flux. Net radiation. the algebraic sum of these four terms, is very significant because it represents the amount of energy available to drive surface climatic, hydrologic, and biological processes. Heterogeneity of the surface is an important factor controlling the spatial variability of the radiation budget. Wetland surfaces such as those in the Nebraska Sandhills are a complex mosaic of cover types and surface conditions and, thus, have potential for great variability in their surface radiation and energy microclimate. In this study, radiation budget data collected using fixed measurement stations and mobile instruments were used to assess the degree and causes of variability in the radiation regime within a typical Sandhills wetland. The site was stratified into four subsystems, high and low marsh, subirrigated meadow, and open water. Results show that there is no significant variability of radiation regime within the marsh, but the marsh, meadow, and water are all separable from each other. Surface albedo appears, to be a significant factor separating the subsystems, while the longwave energy balance functions as an “homogenizing” influence. Further analysis indicates that accurate estimates of net radiation can be made using only measurements of solar radiation.
Cost curve analysis of biometric system performance

Biometric classification algorithms typically offer a range of performance characteristics which balance false non-match and false match rates. Nevertheless, the threshold which meets application requirements is usually selected without explicit consideration of cost implications of misclassification. This paper presents the analysis of recognition performance of multiple face and fingerprint algorithms using cost curves. Cost curves allow the introduction of misclassification costs and prior probabilities of proportions of genuine and impostor classes in the selection of biometric system thresholds. The inclusion of misclassification costs and prior probabilities is important since they can either change with time, or with the location where the biometric system is deployed.
Papillary renal tumors. Morphologic, cytochemical, and genotypic features

Background. Papillary renal tumors lack alterations of chromosome 3 and show trisomy of chromosomes 7 and 17, genotypic features distinct from nonpapillary carcinomas. Methods. The authors examined 39 papillary renal neoplasms to identify morphologic features allowing distinction of high grade from low grade tumors. Twenty-nine papillary tumors and 13 nonpapillary tumors were examined for the presence of trisomy of chromosome 7 using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Data recorded included tumor size, stage, grade, architectural pattern, and the presence of glycogen, foam cells, and iron. Results. Nineteen tumors were classified as low grade and 20 as high grade. The high grade tumors more often formed tall papillae with solid and tubular areas and had more intracellular glycogen, whereas the low grade tumors were more often trabecular. There was no significant difference in tumor size or iron deposition. High grade tumors were of higher stage. Foam cells more commonly were noted in low grade tumors. Sixty-seven percent of low grade, 43% of high grade, and none of the non-papillary tumors showed trisomy of chromosome 7. Metastases developed only in patients with high grade papillary tumors (10/19, 7 within 2 years of diagnosis), all of whom died of disease. Conclusions. Papillary renal carcinomas with high nuclear grade are more likely to behave in an aggressive fashion, whereas those with low nuclear grade may be associated with longer disease free survival. Furthermore, trisomy of chromosome 7 can be identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization and is useful in differentiating true papillary from nonpapillary renal neoplasms. Cancer 1995; 76:669–73.
Paschen Characteristics of the Pseudospark Discharge

Summary form only given. A study of breakdown voltage as a function of electrode geometry in pseudospark discharges is presented. The presence of the hollow cathode in a pseudospark discharge results in a variable ionization volume as a function of electrode diameter and anode voltage. We derive approximate Paschen characteristics using particle balance arguments in a vacuum electric field. The result of the study suggests a reduction in size of the pseudospark switch, as it needs no additional electrode diameter than what is necessary to support the superemissive cathode current density. The smaller electrode area exposed to the hold-off electric field helps to reduce statistical misfire in addition to maximizing the dependence of the breakdown voltage on the aperture geometry, thus aiding in trigger reliability.
Non-dimensional size effects on the thermodynamic properties of solids

Although a number of analyses have been presented on the size effects on transport properties like the thermal conductivity, very few studies have focused on size effects on thermodynamic properties like the heat capacity. The present analysis considers the effect of size on thermodynamic properties when the dimension in one, two or all three directions is extremely small, leading to a reduction in the number of phonon wave vectors. The results are presented in a novel non-dimensional form, so that the effect of dimension on the thermal properties of any material can be easily obtained once the bulk properties are known.
A Bayesian graphical model for ChIP-Seq data on histone modifications

