cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dolphin social intelligence: complex alliance relationships in bottlenose dolphins and a consideration of selective environments for extreme brain size evolution in mammals.

Bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay, Australia, live in a large, unbounded society with a fission‐fusion grouping pattern. Potential cognitive demands include the need to develop social strategies involving the recognition of a large number of individuals and their relationships with others. Patterns of alliance affiliation among males may be more complex than are currently known for any non-human, with individuals participating in 2‐3 levels of shifting alliances. Males mediate alliance relationships with gentle contact behaviours such as petting, but synchrony also plays an important role in affiliative interactions. In general, selection for social intelligence in the context of shifting alliances will depend on the extent to which there are strategic options and risk. Extreme brain size evolution may have occurred more than once in the toothed whales, reaching peaks in the dolphin family and the sperm whale. All three ‘peaks’ of large brain size evolution in mammals (odontocetes, humans and elephants) shared a common selective environment: extreme mutual dependence based on external threats from predators or conspecific groups. In this context, social competition, and consequently selection for greater cognitive abilities and large brain size, was intense.
Dobutamine positron emission tomography: Absolute quantitation of rest and dobutamine myocardial blood flow and correlation with cardiac work and percent diameter stenosis in patients with and without coronary artery disease

Objectives. This study sought to measure myocardial blood flow at rest and during dobutamine infusion and to correlate flow with cardiac work and severity of coronary artery disease. Background. Dobutamine is used with cardiac imaging to induced possible ischemia in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Positron emission tomography permits noninvasive quantitation of myocardial blood flow. Methods. Fifteen patients with quantitative coronary arteriography were studied at rest and during dobutamine infusion using nitrogen-13 ammonia flow imaging with positron emission tomography. Myocardial blood flow was determined in regions corresponding to the three major coronary arteries for myocardium with and without dobutamine flow defects and with and without a >50% diameter stenosis. Results. Eight patients had at least one dobutamine flow defect; four of whom had a previous myocardial infarction. One patient with >50% diameter stenosis had no flow defects, and one with 50% diameter stenosis, with a greater increase when a defect or >05% diameter stenosis was not present. Rest and dobutamine flows in regions without >50% diameter stenosis were 0.93 ± 0.20 (mean ± SD) and 2.16 ± 0.52 ml/min per g (p 50% diameter stenosis were 0.70 ± 0.33 and 1.20 ± 0.54 ml/min per g (p < 0.05), respectively, whereas the corresponding values for regions with a dobutamine flow defect were 0.69 ± 0.33 ml/min per g at rest and 1.23 ± 0.54 ml/min per g during dobutamine (p < 0.05). Dobutamine increased flow inversely proportional to percent diameter stenosis. The rest flow for regions with a dobutamine flow defect were not significantly different from that in regions without defects. Conclusions. Dobutamine resulted in a significant increase in myocardial blood flow that correlated significantly with both increased cardiac work and degree of stenosis.
Use of Microspoilers for Control of Finned Projectiles

Relative to other air vehicles, the physical control mechanism on a smart projectile plays much more of a central role in the overall system design. Many different smart projectile control mechanisms have been created, including aerodynamic based mechanisms such as movable canards, propellant based mechanisms such as squibs, and inertia based mechanisms such as internal moving masses. The work reported here considers small micro spoilers located between rear fins to create aerodynamic force changes to enable projectile control. In particular, boundary layer shock interaction between the projectile body, fins, and micro spoilers provides a multiplicative effect on controllable forces and moments. A parametric study varying the micro spoiler configuration is conducted to examine the level of control authority possible for this control mechanism concept. Results indicate that relatively small micro spoilers located between fins generate substantial control authority that is capable of eliminating impact errors caused by muzzle jump, aerodynamic uncertainty, and atmospheric winds. These conclusions are based on CFD predictions of the effect of micro spoilers on air loads coupled to a rigid 6-degree-of-freedom projectile trajectory simulation.
Structure of the colcemid-treated PtK1 kinetochore outer plate as determined by high voltage electron microscopic tomography

