cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular mobility in self-assembled dendritic chromophore glasses.

Increasing complexity in bottom-up molecular designs of amorphous structures with multiple relaxation modes demands an integrated and cognitive design approach, where chemical synthesis is guided by both analytical tools and theoretical simulations. In particular, this is apparent for novel organic second-order nonlinear optical materials of self-assembling molecular glasses involving dendritic arene stabilization moieties (phenyl, naphthyl, and anthryl) with electro-optical activities above 300 pm/V. In this study, nanoscale thermo-mechanical analyses yield direct insight into the molecular enthalpic and entropic relaxation modes. Arene−perfluoroarene interactions for coarse self-assembly are found to impose three phase relaxation regimes, with intermediate regimes of 8−15 °C in width and apparent activation energies between 40 and 60 kcal/mol to be the most effective for poling. Energetic analyses based on intrinsic friction microscopy (IFA) identify increasing temporal stability with increasing arene s...
Bone fluoride concentrations associated with fluoridated drinking water.

Recently published bone fluoride values from Iowa are very high compared to earlier reports, suggesting an increase in fluoride intake. Reanalysis of the Iowa specimens shows levels one-fourth those reported by the Iowa laboratory indicating an error in the original report. Seventeen bone specimens, collected from long-term residents of Rochester, New York, drinking 1 ppm F− water, had a mean value of 2085±270 ppm F− on an ashed-weight basis. This value is not significantly different from that predicted by the data of Zipkin et al. in 1958. These data, therefore, do not support the contention that there has been an increase in fluoride intake.
Electron microscopy of the slime moldPhysarum polycephalum

Electron micrographs of fixed sections of the plasmodium of the classic protoplasmic material,Physarum polycephalum, are presented. Numerous round nuclei having well-defined membranes and containing one to three dense nucleoli were especially prominent in the plasmodium. In the surrounding cytoplasm, many irregular membrane-limited bodies were evident, some containing tiny rod-like elements and others with inner structures resembling mitochondria. In addition, there can be seen many small dense granules plus various vacuoles and other inclusions.
The Role of Culture in Program Improvement.

Abstract In this article, we draw on work in three Head Start programs over three years to consider how “culture” plays a role in program improvement. Through close attention to discourse we attempt to show how culture takes shape through dynamic interactions in particular contexts, constituting identities, structuring social relations, and privileging particular forms of knowledge. We argue for the importance of illuminating the forces that shape our lives and bringing our own ideologies to conscious awareness, in order to become actors in our social milieus. Articulation between general mandates and local needs and goals would then entail ongoing dialogue in a “culturally situated model of school/program effectiveness” ( Fuller & Clarke, 1994 , p. 121).
Undergraduate animal behavior program: Teaching and research

The purpose of this paper is to present strategies for teaching animal behavior within a mixed traditional and nontraditional format. Based on our experience, it is very useful to use zoological parks as convenient locales for observational studies. Students gain many valuable experiences in a nontraditional course such as this. Various suggestions are made for animal behavior courses and student projects. Some of the potential pitfalls and problems associated with an animal behavior course are also discussed. Finally, future directions are suggested.
Predictors of Self-Stigma in Schizophrenia: New Insights Using Mobile Technologies.

Objective: Self-stigma has significant negative impact on the recovery of individuals with severe mental illness, but its varying course is not well understood. Individual levels of self-stigma may vary over time and fluctuate in response to both external/contextual (i.e., location, activity, social company) and internal (i.e., psychiatric symptoms, mood) factors. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between self-stigmatizing beliefs and these factors, as they occur in the daily life of individuals with schizophrenia. Methods: Mobile technologies were used to longitudinally track momentary levels of self-stigma, psychotic symptoms, negative affect, positive affect, activity, and immediate social and physical environment in 24 individuals with schizophrenia, multiple times daily, over a 1-week period. Results: Multilevel modeling showed that participants’ current activity was associated with changes in self-stigma (χ 2 = 10.53, p < .05), but immediate location and social company were not. ...
Self-repair of biological fibers catalyzed by the surface of a virus crystal.

Helical fibers, presumably proteinaceous and of microbial origin, have been visualized by atomic force microscopy on the surfaces of crystals of satellite tobacco mosaic virus. If the crystals are growing, then the fibers are incorporated intact into the crystal lattice. If broken on the crystal surface, then within a few minutes, the fibers self-reassemble to reestablish continuity. This, we believe, is the first observation of such a crystal surface–catalyzed repair of a biological structure. The surfaces of virus crystals provide ideal workbenches for the visualization and manipulation of nanoscale objects, particularly extended structures such as these fibers. Proteins 2001;44:392–396. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A model for exocytosis based on the opening of calcium-activated potassium channels in vesicles