Histone modifications (HMs) are an important post-translational feature. Different types of HMs are believed to co-exist and co-regulate biological processes such as gene expression and, therefore, are intrinsically dependent on each other. We develop inference for this complex biological network of HMs based on a graphical model using ChIP-Seq data. A critical computational hurdle in the inference for the proposed graphical model is the evaluation of a normalization constant in an autologistic model that builds on the graphical model. We tackle the problem by Monte Carlo evaluation of ratios of normalization constants. We carry out a set of simulations to validate the proposed approach and to compare it with a standard approach using Bayesian networks. We report inference on HM dependence in a case study with ChIP-Seq data from a next generation sequencing experiment. An important feature of our approach is that we can report coherent probabilities and estimates related to any event or parameter of inter...
Amalgam repair--a clinical technique.

T he repair of a defective amalgam restoration, abutting a new amalgam restoration against an existing one, is practiced in the operatory without a definitive technique. It is the purpose of this article to consider the clinical implications of this procedure and to present a simple and effective technique for repairing or abutting fresh amalgam to an existing amalgam restoration. Terkla et al.’ reported on the bond strength of repaired amalgam using a transverse bend test and found it to be less than 50% of the unrepaired controls. They also reported that specimens repaired after being stored for 7 days possessed approximately half the bond strength of specimens repaired after 15 minutes. Jorgensen and Saito* also observed less than 50% bond strength under similar conditions; however, when they pretreated the specimens with one drop of mercury forcibly rubbed into the surface to be bonded, they reported strengths of 90% and 97% of their controls. They also found that the fracture sites of the pretreated specimens most frequently occurred outside the junction between old and new amalgam and that whenever the fracture did include the junction area, clear signs of union were seen. Consani et al.’ and Kirk,4 in independent studies, investigated the nature of the bond and its tensile strength. Both reported evidence of metallurgical bonding, but Consani et al. referred to it as “imperfect” since varying degrees of dye penetration were observed. The Consani group reported tensile strengths of the bond to be approximately one third of their controls. Kirk found bond strengths ranging from 23% to 98%, while approximately one third of his bonded specimens had tensile strengths almost equal to the controls. All investigations reported in the literature concerning this subject have been in vitro studies. When new
Deformable Smooth Surface Design

A new paradigm for designing smooth surfaces is described. A finite set of points with weights specifies a closed surface in space referred to as skin . It consists of one or more components, each tangent continuous and free of self-intersections and intersections with other components. The skin varies continuously with the weights and locations of the points, and the variation includes the possibility of a topology change facilitated by the violation of tangent continuity at a single point in space and time. Applications of the skin to molecular modeling and to geometric deformation are discussed.
Potassium and titanium K X-ray de-excitation induced by ion bombardment

KX-ray de-excitation spectra have been produced for K and Ti by proton, alpha and oxygen ion beam bombardment. These spectra have been measured with a crystal spectrometer of resolution (FWHM) of 10 and 13 ev for theKα1,2 line in K and Ti respectively. The additional lines not found in the normal X-ray spectra are attributed to multiple inner shell ionization. The energy shifts and relative intensities of these lines are compared to theoretical predictions.
Superconductivity in oxides: toward a unified picture

We present a combined overview of current experimental knowledge and theoretical understanding of high temperature superconductivity based on the charge transfer excitation model. Our model is capable of rationalizing a great variety of experimental information and suggests directions to follow in designing even higherT c materials.
Motor Axon Synapses on Renshaw Cells Contain Higher Levels of Aspartate than Glutamate

