cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lessons learned from New York's community approach to advance care planning and MOLST

This article reviews the lessons learned from the development and implementation of New York's community approach to advance care planning (ACP) as a wellness initiative and the key components of the complementary programs: Community Conversations on Compassionate Care (CCCC) and Medical Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (MOLST). Shared, informed medical decision-making is a patient-centered process that is critical to ensuring patient preferences for care are honored at the end of life. Providers must be trained, qualified, and comfortable with the discussions needed for effective shared, informed medical decision-making. Development, implementation, outcomes, lessons learned and sustainability of the CCCC and MOLST programs highlight the success of a healthcare and community collaborative initiative focused on improving care at the end of life. Community data support the value of implementing the CCCC and New York's MOLST throughout the country.
Complementary strategies for ploidy manipulations in gynogenic onion (Allium cepa L.)

Abstract Successful application of doubled-haploid (DH) technology in onion ( Allium cepa L.) breeding programs requires production of large numbers of fertile DH plants. Only a small percentage of the onion plants recovered via gynogenesis are spontaneous DH, so induction of chromosome doubling is required. The chromosome doubling step is currently one of the major limitations in onion DH programs. To address this problem, three complementary strategies for increasing the frequency of DH onion plants obtained via gynogenesis were investigated. First, the doubling efficiencies of three anti-mitotic agents (amiprofos methyl (APM), colchicine, and oryzalin) on whole basal explants from in vitro haploid plant were tested. APM at 100 and 150 μM and colchicine at 750 and 1000 μM gave similar regeneration of explants (70–80%) and recovery of diploid plants (25–32%). Colchicine is highly toxic to mammalian cells, so the comparable efficacy of APM at much lower concentrations offers a safer approach. Some gynogenic plants remain haploid even after exposure to anti-mitotic agents. The second strategy recovered diploid plants from such haploid plants via spontaneous chromosome doubling in somatic shoots regenerated from haploid flowers cultured in vitro . About 60% of the somatic shoots formed on flowers from haploid plants were diploid. Addition of colchicine (12.5–50 μM) to the shoot regeneration medium did not increase the frequency of diploid plants recovered but raised the frequency of tetraploid somatic plants. The third strategy used a second cycle of gynogenesis to recover diploid plants from in vivo tetraploid and mixoploid plant materials. The diploid gynogenic plants recovered produced bulbs comparable to those of diploid control plants, averaging ca. 200 g. Use of the three strategies in combination can maximize the recovery of fecund DH plants in gynogenesis-derived populations for use in onion breeding programs.
Assessing resolution and source effects of digital elevation models on automated floodplain delineation: A case study from the Camp Creek Watershed, Missouri

Abstract Digital elevation models (DEMs) have been widely used in automated floodplain modeling to determine floodplain boundaries. However, the effects of DEM resolution and data source on floodplain delineation are not well quantified. This paper presents a case study to assess these effects from the Camp Creek Watershed, Missouri, using two sets of DEMs. One is the Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) DEMs re-sampled from 1-m to 3, 5, 10, 15, and 30-m resolutions. The other is 5, 10, and 30-m DEMs obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Floodplain boundaries are delineated using a combination of hydrological, hydraulic and floodplain delineation models under the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA) guideline. Model outputs including stream network, watershed and floodplain boundaries are compared to 1-m LiDAR DEM outputs (as the reference) to assess the uncertainty. Results indicate that re-sampled 3 or 5-m LiDAR DEMs produce similar streams and floodplain boundaries within 10% difference of the reference. In contrast, coarser LiDAR DEMs (such as the 10-m resolution) are more appropriate for watershed boundary delineation because higher DEM resolutions are likely more sensitive to minor topographic changes and may introduce erroneous boundaries. For different data sources, uncertainties introduced by USGS DEMs are much higher than LiDAR DEMs with a distinct relationship between uncertainties and DEM resolutions. Uncertainties of LiDAR DEMs consistently increase with decreasing resolutions, whereas similar levels of uncertainty are observed for different USGS DEM resolutions. This difference is probably due to the inherited difference in their original data source resolutions to make these two types of DEMs.
Crystallization-Induced Undulated Morphology in Polystyrene-b-Poly(l-lactide) Block Copolymer

The crystallization of the PLLA block within the microphase-separated lamellar microdomain in a poly(styrene)-b-poly(l-lactide) (PS-PLLA) diblock copolymer was carried out from hard confinement (i.e., the crystallization temperature of PLLA (Tc,PLLA) < the glass transition temperature of PS (Tg,PS)) to soft confinement (i.e., Tc,PLLA ≥ Tg,PS), where interesting morphological evolution was observed. At Tc,PLLA < Tg,PS, a typical confined morphology was obtained, while at Tc,PLLA ≥ Tg,PS, a unique undulated morphology was seen for the first time. The amplitude and periodicity of the undulation instability are dependent upon the orientation of microphase-separated lamellae. The PLLA crystals under confinement formed perpendicular morphology having crystalline chains normal to the lamellae as evidenced by 2D small-angle X-ray scattering and wide-angle X-ray scattering. On the basis of morphological observations and crystallization kinetics studies, the undulation instability can be attributed to the change of...
On Mainshock Focal Mechanisms and the Spatial Distribution of Aftershocks

