cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Mosaic Interpretation of Jerome, in Hiezechielem

La scene representee dans une mosaique absidale de Santa Pudenziana a Rome s'inspire essentiellement d'Ezechiel 40-43 et du commentaire de Jerome sur ce passage. La mosaique traduit la vision du Temple comme elle est decrite par le prophete et expliquee par Jerome. Cette mosaique temoigne de l'interet pour les arrieres-plans architecturaux assez novateurs pour l'epoque de la renaissance theodosienne. Elle montre egalement qu'il existe un echange artistique entre l'Asie Mineure et Constantinople. L'influence de l'exegese de Jerome sur ce travail represente un changement thematique
Formate Adsorption on the (111) Surface of Rutile TiO2

The (111) surface of rutile TiO2 was prepared with argon ion sputtering and vacuum annealing at 970 K. Scanning tunneling microscope observation revealed nanometer-scale domains of (1 × 1) and (1 × 2) phases on the surface. Formic acid was dissociatively adsorbed on the surface at room temperature. The recombination and decomposition temperatures of the adsorbed formate were similar to those reported on the (110) surface. The CH-related and COO-related stretching modes probed by high-resolution electron energy loss showed two or more types of formate. The wavenumber of the vibrational modes can be interpreted with a mixture of monodentate, bidentate, and bridge form of adsorption. The number density of the formates counted in microscope images supported monodentate and bidentate forms. Sequential imaging revealed limited mobility of the formates, reflecting the wide separation of surface Ti atoms.
A deformable head and neck phantom with in-vivo dosimetry for adaptive radiotherapy quality assurance.

Purpose: Patients’ interfractional anatomic changes can compromise the initial treatment plan quality. To overcome this issue, adaptive radiotherapy (ART) has been introduced. Deformable image registration (DIR) is an important tool for ART and several deformable phantoms have been built to evaluate the algorithms’ accuracy. However, there is a lack of deformable phantoms that can also provide dosimetric information to verify the accuracy of the whole ART process. The goal of this work is to design and construct a deformable head and neck (HN) ART quality assurance (QA) phantom with in vivo dosimetry. Methods: An axial slice of a HN patient is taken as a model for the phantom construction. Six anatomic materials are considered, with HU numbers similar to a real patient. A filled balloon inside the phantom tissue is inserted to simulate tumor. Deflation of the balloon simulates tumor shrinkage. Nonradiopaque surface markers, which do not influence DIR algorithms, provide the deformation ground truth. Fixed and movable holders are built in the phantom to hold a diode for dosimetric measurements. Results: The measured deformations at the surface marker positions can be compared with deformations calculated by a DIR algorithm to evaluate its accuracy. In this study, the authors selectedmore » a Demons algorithm as a DIR algorithm example for demonstration purposes. The average error magnitude is 2.1 mm. The point dose measurements from the in vivo diode dosimeters show a good agreement with the calculated doses from the treatment planning system with a maximum difference of 3.1% of prescription dose, when the treatment plans are delivered to the phantom with original or deformed geometry. Conclusions: In this study, the authors have presented the functionality of this deformable HN phantom for testing the accuracy of DIR algorithms and verifying the ART dosimetric accuracy. The authors’ experiments demonstrate the feasibility of this phantom serving as an end-to-end ART QA phantom.« less
A developmental study of gender constancy and parent preference.

Children 4–6 years of age were asked which parent they would be when they were older, whether they could be the opposite-sexed parent, and whether they liked their mothers or fathers best. For comparison, a sample of adults were asked these same questions. All but one of the 144 children said they would be the same-sexed parent. Few children said they could switch and be the opposite-sexed parent. These responses did not indicate a simple age trend. Younger children preferred the same-sexed parent, whereas older children and adults tended to prefer their mothers.
Connections between the retrosplenial cortex and the hippocampal formation in the rat: A review

The retrosplenial cortex is situated at the crossroads between the hippocampal formation and many areas of the neocortex, but few studies have examined the connections between the hippocampal formation and the retrosplenial cortex in detail. Each subdivision of the retrosplenial cortex projects to a discrete terminal field in the hippocampal formation. The retrosplenial dysgranular cortex (Rdg) projects to the postsubiculum, caudal parts of parasubiculum, caudal and lateral parts of the entorhinal cortex, and the perirhinal cortex. The retrosplenial granular b cortex (Rgb) projects only to the postsubiculum, but the retrosplenial granular a cortex (Rga) projects to the postsubiculu, rostral presubiculum, parasubiculum, and caudal medial entorhinal cortex. Reciprocating projections from the hippocampal formation to Rdg originate in septal parts of CA1, postsubiculum, and caudal parts of the entorhinal cortex, but these are only sparse projections. In contrast, Rgb and Rga receive dense projections from the hippocampal formation. The hippocampal projection to Rgb originates in area CA1, dorsal (septal) subiculum, and post-subiculum. Conversely, Rga is innervated by ventral (temporal) subiculum and postsubiculum. Further, the connections between the retrosplenial cortex and the hippocampal formation are topographically organized. Rostral retrosplenial cortex is connected primarily to the septal (rostrodorsal) hippocampal formation, while caudal parts of the retrosplenial cortex are connected with temporal (caudoventral) areas of the hippocampal formation. Together, the elaborate connections between the retrosplenial cortex and the hippocampal formation suggest that this projection provides an important pathway by which the hippocampus affects learning, memory, and emotional behavior.
A thermal desorption study of thiophene adsorbed on the clean and sulfided Mo(100) crystal face

