cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Homo- and Copolymerization of (Methacryloylethenedioxy) pentachlorocyclotriphosphazene

A new organofunctional cyclophosphazene monomer, (Methacryloyl ethylenedioxy) pentachlorocyclotriphosphazene (N3P3Cl5OCH2CH2OC(O)C(CH3)=CH2; I), has been prepared from 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene. Radical-initiated homopolymerization of I and copolymerization of I with methyl methacrylate proceeds readily. The new flame-retardant polymers have been characterized by elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, membrane osmometry, and TGA. Reactivity ratios and Alfrey-Price parameters for the methyl methacrylate copolymerization show a significant effect of the phosphazene on the olefin reactivity.
The significance of error dynamics in model-following for flight control design

The role of the system error dynamics in model-following control systems is discussed, along with the use of handling quality specifications, actuation bandwidth constraints, stability, and closed-loop performance requirements in flight control design. The model-following problem is formulated using both direct state-space and linear, quadratic, optimization techniques. The results are then demonstrated using several examples involving a generic forward-swept-wing vehicle and a conventional flight vehicle with large parameter uncertainty in order to illustrate the trade-off in closed-loop performance and control law complexity.
Formation of Calcium Hydroxide from Aqueous Suspensions of Tricalcium Silicate

The release of Ca2+ and OH” from tricalcium silicate into the aqueous phase was monitored over the first few hours. The solution becomes supersaturated with respect to pure calcium hydroxide with the maximum activity product being about 3.5 times greater than the solubility product. Evidence is presented in support of “silicate poisoning” of calcium hydroxide nuclei. The addition of soluble salts changes the time at which maximum supersaturation is attained but not its magnitude. The analytical data are compared with the rate of heat released from companion pastes.
Size dependent evolution of the electronic structure of small rhenium clusters investigated by photoelectron spectroscopy : approaching the bulk

Abstract The size dependent evolution of the electronic structure of isolated gas-phase rhenium clusters Re n − ( n =2–40) is measured by photoelectron (PE) spectroscopy at 4.99 and 6.42 eV photon energies. For very small clusters the photodetachment threshold energies show a strong size dependence varying between 1.6 eV (Re 2 ) and 2.6 eV (Re 13 ). As for larger clusters, electron affinities (EA) increase smoothly toward bulk work function (WF). Bulk-like electronic features can already be observed around very small cluster sizes.
4-D GEOMETRICAL MODELING OF MATERIAL AGING

The 4-dim intrinsic (material) Riemannian metric G of the material 4-D space-time continuum P is utilized as the characteristic of the aging processes developing in the material. Manifested through variation of basic material characteristics such as density, moduli of elasticity, yield stress, strength, and toughness., the aging process is modeled as the evolution of the metric G (most importantly of its time component G00) of the material space-time P embedded into 4-D Newtonian space-time with a Euclidean metric. The evolutional equation for the metric G is derived by the classical variational approach. Construction of the Lagrangian for an aging elastic medium and the derivation of a system of coupled elastostatic and aging equations constitute the central part of the work. The external and internal balance laws associated with symmetries of material and physical space-time geometries are briefly reviewed from a new viewpoint.
Reproductive mode plasticity : Aquatic and terrestrial oviposition in a treefrog

Diversification of reproductive mode is a major theme in animal evolution. Vertebrate reproduction began in water, and terrestrial eggs evolved multiple times in fishes and amphibians and in the amniote ancestor. Because oxygen uptake from water conflicts with water retention in air, egg adaptations to one environment typically preclude development in the other. Few animals have variable reproductive modes, and no vertebrates are known to lay eggs both in water and on land. We report phenotypic plasticity of reproduction with aquatic and terrestrial egg deposition by a frog. The treefrog Dendropsophus ebraccatus, known to lay eggs terrestrially, also lays eggs in water, both at the surface and fully submerged, and chooses its reproductive mode based on the shade above a pond. Under unshaded conditions, in a disturbed habitat and in experimental mesocosms, these frogs lay most of their egg masses aquatically. The same pairs also can lay eggs terrestrially, on vegetation over water, even during a single night. Eggs can survive in both aquatic and terrestrial environments, and variable mortality risks in each may make oviposition plasticity adaptive. Phylogenetically, D. ebraccatus branches from the basal node in a clade of terrestrially breeding species, nested within a larger lineage of aquatic-breeding frogs. Reproductive plasticity in D. ebraccatus may represent a retained ancestral state intermediate in the evolution of terrestrial reproduction.
Tricontinuous Double Gyroid Cubic Phase in Triblock Copolymers of the ABA Type

