cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the potential for energy extraction from turbines in the gulf stream system

Abstract Increasing energy consumption and decreasing reserves of fossil fuels have led to growing interest in renewable energy from the ocean. Ocean currents are an alternative source of clean energy due to their inherent reliability, persistence and sustainability. General ocean circulations exist in the form of large rotating ocean gyres, and feature extremely rapid current flow in the western boundaries due to the Coriolis effect. The Gulf Stream system is formed by the western boundary current of the North Atlantic Ocean that flows along the east coastline of the United States, and therefore is of particular interest as a potential energy resource for the United States. The theoretical energy balance in the Gulf Stream system is examined using the two-dimensional ocean circulation equations based on the assumptions of the Stommel model for subtropical gyres with the quasi-geostrophic balance between pressure gradient, Coriolis force, wind stress and friction driving the circulation. To represent flow dissipation due to turbines a spatially varying turbine drag coefficient is formulated and a finite difference numerical approach is utilized to obtain an implicit solution of the model. The results show that considering extraction over a region representing the entire Florida Current portion of the Gulf Stream system, the average power dissipated ranges between 4 and 6 GW with a mean around 5.1 GW. This corresponds to an average of approximately 45 TWh/yr. However, if the extraction area approximates the entire portion of the Gulf Stream within 200 miles of the US coastline, the average power dissipated becomes 18.6 GW or 163 TWh/yr. The impact of the localized turbine drag on the hydrodynamics is primarily within the turbine region. The extra drag force from turbines slows down the current velocity and leads to redirection of the Gulf Stream flow. It also results in a sea surface drop in the turbine region. Localized turbine drag significantly reduces residual kinetic energy flux in the circulation. However, its influence on the residual volume flux depends on the area of the turbine region.
Protein-surfactant film voltammetry of wild-type and mutant cytochrome P450 BM3.

We are investigating the redox chemistry of wild-type (WT) and mutant (1-12G) cytochrome P450 BM3. Absorption spectra in solution feature the FeIII Soret at 418 nm for WT and a split Soret for 1-12G at 390 and 418 nm. Voltammetry of the proteins within DDAPSS films on the surface of carbon electrodes reveal nearly identical Fe^(III/II) potentials (approximately −200 mV vs Ag/AgCl), but significant differences in k°, 250 vs 30 s^(-1), and Fe^(III/II)−CO potentials, −140 vs −115 mV, for WT vs 1-12G. Catalytic reduction of dioxygen by the proteins on rotating-disk electrodes was analyzed using Levich and Koutecky−Levich treatments. The data reveal 1-12G n and k_(obs) values that are, respectively, 1.7 and 0.07 times those of WT, suggesting that the two proteins differ strikingly in their reactions with dioxygen.
Rayleigh surface waves for characterization of the air void system in fresh concrete

The durability of concrete pavement to freeze/thaw cycles is mainly dependent on the air void system. Air entraining admixtures are used to provide a beneficial air void system. Large entrapped air voids reduce strength and make it insufficient to simply characterize the porosity by the air content; void spacing and specific surface parameters are also important. Ability to perform quality assurance testing - nondestructive evaluation - of concrete pavement soon after placement is highly desirable. Thus, laboratory experiments have been conducted to investigate Rayleigh surface waves for characterization of porosity in fresh concrete. A mediator mounted onto a Plexiglas wedge is used to introduce waves from an ultrasonic transducer onto the surface of the concrete. The challenges are that fresh concrete is highly attenuative and that the material properties evolve as the concrete sets. Rayleigh wave speed is shown to be sensitive to porosity by simple micromechanical modeling, and results are presented for normal concrete with large aggregate, sieved concrete, and mortar. Wave speeds are significantly less (10-22% depending on time after placement) for concrete with approximately 5% porosity relative to concrete with no air entrainment admixture.
Room temperature intra-band lasing in quantum dot arrays placed in high photon density cavities—a theoretical study

Abstract Intersubband (intra-band) transitions are very attractive forlong wavelength lasers due to the high degree of tailoring possible in the emission spectra. In general, if intra-band population inversion is to be created in a conduction band quantum well by carrier injection at the barrier energy, it is necessary that the electron non-radiative intra-band energy relaxation times are long. Additionally, the extraction time for the electron from the lower state should be short. In a bipolar device studied here, this means the bandedge electron-hole recombination times should be short.The use of sub-two-dimensional (2D) structures (quantum dots) allows us to increase the intra-band energy relaxation time from about a picosecond for bulk or quasi-2D systems to several hundred picoseconds at room temperatures. Also, by placing these structures in a cavity with a high photon number, it is possible to decrease the bandedge electron-hole recombination times through stimulated emission. Our studies show that strong population inversion and lasing under d.c. conditions is possible at room temperature in such systems.
Diverse Classrooms, Diverse Curriculum, Diverse Complications: Three Teacher Perspectives

Racial, ethnic, linguistic, and religious diversity continues to increase in classrooms. Many call for a more diverse curriculum, but curricular diversity brings its own challenges to both teachers and students. These three vignettes are drawn from my ethnographic data at Atlantic High School1 in Brooklyn, New York, where I worked for ten years as an English teacher and collected data for two years as a doctoral student.
Sustained Dialogue: How Students Are Changing Their Own Racial Climate.

