cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exclusion of Cosmic Rays in Protoplanetary Disks. II. Chemical Gradients and Observational Signatures

The chemical properties of protoplanetary disks are especially sensitive to their ionization environment. Sources of molecular gas ionization include cosmic rays (CRs), stellar X-rays, and short-lived radionuclides, each of which varies with location in the disk. This behavior leads to a significant amount of chemical structure, especially in molecular ion abundances, which is imprinted in their submillimeter rotational line emission. Using an observationally motivated disk model, we make predictions for the dependence of chemical abundances on the assumed properties of the ionizing field. We calculate the emergent line intensity for abundant molecular ions and simulate sensitive observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/Sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) for a disk at D = 100?pc. The models readily distinguish between high ionization rates (? 10?17?s?1 per H2) and below, but it becomes difficult to distinguish between low ionization models when ? 10?19?s?1. We find that H2D+ emission is not detectable for sub-interstellar CR rates with ALMA (6h integration), and that N2D+ emission may be a more sensitive tracer of midplane ionization. HCO+ traces X-rays and high CR rates (?CR 10?17?s?1), and provides a handle on the warm molecular ionization properties where CO is present in the gas. Furthermore, species like HCO+, which emits from a wide radial region and samples a large gradient in temperature, can exhibit ring-like emission as a consequence of low-lying rotational level de-excitation near the star. This finding highlights a scenario where rings are not necessarily structural or chemical in nature, but simply a result of the underlying line excitation properties.
Experience design and the origins and aims of leisure studies: Shifting the focus from context to experience

This article, adapted from the 2019 Butler Lecture at the NRPA National Research session, provides an overview of the origins, development, and potential future trajectory of the field of leisure r...
Measurement Invariance of Social Media Use in Younger and Older Adults and Links to Socioemotional Health.

Background and Objectives Social media use has been linked to socioemotional health; however, less is known regarding whether these associations are moderated by age. Additionally, as the use of social media in older adult populations is rapidly increasing, there is a greater need for the investigation of psychometric properties of social media usage scales before determining age differences in the impact of social media on socioemotional health outcomes. Research Design and Methods Using an online adult life-span sample (n = 592), the current cross-sectional study tested the measurement invariance of the general social media usage subscale of the Media and Technology Usage and Attitudes Scale across younger (aged 19-54) versus older (aged 55-81) adults and whether age moderated associations between social media use and socioemotional health (depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and envy). Results Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that posting-related and checking-related items were noninvariant across age groups. In multigroup structural equation models accounting for differential item functioning, higher social media use was associated with more depressive symptoms in younger adults, but not in older adults. While higher social media use was associated with higher envy in both age groups, this association was stronger in younger adults. Discussion and Implications Findings suggest younger adults may be more susceptible to the detrimental effects of social media use on socioemotional health. Future directions regarding the measurement of social media use and the salience of social media use across the life span are discussed.
Arsenic Species in Seaweeds Commercially Available in the United States

Arsenic was speciated in 46 seaweed samples purchased from the U.S. market, i.e., brown (arame, hijiki, kombu, knotted wrack, oarweed, wakame), green (sea lettuce), and red (dulse, Irish moss, lave...
Isolation of mouse brain-infiltrating leukocytes for single cell profiling of epitopes and transcriptomes.

Summary High dimensional compositional and transcriptional profiling of heterogeneous brain-infiltrating leukocytes can lead to novel biological and therapeutic discoveries. High-quality single-cell leukocyte preparations are a prerequisite for optimal single cell profiling. Here, we describe a protocol for epitope and RNA-preserving dissociation of adult mouse brains and subsequent leukocyte purification and staining, which is adaptable to homeostatic and pathogenic brains. Leukocyte preparation following this protocol permits exquisite single-cell surface protein and RNA profiling in applications including CyTOF and CITE-seq. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Guldner et al. (2020) and Golomb et al. (2020) .
The art of narrative deferral: Madani’s L’histoire peut attendre

L’histoire peut attendre, the sole novel authored by celebrated Moroccan poet Rachida Madani, is a complex, if not confounding, work, one that contests and overtly muses upon the implicit and explicit tenets of narrative construction. From the outset, the author weaves a text that catches readers off guard and keeps them off balance as they grapple with an amalgam of poetic invocations and personal reflections, antithetical assertions and images, dueling narrators, and a commingling of the fictional and the real, the past and the present, the physical and the metaphysical. The framing narrative, the macro-text, depicts the comings and goings of fellow passengers on a train, but no figure of prominence emerges among the throng of traveling companions to draw or sustain the reader’s focus for any length of time. Though these fellow passengers are occasionally targeted for extended commentary, none prove to be aesthetically significant. What does emerge from these chaotic and mismatched threads is a deep and sustained probing of the creative process, its muteness, its inexpressibility, its unruliness, as well as its purgative potential. This complex meta-textual enterprise encapsulates the self-sustaining production of non-mimetic referentiality and invites us gradually, progressively, compellingly to confront a stunning poetics of perpetual deferral and of infinite regress.
Same-Sex Marriage in the Commonwealth Caribbean: Is It Possible?