Despite previous observations that aftershocks lie preferentially along the fault planes of mainshocks, many branching models for earthquake occurrences do not directly incorporate information on the moment tensors of mainshocks in forecasting the spatial distribution of aftershocks, or do so in a very simplistic way using spatial kernels that have not been rigorously tested on earthquake data to date. We revisit the relationship between the mainshock moment tensor and aftershock location, analyzing strike-slip events in southern California. Using data from the Southern California Earthquake Data Center (SCEDC) catalog, we find ample evidence suggesting that the fault plane azimuth of a strike-slip earthquake has the highest concentration of aftershocks, a finding that is consistent with previous efforts. We propose a joint distribution to model the aftershock locations that is parameterized in terms of the distance and relative angle to the aftershocks. This model is compared to previously proposed models based on the normal distribution and the squared cosine function. Using residual analysis and weighted K -function as diagnostic measures, we find that both the normal and squared cosine models suffer from several serious problems and that the joint distribution we propose has features similar to both alternative models but fits much better to southern California earthquake data.
Apoptosis in early ocular morphogenesis in the mouse

Development of the eye requires complex interactions between tissues, extracellular matrix and growth factors. Most cells of the optic primordia grow and differentiate into discrete ocular structures; however, other cells have death as their developmental fate. The most common mechanisms of cell death are apoptosis and necrosis. We have identified the cell death that occurs during ocular morphogenesis in ZRDCT-N mice as apoptosis. Mouse embryos, ages E8.5-E11.5, were embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 5 microns and stained with hematoxylin or by the terminal deoxytransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) method. The spatial and temporal distribution of apoptotic cells was mapped at 0.5 day intervals using a computerized image analysis system, and 3-D reconstructions were made at each embryonic age. Our data indicate that apoptosis plays a role in normal ocular morphogenesis and provides the groundwork for studies of abnormal ocular development.
The Romantic Cave? The Scientific and Poetic Quests for Subterranean Spaces in Britain

In the ‘Golden Age’ of geology and Romanticism in Britain, the cave was constructed as a cultural space that served the young science as territory for new insights into prehistory and as icon of scientific enlightenment. However, British caves had a history in folklore that predated the onset of geological exploration, and some had long been inhabited by monsters or fairies. Moreover, antiquaries, fossil hunters, and even tourists shared the established geologists' interest in the underground. Conceiving of the cave as a many-layered political space, this article argues that several groups competed in the quest for this ‘new’ territory, among them those who strove for the power to read the past. The Romantic poets, building on literary, religious, and folkloristic traditions, turned the cave into a source for individual as well as societal change, exploring it as the realm of the ‘subconscious’. Questioning whether such an object as the Romantic cave existed, this article is interested in how different vi...
Experimental techniques for cement hydration studies

Cement hydration kinetics is a complex problem involving dissolution, nucleation and growth and is still not well understood, particularly in a quantitative way. While cement systems are unique in certain aspects, they are also comparable to natural mineral systems. Therefore, geochemistry and particularly the study of mineral dissolution and growth may be able to provide insight and methods that can be utilized in cement hydration research. Here, we review mainly what is not known or what is currently used and applied in a problematic way. Examples are the typical Avrami approach, the application of Transition State Theory (TST) to overall reaction kinetics and the problem of reactive surface area. Finally, we suggest an integrated approach that combines vertical scanning interferometry (VSI) with other sophisticated analytical techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and theoretical model calculations based on a stochastic treatment.
Reconsidering “Piłsudskiite nationalism”

This paper examines the intellectual underpinnings of the nationalism articulated by the followers of Marshal Jozef Pilsudski (Pilsudskiites), who ruled Poland between 1926 and 1939. Scholarly consensus holds that modern Polish nationalism was solely the domain of the National Democratic movement. Conversely, the Pilsudskiites' conception of the nation is generally seen as anachronistic, poorly articulated, self-contradictory, and lacking a deeper intellectual foundation. Focusing on the formative years of the Second Polish Republic (1918–1922), this paper draws a link between Pilsudskiite political thought and the philosophy of the heterodox Marxist theorist Stanislaw Brzozowski. Re-examining the early writings of Pilsudski's followers in light of Brzozowski's philosophy, the paper presents the argument that “Pilsudskiite nationalism” was in fact deeply constructivist, surprisingly sophisticated, and no less “modern” than the nationalist discourse articulated by the National Democrats. In the process, th...
THE DESULFURIZATION OF ORGANIC SULFUR AND THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF ORGANIC SULFUR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN COAL PYROLYSIS

(1983). THE DESULFURIZATION OF ORGANIC SULFUR AND THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF ORGANIC SULFUR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN COAL PYROLYSIS. Chemical Engineering Communications: Vol. 20, No. 1-2, pp. 53-62.
Partial amino acid sequences of marine Ia antigens of the I-ECd subregion

