cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Old continental geotherms: constraints on heat production and thickness of continental plates

Summary. Absolute and mutual constraints on radioactive heat productivity, plate thickness and steady state continental geotherms are demonstrated for a model in which heat productivity comprises a near-surface, exponentially decreasing component and a component independent of depth. For a given surface heat flux there are separate upper limits on each component and a limiting trade-off curve between them. Below these limits there are linear trade-offs imposed if either the plate thickness or the temperature at a given depth are known, and, in principle, tighter bounds are imposed on each component. Preliminary application of the model shows that a kimberlite pyroxene geotherm requires a plate at least 200km thick and that lower plate (upper continental mantle) heat productivities may be (but are not required to be) as great as about 0.1 yW m3, which is about ten times the heat productivity of chrondrites. The estimation of continental geotherms depends strongly on assumptions about the vertical distribution of radioactive heat sources in the continental plates and on whether or not a steady state is assumed to have been achieved. The thickness of the plate is also directly involved, since the base of the plate can be defined as the depth at which a characteristic temperature is reached. It is the purpose of this paper to demonstrate, using a simple but plausible model, the relationships between temperature, heat production and plate thickness, including some absolute limits on heat production. The relationships can be used to evaluate the implications of various independent estimates of these quantities, and some examples are discussed here. An obvious limit on heat production is that in the steady state no more heat can be generated in the plate than emerges at the surface. A constraint with less obvious implications is that the geotherm must reach the mantle temperature at a reasonable depth. These constraints will be demonstrated here using a simple model of heat source distribution which is nevertheless plausible enough to give quantitatively useful results. Attention will be confined here to steady state models. Although the possibility of indefinitely continued cooling and thickening of the continental plates has been discussed (Pollack & Chapman 1977), a severe problem with this hypothesis is that the associated thermal subsidence should be accompanied by lOkm or more of crustal thickening, a
Frequency standards based on stored ions

The state of development of frequency standards based on stored ions is reviewed. Several preliminary demonstrations of the concept have already shown a level of performance approaching that of today's cesium-beam standards (accuracy of one part in 1013). The potential for accurately measuring or reducing all known systematic effects suggests that frequency standards based on stored ions with inaccuracies of one part in 1015are obtainable and eventually they could be orders of magnitude better than this. This performance is a result of extremely high-Q resonances (e.g., millihertz linewidths at microwave frequencies) and a very small second-order Doppler shift which follows with the addition of techniques for ion cooling.
Computer-extended perturbation solution for the large deflection of a circular plate. Part II: Central loading with clamped edge

As the second part of an effort to introduce a computer-extended series solution into the field of solid mechanics, von Karman's nonlinear plate equations are solved for central-point loading of a circular plate by expanding the solution in powers of the maximum deflection W m to 60 terms. The series solution is analysed using the recent technique of differential approximants together with more conventional methods. Convergence is found to be limited by a non-physical square-root singularity located on the negative axis of W 2 m . Mapping that singularity away to infinity extends the radius of convergence to infinity. Extracting the asymptotic solution for extremely large deflection gives the membrane limit which agrees with the closed-form solution.
Extracellular blockade of potassium channels by TEA+: the tip of the iceberg?

Extracellular blockade of potassium channels by TEA+ has long been an important tool in electrophysiology ([Armstrong, 1969][1]). It is known that the binding affinity of TEA+ for the external side is directly affected by the amino acid side chain at position 449 (Shaker) ([Heginbotham and MacKinnon
The Phase Conjugate Ring Laser Gyro (Φ*RLG)

We propose a new optical device for measuring inertial rotation. The device uses the nonreciprocal frequency shifts of the self-oscillations generated in a phase conjugate ring cavity under rotation. We present the analysis of this concept and obtain the scale factor equation of such a gyro. The results of a preliminary experiment are also discussed.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Large-Scale Architecture for Restricted Boltzmann Machines

Deep Belief Nets (DBNs) are an emerging application in the machine learning domain, which use Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs) as their basic building block. Although small scale DBNs have shown great potential, the computational cost of RBM training has been a major challenge in scaling to large networks. In this paper we present a highly scalable architecture for Deep Belief Net processing on hardware systems that can handle hundreds of boards, if not more, of customized logic with near linear performance increase. We elucidate tradeoffs between flexibility in the neuron connections, and the hardware resources, such as memory and communication bandwidth, required to build a custom processor design that has optimal efficiency. We illustrate how our architecture can easily support sparse networks with dense regions of connections between neighboring sets of neurons, which is relevant to applications where there are obvious spatial correlations in the data, such as in image processing. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach by implementing a multi-FPGA system. We show that a speedup of 46X-112X over an optimized single core CPU implementation can be achieved for a four-FPGA implementation.
Towards an approach for security risk analysis in COTS based development

More and more companies tend to use secure products as COTS to develop their secure systems due to resource limitations. The security concerns add more complexity as well as potential risks to COTS selection process, and it is always a great challenge for developers to make the selection decisions. In this paper, we provide a method for security risk analysis in COTS based development (CBD) based on Common Criteria and our previous work in identifying general risk items for CBD. The research result provides useful insights for developers in identifying security risks, so that it can be used to aid for the COTS selection decision.
Depression following myocardial infarction.