Sustained Dialogue, used in the past to ease international tensions, is finding its way into colleges and universities that wish to change unhealthy race-based attitudes and behaviors. The campus a...
Ultra-high-resolution brain SPECT imaging: simulation results

The spatial resolution in a reconstructed single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) image is influenced by the intrinsic resolution of the detector, and the photon-counting efficiency of SPECT systems is also determined by the intrinsic resolution. The authors demonstrate that improvements in detector resolution can lead to both improved spatial resolution in the image and improved counting efficiency compared to conventional systems. This paradoxical conclusion results from optimizing the geometry of a multiple-pinhole coded-aperture system when detectors of very high resolution are available. Simulation studies that demonstrate the image quality that is attainable with such detectors are reported. Reconstructions are performed using an iterative search algorithm on a custom-designed parallel computer. The imaging system is described by a calculated system matrix relating all voxels in the object space to all pixels on the detector. A resolution close to 2 mm is found on the reconstructed images obtained from these computer simulations with clinically reasonable exposure times. This resolution may be even further improved by optimization of the multiple-pinhole aperture. >
Obesity and insulin resistance: Lessons learned from the Pima indians

Diabetes and obesity are epidemic in the Pima Indians of the Southwestern United States, and the prevalence of diabetes is increasing. The most likely link between obesity and diabetes is tissue insulin resistance. If obesity is defined as an excess of body fat, then it can only be accurately assessed by measurements of body composition and not by approximations such as body mass index or percent of ideal weight. To compare the metabolic data of individuals of varying size, an accurate measure of metabolic size is needed. Total body weight is not an appropriate means of comparing individuals since obese subjects have a greater proportion of nonmetabolizing mass (triglyceride). Body surface area shows a sex difference, and this may distort data if both sexes are present. From studies of metabolic rate we have determined that metabolic rate is directly proportional to the fat-free mass plus 18 kg, and we suggest that this weight can be equated with metabolic size. Glucose storage in skeletal muscle appears to be important in the disposal of an intravenous glucose load. Consistent with its role in glycogen storage, glycogen synthase enzyme is activated in proportion to the ability to dispose of glucose during a hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp. The role of glycogen synthase is most notable at supraphysiological plasma insulin concentrations; and since glucose uptake at these insulin concentrations is highly familial independent of the degree of obesity, we suggest that there may be a specific genetic defect expressed in skeletal muscle that reduces insulin responsiveness in some subjects. The lack of correlation between 24 hour respiratory quotient measured in a metabolic chamber (a measure of the proportion of fat derived calories) and degree of obesity indicates that in obese Pima Indians insulin resistance is not due to an inhibition of glucose metabolism by free fatty acids (glucose-fatty acid-ketone cycle). Obesity is associated with an increase in fat-free mass almost kilogram- for kilogram with fat mass when compared to the lean state. A role for this increase in fat-free tissue in producing insulin resistance has been given insufficient attention in the past. With an increase in fat-free mass, muscle cells are hypertrophied and capillaries in muscle are more widely spaced. We propose that these biophysical changes in muscle mediate, at least in part, the effects of obesity to produce a reduction in insulin sensitivity and the abnormal kinetics of insulin action found in the obese.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The Universal and the Particular in Policy Analysis and Training

Abstract How well do the craft skills of policy analysis travel? The basic skills of assessing problems and structuring comparisons of policy alternatives in terms of relevant goals seem universal. However, the specific political, social, and economic contexts in which analysts work help determine the set of feasible alternatives and appropriate tradeoffs among goals. Further, the consequences of analysts' responses to conflicts between analytical integrity and other professional values may differ greatly across regimes, suggesting the importance of the particular in thinking about practical professional ethics.
Free energy of particle insertion

In free energy simulations involving the creation of a new particle in a condensed medium, there is a well-known ‘origin singularity’ when the particle is first introduced, unless the coupling of the particle with its surroundings is increased very slowly. This singularity is analysed theoretically for a liquid that interacts with the new particle through a soft-sphere or a Lennard-Jones potential, using a virial expansion of the free energy derivative. For a soft-sphere potential u(r) = λα Ar-n (where λ is a coupling constant), we show rigorously that the derivative of the free energy with respect to λ is infinite at the origin if and only if α < n/3. This confirms a previous, approximate, prediction based on scaled particle theory. For a Lennard-Jones potential u(r) = λα Ar -12 + λβ Br -6, such that α ˇ- 2β, the derivative of the free energy is again infinite if and only if α < n/3. If the volume of the solute is proportional to the coupling constant, there is no singularity.
Efficient adder circuits based on a conservative reversible logic gate