Abstract It is proposed that the role of calcium in calcium-induced exocytosis is to open Ca-activated K channels present in vesicle membranes. The opening of these channels coupled with anion transport across the vesicle membranes would result in an influx of K and anions, increasing the osmotic pressure of the vesicles. For those vesicles situated very close to the cell plasma membrane, this would lead to fusion with the membrane and exocytosis of the vesicle contents. This model can account for facilitation and other key properties of transmitter release. In addition, the model predicts that vesicles with a higher transmitter content, and hence higher initial osmotic pressure, would be preferentially discharged. The model also predicts that a faster response can be obtained for small vesicles than for large vesicles, providing a rationaleas to why neurotransmitters, which must be released quickly, are packaged in small vesicles.
Politics of E-Government: E-Government and the Political Control of Bureaucracy

Th is case study reports an innovative e-government experiment by the local government in Gangnam, Seoul, South Korea. A new local political leadership in Gangnam made strategic use of e-government applications to exert greater political control over the local civil service bureaucracy. Th e authors fi nd that e-government applications possess political properties that can be applied eff ectively by the political leadership as instruments to improve control over the government bureaucracy as well as to enhance essential government accountability and transparency. Th e political circumstances underlying e-government development as well as its impact on local government are reported, along with key variables associated with this innovation plus directions for future research.
Integrated crop management: The other precision agriculture

“Precision agriculture” was a favorite buzzword in agricultural discussions in the 1990s. Proponents of precision agriculture note its promises are twofold: economic benefits for the producer and environmental benefits for society. These benefits are to be achieved by improving the efficiency of input use, based on data obtained with global positioning systems (GPS) and geographic information systems (GIS) technologies. Although fulfillment of these promises has been mixed to date, it appears that “precision agriculture” will continue in the agriculture vernacular into the 21st century. In this article, we propose another sense of the term, and argue that precision agriculture, or at least long strides in that direction, is possible short of these highly complex methods and capital investments, through integrated crop management (ICM). As practiced by the producer and/or provided by independent crop consultants, ICM is one alternative to providing information-intensive management on the farm, and has proven efficiency of input use. That is, the promise of economic and environmental benefits holds true in a manner that makes it possible for any producer to implement “precision agriculture.” Using data from users and nonusers of independent crop consultants implementing ICM, this study reveals that several economic and environmental benefits are gained from the information and management recommendations provided by consultants. Pest and nutrient management recommendations have led to decreases in pesticide and commercial fertilizer use. For the majority of users, these input reductions have resulted in an increase in profits since hiring a consultant. Users attributed changes in total cost of production to their consultant's effectiveness, and some reported receiving double or greater return for every dollar invested in consultant services. The results confirm the important role that Iowa's independent crop consultants could play in agricultural production and environmental protection through their promotion of ICM activities. However, the scarcity of consultants in Iowa, and possibly elsewhere, presents a challenge within the industry. Addressing this issue may help in contributing to rural development, economic benefit for the producer, and environmental benefit for all of society.
Performance analysis of IEEE 802.11e EDCA by a unified model

Performance evaluation of the upcoming 802.11e QoS-aware enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) in WLANs has drawn extensive attention. The foundations for most of the studies are three major performance models in legacy distributed coordination function (DCF) analysis. In this paper, we first expose the common guiding principle behind these three seemingly different models. Subsequently, we propose a new unified performance model and analysis method to study the saturation throughput and delay performance of EDCA, under the assumption of a finite number of users and ideal channel conditions in a single-hop WLAN. This unified model is easy to understand and apply and helps increase the understanding of the existing performance analysis. In addition to its appealing simplicity, our unified model and analysis are validated well by simulation results. And ultimately, by means of the proposed model, we are able to evaluate the differentiation effects of EDCA parameters on WLAN performance in very broad settings, a feature which is essential for network design.
The Prodrug Platin‐A: Simultaneous Release of Cisplatin and Aspirin

Cancer-associated inflammation induces tumor progression to the metastatic stage, thus indicating that a chemo-anti-inflammatory strategy is of interest for the management of aggressive cancers. The platinum(IV) prodrug Platin-A was designed to release cisplatin and aspirin to ameliorate the nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity caused by cisplatin. Platin-A exhibited anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties which are better than a combination of cisplatin and aspirin. These findings highlight the advantages of combining anti-inflammatory treatment with chemotherapy when both the drugs are delivered in the form of a single prodrug.
Conformational changes and flexibility in T-cell receptor recognition of peptide-MHC complexes.