High voltage electron microscopic tomography was used to determine the organization of the kinetochore plate and its attachment to the underlying chromosome. Six reconstructions were computed from thick sections of Colcemid-treated PtK1 cells and analyzed by a number of computer graphics methods including extensive thin slicing, three-dimensional masking, and volume rendering. When viewed en-face the kinetochore plate appeared to be constructed from a scaffold of numerous 10-20-nm thick fibers or rods. Although the fibers exhibited regions of parallel alignment and hints of a lattice, they were highly variable in length, orientation and spacing. When viewed in stereo, groups of these fibers were often seen oriented in different directions at different depths to give an overall matted appearance to the structure. When viewed "on edge," the plate was 35-40 nm thick, and in thin slices many regions were tripartite with electron-opaque domains, separated by a more translucent middle layer, forming the inner and outer plate boundaries. These domains were joined at irregular intervals. In some slices, each domain appeared as a linear array of 10-20-nm dots or rods embedded in a less electron-opaque matrix, and adjacent dots within or between domains often appeared fused to form larger blocks. The plate was connected to the underlying chromosome by less densely arrayed 10-20-nm thick fibers that contacted the chromosome-facing (i.e., inner) surface of the plate in numerous patches. These patches tended to be arrayed in parallel rows perpendicular to the long axis of the chromosome. In contrast to connecting fibers, corona fibers were more uniformly distributed over the cytoplasmic-facing (i.e., outer) surface of the plate. When large portions of the reconstructions were viewed, either en-face or in successive slices parallel to the long axis of the chromosome, the edges of the plate appeared splayed into multiple "fingers" that partly encircled the primary constriction. Together these observations reveal that regions of the kinetochore outer plate contain separate structural domains, which we hypothesize to serve separate functional roles. Our three-dimensional images of the kinetochore are largely consistent with the hypothesis that the outer plate is composed of multiple identical subunits (Zinkowski, R. P., J. Meyne, and B. R. Brinkley. 1991. J. Cell Biol. 113:1091-1110).
The Motile Behavior of Amoebae in the Aggregation Wave in Dictyostelium Discoideum

Pattern develops during the aggregation process in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, and although aggregation appears to represent a more dynamic process than the genesis of a more static morphogenetic field, it shares several of the same basic characteristics. As hypothesized for some forms of positional information (Wolpert 1971), aggregation information is in the form of a signal emanating from a source and in this case is amplified through a relay system between cells. Cells respond individually to the signal with directional movement towards the source (Alcantara & Monk 1974), which is the aggregation center. Because of the ease of experimental manipulation, gene cloning, and targeted mutagenesis, the process of signal genesis, signal transduction, and the motile response in D. discoideum is rapidly being elucidated and warrants careful scrutiny by researchers in the field of pattern formation. In this mini-review, we will focus on the behavioral response of cells to the naturally propagated cAMP wave. We will consider a wave paradox which has been explained by a temporal mechanism for Chemotaxis (Varnum et al. 1985; Soll 1990), and then describe methods for assessing the role of particular cytoskeletal elements in the motile response to the natural wave.
Diurnal timing of warmer air under climate change affects magnitude, timing and duration of stream temperature change

Stream temperature will be subject to changes because of atmospheric warming in the future. We investigated the effects of the diurnal timing of air temperature changes – daytime warming versus nighttime warming – on stream temperature. Using the physically based model, Heat Source, we performed a sensitivity analysis of summer stream temperatures to three diurnal air temperature distributions of +4 °C mean air temperature: i) uniform increase over the whole day, ii) warmer daytime and iii) warmer nighttime. The stream temperature model was applied to a 37-km section of the Middle Fork John Day River in northeastern Oregon, USA. The three diurnal air temperature distributions generated 7-day average daily maximum stream temperatures increases of approximately +1.8 °C ± 0.1 °C at the downstream end of the study section. The three air temperature distributions, with the same daily mean, generated different ranges of stream temperatures, different 7-day average daily maximum temperatures, different durations of stream temperature changes and different average daily temperatures in most parts of the reach. The stream temperature changes were out of phase with air temperature changes, and therefore in many places, the greatest daytime increase in stream temperature was caused by nighttime warming of air temperatures. Stream temperature changes tended to be more extreme and of longer duration when driven by air temperatures concentrated in either daytime or nighttime instead of uniformly distributed across the diurnal cycle. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Density dependence and the economic efficacy of marine reserves

Predictions on the efficacy of marine reserves for benefiting fisheries differ in large part due to considerations of models of either intra- or inter-cohort population density regulating fish recruitment. Here, I consider both processes acting on recruitment and show using a bioeconomic model how for many fisheries density dependent recruitment dynamics interact with harvest costs to influence fishery profit with reserves. Reserves consolidate fishing effort, favoring fisheries that can profitably harvest low-density stocks of species where adult density mediates recruitment. Conversely, proportion coastline in reserves that maximizes profit, and relative improvement in profit from reserves over conventional management, decline with increasing harvest costs and the relative importance of intra-cohort density dependence. Reserves never increase profit when harvest cost is high, regardless of density dependent recruitment dynamics. I quantitatively synthesize diverse results in the literature, show disproportionate effects on the economic performance of reserves from considering only inter- or intra-cohort density dependence, and highlight fish population and fishery dynamics predicted to be complementary to reserve management.
The Competent Worker