Abstract The adsorption of thiophene (C 4 H 4 S) on the clean and sulfided Mo(100) crystal surface has been studied. A fraction of the adsorbed thiophene desorbs molecularly while the remainder decomposes upon heating, evolving H 2 and leaving carbon and sulfur deposits on the surface. The reversibly adsorbed thiophene exhibits three distinct desorption peaks at 360, 230–290 and 163–174 K, corresponding to binding energies of 22, 13–16 and 7–9 kcal/mol respectively. Sulfur on the Mo(100) surface preferentially blocks the highest energy binding state and causes an increase in the amount of thiophene bound in the low binding energy, multilayer state. The thiophene decomposition reactions yield H 2 desorption peaks in the temperature range 300–700 K. We estimate that 50–66% of the thiophene adsorbed to the clean Mo(100) decomposes. The decomposition reaction is blocked by the presence of c(2 × 2) islands of sulfur and is blocked completely at θ s = 0.5, at which point thiophene adsorption is entirely reversible.
Influence of slip on the flow past superhydrophobic circular cylinders

Superhydrophobic surfaces have been shown to produce significant drag reduction for both laminar and turbulent flows of water through large- and small-scale channels. In this paper, a series of experiments were performed which investigated the effect of superhydrophobic-induced slip on the flow past a circular cylinder. In these experiments, circular cylinders were coated with a series of superhydrophobic surfaces fabricated from polydimethylsiloxane with well-defined micron-sized patterns of surface roughness. The presence of the superhydrophobic surface was found to have a significant effect on the vortex shedding dynamics in the wake of the circular cylinder. When compared to a smooth, no-slip cylinder, cylinders coated with superhydrophobic surfaces were found to delay the onset of vortex shedding and increase the length of the recirculation region in the wake of the cylinder. For superhydrophobic surfaces with ridges aligned in the flow direction, the separation point was found to move further upstream towards the front stagnation point of the cylinder and the vortex shedding frequency was found to increase. For superhydrophobic surfaces with ridges running normal to the flow direction, the separation point and shedding frequency trends were reversed. Thus, in this paper we demonstrate that vortex shedding dynamics is very sensitive to changes of feature spacing, size and orientation along superhydrophobic surfaces.
On the collapse of 8-10 solar mass stars due to electron capture

The density at which electron capture can ignite oxygen burning in 8-10 solar mass stars is investigated within the uncertainties of the semiconvection theory. The Ledoux criterion for convection is adopted in order to take into account the maximum effect of heating due to electron capture. It is found that oxygen burning is not ignited by electron captures on Mg-24 and Na-24 at the central density of about 4 x 10 to the 9th g/cu cm, but by capture on Ne-20 at about 1 x 10 to the 10th g/cu cm. This ignition density is 2.5 times lower than in the case with the Schwarzschild criterion, but is still high enough to induce a collapse by electron capture rather than a total explosion of the core. When the oxygen-burning front arrives at M(r) of roughly 0.3 solar mass, the contraction reaches a quasi-dynamic collapse.
Morphogen to mitogen: the multiple roles of hedgehog signalling in vertebrate neural development.

Morphogen to mitogen: the multiple roles of hedgehog signalling in vertebrate neural development
Mitochondrial DNA validation in a state laboratory.

Abstract: Because of the inception of the FBI Regional mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) laboratories, many do not see establishing state/local mtDNA processing laboratories as a priority. Yet there is a long-term need for mtDNA processing that will exceed the capabilities of the FBI Regional mtDNA laboratories and the few other laboratories that are currently processing mtDNA, and that need can be fulfilled by state/local laboratories. Thus, the DNA Unit of the Delaware Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (OCME-DNA Unit) completed validation of in-house mtDNA testing in January 2007. The validation plan for mtDNA processing included the following sections: preliminary research, sensitivity and contamination studies, ExoSAP-IT® optimization, BigDye® optimization, sequencing and 310 optimization, sample preparation and extraction optimization, heteroplasmy, mixtures, and reproducibility. All sections of the validation were successfully completed, and mtDNA processing of skeletal remains, teeth, and hairs, as well as blood and buccal reference samples was adopted by the OCME-DNA Unit.
Long-Term Learning in a Short-Term Study Abroad Program: “Are We Really Truly Helping the Community?”