Partial N-terminal amino acid sequences of the Ia molecule encoded by theI-E orI-C (I-EC) subregion of theH- 2d haplotype are presented. Several homology relationships are apparent when these sequences are compared to the gene products of the mouseI- ECk andI-A subregions and to their human and guinea pig counterparts. Theβ polypeptide differs from the EC β k polypeptide in two of the seven positions at which they can be compared and shows moderate homology with its human p29 counterpart. Theα polypeptide is identical to the EC α k polypeptide in the eight positions which can be compared and is highly homologous to the human p34 polypeptide. The genetic implications of these observations are discussed.
Enhanced nucleation and decreased growth rates of Cu2O in Cu0.5Au0.5 (001) thin films during in situ oxidation

The initial oxidation behaviors of Cu–50 at.% Au (001) single-crystal thin film were studied by in situ ultra-high-vacuum transmission electron microscopy to model nano-oxidation of alloys with one oxidizing component and one inert component. The oxidation behaviors such as incubation time, oxide nucleation rate, oxide growth kinetics as well as nucleation activation energy were greatly changed by the addition of nonoxidizing Au. The reasons for these changes, such as Au segregation to the top surface, a decrease in Cu activity, and reduced lattice mismatch due to the addition of Au, were discussed, and a qualitative analysis of nucleation energetics was given.
Loss of Cables, a Novel Gene on Chromosome 18q, in Ovarian Cancer

Cables, a cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) interacting protein, has recently been identified and mapped to human chromosome 18q11. Cables appears to be primarily involved in cell cycle regulation and cell proliferation. Overexpression of Cables in Hela and other cell lines inhibits cell proliferation and tumor formation. We hypothesize that loss of Cables expression is associated with ovarian cancer. To test our hypothesis, we examined Cables expression in the four most common subtypes of ovarian carcinomas: serous, endometrioid, mucinous, and clear cell. In addition, mucinous and serous borderline tumors were also included. Loss of Cables expression was observed at high frequency in ovarian serous (11 of 14 cases, 79%) and endometrioid (5 of 10 cases, 50%) carcinomas. In contrast, strong Cables staining was detected in all clear cell carcinomas (10 cases) and mucinous tumors (5 carcinomas and 5 borderline tumors). The majority of serous borderline tumors (11 of 14 cases, 79%) showed positive Cables staining, with the rest showing focal loss of Cables expression. Furthermore, RT-PCR revealed the lack of Cables mRNA in a human ovarian cancer xenograft. No correlation was noted between loss of Cables and histologic grade, tumor stage, and survival. In conclusion, our results indicate that loss of Cables is common in ovarian serous and endometrioid carcinomas and imply that Cables may be involved in the pathogenesis of these two types of ovarian carcinomas.
Choice As A Function Of Reinforcement Ratios In Delayed Matching-to-sample.

Pigeons were studied in two experiments using a delayed matching-to-sample task. In Experiment 1, 4 subjects were exposed to a task in which the proportion of reinforcement associated with matching and nonmatching, and the overall proportion of reinforcement associated with selecting each choice, regardless of the sample stimulus, were varied. Choice was sensitive to both proportions. A least squares regression analysis showed that Wixted's (1989) proportions of reinforcement model closely fit the data from Experiment 1; however, the model failed to make accurate qualitative predictions for some test conditions. In Experiment 2, 4 subjects were exposed to a delayed matching-to-sample task in which the retention intervals and the reduction in delay to reinforcement signaled by the onset of the sample stimulus were independently varied. When the retention interval was short and when the delay-reduction value of the sample stimulus was high, the sample exerted greater control over choice; the control by the overall proportion of reinforcements for selecting each choice stimulus was correspondingly low. Conversely, when the retention interval was long and the delay-reduction value of the sample stimulus was low, the sample exerted relatively less control over choice; control by the overall proportion of reinforcements obtained for selecting each choice stimulus was correspondingly high. A signal detection analysis found that sensitivity to reinforcement varied directly with retention interval. Data were also consistent with misallocation models. No evidence was found to suggest that pigeons ignore the rate at which selecting individual choice stimuli is reinforced, as has been reported in studies with human subjects.
The unacknowledged consensus on abortion.

Bertha Alvarez Manninen's (2010) exploration of how a bodily integrity argument might defend the abortion right even if the Supreme Court assigned fetuses to the category of persons for purposes of...
Evolution of the form of spoken words

The basic internal structure of a word consists of an alternation between consonants and vowels. Words tend to begin with a consonant and end with a vowel. The fundamental evolutionary status of the consonant-vowel alternation is indicated by its presence in rhythmically organized pre-linguistic vocalizations of 7 month-old babbling infants. We have argued that the basic alternation results from a mandibular cyclicity ("The Frame") originally evolving for ingestive purposes. Here, we consider beginnings and endings of words. We conclude that preferences for consonantal beginnings and vocalic endings may be basic biomechanical consequences of the act of producing vocal episodes between resting states of the production system. Both the characteristic beginning-end asymmetry and some details of the choice of individual sounds in the non-preferred modes (vocalic beginnings and consonantal endings) are mirrored in babbling and early words. The presence of many of these properties in modern words, even though they are delivered in running speech, as well as in a proto-language corpus, indicates retention, for message purposes, of properties originally associated with the single word stage of language evolution.
Comparison of alternative postharvest quarantine treatments for sweet cherries