When work has the potential to motivate the work intrinsically, success or failure on the job can have a dramatic impact on the individual’s feelings of competence. These feelings of competence are basic to the adult’s sense of identity because they help to define him or her as a productive human being. Competence at work also has the potential to provide the individual with a sense of self-reliance. The adults in the sample who were working outside the home described in detail the perceived impact of their work on their sense of competence. The terms that they used to describe their work formed a set of related variations around the theme of work’s intrinsic meaning. These variations captured different facets of the work itself, including interest value, autonomy, and a number of characteristics of work tasks. From the respondents’ statements, it was apparent that the intrinsicalness of work is a dynamic, ever-present, and central feature of the concrete reality of working.
A Local Timestepping Runge–Kutta Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Hurricane Storm Surge Modeling

In this paper, we describe a local timestepping (LTS) approach within the Runge–Kutta discontinuous Galerkin (RKDG) method, and the application of this method to the modeling of hurricane storm surge. Modeling storm surge requires the numerical solution of the shallow water equations with wind and atmospheric pressure forcing, over complex domains which include wet and dry regions. The RKDG method is well suited for these applications; however, well-resolved simulations of storm surge can require highly graded meshes, which can lead to severe global CFL constraints. The LTS approach allows for elements to use timesteps which approximately satisfy only local CFL conditions. We describe a fully parallel implementation of the LTS method within an RKDG shallow water simulator, developed by the author and collaborators over a period of several years. We demonstrate that, for a specific hurricane, namely Hurricane Ike, the LTS method can reduce parallel run-times by nearly a factor of two with no degradation in accuracy.
The Lesbian and the Christian (B)

Tim Bono decided not to accept the homosexual-themed work, and the customer filed a discrimination complaint against his business. While eventually the complaint was dismissed, both sides were left feeling unhappy and dissatisfied. See also the A case (UVA-E-0297).
Time-Dependent and Organ-Specific Changes in Mitochondrial Function, Mitochondrial DNA Integrity, Oxidative Stress and Mononuclear Cell Infiltration in a Mouse Model of Burn Injury.

Severe thermal injury induces a pathophysiological response that affects most of the organs within the body; liver, heart, lung, skeletal muscle among others, with inflammation and hyper-metabolism as a hallmark of the post-burn damage. Oxidative stress has been implicated as a key component in development of inflammatory and metabolic responses induced by burn. The goal of the current study was to evaluate several critical mitochondrial functions in a mouse model of severe burn injury. Mitochondrial bioenergetics, measured by Extracellular Flux Analyzer, showed a time dependent, post-burn decrease in basal respiration and ATP-turnover but enhanced maximal respiratory capacity in mitochondria isolated from the liver and lung of animals subjected to burn injury. Moreover, we detected a tissue-specific degree of DNA damage, particularly of the mitochondrial DNA, with the most profound effect detected in lungs and hearts of mice subjected to burn injury. Increased mitochondrial biogenesis in lung tissue in response to burn injury was also observed. Burn injury also induced time dependent increases in oxidative stress (measured by amount of malondialdehyde) and neutrophil infiltration (measured by myeloperoxidase activity), particularly in lung and heart. Tissue mononuclear cell infiltration was also confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The amount of poly(ADP-ribose) polymers decreased in the liver, but increased in the heart in later time points after burn. All of these biochemical changes were also associated with histological alterations in all three organs studied. Finally, we detected a significant increase in mitochondrial DNA fragments circulating in the blood immediately post-burn. There was no evidence of systemic bacteremia, or the presence of bacterial DNA fragments at any time after burn injury. The majority of the measured parameters demonstrated a sustained elevation even at 20–40 days post injury suggesting a long-lasting effect of thermal injury on organ function. The current data show that there are marked time-dependent and tissue-specific alterations in mitochondrial function induced by thermal injury, and suggest that mitochondria-specific damage is one of the earliest responses to burn injury. Mitochondria may be potential therapeutic targets in the future experimental therapy of burns.
Application of GIS in public health in India: A literature-based review, analysis, and recommendations

The implementation of geospatial technologies and methods for improving health has become widespread in many nations, but India's adoption of these approaches has been fairly slow. With a large population, ongoing public health challenges, and a growing economy with an emphasis on innovative technologies, the adoption of spatial approaches to disease surveillance, spatial epidemiology, and implementation of health policies in India has great potential for both success and efficacy. Through our evaluation of scientific papers selected through a structured key phrase review of the National Center for Biotechnology Information on the database PubMed, we found that current spatial approaches to health research in India are fairly descriptive in nature, but the use of more complex models and statistics is increasing. The institutional home of the authors is skewed regionally, with Delhi and South India more likely to show evidence of use. The need for scientists engaged in spatial health analysis to first digitize basic data, such as maps of road networks, hydrological features, and land use, is a strong impediment to efficiency, and their work would certainly advance more quickly without this requirement.
The Hemocyanin of the Uniramous Arthropods

