cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioral martial therapy outcomes: Alternate interpretations of the data

The data from a behavioral marital therapy outcome study were analyzed in order to better understand the phenomena involved when spouses improve in their communication skills but do not improve in marital satisfaction. Three possible patterns of marital therapy outcome for the subset of subjects who improved in communication skills but not in marital satisfaction were proposed: (a) spouses who denied their distress at pretest, obscuring any subsequent improvement in marital adjustment ratings; (b) spouses who did not effectively apply their acquired skills to problem content areas in the marriage; and (c) spouses who made a thoughtful, positive decision to end the marriage. The first two of these three proposed patterns were present among the distressed couples being studied.
Sexually dimorphic responses to neonatal basal forebrain lesions in mice: II. Cortical morphology

Previous studies in the mouse have shown that neonatal lesions to the cholinergic basal forebrain (nBM) areas result in transient cholinergic depletion of neocortex and precipitate altered cortical morphogenesis. Lesion-induced morphological alterations in cortex persist into adulthood and are accompanied by behavioral changes, including spatial memory deficits. The current study investigated whether neonatal nBM lesions affect male and female mice differently in adulthood. Quantitative morphometry of cortical layer width was employed to assess alterations in cytoarchitecture in neonatally nBM-lesioned and littermate control mice of both sexes following behavioral testing. Our results showed significant decreases in cortical layer IV and V widths across somato/motor cortex in neonatally nBM lesioned mice of both sexes. Sexually dimorphic responses were observed in cortical layer II/III and total cortical width, limited to the area containing the "barrel cortex" representation of the whisker hairs. In lesioned females, layer II/III and total cortical width were decreased relative to female controls, and in lesioned males, layer II/III was increased relative to controls, whereas total cortical width was unchanged. In male but not female mice we observed significant correlations between decreased widths in layer IV and V and impaired performance on a spatial memory task. The current data further support a role of developing cholinergic cortical afferents in the modulation of cortical morphogenesis and cortical circuits involved in cognitive behaviors. In addition, our observations provide further evidence for sexually dimorphic development and function in cognitive centers of the rodent brain.
Worst case clock skew under power supply variations

On-chip power distribution networks are resistive in nature and hence create large variations in the voltage levels across the chip. These variations have significant impact on the delays of global signals, such as the clock, which span the entire chip. A clock network that is balanced without considering delay variations induced by power supply variations can suffer significant degradation of its skew during the chips operation. In this paper, we describe a practical approach to determining the worst-case skew in a clock network in the presence of power supply variations. Experiments using the proposed approach on the clock nets of several processors show that clock skew can nearly double in the worst case. The proposed methodology is easily extendable for studying the impact of process variations and on-chip parasitic inductance on clock skew.
p38MAPK Signaling and Desmoglein-3 Internalization Are Linked Events in Pemphigus Acantholysis

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune blistering disease in which antibodies against the desmosomal cadherin, DSG3 (desmoglein-3), cause acantholysis. It has become increasingly clear that loss of cell-cell adhesion in PV is a complex and active process involving multiple signaling events such as activation of p38MAPK. It has also been demonstrated that incubating keratinocytes with PV IgG causes a redistribution of DSG3 from the cell surface to endosomes, which target these proteins for degradation. This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between p38MAPK and DSG3 endocytosis in pemphigus. In this work, we confirm that PV IgG causes internalization of cell-surface DSG3 into endosomes (as early as 4 h), which are then depleted from both detergent-soluble and detergent-insoluble pools. Cell-surface DSG3 internalization and depletion from both the detergent-soluble and detergent-insoluble fractions were blocked by the p38MAPK inhibitor SB202190. These data suggest that p38MAPK is capable of regulating PV IgG-mediated DSG3 internalization and that previously isolated mechanistic observations may be linked to a common pathway by which pemphigus autoantibodies lead to acantholysis.
White lighting for residential applications

The lighting industry relies on colour-rendering index (CRI) and correlated colour temperature (CCT) to communicate the colour properties of light sources. While advances have been made in recent y...
An Inside Job for siRNAs

Among the three main categories of small silencing RNAs in insects and mammals—siRNAs, miRNAs, and piRNAs—siRNAs were thought to arise primarily from exogenous sources, whereas miRNAs and piRNAs arise from endogenous loci. Recent work in flies and mice reveals several classes of endogenous siRNAs (endo-siRNAs) that contribute to functions previously reserved for miRNAs and piRNAs, including gene regulation and transposon suppression.
The New Global Jihad, 9–11 and the Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Changes in Mindset and Modus Operandi

The use of weapons of mass destruction considered at one time to be only within the domain of states has now become a serious threat coming from terrorist groups, Al Qaeda and its affiliates in par...
New second-order and first-order algorithms for determining optimal control: A differential dynamic programming approach