Motoneuron synapses on spinal cord interneurons known as Renshaw cells activate nicotinic, AMPA and NMDA receptors consistent with co-release of acetylcholine and excitatory amino acids (EAA). However, whether these synapses express vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) capable of accumulating glutamate into synaptic vesicles is controversial. An alternative possibility is that these synapses release other EAAs, like aspartate, not dependent on VGLUTs. To clarify the exact EAA concentrated at motor axon synapses we performed a quantitative postembedding colloidal gold immunoelectron analysis for aspartate and glutamate on motor axon synapses (identified by immunoreactivity to the vesicular acetylcholine transporter; VAChT) contacting calbindin-immunoreactive (-IR) Renshaw cell dendrites. The results show that 71% to 80% of motor axon synaptic boutons on Renshaw cells contained aspartate immunolabeling two standard deviations above average neuropil labeling. Moreover, VAChT-IR synapses on Renshaw cells contained, on average, aspartate immunolabeling at 2.5 to 2.8 times above the average neuropil level. In contrast, glutamate enrichment was lower; 21% to 44% of VAChT-IR synapses showed glutamate-IR two standard deviations above average neuropil labeling and average glutamate immunogold density was 1.7 to 2.0 times the neuropil level. The results were not influenced by antibody affinities because glutamate antibodies detected glutamate-enriched brain homogenates more efficiently than aspartate antibodies detecting aspartate-enriched brain homogenates. Furthermore, synaptic boutons with ultrastructural features of Type I excitatory synapses were always labeled by glutamate antibodies at higher density than motor axon synapses. We conclude that motor axon synapses co-express aspartate and glutamate, but aspartate is concentrated at higher levels than glutamate.
Surgical resection for complications of pulmonary tuberculosis

Abstract From 1975 through 1984, 24 patients at the Medical University of South Carolina underwent surgical resection for complications of pulmonary tuberculosis. The complications fell into three major categories: persistent or drug-resistant disease, bronchiectasis, and hemoptysis. The major indications for surgical intervention included hemoptysis (14 patients), drug resistance (5), possible neoplasm (3), and bronchiectasis (2). Impaired pulmonary function was common. Surgical therapy generally necessitated lobectomy, sometimes resulted in substantial blood loss, and had a total major and minor complication rate of 46%.-Despite these problems, the long-term prognosis after successful resection is good.
Dependence of track width on load and on the number of passes in sliding contact

Abstract The track width has been determined as a function of the weight and the number of passes in unidirectional and in reciprocated sliding contact with a spherical indenter for both work-hardened and annealed copper. It has been found that this function of two variables has a remarkably simple and symmetric structure. The properties of this function yielded a new material constant, the cyclic work-hardening modulus, defined as the mixed partial derivative of the logarithm of track width with respect to the logarithm of the number of cycles and the logarithm of weight. Work-softening was found to occur in reciprocated sliding, providing an explanation for the wider tracks produced in reciprocated as against unidirectional sliding.
Point process models for event-based speech recognition

Several strands of research in the fields of linguistics, speech perception, and neuroethology suggest that modelling the temporal dynamics of an acoustic event landmark-based representation is a scientifically plausible approach to the automatic speech recognition (ASR) problem. Adopting a point process representation of the speech signal opens up ASR to a large class of statistical models that have seen wide application in the neuroscience community. In this paper, we formulate several point process models for application to speech recognition, designed to operate on sparse detector-based representations of the speech signal. We find that even with a noisy and extremely sparse phone-based point process representation, obstruent phones can be decoded at accuracy levels comparable to a basic hidden Markov model baseline and with improved robustness. We conclude by outlining various avenues for future development of our methodology.
Embolization of Hypervascular Bone Metastases Reduces Intraoperative Blood Loss: A Case-control Study

Background Small case series suggest that preoperative transcatheter arterial embolization minimizes bleeding and facilitates surgery for hypervascular metastatic bone tumors. However, control groups would make our confidence in clinical recommendations stronger, but small patient numbers make prospective trials difficult to conduct on this topic.
A basis for different rates of N2-fixation by the same strains of Rhizobium in peanut and cowpea root nodules

Summary Same strains of Rhizobium that nodulate both peanut and cowpea roots are metamorphosed to large spherical bacteroids only in peanut where they show several times higher nitrogen-fixing activity than in cowpea. We investigated the basis for such differential activity. Bacteroids isolated from the two hosts showed equal rates of acetylene reduction and oxygen consumption but a much larger number of bacteroids were found per unit nodule volume of cowpea. This may produce an intranodular oxygen deficiency preventing higher expression of bacteroidal nitrogenase activity in cowpea nodules. This was supported by the pattern of response to increased ambient oxygen pressure.
George Grant on Justice, Rights, and Abortion.