We report the synthesis and morphological characterization of two triblock copolymers of the ABA type, where A is polystyrene (PS) and B polyisoprene (PI). The volume fraction of the minority component, PS or PI, is approximately 1/3. Cubic microdomain morphologies, already found in diblock and star block copolymers with the same composition range, are observed for the first time in the case of linear triblock copolymers. The two ABA triblocks are on opposite sides of the phase diagram, which signifies that both the A end blocks and the B midblock are capable of forming the interconnected double network structure. Investigation of the morphology was done via birefringence, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Birefringence measurements showed each triblock structure to have isotropic optical properties. The characteristic ratio of the observed Bragg peaks, q2/q1, was approximately / for each sample, indicating a set of eight possible cubic space groups. TEM data...
3‐ und 3,6‐silylierte 2‐Pyridinthiole: Neue raumerfüllende zweizähnige Liganden für ungewöhnliche Silber‐ und Kupfercluster

Preparation de complexes de trimethylsilyl-3 pyridinethiol-2. Le grand groupe Me 3 Si empeche la polymerisation du coordinat
The corpuscular heating effect observed by explorer 6 near sunspot maximum

Abstract Atmospheric densities derived from the spin decay of Explorer 6 are used to study the corpuscular heating effect at low and middle latitudes near the time of sunspot maximum. The dependence of atmospheric temperature on a p is found to be quite similar to the recently revised curve of Jacchia et al ., which applies to later times in the sunspot cycle, but also at low and middle latitudes. Both curves are very different from those found by polar satellites in orbits of low eccentricity. Averaging a p over half a day instead of delaying it by a quarter day improves the fit of the models to the data.
Atmospheric pressure premixed hydrocarbon-air flames: Theory and experiment

Local measurements of temperature and species concentrations in flames are necessary for the successful development of accurate models of flame propagation and structure. To date, one of the few hydrocarbon fuel flames that has been modeled to include the kinetics of many chemical reactions is the premixed,methaneair flame. These theoretical models include both species difusion and thermal conduction, and they are restricted to laminar propagation only. Most previous comparisons of these theoretical models to experimental data were for low-pressure (i.e., approximately 5 kPa) flame data only. Here, however, temperature and composition profiles of fuel, O2, CO, H2, CO2, H2O, and OH are reported for both atmospheric pressure, premixed, laminar, methane-air, and propane-air flames. The comparison between one of the existing theoretical models and these experiments shows good agreement for fule, O2, H2O, CO, CO2, and OH. Systematic deviations from the theoretical predictions are observed for the H2 concentration profiles.
Customer Expectations of Casual Dining Restaurants: The Case of Liberty Tap Room

The current research examines the importance of restaurant attributes as rated by customers dining in a casual-style restaurant located in a medium-sized city in the Southeast United States. Previous research and the models used to measure customer perceptions of restaurant attributes were reviewed. The assessment instrument chosen for the current study was adapted from DinEX, developed by Antun, Frash, Costen, and Runyan (2010). A total of 92 customers completed the survey over a 10-day period in late August and early September of 2011. Results showed that customers rate food and service attributes as most important when dining out. Attributes related to atmosphere received moderate importance ratings. In using a confirmatory factor analysis, six latent variables emerged: social connectedness, service quality, atmosphere, food quality, healthfulness, and food value. The only statistically significant differences between the factors related to the demographic variables were that females rated the healthfu...
The difficulties of executing simple algorithms: why brains make mistakes computers don't.

Abstract It is shown that educated adults routinely make errors in placing stimuli into familiar, well-defined categories such as triangle and odd number . Scalene triangles are often rejected as instances of triangles and 798 is categorized by some as an odd number. These patterns are observed both in timed and untimed tasks, hold for people who can fully express the necessary and sufficient conditions for category membership, and for individuals with varying levels of education. A sizeable minority of people believe that 400 is more even than 798 and that an equilateral triangle is the most “trianglest” of triangles. Such beliefs predict how people instantiate other categories with necessary and sufficient conditions, e.g., grandmother . I argue that the distributed and graded nature of mental representations means that human algorithms, unlike conventional computer algorithms, only approximate rule-based classification and never fully abstract from the specifics of the input. This input-sensitivity is critical to obtaining the kind of cognitive flexibility at which humans excel, but comes at the cost of generally poor abilities to perform context-free computations. If human algorithms cannot be trusted to produce unfuzzy representations of odd numbers, triangles, and grandmothers, the idea that they can be trusted to do the heavy lifting of moment-to-moment cognition that is inherent in the metaphor of mind as digital computer still common in cognitive science, needs to be seriously reconsidered.
A direct role for Wnt8 in ventrolateral mesoderm patterning

Vertebrate dorsoventral patterning requires both Wnt8 and BMP signaling. Because of their multiple interactions, discerning roles attributable specifically to Wnt8 independent of BMP has been a challenge. For example, Wnt8 represses the dorsal organizer that negatively regulates ventral BMP signals, thus Wnt8 loss-of-function phenotypes may reflect the combined effects of reduced Wnt8 and BMP signaling. We have taken a loss-of-function approach in the zebrafish to generate embryos lacking expression of both Wnt8 and the BMP antagonist Chordin. wnt8;chordin loss-of-function embryos show rescued BMP signaling, thereby allowing us to identify Wnt8-specific requirements. Our analysis shows that Wnt8 is uniquely required to repress prechordal plate specification but not notochord, and that Wnt8 signaling is not essential for specification of tailbud progenitors but is required for normal expansion of posterior mesoderm cell populations. Thus, Wnt8 and BMP signaling have independent roles during vertebrate ventrolateral mesoderm development that can be identified through loss-of-function analysis. Developmental Dynamics 239:2828–2836, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparative Behavior of Poly(ethylene glycol) Hydrogels and Poly(ethylene glycol) Aqueous Biphasic Systems