Objective To discover long-term learning outcomes in a short-term study abroad program. Students worked directly with community members to identify health issues, implement educational workshops addressing those issues, and evaluate health outcomes. Design and Sample This is a qualitative, descriptive study. Thematic analysis was conducted using a written questionnaire completed one or more years postimmersion. The sample was 41 nursing students who participated in a 10-day immersion experience in remote Honduras. Results Four themes emerged revealing evidence of long-term learning. Three of these themes, Embracing Other, Gaining Cultural Competencies, and Experiencing an Ethnocentric Shift, are supported in the literature. The fourth theme, Negotiating Ethical Dilemmas, offers a new finding. Conclusion Although educators have questioned ethical consequences of study abroad programs, there is a paucity of literature indicating that students are the ones doing the questioning. Implications for educators and community members alike include facilitating dialog about collective worldviews related to global health ethics when designing study abroad programs.
Risk management regarding sedation/analgesia

Endoscopy is an invasive practice. Patients are placed in a potentially harmful situation from the inherent risks associated with instrumentation and from the medications that facilitate the procedure. These medications include those used to prepare the patient, such as the laxative/purgatives for colonoscopy, and, more importantly, those used for sedation and analgesia. Traditionally, sedatives or analgesics were used to help calm the patient and induce a state of relaxation that facilitated endoscopy. It has been estimated that half or more of the complications associated with endoscopic procedures have been caused by the medications used to increase acceptance of these potentially uncomfortable or painful examinations. The use of sedatives and analgesics has always been integral to the performance of endoscopic procedures, and a separate fee or charge for administering these medications has not been included in the procedure billing codes. More recently, endoscopists have been encouraged to increase the depth of sedation for a variety of reasons. In some cases, fear of the procedure, often promulgated by negative experiences of acquaintances who were former patients, has contributed to an atmosphere of anxiety among potential patients in need of endoscope evaluation. By offering ‘‘painless colonoscopy,’’ it is hoped that more of the population at risk will be enticed to undergo endoscopic screening for colon cancer. In other cases, patients who have had a procedure in the past that was painful, due to their having difficult anatomy or poor technique by the endoscopist, are unwilling to have a needed repeat evaluation. By offering deep sedations/analgesia or general anesthesia, it is hoped that some of these patients will be recovered. Some investigators and educators have advocated the use of deep sedation as a method to increase the number of patients that can be accommodated in the endoscopy unit. The use of the sedative anesthetic propofol
Relationships of vital capacity and ventilatory measurements to physical fitness in patients with cardio-respiratory diseases.

SummarySimultaneous analyses of various ventilatory measurements in 44 randomly selected patients with cardio-respiratory diseases have been assembled. A significant relationship was found between the physical fitness index and the percentage ratio of the observed to predicted vital capacity. The limitations of this relationship, as well as other relationships of physical fitness score to various ventilatory measurements, are discussed.
Our Brothers Across the Ocean: The Czech Sokol in America to 1914 [1]

This article provides an overview of the growth and development of the American Sokol movement from its origins in 1865 until the outbreak of the First World War, focusing on the role of the American Sokol in the infrastructure of Czech-American society, and its understanding of its national mission. The similarities and differences between the Sokol organizations in America and the Czech lands, especially on the issues of Free Thought, women's rights, socialism and relations with non-Czech gymnastic organizations, are examined in order to highlight the perceptions and misapprehensions each held about the other. The article concludes with an assessment of the organization's effectiveness in maintaining the national identity of the Czech community in the United States.
The Struggle for the Soul of Health Insurance

The politics of American health insurance is a struggle over which vision of distributive justice should govern: the solidarity principle or the logic of actuarial fairness. Actuarial fairness is central to American private health insurance. It is both an antiredistributive ideology and a method of organizing mutual aid by fragmenting communities into ever-smaller, more homogeneous groups, leading ultimately to the destruction of mutual aid. This fragmentation is accomplished by fostering in people a sense of their differences and their responsibility for themselves, rather than their commonalities and interdependence. Actuarial fairness developed as a business strategy for gaining market share. Medical underwriting, which is far more extensive than commonly known, is the information technology used for implementing actuarial fairness. Despite significant changes in the political context of health insurance which are leading toward restraints on underwriting, the logic of actuarial fairness is so deeply embedded in the structure of competitive markets in insurance and so deeply consonant with social divisions in American society that eradicating it will take more than any current reform proposals contemplate.
The role of fibroblast Tiam1 in tumor cell invasion and metastasis