Objective:Although many investigators have studied mood disorders following myocardial infarction, the prevalence, severity, and persistence of depression have been disputed, and standard rating scales and criteria for depressive disorders have infrequently been utilized. The authors' goal was to determine how frequently depressive disorders occur after myocardial infarction, and to investigate predisposing factors for such disorders.Method:Structured clinical interviews were administered to 129 inpatients within ten days of myocardial infarction. Patients were also evaluated using standardized rating scales for depression, social function, cognition, and physical impairment. DSM-III diagnoses were derived from the structured interview.Results:Major depressive syndromes were present in 19 percent (n = 25) of the patients and were associated with prior history of mood disorder, female sex, large infarcts, and functional physical impairment.Conclusion:Major depression is common in the acute post-myocardial ...
Skull of Early Eocene Cantius abditus (Primates:Adapiformes) and its phylogenetic implications, with a reevaluation of "Hesperolemur" actius.

A substantially complete skull and mandible of the primitive adapiform Cantius is reported from the Early Eocene Willwood Formation of Wyoming. The mandible contains an almost complete lower dentition in which the lower incisors are strongly inclined and have spatulate crowns, I(2) is larger than I(1), and the canine is large and projecting. The cranium shares many features with those of Notharctus and Smilodectes but differs in having nasals that broaden proximally. Presence of a prominent canine and strong sagittal crest may indicate that it represents a male. The basicranium preserves auditory structures almost identical to those in extant noncheirogaleid lemurs, including a large bony tube for the stapedial artery and a small, open sulcus for the distal portion of the promontorial artery. The dentition is sufficiently primitive to be compatible with a relationship to either strepsirrhines or anthropoids, but the anatomy of the auditory region is more consistent with either specific relationship to lemurs or, more likely, a basal position that approximates the euprimate morphotype. Certain features of the basicranium of "Hesperolemur" actius, described by Gunnell ([1995] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 98:447-470) as being unlike that of any other adapiform, were either misinterpreted or are apparently no longer present in the holotype. Reassessment of these and other features indicates that in fact "H." actius differs little from Cantius and should not be separated from the latter at the genus level, although on dental grounds the species appears to be distinct (as C. actius).
Superplastic behavior of copper-modified 5083 aluminum alloy

An AA5083 aluminum alloy was modified with two different levels of Cu additions, cast by direct-chill method, and thermo-mechanically processed to sheet gauge. Copper additions reduced sheet grain size, decreased tensile flow stress and significantly increased tensile elongation under most elevated temperature test conditions. The high-Cu (0.8 wt.%) alloy had the finest grain size 5.3 μm, a peak strain-rate sensitivity of 0.6 at a strain-rate of 1 × 10−2 s−1, and tensile elongation values between 259 and 584% over the temperature range, 400-525 °C, and the strain rate range, 5 × 10−4 to 1 × 10−2 s−1, investigated. In biaxial pan forming tests, only the Cu-containing alloys successfully formed pans at the higher strain rate 10−2 s−1. The high-Cu alloy showed the least die-entry thinning. Comparison of ambient temperature mechanical properties in O-temper state showed the high-Cu alloy to have significantly higher yield strength, ultimate strength, and ductility compared to the base 5083 alloy.
Using component metacontent to support the regression testing of component-based software

Component based software technologies are viewed as essential for creating the software systems of the future. However, the use of externally-provided components has serious drawbacks for a wide range of software engineering activities, often because of a lack of information about the components. Previously (A. Orso et al., 2000), we proposed the use of component metacontents: additional data and methods provided with a component, to support software engineering tasks. The authors present two new metacontent based techniques that address the problem of regression test selection for component based applications: a code based approach and a specification based approach. First, we illustrate the two techniques. Then, we present a case study that applies the code based technique to a real component based system. On the system studied, on average, 26% of the overall testing effort was saved over seven releases, with a maximum savings of 99% for one version.
“Through the Looking Glass” Management Education Gone Awry

This article draws on poststructural Experiential Learning Theory to conceptualize management development as a series of concurrent reflective conversations. The developmental change process is illustrated through the experiences of Lewis Carroll’s character Alice in the books Through the Looking Glass and Alice and Her Adventures in Wonderland. Furthering the distinction between personal and social knowledge, the article suggests that development, and by extension learning, is not a direct reflection of individual self but rather a process of looking “awry” at individual experience. Implications for the efficacy of various pedagogies—such as lecture, simulations and experiential exercises, critical facilitation, and problem solving—are explored for each conversation.
A Lattice-Based Model for Recommender Systems