In this paper, the notion of differential dynamic programming is used to develop new second-order and first-order successive-approximation methods for determining optimal control.
Domain formation and interfaces in praseodymium and terbium oxides obtained by reduction of PrO2 and TbO2: A comparison with group theory predictions

The reduction of PrO/sub 2/ and TbO/sub 2/ may occur during their study by electron microscopy with the formation of ordered intermediate phases which can be considered as superstructures of a common prototype structure: the fluorite-type with unordered oxygen vacancies. Indeed, the different oxides that may occur are directly or indirectly obtained by reduction of fluorite-type PrO/sub 2/ and TbO/sub 2/ crystals. Reduction frequently ends with Pr/sub 7/O/sub 12/ or Tb/sub 7/O/sub 12/ (iota structure) to which special attention has been devoted here. Eight orientation variants of iota could occur within a unique fluorite prototype. Generally, only two of them are observed together. This has been attributed to a possible thin layer effect. Seven glide domains may also be present in the same iota orientation variant resulting from reduction of the fluorite prototype structure. Such glide domains are usually observed in Pr/sub 7/O/sub 12/ and sometimes in Tb/sub 7/O/sub 12/. Layers occurring between glide domains have been identified as regions of different composition. Twelve different orientation variants can occur within the zeta (Pr/sub 9/O/sub 16/) or delta (Tb/sub 11/O/sub 20/) structures; two of them are frequently observed together. Different kinds of interfaces can be observed between different kinds of domains.more » For example, interfaces are generally irregular between different iota variants but are perfectly planar between iota and zeta phases. It is shown that the latter case must result from the formation of strain-free (low energy) interfaces.« less
Dissociation of analgesic and gastrointestinal effects of electroconvulsive shock-released opioids.

Abstract Activation of endogenous opioid systems by electroconvulsive shock (ECS) produced naloxone-reversible thermal analgesia (52 °C hot plate) 5 min after ECS administration. Although pioid peptides injected intracerebroventricularly have previously been found to inhibit gastrointestinal motility, ECS treatment did not affect gastric emptying, small or large intestinal transit. These results suggest that centrally-mediated opioid analgesia and changes in gastrointestinal motility are initiated through independent mechanisms.
Verification of On-Line Computer Control of EDM by Data Dependent Systems

A new method of computer control of electro-discharge machining based on Data Dependent Systems (DDS) methodology has been recently proposed. The control is based on a parameter which effectively represents the resistance of arc and is isolated by the DDS model from the random current and voltage signals in spite of the large noise. This paper presents an experimental verification to show that this parameter indeed represents the arc resistance which cannot be measured by any other means and that the parameter is quite sensitive to the change from beneficial sparking condition to the harmful arcing condition. Off-line analysis of the EDM process under different conditions is presented with this parameter as the response variable. Development of the control strategy using the results of this analysis is illustrated. Implementation of the strategy by means of a Motorola microcomputer is described. A comparison of metal removal rate (MRR), surface roughness, and tool wear for the computer control and the optimal manual adjustment recommended by the EDM machine manufacturer is presented. It shows that the computer control yields an increase in the MRR of 47 percent and 19 percent, while the ratio of tool wear to MRR reduces by 26 percent and 16 percent, respectively, in finishing and roughing conditions.
Constructing cantorian counterexamples

Cantor’s diagonal argument provides an indirect proof that there is no one-one function from the power set of a set A into A. This paper provides a somewhat more constructive proof of Cantor’s theorem, showing how, given a function f from the power set of A into A, one can explicitly define a counterexample to the thesis that f is one-one.
Glucose-stimulated Somatostatin Gene Expression in the Brockmann Bodies of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Results from Increased mRNA Transcription and not from Altered mRNA Stability

Abstract Previously, we showed that glucose increases the steady-state levels of the mRNAs encoding two distinct preprosomatostatins (each containing [Tyr7, Gly10]-somatostatin-14 at their C-termini; denoted PPSS II’ and PPSS II”) in the endocrine pancreas (Brockmann body) of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In the present study, isolated islet cells were used to determine whether glucose-stimulated expression resulted from altered rates of transcription and/or from changes in RNA stability. Nuclear runon assays indicated that the number of PPSS II nascent transcripts were significantly higher in nuclei isolated from islet cells cultured in 10 mM glucose compared to those isolated from cells incubated in 4 mM glucose. High glucose (10 mM) did not, however, affect the stability of PPSS II mRNAs. These results indicate that glucose-stimulated somatostatin expression in the Brockmann bodies of rainbow trout results from increased endogenous mRNA transcription and not from altered mRNA stability.
The Latest Trends in Reducing Noise and Vibrations in Large Commercial Vehicles

This session-long tutorial will encompass some of the latest research in the area of reducing noise and vibrations in large commercial vehicles, such as railway locomotives, heavy trucks, and transit busses. The tutorial will be conducted by Professor Mehdi Ahmadian, Director, Advanced Vehicle Dynamics Laboratory at Virginia Tech. The session participants will have an opportunity to participate in an open forum about their experience with the methods that are discussed by the presenter.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Assessing the effect of marital sexuality on marital disruption