Abstract The effects of controlled atmosphere heat treatments (CATTS) and irradiation on sweet cherry fruit quality were compared to fumigation with methyl bromide. ‘Bing’ and ‘Rainier’ sweet cherry varieties were tested from the Yakima and Wenatchee, WA growing areas. Irradiated cherries had overall quality better than methyl bromide-treated cherries. CATTS-treated ‘Rainier’ cherries, but not ‘Bing’, had more pitting and bruising after 14 days of storage than fruit from other treatments. Both cultivars treated with methyl bromide had poorer stem quality than controls. CATTS-treated ‘Bing’ fruits had poorer stem quality after 7 and 14 days of storage than the controls. This research demonstrated that both irradiation and CATTS have potential for alternative quarantine treatments for sweet cherries.
The Formation of High Nutrient–Low Salinity Water in the Gulf of Maine: a Nutrient Trap?

Abstract Waters with low salinity and high nitrate were identified in the south-western Gulf of Maine by Townsend and Christensen (1992). Their extreme characteristics were attributed to local remineralization processes, and the operation of a nutrient trap. This paper uses a newly compiled data set, and an algorithm relating nitrate to hydrographic properties to examine the occurrence and characteristics of this type of water. Observations of low salinity–high nitrate water are not uncommon, and represent approximately 20% of the database. Based on the occurrence of the most extreme waters of this type identified by the algorithm, it is concluded that two related mechanisms cause its formation. The mixing of low salinity Maine Surface Water with remnant Maine Intermediate Water in the fall starts this process. The interaction of newly formed Maine Intermediate Water with the spring freshet of Maine rivers completes it. These mechanisms can explain the formation of low salinity–high nitrate water, including ‘ nutrient trap ’ water, in general.
Spontaneous perforation of carcinoma of stomach

Abstract A case is reported as an example of the feasibility of conservative management and demonstrates the desirability of performing partial gastrectomy as soon as possible following recovery from closure of the perforation, and illustrates the dangers attendant upon long postponement of the partial gastrectomy.
Effect of dibenamine on renal hypertension in rats.

Summary1. Oral administration of 100 mg/kg Dibenamine causes some reduction of blood pressure in both normotensive and renal hypertensive rats. The fall is usually greater and more prolonged in hypertensive animals. 2. The fall in blood pressure is due to the adrenergic blocking action of Dibenamine and does not follow the administration of larger doses of the adrenergically inactive N,N-dibenzyl-ethanolamine. 3. In 65% of the hypertensive animals tested, repeated daily doses of Dibenamine produced a persistent, but somewhat variable lowering of the blood pressure. The pressure usually returned to pretreatment levels in 3 to 4 days after the last administration of Dibenamine. 4. The bearing of these data on postulated neurogenic factors in experimental renal hypertension is discussed, and it is concluded that they do not support the contention that a greater neurogenic factor is involved in late than in early renal hypertension.
Cerebral aneurysms: To clip or to coil? That is no longer the question.

The relative merits of clipping and endovascular coiling to treat ruptured intracranial aneurysms are the subject of an ongoing debate. The latest results from the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial offer reassurance regarding the long-term outcomes of coiling and provide support for an individualized approach.
1442 COMPENSATORY ALTERATIONS IN RESTING HEART RATE (HR): AN INDICATOR OF TRUE ANEMIA IN PRETERM INFANTS

The clinical correlation of signs consistent with anemia as defined by a low Hb alone are poor (Wardrop, C., et al, Arch D. Child 53:855, 1978). In order to define whether resting HR can be used as an indicator of inadequate tissue oxygenation, those factors considered important in oxygen delivery were investigated among a group of 36 infants with birthweights <1500g. Serial determinations included Hb, P50, arterial blood gas (PaO2) and oxygen consumption (VO2). Additionally, in 21 of these infants, serial cardiac outputs (Q) were obtained by echocardiography with calculation of the central venous oxygen tension (PvO2). HR was recorded 1 hour after feeding, during sleep, at the time the VO2 and ECHO studies were performed. The Hb values ranged from 6.6 g/dl to 18.8 g/dl while the HR varied from 79 to 170 beats/min. The cardiac stroke volume within each infant's data set varied little (avg. change=19% from low to high) in comparison to a wide variation in Q.indicating that the change in HR is the major determinant of Q at this age. No significant correlations existed between HR and Hb, PaO2, or P50. The HR appeared to be related to the VO2 (r=+0.31, p<0.001, n=124) and inversely to the PvO2 (r=-0.42, p<0.05, n=49). These data indicate that HR is dependent on the metabolic needs (VO2) of the infant. Compensatory changes in HR do not simply reflect the level of Hb but rather the combined effect of Hb, P50, PaO2, and Q as reflected in alterations of the central venous oxygen tension.
The determinants of hospital size: a survivor analysis