A major challenge in building recommender systems is organizing the recommendation space since, the underlying data organization scheme has a significant impact on the overall performance and capabilities of the recommender system. Lattices offer a natural scheme to encode the recommender space, and their structural properties could be leveraged to efficiently retrieve recommendations. In our lattice-based approach, we present a generic framework and algorithms for building recommender systems. The algorithms convert user ratings into concepts; organize concepts into coherent lattices by imposing constraints based on collaborative filtering, and enable fast querying of lattices for generating recommendations. A lattice-based model also offers interesting insights into the complex higher-level interrelationships between entities in the data. We apply our algorithms on two real-world datasets and demonstrate their capabilities in generating quality recommendations in real-time.
The collapse of the Schoharie Creek Bridge: a case study in concrete fracture mechanics

On April 5, 1987, the New York State Thruway bridge over Schoharie Creek collapsed without warning. The primary cause of failure was scour beneath a plain concrete pier footing. However, a necessary secondary cause was unstable propagation of a single crack in the pier. Conditions for initiation of the curvilinear crack are first evaluated. It is concluded that about 28 feet of scour had to occur to initiate stable process zone formation at the point of initiation, but that at least 44 feet was required to cause unstable cracking. Simulation of propagation was studied using discrete representation in a finite element model and nonlinear fracture mechanics. About 5 feet of propagation was necessary to transition from nonlinear to LEFM. Good agreement was found between observed and predicted final crack trajectories, and load redistribution in the bridge structure was determined to have been a necessary part of the failure process. Discussions concerning the application of the finite element method to crack initiation problems and the use of the size effect to estimate failure conditions in large, plain concrete structures are also presented.
Analysis of Tempering Stresses in Metal-Ceramic Disks:

Previous studies showed that residual compressive stresses induced by thermal tempering retarded the growth of surface cracks in bilayered porcelain disks. The objectives of the present study were: (1) to determine whether thermal tempering by air blasting reduces the length of cracks induced by microhardness indentation in metal-ceramic disks, and (2) to use visco-elastic finite element analyses to calculate transient and residual stresses in metal-ceramic disks. Ni-Cr-Be disks, 16 mm in diameter and 0.3 mm in thickness, were prepared with a 0.5-mm-thick layer of opaque porcelain and a 1.5-mm-thick layer of body porcelain. Metal-porcelain combinations were selected to provide a range of thermal contraction mismatch values. The disks were fired to the maturing temperature of body porcelain and then were subjected to three cooling procedures: (1) slow cooling in a furnace (SC), (2) cooling in air (FC), and (3) air tempering (T) by blasting the surface of the body porcelain with compressed air. The lengths of cracks induced in the surface of the body porcelain by a microhardness indenter were measured immediately after indentation at 20 points along diametral lines. The results of Tukey's multiple-contrast analyses indicated that the mean crack lengths of air-tempered specimens were significantly smaller (p < or = 0.05) than the crack lengths of the fast-cooled and slow-cooled groups. Except for one case, there were no statistically significant differences in the mean crack lengths between FC and SC specimens independent of thermal contraction mismatch. Residual tensile stresses were calculated for SC and FC specimens for all thermal contraction mismatch cases, with the largest values being associated with combinations containing the body porcelain with the smaller contraction coefficient. Calculations by use of the model confirmed that tempering induces large residual compressive stresses in the surface of body porcelain for all of the thermal contraction mismatch cases included in this study.
Modeling the Impact of Supreme Court Decisions: Wygant v. Board

In May, 1986, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the Jackson, Michigan, school district's policy of protecting minority teachers during periods of mandatory layoffs. This paper models the implications of this decision in an attempt to project its likely impact on black representation in the educational workforce. The results suggest that under most plausible future conditions the decision's impact should be negligible, due largely to the fact that blacks have so few recent gains to protect. On the other hand, the analysis uncovers other trends that may have significant future impacts on black representation among public school teachers.
Electromagnetic Tracking for Tomotherapy Systems

Conclusions: Our method is a valuable tool that enables us to characterize exosomes and microparticles, and, unlike other available nanoparticle analysis methods, this method permits subset identification and sorting for functional studies of single particles. At 3 months after SABR in this clinical cohort, we observed an increase in the plasma microparticle population. Whether this increase is due to tumor responses to radiation, tissue responses to radiation, tumor progression, or tissue repair and immune reconstitution following chemotherapy requires further study. Future studies will use this method to identify and sort subsets of treatmentassociated exosomes and microparticles, with the goal of identifying new and minimally invasive biomarkers to monitor tumor and normal tissue responses to radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and/or immunotherapy. Author Disclosure: J.C. Jones: None. H. Cao: None. M. Limaye: None. A. Koong: None. S. Knox: None.
Study of Strange Attractors by Generalized Cell Mapping

In recent years the phenomenon of strange attractors has received a great deal of attention. The literature is too vast to be quoted extensively here. Many of the papers may be found in Feigenbaum [1980], Ott [1981], Lichtenberg and Lieberman [1982], Jensen and Oberman [1982], Guckenheimer and Holmes [1983], and Hao [1984]. The basic intrigue of this phenomenon comes from the observation that although a strange attractor yields a chaotic motion, the originating system may very well be entirely deterministic in nature. Not only is the phenomenon interesting physically and mathematically, but it also appears in many different fields. Therefore, it deserves to be studied in great depth.
Health and safety education for worker empowerment.