Abstract Little is known about how marital sexual interaction influences eventual marital disruption, despite research in various disciplines examining the sex lives of the married. This relatively unexplored area compels sociological inquiry, since most Americans will marry, yet nearly half of all American marriages are expected to end in divorce. Surprisingly, no one has posed the question: does frequent, satisfying, and/or agreeable marital sexual interaction early in marriage help to sustain a marriage? With panel data from the Marriage Matters Panel Survey of Newlywed Couples, 1998–2004, I utilize these three indicators (frequency, satisfaction, and agreement) to assess this question. The results provide evidence that the influence of marital sexuality on marital disruption is limited. However, interesting gender nuances appear and indicate that husband’s satisfaction with physical intimacy early in marriage has a consistent positive effect on whether or not the couple will experience a marital disruption.
Conductor materials for high field magnets

Abstract High field magnets require the development and fabrication of large quantities of wire which possess both high strength and high electrical conductivity (the latter is usually expressed as a percentage of the IACS, international annealed copper standard, where 100%IACS = 1.7241 μ cm). This combination of properties can be obtained by the co-deformation of a variety of materials either in macroscopic form or in the form of as-solidified composites. A number of these materials have strength levels close to the theoretical strength and thus require detailed consideration of the mechanisms of strengthening which operate in materials with ultra fine scale microstructures. In addition, consideration must be given to the development of rational systems of design for the selection and fabrication of materials for use in high field magnets.
Development of 2k x 2k FPA InSb modules for the NGST mission

Raytheon Infrared Operations is under contract to develop 2K x 2K InSb arrays for the NGST NIRcam instrument and 1K x 1K Si:As IBC arrays for the NGST MIRI instrument. This paper reviews the progress in the NIR, showing NGST bare mux readout noise at 30 K of 2.4 e- and InSb dark current as low as 0.02 e-/s. Detectors and readouts have been fabricated in the 2K x 2K format and, except for adding indium bumps to the readouts, are ready for hybridization. Module and FPA designs are complete, resulting in a design that has self-aligning, interchangeable modules and requires no additional cold electronics to perform the NGST mission. Analysis predicts an alignment accuracy in the focus direction of ± 12 μm and total power for a 4K x 4K focal plane of 5 mW.
Calculated corrections to superallowed Fermi beta decay: New evaluation of the nuclear structure dependent terms

The measured $\mathrm{ft}$ values for superallowed ${0}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{0}^{+}$ nuclear $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay can be used to obtain the value of the vector coupling constant and thus to test the unitarity of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix. An essential requirement for this test is accurate calculations for the radiative and isospin symmetry-breaking corrections that must be applied to the experimental data. We present a new and consistent set of calculations for the nuclear-structure-dependent components of these corrections. These new results do not alter the current status of the unitarity test---it still fails by more than two standard deviations---but they provide calculated corrections for eleven new superallowed transitions that are likely to become accessible to precise measurements in the future. The reliability of all calculated corrections is explored and an experimental method indicated by which the structure-dependent corrections can be tested and, if necessary, improved.
Theoretical Post-Yielding Behavior of Composite Laminates Part II-Inelastic Macromechanics

This paper and a subsequent one will present the results of an investiga tion which analytically relates the fiber/matrix nonlinearities to the post- yielding behavior of symmetric laminates made from unidirectional plies. This first paper is primarily concerned with the behavior of the single ply and the means for anticipating its response within a laminate. Boron and carbon/epoxies are considered along with a metal matrix composite. The qualitative features of the response of these unidirectional materials to normal, shear, and combined loads are discussed. The analysis (based on triangular finite element idealizations of regularly-spaced inclusion arrays) anticipates the level of nonlinearity that has been observed in composite shear and transverse tensile tests. Also, it reveals a nonlinear coupling that may exist between the combined shear and normal stress response.
Crystallographic disorder of the M2 units in [M2Cl8]n− (M = Mo, Re) compounds

Abstract The preparation and structural characterization of complexes containing [M2Cl8]n− (M = Mo, Re) ions along with [N3N(CH2)nNH3]2+ cations are described. For three new compounds the crystallographic parameters are as follows: [1,3-C3H6N2H6]2[Mo2Cl8]·4H2O (1): space group Pccn, a = 16.291(3), b = 15.186(3), c = 9.537(2) A , V = 2359.4(8) A 3 , Z = 4 ; [1,4-C4H8N2H6]2[Mo2Cl8] (2): space group P2 1 /c, a = 8.195(1), b = 14.692(2), c = 9.241(1) A , β = 10.542(2)°, V = 1072.7(2) A 3 , Z = 2 ; [1,6-C6H12N2H6][Re2Cl8] (3): space group P2 1 /c, a = 6.651(1), b = 10.841(2), c = 12.869(4) A , β = 92.71(2)°, V = 926.8(4) A 3 , Z = 2 . The previously reported structures of [enH2]2[Mo2Cl8]·2H2O (4) and K4[Mo2Cl8]·2H2O (5) have been redetermined. Compound 1 displays a 53:47 distribution of Mo2 units in two perpendicular directions. This is only the second example of Mo2 disorder in a [Mo2Cl8]4− compound. That previously reported in the potassium compound as 93:7% has been redetermined more accurately to be 90:10%. There is no detectable disorder in the other three compounds. An examination of the packing diagrams for all five compounds shows that the spatial arrangement of the cations around the [M2Cl8]n− ion has a significant effect on the occurrence of disorder.
Convection with decaying heat sources: constant viscosity