George Grant is regarded as the most important Canadian conservative thinker of the 20th century. An outspoken college professor, public intellectual, and anti-war leader, Grant’s published works include Lament for a Nation (1965), Technology and Empire (1969), English-Speaking Justice (1978), and Technology and Justice (1986). This article examines Grant’s mature thought on a subject central to his moral concerns: abortion. It provides a close reading, followed by a detailed critique, of Grant’s essay ‘Abortion & Rights,’ read in the context of Grant’s analyses of modern culture, John Rawls’s Theory of Justice, and the US Supreme Court’s decision in Roe v. Wade.
Vinyl ester/clay based nanocomposites: a complementary study of vinyl ester polymerization by hyphenated rheo-Fourier transform infrared and separate rheology/Fourier transform infrared measurements

This work is focused on the complementary information obtained from advanced in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and rheological measurements to correlate the structural changes with rheological properties upon polymerization of different organically modified montmorillonite clay/vinyl ester composites prepared by in situ polymerization. The microstructure and morphology of the nanocomposites were examined by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The effect exerted by the presence of organic clay on the polymerization reaction of a vinyl ester based polymer matrix was evaluated. In situ and ex situ rheo-FTIR measurements were compared to demonstrate the accuracy of this technique. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Inhaled fluticasone propionate by diskus in the treatment of asthma: a comparison of the efficacy of the same nominal dose given either once or twice a day.

Study objective In September 2000, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of Flovent Diskus (FD) [fluticasone propionate; GlaxoSmithKline; Research Triangle Park, NC], which is an orally inhaled, dry-powder corticosteroid, for the maintenance treatment of asthma at dosages of 50 to 1,000 μg administered twice-daily. Once-daily dosage regimens did not receive approval. This article will detail six clinical trials, five of which incorporated comparative once-daily and twice-daily treatment arms of the same nominal dose of FD. Design Six 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in patients with mild-to-moderate asthma, including two pediatric asthma trials (patient age, 4 to 11 years) of total daily doses of fluticasone propionate (FP) of 100 or 200 μg, and four adult and adolescent studies of total daily doses of FP of 100, 200, or 500 μg. Results Twice-daily dosing was numerically superior to once-daily dosing at the same nominal dose in all comparative studies for the primary end point, change in predose FEV1. In five trials, the results of the once-daily dosage of FP were statistically indistinguishable from those with placebo. One trial demonstrated the superiority of FP, 500 μg once-daily, over placebo; however, the effect size was half that observed with twice-daily dosing. Once-daily FP dosing showed no advantage in safety or in patient adherence to medication. Conclusions In the FDA review of once-daily dosing of the FD regimen, 100 or 200 μg once-daily dosing was not shown to be significantly better than placebo. FP 500 μg once-daily was found to be superior to placebo, but at about one half the effect size as the same nominal dose given bid. No advantage in patient safety or adherence was demonstrated for once-daily administration over twice-daily administration, and once-daily administration is not currently recommended.
Desensitization to galsulfase for the treatment of recurrent infusion association reactions in a child with MPS VI