Respect for LGBTI rights in the Commonwealth Caribbean is a fast-moving target. However, human rights advocates are working tirelessly to generate both legal reform and social tolerance for sexual minorities. LGBTI rights, or lack thereof, is evident in several bodies of law, including but not limited to sodomy law and marriage law. Additionally, a dialogue on LGBTI rights would be incomplete without an honest account of ongoing violence and other manifestations of homophobia and transphobia in the region. This chapter seeks to give as comprehensive a perspective as possible on the current state of LGBTI rights in the Caribbean regarding marriage. It looks at specific regulations in each country of the region and it shows that heteronormativity in family law is a vestige of British colonialism. Today Great Britain as other European countries, are moving away of the heterosexual paradigm in family law. Post colonialist Caribbean is not following this trend, at least not yet.
The Microbiology of Marine Oil Spill Bioremediation

Bioremediation, stimulating the biodegradation of spilled oil, has proven to be a safe and effective paradigm for dealing with marine oil spills. This chapter focuses on the microbiology that underpins bioremediation and addresses whether these new tools will allow insights that can substantially increase the efficacy of bioremediation treatments in the future. The most important requirement seems to be that nitrogen be available at the oil-water interface for long enough that the oil-degrading microbes become well established; the precise form of the nitrogen in the fertilizer seems to be of secondary importance. Modern molecular diagnostic tools are providing new insights into the microbial responses to an oil spill and bioremediation treatments. In most environments, a significant oil spill provides a substantial input of hydrocarbons into a system that was previously starved of such substrates. It is also important to bear in mind that the oil-degrading microbes consuming the oil are part of an ecosystem with organisms that compete for nutrients. Photosynthetic organisms also have an essentially unlimited supply of carbon in the form of CO2 and are typically limited by the supply of nitrogen and phosphorus, and the oil-degrading microbes will themselves become the foundation for predatory organisms. Understanding and controlling these interactions in an environmentally responsible way will also likely make bioremediation more effective.
Technische und soziale Aspekte der Softwareentsorgung

Entsorgung im heutigen Sprachgebrauch ist im weitesten Sinne die Bezeichnung fur alle Masnahmen die der Abfallbeseitigung dienen. Unter dem Gesichtspunkt der menschlichen Belange ist ein Abfallstoff dann befriedigend beseitigt, wenn er so umgewandelt oder abgelagert wird, das er den Bestand an Leben weiter fordert, gewahrleistet oder zumindest nicht mehr als den Umstanden nach unvermeidbar beeintrachtigt.
Arteriolar vasomotion: implications for tissue ischemia.

Vasomotion, the rhythmical contraction and relaxation of the arterioles, is a natural property of the arteriolar microcirculation. It is observed clinically through related flow variations (flux motion) which are detected by laser Doppler flowmetry. It presents two distinct regimens: slow and fast waves, with frequencies of 1–2 and 10–20 cpm, respectively. Both activities are found in normal tissues, and their rate of incidence as well as their magnitude become significantly enhanced during abnormal conditions associated with low blood pressure and hypoperfusion. The institution of this activity by abnormal tissue conditions suggests that vasomotion is a reaction of the microcirculation aimed at improving microvascular function.
What are Quantum Logics and What Ought They to be

We, and our students and colleagues at the University of Massachusetts, have erected the foundations of a general scientific language capable of elucidating, in the spirit of Leibniz, the physical theories that are of concern to us here. We feel that this has now been accomplished with a clarity and precision that has been wanting up to this point. As a consequence of this work, we feel qualified to submit our answer to the question in the title of this paper. It is both important and illuminating to understand the roots of any work of such a fundamental nature. Therefore, to begin with, we sketch the mundane pragmatic background of our own work and the history of the subject -- as we see it.
From Slow to Superluminal Propagation: Dispersive Properties of Surface Plasmon Polaritons in Linear Chains of Metallic Nanospheroids