Summary. A series of two-dimension+ numerical convection models with time-dependent radioactive heating rates are studied in order to investigate the role of convective adjustment in the thermal evolution of the mantle. For uniform viscosity models it is found that two time-scales are important. Some disturbances act on an overturn time-scale, which is on the order of 100 Myr for the upper mantle. This is typical of processes affecting only the thermal boundary layers. Convective adjustment to decaying heat sources, which is a process involving changes in the temperature of the layer as a whole, acts on a time-scale that is long compared to an overturn time (- 1 x lo9 yr for the upper mantle). This results in large time lags between surface heat loss and instantaneous heat production.
Statistics of polymer chains near a notch and consequences for twin polymer single crystals

Abstract It has been argued that flaws exist in the standard nucleation theory of polymer crystal growth because this theory seems to predict that the notches observed in twin crystals of polyethylene should fill out so rapidly as not to be observable. However, I argue that the observed growth in the notch is reconcilable with standard nucleation theory. When proper consideration is taken for the ability of polymer chains to diffuse into the notch, the observed nucleation rates are not surprising. I consider four separate cases. In the first case, I assume that polymers, although attracted by the growth front, are not attracted strongly enough to be adsorbed prior to crystallization. In the second case, I assume that polymers adsorb readily on the crystal face, and then crystallize very near the point of first contact. In the third case, I assume that chains adsorb on the growth front prior to crystallization and that they are able to diffuse about on the growth front through large distances prior to crystallization. In the fourth case, polymers adsorb rather weakly, and reversibly, attaching and reattaching a number of times prior to crystallization. I am able to rule out the second case, while all the others predict a lower than expected nucleation rate and also predict the observed molecular weight and temperature trends.
Ultrastructural and conformational changes in gas vacuole membranes isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa

Abstract Highly purified, intact gas vacuoles were isolated from the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa . The cylindrical gas vacuoles have a constant diameter of 69 nm and a length of 360 ± 90 nm; the vacuolar membrane is 3 nm thick and consists only of protein. Local conformational changes of the vacuolar membrane were investigated with spin- and fluorescence-labeling techniques. Studies on the temperature dependence of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of spin-labeled intact vacuoles demonstrate a sharply defined transition temperature of 39 °. Below that temperature the conformational change of the vacuolar membrane remains thermally reversible; above that temperature irreversible processes take place. The rate of tumbling of the spin label attached to the vacuolar surface increases concurrently with the temperature, indicating that in the membrane new modes of vibrations are thermally induced in the protein which narrow the line width of EPR spectra. A solution of the intact gas vacuoles, which has a milky appearance, clears upon application of hydrostatic pressure; the EPR spectrum of the spin-labeled membrane becomes more symmetric and the area under the middle hyperfine line is reduced by approximately 25% compared to intact vacuoles. This suggests a rearrangement of the the protein folding of the membrane such that the paramagnetic label is less restricted in its freedom of motion relative to the protein surface. Intact vacuoles labeled with anilinonapththalene sulfonate show a weak fluorescence while vacuoles subjected to pressure fluoresce strongly. Electron micrographs show that vacuoles collapse under pressure and consist of membranous sheets, ribs, and granules. Irreversible conformational changes of the membrane were also induced by guanidine-HCl, chloroform, and trypsin digestion.
Differences in Social Vulnerability among Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Williams Syndrome, and Down Syndrome.

Abstract Although individuals with disabilities are at increased risk of victimization, few studies examine persons with different disability conditions to determine whether distinctive cognitive–behavioral profiles are associated with different levels of social vulnerability. To determine the differences in social vulnerability and experiences of victimization, caregiver responses to a Social Vulnerability Questionnaire were examined for 103 caregivers of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Williams syndrome (WS), and Down syndrome (DS). Although all three groups experienced similar rates and types of victimization, the specific correlates of social vulnerability differed by disability. Individuals with ASD displayed less risk awareness and had less social protection; those with WS were rated higher on risk factors related to perceived vulnerability and parental independence; and those with DS had less risk awareness and were perceived to be more vulnerable. Safety interventions should be tailored to address each group's specific correlates of social vulnerability.
The homogeneity problem in statistics

The theory of probability is the most abstract mathematical science with unlimited scope of application. However, the essential question of the theory of probability has not been solved: how can we use probabilities in the epistemology of empirical data sets? The answer to this question can be given on the basis of the concept of homogeneous random processes.
Apatite: Origin of Blue Color.