The meaning and reliability of existing estimates of optimal scale in the production of hospital services are suspect because of the failure to adequately deal with the role of admitting physicians. This paper develops estimates of hospital size by studying changes in the size distribution of US short-term general hospitals over the period 1971–77. The technique produces size estimates which would be socially optimal only under very strong assumptions, but it has the advantage of accounting for the impacts of factors which typically have been ignored in cost function studies of hospital size. The analysis reveals substantial differences in survival size among geographic regions. A measure of survival size of nonprofit hospitals by state is developed and its determinants are investigated in a multiple regression framework. Survival size is found to be negatively affected by growth in the profit hospital sector and by the entry of health maintenance organizations while population growth, urbanization, and a...
Primary resonance of a beam fabricated from a non-linear material

The forced undamped vibrations of a simply supported beam fabricated from a nonlinear material with a stress-strain relation of the form σ x =E 1 e x +E 2 e x 3 are studied. It is found that when the forcing frequency is very close to the third natural frequency of free vibration, the motion is similar to that for a linear material and the third mode dominates the motion. If the forcing frequency is increased above the third natural frequency to a particular value, the first mode will also participate and eventually dominate the motion. It was found that the transition is so drastic that it appears as a sudden jump from the third mode to first mode. Further increases in the forcing frequency (or the so-called detuning parameter) lead to a second transition, at which the second mode also begins to participate in the motion and eventually predominates over the third mode. These transitions are due entirely to the non-linearity present. Similar but different jump phenomena occur if the forcing frequency, being somewhat larger than the third natural frequency, is being decreased toward the resonant value.
Modeling water uptake by roots

Most current models of the water uptake by plant roots from the soil profile solve the equation for flow of water in unsaturated soils. The boundary condition at the root-soil interface is represented, whether explicitly or implicitly by some kind of root distribution function. Such models have sufficient number of parameters so that they can be fitted to data reasonably well. Most water uptake patterns, when normalized with respect to root zone depth and plant extractable water reveal, remarkable similarities regardless of soil texture, plant species, or root distribution. This similarity is not predictable with current models. A model based upon non-linear behavior of the root membranes and described by a distributed sink moving downward through the soil profile adequately represents the uptake process. The shape of the sink function is not critical and only two parameters, a root depth parameter, and an extractable water parameter are needed.
Effect of tubal sterilization technique on risk of serous epithelial ovarian and primary peritoneal carcinoma

Objective To determine the effect of excisional tubal sterilization on subsequent development of serous epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) or primary peritoneal cancer (PPC).
A LEED inquiry into the question of reconstruction of l{001}r Nb

Abstract We have examined the structure of the {001} surface of Nb by LEED and have found that a (1 × 1) diffraction pattern prevails over the entire range of temperature investigated, that is 15–1000 K. This is the first observation of an unreconstructed {001} surface of a bcc metal over such a temperature range. This result is consistent with a reconstruction mechanism requiring the coupling of occupied surface states and is expected to further theoretical development of the mechanism of surface reconstruction.
On the Relationship between Diurnal Mesoscale Circulations and Precipitation in a Mountain Valley

Abstract Diurnal signatures of precipitation at mountain stations in Utah have been studied and precipitation events in the Salt Lake Valley compared with local wind circulations. Results of harmonic analyses of hourly precipitation data show small-amplitude diurnal cycles in winter and large-amplitude cycles in summer. Frequencies of diurnal precipitation events in summer were dependent on elevation, with maximum frequencies peaking around 1430 MST at elevations above 2100 m and nearly three hours later below 1500 m. High rainfall intensities exhibited the largest diurnal modulations with maximum amplitudes occurring in the higher terrain. These results were based on over 25 years of data and have important implications for flash flood forecasting and mesoscale modeling of precipitation in complex terrain. A detailed objective analysis of hourly resultant winds for a 45×75 km area with a 5 km grid showed the influence of mountain-valley winds on the diurnal variation of precipitation in the Salt Lake Val...
THE EFFECT OF X-RAYS ON THE ADRENAL GLANDS

The effects of Roentgen rays on the adrenal gland as previously reported (Martin, Rogers and Fisher, 1924) are far from conclusive. Some destruction was produced but never to such a degree that one would expect symptoms of adrenal insufficiency to appear. In order to produce complete destruction of the adrenals it was decided to give larger doses and also to observe the animals for comparatively long periods of time following radiation. Stewart (1921) in his review of the literature stated that many of the conclusions regarding adrenal insufficiency were not warranted because of lack of proper evidence. Incidentally, we thought it would be an excellent opportunity to observe the cholesterol of the blood. The relation of the adrenals to cholesterol metabolism has long been a matter of conjecture. After the removal of one gland Joelson and Shorr (1924) state that there is a hypercholesterolemia which is most marked two weeks after the operation. These investigators feel certain that there is a relationship ...
A genetically distinct wild redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri) population in Crane Prairie Reservoir, Oregon, persists despite extensive stocking of hatchery rainbow trout (O. m. irideus)