This article introduces a special issue of the American Journal of Industrial Medicine dedicated to innovative approaches to worker education in health and safety. Contributors to this issue describe applications of an "empowerment approach" in a wide variety of institutions and settings throughout the United States and Canada. In this article, empowerment education is presented and contrasted with other training methodologies. The article offers suggestions on how to implement this approach discusses evaluation issues, and summarizes the articles contained in this issue. Explored are preliminary outcomes of using this methodology and implications for developing educational programs in the future. Language: en
Frequency of symptomatic zinc deficiency in very low birth weight infants.

Current concepts on zinc requirements for premature infants rely on studies dating back more than 20 years. Given that nowadays more premature infants frequently survive we aimed to obtain recent frequency data on zinc deficiency in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.226 VLBW infants born between July 2005 and December 2009 were retrospectively included in this study. Mean gestational age (GA) was 28.7 weeks (range 23+0 to 38+0) and mean birth weight 1120g (range 354-1495). All infants received zinc supplementation according to the ESPGHAN guidelines. 26 (11.5%) patients showed clinical signs for zinc deficiency of whom 15 had serum zinc concentrations 70 µg/dl. Infants presenting with dermatitis had significantly lower concentrations (mean 26.7 µg/dl, range 19-31) when compared to infants with diarrhoea or isolated peripheral oedema (35.3 µg/dl and 51.8 µg/dl respectively). Strongest independent risk factors were low GA, being small for GA and suffering from intestinal resection due to necrotizing enterocolitis. Frequency of zinc concentrations <50 µg/dl were calculated to be 6.6% in VLBW infants.Even though current guidelines for zinc supplementation were followed the frequency of zinc deficiency was found to be unexpectedly high in ELBW and SGA infants. Despite the retrospective nature of this single centre study, our data strongly suggest that recommendations on zinc supplementation in ELBW and SGA infants should be reviewed.
Function of Tuberin and Hamartin in Tuberous Sclerosis Pathogenesis

The genetics and function of tuberin and hamartin in the pathogenesis of tuberous sclerosis complex (TS) are reviewed in a presentation at a “Festschrift” honoring Dr Michael J Painter of the Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA.
Constitutional Reform to Manage Ethnic Conflict

The edited volume that is the subject of this symposium, Constitutions and conflict management in Africa: Preventing civil war through institutional design (Kuperman, 2015), was motivated by a simp...
The clinical spectrum of infections with viridans streptococci in bone marrow transplant patients

A retrospective review of 832 bone marrow transplant patients was performed to determine the clinical spectrum and risk factors for viridans streptococci infections. The incidence of viridans streptococci cultured from the blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid was 15% (123/832), occurring within 15 days of bone marrow transplant in 78% of patients, usually during profound neutropenia. Strep. mitis was the most frequent isolate (47%). Only 27% (33/123) of patients were symptomatic beyond fever, usually with neurologic, pulmonary, and/or cardiovascular manifestations. Ten (8%) of 123 culture positive patients developed a fulminant cardiorespiratory collapse, with a 60% mortality. One additional death occurred due to cerebritis. However, a time dependent covariate analysis found no significant difference in overall mortality (p = 0.30) or duration of hospitalization (p = 0.50) in patients with or without viridans streptococci infections. A multivariate analysis revealed that age less than 18 years (RR = 1.5, p = 0.04) and a primary diagnosis of acute lymphocytic leukemia (RR = 1.5, p = 0.07) were independent and significant risk factors for viridans streptococci infections. Sex, conditioning regimen, donor type, in vitro bone marrow treatment, and acute graft-versus-host disease were not significant. Viridans streptococci should be recognized as pathogens in bone marrow transplant patients which require appropriate antibiotics and aggressive supportive therapy.
Toward Higher Dimensions

On an open set U in ℝ3 we have: 0-forms, which are just C∞ functions on U; 1-forms, which are expressions $$ p\,dx + q\,dy + r\,dz, $$ where p and q and r are C∞ functions on U; 2-forms, which are expressions $$ u\;dy\,dz + v\,dx\,dz + w\,dx\,dy, $$ where u and v and w are C∞ functions on U; and 3-forms, which are expressions $$ h\,dx\,dy\,dz, $$ where h is a C∞ function on U.
Thoracotomy in Re-Staging Germinal Testis Tumors