The optical absorption and emission spectra of natural blue apatite are similar enough to spectra of synthetic compounds containing MnO4-3 to conclude that the blue color of natural apatite results from the presence of this ion.
Design Principles for Carbon Emissions Reduction Programs

Thegoal,articulatedbyPresidentObamain2009,ofreducingU.S. carbon emissions 17% from the 2005 level by 2020 iseminentlyachievablewithoutnewtechnologyorappreciablesacriﬁce by energy users. However, achieving it will in partrequire sophisticated energy efﬁciency and conservationprograms.Toovercomeinstitutionalandbehavioralbarriers,these programs will need to implement six principles ofeffectivedesignderivedfrom30yearsofbehavioralandsocialscience research. We focus on the household sector, butbelieveourgeneralconclusionslikelyapplytoothersectorsas well.We recently developed an analysis for the householdsector senergy use in homes and for nonbusiness travel ofwhat we call Reasonably Achievable Emissions Reductions(RAER) (
How to build a high‐performance facility management organisation

As people work through their daily lives, they interact with a variety of organisations. Some of those interactions are successful, and others are dreadful. And managers of organisations tend to look at their own organisational successes and failures and hope that the successes outnumber the failures. Managers observe that most of the successes come from the highest performing employees, and the failures tend to emanate from the worst performers. So, they try to encourage the worst performers to ‘become better team players’ or ‘be more sensitive to the customer's needs’, and hope that they eventually ‘get it’. Some will, and most will not. And then one day, a manager interacts with an organisation that ‘goes the extra mile’ and provides a great service or product, and he/she fantasises about what it is that makes this organisation successful, while his/hers is marginal at best. The answer to this question is actually quite simple, but to fix the problems can be time consuming and painful. The single quality that highly successful organisations all have in common is that they have an organisational culture which values leadership. They have achieved what few organisations have achieved: they have become a ‘Leadership Organisation’ (an organisation that has leaders at all levels of the organisational chart). Once an organisation has achieved this level of leadership, overall organisational success is easily achievable. This paper is intended to give managers a basic framework on how they can turn their organisations into high‐performing successes. Managers' ability to achieve this success can be limited by the legal process, the company's employment practices and culture, and their own willingness to make radical changes to their organisation. Once a manager has achieved building a Leadership Organisation, however, the rewards of success are well worth the effort.
Marginalized Denoising Autoencoders for Domain Adaptation

Stacked denoising autoencoders (SDAs) have been successfully used to learn new representations for domain adaptation. Recently, they have attained record accuracy on standard benchmark tasks of sentiment analysis across different text domains. SDAs learn robust data representations by reconstruction, recovering original features from data that are artificially corrupted with noise. In this paper, we propose marginalized SDA (mSDA) that addresses two crucial limitations of SDAs: high computational cost and lack of scalability to high-dimensional features. In contrast to SDAs, our approach of mSDA marginalizes noise and thus does not require stochastic gradient descent or other optimization algorithms to learn parameters--in fact, they are computed in closed-form. Consequently, mSDA, which can be implemented in only 20 lines of MATLAB™, significantly speeds up SDAs by two orders of magnitude. Furthermore, the representations learnt by mSDA are as effective as the traditional SDAs, attaining almost identical accuracies in benchmark tasks.
The use of 5-bromodeoxyuridine and irradiation for the estimation of the myoblast and myocyte content of primary rat heart cell cultures.

A method for killing dividing cells was adapted for the elimination of dividing heart muscle cells (myoblasts) in cultures. We have used this method to demonstrate their presence and to estimate their number as well as the number of nondividing heart muscle cells (myocytes) in the neo-natal rat heart. Cells were cultivated in BUdR (5-bromodeoxyuridine) 10/sup -4/ M for 3 days and then irradiated with long uv light. The selective elimination of dividing cells led to a loss of myosin Ca/sup 2 +/-activated ATPase in the cultures. The percent of ATPase left after irradiation was 32% of the control in cultures derived from 1-day postnatal rats and 48% in cultures from 4-day postnatal rats. This reflects an in vivo shift of myoblasts to myocytes in the muscle cell population as the rat ages.
Intrinsic reliability projections for a thin JVD silicon nitride gate dielectric in P-MOSFET

A comprehensive study of the intrinsic reliability of a 1.4-nm (equivalent oxide thickness) JVD Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ gate dielectric subjected to constant-voltage stress has been conducted. The stress leads to the generation of defects in the dielectric. As a result, the degradation in the threshold voltage, subthreshold swing, gate leakage current, and channel mobility has been observed. The change in each of these parameters as a function of stress time and stress voltage is studied. The data are used to project the drift of a MOSFET incorporating JVD nitride at a low operating voltage of 1.2 V in 10 years. Based on these projections, we conclude that the increase in the Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ gate dielectric leakage current does not pose a serious threat to device performance. Instead, the degradation in the threshold voltage and channel mobility can become the factor limiting the device reliability.
Pulmonary Phialemonium curvatum phaeohyphomycosis in a Standard Poodle dog