The properties of covalently cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels have been studied. The degrees of expansion of the hydrogels in aqueous solutions containing different types of salt and the expansion with respect to temperature have been examined. The apparent polarity of the hydrogels in these differing environments has been measured using Reichardt's betaine dye. The uptake of hydrophobic solutes with respect to temperature and salt concentration has also been examined. We attempt to relate these observations to a consideration of the PEG molecular conformation and hydrogen-bonding ability in aqueous solution. Hydrogel expansion, apparent polarity, and solute uptake all appear to be continuous functions of temperature and salt concentration without any discontinuity typical of critical phenomena. It is suggested that phase formation in aqueous biphasic systems and miscibility gaps in PEG solutions in general result from molecular collapse and the loss of H-bonding ability, followed by the...
Preliminary results using ultrasound energy for ablation of the ventricular myocardium in dogs.

latation. II. Clinical methodology and feasibility. Am J Cardiol 1978;41:279-287. 18. Thrall JH, Freitas JE, Swanson D, Rogers WL, Clam JM, Brown ML, Pitt B. Clinical comparison of cardiac blood pool visualization with technetium-99m red cells labeled in-viva and with technetium-99m human serum albumin. J Nucl Med 1978;19:79&803. 14. Sugme DD, McKenna WJ, Dickie S, Oakley CM, Meyers MJ, Lavender JF. Equilibrium radionuclide assessment of left ventricular ejection and tilling. Comparison of list-mode and multigated frame-mode measurements. Nucl Med Comnun 1983;4:323-334. l5. Sugrue DD, Dickie S, Myers MJ, Lavender JP, McKenna WJ. Effect of amiodarone on left ventricular ejection and filling in hypertmphic cardiomyopathy as assessed by radionuclide angiogmphy. Am J Cnrdiol 1984;54:1054-1058. l6. Betocchi S, Bonow RO, Bachamch SL, Rosing DR, Maron BJ, Green MV. Isovolumic relaxation period in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: assessment by radionuclide angiogmphy. J Am CON Cardiol 1986;7:7481. 17. Chiimi T, Dickie S, Poloniecki JD, Myers MJ, Lavender JP, McKenna WJ. Prognostic significance of mdionuclide-assessed diastolic function in hypemophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:478-482. II). Boucher CA, Brewster DC, Darling RC, Okada RD, Strauss HW, Pohost GM. Determination of cardiac risk by dipyridamole-thallium imaging before peripheral vascular surgery. N Engl J Med 1985;312:38%394, 19. Hendel RC, Layden JJ, Leppo IA. Prognostic value of dipyridamole thallium scintigraphy for evaluation of ischemic heart disease. J Am Coil Cardiol 1990, 15:10%116. 20. Brutsaert DL, Rademakers FE, Sys SU. Triple control of relaxation: implications in cardiac disease. Circulation 1984;69: 19&196. 21. Arora RR, Machac J, Goldman ME, Butler RN, Gorlin R, Horowitz SF. Atrial kinetics and left vennicular diastolic tilling in the healthy elderly. J Am Co/l Cardial 1987;9:1255-1260. 22. Manning WJ, Shannon RP, Santinga JA, Parker IA, Gervino EV, Come PC, Wei JY. Reversal of changes in left ventricular diastolic tilling associated with normal aging using diltiazem. Am J Cardiol 1991;67:89&896. 23. Bonow RO, Vitale DF, Bacharach SL, Maron BJ, Green MV. Effects of aging on asynchronous left venhicular regional function and global ventricular filling in normal human subjects. J Am Coil Cardiol 1988;11:5&58. 24. Miller TR, Grossman SJ, Schectman KB, Biello DR, Ludbrook PA, Ehsani AA. Left ventricular diastolic filling and its association with age. Am J Cardiol 1986;58:531-535. 26. Hmi M, Inoue M, Kitakaze M, Tsujioka K, Ishida Y, Fukunami M, Nakajima S, Kitabatake A, Abe H. Ejection timing as a major determinant of left ventricular relaxation rate in isolated perfused canine heart. Circ Res 1984;55:31-38.
Equations of state of alkali hydrides at high pressures.

The equations of state of the alkali hydrides LiH, NaH, and KH are calculated as a function of pressure for the B1 (NaCl and B2 (CsCl) structures using the pseudopotential and local-density approximations. Contributions of the lattice vibrations to the free energy are treated in the quasiharmonic approximation. The results are in good agreement with experiment, in particular when the vibrational effects are included.
Changing trends in sinus and septal surgery, 2007 to 2009.