Conservative and reversible logic gates are widely known to be compatible with revolutionary computing paradigms such as optical and quantum computing. A fundamental conservative reversible logic gate is the Fredkin gate. This paper presents efficient adder circuits based on the Fredkin gate. Novel full adder circuits using Fredkin gates air proposed which have lower hardware complexity than the current state-of-the-art, while generating the additional signals required for carry skip adder architectures. The traditional ripple carry adder and several carry skip adder topologies are compared. Theoretical performance of each adder is determined and compared. Although the variable sized block carry skip adder is determined to have shorter delay than the fixed block size carry skip adder, the performance gains are not sufficient to warrant the required additional hardware complexity.
Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol by a Dioxo Complex of Ruthenium(VI).

The kinetics and mechanism of reduction of trans-[RuVI(tpy)(O)2(L)]2+ (L is H2O or CH3CN; tpy is 2,2‘:6‘,2‘ ‘-terpyridine) by benzyl alcohol have been studied in water and acetonitrile. The reactions are first order in alcohol and complex in both solvents and give benzaldehyde as the sole oxidation product. In acetonitrile, sequential RuVI → RuIV and RuIV → RuII‘ steps occur. As shown by FTIR and UV−visible measurements, RuII‘ solvolyzes to give [RuII(tpy)(CH3CN)3]2+ and benzaldehyde. With 18O-labeled RuVI, ∼50% of the label ends up in the aldehyde product for both the RuVI → RuIV and RuIV → RuII steps as shown by FTIR. In water, RuVI → RuIV reduction is followed by rapid dimerization by μ-oxo formation. Kinetic parameters for the individual redox steps in 0.1 M HClO4 at 25 °C are kVI→IV = 13.3 ± 0.8 M-1 s-1 (ΔH⧧ = 11.4 ± 0.2 kcal/mol, ΔS⧧ = −15.0 ± 1 eu, kH/kD = 10.4 for α,α-d2 benzyl alcohol). In CH3CN at 25 °C, kVI→IV = 67 ± 3 M-1 s-1 (ΔH⧧ = 7.5 ± 0.3 kcal/mol, ΔS⧧ = −33 ± 2 eu, kH/kD = 12.1) and kIV→I...
Refining control balance theory

This article proposes revisions to control balance theory to address a logical flaw, mistaken categorization, and inconsistencies and conceptual ambiguity in the original formulation, and it attempts to accommodate empirical findings that challenge some of its premises. The reformulated theory addresses three forms of behavior—conformity, deviance and submission—and introduces the concept of ‘control balance desirability’ to help resolve some issues in the original formulation.
Distribution of cations and vacancies and the structure of defects in oxidized intermediate olivine by atomic-resolution TEM and image simulation

The Fe, Mg, and vacancy distributions in oxidized olivine of intermediate composition and the crystal structures of associated planar defects were examined by a combination of atomic-resolution transmission electron microscopy, image analysis, and image simulation. Simulated images using various structures and site occupancies show that the defects are not laihunite-like layers within an essentially normal olivine, but instead are integral parts of a highly oxidized crystal with a high degree of cation and vacancy ordering and a distorted olivine structure. A possible new structure was derived as a variant of previously published refinements for oxidized fayalite (laihunite-3M), with one defect row per unit cell instead of two. Details in high-resolution images are extremely sensitive to variations in atomic positions and site occupancies. Semiquantitative constraints on relative magnitudes of electron densities provided by image simulation were combined with crystal chemical constraints based on local charge balance and compositional constraints from analytical electron microscopy in a series of linear equations, which were solved to provide several candidate models for the distribution of Fe, Mg, and vacancies. Simulations using the new structure and an occupancy model in which essentially all of the Fe is Fe (super 3+) in M2 sites and all of the vacancies are in M1 sites match significant characteristics of HRTEM images obtained at Scherzer defocus and at overfocused conditions. This ordering scheme is similar to that of true laihunites and may result from differences in site and cation sizes.
Utilization of host plant resistance in pest management.

The advantages and disadvantages of host plant resistance in crop protection are considered. The role of plant resistance as a primary tactic in integrated pest management and its interactions with other tactics, i.e. biological, chemical and cultural are discussed.
Resonant free power network design using extended adaptive voltage positioning (EAVP) methodology

Extended adaptive voltage positioning (EAVP) is a new robust methodology for the design and analysis of a low impedance resonant free power delivery network, which utilizes and extends the theory of adaptive voltage positioning (AVP) that is commonly used in voltage regulator module (VRM) design and operation. Using EAVP, uncertainties in design guardband noise budget can be removed, resulting in significant performance bin-split improvement and cost reduction. Design optimization of decoupling capacitors with EAVP will be illustrated by using both time and frequency domain analysis.
Incorporating Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling in Drug Development—Are We Ready?:

There is a growing awareness that simply saying that a drug is effective (ie, the p value is less than 0.05) is not adequate information for the optimal treatment of patients. It is increasingly appreciated that drugs act differently in different populations, for example the elderly, and at different doses or serum concentrations. These relationships should be defined to optimize use of drugs in different populations. Techniques are discussed that allow investigators to better describe the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics response for individual patients. The term population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis (population PK/PD) has been applied to a collection of these techniques. The role of population PK/PD in the drug development process remains to be defined, but should be expanded.
Elimination and Reinvasion Studies with Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Louisiana

Three Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), colonies located inside the 12.75-ha Louis Armstrong Park, New Orleans, were selected for elimination by using the chitin synthesis inhibitor hexaflumuron. Once eliminated, each vacated foraging territory was monitored for reinvasion by neighboring C. formosanus colonies, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) colonies, or both. Each selected colony was eliminated in ≈3 mo by using baits containing hexaflumuron. Overall activity of each untreated colony in the park remained unchanged during the same period. New C. formosanus and R. flavipes activity was detected in two of the three vacated territories, and in both areas, within days of selected colony elimination. The third vacated territory was completely reoccupied by a new C. formosanus colony ≈7 mo later. Mark–recapture studies and DNA fingerprinting confirmed the distinctness of the reinvaders from eliminated and neighboring colonies.
Pruning for Monte Carlo distributed reinforcement learning in decentralized POMDPs

Decentralized partially observable Markov decision processes (Dec-POMDPs) offer a powerful modeling technique for realistic multi-agent coordination problems under uncertainty. Prevalent solution techniques are centralized and assume prior knowledge of the model. Recently a Monte Carlo based distributed reinforcement learning approach was proposed, where agents take turns to learn best responses to each other's policies. This promotes decentralization of the policy computation problem, and relaxes reliance on the full knowledge of the problem parameters. However, this Monte Carlo approach has a large sample complexity, which we address in this paper. In particular, we propose and analyze a modified version of the previous algorithm that adaptively eliminates parts of the experience tree from further exploration, thus requiring fewer samples while ensuring unchanged confidence in the learned value function. Experiments demonstrate significant reduction in sample complexity - the maximum reductions ranging from 61% to 91% over different benchmark Dec-POMDP problems - with the final policies being often better due to more focused exploration.
Confined Flow in Aquifer Containing Thin Layer

Solutions are developed for the seepage discharge under a hydraulic structure resting on an aquifer which contains a single thin stratum of very high or very low permeability. These solutions are presented in the form of graphs and equations suitable for use with a hand calculator.
Link between TWEN Use and Grades Confirmed

This article reports a strong positive correlation between TWEN use and law school grades. It is part of an occasional series of articles for our law school’s student newspaper on achieving success. Others deal with the importance of class attendance ("Better Grades @ No Extra Cost," http://ssrn.com/abstract= 1728963), the need to brief cases ("My Encounter with Canned Briefs," http://ssrn.com/abstract= 1994462), and the benefit of small classes ("The Effect of Class Size on Student Performance," http://ssrn.com/abstract= 1728933).
Erythrokinetics: Quantitative Measurements of Red Cell Production and Destruction in Normal Subjects and Patients with Anemia

To study erythropoiesis and anemia, one must have a firm foundation of indices that accurately measure red blood cell production and destruction. This paper, authored by hematology legends Arno G. Motulsky and Clement A. Finch, provides that foundation. Using methods that would not be approved in today's environment, the authors studied a cohort of normal healthy patients and an equal number of patients with different forms of anemia. The results confirm a reciprocal model of red cell production and destruction, show that anemia can be the result of either underproduction (a regenerative anemia or ineffective erythropoiesis) or increased destruction, and define parameters for distinguishing these 2 possibilities that are still widely used today.
Improving software project outcomes through predictive analytics: Part 1

The complex and emergent behavior of software systems makes information and data key components of this unpredictable environment. The use of a data-driven approach to identify and to accurately predict the sources of software project delays, cost overruns, failures, or successes may prove a significant contribution to the fields of systems engineering, software development and project management. Software project failures are pervasive and despite the research, failures still persist. This paper deals with the systems mindset in addressing failure to introduce a software-specific predictive analytics model that accurately predicts software project outcomes of failure or success. The use of an evidence-based approach to identify software project failure factors will result in better understanding of these phenomena that will ultimately improve software project success rates and minimize risks in systems engineering efforts.
Management of cerebral vascular structures during endoscopic treatment of encephaloceles: a clinical report.