Phialemonium curvatum, frequently misidentified as an Acremonium species, is reported here as a new agent of pulmonary phaeohyphomycosis in a Standard Poodle dog, and added as a new species in the genus to cause mycoses in canines. In vitro susceptibility data, for both human and animal isolates, suggests resistance to amphotericin B and susceptibility to the triazole agents itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole.
SIMS analysis of Rb‐doped hollow‐core photonic band‐gap silica fiber using a CAMECA 4550 instrument

A hollow-core photonic band-gap fiber exposed to Rb vapor was studied using quadrupole-based SIMS. The Rb concentration along 30-cm fibers was analyzed using a Cs + beam. Effective charge compensation was obtained in the fiber cross-section without using any metal coating. A low Rb detection limit of about 6 x 10 15 atoms/cm 3 was obtained in the silica microstructure region of the fiber. SIMS results revealed variations in the longitudinal distribution of Rb in fibers exposed to different loading conditions. Ion imaging ofthefiber cross-section using a Ga + beam revealed the confinement of Rb atoms tothe microstructured photonic region of the fiber, as opposed to the solid glass cladding.
A vigilant, hypoxia-regulated heme oxygenase-1 gene vector in the heart limits cardiac injury after ischemia-reperfusion in vivo.

Objectives: The effect of a cardiac specific, hypoxia-regulated, human heme oxygenase-1 (hHO-1) vector to provide cardioprotection from ischemia-reperfusion injury was assessed. Background: When my...
Variations in Metformin Prescribing for Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Reasons for suboptimal metformin prescribing are unclear, but may be due to perceived risk of lactic acidosis. The purpose of this study is to describe provider attitudes regarding metformin prescribing in various patient situations. Methods: An anonymous, electronic survey was distributed electronically to 76 health care providers across the nation. The 14-item survey contained demographic questions and questions related to prescribing of metformin for T2DM in various patient situations, including suboptimal glycemic control, alcohol use, history of lactic acidosis, and varying degrees of severity for certain health conditions, including renal and hepatic dysfunction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and heart failure. Results: There were a total of 100 respondents. For suboptimal glycemic control, most providers (75%) would increase metformin from 1500 to 2000 mg daily; however, 25% would add an alternate agent, such as a sulfonylurea (18%) or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (7%). Although 51% of providers would stop metformin based on serum creatinine thresholds, the remainder would rely on glomerular filtration rate thresholds of Conclusions: Despite evidence supporting the cardiovascular benefits of metformin, provider attitudes toward prescribing metformin are suboptimal in certain patient situations and vary greatly by provider.
HLA-B57/B*5801 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Elite Controllers Select for Rare Gag Variants Associated with Reduced Viral Replication Capacity and Strong Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Recognition.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) elite controllers (EC) maintain viremia below the limit of commercial assay detection (<50 RNA copies/ml) in the absence of antiviral therapy, but the mechanisms of control remain unclear. HLA-B57 and the closely related allele B*5801 are particularly associated with enhanced control and recognize the same Gag240-249 TW10 epitope. The typical escape mutation (T242N) within this epitope diminishes viral replication capacity in chronically infected persons; however, little is known about TW10 epitope sequences in residual replicating viruses in B57/B*5801 EC and the extent to which mutations within this epitope may influence steady-state viremia. Here we analyzed TW10 in a total of 50 B57/B*5801-positive subjects (23 EC and 27 viremic subjects). Autologous plasma viral sequences from both EC and viremic subjects frequently harbored the typical cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-selected mutation T242N (15/23 sequences [65.2%] versus 23/27 sequences [85.1%], respectively; P = 0.18). However, other unique mutants were identified in HIV controllers, both within and flanking TW10, that were associated with an even greater reduction in viral replication capacity in vitro. In addition, strong CTL responses to many of these unique TW10 variants were detected by gamma interferon-specific enzyme-linked immunospot assay. These data suggest a dual mechanism for durable control of HIV replication, consisting of viral fitness loss resulting from CTL escape mutations together with strong CD8 T-cell immune responses to the arising variant epitopes.
Some Digenetic Trematodes of Marine Fishes of Beaufort, North Carolina

In 1928, a collection of marine fish trematodes was made at the United States Bureau of Fisheries Station at Beaufort, North Carolina; thirty-six of fifty-one species of fishes examined contained trematodes; only one or two specimens of some species were examined. Only Monogenea were collected from Elasmo branchs. The following report includes the digenetic forms identified. Type specimens of all new species are deposited in the United States National Museum.
Increased Long-term Survival Among Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Implementation of Model for End-stage Liver Disease Score