AbstractIn 3 patients undergoing therapy for germinal testis tumors (teratoma with choriocarcinoma, seminoma and teratocarcinoma) solitary pulmonary lesions developed consistent with metastatic tumor. After non-diagnostic medical pulmonary evaluation thoracotomy established benign lesions in each (sarcoidosis, Cryptococcus and postoperative inflammatory cyst). Surgical pathologic re-staging to obviate the institution of unnecessary chemotherapy and/or radiation with its attended morbidity in such instances is stressed.
Synthesis of asymmetrically substituted scyllo-inositol

Abstract scyllo-Inositol, a rare member of the inositol family, is present in axinelloside A, a marine metabolite with interesting inhibitory activity against human telomerase. Here, we present a concise synthesis of asymmetrically substituted scyllo-inositol starting from inexpensive d -glucose. Our synthetic approach capitalizes on Ferrier rearrangement of vinyl acetate and stereoselective reduction of the resultant ketone to establish the scyllo-inositol core. The protocol provides access to large quantities of scyllo-inositol in 10 steps from commercially available materials.
Studies of Secretory IgA in Caries-Resistant and Caries-Susceptible Adults

The relationship of secretory IgA (s-IgA) to dental caries has intrigued a large number of investigators. Among the early observations, Lehner et al. (1) reported higher IgA levels in the whole saliva of caries-free subjects than in caries-active subjects; Zengo et al. (2) reported significantly higher levels of IgA in submaxillary saliva of the caries resistant subjects when compared to caries susceptible subjects. Shklair et al. (3) on the other hand, found no differences in the levels of IgA in parotid and whole saliva when caries-free and caries-active Naval recruits were compared.
Environments Linked Through Animal Movements

Another way in which two places may be related or interconnected is based on the sharing of the same individual organisms which move or migrate between them. No topic is more geographical in content and perspective than migration. Animal movement, especially long-distance movement, embodies all aspects of geographical phenomena such as navigation skills, and direction and distances of specific regions and places from each other.
Intraventricular Hemorrhage and Cognition

The effects of premature birth-related subependymal and mild intraventricular hemorrhage (S/IVH) on specific cognitive abilities in 2-year-old children were investigated at the Perinatology Center, New York Hospital, and Cornell and New York University Medical Colleges.
Experiences from a pilot program bringing BRCA1/2 genetic screening to theUS Ashkenazi Jewish population

Experiences from a pilot program bringing BRCA1/2 genetic screening to theUS Ashkenazi Jewish population
Mujeres esclavas y abolicionistas en la España de los siglos XVI al XIX

In the introduction to Mujeres esclavas y abolicionistas, the editors begin by explaining the difficult circumstances under which their book was published. Their objective was to publish a scholarl...
Narrative Wreckage: Terror, Illness, and Healing in the Post-9/11 Poethics of Claudia Rankine

This essay considers Jamaican-born American poet Claudia Rankine’s 2004 multimedia prose poem, Don’t Let Me Be Lonely: An American Lyric, as an exploration of both the individual and the collective traumas of living in a society that has been deeply wounded by the attacks. Tabone discusses both the content and the form of Don’t Let Me Be Lonely through an interpretive framework based on sociologist Arthur Frank’s conceptualization of the “illness narrative”, as outlined in The Wounded Storyteller. He argues that the fragmentary structure of Rankine’s fictional autobiography embodies the “narrative wreckage” that Frank argues must be worked through in order to heal, especially from traumas of post-9/11 America that Rankine connects to deeper, longer-running social ills arising from racial tensions and late capitalism.
Segmented innovation to drive interdisciplinary design efforts

Continuous innovation is the cornerstone of competitiveness in technological product and services companies. However, maintaining that competitive edge over time requires a company to have business practices that offer repeatable success. One way to achieve that is to ensure that all relevant functional groups across a company have responsibility for driving innovative designs, rather than simply being shepherds of products that designers deliver. For one, product planning groups with marketing and finance functions need to drive new product development towards customers' desires. Second, there needs to be intellectual property functions focused on the goal of identifying innovative opportunities, rather than simply protecting ideas that developed. Finally, the R&D component of a company needs to be directed towards the development of innovative designs. Evidence shows that if any one of these three functions is lacking, a company will not be effective in developing innovative products over the long-term. This paper proposes best practices for identifying and dividing innovation tasks across functional groups so that interdisciplinary groups have ownership of future designs.
Computational Participation: Teaching Kids to Create and Connect Through Code

We are proposing to reframe computational thinking as computational participation by moving from a predominantly individualistic view of programming to one that includes a greater focus on the underlying social and creative dimensions in learning to code. This reframing as computational participation consists of three dimensions: functional, political, and personal. Functional pertains to the basic programming skills and concepts that someone needs to learn in order to participate in society. Political purposes capture why understanding programming skills and concepts is relevant in society. Last, personal purposes describe the role that these skills and concepts play in personal expression for building and maintaining relationships. We discuss three focal dimensions—creating applications, facilitating communities, and composing by remixing the work of others—in support of this move to computational participation by drawing from examples of past and current research, both inside and outside of school with children programming applications such as games, stories, or animations to design artifacts of genuine significance for others. Programming in a community suggests that such significance ultimately lies in the fact that we design to share with others. Programming as remixing code makes clear that we build on the work of others and need to better understand the ramifications of this approach. We situate these developments in the context of current discussions regarding broadening access, content, and activities and deepening participation in computing, which have become a driving force in revitalizing the introduction of computing in K-12 schools.
Functional topological THz devices using semiconductors