Objectives: Otolaryngologists are increasingly being called upon to treat patients with cerebrospinal fluid leak and encephaloceles. The endoscopic approach to the skull base through the nose and paranasal sinuses has proven effective and is well tolerated by patients. With its more widespread and frequent use, unusual cases and potential complications are becoming more apparent. Methods: Treatment of two clinical cases in which a cerebral vascular structure was encountered during endoscopic treatment of an encephalocele is presented, and the condition is reviewed. Results: Two patients presented after a skull base injury that occurred during endoscopic sinus surgery. In each case the initial treating surgeon attempted endoscopic repair of a cerebrospinal fluid leak, but the repair failed and the leak persisted. Upon referral to the author, in each case, a traumatic encephalocele with an active leak was apparent, and during repair a cerebral vessel was encountered. It appeared that the vessel had been "pulled down" into the skull base defect with the encephalocele's migration into the sinonasal cavity. Conclusions: This unusual clinical condition is discussed along with the potential complications that can result from it. Otolaryngologists who treat encephaloceles should be aware of the possibility of encountering a cerebral vessel and should understand the potential complications and management options.
Differentiation of trachoma bedsoniae in vitro.

SummaryA rapid, specific immunfluores-cent test for typing TRIC bedsonia is described. Antisera are prepared by inoculating highly purified antigen intracardially in guinea pigs which are bled in 7-10 days. This in vitro test correlates closely with mouse protection tests and the results indicate that there are at least 3 immunologic types of TRIC bedsonia.
Unified description of linear screening in dense plasmas

Electron screening of ions is among the most fundamental properties of plasmas, determining the effective ionic interactions that impact all properties of a plasma. With the development of new experimental facilities that probe high-energy-density physics regimes ranging from warm dense matter to hot dense matter, a unified framework for describing dense plasma screening has become essential. Such a unified framework is presented here based on finite-temperature orbital-free density functional theory, including gradient corrections and exchange-correlation effects. We find a new analytic pair potential for the ion-ion interaction that incorporates moderate electronic coupling, quantum degeneracy, gradient corrections to the free energy, and finite temperatures. This potential can be used in large-scale ``classical'' molecular dynamics simulations, as well as in simpler theoretical models (e.g., integral equations and Monte Carlo), with no additional computational complexity. The new potential theoretically connects limits of Debye-H\"uckel--Yukawa, Lindhard, Thomas-Fermi, and Bohmian quantum hydrodynamics descriptions. Based on this new potential, we predict ionic static structure factors that can be validated using x-ray Thomson scattering data.
Striatum on the anxiety map: Small detours into adolescence

Adolescence is the most sensitive period for the development of pathological anxiety. Moreover, specific neural changes associated with the striatum might be related to adolescent vulnerability to anxiety. Up to now, the study of anxiety has primarily focused on the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), while the striatum has typically not been considered as part of the anxiety system. This review proposes the addition of the striatum, a complex, multi-component structure, to the anxiety network by underscoring two lines of research. First, the co-occurrence of the adolescent striatal development with the peak vulnerability of adolescents to anxiety disorders might potentially reflect a causal relationship. Second, the recognition of the role of the striatum in fundamental behavioral processes that do affect anxiety supports the putative importance of the striatum in anxiety. These behavioral processes include (1) attention, (2) conditioning/prediction error, and (3) motivation. This review proposes a simplistic schematic representation of the anxiety circuitry that includes the striatum, and aims to promote further work in this direction, as the role of the striatum in shaping an anxiety phenotype during adolescence could have critical implications for understanding and preventing the peak onset of anxiety disorders during this period. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Adolescent plasticity.
TU-D-BRB-01: Dual-Energy CT: Techniques in Acquisition and Image Processing

Dual-energy CT technology is becoming increasingly available to the medical imaging community. In addition, several models of CT simulators sold for use in radiation therapy departments now feature dual-energy technology. The images provided by dual-energy CT scanners add new information to the radiation treatment planning process; multiple spectral components can be used to separate and identify material composition as well as generate virtual monoenergetic images. In turn, this information could be used to investigate pathologic processes, separate the properties of contrast agents from soft tissues, assess tissue response to therapy, and other applications of therapeutic interest. Additionally, the decomposition of materials in images could directly integrate with and impact the accuracy of dose calculation algorithms. This symposium will explore methods of generating dual-energy CT images, spectral and image analysis algorithms, current and future applications of interest in oncologic imaging, and unique considerations when using dualenergy CT images in the radiation treatment planning process. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand acquisition techniques and processing algorithms used in dual-energy CT imaging. 2. Discover current and future applications of dual-energy CT images in the radiological oncology setting. 3. Introduce some of the unique considerations and QA requirements when integrating a dual-energy CT scanner into the radiation therapy environment. N. Pelc: GE Healthcare, Philips Healthcare, Sony; U. Schoepf: Consultant for and / or research support from Astellas, Bayer, ;Bracco, GE, Guerbet, Medrad, Siemens
Cardiac molecular imaging to track left ventricular remodeling in heart failure