Recently we described a hemocyanin (Hc) found in the uniramous arthropods, the group that includes the centipedes, millipedes and insects (1). Hc appears to be found only in the scutigeromorph centipedes, also the only members of the uniramia in which the tracheal system ends blindly in the blood rather than proceeding all the way to the tissues.
The Sacred Dance of the Sexes

Problems inherent in the patriarchal system have led to the universal problem of the so-called “battle of the sexes.” The last two hundred years of liberation movements lead to the conclusion that for any such movement finally to succeed, the patriarchal system must be outgrown. Six methods of dealing with the problem are reviewed and all are found variously wanting, though some offer promise. A solution is offered. The differences between men and women must be honored and true partnership developed. A method by which this can be achieved is described.
Effects of maternal dietary restriction on hydroxyproline levels in urine and tissues of the young.

SummaryStudies to determine the effect of maternal dietary restriction during gestation and lactation on hydroxyproline excretion of the progeny were undertaken. Results indicate that urinary hydroxyproline excretion was consistently and significantly increased in the male and female progeny of dietary restricted mothers than those of ad libitum fed ones. Similar findings were obtained when the results were expressed either as amounts of hydroxyproline per unit of body weight or the ratio of hydroxyproline per milligram of creatinine. Whether this enhancement is due to changes in the pool size of any of the forms of collagen or changes in the rate of conversion of one form of collagen to another is not clear. Additional experiments revealed that a significant increase in 14CO2 production was noted in the offspring from dietary restricted mothers after intramuscular injection of protein-U-14C. However, the in vivo incorporation of proline-14C into tissue proteins appeared to be unaffected by maternal dieta...
Behavior and Control of the Peachtree Borer and Lesser Peachtree Borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in Peach Orchards Permeated with (Z,Z)-3, 13-Octadecadien-1-ol Acetate

The pheromone (Z,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-olacetate, when applied in peach orchards, reduced captures of lesser peachtree borer, Synanthedon pictipes (Grote and Robinson), males by 99.3% and peachtree borer, S. exitiosa (Say), males by 100% in traps baited with their respective pheromones. In the permeated orchards, mating of peachtree borer females was prevented in low, moderate, and highly infested orchards, but mating of lesser peachtree borer females was prevented only in low and moderately infested orchards. In an isolated treated peach orchard, 21 of 22 wild peachtree borer females captured were unmated, but in other semiisolated treated orchards, many mated females were also collected. Damage counts were not recorded in the isolated orchard; in the semiisolated orchards, no decreases in damage were noted. The pheromone, therefore, protected orchards by preventing mating of peachtree borer females that emerged from within the orchard, but had no effect on immigrating females. The pheromone depressed or delayed mating of lesser peachtree borers in an orchard with a high population but it appears unacceptable for control. In most situations, the pheromone will not provide enough control of the peachtree borer or suppression of the lesser peachtree borer unless there is sufficient isolation from other infested orchards, or unless a large area, including wild hosts, is treated.
Hemodynamic Effects of Postpulmonary Administration of Prostaglandin D2 in Fetal Animals

Dose-response relationships in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), mean systemic arterial pressure (SAP), and heart rate (HR) to left atrial administration of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) were determined in five fetal lambs. Fetuses were delivered by cesarean section from chloralose anesthetized ewes with the umbilical circulation maintained intact. Fetuses were prevented from breathing thus maintaining pulmonary vascular tone in the elevated fetal state. Blood was withdrawn from the inferior vena cava and pumped at constant flow into the lower left lobe of the fetal lung. Postpulmonary infusions of PGD2 brought about dose-dependent decreases in pulmonary vascular resistance. Heart rate tended to increase in fetal lambs. Mean systemic arterial pressure increased in the fetal lambs at all doses tested except for the largest dose (44.14 micrograms/kg X min), which produced slight hypotension. These data demonstrate that exposure to the systemic circulation prior to entering the pulmonary vasculature does not alter the preferential dilator action of PGD2 on fetal pulmonary vessels nor does it produce significant systemic hypotension.
Optimization of low-osmolality contrast media for cranial CT: a dose comparison of two contrast agents.