A necessary feature of the immune system, TCR (T-cell receptor) cross-reactivity has been implicated in numerous autoimmune pathologies and is an underlying cause of transplant rejection. Early studies of the interactions of αβ TCRs (T-cell receptors) with their peptide–MHC ligands suggested that conformational plasticity in the TCR CDR (complementarity determining region) loops is a dominant contributor to T-cell cross-reactivity. Since these initial studies, the database of TCRs whose structures have been solved both bound and free is now large enough to permit general conclusions to be drawn about the extent of TCR plasticity and the types and locations of motion that occur. In the present paper, we review the conformational differences between free and bound TCRs, quantifying the structural changes that occur and discussing their possible roles in specificity and cross-reactivity. We show that, rather than undergoing major structural alterations or ‘folding’ upon binding, the majority of TCR CDR loops shift by relatively small amounts. The structural changes that do occur are dominated by hinge-bending motions, with loop remodelling usually occurring near loop apexes. As predicted from previous studies, the largest changes are in the hypervariable CDR3α and CDR3β loops, although in some cases the germline-encoded CDR1α and CDR2α loops shift in magnitudes that approximate those of the CDR3 loops. Intriguingly, the smallest shifts are in the germline-encoded loops of the β-chain, consistent with recent suggestions that the TCR β domain may drive ligand recognition.
Spectrum license auctions with exit (and call) options: Alternative remedies for the exposure problem

Abstract Inspired by some spectrum auctions we consider a stylized license auction with incumbents and a potential entrant. Whereas the entrant values only the bundle of several spectrum blocks (synergy), incumbents’ marginal valuations are non-increasing. The seller proactively encourages entry and subjects incumbents to a spectrum cap. In this framework, a simultaneous multi-round auction (SMRA) gives rise to an exposure problem that distorts efficiency and yields low revenue. We consider three remedies and rank their performance: a combinatorial Vickrey auction, a SMRA with exit option that allows the entrant to annul his bid, and a SMRA with call option that lifts the spectrum cap if entry failed to occur and then allows the successful incumbent to acquire stranded spectrum at a fixed price.
The Geography of Justice: Assessing Local Justice in Colombia’s Post-Conflict Phase

This article combines descriptive empirical research with theoretical reflections to offer policy guidelines on what the role of local justice institutions in Colombia’s post-conflict phase should be. The article is divided into two parts. In the first, we present empirical evidence to illustrate the ways in which justice operates differently across the territory. In addition to illustrating these disparities, we also demonstrate the connection between these disparities and some phenomena relevant to understanding the Colombian conflict. Based on these findings, the second part of this article defines the state-building challenge confronted by the Colombian State during the post-conflict phase. Following this part, we propose a solution to this state-building challenge: the State must adopt a combination of efficacy and justice, and we provide guidelines on how a post-conflict justice system can operate to achieve that combination.
Controlling selection incentives when health insurance contracts are endogenous

The paper examines the nature of health insurance contracts when insurance companies pool high- and low-risk individuals. In a spatial product differentiation model, the normal forces of competition induce quality provision, but selection incentives induce insurers to under-provide quality. To offset selection incentives, the government can reimburse some of the insurers’ costs. However, such a subsidy can in some cases reduce quality further, as well as discourage production efficiency. In such cases the optimal reimbursement rate is negative. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Comment on chirp excitation of ultrasonic probes and algorithm for filtering transit times

Folkestad and Mylvaganam use a chirp technique to resolve an ambiguity in time-of-flight measurements. An alternative is to trigger an oscilloscope on one cycle of the initial tone burst, then vary the frequency. In the delayed burst, the correct cycle for time-of-flight measurements remains stationary. >
Comparative effects of propylene oxide, sodium azide, and autoclaving on selected soil properties

Abstract Samples of soil (25 g) were treated with 1 or 2 ml of propylene oxide, 400 or 800 parts/106 of sodium azide, or autoclaved for 1.5 or 3.0 h. Soil sterilization was achieved by the propylene oxide and autoclaving treatments. Sodium azide inhibited the bacteria and actinomycetes and drastically reduced the fungal population. The autoclaving treatment decreased the soil pH 0.2 unit, while propylene oxide and sodium azide treatments increased it 0.5–1.1 units. Extractable manganous—Mn was increased 2- to 3-fold by all treatments except for a 90- to 120-fold increase in an autoclaved soil; extractable Ca was not affected; and the extractable K changes were slight. Total extractable N was increased 10–20 parts/106, and available P was generally increased by the treatments. Propylene oxide induced the least chemical alterations upon sterilization and is considered an appropriate sterilant to study chemical transformations in soils; but, germination and growth of wheat and alfalfa were retarded in propylene oxide treated soil.
NEURAL NETWORK-BASED QUALITY CONTROLLERS FOR MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS

This paper demonstrates that neural networks can be used eA ectively for quality control of non-linear static time-variant processes where the process physics and mechanistic models are not well understood. The emphasis of the paper is on models for both identi® cation and real-time process parameter design of manufacturing systems. Both multi-layer feed-forward perceptron networks and radial basis function networks have been used to monitor the process performance characteristics. An iterative inversion based approach for optimizing the process controllable parameters in the presence of noise variables is discussed. Simulation results reveal that the identi® cation and parameter design schemes suggested are eA ective. Global competition is pressing manufacturers all around the world to higher levels of performance. Many advanced manufacturing systems, principles, and tech[ ] [ ] [
Physiological study of larval fishes: challenges and opportunities