We showed that cyclotron resonance of semiconductors can be utilized in Topological devices to break the time-reversal symmetry for unidirectional propagation in THz. To demonstrate, we proposed a tunable power splitter based on topological effect.
Rare cell variability and drug-induced reprogramming as a mode of cancer drug resistance

Through drug exposure, a rare, transient transcriptional program characterized by high levels of expression of known resistance drivers can get ‘burned in’, leading to the selection of cells endowed with a transcriptional drug resistance and thus more chemoresistant cancers. Therapies that target signalling molecules that are mutated in cancers can often have substantial short-term effects, but the emergence of resistant cancer cells is a major barrier to full cures1,2. Resistance can result from secondary mutations3,4, but in other cases there is no clear genetic cause, raising the possibility of non-genetic rare cell variability5,6,7,8,9,10,11. Here we show that human melanoma cells can display profound transcriptional variability at the single-cell level that predicts which cells will ultimately resist drug treatment. This variability involves infrequent, semi-coordinated transcription of a number of resistance markers at high levels in a very small percentage of cells. The addition of drug then induces epigenetic reprogramming in these cells, converting the transient transcriptional state to a stably resistant state. This reprogramming begins with a loss of SOX10-mediated differentiation followed by activation of new signalling pathways, partially mediated by the activity of the transcription factors JUN and/or AP-1 and TEAD. Our work reveals the multistage nature of the acquisition of drug resistance and provides a framework for understanding resistance dynamics in single cells. We find that other cell types also exhibit sporadic expression of many of these same marker genes, suggesting the existence of a general program in which expression is displayed in rare subpopulations of cells.
A case of intestinal Behcet’s disease under Adalimumab

Behcet’s disease (BD) is a multisystem mucocutaneous inflammatory condition characterized by recurrent genital and oral ulcers, ocular inflammation, and can involve the gastrointestinal tract. Treatment involves the usage of immunosuppressive agents to control the disease with glucocorticoids utilized for treatment of flares. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors are frequently used to control the disease as well. We present the case of a 40 years old African American female presenting with intestinal BD that was refractory to adalimumab therapy. In conjunction with glucocorticoids, the patient’s intestinal disease was controlled with infliximab therapy. Currently, there have been no studies comparing the efficacy of TNFα inhibitors on the treatment of BD. Future studies are needed to compare the efficacy of TNFα inhibitor agents in the treatment of intestinal manifestations of BD.
[Base Excess] vs [Strong ION Difference]

Blood [base excess] ([BE]) is defined as the change in [strong acid] or [strong base] needed to restore pH to normal at normal PCO2. Some believe that [BE] is unhelpful because [BE] may be elevated with a “normal” [strong ion difference] ([SID]), where a strong ion is one that is always dissociated in physiological solution, and where [SID] = [strong cations] — [strong anions]. Using a computer simulation, the hypothesis was tested that [SID] = [SID Excess] ([SIDEx]), where [SIDEx] is the change in [SID] needed to restore pH to normal at normal PCO2. The most current version of the plasma [SID] ([SID]p) equation was used as a template, and an [SIDEx] formula, of the Siggaard-Andersen form, derived: \({\left[ {{\text{SIDEx}}} \right]_p} = {\left[ {HC{O_3}^ - } \right]_P} - 24.72 + \left( {p{H_p} - 7.4} \right) \times \left( {1.159 \times {{\left[ {{\text{alb}}} \right]}_p} \times + 0.423 \times {{\left[ {Pi} \right]}_p}} \right)\). [SID] was compared to [SIDEx] over the physiologic range of plasma buffering, and it was found that [SIDEx] varied by ~ 15 mM at any given [SID], thereby faulting the hypothesis. It is concluded that [SID] can be “normal” with an elevated [SIDEx], the latter being an expression of the [BE] concept, and a more helpful quantity in physiology.
AnchorViz: Facilitating Classifier Error Discovery through Interactive Semantic Data Exploration

When building a classifier in interactive machine learning, human knowledge about the target class can be a powerful reference to make the classifier robust to unseen items. The main challenge lies in finding unlabeled items that can either help discover or refine concepts for which the current classifier has no corresponding features (i.e., it has feature blindness). Yet it is unrealistic to ask humans to come up with an exhaustive list of items, especially for rare concepts that are hard to recall. This paper presents AnchorViz, an interactive visualization that facilitates error discovery through semantic data exploration. By creating example-based anchors, users create a topology to spread data based on their similarity to the anchors and examine the inconsistencies between data points that are semantically related. The results from our user study show that AnchorViz helps users discover more prediction errors than stratified random and uncertainty sampling methods.
Rate-Limiting Step in Batteries with Metal Oxides as the Energy Materials