Background & Aims Assignment of Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) exception points to patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who fall within Milan criteria, which began in 2003, increases their priority on liver transplantation waitlists. However, little is known about how this change affected survival of all patients with HCC (transplant eligible and ineligible). We compared long-term survival of HCC patients before and after this change. Methods We performed a large population-based cohort study by using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry to investigate survival times of patients with HCC before those who met the Milan criteria were given MELD exception points (1998–2003) and afterward (2004–2010) by using Kaplan–Meier methods. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models evaluated independent predictors of survival. Results During 2004–2010, a significantly higher percentage of patients with HCC survived for 5 years compared with 1998–2003 (21.9% vs 13.0%, P P P P P = .12). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models, inclusive of sex, age, ethnicity, Milan criteria, number and stage of tumor, and time period, showed increased survival of patients during 2004–2010 (hazard ratio [HR], 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83–0.91; P P P P = .16). Conclusions Patients with HCC who met Milan criteria had significantly longer survival times after implementation of the MELD exception points, regardless of sex or ethnicity. Blacks continued to have the lowest rates of 5-year survival.
Semantic interpretation and knowledge extraction

A system that extracts knowledge from texts is presented. It is also indicated how the inferences necessary for the extraction of knowledge can be acquired by the system from sentences entered by users. The knowledge acquisition component is grounded on a semantic interpreter of English based on an enhanced WordNet. An evaluation of the system performance is included.
Culture change theory and the study of African political change: some problems of relevance and research design

The time has come, I believe, when it would be fruitful to attempt further systematic generalization in the study of African politics. Students of this subject certainly want to explain, with the maximum possible precision, the kinds of political changes which have taken place since independence, and this implies comparison between African countries.
Complications Unique to Robotic Surgery

The robotic platform offers the colon and rectal surgeon an opportunity to perform colorectal procedures with better vision, with instruments that articulate and are more precise, and in a comfortable sitting position. These advantages overcome some of the technical disadvantages of laparoscopy and may ultimately allow more patients the opportunity for minimally invasive surgery, especially those requiring total mesorectal excision for low- and mid-rectal cancers. There are nuances with this unique platform that colorectal surgeons and other robotic operating room personnel should be familiar with to ensure thorough preparation, allow proactive intervention, and thereby maximize patient safety and best outcomes. This chapter identifies and recommends management options for some of the nuances and unique complications related to robotic colon and rectal surgery.
Hemolysis of erythrocytes incubated in salines.

SummaryIn 1:100 dilutions of dog blood with buffered salines ranging from 0.41% to 1.28% the hemolysis resulting from incubation for 22 hours or less at 37°, 42° and 45°C varied directly although not proportionately with the osmotic tonicity of the saline.Ninety-five percent or more of the expected hemolysis resulting from incubation in 0.70% saline at 37°C could be prevented by the addition of 32 mg of dextrose to 100 ml of the 1:100 saline dilution of blood, and as little as 1 mg of dextrose per 100 ml appreciably reduced 22 hour incubation hemolysis.
Method of Setting Power Matching Coefficient for PSS2B Model of IEEE

According to the principle of PSS2B model of IEEE,the reason for antiregulation is analyzed.Through analysis of the frequency characteristic,it is put forward that setting power matching coefficient and filter parameters can reduce the effect of anti-regulating.Based on the Matlab,the model of simulation is established,the result of simulation shows that the method is valid and make the method of setting PSS parameters more perfect.
Impact of Environmental Regulations on Cattle Production

A greater focus of legislative mandates is directed toward nonpoint sources of pollution. This article focuses on environmental regulations and their impact on cattle production. Key legislation will be reviewed to stress how variations in the type of law, degree of impact, enforcement mechanism, and time line for compliance affect the ability for research to be designed and accomplished in a desired time frame and to yield data on which imposed management practices should be based. Science-based regulations are desired to maximize beneficial impacts of management practices; however, many regulations are developed and management practices are imposed prior to research to minimize liability of the regulatory agency in case natural resources are degraded in the absence of management practices. The technology adoption process will be reviewed. Documented impact of imposed management practices (technology adoption) will be presented. Of particular interest is the importance of documenting the economic and resource impacts of regulations on livestock operators. Types of research needed prior to implementing management practices will be reviewed. Local involvement can increase the adoption rate of practices and technologies.
Association of blood transfusion with acute kidney injury after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: A meta-analysis

Association of blood transfusion with acute kidney injury after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: A meta-analysis
An Association between Nature Exposure and Physiological Measures of Emotion and Cognition

Nature environments have significant benefits for human psychological functioning, in both the cognitive and emotional domains. These positive effects have been found primarily with questionnaires, performance measures, and transient physiological measures. This study explores the long-term relationships between degree of nature exposure and physiological states. With a publically available dataset, multiple hierarchical regressions were conducted testing the relationship between reported nature exposure and two physiological measures of cognition and emotion, including alpha band EEG asymmetry and degree of eyeblink startle reflex (EBR). A significant relationship was found with nature exposure and these measures, suggesting that nature has enduring positive effects for human functioning via measured physiology.
Castration resistance in prostate cancer is mediated by the kinase NEK6