We consider propagation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in linear periodic chains (LPCs) of prolate and oblate metallic spheroids. We show that the SPP group velocity can be efficiently controlled by varying the aspect ratio of the spheroids. For sufficiently small aspect ratios, a gap appears in the first Brillouin zone of the chain lattice in which propagating modes do not exist. Depending on the SPP polarization, the gap extends to certain intervals of the Bloch wave number $q$. Thus, for transverse polarization, no propagating SPPs exist with wave numbers $q$ such that ${q}_{c}^{\ensuremath{\perp}}l|q|l\ensuremath{\pi}/h$, $h$ being the chain period. For longitudinally polarized SPPs, the gap spans the interval $|q|l{q}_{c}^{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$. Here ${q}_{c}^{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ and ${q}_{c}^{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ are different constants, which depend on the chain parameters, spheroid aspect ratio, and its orientation with respect to the chain axis. The dependence of the dispersion curves on the spheroid aspect ratio leads to a number of interesting effects. In particular, bandwidth of SPPs that can propagate in an LPC can be substantially increased by utilizing prolate or oblate spheroids. When $q$ is close to a critical value, so that $|q\ensuremath{-}{q}_{c}^{\ensuremath{\perp}}|⪡\ensuremath{\pi}/h$ or $|q\ensuremath{-}{q}_{c}^{\ensuremath{\parallel}}|⪡\ensuremath{\pi}/h$, the decay length of the SPPs is dramatically increased. In addition, the dispersion curves acquire a very large positive or negative slope. This can be used to achieve superluminal group velocity for realistic chain parameters. We demonstrate superluminal propagation of Gaussian wave packets in numerical simulations. Both theory and simulations are based on Maxwell equations with account of retardation and, therefore, are fully relativistic.
Outcome of triple-negative breast cancer in patients with or without deleterious BRCA mutations

More than 75% of breast cancers that develop in BRCA1 mutation carriers are triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC). The aim of this study was to compare the recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in high-risk patients with TNBC with and without deleterious BRCA1/2 mutations. A total of 227 women with TNBC who were referred for genetic counseling and underwent BRCA genetic testing between 1997 and 2010 were included in the study. The relationships between clinical variables and outcomes were evaluated using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models. Of 227 high-risk women with TNBC, 50% (n = 114) tested positive for BRCA1/2 mutations. Age, race, and tumor characteristics did not differ between BRCA non-carriers and carriers. At a median follow-up of 3.4 years, the 5-year RFS rates were 74 and 81% (P = 0.21), and 5-year OS rates were 85 and 93% in BRCA non-carriers and BRCA carriers, respectively (P = 0.11). In a multivariate model, after adjusting for age and disease stage, BRCA carriers tended to have a decreased risk of recurrence (HR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.38-1.19; P = 0.17) or death (HR = 0.51; 95% CI:0.23-1.17; P = 0.11) compared to non-carriers. Our data indicate a 50% prevalence of deleterious BRCA1/2 mutations in high-risk women diagnosed with TNBC. Overall prognosis of TNBC in BRCA carriers and non-carriers is not significantly different within the first 5 years following an initial diagnosis. Further studies need to evaluate whether different therapies will change the outcome in these subgroups of TNBC.
Finding Hamiltonian cycles in certain planar graphs

Abstract An inner triangulation is a 2-connected planar graph in which every interior face is a triangle. This class of graphs includes the Euclidean proximity graphs called Delaunay triangulations . We identify a Hamiltonian subclass of inner triangulations and present a linear-time algorithm for finding a Hamiltonian cycle in any such graph.
Nucleotide binding to autotaxin: crosslinking of bound substrate followed by lysC digestion identifies two labeled peptides.

Abstract Autotaxin (ATX) is a 125 kDa glycoprotein motility factor and exoenzyme which can catalyze the hydrolysis of either the α-β or at the β-γ phosphodiester bond in ATP. Its motility stimulating activity requires an intact 5′-nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) active site. Photolysis-dependent labeling of ATX with α-[32P]-8-N3-ATP, lysC digestion, and peptide HPLC resolved two radioactive fractions containing single peptides whose amino-terminal sequences were determined. Peptide A (T210FPNLYTLATG. . .) was derived from the PDE active site and peptide B (Y318GPFGPEMTNP. . .) was not previously known to be involved in any of the activities of ATX. The differential effect of NaCl concentration on the labeling of these two peptides, as well as on the two reaction types catalyzed by ATX, allows a classification of activities which predicts both the position of preferential peptide labeling by bound ATP and also the position of phosphodiester bond hydrolysis.
Subcellular Localization of Moesin in Dynamic Filopodia, Retraction Fibers, and Other Structures Involved in Substrate Exploration, Attachment, and Cell-Cell Contacts