Cardiac left ventricular (LV) remodeling is the final common pathway of most primary cardiovascular diseases that manifest clinically as heart failure (HF). The more advanced the systolic HF and LV dysfunction, the worse the prognosis. The knowledge of the molecular, cellular, and neurohormonal mechanisms that lead to myocardial dysfunction and symptomatic HF has expanded rapidly and has allowed sophisticated approaches to understanding and management of the disease. New therapeutic targets for pharmacologic intervention in HF have also been identified through discovery of novel cellular and molecular components of membrane-bound receptor-mediated intracellular signal transduction cascades. Despite all advances, however, the prognosis of systolic HF has remained poor in general. This is, at least in part, related to the (1) relatively late institution of treatment due to reliance on gross functional and structural abnormalities that define the "heart failure phenotype" clinically; (2) remarkable genetic-based interindividual variations in the contribution of each of the many molecular components of cardiac remodeling; and (3) inability to monitor the activity of individual pathways to cardiac remodeling in order to estimate the potential benefits of pharmacologic agents, monitor the need for dose titration, and minimize side effects. Imaging of the recognized ultrastructural components of cardiac remodeling can allow redefinition of heart failure based on its "molecular phenotype," and provide a guide to implementation of "personalized" and "evidence-based" evaluation, treatment, and longitudinal monitoring of the disease beyond what is currently available through randomized controlled clinical trials.
Development of Proprioceptive Acuity in Typically Developing Children: Normative Data on Forearm Position Sense.

This study mapped the development of proprioception in healthy, typically developing children by objectively measuring forearm position sense acuity. We assessed position sense acuity in a cross-sectional sample of 308 children (5-17 y/o; M/F = 127/181) and a reference group of 26 healthy adults (18-25 y/o; M/F = 12/14) using a body-scalable bimanual manipulandum that allowed forearm flexion/extension in the horizontal plane. The non-dominant forearm was passively displaced to one of three target positions. Then participants actively matched the target limb position with their dominant forearm. Each of three positions was matched five times. Position error (PE), calculated as the mean difference between the angular positions of the matching and reference arms, measured position sense bias or systematic error. The respective standard deviation (SDPdiff) indicated position sense precision or random error. The main results are as follows: First, systematic error, measured as PE, did not change significantly from early childhood to late adolescence (Median PE at 90o target: -2.85o in early childhood; -2.28o in adolescence; 1.30o in adults). Second, response variability as measured by SDPdiff significantly decreased with age (Median SDPdiff at 90o target: 9.66o in early childhood; 5.30o in late adolescence; 3.97o in adults). The data of this large cross-sectional sample of children document that proprioceptive development in typically developing children is characterized as an age-related improvement in precision, not as a development or change in bias. In other words, it is the reliability of the perceptual response that improves between early childhood and adulthood. This study provides normative data against which position sense acuity in pediatric patient populations can be compared. The underlying neurophysiological processes that could explain the observed proprioceptive development include changes in the tuning of muscle spindles at the spinal level, the maturation of supraspinal somatosensory pathways, and the development of interhemispheric callosal connections responsible for the transfer of somatosensory information.
Essential Oil Characterization of Thymus vulgaris from Various Geographical Locations

Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) is a commonly used flavoring agent and medicinal herb. Several chemotypes of thyme, based on essential oil compositions, have been established, including (1) linalool; (2) borneol; (3) geraniol; (4) sabinene hydrate; (5) thymol; (6) carvacrol, as well as a number of multiple-component chemotypes. In this work, two different T. vulgaris essential oils were obtained from France and two were obtained from Serbia. The chemical compositions were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition, chiral gas chromatography was used to determine the enantiomeric compositions of several monoterpenoid components. The T. vulgaris oil from Nyons, France was of the linalool chemotype (linalool, 76.2%; linalyl acetate, 14.3%); the oil sample from Jablanicki, Serbia was of the geraniol chemotype (geraniol, 59.8%; geranyl acetate, 16.7%); the sample from Pomoravje District, Serbia was of the sabinene hydrate chemotype (cis-sabinene hydrate, 30.8%; trans-sabinene hydrate, 5.0%); and the essential oil from Richerenches, France was of the thymol chemotype (thymol, 47.1%; p-cymene, 20.1%). A cluster analysis based on the compositions of these essential oils as well as 81 additional T. vulgaris essential oils reported in the literature revealed 20 different chemotypes. This work represents the first chiral analysis of T. vulgaris monoterpenoids and a comprehensive description of the different chemotypes of T. vulgaris.
An autonomous override system to prevent airborne Loss of Control

Loss of Control (LOC) is the most common precursor to aircraft accidents. This paper presents a Flight Safety Assessment and Management (FSAM) decision system to reduce in-flight LOC risk. FSAM nominally serves as a monitor to detect conditions that pose LOC risk, automatically activating the appropriate control authority if necessary to prevent LOC and restore a safe operational state. This paper contributes an efficient Markov Decision Process (MDP) formulation for FSAM. The state features capture risk associated with aircraft dynamics, configuration, health, pilot behavior and weather. The reward function trades cost of inaction against the cost of overriding the current control authority. A sparse sampling algorithm obtains a near-optimal solution for the MDP online. This approach enables the FSAM MDP to incorporate dynamically changing flight envelope and environment constraints into decision-making. Case studies based on real-world aviation incidents are presented.
Abstract P158: A Training Program for Nursing Staff on Communicating Adverse Outcomes and Errors