Background: Sinus surgery remains one of the most commonly performed procedures in the United States, with more than 600,000 patients undergoing sinus operations each year. Advances in our understanding of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), as well as the technology used to treat it, has resulted in significant changes in surgical management. The aim of this study was to identify recent changes in the performance and coding of certain endoscopic sinus surgical procedures (ESS) in the hope of generating further discussion and research in this area. Methods: The MarketScan Research Database was used to query health insurance claims for all rhinological procedures performed between 2007 and 2009. Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes for sinonasal procedures that are endorsed by the American Medical Association were analyzed and compared to general otolaryngological procedures in an attempt to identify trends in the performance and coding of certain ESS procedures. Results: Compared to general otolaryngological procedures such as adenotonsillectomy, there was a statistically significant increase in the use of CPT codes for all ESS procedures between 2007 and 2009. The most marked interval changes were seen in the use of the CPT codes for procedures previously considered more complex, namely frontal sinusotomy (75%), sphenoidotomy (33%), and maxillary antrostomy with tissue removal (31%). Conclusion: The performance of certain ESS procedures previously considered more complex due to anatomy, access, and proximity to vital structures has increased dramatically in the past few years, whereas increases in basic procedures have mirrored anticipated changes similar to those seen in general otolaryngological procedures.
Supporting undergraduate computer science education using educational robots

There has been a sharp decline in undergraduate enrollment in computer science over the past decade. Reasons for the decline vary amongst computer science programs. However, upon observation it is noticeable that many students considering computer science as their undergraduate major decide to pursue other fields due to misconceptions about the discipline. Some students are even intimidated by the computer science curriculum. One way in which educators are trying to combat this issue is by introducing computer science concepts using a more hands-on and involved approach with educational robots. Robots provide an exciting platform that students might not initially think of when contemplating their choice in higher education. We present a novel approach to integrate the use of educational robots into introductory computer science courses as a learning tool in order to increase student motivation and improve the enrollment rate of computer science undergraduate students.
Turning Click-Through Visitors into Customers: A Study of Chinese Hotel Websites

ABSTRACT The far-reaching ability of the Internet makes it a powerful marketing tool for hotels that are interested in attracting customers from around the world. As China poises to gain more market share in the global tourism market, the effective use of website as a marketing tool to attract and retain customers can affect the competitiveness within the Chinese hotel industry. This study provides an overview of the content and transaction capabilities offered by a sample of major Chinese hotels' websites from Mainland China. The results indicate that most of the five-stars hotels in China do have a bi-lingual website with English and Chinese being the predominant languages used. While basic information about the hotel and the facilities are provided on a typical Chinese hotel website, most of the hotel websites do not have other value-added links such as travel partners, local attractions or other sites that will provide travelers with a one-stop travel-related shopping site. The results also show that ...
Allosteric inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus integrase: late block during viral replication and abnormal multimerization involving specific protein domains.

HIV-1 replication in the presence of antiviral agents results in evolution of drug-resistant variants, motivating the search for additional drug classes. Here we report studies of GSK1264, which was identified as a compound that disrupts the interaction between HIV-1 integrase (IN) and the cellular factor lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF)/p75. GSK1264 displayed potent antiviral activity and was found to bind at the site occupied by LEDGF/p75 on IN by x-ray crystallography. Assays of HIV replication in the presence of GSK1264 showed only modest inhibition of the early infection steps and little effect on integration targeting, which is guided by the LEDGF/p75·IN interaction. In contrast, inhibition of late replication steps was more potent. Particle production was normal, but particles showed reduced infectivity. GSK1264 promoted aggregation of IN and preformed LEDGF/p75·IN complexes, suggesting a mechanism of inhibition. LEDGF/p75 was not displaced from IN during aggregation, indicating trapping of LEDGF/p75 in aggregates. Aggregation assays with truncated IN variants revealed that a construct with catalytic and C-terminal domains of IN only formed an open polymer associated with efficient drug-induced aggregation. These data suggest that the allosteric inhibitors of IN are promising antiviral agents and provide new information on their mechanism of action.
An accurate, simplified method for analyzing thin plates undergoing large deflections

The present analysis examines the behavior of thin, circular, isotropic plates considering geometric nonlinear behavior but not material nonlinearity. The circular plates examined were solid with a fully clamped outer boundary. An approximate solution was determined with the aid of MACSYMA, a symbolic manipulation computer program, using the energy method. The loading cases examined were: a uniform pressure load and a central point load. The solution was based upon a two-term trial function for the plate deflection, with the coefficients written in a new way. This type of trial function allows the dimensionless deflection profile to vary with the loading. This is an improvement over many existing solutions. Results are given for dimensionless plate center deflection and dimensionless radial bending stress at the plate center. Comparisons between the present results and several existing analytical and finite-element solutions are presented. Also, comparisons of the present results and experimental analyses are given, with good agreement. Nomenclature a = plate radius D = plate flexural stiffness E — Young's modulus h = plate thickness k,kl,k2 = general undetermined coefficients K — kh = dimensionless form of constant k p =
Algorithms for Automatic Model Topology Formulation