Moesin, a member of the talin-4.1 superfamily, is a linking protein of the submembraneous cytoskeleton. It is expressed in variable amounts in cells of different phenotypes such as macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblastic, endothelial, epithelial, and neuronal cell lines. In this report we show that moesin is not randomly distributed throughout the cortical cytoskeleton, but rather that it is concentrated in specialized microdomains. It is localized in the intracellular core of microextensions known as filopodia, microvilli, microspikes, and retraction fibers. This subcellular distribution follows closely the dynamic changes in cell shape that take place when cells attach, spread, and move spontaneously or in response to extracellular signals. This suggests a similar function for moesin in diverse cell types related to the dynamic restructuring of domains of the plasma membrane and underlying membrane skeleton. Support for this comes from studies on PC-12 cells, which respond to NGF by extending neurites and moesin is redistributed from a diffuse localization to growth cone filopodia. In fibroblastic (NIH3T3) or macrophage (RAW264.7) cell lines, moesin is found in filopodia appearing at random on the cell surface soon after the cells are placed in culture, begin to attach, and spread. In polarized epithelial cells (LLC-PK1), moesin is associated with peripheral filopodia and apical microvilli. The cellular microextensions containing moesin are devoid of microtubules, focal contact proteins such as vinculin, and cortical cytoskeletal elements such as protein 4.1, but they do contain varying amounts of actin microfilaments. This localization of moesin in microextensions is not influenced by cytochalasin B. Treatment of cells with phorbolester (PMA) causes rapid cell spreading, disappearance of filopodia and retraction fibers, and moesin does not accumulate in the actin-rich lamellae that form at the cellular edges. After removal of PMA, cells retract and moesin again becomes concentrated in filopodia and retraction fibers. These studies support the hypothesis that filopodia, retraction fibers, and other microextensions of the plasma membrane are unique cellular microdomains with characteristic submembraneous components. Moesin could be involved in the dynamic restructuring of such microdomains by regulating binding interactions between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton.
Photoperiodic control of antler cycles in deer. III. Decreasing versus increasing day lengths

Abstract Deer were exposed for three years to photoperiods which increased or decreased two hours every four months, starting at 4L/20D or 20L/4D, respectively. Under both sets of conditions, antlers were repeatedly shed and replaced, usually in synchrony with every other time the day lengths were changed. On decreasing days, antler cycles were omitted as the photoperiod passed the equinox (12L/12D). On increasing days, the equinoctial photoperiod induced prolonged episodes of antler growth. The tendency for the antler replacement cycle to lock onto alternate changes in artificial photoperiods is consistent with the seasonal growth of antlers every other time the day lengths change in the natural environment. It is suggested that antler replacement is triggered neither by shortening nor lengthening days, but by the alternation of such changes irrespective of the direction of the shift in the photoperiod.
The relationship among CPU utilization, temperature, and thermal power for waste heat utilization

Abstract This work addresses significant datacenter issues of growth in numbers of computer servers and subsequent electricity expenditure by proposing, analyzing and testing a unique idea of recycling the highest quality waste heat generated by datacenter servers. The aim was to provide a renewable and sustainable energy source for use in cooling the datacenter. The work incorporates novel approaches in waste heat usage, graphing CPU temperature, power and utilization simultaneously, and a mineral oil experimental design and implementation. The work presented investigates and illustrates the quantity and quality of heat that can be captured from a variably tasked liquid-cooled microprocessor on a datacenter server blade. It undertakes a radical approach using mineral oil. The trials examine the feasibility of using the thermal energy from a CPU to drive a cooling process. Results indicate that 123 servers encapsulated in mineral oil can power a 10-ton chiller with a design point of 50.2 kWth. Compared with water-cooling experiments, the mineral oil experiment mitigated the temperature drop between the heat source and discharge line by up to 81%. In addition, due to this reduction in temperature drop, the heat quality in the oil discharge line was up to 12.3 °C higher on average than for water-cooled experiments. Furthermore, mineral oil cooling holds the potential to eliminate the 50% cooling expenditure which initially motivated this project.
Procedural volume and structure of interventional pulmonary fellowships: a survey of fellows and fellowship program directors.

Background Current interventional pulmonary (IP) procedural guidelines for competency are based on expert opinion. There are few objective data to support competency metrics for IP procedures. This survey reports procedural volume during IP fellowships to help define new standards in training and curriculum development. Methods A web-based survey was developed to evaluate IP training procedural volume. The survey was administered to all US and Canadian IP fellowship directors and graduates in training from 2006 to 2011. The survey inquired about all diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed during the specialized year of IP training. Questions regarding the training program structure were collected and analyzed. Results There was a 92.5% fellow response rate (37 of 40) and 77% fellowship director response rate (10 of 13) from programs in existence at the time of the survey. Procedural volume was consistent between fellowship directors and graduates ( P = .64). Although there was a wide range of procedural volume and types of procedures between different programs, the procedural mean volumes were all significantly higher than the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) and American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) guideline recommendations ( P Conclusions US and Canadian IP fellowships produce fellows with variable procedural volumes; however, these are significantly higher than ACCP and ATS/ERS guidelines for most programs and procedures. With a uniform training curriculum being adopted by the majority of IP fellowship programs in the United States and Canada, as well as data showing improved core knowledge in IP fellows undergoing a dedicated year of additional training, further metrics examining the impact of advanced IP training on patient outcomes are needed.
Continuity of Care: A Challenge for Ambulatory Oncology Nursing