Physiological studies of larval fishes have lagged far behind those of adults, yet offer tremendous opportunities for expanding our knowledge of the basic biology of both marine and freshwater fishes. Physiological studies of larval fishes can also improve research and management in areas of applied science, such as aquaculture, fisheries, and environmental assessment. Additionally, larval fishes can be highly effective as general animal models for understanding evolution, development and disease processes in vertebrates. While the small size of larval fishes may initially seem to preclude detailed physiological measurements, physiologists have taken advantage of larval transparency and permeability to drugs and toxins to collect many forms of quantitative physiological data. In this essay we present a number of microtechniques currently employed in larval fish to study the cardiovascular, muscular, neurological, and ionoregulatory systems. Several interesting phenomena, including allometry, developmental plasticity and epigenetic effects, are then discussed from the perspective of the specific contributions that have been or can be made by studies of fish larvae. Ultimately, the integration of larval fish physiology with studies of morphology and behaviour, is both highly feasibly and likely to strengthen basic and applied research in fishes.
Microstructure and electrochemical properties of cathode materials for SOFCs prepared via pulsed laser deposition

Abstract Dense La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSM) and La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 (LSC) films were fabricated via pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on different substrates. The crystal structures of the films were characterized via in situ X-ray diffraction and the in-plane electrical properties by impedance spectroscopy from room temperature to 700 °C. While the ablated films appeared to grow in the perovskite phase with the appropriate electrical properties when the substrate temperature was greater than 500 °C, they were amorphous when the substrate temperature was relatively low. Subsequent annealing of amorphous LSM and LSC films in air induced a rapid phase transformation to the perovskite phase. On silicon substrates, this phase transformation occurred at 450 and 600 °C, respectively.
Hypertrophy of Neurons Within Cardiac Ganglia in Human, Canine, and Rat Heart Failure: The Potential Role of Nerve Growth Factor

Background Autonomic imbalances including parasympathetic withdrawal and sympathetic overactivity are cardinal features of heart failure regardless of etiology; however, mechanisms underlying these imbalances remain unknown. Animal model studies of heart and visceral organ hypertrophy predict that nerve growth factor levels should be elevated in heart failure; whether this is so in human heart failure, though, remains unclear. We tested the hypotheses that neurons in cardiac ganglia are hypertrophied in human, canine, and rat heart failure and that nerve growth factor, which we hypothesize is elevated in the failing heart, contributes to this neuronal hypertrophy. Methods and Results Somal morphology of neurons from human (579.54±14.34 versus 327.45±9.17 μm2; P <0.01) and canine hearts (767.80±18.37 versus 650.23±9.84 μm2; P <0.01) failing secondary to ischemia and neurons from spontaneously hypertensive rat hearts (327.98±3.15 versus 271.29±2.79 μm2; P <0.01) failing secondary to hypertension reveal significant hypertrophy of neurons in cardiac ganglia compared with controls. Western blot analysis shows that nerve growth factor levels in the explanted, failing human heart are 250% greater than levels in healthy donor hearts. Neurons from cardiac ganglia cultured with nerve growth factor are significantly larger and have greater dendritic arborization than neurons in control cultures. Conclusions Hypertrophied neurons are significantly less excitable than smaller ones; thus, hypertrophy of vagal postganglionic neurons in cardiac ganglia would help to explain the parasympathetic withdrawal that accompanies heart failure. Furthermore, our observations suggest that nerve growth factor, which is elevated in the failing human heart, causes hypertrophy of neurons in cardiac ganglia.
Influence of aerosols on the shortwave cloud radiative forcing from North Pacific oceanic clouds: Results from the Cloud Indirect Forcing Experiment (CIFEX)

Aerosols over the Northeastern Pacific Ocean enhance the cloud drop number concentration and reduce the drop size for marine stratocumulus and cumulus clouds. These microphysical effects result in brighter clouds, as evidenced by a combination of aircraft and satellite observations. In-situ measurements from the Cloud Indirect Forcing Experiment (CIFEX) indicate that the mean cloud drop number concentration in low clouds over the polluted marine boundary layer is greater by 53/cu cm compared to clean clouds, and the mean cloud drop effective radius is smaller by 4 microns. We link these in-situ measurements of cloud modification by aerosols, for the first time, with collocated satellite broadband radiative flux observations from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) to show that these microphysical effects of aerosols enhance the top-of-atmosphere cooling by -9.9+/-4.3 W/sq m for overcast conditions.
Experimental approaches to pesticide photodecomposition.