The co-evolution of tumors and their microenvironment involves bidirectional communication between tumor cells and tumor-associated stroma. Various cell types are present in tumor-associated stroma, of which fibroblasts are the most abundant. The Rac exchange factor Tiam1 is implicated in multiple signaling pathways in epithelial tumor cells and lack of Tiam1 in tumor cells retards tumor growth in Tiam1 knockout mouse models. Conversely, tumors arising in Tiam1 knockout mice have increased invasiveness. We have investigated the role of Tiam1 in tumor-associated fibroblasts as a modulator of tumor cell invasion and metastasis, using retroviral delivery of short hairpin RNA to suppress Tiam1 levels in three different experimental models. In spheroid co-culture of mammary epithelial cells and fibroblasts, Tiam1 silencing in fibroblasts led to increased epithelial cell outgrowth into matrix. In tissue-engineered human skin, Tiam1 silencing in dermal fibroblasts led to increased invasiveness of epidermal keratinocytes with pre-malignant features. In a model of human breast cancer in mice, co-implantation of mammary fibroblasts inhibited tumor invasion and metastasis, which was reversed by Tiam1 silencing in co-injected fibroblasts. These results suggest that stromal Tiam1 may have a role in modulating the effects of the tumor microenvironment on malignant cell invasion and metastasis. This suggests a set of pathways for further investigation, with implications for future therapeutic targets.
Alsin Is a Rab5 and Rac1 Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor

ALS2 is the gene mutated in a recessive juvenile form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS2). ALS2 encodes a large protein termed alsin, which contains a number of predicted cell signaling and protein trafficking sequence motifs. To gain insight into the overall function of alsin and to begin to evaluate its role in motor neuron maintenance, we examined the subcellular localization of alsin and the biochemical activities associated with its individual subdomains. We found that the Vps9p domain of alsin has Rab5 guanine nucleotide exchange activity. In addition, alsin interacted specifically with and acted as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1. Immunofluorescence and fractionation experiments in both fibroblasts and neurons revealed that alsin is a cytosolic protein, with a significant portion associated with small, punctate membrane structures. Many of these membrane structures also contained Rab5 or Rac1. Upon overexpression of full-length alsin, the overexpressed material was largely cytosolic, indicating that the association with membrane structures could be saturated. We also found that alsin was present in membrane ruffles and lamellipodia. These data suggest that alsin is involved in membrane transport events, potentially linking endocytic processes and actin cytoskeleton remodeling.
Photochemistry at the surface of colloidal cadmium sulfide

Abstract Pulsed laser studies of surfactant stabilized CdS colloids indicate a rapid ( −9 s) c − transfer from CdS to methylviologen adsorbed on the colloids. A rapid (≈ 10 −6 s) subsequent back reaction of some of the reduced methylviologen is observed. pH , solute concentration, etc., affect the reaction.
Rethinking echolalia: repetition as interactional resource in the communication of a child with autism

Echolalia is a pervasive phenomenon in verbal children with autism, traditionally conceived of as an automatic behavior with no communicative function. However, recently it has been shown that echoes may serve interactional goals. This article, which presents a case study of a six-year-old child with autism, examines how social interaction organizes autism echolalia and how repetitive speech responds to discernible interactional trajectories. Using linguistic, discourse, and acoustic analyses, we demonstrate that the child is able to mobilize echolalia to mark different stances, through the segmental and suprasegmental modulation of echoes. We offer an interpretive framework that deepens our understanding of the complex interactions that children with autism can engage in by using echoes, and discuss the implications of this perspective for current views of atypical language development in autism.
Role of Bladder Dysfunction in Vesicoureteral Reflux

Lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) is associated with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) as well as urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly when micturition abnormalities occur in the voiding phase. The most common presenting symptoms are urinary urgency and frequency, UTI, incontinence, holding behaviors, and dysuria; many children will also have concurrent constipation. Since LUTD is associated with lower VUR resolution rates, increased rates of breakthrough UTI, and increased rates of surgical treatment failure, successful management of VUR in the setting of LUTD requires therapy for the VUR as well as concomitant management of the LUTD to maximize treatment success. LUTD treatment should be applied sequentially, beginning with behavioral modification and progressing to pharmacologic agents, biofeedback, and neuromodulation in refractory patients.
Thermal emission from metallic films perforated with subwavelength hole arrays

This report presents an overview of our study on the optical transmission and thermal light emission properties of sub-wavelength hole arrays fabricated in a square lattice with 4 μm periodicity. The structures were fabricated in thin aluminum (Al) films on silicon (Si) substrates using conventional photolithography. The spectra were obtained using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer with a port for an external cryostat configured for thermal emission measurements. The perforated films showed extraordinary transmission bands in the mid-infrared spectral range, which could be well explained as due to light coupling to surface plasmon-polaritons on the two film interfaces. We fitted the transmission spectra and calculated the absorption spectra of these structures using a model for the dielectric response that utilizes an effective plasma frequency determined by the individual holes, as well as several resonant modes associated with the reciprocal vectors in the lattice structure factor. We found that the thermal emission spectrum from the perforated films followed the transmission spectrum characteristics, rather than the obtained absorption spectrum; in apparent contrast to Kirchhoff's law of radiation. We conclude that the perforated films behave as radiation filters, where the thermal emission radiation is suppressed in the frequency range outside the transmission resonant bands in the spectrum.
The return of copy-choice in DNA recombination.