Continuity of care has many facets and challenges both as a philosophy and in practice. In an abstract sense, it represents an ideal to which health care professionals strive. It is becoming a professional and consumer expectation that each health care professional contribute to continuity of care. Although a variety of organizational models for providing continuity of care have been established in which nursing plays a prominent role, recent research suggests that some frontline nursing personnel may not fully understand their responsibility to continuity of care. There is a need for nursing curricula in both basic and continuing education programs to address continuity of care concepts, models, and methodologies to strengthen awareness of patient care needs across the disease continuum and across care settings. Performance expectations that include professional accountability for continuity of care also encourage greater attention to this issue.
Measures of performance in nonlinear estimation tasks: prediction of estimation performance at low signal-to-noise ratio

Maximum-likelihood (ML) estimation is an established paradigm for the assessment of imaging system performance in nonlinear quantitation tasks. At high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), ML estimates are asymptotically Gaussian-distributed, unbiased and efficient, thereby attaining the Cramer–Rao bound (CRB). Therefore, at high SNR the CRB is useful as a predictor of the variance of ML estimates and, consequently, as a basis for measures of estimation performance. At low SNR, however, the achievable parameter variances are often substantially larger than the CRB and the estimates are no longer Gaussian-distributed. These departures imply that inference about the estimates that is based on the CRB and the assumption of a normal distribution will not be valid. We have found previously that for some tasks these effects arise at noise levels considered clinically acceptable. We have derived the mathematical relationship between a new measure, χ2pdf-ML, and the expected probability density of the ML estimates, and have justified the use of χ2pdf-ML-isocontours in parameter space to describe the ML estimates. We validated this approach by simulation experiments using spherical objects imaged with a Gaussian point spread function. The parameters, activity concentration and size, were estimated simultaneously by ML, and variances and covariances calculated over 1000 replications per condition from 3D image volumes and from 2D tomographic projections of the same object. At low SNR, where the CRB is no longer achievable, χ2pdf-ML-isocontours provide a robust prediction of the distribution of the ML estimates. At high SNR, the χ2pdf-ML-isocontours asymptotically approach the analogous χ2pdf-F-contours derived from the Fisher information matrix. The χ2pdf-ML model appears to be suitable for characterization of the influence of the noise level and characteristics, the task, and the object on the shape of the probability density of the ML estimates at low SNR. Furthermore, it provides unique insights into the causes of the variability of estimation performance.
Repair of hollow-bulb maxillary obturator

A technique has been described for the repair of a hollow-bulb obturator when the integrity of the hollow portion has been interrupted.
On the Place of Virtues in a Pluralistic Democracy

If a community recognizes a set of moral values and commitments as compelling, as virtues, these become the foundations of moral discourse in that community. Other statements, new moral claims, and so on-as long as they are not absorbed into the set of shared virtues-have no or little standing. And, while there are frequently differences in interpreting the exact meanings and implications of prevailing virtues-for instance, how much is due to charity?-virtues do provide sound and shared foundations for consensus formation, community endeavors, public policies and moral standing. For example, in the traditional European Jewish shtetl, studying the scriptures was accorded high virtue. It left little doubt as to which activities were to be extolled and merited the seat nearest the preferred Eastern (oriented to Jerusalem) wall of the synagogue. It was not a question of the rights of one subgroup versus those of others but a communitywide recognition of the virtue of commitments to the scriptures. Also, in canmunities that sub~ribe to shared virtues (orcommunitarian values), contentiousness and litigiousness are curbed as relatively clear and shared criteria are available to resolve differences. Finally, the cynicism of "anythinggoes as long as it satisfies a deal among the interpreted parties" is avoided.
Runword: An IBM-PC software package for the collection and acoustic analysis of speeded naming responses

Researchers generally collect two dependent measures from most types of speeded responses: reaction time and error proportion. Recently, experimenters have tested lexical theories using alternative empirical measures, such as response force in decision tasks and response duration in naming tasks. We offer a set of software tools that expands the battery of dependent measures normally available to naming experimenters to include various duration and intensity measures of digitized voice recordings. This article explains the functionality, programming logic, and theoretical motivation behind each measure, as well as the software to support digitized naming experiments. The software runs in DOS on IBM-PC-compatible hardware with SoundBlaster 16-bit sound cards, and it takes advantage of the decreasing costs of hard-drive space and digital sound cards.
The APA Ethical Principles as a foundational competency: application to rehabilitation psychology.