The past few years have witnessed a rapidly increasing interest in the decomposition (“metabolism”) of pesticides by micro-organisms, animals, and higher plants. Although the influence of non-living environmental forces on pesticides has been observed or suspected for decades, the significance of heat, light, air, surfaces, and moisture bas received relatively little scientific attention. In fact, such processes as the conversion of P—S to P—O compounds, the hydrolysis of organ-phosphorous insecticides, the decomposition of dithiocarbamate fungicides to isothiocyanates in soil, and the dehydrohalogenation of diphenylmethane insecticides, generally thought to be restricted to the domain of living organisms, are carried out efficiently by physical forces alone (Crosby 1968 a).
The Syndrome of Catatonia

Catatonia is a psychomotor syndrome which has historically been associated with schizophrenia. Many clinicians have thought that the prevalence of this condition has been decreasing over the past few decades. This review reminds clinicians that catatonia is not exclusively associated with schizophrenia, and is still common in clinical practice. Many cases are related to affective disorders or are of an idiopathic nature. The illusion of reduced prevalence has been due to evolving diagnostic systems that failed to capture catatonic syndromes. This systemic error has remained unchallenged, and potentiated by the failure to perform adequate neurological evaluations and catatonia screening exams on psychiatric patients. We find that current data supports catatonic syndromes are still common, often severe and of modern clinical importance. Effective treatment is relatively easy and can greatly reduce organ failure associated with prolonged psychomotor symptoms. Prompt identification and treatment can produce a robust improvement in most cases. The ongoing prevalence of this syndrome requires that psychiatrists recognize catatonia and its presentations, the range of associated etiologies, and the import of timely treatment.
Precipitation of metal 8-hydroxyquinolates from homogeneous solution—VII: Indium and gallium

Abstract The precipitation from homogeneous solution of indium and gallium, using 8-acetoxyquinoline, has been investigated. It has been established that the method cannot be recommended for the determination of either metal, although under certain rigorously controlled conditions indium 8-hydroxyquinolate precipitates quantitatively and stoichiometrically. The conventional precipitation of indium 8-hydroxyquinolate has also been found to give erroneous analytical results.
Protein-coding content of the sequence of Marek's disease virus serotype 1.

MDV is classified as a member of the family Herpesviridae (Roizman et al. 1992). Because of its lymphotropism, MDV was originally classified as a γ-herpesvirus (Roizman et al. 1981). However, later on, based on its genomic organization and significant sequence similarity to other α-herpesviruses, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), it was classified in the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae (Buckmaster et al. 1988; Roizman et al. 1992). Like other α-herpesviruses, MDV establishes a life-long latent infection, but differs from other members of the subfamily in that it goes latent not in sensory nerve ganglia but in activated T cells.
Archival Theory Redux and Redeemed: Definition and Context Toward a General Theory

Recent critics have argued that archival work is inherently too simplistic for theoretical discussion. Careful definition of terms and systematic analysis of historical development demonstrates that archivists can benefit from the conscious development of general principles to explain and analyze in ways that solve problems and redress past mistakes. Archives is a metadiscipline in an applied context, whose theory embraces elements from the humanities, science, and organizational theory. The author proposes a general theory or mission statement for archivists that balances their administrative responsibilities with their duty to insure the development of a documentary heritage.
Modulation Spectrum in Speech Processing

The work questions adequacy of the short-term spectral envelope as the dominant carrier of the phonetic identity of a given speech instant and suggests temporal dynamics of components of the spectral envelopes as more reliable means for carrying the linguistic context of the speech message. It summarizes some research which employs processing of the so called modulation spectrum of speech. In argues that dominant linguistic information bearing components of modulation spectrum are found in the vicinity of 4 Hz and demonstrates that suppressing slow and fast components of trajectories of spectral envelopes can be useful in alleviating effects of acoustic environment in processing of speech.
Rheumatoid arthritis, TNF inhibitors, and non-melanoma skin cancer.

Most of the excess risk is related to the disease, not the treatment Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the two most common types of non-melanoma skin cancer. Epidemiological studies have indicated that the incidence of non-melanoma skin cancers is higher in patients with rheumatoid arthritis than in the general population.1 2 Further concerns exist that immunosuppression contributes to an increased prevalence of these malignancies. Specifically, organ transplantation and the concomitant use of immunosuppressive agents is strongly associated with SCC and to a lesser extent with BCC.3 4 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are the most commonly used biological immunosuppressive agents for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Pooled data from 74 randomized controlled trials showed that TNF inhibitors were associated with an increase in risk of non-melanoma skin cancer beyond the risk associated with rheumatoid arthritis alone.5 Several large observational studies have supported this finding,6 7 but others have not.8 9 …
The Two-Area Covering Problem

(1951). The Two-Area Covering Problem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 58, No. 6, pp. 394-403.
Origin of Chemical Diversity in Prochloron-Tunicate Symbiosis.