In a recent publication, d'Alencon et al.(1) presented evidence that a form of non-homologous DNA recombination involving direct repeats is dependent upon the replication of the DNA. In addition, density-labeling experiments showed that after recombination was stimulated, progenies were present only in molecules that had undergone complete replication. These observations are consistent with a replicative and not a breakage-and-rejoining model for the DNA recombination events. These two models had of course been contrasted many years ago in mechanistic studies of homologous DNA recombination. It is therefore interesting to place the latest findings of d'Alencon et al. in this historical context.
α-Ecdysone does not induce ovarian development in adult Aedes aegypti

Previous findings have shown that vitellogenesis is initiated in non-blood-fed Aedes aegypti by injection of the insect steroid hormone ecdysterone. The precursor of ecdysterone, α-ecdysone was assayed for its ability to induce ovarian development. Both the amount of vitellin deposited into ovarian follicles and the dopa decarboxylase activity were monitored. In contrast to ecdysterone, α-ecdysone was negative with regard to both parameters. In addition, 22-isoecdysone, previously reported to be active, was also shown to be ineffective. These findings suggest that the C20 hydroxylating mechanism necessary to convert α-ecdysone to ecdysterone is absent in unfed females, but is activated by the blood-meal.
Design, construction, and implementation of a ground-based solar spectrograph for the National Student Solar Spectrograph Competition

A solar spectrograph is an instrument that takes incoming sunlight over a specified portion of the sun's emitted electromagnetic spectrum and separates the light into its constituent frequency components, or spectrum. The components are then sent to a detector that measures intensity, which reveals the location of spectral properties of the light such as absorption and emission lines. The National Student Solar Spectrograph Competition (NSSSC) is a Montana Space Grant Consortium sponsored competition where undergraduate student teams from across the country design, build, and implement a ground-based solar spectrograph to perform any solar related task and demonstrate their spectrographs for the competition in May 2012 in Bozeman, MT. Each team is given a 2,000-dollar budget to build their spectrograph, which cannot be exceeded, and all spectrographs must follow regulations in the NSSSC guidelines. This team designed a spectrograph to be capable of imaging the sun across the visible spectrum using spatial filters and a standard photo detector rather than a traditional charge-coupled device due to budget limitations. The spectrograph analyzes the spectrum of small sections of the sun to determine how the spectrum varies across solar features such as the corona, active regions, and quiet regions. In addition to solar imaging, the spectrograph will also analyze atmospheric absorption of the solar spectrum by comparing the measured spectrum to the theoretical spectrum calculated from the blackbody equation.
Pricing strategy for deteriorating items using quantity discount when demand is price sensitive

Abstract This study develops an optimal pricing and ordering policy for a deteriorating item with price sensitive demand. Since it usually benefits the vendor more than the buyer when both the buyer and the vendor are integrated, a quantity discount pricing strategy is necessary to entice the buyer to accept the alliance. A negotiation factor is incorporated to balance the profit sharing between both players. Sensitivity analysis with the numerical example shows that the integrated total cost is very sensitive to the deterioration rate and the price-sensitive parameter. The analysis resulted in an increase in the total joint profit; therefore it is significant to consider the integrated vendor–buyer strategy with quantity discount.
Observations of shock waves in cloud cavitation

This paper describes an investigation of the dynamics and acoustics of cloud cavitation, the structures which are often formed by the periodic breakup and collapse of a sheet or vortex cavity. This form of cavitation frequently causes severe noise and damage, though the precise mechanism responsible for the enhancement of these adverse effects is not fully understood. In this paper, we investigate the large impulsive surface pressures generated by this type of cavitation and correlate these with the images from high-speed motion pictures. This reveals that several types of propagating structures (shock waves) are formed in a collapsing cloud and dictate the dynamics and acoustics of collapse. One type of shock wave structure is associated with the coherent collapse of a well-defined and separate cloud when it is convected into a region of higher pressure. This type of global structure causes the largest impulsive pressures and radiated noise. But two other types of structure, termed 'crescent-shaped regions' and 'leading-edge structures' occur during the less-coherent collapse of clouds. These local events are smaller and therefore produce less radiated noise but the interior pressure pulse magnitudes are almost as large as those produced by the global events. The ubiquity and severity of these propagating shock wave structures provides a new perspective on the mechanisms reponsible for noise and damage in cavitating flows involving clouds of bubbles. It would appear that shock wave dynamics rather than the collapse dynamics of single bubbles determine the damage and noise in many cavitating flows.
Atmospheric weighting functions and surface partial derivatives for remote sensing of scattering planetary atmospheres in thermal spectral region: general adjoint approach