Crane Prairie Reservoir in the upper Deschutes River Basin has historically supported a wild population of migratory Deschutes River redband trout. Owing to its status as a premier destination for recreational angling in Oregon, the reservoir has been stocked with domesticated hatchery rainbow trout since 1955. In recent years the wild redband trout population has experienced a substantial decline. Effects on productivity related to genetic interaction with naturally spawning hatchery-origin fish (fitness risks) have not been determined. The species Oncorhynchus mykiss has been characterized with substantial genetic diversity throughout the Deschutes River Basin that further heightens the challenge of identifying specific conservation needs of wild populations. A conservation plan for Crane Prairie wild redband trout requires a better understanding of the natural reproductive success of out-of-basin hatchery trout in the reservoir tributaries, and the similarity between Crane Prairie redband trout with other extant redband trout populations in the basin. Using a suite of 17 microsatellite nuclear DNA markers, we evaluated the genetic structure among Crane Prairie Reservoir redband trout, hatchery rainbow trout, and two adjacent populations of redband trout from within the Upper Deschutes River Basin. We observed significant heterogeneity between the hatchery and wild Crane Prairie populations that may reflect differences in life histories, differential productivity and assortative mating. The genetic distinctions observed among the three redband trout populations suggest restricted gene flow and genetic drift within the upper basin. Temporally stratified sampling and larger numbers of samples will be necessary to confirm these conclusions.
Simulation studies of plasma waves in the electron foreshock - The generation of downshifted oscillations

The generation of waves with frequencies downshifted from the plasma frequency, as observed in the electron foreshock, is analyzed by particle simulation. Wave excitation differs fundamentally from the familiar excitation of the plasma eigenmodes by a gentle bump-on-tail electron distribution. Beam modes are destabilized by resonant interaction with bulk electrons, provided the beam velocity spread is very small. These modes are stabilized, starting with the higher frequencies, as the beam is broadened and slowed down by the interaction with the wave spectrum. Initially a very cold beam is also capable of exciting frequencies considerably above the plasma frequency, but such oscillations are quickly stabilized. Low-frequency modes persist for a long time, until the bump in the electron distribution is completely 'ironed' out. This diffusion process also is quite different from the familiar case of well-separated beam and bulk electrons. A quantitative analysis of these processes is carried out.
Closing the gap? The effect of private philanthropy on the provision of African-American schooling in the U.S. south

Abstract Long-run labor market inequities are frequently attributed to disparities in primary and secondary school quality, and philanthropists often resort to targeted and tightly conditioned gifts to address these quality disparities. We match data on the Rosenwald Schools Program, an early 20th century initiative aimed at the Southern black–white school quality gap, to newly assembled data on local school districts and measure the impact of Rosenwald gifts on African-American public school resources. Although these gifts increased contemporaneous expenditures on African-American schools, results show that they yielded no lasting change in multiple school quality proxies. Further, because Rosenwald funds were diverted or implicitly matched to favor white schools, we find no evidence that the Fund reduced the black–white gap in superficial school quality. We demonstrate, however, that overall black public education expenditures in this era had a steeper marginal effect on black attendance and literacy measures than white public expenditures had on white outcome measures, which helps to explain why the Rosenwald program led to meaningful human capital gains for black, but not white, individuals despite its failure to impact relative school quality.
The internet as a potential source of information about radiological procedures for patients

The purposes of this study were to determine what percentage of patients in a typical radiology outpatient setting own or have access to a computer with internet capabilities and how many of these patients would find an educational radiology website useful. During a 3-month period, surveys were given to all adult outpatients undergoing computed tomography. The survey asked 4 questions: (1) Do you own a computer?, (2) If you own a computer, does it have Internet access?, (3) If you do not own a computer, do you have access to a computer with Internet capabilities?, and (4) If we provide helpful information regarding preparation for and the conduct of various radiological procedures on the Internet, would you use it? Four hundred surveys were collected. Two hundred one of the respondents (50.3%) owned a computer; 189 of the 201 (94.0%) had Internet access on their computer or had access to another computer with Internet capabilities. One hundred ninety-nine of the 400 respondents (49.8%) did not own a computer, 57 of these (28.6%) had access to a computer and the Internet. Of the 246 of those with Internet access, 205 (83.3%) indicated that they would use a website that provided helpful information regarding radiological examinations. The Internet is an excellent resource for educational information for patients about various radiological procedures. This study showed that 61.5% of patients had access to the Internet, and 83.3% of these would use such a site. It is likely that these numbers will increase with the rapid growth of the Internet and the steadily increasing number of homes with computers.
The Excitation of Extended Red Emission: New Constraints on Its Carrier from Hubble Space Telescope Observations of NGC 7023*