ABSTRACT Diversity-generating metabolism leads to the evolution of many different chemicals in living organisms. Here, by examining a marine symbiosis, we provide a precise evolutionary model of how nature generates a family of novel chemicals, the cyanobactins. We show that tunicates and their symbiotic Prochloron cyanobacteria share congruent phylogenies, indicating that Prochloron phylogeny is related to host phylogeny and not to external habitat or geography. We observe that Prochloron exchanges discrete functional genetic modules for cyanobactin secondary metabolite biosynthesis in an otherwise conserved genetic background. The module exchange leads to gain or loss of discrete chemical functional groups. Because the underlying enzymes exhibit broad substrate tolerance, discrete exchange of substrates and enzymes between Prochloron strains leads to the rapid generation of chemical novelty. These results have implications in choosing biochemical pathways and enzymes for engineered or combinatorial biosynthesis. IMPORTANCE While most biosynthetic pathways lead to one or a few products, a subset of pathways are diversity generating and are capable of producing thousands to millions of derivatives. This property is highly useful in biotechnology since it enables biochemical or synthetic biological methods to create desired chemicals. A fundamental question has been how nature itself creates this chemical diversity. Here, by examining the symbiosis between coral reef animals and bacteria, we describe the genetic basis of chemical variation with unprecedented precision. New compounds from the cyanobactin family are created by either varying the substrate or importing needed enzymatic functions from other organisms or via both mechanisms. This natural process matches successful laboratory strategies to engineer the biosynthesis of new chemicals and teaches a new strategy to direct biosynthesis.
Progressive facial and cerebral hemiatrophy.

A 43-year-old woman with progressive facial hemiatrophy had contralateral hemianopia and sensory loss. A computed-tomographic brain scan showed ipsilateral cerebral atrophy. The neurological and neuroradiological features of progressive facial hemiatrophy are reviewed.
Amylase clearance and excretion during water diuresis.

Summary1. Amylase clearance increases only slightly during water diuresis. 2. Amylase excretion remains constant during water diuresis.
Random Fatigue Analysis of Main Pipeline of Special Watering Cart Based on ANSYS

Using ANSYS finite element analysis software,under random vibration excitation caused by the road surface roughness,the article goes on frequency respond analyses to the main pipeline of special watering cart.The dynamic stress responds of structure and PSD(the density of the power spectrum) are obtained.According to the linear accumulation damage theory and material S-N curve,to calculate out the fatigue life of the structure.
Applying behavioral methods to nutritional counseling.

Behavioral science can be an able ally of the sciences. Here, the authors recapitulate some of the behavioral approaches which health counselors can apply in helping patients.
Step by Step, Slowly I Flip

This chapter covers the incremental steps of flipping an existing course. It provides direction on how to create a new flipped course, emphasizing the need to consider cognitive load when making curricular decisions about what to include and what to leave out. To design and sequence instruction, the chapter references well-recognized instructional design models including Gagne, Briggs, and Wager’s nine events of instruction.
Brain and hippocampal doses in patients with repeated stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastasis

The study was designed to evaluate the cumulative dose exposure of brain and hippocampus following multiple stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) procedures on a single patient. Ninety-four patients who received at least two SRS treatments were evaluated. Their SRS dose plans were summated to obtain dose volume parameters. Hippocampal structures were delineated, in addition to segmentation of the brain. A total of 267 treatments were delivered to 94 patients. The number of SRS procedures per patient varied from 2 to 7 (mean = 2.8), and the total number of lesions treated in a given patient over multiple treatments varied from 2 to 70 (mean = 11). The interval between the first and last SRS treatments varied from 1 to 79 months (mean = 16.2 months). The mean prescription dose was 16.7 Gy prescribed to isodose lines from 40 to 95%. The mean coverage, selectivity, Paddick conformity, and gradient index were 99.6%, 79%, 0.57, and 2.74, respectively. The mean summated dose delivered to the whole brain over the course of multiple treatments was 5.11 Gy. The hippocampal mean dose after summation was 2.95 Gy. Patients with plan PCIs averaging below the mean value of 0.57 had higher V8, V10, V12, and V15 values for a given total tumor volume when compared with more conformal plans (PCI > 0.57). Repeat SRS delivered low cumulative doses to the brain and hippocampus with the lowest normal brain volumes irradiated in highly conformal plans.
The Microbiota: A New Variable Impacting Cancer Treatment Outcomes.

Preclinical evidence has established that the host commensal microbiota can contribute to therapeutic response in cancer models, a finding supported by early clinical data. This connection between the microbiome and clinical outcome in oncology is cause for new consideration in the administration of antibiotics and microbiota-modulating interventions to improve outcomes. Clin Cancer Res; 23(13); 3229-31. ©2017 AACRSee related article by Galloway-Pena et al., p. 3263.
Molecular insights on aging and aqueous-phase processing from ambient biomass burning emissions-influenced Po Valley fog and aerosol