A novel algorithm for automatic behavioral model topology formulation (MTF) is described in this paper. Several new terms are defined to support this formulation approach. The algorithms for determining the controllability and equivalence of branches are developed. The identification of differential pairs and current mirror structures is implemented automatically. Some other algorithms identify a subset of nodes in circuits that are extracted and modeled, while the other nodes will be collapsed. The MTF algorithm then is applied to construct a new signal-path graph, i.e., forming an equivalent circuit that has the ability to represent the behavior of the original circuit in a much-simplified form. This algorithm is implemented in a fully automated modeling tool, ASCEND, which starts from the netlist description of a circuit and generates a differential-algebraic-equation-based model. These models are able to represent static and dynamic behaviors with excellent accuracy and significant simulation speedup. The details of the MTF algorithm are described. Examples of applying the MTF algorithm for behavioral modeling are given.
Time-Intensity Study of Prolonged Sweet Stimuli

Prolonged intensity and hedonic (like/dislike) temporal responses and any associated adaptive behavior toward various sweet solutions (sucrose in water) were investigated with specific focus on factors that influenced the transition from “like” to “dislike”. Subjects evaluated the samples using computerized time-intensity (T-I) methods to produce sweetness intensity-time and like/dislike-time response curves. The higher concentration solutions resulted in adaptive behavior. Also, like-to-dislike transition times correlated with sucrose concentration, as did other defined parameters which characterized aspects of the responses, several of which displayed significant cross correlations.
Extracellular matrix accumulation in immune-mediated tubulointerstitial injury

Extracellular matrix accumulation in immune-mediated tubulointerstitial injury. The accumulation of excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) following tubular injury likely represents an imbalance between ECM production and degradation. We assessed the temporal relationship between the accumulation of ECM, cell adhesion molecules, matrix degrading proteinases, and their inhibitors in a rat model of anti-tubular basement membrane (TBM) antibody-associated tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) by the RNase protection assay and immunohistochemistry. There was an increase in the steady state expression of fibronectin (FN) and α 2 (IV) collagen mRNAs beginning on day 7 with the onset of neutrophil infiltration. An increase in α 1 (III) collagen and α 1 -integrin did not occur until days 9 and 10, respectively, at which time mononuclear leukocytes were the predominant infiltrating cell. Increased levels of FN, α 1 (III), α 2 (IV) and α 1 integrin mRNAs occurred through day 14. By immunohistochemistry, increased accumulation of collagen IV, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, and laminin were detected along the thickened TBM; collagens I and III were immunolocalized within the tubulointerstitium, while FN was present in both the TBM and interstitium in rats with TIN on day 14. The increase in matrix accumulation was associated with little or no increase in proteinases. u-PA transcripts fell beginning on day 8, with recovery to control values by day 12. Transin mRNA was found at low levels only on days 8 and 9, and the protein could not be detected by Western blotting. In contrast, these changes were associated with an increase in proteinase inhibitors, so that TIMP and PAI-1 mRNAs increased beginning on day 7 and persisted through day 14. PAI-1 mRNA correlated with biologic activity, while TIMP was immunolocalized within the peritubular endothelium and infiltrating leukocytes. These data demonstrate a temporal association between ECM accumulation, a minimal change in proteinase, and an increase in proteinase inhibitors.
Vitamin B12 Nutriture of Chickens Fed Raw Soybean Meal

Experiments were conducted to investigate a possible interference by raw soybean meal (RSM) with B12 nutriture of chickens. In Experiment 1, day-old chicks were fed B12-free isonitrogenous and equienergetic diets containing 0 or 40% RSM to determine if RSM accelerated storage losses of B12. After 42 days, RSM decreased growth (P less than .01), decreased hepatic (P less than .01) and blood (P less than .05) concentrations of glutathione (GSH), and increased (P less than .01) pancreas and liver weights. However, statistically significant differences due to treatment were not detected in hepatic B12 concentration, indicating that RSM does not enhance B12 turnover in chicks. To ascertain the effect of RSM on B12 absorption, 9 micrograms B12/kg diet was added to diets containing 0 or 40% RSM and fed to chicks to 42 days of age. Raw soybean meal depressed growth (P less than .001) and hepatic GSH (P less than .01) and increased (P less than .001) pancreas weights. The RSM had no effect on hepatic B12 concentration, suggesting that RSM trypsin inhibition does not impair B12 absorption in chicks. A third experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that vitamin B12 stimulates egg production or feed intake of hens fed a diet with 27% RSM. Vitamin B12-depleted hens were fed RSM or heat-treated soybean meal (HSM) diets containing equivalent amounts of soybean protein, oil, and hulls. Hens received either 26 micrograms B12/kg BW per os or 13 micrograms B12/kg BW intramuscularly twice within a 30-day period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effect of Substrate Orientation, Roughness, and Film Deposition Mode on the Tensile Strength and Toughness of Niobium–Sapphire Interfaces