In this study, we tried to determine the crystal structure of human α-l-iduronidase (hIDUA) and elucidate the structural basis of mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I). We crystallized and solved the structure of hIDUA by the single isomorphous replacement with anomalous scattering method. A deglycosylation study was performed to examine the involvement of N-glycan in the substrate interaction. Then, we built structural models of mutant hIDUA due to 57 amino acid substitutions that had been identified in 27 severe, 1 severeintermediate, 13 intermediate, 1 attenuated-intermediate and 15 attenuated type MPS I patients by means of homology modeling using the crystal hIDUA structure as a template. The structural changes were examined by calculating the root-mean-square distances (RMSDs) and the number of atoms influenced by the amino acid replacements. We solved the crystal structures of apoand iduronic acid -bound hIDUA consisting of three domains: a triosephosphate isomerase barrel fold, a β-sandwich domain and an immunoglobulin-like domain. The mannose residue of the N-glycan attached to N372 constituted a part of the substrate-binding pocket and interacted directly with a substrate. The result of deglycosylation study showed that the hIDUA enzyme activity was highly correlated with the N-glycan attached to N372. Structural analysis revealed that W306 interacts with the N-glycan at N372 and the W306L mutation may cause MPS I through the effect on the conformation of theN-glycan atN372. Further structural study revealed that the RMSD values and the numbers of atoms influenced by amino acid substitutions found in severeMPS I patients were larger than those in intermediate and attenuated MPS I ones, suggesting that the structural changes of hIDUA tended to be correlated with the severity of the disease. Coloring of atoms influenced by an amino acid substitution was performed in each case. On the basis of these results, we constructed a database and disclosed the structural information involving MPS I. Structural investigation is useful for elucidating the basis of MPS I.
Long-Term Follow-Up Results of Alpha Interferon Therapy in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center

(1993). Long-Term Follow-Up Results of Alpha Interferon Therapy in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. Leukemia & Lymphoma: Vol. 11, No. sup1, pp. 169-174.
The Role of Fatigue in Susceptibility to Acute Muscle Strain Injury

We investigated the role of fatigue in muscle strain injuries using the extensor digitorum longus muscles of 48 rabbits. The muscles of the rabbits were fatigued by 25% or 50% then stretched to failure and compared with the contralateral controls. Three rates of stretch were used. The force to muscle failure was reduced in the fatigued leg in all groups (range, 93% to 97.4% compared with the controls). The change in muscle length in the fatigue groups was not different from the controls. The amount of energy absorbed in the fatigued muscle was 69.7% to 92% that of the energy absorbed in the control muscle. The lowest energy absorption occurred in muscles that were more fatigued. In eight additional rabbits, fatigued extensor digitorum longus muscles were compared with submaximally stimulated muscles with the equivalent contractile properties, and no difference was seen. Muscles subjected to strains are frequently injured under high-intensity eccentric loading conditions. Under these conditions, muscles absorb energy and provide control and regulation of limb movement. Our data showed that muscles are injured at the same length, regardless of the effects of fatigue. However, fatigued muscles are able to absorb less energy before reaching the degree of stretch that causes injuries.
Characterizing Adolescent Prescription Misusers: A Population-Based Study.

Abstract Objective To examine the risk factors associated with adolescent (ages 12–17) misuse of opioids, stimulants, tranquilizers, and sedatives using a nationally representative sample. The characteristics associated with symptoms of abuse and/or dependence related to prescription medication misuse among adolescents were also analyzed. Method These questions were addressed using the 2005 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Screening and full interview response rates were 91% and 76%, respectively, and data from 18,678 adolescents were used. Regression analyses, using population-based weights, were performed to identify characteristics associated with past year misuse of prescription medications and the presence of past year abuse or dependence symptoms related to misuse. Results Among adolescents, 8.2% misused a medication and 3.0% endorsed symptoms of a substance use disorder related to prescription medication misuse in the past year. The predictors of misuse from multivariate analyses were poorer academic performance (odds ratio [OR] 2.9,95% confidence interval [CI] 2.37–3.52), past year major depression (OR 3.1, 95% CI 2.62–3.74), higher risk-taking levels (OR 3.6, 95% CI 3.13–4.20), past year use of alcohol (OR 7.3, 95% CI 6.19–8.59), cigarettes (OR 8.6,95% CI 7.43–9.91), marijuana (OR 9.9,95% CI 8.53–11.44), or past year use of cocaine or an inhalant (OR 10.7, 95% CI 8.98–12.72). Past year major depression (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.03–2.25), past year cocaine or inhalant use (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.21–2.41), or≥10 episodes of past year prescription misuse (OR 3.0, 95% CI 2.13–4.17) was associated with having symptoms of abuse of or dependence among adolescent prescription medication misusers. Conclusions These risk factors could help clinicians identify those at risk for significant problems due to prescription misuse, allowing for prevention or early treatment in this population. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 2008; 47 (7): 745–754.
Positive Attitudes toward Disabled People: Disabled and Nondisabled Persons' Perspectives.