The carrier of the dust-associated photoluminescence process causing ERE in many dusty interstellar environments remains unidentified. Several competing models are more or less able to match the observed broad, unstructured ERE band. We now constrain the character of the ERE carrier further by determining the wavelengths of the radiation that initiates the ERE. Using the imaging capabilities of the HST, we have resolved the width of narrow ERE filaments appearing on the surfaces of externally illuminated molecular clouds in the bright reflection nebula NGC 7023 and compared them with the depth of penetration of radiation of known wavelengths into the same cloud surfaces. We identify photons with wavelengths shortward of 118 nm as the source of ERE initiation, not to be confused with ERE excitation, however. There are strong indications from the well-studied ERE in the Red Rectangle Nebula and in the high-|b| Galactic cirrus that the photon flux with wavelengths shortward of 118 nm is too small to actually excite the observed ERE, even with 100% quantum efficiency. We conclude, therefore, that ERE excitation results from a two-step process. The first, involving far-UV photons with E > 10.5 eV, leads to the creation of the ERE carrier, most likely through photoionization or photodissociation of an existing precursor. The second, involving more abundant near-UV/optical photons, consists of the optical pumping of the previously created carrier, followed by subsequent deexcitation via photoluminescence. The latter process can occur many times for a single particle, depending upon the lifetime of the ERE carrier in its active state. While none of the previously proposed ERE models can match these new constraints, we note that under interstellar conditions most PAH molecules are ionized to the dication stage by photons with E > 10.5 eV and that the electronic energy level structure of PAH dications is consistent with fluorescence in the wavelength band of the ERE. Therefore, PAH dications deserve further study as potential carriers of the ERE.
Tumor-generated nitric oxide as an antagonist of photodynamic therapy

Nitric oxide (NO) is a multifunctional free radical molecule produced naturally by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes. Many tumors exploit NO for survival and growth signaling, and also to thwart the effects of therapeutic treatments, including PDT. The anti-PDT effects of NO were discovered using animal tumor models, but the mechanisms involved are still not fully understood. Recent in vitro studies on breast and prostate cancer cells have shown that inducible NOS (iNOS) along with NO is dramatically upregulated after an ALA-PDT-like challenge. Cells were more resistant to apoptosis after a photochallenge and survivors grew, migrated, and invaded more rapidly, iNOS/NO playing a key role in all these effects. This perspective briefly reviews what is currently known about NO's negative effects on PDT and some of the signaling mechanisms involved. It also provides insights into how these effects may be attenuated by pharmacologic use of iNOS inhibitors.
Chemical control of the photoluminescence of CdSe quantum dot-organic complexes with a series of para-substituted aniline ligands.

Replacement of the native (as-synthesized) ligands of colloidal CdSe QDs with varying concentrations of a series of para-substituted anilines (R-An), where R ranges from strongly electron-withdrawing to strongly electron-donating, decreases the PL of the QDs. The molar ratio of R-An to QD ([R-An]:[QD]) at which the PL decreases by 50% shifts by 4 orders of magnitude over the series R-An. The model employed to describe the data combines a Freundlich binding isotherm (which reflects the dependence of the binding affinity of the amine headgroups of R-An on the substituent R) with a function that describes the response of the PL to R-An ligands once they are bound at their equilibrium surface coverage. The latter function includes as a parameter the rate constant, knr, for nonradiative decay of the exciton at a site to which an R-An ligand is coordinated. The value of this parameter reveals that the predominant mechanism of QD−ligand interaction is passivation of Cd2+ surface sites through σ-donation for R-An...
Inflammation as a Possible Link Between Coronary and Carotid Plaque Instability

Background— Multiple complex stenoses, plaque fissures, and widespread coronary inflammation are common in acute coronary syndromes. A systemic cause of atherosclerotic plaque instability is also suggested by studies of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. We investigated the association between coronary and carotid plaque instability and the potential common causal role of inflammation. Methods and Results— The ultrasound characteristics of carotid plaques were evaluated retrospectively in patients scheduled for coronary bypass surgery, 181 with unstable and 92 with stable angina, and prospectively in a similar group of patients, 67 with unstable and 25 with stable angina, in whom serum C-reactive protein levels were also measured. The prevalence of carotid plaques was similar in the retrospective and prospective studies and >64% in both unstable and stable coronary patients. The prevalence of complex, presumably unstable carotid plaques was 23.2% in unstable versus 3.2% in stable patients (P<0.001) in the ...
Recovery of eosinophils from the peritoneal cavity of the guinea pig