Background: Nursing professionals are confronted with situations where adverse events (AEs) or errors occur, and communication and disclosure principles are required to manage these challenging situations ethically and effectively. We adapted and taught hospital cardiovascular nurses an established program at Vanderbilt for training “the how and when of communicating unexpected AEs and errors.” Methods: The two-hour communication skills training program was presented to inpatient nurses in the Vanderbilt Heart and Vascular Institute (VHVI) and was evaluated using participant surveys. Obvious errors require full disclosure communications, and a “balance beam” approach was taught to weigh alternatives in situations involving uncertainty. We used live case-based interactive training with exercises requiring application of key content. Key elements included: early identification of unexpected AEs and errors, advocating for “huddles” among healthcare team members to consider how to handle unexpected outcomes, and supporting consistent communication to patients and families by team members. Surveys assessed participant satisfaction and intentions to change behavior based on program content. Results: 57 nurses completed the intentions survey and indicated 164 intentions to change (mean 2.9 intentions/respondent). These were grouped into 5 categories (Table). Results on standard participant satisfaction questions were positive for content and teaching methods. Conclusions: We conclude that disclosure training provided relevant information and resulted in nurses’ intentions to change consistent with program objectives. We believe this program can enhance communication, promote a just culture among unit professionals, and facilitate doing the right things for patients and families.
Thoracic Aorta: Traumatic Transection

Thoracic aortic injury (TAI) is the second most common cause of death in blunt injuries. Most of these injuries occur at the aortic isthmus (ligamentum arteriosum) where the relatively mobile aortic arch can be displaced against the fixed descending aorta during sudden deceleration. With increased utilization of CT-angiogram in surveillance of the traumatically injured patient, as well as improved image resolution, a wide spectrum of traumatic aortic injuries has been identified. Four grades of traumatic aortic injury have been defined; however, not all of these injuries will require emergent treatment. Historically the morbidity of open surgical repair has been significant, particularly in the multiple-injured patient that may have associated brain, pulmonary, abdominal, and/or orthopedic injuries. Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR), which has been used to treat degenerative aneurysms, is emerging as a lower-risk and effective way to treat TAI.
The effect of experimental conditions on the levels of oxidatively modified bases in DNA as measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: how many modified bases are involved? Prepurification or not?

Abstract Recently, an artifactual formation of a number of modified DNA bases has been alleged during derivatization of DNA hydrolysates to be analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). These modified bases were 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OH-Gua), 5-hydroxycytosine (5-OH-Cyt), 8-hydroxyadenine (8-OH-Ade), 5-hydroxymethyluracil (5-OHMeUra), and 5-formyluracil, which represent only a small percentage of more than 20 modified DNA bases that can be analyzed by GC-MS. However, relevant papers reporting the levels of these modified bases in DNA of various sources have not been cited, and differences in experimental procedures have not been discussed. We investigated the levels of modified bases in calf thymus DNA by GC-MS using derivatization at three different temperatures. The results obtained with GC/isotope-dilution MS showed that the levels of 5-OH-Cyt, 8-OH-Ade, 5-OH-Ura, and 5-OHMeUra were not affected by increasing the derivatization temperature from 23°C to 120°C. The level of 8-OH-Gua was found to be higher at 120°C. However, this level was much lower than those reported previously. Formamidopyrimidines were readily analyzed in contrast to some recent claims. The addition of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) adversely affected the levels of pyrimidine-derived lesions, suggesting that TFA is not suitable for simultaneous measurement of both pyrimidine- and purine-derived lesions. The data obtained were also compared with those previously published. Our data and this comparison indicate that no artifactual formation of 5-OH-Cyt, 8-OH-Ade, and 5-OHMeUra occurred under our experimental conditions in contrast to recent claims, and no prepurification of DNA hydrolysates by a tedious procedure is necessary for accurate quantification of these compounds. The artifactual formation of 8-OH-Gua can be eliminated by derivatization at room temperature for at least 2 h, without the use of TFA. The results in this article and their comparison with published data indicate that different results may be obtained in different laboratories using different experimental conditions. The data obtained in various laboratories should be compared by discussing all relevant published data and scientific facts, including differences between experimental conditions used in different laboratories.
Women's perceptions of their male partners’ pornography consumption and relational, sexual, self, and body satisfaction: toward a theoretical model

Are the relational, sexual, body, and self satisfaction of heterosexual women affected by their partners’ pornography consumption? And if so, how? These questions have been asked of women in smalle...
Cotton, slavery, and the new history of capitalism