Overview Competence is a core component of ethical conduct as reflected in its addition as an ethical standard in the 2002 APA Ethics Code. Successfully operationalizing and assessing competence provides psychologists a means to improve education and training, advance the field of practice, and create a framework for accountability to the public. Much of the recent competency discussion has been in response to a proposed Cube Model, with its three axes being foundational competencies (practice building blocks, such as scientific knowledge, ethical standards), functional competencies (attributes of providing services, such as assessment, intervention), and developmental progression (acquiring increasing competence over the course of one's education and career). Ethics is included on the foundational competency axis and has been operationalized to the extent that subcomponents and benchmarks have been promulgated. The competency model as proposed faces multiple challenges, including gaining consensus regarding its components, addressing reliable and valid assessment over time, and creating a culture of acceptance. We propose the Ethical Principles as an alternative framework for conceptualizing ethics as a foundational competency given the Ethics Code is already time tested and includes a serial review process for broad discipline input and adaptability. We apply the Ethical Principles as foundational components to rehabilitation psychology training at internship, postdoctoral, and specialty levels to illustrate the model. Conclusion Rehabilitation psychology should engage in the competency movement at the predoctoral and postdoctoral level. The application of the Ethical Principles as a foundational competency to rehabilitation psychology represents a first step in this dialog.
Sp1 is essential for both enhancer-mediated and basal activation of the TATA-less human adenosine deaminase promoter

Abstract Tissue-specific expression of the human adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene is mediated by transcriptional activation over a thousand-fold range. Cis-regulatory regions responsible for high and basal levels of activation include an enhancer and the proximal promoter region. While analyses of the T-cell specific enhancer have been carried out, detailed studies of the the promoter region or promoter-enhancer interactions have not. Examination of the promoter region by homology searches revealed six putative Sp1 binding sites. DNase I footprinting showed that Sp1 is able to bind these sites. Deletion analysis indicated that the proximal Sp1 site is required for activation of a reporter gene to detectable levels and that the more distal Sp1 sites further activate the level of expression. Inclusion of an ADA enhancer-containing fragment in these deletion constructions demonstrated that Sp1 sites are also essential for enhancer function. Apparently Sp1 controls not only low level expression but is also an integral part of the mechanism by which the enhancer achieves high level ADA expression. Mutagenesis of a potential TBP binding site at base pairs -21 to -26 decreased activity only two-fold indicating that it is not essential for transcriptional activation or enhancement.
Composites from compounding wood fibers with recycled high density polyethylene

The development of composites consisting of wood fibers and recycled plastics offers not only an opportunity to utilize an abundant natural resource but also a means to alleviate the serious plastics disposal problem. In this work, aspen fibers are incorporated into recycled high density polyethylene with a co-rotating inter-meshing twin-screw extruder to study processing-property relationships. Tensile, impact, and flexural strengths are measured as functions of fiber concentration. The effects of fiber pretreatment, screw configuration, and compounding temperature on the properties of composites are discussed.
Cigarette smoking and subjective response in alcoholics: Effects of pentobarbital

The effects of oral pentobarbital on cigarette smoking and subjective response were determined in five adult men with histories of alcoholism and cigarette-smoking habits. Subjects resided in a residential research unit for the 6-wk study and were individually tested 5 days a wk in rooms that were equipped for automatic monitoring of cigarette-smoking behavior. Each subject was tested with placebo, one dose level of ethanol (either 89 or 134 gm absolute ethanol), and each of three pentobarbital doses (200 to 900 mg), in at least four randomized block sequences. Ethanol induced increases in puffs and other smoking measures in all subjects. Pentobarbital increased smoking in two subjects, whereas it did not induce change or suppress smoking in the other subjects. Both pentobarbital and ethanol increased scores on scales of the Addiction Research Center Inventory and other self-report measures. The results indicate that the effects of pentobarbital on smoking differ from those of ethanol, and that the effects of both drugs on smoking may depend on previous experience of the subject in the use of those drugs.
Synthesis of brevicomin, principal sex attractant in the frass of the female western pine beetle

Abstract The sex attractant, brevicomin [ exo -7-ethyl-5-methyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane ( 1 )] from the frass of the western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis , was synthesized through acid catalyzed hydrolysis and cyclization of the cis -epoxide ( 8 ). The endo -isomer ( 2 ), also present in frass but inactive, was formed on cyclization of the trans -epoxide ( 9 ).
A microcomputer system for temperature biotelemetry

A microcomputer (Apple II) system for recording body temperature measured by a commercially made, implantable biotelemetry device (Mini-Mitter) is described. The system includes an inexpensive radio receiver interface circuit and software written in BASIC and 6502 assembly language. The utility of the system is illustrated in a study that shows that various handling procedures (including that normally involved in rectal temperature measurement) elevate body temperature in rats.
Over 10,000 peptide identifications from the HeLa proteome by using single-shot capillary zone electrophoresis combined with tandem mass spectrometry.

Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has recently attracted attention as a tool for shotgun proteomics. However, its performance for this analysis has so far fallen far below that of reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC)-MS/MS. The use of a CZE method with a wide separation window (up to 90 min) and high peak capacity (ca. 300) is reported. This method was coupled to an Orbitrap Fusion mass spectrometer through an electrokinetically pumped sheath-flow interface for the analysis of complex proteome digests. Single-shot CZE-MS/MS lead to the identification of over 10 000 peptides and 2100 proteins from a HeLa cell proteome digest in approximately 100 min. This performance is nearly an order of magnitude better than earlier CZE studies and is within a factor of two to four of the state-of-the-art nano ultrahigh-pressure LC system.
α2 andrenoreceptor affinity of some inhibitors of norepinephrine N-methyltransferase

Because certain inhibitors of norepinephrine N-methyltransferase (NMT, the epinephrine-forming enzyme) are α2 adrenoreceptor blockers, we compared the ability of various compounds to inhibit rat brain NMT activity and the binding of tritiated clonidine to rat brain membranes in vitro. There was no correlation between potency of NMT inhibition and potency of α2 receptor antagonism (as measured by inhibition of tritiated clonidine binding) among NMT inhibitors representing several chemical classes or among members of a single class of compounds, l-aminoindans. In addition, several potent α2 blocking drugs were essentially inactive as NMT inhibitors. These findings indicate that NMT inhibition and α2 blockade are dissociable activities. Future development of NMT inhibitors should include this dissociation as a goal to increase the usefulness of NMT inhibitors as pharmacologic tools.
Ab initio theory of gate induced gaps in graphene bilayers

We study the gate-voltage induced gap that occurs in graphene bilayers using ab initio density functional theory. Our calculations confirm the qualitative picture suggested by phenomenological tight-binding and continuum models. We discuss enhanced screening of the external interlayer potential at small gate voltages, which is more pronounced in the ab initio calculations, and quantify the role of crystalline inhomogeneity using a tight-binding model self-consistent Hartree calculation.
A finite element solution of strip rolling

Abstract In this paper a numerical solution of strip rolling based on finite element method is presented. The material behavior in the form of a stress-strain curve obtained from a plane-strain compression test and measured interfacial velocities as prescribed boundary conditions are used as input data to the numerical model of strip rolling. Numerical results such as distributions of roll pressure, frictional stress, and coefficient of friction in the contact region are presented.
Influence of collective boulder array on the surrounding time-averaged and turbulent flow fields

Arrays of large immobile boulders, which are often encountered in steep mountain streams, affect the timing and magnitude of sediment transport events through their interactions with the approach flow. Despite their importance in the quantification of the bedload rate, the collective influence of a boulder array on the approach time-averaged and turbulent flow field has to date been overlooked. The overarching objective is, thus, to assess the collective effects of a boulder array on the time-averaged and turbulent flow fields surrounding an individual boulder within the array, placing particular emphasis on highlighting the bed shear stress spatial variability. The objective of this study is pursued by resolving and comparing the time-averaged and turbulent flow fields developing around a boulder, with and without an array of isolated boulders being present. The results show that the effects of an individual boulder on the time-averaged streamwise velocity and turbulence intensity were limited to the boulder’s immediate vicinity in the streamwise (x/dc < 2-3) and vertical (z/dc < 1) directions. Outside of the boulder’s immediate vicinity, the time-averaged streamwise velocity was found to be globally decelerated. This global deceleration was attributed to the form drag generated collectively by the boulder array. More importantly, the boulder array reduced the applied shear stress exerted on the individual boulders found within the array, by absorbing a portion of the total applied shear. Furthermore, the array was found to have a “homogenizing” effect on the near-bed turbulence thus significantly reducing the turbulence intensity in the near-bed region. The findings of this study suggest that the collective boulder array bears a portion of the total applied bed shear stress as form drag, hence reducing the available bed shear stress for transporting incoming mobile sediment. Thus, the effects of the boulder array should not be ignored in sediment transport predictions. These effects are encapsulated in this study by Equation (6).
Selective mode excitation by nonaxial evanescent coupling for bandwidth enhancement of multimode fiber links

We present an analysis of conditioned launch in a gradient- index multimode fiber (MMF). Selective mode excitation is obtained by nonaxial evanescent coupling between two highly asymmetric side- polished fibers: a single-mode fiber and an MMF with an exposed core. An index-matching slab improves the coupling efficiency and selectivity. The simulation shows that about 40% of modes, only high-order modes, are excited in the MMF. When compared to an overfilled launch, the bandwidth of a perturbed index fiber is enhanced more than twofold for large parameter variations.
Interfaces are key