A prospective, randomized, double-blind comparative study of 200 patients was made to examine the image quality, safety, and costs of 100 ml of ioversol-320 (32 g iodine) and 150 ml of iohexol-300 (45 g iodine) in patients undergoing cranial CT. We found no statistically significant difference in image quality between the two low-osmolality, nonionic contrast agents at these doses. There was a statistically significant (p = .02) difference in the occurrence of minor to mild adverse effects caused by ioversol (n = 0) as compared with iohexol (n = 5). No patient in either group experienced any major contrast-induced reactions. Contrast media costs were 34% less in patients receiving 32 g of iodine as compared with those receiving 45 g of iodine. This study demonstrates that high-quality cranial CT scans are possible even with a reduced volume of low-osmolality contrast medium, and that the potential cost savings are significant.
Comparison of theoretical elastic couple stress predictions with physical experiments for pure torsion

Several different versions of couple stress theory have appeared in the literature, including the indeterminate Mindlin-Tiersten-Koiter couple stress theory (MTK-CST), indeterminate symmetric modified couple stress theory (M-CST) and determinate skew-symmetric consistent couple stress theory (C-CST). First, the solutions within each of these theories for pure torsion of cylindrical bars composed of isotropic elastic material are presented and found to provide a remarkable basis for comparison with observed physical response. In particular, recent novel physical experiments to characterize torsion of micro-diameter copper wires in quasi-static tests show no significant size effect in the elastic range. This result agrees with the prediction of the skew-symmetric C-CST that there is no size effect for torsion of an elastic circular bar in quasi-static loading, because the mean curvature tensor vanishes in a pure twist deformation. On the other hand, solutions within the other two theories exhibit size-dependent torsional response, which depends upon either one or two additional material parameters, respectively, for the indeterminate symmetric M-CST or indeterminate MTK-CST. Results are presented to illustrate the magnitude of the expected size-dependence within these two theories in torsion. Interestingly, if the material length scales for copper in these two theories with size-dependent torsion is on the order of microns or larger, then the recent physical experiments in torsion would align only with the self-consistent skew-symmetric couple stress theory, which inherently shows no size effect.
Contents assessment of BHT by GC-MS

Objective: To establish a GC method for the determination of pharmaceutical supplementary materials butylated hydroxytoluene(BHT).Methods: A Capillary Column(HP-5)(30 m×0.32 mm×0.25 μm) and FID were employed.External standard was used for quantitative determination.Results:The calibration curve of butylated hydroxytoluene was linear within the range of 0-1.98 mg·mL-1(r=0.9993);The average recovery was 99.5%,and RSD was 0.94%.Conclusion:The method can be use to determination of butylated hydroxytoluene.
Mass storage systems reference model system management

System management is the collection of functions that are primarily concerned with the control, performance, and utilization of the mass storage system (MSS) defined by the IEEE mass storage system reference model. These functions are often very site-dependent, involve human decision making, and span multiple servers of the mass storage system. The functions may be implemented as standalone programs, may be integrated with the other mass storage system software, or may just be policy. A description is given of these functions, which consist of storage management, operations, systems maintenance, software support, hardware support, administrative control, and file management. >
The Regionalist Vision of Henry Wright: Lessons in Sustainability

Though lesser known than his Regional Planning Association of America colleagues – Clarence Stein, Lewis Mumford, and Benton MacKaye – Henry Wright played a key role in implementing and promoting critical regional planning ideals. In doing so, he embraced what Wheeler (2002) characterizes as “ecological regionalism” and more recently Berke (2008) describes as the “environmentally sustainable urban form” (p. 395). After earning his degree in architecture at the University of Pennsylvania, Wright spent his early professional years in the office of nationally prominent landscape architect George Kessler. Here he gained a sensitivity to site design, including grading and infrastructure development, and a broadening understanding of natural systems and networks. His subsequent employment with the Emergency Fleet Corporation designing communities for war workers during World War I, established his expertise in economically designing communities. During the 1920s and until his death in 1936, he applied this expertise to design communities that reflect many of the current criteria of sustainability, new regionalism, and green infrastructure. This paper examines archival writings of Wright, his contemporaries, and more recent explorations of sustainability, green infrastructure, and new regionalism to assess the elements of Wright’s community planning, site design, and broader regionalist ideas that prefigured these modern concepts. As Planning Advisor to the New York Commission of Housing and Regional Planning, his contributions towards a 1926 proposal for statewide planning forms a critical component of this examination. Further, his lesser known articles on town planning, land development, and the economics of housing design offer a sustained perspective regarding the dynamics of his contributions to regionalism. These include conceptual new town designs integrating intensive mixed use urban areas punctuated with outlying parks as part of a balanced regional network of communities. A comparative and critical analysis of these contributions within the context of the contributions of his RPAA colleagues and regional scholarship today highlights his legacy as an architect, landscape architect, and planner.
A Linguistic Analysis of the Morphemic and Syntactic Structures of a Hard-of-Hearing Child:

Presented is a detailed study of the expressive language of one hearing impaired 4-year-old girl using concepts of both descriptive and generative linguistics as the means of analysis. Morpheme bou...
Multi-lane cooperative shock wave mitigation