Abstract An approach to formulation of inversion algorithms for remote sensing in the thermal spectral region in the case of a scattering planetary atmosphere, based on the adjoint equation of radiative transfer (Ustinov (JQSRT 68 (2001) 195; JQSRT 73 (2002) 29); referred to as Papers 1 and 2, respectively, in the main text), is applied to the general case of retrievals of atmospheric and surface parameters for the scattering atmosphere with nadir viewing geometry. Analytic expressions for corresponding weighting functions for atmospheric parameters and partial derivatives for surface parameters are derived. The case of pure atmospheric absorption with a scattering underlying surface is considered and convergence to results obtained for the non-scattering atmospheres (Ustinov (JQSRT 74 (2002) 683), referred to as Paper 3 in the main text) is demonstrated.
The Role of the Oblique Popliteal Ligament and Other Structures in Preventing Knee Hyperextension

BackgroundLigament restraints to terminal knee extension are poorly understood.Hypotheses(1) As with other motions of the knee, genu recurvatum is limited primarily by a named, identifiable structure. (2) As the largest static structure of the posterior knee, the oblique popliteal ligament is uniquely suited to act as a checkrein to knee hyperextension.Study DesignDescriptive laboratory study.MethodsTwenty fresh-frozen human knees were divided into 3 groups for a ligament sectioning study. Extension moments of 14 and 27 N·m were applied before and after sectioning of each ligament, and motion changes were recorded. In group 1, the oblique popliteal ligament was sectioned first, followed by the fabellofibular ligament, ligament of Wrisberg, anterior cruciate ligament, posterolateral structures, and posterior cruciate ligament. In group 2, the order was altered to section the anterior cruciate ligament first; no other changes were made. Similarly, the cutting order for group 3 was altered to section the pos...
A call for transparency in tracking student and postdoc career outcomes

There is a common misconception that the United States is suffering from a "STEM shortage," a dearth of graduates with scientific, technological, engineering, and mathematical backgrounds. In biomedical science, however, we are likely suffering from the opposite problem and could certainly better tailor training to actual career outcomes. At the Future of Research Symposium, various workshops identified this as a key issue in a pipeline traditionally geared toward academia. Proposals for reform all ultimately come up against the same problem: there is a shocking lack of data at institutional and national levels on the size, shape, and successful careers of participants in the research workforce. In this paper, we call for improved institutional reporting of the number of graduate students and postdocs and their training and career outcomes.
Involvement of vagal activity in the unconditioned heart-rate responses of restrained rats

Abstract An examination was made of the effects of atropine blockade of vagal output on the unconditioned heart-rate responses of restrained rats to electric shock. An atropine blockade group showed consistent cardioacceleration to shock along with a relatively constant level of base-line heart rate. A saline group exhibited cardiodeceleration on the first shock trial followed by cardioacceleration on later trials and a marked transitory suppression of base-line heart rate. It was suggested that the heart-rate deceleration and the decrease in basal heart rate shown by the saline group may have been mediated primarily by increased vagal activity and that vagal participation in the responses may have been triggered by the stress associated with being restrained.
Binding states of CO on single crystal planes of Pt

Abstract Flash desorption mass spectrometry and Auger electron spectroscopy are used to compare the binding states, desorption and adsorption kinetics, and adsorbate densities on the (111), (100), (110), (211), and (210) crystal planes of clean Pt. Desorption obeys first order kinetics for all states with activation energies of the most tightly bound states varying from 36 kcal mole −1 on (211) and (210) to 26 kcal mole −1 on (110) and (111). The sticking coefficient is nearly unity on (110) and (210) and is 0.24 on (100). Multiple binding state (or breaks in the desorption activation energy versus coverage) are observed on all planes. The saturation CO density at 300 K is highest on the (100), (210), and (211) planes and lowest on (110). Properties of (210) and (211) cannot be explained simply in terms of sites on the other planes, and adsorption indicates that none of the planes facet. Previous models of CO on (111) and (110) are compared with present results, and structures are suggested for the other planes.
Most Business Editors Find Journalism Graduates Still Unprepared

In 2002, a study was published in Newspaper Research Journal that explored the preparedness of graduating journalism students to cover business news. In 2012, a follow-up survey of business editors...
Derrida, Deconstruction, and Public Administration:

Derridean deconstruction is a significant resource for public administration thinking and practice. It facilitates antiadministration, for example. This article recognizes the severe difficulties that deconstruction presents. Yet, it supports the claim that deconstruction can help public administration. It does so by exploring the nature of deconstruction, by illustrating how bureaucratic deconstruction can be used in public administration and how it is useful, and by analyzing the most significant of deconstruction's difficulties.
Predicting Flight by Flight Fatigue Crack Growth Rates