In prostate cancer, the development of castration resistance is pivotal in progression to aggressive disease. However, understanding of the pathways involved remains incomplete. In this study, we performed a high-throughput genetic screen to identify kinases that enable tumor formation by androgen-dependent prostate epithelial (LHSR-AR) cells under androgen-deprived conditions. In addition to the identification of known mediators of castration resistance, which served to validate the screen, we identified a mitotic-related serine/threonine kinase, NEK6, as a mediator of androgen-independent tumor growth. NEK6 was overexpressed in a subset of human prostate cancers. Silencing NEK6 in castration-resistant cancer cells was sufficient to restore sensitivity to castration in a mouse xenograft model system. Tumors in which castration resistance was conferred by NEK6 were predominantly squamous in histology with no evidence of AR signaling. Gene expression profiling suggested that NEK6 overexpression stimulated cytoskeletal, differentiation, and immune signaling pathways and maintained gene expression patterns normally decreased by castration. Phosphoproteome profiling revealed the transcription factor FOXJ2 as a novel NEK6 substrate, with FOXJ2 phosphorylation associated with increased expression of newly identified NEK6 transcriptional targets. Overall, our studies establish NEK6 signaling as a central mechanism mediating castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res; 77(3); 753-65. ©2016 AACR.
Optimizing Neural Information Capacity through Discretization

Discretization in neural circuits occurs on many levels, from the generation of action potentials and dendritic integration, to neuropeptide signaling and processing of signals from multiple neurons, to behavioral decisions. It is clear that discretization, when implemented properly, can convey many benefits. However, the optimal solutions depend on both the level of noise and how it impacts a particular computation. This Perspective discusses how current physiological data could potentially be integrated into one theoretical framework based on maximizing information. Key experiments for testing that framework are discussed.
Familial inheritance of TMD: a case report

The TMJ is a joint that can perform both hinge and sliding motions and whose proper functioning depends on the actions of the joint and joint capsule, the muscles of mastication, and the condition and action of the mandibular condyle. If any of these components deviate from their normal structure or function, then TMD can result. There have been many reported contributing factors to TMD development, many of which include environmental influences such as bruxism, trauma, and other oral habits. However, a genetic component can also play a role. This paper reports a case of TMD occurring within three consecutive generations of a family and explores the possibility of this disorder exhibiting familial inheritance. Members of the family affected all displayed manifestations of joint laxity in other areas of the body, migraines, pain, and had smaller craniofacial dimensions with a narrower mandible. These factors were found to have a genetic influence and these genes can also be tied to TMD, thus supporting the argument that the cases of TMD seen in this family are in fact due to inheritance. If TMD can be shown to have a genetic component and be inherited, then dental practitioners would be able to identify high risk patients and help to modify environmental factors early on in order to help prevent the onset of TMD in those individuals.
Optimizing DEM resolution inputs and number of stream gauges in GIS predictions of flood inundation

Spatial analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is evaluated for its ability to predict the potential hazard of a flood event in the Illinois River region in the state of Illinois, USA. The data employed in the analysis are available to the public from trusted organizations such as Illinois State Geological Survey and the US Geological Survey (USGS). Since available GIS data may be limited for flood risk modeling in some parts of the world, the purposes of this study are to examine the use of spatial analysis in a GIS to determine flood inundation risk and to produce an accurate flood inundation vulnerability map employing the least amount of data. This study concentrates on areas that have stream gauge data with definable flood stage(s) and utilizes the inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation method on different digital elevation models (DEM) with different spatial resolutions (1 m, 10 m, and 30 m) to determine the extent of flooding over the study area. Resulting maps created for the Illinois River region yielded about 80% agreement to the effects of an actual flood event on the Illinois River near Peoria, IL on April 23, 2013. A four-gauge distribution scenario using a 10 m DEM produced the most accurate results, but all scenarios generated reasonable flood simulation. Thus, we speculate that it is possible to create a flood prediction map with a reasonable amount of accuracy using only two initial input data layers: stream gauges and a DEM.
Physicalism, realization, and structure

In the philosophy of mind and psychology, a central question since the 1960s has been that of how to give a philosophically adequate formulation of mind-body physicalism. A large quantity of work on the topic has been done in the interim. There have been, and continue to be, extensive discussions of the ideas of physicalism, identity, functionalism, realization, and constitution. My aim in this paper is a modest one: it is to get clearer about these ideas and some of their interrelations. After providing some background and history, I shall focus on two related topics: the distinction between a functional property and a structural one and the dispute over whether a realization account of the mental-physical relation provides a better physicalist account than a constitutional account.