Metal oxides are used as the energy materials in some aqueous and nonaqueous batteries. However, a large overpotential and poor rate-performance limit their wide application. Low electrical conductivity of the oxide is commonly considered to be the reason for these limitations. The present study specifically reveals the electrochemical reduction process of α-Fe2O3 particles by using a cyclic voltammetry technique combined with an electron spectroscopy technique. SEM and TEM observe the phase and crystal structure transformation process during α-Fe2O3 reduction at the nanoscale, and EDS analyzes the composition change of particles at various periods. The surface of α-Fe2O3 particles is reduced to an amorphous compound first, and then O2– ions diffuse from the crystal matrix toward the outside simultaneously causing defects inside the particles. Experiments prove that γ-Fe2O3, Fe3O4, CuO, and Bi2O3 have the same rate-limiting step as α-Fe2O3; that is, O2– ions diffuse inside the oxide particles toward the o...
On the Feasibility of Natural Language Processing for Standardized Data Extraction from Electronic Medical Records of Epilepsy Patients (P1.283)

Objective: To assess the validity of Natural Language Processing (NLP) of electronic medical records (EMR). Background: NLP is the process by which an algorithm can extract information from the natural language of humans. While human readers can readily infer meaning from culturally specific natural language, human review is resource-limited and inefficient for large EMR datasets. Design/Methods: An NLP algorithm was created to identify and extract a series of high-yield variables specific to epilepsy research from patients’ EMRs. The algorithm searched both structured fields and free text, including documents such as radiology reports, clinician notes, and EEG reports. It is specific to epilepsy-associated phenotypes and was developed in parallel with human data abstraction on a training dataset. To assess validity, we compared the NLP-extracted phenotypes with human-extracted phenotypes (agreed upon by two reviewers) for 100 independent samples. Results: NLP was least sensitive for variables that required assessment of the clinicians’ thought process, including variables such as type of MRI lesion, epilepsy syndrome, and clinicians’ indication for ordering long-term EEG (e.g. differential diagnosis, classification, quantification, pre-surgical evaluation). NLP was reasonably sensitive for most other variables such as EEG abnormality, identification of psychogenic non-epileptic spells (PNES) on EEG, current anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), prior AEDs, and AED allergies. Specificity was relatively high for all variables. Cost analysis revealed that for most variables, the total time cost required by NLP drops below that of human reviewers when 300 or more charts are reviewed, with multi-fold improvement in performance when 1,000s of charts are reviewed. Conclusions: A gradient of phenotype-related variables can be assessed through NLP. Medications and structured information can be extracted with relative ease. Extracting information from free-text documents is less accurate because it requires insight into a clinical thought process. With larger study sizes in genetic studies and precision medicine trials, NLP will be essential for epilepsy phenotyping. Disclosure: Dr. Khankhanian has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kosaraju has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pathmanathan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ellis has nothing to disclose. Dr. Helbig has nothing to disclose. Dr. Litt has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pollard has received compensation for serving on the Board of Directors of Cognizance Biomarkers. Dr. Davis has nothing to disclose.
A simplified view of DCJ-indel distance

The introduction of the double cut and join (DCJ) operation and the derivation of its associated distance caused a flurry of research into the study of multichromosomal rearrangements. However, little of this work has incorporated indels (i.e., insertions and deletions) into the calculation of genomic distance functions, with a particular exception of Braga et al., who provided a linear time algorithm ([1]) for computing the DCJ-indel distance. Although this algorithm only takes linear time, its derivation is lengthy and depends on a large number of possible cases. In this paper, we provide a simplified indel model that solves the problem of DCJ-indel sorting in linear time directly from the classical breakpoint graph, an approach that allows us to describe the solution space of DCJ-indel sorting, thus resolving an existing open problem.
Dorsal and Ventral Cortical Pathways for Visuo-haptic Shape Integration Revealed Using fMRI

Two sensory streams theories have had an important influence on sensory and sensorimotor research for the past several decades. Here we apply the perspective of two sensory streams to interactions between visual and haptic object shape processes. We specifically focus on the presence and pattern of multisensory integration or neuronal convergence in dorsal action pathways and ventral perception pathways. To investigate integration of visual and haptic processing streams, we assessed potential sites of visuo-haptic integration for a phenomenon called inverse effectiveness, that is, increased multisensory gain with decreasing stimulus salience. Unexpectedly, the opposite pattern, which we called enhanced effectiveness, was found. Nevertheless, finding enhanced effectiveness implies neuronal convergence of visual and haptic inputs in regions considered part of separable dorsal action and ventral perception visuo-haptic processing pathways.
Delay Fault Simulation

As with any other fault model, delay fault simulation requires less computational effort than delay fault test generation. Therefore, after a test is generated fault simulation should be performed to cover as many faults as possible with the same test. Delay fault simulation can also be performed with functional, random, stuck-at or any other available set of vectors to determine the delay fault coverage and reduce the delay test generation effort. This chapter discusses methodologies for simulating transition, gate, path and segment delay faults in combinational and sequential circuits.
Comparison of oxygen tension in the spinal cord and globus pallidus during hyperbaric oxygen exposure of rats under pentobarbital anesthesia.