Abstract. To study the influence of regional biomass burning emissions and secondary processes, ambient samples of fog and aerosol were collected in the Po Valley (Italy) during the 2013 Supersito field campaign. After the extent of fresh vs. aged biomass burning influence was estimated from proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry (HR-ToF-AMS), two samples of fog water and two samples of PM1 aerosol were selected for ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) analysis. Molecular compositions indicated that the water-soluble organic matter was largely non-polymeric without clearly repeating units. The selected samples had an atypically large frequency of molecular formulas containing nitrogen and sulfur (not evident in the NMR composition) attributed to multifunctional organonitrates and organosulfates. Higher numbers of organonitrates were observed in aerosol, and higher numbers of organosulfates were observed in fog water. Consistent with the observation of an enhanced aromatic proton signature in the 1H-NMR analysis, the average molecular formula double-bond equivalents and carbon numbers were higher in the fresh biomass-burning-influenced samples. The average O : C and H : C values from FT-ICR MS were higher in the samples with an aged influence (O : C = 0.50–0.58, and H : C = 1.31–1.37) compared to those with fresh influence (O : C = 0.43–0.48, and H : C = 1.13–1.30). The aged fog had a large set of unique highly oxygenated CHO fragments in the HR-ToF-AMS, which reflects an enrichment of carboxylic acids and other compounds carrying acyl groups, highlighted by the NMR analysis. Fog compositions were more oxidized and SOA (secondary organic aerosol)-like than aerosols as indicated by their NMR measured acyl-to-alkoxyl ratios and the observed molecular formula similarity between the aged aerosol and fresh fog, implying that fog nuclei must be somewhat aged. Overall, functionalization with nitrate and sulfate moieties, in addition to aqueous oxidation, triggers an increase in the molecular complexity in this environment, which is apparent in the FT-ICR MS results. This study demonstrates the significance of the aqueous phase in transforming the molecular chemistry of atmospheric organic matter and contributing to secondary organic aerosol.
Emerging Scholar Profile: Dr. Jing Ge

Dr. Jing Ge is a postdoc researcher at the University of California-Berkeley, USA. Jing studies, writes and speaks about the language use by businesses and consumers on social media in the marketing context and explores how businesses can deploy social-media communication to enrich their marketing endeavours.
17 – GATA Transcription Factors and Cardiac Development

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the current understanding of the role of three GATA family transcription factors, GATA-4,-5, and -6, in cardiovascular development. It is found that GATA family members expressed in temporally distinct patterns in the developing mammalian heart. In addition, GATA-6 is expressed in both arterial and venous SMCs, suggesting a potential role for this protein in the development of the vasculature. GATA-4,-5, and -6 can each bind to the transcriptional regulatory regions of multiple cardiac promoters and enhancers, and transactivate these transcriptional regulatory elements in nonmuscle cells. Each of these factors share two unique and independent transcriptional activation domains. Gene targeting experiments have demonstrated a necessary role for GATA-4 in regulating the second stage of cardiac development in the migration of specified procardiomyocytes from the dorsolateral region of the embryo to form the ventral linear heart tube. Chimera experiments suggest that GATA-4 is required to initiate and/or maintain the ventral morphogenic signal rather than to act as a regulator of cardiomyocyte responsiveness to this signal. GATA-6 is also required for early embryonic viability and its precise role in cardiovascular development is currently under investigation. In contrast, GATA-5 does not appear to be required for the development of the heart and vasculature. Finally, preliminary evidence suggests that GATA-4 and GATA-6 may belong to a common developmental pathway in which GATA-4 normally down regulates the expression of GATA-6 in the heart and extra embryonic membranes.
Innovation: building the best possible tools for the best possible care.

![Figure][1] A few weeks ago, the American College of Cardiology (ACC) launched its revamped website: [ACC.org][2]. Over the last year, a team of College staff and member volunteers spent countless hours interviewing members about their online needs; meeting with website developers about
Clinicopathologic characteristics of endometrial carcinoma metastatic to the ovary compared to endometrial carcinoma with synchronous ovarian carcinoma.

e17105Background: According to recent reports, sporadic synchronous endometrial and ovarian cancers (SEOCs) of endometrioid histology may be clonally related. We sought to characterize the clinicop...
Pharmacy costs of systemic medications for hidradenitis suppurativa in the United States

Dear Editor,Considerable work has been done to characterize the economic burdens of atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and skin cancers, but investigation into the cost of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) ...
In silico Screening and Evaluation of Plasmodium falciparum Protein Kinase 5 (PK5) Inhibitors

An in silico screen of 350 000 commercially available compounds was conducted with an unbiased approach to identify potential malaria inhibitors that bind to the Plasmodium falciparum protein kinase 5 (PfPK5) ATP-binding site. PfPK5 is a cyclin-dependent kinase-like protein with high sequence similarity to human cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (HsCDK2), but its precise role in cell-cycle regulation remains unclear. After two-dimensional fingerprinting of the top scoring compounds, 182 candidates were prioritized for biochemical testing based on their structural diversity. Evaluation of these compounds demonstrated that 135 bound to PfPK5 to a similar degree or better than known PfPK5 inhibitors, confirming that the library was enriched with PfPK5-binding compounds. A previously reported triazolodiamine HsCDK2 inhibitor and the screening hit 4-methylumbelliferone were each selected for an analogue study. The results of this study highlight the difficult balance between optimization of PfPK5 affinity and binding selectivity for PfPK5 over its closest human homologue HsCDK2. Our approach enabled the discovery of several new PfPK5-binding compounds from a modest screening campaign and revealed the first scaffold to have improved PfPK5/HsCDK2 selectivity. These steps are critical for the development of PfPK5-targeting probes for functional studies and antimalarials with decreased risks of host toxicity.
Adjectives relate individuals to states: Evidence from the two readings of English Determiner + Adjective