Vehicle traffic on highway systems is typically not uniformly distributed. In this paper, we introduce a protocol that exploits this phenomenon by considering the formations of shock waves and opportunities in adjacent lanes. The objective of this protocol is to reduce the impact of a shock wave by using event-driven messages between vehicles that provide drivers with velocity or lane switching recommendations. We show how our protocol uniformly distributes vehicle densities across multiple lanes while maintaining lane fairness, and reduces the number of vehicles entering a shock wave point. Simulation results show we are able to further reduce the overall travel times and increase the average velocity.
Optimization of Multilayer Optical Films with a Memetic Algorithm and Mixed Integer Programming

Multilayer optical films have been extensively used in optical technology, but the design of multilayer structures for broadband applications is often challenging due to the need to incorporate material dispersion. Here, we present an implementation of a memetic algorithm based on mixed integer programming, which is especially suited for practical broadband optimization of layered thin-film materials. In our implementation, the optimization variables consist of a list of discrete variables that represents different dielectric materials, along with a list of continuous variables that represents the thicknesses of each material. As a set of concrete demonstrations, we optimize the spectra of a radiative cooling device and an incandescent light bulb filter. The resulting structures from the optimization can, by using more materials, achieve better performance than their counterparts in the literature while using fewer numbers of material layers.
Genetic integrity, diversity, and population structure of the Cascade red fox

The Cascade red fox (CRF) occurred historically throughout subalpine and alpine habitats in the Cascade Range of Washington and southernmost British Columbia, but now appears to be extremely rare. Causes for its apparent decline are unknown, as is the current distribution and connectivity of its populations. Additionally, the introduction of nonnative (fur-farm) red foxes to surrounding lowland areas during the past century raises concerns about their expansion to higher elevations and potential hybridization with the CRF. We conducted noninvasive genetic sampling and analyses of CRFs in a 5575 km2 region in the southern portion of its range, which is thought to contain a significant proportion of the current population. We obtained 154 mitochondrial DNA sequences and microsatellite genotypes for 51 individuals to determine trends in genetic diversity, assess evidence for nonnative introgression, and describe population structure. Although heterozygosity (He = 0.60, SE = 0.03) was only slightly lower than an estimate obtained from samples collected during the 1980s (He = 0.64, SE = 0.05), genetic effective size of the current population based on a one-sample estimate was very small (Ne = 16.0, 95% CI 13.3–19.4), suggesting a loss of genetic diversity and the potential for inbreeding depression in future decades. Genetic connectivity was high and we found no evidence for hybridization with nonnative lowland red foxes. Thus, although a small effective population size indicates the possibility of inbreeding depression and loss of evolutionary potential, high connectivity and genetic integrity could mitigate this to some extent, indicating that the population could respond to conservation efforts. Ultimately, successful conservation of this species depends on a better understanding of the factors that originally contributed to its decline and that currently limit its growth.
Discipline-based approaches to evidence-based practice: a view from nursing.

Article-at-a-Glance Background Research carried out by nurses or by others on patient problems of concern to nurses is contributing to the development of evidence-based nursing practice. In the past few decades, there has been a dramatic increase in clinical research, in health services research, and in the content and process of informatics, all focused on nursing care. The translation of findings of this research into clinical practice and the organization of nursing is less dramatic. The opportunity to implement research-based practice is great, but requires attention, methods, and resources. Also required are a database and an information system which include terms essential to nursing practice. Dimensions of nurses’ involvement in evidence-based practice The importance of nurses' involvement in evidence-based practice (EBP) can be viewed from three perspectives: (1) nurses' participation in medical problems and medical interventions, (2) nursing problems and nursing interventions, and (3) development and use of a standardized language that describes the problems, interventions, and outcomes important to nursing. Applying EBP to combined medical and nursing problems The best outcomes for a specific patient population are achieved through a combination of the medical and nursing problems and evidence-based interventions. Examples of problems of importance to nursing practice and research include pain, dehydration, incontinence, lifestyle change, confusion, immobility, knowledge deficit, noncompliance, anxiety, skin breakdown, inappropriate use of restraints, and falls. Interventions for prevention and treatment of the individual problem or combination of problems comprise the focus of nursing research and EBP.
STATs IN IMMUNE RESPONSES TO VIRAL INFECTIONS

The signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) were first characterized in large part through definition of the pathways used by the type 1 interferons, i.e. IFN-α/β, to activate known antiviral functions (1). Even in a simple system, however, the genes differentially regulated by these innate cytokines can number in the hundreds (2). Moreover, the biological consequences of type 1 IFN exposure are very diverse, often contradictory, and include a wide range of immunoregulatory functions (1), and other cytokines use differing assortments of STAT molecules to signal for the biological responses they induce (3). As a result, it has been difficult to define STAT regulation of individual components of defense. An extensive literature is now coming together to support important roles for the STAT1 molecule as a key control switch in directing downstream consequences of cytokine exposure and defense against a variety of viruses. A more limited number of reports indicate that STAT4 and STAT6 help shape particular subsets of immune responses. This information is shedding light on unique pathways used by cytokines to orchestrate the endogenous innate to adaptive immune response cascades during challenges with viruses.
Transscleral Drug Delivery

The treatment of diseases of the posterior segment of the eye remains limited by the ability to deliver effective doses of drugs to target tissues in the posterior eye. Topical delivery as drops and systemic delivery require large doses and remain limited in delivering effective doses to the back of the eye. Intravitreal injection and implantation of intravitreal sustained-release delivery devices are effective but invasive, and both modes of delivery share potential risks of retinal detachment, endophtalmitis, hemorrhage, and cataract. Numerous studies have demonstrated that drugs and solutes can diffuse across the sclera in vitro and in situ when delivered by a periocular approach. Transscleral delivery could provide an effective alternative approach for delivering therapeutic agents to the posterior tissues of the eye.
Gatemons get serious.

The top-down fabrication of voltage-controlled superconducting qubits brings upscaling into reach.
Electrical activity in embryonic heart cell aggregates. Pacemaker oscillations.

Aggregates were formed from dissociated heart cells of 7-day chick embryos. When spontaneous action potentials were blocked with 10−8 to 10−7 g/ml tetrodotoxin (TTX) oscillatory pacemaker potentials were sometimes seen. The emergence of these pacemaker potentials was critically dependent on the external potassium concentration. In 1.3 mM potassium medium TTX suppression of action potential generation always led to a stable resting potential close to the threshold level (−55 to −50 mV). In 4.3 mM potassium TTX suppression was followed by a train of pacemaker potentials which usually gave way to a stable resting potential of about −70 mV. Raising the calcium concentration from 1.8 to 5 mM often induced long lasting (3 hrs) pacemaker oscillations of 20 to 30 mV peak to peak amplitude. These were abolished by raising the potassium concentration to 8.3 mM or upon the addition of 1.5 mM Mn2+. The responses of TTX-treated aggregates are discussed in terms of Noble and Tsien's pacemaker theory for Purkinje fibers. The results are well described by assuming the existence of anik2-like potassium current in embryonic heart cells. The role of calcium is unclear but it may help provide the inward current against which the outward potassium current can function.
Millimeter-Wave V2X Channels: Propagation Statistics, Beamforming, and Blockage

5G millimeter wave (mmWave) technology is envisioned to be an integral part of next-generation vehicle-to-everything (V2X) networks and autonomous vehicles due to its broad bandwidth, wide field of view sensing, and precise localization capabilities. The reliability of mmWave links may be compromised due to difficulties in beam alignment for mobile channels and due to blocking effects between a mmWave transmitter and a receiver. In this paper, we study the channel characteristics for mmWave and sub-6 GHz V2X communications using ray-tracing simulations. We present results for time-varying path-loss, delay spread, and angular spreads in the presence of a moving vehicle for line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) trajectory, respectively. Additionally, we study the effect of delay spread and angular spread when the base station (BS) and user equipment (UE) are capable of adjusting the beam directions and beamwidths dynamically. Finally, we explore the impact of blockage effects on the quality of receive beams at 28 GHz for the considered vehicle trajectories.
Panel Summary: Receptivity

Much progress has been made over the last six years or so in the delineation and understanding of receptivity phenomena. This has come about principally through detailed analysis of a few critical experiments using the results of related asymptotic analyses. While we can now give some fairly detailed descriptions of some receptivity mechanisms, we are also impressed by the myriad of combinations of disturbance type and receptivity mechanism that can come into play in the transition process. All of the presentations of this panel dealt with boundary layer flows.
A Hybrid Electrochemical/Chemical Synthesis of Supported, Luminescent Cadmium Sulfide Nanocrystals

A hybrid electrochemical/chemical (E/C) method is employed to synthesize epitaxially oriented CdS nanocrystallitessize selectivelyon graphite surfaces. The E/C synthesis involves three steps: (1) ...
Use of detailed family history data to improve risk prediction,with application to breast cancer screening.