This article addresses the differing perceptions that disabled and nondisabled persons may have of what constitutes ‘“positive” attitudes and behaviors toward people with physical disabilities. Quantitative and qualitative data are presented to suggest that the strain that frequently occurs during interactions between disabled and nondisabled individuals may derive more from misunderstandings of one another's expectations than from negative intentions. Suggestions are made, methodologically, for ways that these areas of misunderstanding can be isolated empirically, and conceptually, for ways that information can be exchanged to correct these misunderstandings.
Value of Information Lotteries

The essence of decision-making is understanding the economic impact of uncertainty. In this paper a previous discussion of information value theory is extended to illustrate how the availability of information on the uncertain factors of a problem affects the probability density function of profit, the profit lottery. A bidding problem serves to demonstrate the type of calculations required and their implications.
Elastic Behavior of Woven Hybrid Composites

Basic geometrical and material parameters are identified to characterize the structure of hybrid fabrics. Analysis of the elastic behavior is made based upon a mosaic model and the fabric composite...
Microbial Control of Insects, Weeds, and Plant Pathogens

Microbial control is here defined as “The utilization of pathogens for the management of pest populations.” Nematodes, although not microorganisms, are considered to be “microbial control” agents because of the techniques involved in their utilization. Various types of microorganisms have been used in biological control, among them bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. The most important groups of microbial agents are discussed in this chapter. In the broadest consideration, pathogens are important naturally occurring biological control agents. In nature, microbial pathogens frequently cause epiphytotics and epizootics, which help maintain the balance of plant and animal populations. The role of microbes in the dynamics of organisms was observed early on by biologists, who eventually initiated studies to attempt to manipulate pathogens for pest control. This was the genesis of the microbial control tactic that in recent years has become a more significant weapon in the pest control arsenal. Microbial control has predominantly involved the artificial manipulation of pathogens, especially viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and nematodes formulated as sprays or dusts to suppress outbreaks or threatened outbreaks of pest arthropods (or weeds). Environmental manipulation (e.g., irrigation practice) is also utilized to enhance activity of certain pathogens and thus effect microbial control, although this is as yet a relatively poorly developed aspect of the tactic.
Human cancer in households containing cats with malignant lymphoma

Since feline malignant lymphoma is viral in nature, a retrospective case-control study was done to assess if there was any additional risk of cancer for human members in households with cats histologically diagnosed as having that disease. The 221 households identified as having owned cats that developed the disease were matched with control ones on the basis of index cat age, sex and breed. Various compared human demographic factors indicated close agreement in makeup between groups. Tests for association of human cancer with feline malignant lymphoma were negative. Association was sought in two ways: (1) by a case-control comparison, controlling human household cancer risk and length of time the index cat was in the household; and (2) by a comparison of the last five years' occurrence of human cancer in both groups compared to the expected. The expected numbers were calculated for the population-at-risk from human age- and sex-specific incidence rates published for this area. The specific occurrence of human cancers of the lymphatic and hematopoietic systems was examined. The validity of the study results and extension of these results to cat ownership in general were discussed. Cancer human dasn les menages possedant des chats atteints de lymphome malin Etant donne que le lymphome malin des felins est de nature virale, l'aposauteur a procede a ime etude retrospective des cas et des temoins afin de determiner s'il existe un risque additionnel de cancer pour les membres d'une famille possedant des chats chez lesquels la maladie a ete histologiquement diagnostiquee. Les 221 menages selectonnees pour avoir possedee des chats atteints de la maladie ont ee comparees a des temoines choisis d'apres l'âge, le sexe et la race de leur chat. Divers facteurs demographiques humaines ont ee compares et ont mis en evidence une etroite analogie entre les groupes. Les tests pour la recherche d'une association entre le cancer humain et le lymphome malin des felins ete negatifs. L'association a ete recherchee de deux facons: 1) par une comparasison entre les cas et les temoins ainsi qu'un controle du risque de cancer dans le menage et de la dureee da la periode pendant laquelle le chat a vecu dans ce menage et 2) par une comparaison entre l'apparition du cancer humain dans les deux groups pendant les cinq dernieres annees et les previsions. Les chiffres escomptes avainent ete calcules our la ppulation exposee au risque sur la base des taux d'incidence selon l'age et le sexe de la personne, qui avaient ete publies pour cette region. L'apparition sdpecifique des cancers humanins des systemes lymphatique et hematopoietique a ete etudiee. L'auteir analyse la justesee des resultants de l'etude et la validite de ces resultats pour lensemble des personnes qui possedent des chats.
Equivalent Circuits for Single-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Machines with both Odd and Even Order MMF Harmonics