As an argument in favor of the (minority) view that adjectives involve a neo-Davidsonian state argument, I argue that it grounds an analysis of the English Determiner + Adjective construction (the old). On its “individuated” reading (the old are generally happier), this seems to refer to old individuals; on its “mass” reading (the old is never ordinary), to something like oldness. Empirically, this paper uses naturally-occurring data to show that both readings are more productive than sometimes suggested. Theoretically, the two are parsimoniously derived by existentially closing off one or the other of the two arguments (the individual argument x, the state argument s) made available by the state analysis – λxλs[old(s) ∧ holder(x,s)] – deriving a predicate of individuals for the individuated reading, and a predicate of states for the mass reading. This account of Determiner + Adjective further reflects the philosophical idea that properties can be construed as predicates of individuals or as the abstract thing that those individuals share; and connects to other ways of nominalizing both verb phrases and adjectives.
Abstract P4-08-01: Tumor suppressor PLK2 may serve as a biomarker in triple negative breast cancer for combinational therapy of PLK1 inhibitors with the standard-of-care chemotherapy

Polo-like kinase (PLK) family members play important roles in cell cycle regulation. The founding member PLK1 is oncogenic and preclinically validated as a cancer therapeutic target. Surprisingly, PLK2 is frequently deleted in human breast cancer, preferentially in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Pilot studies using an RNAi screen and colony formation assays suggested that PLK2 might act as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer. This paradox stimulated us to investigate the functions of PLK1 and PLK2 in preclinical models and to understand their clinical implications. In preliminary experiments, we found that knockdown of PLK1 mitigated PLK2-deletion induced phenotypes including inhibiting colony formation, and rescued Plk2 null mammary epithelial cell phenotypes in vivo, including gland hyperbranching, epithelial cell hyperproliferation, and abnormal spindle orientation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PLK2 interacted with PLK1 using a bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay and by co-immunoprecipitation, and using a proximity ligation assay this interaction was shown to occur in prometaphase. Due to the lack of targeted therapy, chemotherapy, such as carboplatin usually in combination with Taxol, is still one of the only systematic treatments for TNBC. Although PLK2 is frequently deleted in TNBC, there is currently no viable strategy to target this loss of function. The relationship between PLK2 and PLK1 suggests targeting PLK1 might provide a potential target to treat TNBC patients with loss of PLK2. In order to test this hypothesis, we used p53 null mammary epithelial cells as a sensitized background to generate a cohort of p53/Plk2 double null TNBC tumors. RNA-seq analysis showed that these tumors can be classified into three distinct molecular TNBC sublines: luminal-like, basal-like and claudin-low. Combinational treatment with the PLK1 inhibitor Volasertib and carboplatin showed a strong synergistic effect on tumor growth and led to regression of the Plk2/p53 null claudin-low tumors, but not control Plk2+/p53 null claudin-low tumors. The effect of combinational treatment of PLK1 inhibitor and carboplatin on the other two sublines as well as PLK2-low TNBC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models is currently under investigation. We hope that these preclinical experiments will provide a rationale for the application PLK1 inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy in a subset of TNBC patients with deletion of PLK2. [Supported by Susan G. Komen Foundation grant SAC110031] Citation Format: Yang Gao, Elena Kabotyanski, Deanna Acosta, Elizabeth Villegas, Thomas F Westbrook, Charles M Perou, Jeffrey M Rosen. Tumor suppressor PLK2 may serve as a biomarker in triple negative breast cancer for combinational therapy of PLK1 inhibitors with the standard-of-care chemotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-08-01.
A Best Practice Alert for Identifying Hepatitis B–Infected Patients

We developed and evaluated the Global Health Wizard Hepatitis B Best Practice Alert (BPA) to increase primary care provider adherence to evidence-based guidelines for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection screening in non-U.S.-born patients. We conducted a pilot study using nine clinics to test BPA effectiveness. Eligible patients were aged ≥ 12 years, from a country of origin with ≥ 2% HBV prevalence, had no electronic health record documentation of HBV screening, and were seen for primary care during July 2012-March 2013. The BPA triggered for > 4,500 patients and identified six previously unrecognized HBV-infected patients. The pilot project demonstrated BPA effectiveness and continued to be used at pilot clinics until 2018 and was expanded to additional clinics in 2019; 29 additional HBV-infected patients were identified. Although successful, BPA usage steadily decreased over time. Poor BPA usage limits the power to achieve the goal of improved population-based HBV screening.