The strength and toughness of interfaces between sputter-deposited polycrystalline niobium films and sapphire substrates with basal and prismatic orientations were measured. The effect of deposition parameters and substrate roughness on these interface properties also was investigated. Substrates of polycrystalline alumina with two different surface morphologies were chosen for studying the effect of interface roughness. The interface strength was measured using a previously developed laser spallation experiment in which a laser-generated compressive stress pulse in the substrate, upon reflection into a tensile stress pulse from the coating's free surface, pulls the interface apart. The interface toughness was obtained using a controlled delamination technique, in which a residually stressed loading layer was used to buckle the underlying test layer from its substrate. The energy balance in the prebuckeled and postbuckled states provided a direct measure of the interface toughness. These values were independently obtained by another experiment in which well-characterized, artificially generated, interfacial flaws were loaded using a stress pulse in the laser spallation assembly. The coating's free surface velocity upon crack initiation was related to the critical energy release rate via a numerical simulation. The results of the two toughness experiments conformed to each other and related fairly well to the independently obtained strength measurements.
Red cell volume measurements and acute blood loss in high-risk newborn infants.

Red cell volume was measured in 259 infants admitted to a high-risk newborn unit. Red cell volume was measured using 50 Cr tagging which subsequently was activated to 51 Cr for counting. Total blood volume was calculated using the corrected whole body hematocrit. A low red cell volume was frequently associated with a maternal history of vaginal spotting, with placenta previa or placenta abruptio, with nonelective cesarean section, and with deliveries associated with cord compression. Asphyxiated infants without a history suggestive of blood loss often had a low red cell volume. An early central hematocrit below 45% correlated with a low red cell volume, but a normal or high hematocrit was often associated with low red cell measurements. The total blood volume depended largely on whether the tagging was done long enough after the blood loss for plasma volume equilibration to have occurred. Very low red cell volume values were associated with a high mortality rate, but birth weight played a dominant role in survival, even at low red cell volume levels.
Stable carbon isotope depth profiles and soil organic carbon dynamics in the lower Mississippi Basin

Analysis of depth trends of 13 C abundance in soil organic matter and of 13 C abundance from soil-respired CO2 provides useful indications of the dynamics of the terrestrial carbon cycle and of paleoecological change. We measured depth trends of 13 C abundance from cropland and control pairs of soils in the lower Mississippi Basin, as well as the 13 C abundance of soilrespired CO2 produced during approximately 1-year soil incubation, to determine the role of several candidate processes on the 13 C depth profile of soil organic matter. Depth profiles of 13 C from uncultivated control soils show a strong relationship between the natural logarithm of soil organic carbon concentration and its isotopic composition, consistent with a model Rayleigh distillation of 13 C in decomposing soil due to kinetic fractionation during decomposition. Laboratory incubations showed that initially respired CO2 had a relatively constant 13 C content, despite large differences in the 13 C content of bulk soil organic matter. Initially respired CO2 was consistently 13 C-depleted with respect to bulk soil and became increasingly 13 Cdepleted during 1-year, consistent with the hypothesis of accumulation of 13 C in the products of microbial decomposition, but showing increasing decomposition of 13 C-depleted stable organic components during decomposition without input of fresh biomass. We use the difference between 13 C/ 12 C ratios (calculated as d-values) between respired CO2 and bulk soil organic carbon as an index of the degree of decomposition of soil, showing trends which are consistent with trends of 14 C activity, and with results of a two-pooled kinetic decomposition rate model describing CO2 production data recorded during 1 year of incubation. We also observed inconsistencies with the Rayleigh distillation model in paired cropland soils and reasons for these inconsistencies are discussed. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Organoselenium-induced cyclizations in organic synthesis

Abstract A number of organoselenium reagents are introduced as efficient initiators of ring closures leading from unsaturated substrates to lactones, cyclic ethers, cyclic thioethers, N-heterocycles and carbocycles. These cyclizations often proceed with high ring selectivity and stereoselectivity and are accompanied by the incorporation of the phenylseleno group (PhSe) into the final product. Methods are described for the effective removal of this group (PhSe) by oxidation or reduction achieving unsaturation or saturation. Finally the successful application of this Se-based methodology to the synthesis of stable and biologically active prostacyclins is outlined. Representative experimental procedures are included.
Windy Ridge: A neighborhood built to fail