Abstract The “New History of Capitalism” grounds the rise of industrial capitalism on the production of raw cotton by American slaves. Recent works include Sven Beckert's Empire of Cotton, Walter Johnson's River of Dark Dreams, and Edward Baptist's The Half Has Never Been Told. All three authors mishandle historical evidence and mis-characterize important events in ways that affect their major interpretations on the nature of slavery, the workings of plantations, the importance of cotton and slavery in the broader economy, and the sources of the Industrial Revolution and world development.
Applying Human Language Technology in Survey Research

The term Human Language Technology (HLT) refers to a broad class of methods for automatically analyzing speech and text. This may include analysis of the topics, sentiments, relationships, or other subjects represented in the text. While early attempts at developing this technology were crude and generally ineffective, modern computing power and new methods have brought these techniques to the brink of broad application in many areas. This chapter overviews HLT and discusses the promises and pitfalls of applying these methods to open-ended responses to questions in survey data. While challenges still remain, the automated text analysis of open-text responses provides a potentially substantial opportunity for researchers.
Continuous roll-to-roll fabrication of transparent cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) coatings with controlled anisotropy

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) can impart desirable barrier properties in film packaging applications; however, commercial production of these materials is inhibited by the absence of a large-scale manufacturing process for producing CNC coatings. To fill this knowledge gap, a potential large-scale manufacturing process, roll-to-roll gravure printing, for cellulose nanocrystal coating on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate has been described in this work. Processing parameters which control the coating structure and properties were examined. For a given gravure roll, gravure speed, substrate speed, and ink viscosity were determined to be the most important parameters that control the liquid transfer from the ink bath to the substrate, which determined the coating thickness (2–6 µm). After successful fabrication, CNC coating adhesion was investigated with a crosshatch adhesion test. The adhesive strength of the CNC coating was correlated with coating thickness, and the maximum coating strength was observed for the lowest coating thickness. Coatings were characterized using atomic force microscopy and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Finally, the crystalline domain arrangement of coatings was determined for coatings made from three different CNC concentrations, and the effect of viscosity on CNC alignment was explained by variation of shear rate, which was controlled by the micro-gravure rotation.
Methods for the Radiohalogenation of Antibodies

One of the main goals of radiopharmaceutical chemistry is the development of compounds that can be used for the identification or erradication of specific cell populations. Since monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) can be generated, at least in principle, against almost any cellular determinant, there has been a great deal of interest in using MAbs as a mechanism for targeting radionuclides. Although diagnostic and therapeutic investigations with labeled MAbs have focused on their applications in the management of cancer, labeled MAbs also may be useful in the noninvasive diagnosis of infections and heart disease. Numerous problems must be solved before radiolabeled MAbs can make a meaningful impact on the clinical domain, including the development of better MAb labeling methods than those that have been utilized in clinical studies.
Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Spectroscopy of High-Velocity Cloud Complex C

We present Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) observations of the sight line toward the Seyfert 1 galaxy Markarian 876, which passes through high-velocity cloud (HVC) complex C. This sight line demonstrates the ability of FUSE to measure ionic absorption lines in Galactic HVCs. High-velocity absorption is clearly seen in both members of the O VI doublet. This is the first detection of O VI in a neutral hydrogen HVC. One component of HVC complex C is resolved in multiple Fe II lines from which we derive N(Fe II)/N(H I) = 0.48 (Fe/H)☉. This value of N(Fe II)/N(H I) implies that the metallicity of complex C along this sight line may be higher than that along the Mrk 290 sight line (0.1 solar) found by Wakker et al. On the other hand, if the metallicity of complex C is also 0.1 solar along this line of sight, the observed value of N(Fe II)/N(H I) suggests there may be a significant amount of H+ along the line of sight. In any case, little, if any, iron can be depleted into dust grains if the intrinsic metallicity of complex C is subsolar. Absorption from complex C is also seen in C II, N I, and N II, and upper limits based on nondetections can be determined for Ar I, P II, and Fe III. Although molecular hydrogen in the Milky Way is obvious in the FUSE data, no H2 absorption is seen in the HVC to a limit N(H2) < 2.0 × 1014 cm-2. Future FUSE observations of extragalactic objects behind Galactic HVCs will allow us to better constrain models of HVC origins.
Extraterrestrial Material and Stratospheric Aerosols

The composition of stratospheric aerosols has been measured for about 40 years, with some of the most intense efforts during the 1960s. A recent technique, particle analysis by laser ionization mass spectrometry, has shown that many stratospheric sulfuric acid aerosols also contain ablated material from meteors. Meteoritic material may affect the size distribution of aerosols in parts of the stratosphere. The amount of meteoritic material in stratospheric aerosols is not consistent with the upper end of estimates of the flux of extraterrestrial material into the Earth’s atmosphere. Transport of stratospheric aerosols into the troposphere will preferentially deposit ablated meteoritic material at middle latitudes compared to the tropics or poles.