Several crack growth prediction approaches are examined for their ability to predict both the magnitude and trend of fatigue crack growth rate data generated under transport wing flight simulation loading. Three cycle-bycycle accounting approaches, one with no load interaction and two which incorporate high-to-low load interaction, are studied. Two stress-stress intensity factor characterization approaches are also examined. These two characterization approaches isolate principal variables from the input stress spectrum and then utilize the no-load interaction, cycle-by-cycle approach to obtain estimates of crack growth rates. The results indicate that load interaction cycle-by-cycle accounting procedures lead to more accurate crack growth predictions principally because they incorporate the influence of the high-to-low load interaction phenemonon. a da/dN da/dF C, p F KR Kth N NF N50 R S
A Revised Model of Nonyl Acridine Orange Binding to Anionic Phospholipids

This presentation describes mechanistic studies of the interaction of nonyl acridine orange (NAO) with anionic phospholipids (PLs). NAO has become a widely used reagent for quantifying, labeling, and visualizing the unique anionic PL, cardiolipin (CL), in membranes. A model describing the packing of NAO with CL provided a framework for explaining observations of the distribution of CL in bacterial and mitochondrial membranes, and the relationship between the localization of lipids and proteins. In this work, we extend the spectroscopic characterization the interaction of NAO with CL and other anionic PLs, present a revised mechanism that describes the binding, and highlight both the limitations and the expanded utility of NAO for studies in vivo and in vitro.
Some Recent Changes in Soviet Economic Policy

S OVIET economic policy in the few years since Stalin's death has been characterized by flamboyance and ferment. In an attempt to free economic growth from the bottleneck of stagnation in agriculture, Khrushchev has sponsored some extravagant gambles in corn-growing and in expansion of the sown acreage. Policy toward the consumer has gone through two complete reversals: the regime at first experimented with offering the population an improvement in the standard of living, but is now once again asserting that abundance in the future requires austerity today. Perhaps the most startling innovation of all emerged in the past year when the regime began to develop a program of foreign economic assistance as a weapon in its economic competition with the capitalist part of the world. Because of their spectacular nature, these shifts of policy have attracted considerable attention in the West and have been commented on at length. Aware diat the Soviet Union is expanding her economic power at a more rapid rate than are the capitalist countries, Western students of the Soviet economy have sought in these policy changes-some clue as to whether its rate of growth is likely to decline or to be maintained in the future. The early indications of a rise in standards of living that would cause a reduced growth of heavy industry and so a decline in investment and in the rate of growth have now been dispelled. The inability of Soviet agriculture to provide an expanding food supply for a growing work force certainly appears to be a real threat to industrial growth, and with die failure of Khrushchev's gambles, this threat remains. Thus the evidence as to the over-all effect of these changes on the rate of expansion of die Soviet economy is still inconclusive.
Group Sparse Optimization by Alternating Direction Method

This paper proposes efficient algorithms for group sparse optimization with mixed l2,1-regularization, which arises from the reconstruction of group sparse signals in compressive sensing, and the group Lasso problem in statistics and machine learning. It is known that encoding the group information in addition to sparsity can often lead to better signal recovery/feature selection. The l2,1-regularization promotes group sparsity, but the resulting problem, due to the mixed-norm structure and possible grouping irregularity, is considered more difficult to solve than the conventional l1-regularized problem. Our approach is based on a variable splitting strategy and the classic alternating direction method (ADM). Two algorithms are presented, one derived from the primal and the other from the dual of the l2,1-regularized problem. The convergence of the proposed algorithms is guaranteed by the existing ADM theory. General group configurations such as overlapping groups and incomplete covers can be easily handled by our approach. Computational results show that on random problems the proposed ADM algorithms exhibit good efficiency, and strong stability and robustness.
Levels of comprehension in processing of normal and ambiguous sentences

Three language information-processing tasks intended to introduce different levels of comprehension were studied. The Ss (a) judged whether a setence was meaningful, (b) judged whether a sentence followed from context, and (c) made up a sentence to follow a stimulus sentence. Tasks (a) and (c) were performed both with and without context. Sentences were either unambiguous, lexically ambiguous, surface structurally ambiguous, or underlying structurally ambiguous. Time to perform the tasks was measured. A meaningfulness judgment apparently does not require ambiguity resolution and hence initiates “shallow” comprehension. Patterns of interaction with ambiguity suggest that the depth of comprehension required by the other tasks may be the same. Comprehension is apparently not a unitary process, but occurs at different depths or levels depending upon task demands.
Techniques for large sheath insertion during endovascular thoracic aortic aneurysm repair