Abstract This paper presents lessons learned from the development process of Windy Ridge, a subdivision in Charlotte, North Carolina, that drew national media attention as a community destined to be “The Next Slum” (Atlantic Monthly 2008). The development was aided by a city as growth machine environment that failed this and other neighborhoods through the lapse of proper planning oversight. Rather than laying the blame of high foreclosures at the feet of financial institutions that engaged in high-risk and predatory lending practices, or homeowners who bought more home than they could afford, this paper looks deeper to address both the social and physical decay of the neighborhood. Using a mixed-methods research approach, we uncovered a variety of contributing and enabling factors that led to high foreclosure rates, rapid neighborhood decline, and disparate impacts on low-income populations. We examine public policy, civic culture, development and land-use regulations, and homeownership patterns through Windy Ridge's political, spatial and economic geography. Because homes in Windy Ridge were marketed to investors and in package deals, the neighborhood was highly vulnerable to financial collapse as the Great Recession of the 2000s set in. This case study provides important implications for planning and land development policy.
Total Synthesis of Potent Antitumor Macrolide (–)‐Zampanolide: An Oxidative Intramolecular Cyclization‐Based Strategy

A detailed account of the enantioselective total synthesis of (-)-zampanolide, a macrolide marine natural product with high anti-cancer activity is described. For synthesis of the 4-methylene tetrahydropyran unit of (-)-zampanolide, initially, we relied upon an oxidative C-H activation of an alkenyl ether and intramolecular cyclization to provide the substituted tetrahydropyran ring. However, this strategy was unsuccessful. Subsequently, we found that a cinnamyl ether is critical for the successful oxidative intramolecular cyclization reaction. The synthesis also features a cross metathesis reaction to construct a tri-substituted olefin, a ring-closing metathesis to form a highly functionalized macrolactone and a chiral phosphoric acid promoted N-acyl aminal formation to furnish (-)-zampanolide stereoselectively and in good yield. The synthetic (-)-zampanolide had effects on cultured cells and on tubulin assembly consistent with properties reported for the natural product.
Motivating mammography adherence in elderly Latinas: a test of three mathematical models of decision making.

Many elderly Latinas do not have mammography every one to two years as recom mended by cancer organizations. To elucidate the causal factors underlying this be havior, 52 Latinas, aged 65 and over, were asked to judge the likelihood of having yearly mammography in 79 different scenanos constructed from factor levels of cost, perceived risk, and the source of a recommendation (none, a recognized cancer or ganization, a doctor), assuming a convenient mammography facility. A configural- weight-averaging model, with different parameter values for the 30 adherers (women who reported having had mammography at least twice in the preceding four years) and the 22 non-adherers, gave a good fit to the data and did well in predicting reported mammography adherence (r = 0.85). According to this model, offering free mammog raphy would not induce non-adherers to adhere; they would require a recommendation, and value a doctor's as highly as that of a recognized cancer organization, but reported never having received one ...
Factors in the partition of red blood cells in aqueous dextran-polyethylene glycol two-phase systems

Abstract The usefulness of countercurrent distribution of cells in aqueous, buffered two-polymer phase systems is illustrated by the segregation of erythrocytes of different ages, the resolution of two populations of reticulocytes, the separability of red blood cells from white blood cells, a study of membrane characteristics of red cells from different species 1,2 . We now report the effects on erythrocyte partition of a number of factors ( e.g. I , pH, temperature, hypertonicity or hypotonicity, ABO blood group, washing of cells and anticoagulant). It is also shown how some of these parameters can be used to obtain desired partitions for (red) cells in a given investigation. In the dextran-polyethylene glycol phase systems that we have investigated, an increase in I (with constant isotonicity) appears not to alter the partition of red cells except with phosphate in which a decrease in the partition coefficient is observed. Increase in pH or temperature causes an increased partition. Different degrees of hypotonicity give similar partitions which are somewhat greater than those found in isotonic phase. Increasing hypertonicity leads to a rapid decrease in the partition coefficients. Human red cells are found to have the same partition independent of the ABO blood group to which they belong. Washing of cells or anticoagulant used (acid-citrate-dextrose, heparin, EDTA) has no effect on their partition. In view of the previously established correlation between electrophoretic mobility of red cells and their partition coefficients 3 we point out, in the course of the discussion, those instances in which the electrophoretic mobility and partition of cells are similarly affected by changing a given parameter, and those instances in which the effects are markedly different. In the latter instances partition of cells in aqueous two-polymer phase systems and electrophoretic mobility appear to measure different membrane characteristics.
Vertical distributions of nitrogen, phosphorus and iron in Beppu Bay

Beppu Bay is a shallow basin located at the western end of the Seto Inland Sea with a sill depth ofca. 40 m. The bottom water (belowca. 65 m in summer andca. 70 m in winter) was anoxic and contained high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, phosphate and ammonium. Maximum concentrations of nitrate and nitrite appeared near the top of the thermocline, suggesting the occurrence of bacterial nitrification in this layer and of bacterial denitrification in the anoxic bottom water. Concentrations of particulate phosphorus and particulate iron were highest near the bottom of the thermocline. The distribution of phosphorus in this bay is probably controlled by a dissolution-diffusion-precipitation cycle of iron or its hydrous oxides.
A sample and hold amplifier system for stimulus artifact suppression