Many dense linear algebra (DLA) operations are easy to understand at a high level and users get functional DLA code on new hardware relatively quickly. As a result, many people consider DLA to be a "solved domain." The truth is that DLA is not solved. DLA experts are rare because the "tricks" and variety of algorithms they need to get high performance take time to learn. DLA implementations are only available on a new architecture when an expert with enough experience goes through a rote process to implement many related DLA operations. While so much of the manual work is rote, this hardly suggests the domain is "solved." We have not proven that we understand the field until we have automated the expert. Automate the expert for the entire field, and the field is closed. We view that goal as the equivalent of going to Mars. In practice, we will get to the moon automatically, and experts will then be freed up to worry about how to get from there to Mars.
Surface Tension Evaluation Via Thermodynamic Analysis of Statistical Data From Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Surface tension determination of liquid-vapor interfaces of polyatomic fluids using traditional methods has shown to be difficult due to the requirement of evaluating complex intermolecular potentials. However, analytical techniques have recently been developed that determine surface tension solely by means of the characteristics of the interfacial region between the bulk liquid and vapor regions. A post-simulation application of the excess free energy density integration (EFEDI) method was used for analysis of the resultant density profile of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of argon using a simple Lennard-Jones potential and diatomic nitrogen using a two-center Lennard-Jones potential. MD simulations were also run for an approximation of nitrogen using the simple Lennard-Jones potential. In each MD simulation, a liquid film was initialized between vapor regions and NVE-type simulations were run to equilibrium. The simulation domain was divided into bins across the interfacial region for fluid density collection, and the resultant interfacial region density profile was used for surface tension evaluation. Application of the EFEDI method to these MD simulation results exhibited good approximations to surface tension as a function of temperature for both a simple and complex potential.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Changes in hue, lightness, and saturation of surface colors in passing from daylight to incandescent-lamp light.

198 Munsell samples, representing 13 hues at various value levels and chromas, including 9 neutrals, were viewed separately on black, gray, and white backgrounds under Illuminant A and matched by samples viewed in Illuminant C by 7 observers, making a total of over 4000 matchings. With these samples, hues containing red and blue become redder in Illuminant A as compared with Illuminant C, while hues from Munsell purple-blue to yellow-red shift toward reddish yellow. Two invariant hues emerge, one between 10R and 5YR with all backgrounds, the other between 5PB and 10B with white background, and between 5PB and 10B with gray and black backgrounds. Greatest shifts occur with black background, least with white. General trends are qualitatively in accord with the Helson-Judd principles of color conversion and in the direction to be expected from the I.C.I. specifications of the samples in the two illuminants. The changes in hue and chroma and the invariant hues as they appear in the I.C.I. plots are not far different from those observed, but the computed changes are much greater than the observed because the I.C.I. computations are based on a completely non-reflecting background and observers screened from the illuminants. Further theoretical treatment of the data seems warranted.
A pedotype approach to latest Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary paleosols in eastern Montana

A pedotype approach to the study of paleosols emphasizes individual profiles. It is an alternative approach to the study of geosols, which are laterally extensive suites of paleosols, or pedofacies, which are pedogenically distinctive sedimentary facies. This is the first pedotype study of paleosols across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in eastern Montana. Pedotypes allow assessment of sedimentation and fossilization. The sequence of paleosols across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary at Bug Creek is one of high temporal resolution, because most available geological time can be accounted for by differing degree of development inferred for each pedotype. Paleosols at Bug Creek include pedotypes that preserve plant fossils well, but were unfavorable for preservation of fossil vertebrates. Pedotypes also allow reassessment of ecosystem change. Despite indications of catastrophe at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, the array of Paleocene and Cretaceous pedotypes are not strikingly different. The Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation includes pedotypes interpreted as gleyed Alfisols, Inceptisols, and Entisols probably formed under seasonally water-logged forest and mean annual rainfall of the order of 900-1200 mm. Most paleosols of the lower Paleocene Tullock Formation were Histosols, but some can be interpreted as gleyed Inceptisols and Entisols probably formed under bald cypress swamps in a humid climate with >1200 mm mean annual rainfall. Broadly comparable pedotypes were present before and after the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, although Paleocene flood-plain forest lived in paleosols chemically a little more oligotrophic than Cretaceous paleosols. This modest difference supports the idea that change to coaly facies in the earliest Paleocene was a local shift in sedimentary environment. Such local changes do not begin to account for profound disruption in specific composition of plant and animal communities at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in eastern Montana.
Inositol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate content of Down syndrome fibroblasts exhibiting enhanced inositol uptake.

Fibroblasts from individuals with Down syndrome (DS; trisomy 21) exhibit increased inositol uptake. Here we examine the relationship between this increase in uptake and mass levels of free inositol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) in DS fibroblasts. We report that human fibroblasts contain high levels of free inositol which are not significantly affected by the increase in inositol uptake associated with DS. In addition, increased uptake is accompanied by increased efflux of radiolabelled inositol from DS cells. Neither basal nor bradykinin-stimulated IP3 levels in DS cells differ significantly from normal values. This work highlights the usefulness of the DS cell in uncovering the role of transport across the plasma membrane in cellular inositol homeostasis.