Background As breast cancer represents a major morbidity and mortality burden in the U.S., with about one in eight women developing invasive breast cancer over her lifetime, accurate low-cost screening is an important public health issue. First-degree family history, often simplified as a dichotomous or three-level categorical variable (0/1/>1) based on number of affected relatives, is an important risk factor for many conditions. However, detailed family structure information such as the total number of first-degree relatives, and for each, their current or death age, and age at diagnosis are also important for risk prediction. Methods We develop a family history score under a Bayesian framework, based on first-degree family structure. We tested performance of the proposed score using data from a large prospective cohort study of women with a first-degree breast cancer family history. We used likelihood ratio tests to evaluate whether the proposed score added additional information to a Cox model with known breast cancer risk factors and the three-level family history variable. We also compared prediction performance through Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves and goodness-of-fit testing. Results Our proposed Bayesian family history score improved fit compared to the commonly used three-level family history score, both without and with adjustment for other risk factors (likelihood ratio tests p = 0.003 without adjustment for other risk factors, and p = 0.007 and 0.009 under adjustment with two candidate sets of risk factors). AUCs of ROC curves for the two models were similar, though in all cases were higher after addition of the BFHS. Conclusions Capturing detailed family history data through the proposed family history score can improve risk assessment and prediction. Such approaches could enable better-targeted personalized screening schedules and prevention strategies.
Are Children with a History of Asthma More Likely to Have Severe Anaphylactic Reactions? A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Objective To assess whether a history of asthma was associated with anaphylaxis severity in children hospitalized for anaphylaxis. Study design Retrospective cohort study of children ≤21 years old hospitalized for anaphylaxis from 2009 to 2016. The primary outcome was severe anaphylactic reactions defined by examination findings (stridor, respiratory distress, or hypotension) or administered therapies (≥2 dose of intramuscular epinephrine, continuous albuterol, vasopressors, or positive pressure ventilation). Multivariable analyses were used to assess whether a history of asthma was associated with severe anaphylactic reactions, adjusting for patient age, allergen, and history of atopic dermatitis or anaphylaxis. Results Among 603 children hospitalized for anaphylaxis, 231 (38.3%) had a history of asthma. Children with a history of asthma were older (median age, 6.6 years [IQR, 3.6-12.1] vs 4.0 years [IQR, 1.6-9.3]), more likely to have a history of anaphylaxis (38.1% vs 18.0%), and have food as the inciting allergen (68.0% vs 52.2%). Children with a history of asthma were not more likely to have severe anaphylactic reactions (OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.67-1.39). Conclusions Children hospitalized for anaphylaxis with a history of asthma were not more likely to have severe anaphylactic reactions compared with children without asthma. This study supports managing children with anaphylaxis based on the severity of symptomatology, and, if validated, clinicians should not consider asthma comorbidity as a stand-alone criterion for hospitalization.
On Primitives in Motor Control

The concept of primitives has been used in motor control both as a theoretical construct and as a means of describing the results of experimental studies involving multiple moving elements. This concept is close to Bernstein's notion of engrams and level of synergies. Performance primitives have been explored in spaces of peripheral variables but interpreted in terms of neural control primitives. Performance primitives reflect a variety of mechanisms ranging from body mechanics to spinal mechanisms and to supraspinal circuitry. This review suggests that primitives originate at the task level as preferred time functions of spatial referent coordinates or at mappings from higher level referent coordinates to lower level, frequently abundant, referent coordinate sets. Different patterns of performance primitives can emerge depending, in particular, on the external force field.
The Effect of Anglo-Indian Legislation on Burmese Customary Law

Burma lost her sovereignty to the British in 1885 and regained her independence in 1948. Thus, British rule over the whole of Burma lasted sixty-three years, although, if we take into consideration three years of Japanese occupation during the Second World War, the period of effective British rule in Burma was only sixty years. It must, however, be mentioned that the establishment of British authority in Burma did not take place all at once and the coming was not as peaceful and honourable as the going; for the British government, which by the beginning of the 19th century was already firmly established in India, had to fight three costly wars with the Burmese before being able to take over the entire country. These wars stretched over a period of more than sixty years. The first Anglo-Burmese War was fought in 1824, in which native Indian troops were used for the first time by the British to invade and subjugate a foreign country. The British, by virtue of their superiority in naval power and modern artillery, won the war as a result of which the Treaty of Yandabo was concluded in 1826. Under this treaty the Burmese King had to cede to the British government the two coastal provinces of Arakan and Tenasserim.
Enabling Behind-the-Meter Distributed Energy Resources to Provide Grid Services

As part of the DOE SHINES program, EPRI presents the objectives, design, modeling results, and field tests/experiences from their DER management system (DERMS). The DERMS uses model predictive control with a combination of static and forecasted inputs (including forecasted solar) to coordinate controllable loads, battery charging/discharging, and PV generation. When applied to a two-house residential system, local load control (consisting of pool pumps, water heaters, and HVAC systems) is shown to potentially reduce power and energy capacity requirements for the battery while still achieving system-level power import and export constraints. At the same time, the controller is shown to reduce battery cycling and provide a financial incentive to the customer by optimizing load usage according to tiered time of use rates.