A sample and hold amplifier system has been described which is capable of eliminating stimulus artifacts from a variety of biological recordings which would otherwise be impossible to interpret during electrical stimulation. Factors contributing to the prolongation of stimulus artifact are discussed in relation to the design requirements of this system. The application of this artifact suppression circuit to monitoring EEG seizures during electrical stimulation is demonstrated.
Laser probes of intramolecular energy transfer between internal rotation and vibrations in large polyatomics

Laser excited S1→S0 fluorescence spectra are obtained from p-fluorotoluene in a supersonic jet in order to probe internal rotational-vibrational coupling. Resolved fluorescence spectra after selective excitation of S1 levels with high quanta states of the CH3 internal rotation contain evidence of extensive interactions with isoenergetic vibrational levels. Analogous spectra from states without excitation of the internal rotor show little or no interactions. The results are consistent with a recently developed theory of the intramolecular collisional transfer of rotor energy to the vibrational field.
Enhancement of the Critical Heat Flux in Pool Boiling of Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures

Etude experimentale des flux thermiques critiques d'ebullition de melanges de Freon 113 et de Freon 11 avec 3 huiles de differentes viscosites, compares au flux thermique critique des freons purs
Movements of mottled sculpins (Cottus bairdii) in a Michigan stream: how restricted are they?

We monitored 94 mottled sculpins (Cottus bairdii) marked with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags to examine seasonal movement patterns. High detection efficiency (mean ± standard error = 0.7...
Using real options analysis to value reoptimization options in the shifting bottleneck heuristic

The reoptimization procedure within the shifting bottleneck (SB) involves reevaluation of all previously scheduled toolgroup subproblems at each iteration of the SB heuristic. A real options analysis (ROA) model is developed to value the option to reoptimize in the SB heuristic, such that reoptimization only occurs when it is most likely to lead to a schedule with a lower objective function. To date, all ROA models have sought to value options financially (i.e., in terms of monetary value). The ROA model developed in this paper is completely original in that it has absolutely no monetary basis. The ROA methodologies presented are shown to greatly outperform both full and no reoptimization approaches with respect to both computation time and total weighted tardiness. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2006
An Infrared Search System Based on Direct Comparison of Interferograms

A compound identification system for gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy data has been developed based on the direct comparison of interferograms. A multidimensional vector approach is used to form compound-specific vectors from the interferograms of mixture components. Comparisons are made with a set of known compound vectors by calculating how close together any two vectors lie in space. This system is used to identify the components of several synthetic mixtures.
A New Pathogenic Anaerobic Actinomyces Species

Recently Georg et al (1964) compared the morphological, biochemical, and immunological characteristics of several well identified microaerophilic and anaerobic Actinomyces species. In the course of that study several isolates received by the Communicable Disease Center Mycology Unit diagnostic service were compared to the control cultures. Two of the isolates, X407 and X573, were found to differ from the known Actino-
Resin Production in Natural and Artificial Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Cavity Trees

Resin flow was measured in red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis Vieillot) clusters in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) in the southern region of the Angelina National Forest, Texas. Resin flow (ml) at 1.4 m height over 24 hrs was measured from one 2.5 cm punch through the phloem between 0700 and 1000 hrs from March 1999 to September 2000, for a total of 9 measurements per tree. Resin was sampled in naturally active cavity trees, artificial (insert) active, natural inactive, artificial inactive and control pines (84 sample trees). Resin flow pattern was significantly different during the year, but not significantly different in the cavity tree type resin flow. Cavity trees in the 90th percentile (>33.0 ml resin in 24 hrs) were defined as super resin producing. High average resin flows in August 1999 and September 2000 indicate when to sample resin for potential cavity trees. Regression equations were produced to estimate future resin production.
Prediction of Lifetime Risk for Cardiovascular Disease by Risk Factor Burden at 50 Years of Age

Background Lifetime risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) has not previously been estimated, and the effect of risk factor burden on lifetime risk is unknown. Methods and results We included all Framingham Heart Study participants who were free of CVD (myocardial infarction, coronary insufficiency, angina, stroke, claudication) at 50 years of age. Lifetime risks to 95 years of age were estimated for men and women, with death free of CVD as a competing event. We followed up 3564 men and 4362 women for 111,777 person-years; 1757 had CVD events and 1641 died free of CVD. At 50 years of age, lifetime risks were 51.7% (95% CI, 49.3 to 54.2) for men and 39.2% (95% CI, 37.0 to 41.4) for women, with median survivals of 30 and 36 years, respectively. With more adverse levels of single risk factors, lifetime risks increased and median survivals decreased. Compared with participants with > or =2 major risk factors, those with optimal levels had substantially lower lifetime risks (5.2% versus 68.9% in men, 8.2% versus 50.2% in women) and markedly longer median survivals (>39 versus 28 years in men, >39 versus 31 years in women). Conclusions The absence of established risk factors at 50 years of age is associated with very low lifetime risk for CVD and markedly longer survival. These results should promote efforts aimed at preventing development of risk factors in young individuals. Given the high lifetime risks and lower survival in those with intermediate or high risk factor burden at 50 years of age, these data may be useful in communicating risks and supporting intensive preventive therapy.