Despite improvements in operative technique and perioperative management, conventional open repair of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms (DTAs) continues to be associated with significant morbidity and a perioperative mortality between 4.8% and 20%, which may be even more pronounced in the acute setting. Since the first description of the endovascular repair of a thoracic aortic aneurysm by Dake et al, several studies have shown the safety of this approach, as well as possible decreases in perioperative mortality and complications, most notably paraplegia. Because of the less invasive nature and likely improved perioperative outcomes of endovascular repair of DTA, this is rapidly becoming the favored approach for management in these patients. Many patients, however, continue to be ineligible because of suboptimal vascular access, aortic arch angulation, and landing zone inadequacies. Although industry has been working to solve the last two issues, vascular access continues to be of major concern because delivery systems remain excessively large. In the United States, the currently available endografts for thoracic aorta aneurysms require delivery sheaths ranging from 20F to 25F, depending on the size of the graft and the manufacturer (Table). Despite these challenges, with the recent approval by the US Food and Drug Administration of the Gore Thoracic Aortic Graft endoprosthesis (W.L. Gore and Associates, Inc, Flagstaff, Ariz) and the ongoing evaluation of the Talent (Medtronic, Santa Rosa, Calif) and Zenith TX1 and TX2 (Cook Inc, Bloomington, Ind) endografts, it is clear that this technology is moving forward. With more widespread use and continued innovation, industry should be able to overcome the difficulties currently encountered with vascular access for the introduction of thoracic aortic endografts. Until that time, however, one should be knowledgeable of and comfortable with the implementation of several adjunctive maneuvers that may allow graft placement in otherwise ineligible patients. Furthermore, a thorough knowl-
Identity Foreclosure: Women's Experiences of Widowhood as Expressed in Autobiographical Accounts

This article addresses the issue of the loss of identity a woman experiences when she becomes a widow. Based on an analysis of published autobiographical accounts of widowhood, it looks at how women express their experience of losing their husbands. It explicates a process of ‘identity foreclosure’ which strips a woman of her identity at every level, and the process by which the authors of these accounts have built new identities. Extensive quoting from the published accounts reveals the richness of these data and provides a feeling for the emotional impact of widowhood that women experience.
Solutions to a class of nonstandard stochastic control problems with active learning

The author formulates and solves a dynamic stochastic optimization problem of a nonstandard type, whose optimal solution features active learning. The proof of optimality and the derivation of the corresponding control policies is an indirect one, which relates the original single-person optimization problem to a sequence of nested zero-sum stochastic games. Existence of saddle points for these games implies the existence of optimal policies for the original control problem, which, in turn, can be obtained from the solution of a nonlinear deterministic, optimal control problem. The author also studies the problem of existence of stationary optimal policies when the time horizon is infinite and the objective function is discounted. >
Low-dose aspirin (acetylsalicylate) prevents increases in brain PGE2, 15-epi-lipoxin A4 and 8-isoprostane concentrations in 9 month-old HIV-1 transgenic rats, a model for HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders.

Background Older human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 transgenic rats are a model for HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). They show behavioral changes, neuroinflammation, neuronal loss, and increased brain arachidonic acid (AA) enzymes. Aspirin (acetylsalicylate, ASA) inhibits AA oxidation by cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2.
A Graphical Approach to Providing Infrastructure Recommendations for IT

We present SPIRIT, a Service for Providing Infrastructure Recommendations for Information Technology. SPIRIT allows maintenance support providers for Small-to-Medium Businesses (SMBs) to recommend solutions which are standardized (SMBs usually cannot afford customized IT solutions), flexible (accommodating as much as possible the customer's existing IT environment), and cost-effective (minimizing the cost of upgrading the customer's environment). SPIRIT works by first aligning the customer's IT infrastructure with a "template" describing the best practices recommended by the maintenance support provider. This step is done using an efficient graph algorithm that finds the most cost-effective transformations of the customer's environment that are consistent with the template. Then the aligned environment can be upgraded by choosing from a standard set of well understood, highly automated (and therefore economical) options. We show that the algorithm performs well on both real and synthetic data.
Finding a Canon and Core: Meditations on the Preparation of Teacher Educator-Researchers

In this article, the author explores seven “unanswered questions” concerning the preparation of future teacher educator-researchers. She considers five questions concerning the substance of doctoral preparation: what the new generation of teacher-researchers would need to know about teacher education, relevant disciplines, research methodologies, teaching in universities, and K-12 schooling. She then briefly discusses the need to theorize about how doctoral students learn to teach and conduct research. In essence, the author proposes a curriculum for her own learning as a mentor and advisor in a doctoral program for future teacher educator-researchers.
Conditions for Legislative Control

D EMOCRATIC IDEOLOGY REQUIRES control of administrative action by elected representatives of the people. As the scope of public in relation to private decisions expands, the tendency is to expand the area of administrative in relation to legislative policy. With this tendency the control of administrative agencies becomes a pressing issue.1 A good deal has been said about the merits of control centered in legislatures as compared with elected executives.2 The antagonists typically argue not for control located in one elective institution to the exclusion of any other but about the amount and kind of oversight that is appropriate for legislatures in relation to executives.3 Legislators, understandably, see themselves as the community's primary agents for the job of reviewing administrative performance. In 1946 this conviction was formalized by