The special winding connections used in certain dual voltage or multiple-speed single-phase induction motors lead to large, even order MMF harmonics. The calculation procedures used to evaluate machines of this type must include proper representation of these harmonics. This paper develops the general describing equations for a two-phase machine with arbitrary MMF distributions. These equations are then specialized to yield harmonic equivalent circuits for steady-state operation. Proper interconnection of these harmonic circuits yields equivalent circuits representing actual machine windings. Examples are given, including circuits for representation of consequent pole windings. A numerical example of a machine operating with only its north poles excited is also included.
Increased fat factor production after adrenal enucleation.

IT IS WELL known that, in certain species of mammals, removal of part of the adrenal cortices leads to hypertrophy of the remainder. Thus, removal of one adrenal in the rat is followed by considerable hypertrophy of the other gland, according to MacKay and MacKay (1926). The effect is most striking if one enucleates both adrenals. After several weeks, regeneration occurs so that the mass of adrenal tissue may equal the original (Ingle and Higgins, 1938). Such observations fail to reveal the functional activity of the remaining tissue during the period of regeneration. In our own laboratory, experiments on the albino mouse have shown that within three weeks after enucleation of both adrenals, there is an increase in fat factor production (as indicated by lipid deposited in the liver after starvation (Brownell, 1946)) which reaches values far above normal. In the present study we have followed the production of this factor for some time after enucleation.
Epitaxial layer transfer technology and application

Epitaxial Layer and Device Layer Transfer Technologies in Si and GaAs systems are reviewed from principle, processes, devices, to application systems over decades. Various applications span from SOI-Epi wafering, PV cells and Kerf-less Si PV Epi wafers, Flexible CMOS devices, Free standing thin IC chips, CMOS Si imagers, Solid-state optical scanner and Three dimensional integrated IC. The applications have been enabled by the key roles of the separation layer of removability and thermal stability for Epitaxial and Device Layers Transfer Technology.
Commentary: Treatments for Enuresis: Criteria, Mechanisms, and Health Care Policy

We are fortunate to have the case of treatments for enuresis to teach a historical lesson about the pitfalls of our current enthusiasm for empirically supported treatments. The treatment of enuresis has a long and very colorful history dating as far back as 1550 B.C. Glicklich (1951) recounted two instructive examples of “treatments.” In West Africa, children who wet the bed were “treated” by attaching a large frog to their waist, and this apparently frightened them into being dry. Among the Navaho tribe, one preferred treatment was a ritual that required enuretic children to stand naked over a burning bird’s nest, and this was believed to produce a cure of bedwetting because birds did not soil their nests. We may snicker at these practices of the past, but the laugh is really on us. These practices worked, and they worked on a variable interval schedule of reinforcement because they were occasionally followed by the spontaneous cessation of bedwetting, something that happens for about 16 out of every 100 children within a 12-month period. It is no wonder then that so many peculiar treatments have been tried, and so many odd practices have persisted. In some ways what we really need to know about treatments for bedwetting is which treatments definitely do not work. Such a Popperian approach to the issue of identifying empirically supported treatments is counterJournal of Pediatric Psychology, Vol. 25, No. 4, 2000, pp. 219–224