Lesions in the brain and spinal cord have been produced by exposing rats to hyperbaric oxygen. Complete or partial necrosis of nuclear groups with damage to myelin, axons and glia have been produced consistently in the globus pallidus and spinal cord gray matter of unanesthetized rats after intermittent exposures to 100% oxygen at 60 P.S.I.G. (Pounds per Square Inch by the Guage).1,2 Pentobarbital anesthesia has been found to protect the globus pallidus from the necrotic lesions of hyperbaric oxygen, but it potentiates lesions of the spinal cord.3 In exploration of the causal mechanism of these lesions, we have previously reported direct measurements of oxygen tensions in the globus pallidus of rats anesthetized with pentobarbital and compressed to 60 P.S.I.G. with 100% oxygen.4 Oxygen tensions up to 475 mmHg were recorded within five minutes after achieving a pressure of 60 P.S.I.G. The oxygen tensions then fell to an average value of 60 mmHg within 45 minutes.
Stock Options, Stock Loans, and the Law of One Price

Historically, option market makers were exempt from borrowing shares when short selling which allowed them to hedge their exposure in hard-to-borrow stocks. As a result, options were not redundant securities -- they allowed traders to circumvent short-sale constraints. Regulators removed this exemption in 2008 and in 2013 they prohibited a workaround using 'reverse conversions'. These regulatory changes eliminated the shadow supply of hard-to-borrow shares provided by options; we find that these changes increased the redundancy of option securities and caused a significant increase in equity loan fees. Consequently, market quality has deteriorated: price efficiency is lower and stocks are more overpriced.
MCH4 is a multicopy suppressor of glycine toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae can either import amino acids from the surrounding or synthesize inside the cell, and both processes are tightly regulated. Disruption of such regulation can result in amino acid toxicity to the cell through mechanisms that are poorly understood. In this study we make use of a mutant strain with deregulated general amino acid permease gene whose growth is inhibited by low concentrations of several amino acids. We carry out multicopy suppression screen with several toxic amino acids and identify MCH4 as a gene that suppresses inhibitory effects of glycine. We find that expression of MCH4 is regulated by osmotic shock but not other kinds of stress. These findings are discussed in the context of possible mechanisms of amino acid toxicity.
Are vegetarian customers more “green”?

This research investigates whether customers’ preferences for a certain diet (vegetarianism) may extend to another indirectly related hospitality choice (lodging at a green hotel). The study result...
Writing and Thinking.

There has been a steady stream of evidence linking pre-pharmacy grade point averages, PCAT composite scores, and certain PCAT subtest scores to student success in pharmacy school. This commentary explores the link between PCAT writing scores and student success, provides some evidence linking writing to growth in critical thinking, and suggests requiring students to write beyond reflective exercises in order to improve their critical thinking skills.
A Second Chance Online

The United States and Europe diverge over bureaucratic processes to protect personal privacy and human dignity. Americans are entitled to entertain their own debate over when the right to be forgotten is forfeit. But Americans should adopt the right to be forgotten, because the concept of erasure online is as American as a second chance in a new world.
New directions in the search for the first Floridians: edited by David K. Thulman and Ervan G. Garrison, Gainesville, University Press of Florida, 2019, 374 pp., ill., maps, tables, bibliography, index, $95.00 (hardcover), ISBN: 978-1-6834-0073-8

In Florida’s submerged settings, archaeologists and nonprofessionals have documented unique preservation of organic material and sediments at ancient sites in the interior and offshore. Long-term s...
An analysis of electroless deposition derived Ni-Pt catalysts for the dry reforming of methane

Abstract A series of nickel-platinum catalysts supported on gamma alumina ( γ-Al 2 O 3 ) with small, increasing amounts of Pt promoter were precisely prepared by electroless deposition at 5.0 wt% Ni and with compositions up to 2.8 wt% Pt (one theoretical monolayer of Pt on Ni) and evaluated for the dry reforming of methane. Characterization was performed using x-ray diffraction, temperature programmed reduction, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and temperature programmed oxidation. At temperatures below 600 °C, activity of bimetallic samples exhibited a maximum at 0.4 monolayers Pt and surpassed that of unpromoted Ni. At 700 °C, deactivation occurred for all samples. X-ray diffraction patterns of the high-temperature treated catalysts indicated segregation of the Ni-Pt alloys. Pt showed no influence on hydrogen selectivity, which was driven by thermodynamic limits.