We studied the effects of various conditions on the recovery of eosinophils from the peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs repeatedly lavaged with saline. We compared the effects of ether and halothane on eosinophil production in guinea pigs either lavaged with saline alone or receiving an injection of polymyxin B before saline lavage. With both anesthetics polymyxin B caused a rapid and consistent increase in eosinophil production, although neutrophils were present. With halothane anesthesia, saline lavage alone yielded mean eosinophil values near those found in the polymyxin group. In contrast, saline lavage alone with ether anesthesia yielded a significantly lower mean eosinophil value than in the polymyxin groups with either anesthetic and the saline lavage alone with halothane anesthesia (P less than 0.05). Additional studies showed that females guinea pigs produced greater numbers of peritoneal eosinophils than male guinea pigs and that peritoneal eosinophilia was maintained for up to 20 weeks by weekly peritoneal lavage with saline alone. Castration of male guinea pigs did not result in eosinophil production comparable to female guinea pigs. Infection with Trichinella spiralis did not enhance peritoneal eosinophilia commensurate with that seen in the peripheral blood. These results indicate that saline lavage alone is a sufficient stimulus for eosinophil production in guinea pigs anesthetized with halothane, that greater numbers of eosinophils are produced in females than males and, finally, that eosinophil production continues at high levels for more than 20 weeks.
Nonexistence of perfect binary arrays

New nonexistence results are deduced for perfect binary arrays from theorems of Turyn on difference sets. It is shown that this rules out 17 undecided cases from the recent table of Chan and Siu for the two-dimensional case.
Anderson clusters and inhomogeneous ordering in the short-range Ising spin glass

In naive mean-field theory, the initial ordering in the short-range Ising spin glass is in the form of internally inhomogeneous clusters which form in regions with favorable bond configurations. These ``Anderson clusters'' are identified with the clusters inferred from experiments. The metastable states are domain states and have a tree structure, despite violation of the ultrametricity condition obtained in the infinite-range version of the model.
TIME RESOLVED PHOTOLUMINESCENCE SPECTRA OF SPUTTERED a-Si:H

We report measurements of the time resolved photoluminescence spectra of sputtered a-Si : H. The sample and excitation energy dependence of Ep(t), the peak energy of the spectrum as a function of time, for 10-8 < t < 10-4s is discussed.
Adaptive training using an artificial neural network and EEG metrics for within- and cross-task workload classification.

Abstract Adaptive training using neurophysiological measures requires efficient classification of mental workload in real time as a learner encounters new and increasingly difficult levels of tasks. Previous investigations have shown that artificial neural networks (ANNs) can accurately classify workload, but only when trained on neurophysiological exemplars from experienced operators on specific tasks. The present study examined classification accuracies for ANNs trained on electroencephalographic (EEG) activity recorded while participants performed the same (within task) and different (cross) tasks for short periods of time with little or no prior exposure to the tasks. Participants performed three working memory tasks at two difficulty levels with order of task and difficulty level counterbalanced. Within-task classification accuracies were high when ANNs were trained on exemplars from the same task or a set containing the to-be-classified task, (M = 87.1% and 85.3%, respectively). Cross-task classification accuracies were significantly lower (average 44.8%) indicating consistent systematic misclassification for certain tasks in some individuals. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for developing neurophysiologically driven adaptive training platforms.
Effect of an oral contraceptive drug on non-arteriosclerotic male and female virgin rats vs. arteriosclerotic, male and female breeder rats.

Male and female virgin rats with no arteriosclerosis and male and female breeder rats with preexisting arteriosclerosis were given daily injections 5 days/week (.15 mg/100 gm body weight) of the contraceptive drug Enovid (9.85 mg progestin (norethynodrel) and .15 mg estrogen (mestranol) for 4 8 and 12 weeks. There were a total of 864 animals 288 for each of the time intervals consisting of 48 controls 48 male and 48 female virgins 48 male breeders and 48 1-time and 48 4-5 time female breeders. After the 3-month period 1/3 of each group was autopsied. Examinations were made of the heart and vascular systems. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) transaminases (SGOT SGPT) lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) triglycerides cholesterol free fatty acids glucose and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were analyzed. All of the treated showed body weight loss adrenal glandular hypertrophy degranulation of pituitary gonadotrophic cells and testicular and ovarian atrophy. CPK SGOT SGPT and LDH were elevated and then their levels receded. The treated developed a fatty liver hypertriglycerdemia elevated free fatty acids and hypercholesterolemia. The treated were diabetic but eventually manifested hypoglycemia despite beta cells degranulation. Corticosterone levels were subnormal. Microscopic arterial lesions appeared in the previously nonarteriosclerotic virgin rats. There was no exacerbation of the arterial lesions in breeder rats with preexisting arteriosclerois. Lesions were in the aorta and its side branches consisting of intimal mucopolysaccharide collagen elastolytic changes and calcification. It was believed that the drug upset hypothalamic and gonadal hormone homeostasis which led to endogenous hormonal-metabolic alterations favoring the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in both male and female rats.(Authors modified)
RISE: A Robust Image Search Engine

Image database indexing is used to improve the efficiency of image retrieval in response to a query expressed as an example image. The query image is processed to extract information that is matched against similar information from images stored in a database to retrieve a set of matched images. The matching process is achieved by a search engine. This paper advances Robust Image Search Engine (RISE). RISE is based on a technique that facilitates content similarity based retrieval of images using an index built on color components of selected blocks of images. It uses a measure of distance between the query and the images in the database. RISE builds on the JPEG indexing algorithm, extending it to formats other than JPEG and into color spaces, in addition to using a relational database. We have implemented RISE as a browser-based search engine, deployed as a java servlet.