cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Taz1p Transacylase Is Imported and Sorted into the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane via a Membrane Anchor Domain

Mutations in the mitochondrial transacylase tafazzin, Taz1p, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cause Barth syndrome, a disease of defective cardiolipin remodeling. Taz1p is an interfacial membrane protein that localizes to both the outer and inner membranes, lining the intermembrane space. Pathogenic point mutations in Taz1p that alter import and membrane insertion result in accumulation of monolysocardiolipin. In this study, we used yeast as a model to investigate the biogenesis of Taz1p. We show that to achieve this unique topology in mitochondria, Taz1p follows a novel import pathway in which it crosses the outer membrane via the translocase of the outer membrane and then uses the Tim9p-Tim10p complex of the intermembrane space to insert into the mitochondrial outer membrane. Taz1p is then transported to membranes of an intermediate density to reach a location in the inner membrane. Moreover, a pathogenic mutation within the membrane anchor (V224R) alters Taz1p import so that it bypasses the Tim9p-Tim10p complex and interacts with the translocase of the inner membrane, TIM23, to reach the matrix. Critical targeting information for Taz1p resides in the membrane anchor and flanking sequences, which are often mutated in Barth syndrome patients. These studies suggest that altering the mitochondrial import pathway of Taz1p may be important in understanding the molecular basis of Barth syndrome.
The Wheat and the (GM) Tares: Lessons for Plant Patent Litigation from the Parables of Christ

A parable is a short story, generally used in the Bible to illustrate a moral or religious lesson. Many parables contain not only spiritual truths but also universal precepts for living, and for law. In fact, legal commentators have used Christ’s agrarian parables to shed light on issues as diverse as environmental ethics, capital punishment, dispute resolution, and professionalism. This Essay, written for a symposium on Intellectual Property and Religious Thought, adds plant patenting disputes to that list. In particular, it provides comparisons between the Parable of the Wheat and the Tares and issues surrounding the contamination of crops by GM species; the Parable of the Growing Seed and broad inventorship and exclusionary rights over self-replicating organisms; and the Parable of the Sower and the Seed and the insertion of genes from foreign species into seeds. Insights from these comparisons should provide food for thought for interested parties, jurists, and policymakers addressing issues involving patents on self-replicating plants.
Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Particles by Dendrimer Nanotemplating

Poly (amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers are used to create organic-inorganic hybrid colloids in aqueous solution. The formation of gold colloids upon reduction of a gold salt precursor serves as a model reaction to study the influence of reaction conditions and dendrimer generation on the resulting nanostructures. The hybrid particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), small angle neutron scattering (SANS), and small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). A transition is found from “colloid stabilization” by low molecular mass molecules to “polymer nanotemplating” with increasing dendrimer generation, i.e, increasing molecular mass but retaining the chemical nature of the stabilizing species.
Glutamate and GABA Activate Different Receptors and Cl− Conductances in Crab Peptide-Secretory Neurons

Responses to rapid application of glutamic acid (Glu) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 0.01–3 mM, were recorded by whole-cell patch clamp of cultured crab (Cardisoma carnifex) X-organ neurons. Respo...
Controlled Ureteral Meatotomy

AbstractAn endourologic technique for a safe and adequate ureteral meatotomy has been devised. The ureter is catheterized anterograde through a percutaneous nephrostomy and a controlled ureteral meatotomy is done with a modified ureteral catheter. A silicone splint is then placed. The technique is safer than other techniques because repeated, more proximal incisions can be made and because the splint and proximal urinary division will prevent extravasation.
Larvae of Io Moth, Automeris io, On the Coral Bean, Erythrina herbacea, in Florida—the Limitations of Polyphagy

The coral bean, Erythrina herbacea, is reported as a new host for Automeris io in north-central Florida, based on a single batch of larvae found on this plant in nature and reared through on it in the laboratory. However, the consequent laboratory rearing showed a high cost associated with using this host plant. The mortality of young larvae of the F-2 generation reared on E. herbacea was very high (over 90%), and much higher than that of control larvae, which were reared on mature leaves of Quercus nigra (14–38%). The leaves of E. herbacea, known for their toxic alkaloids, were extracted with methanol, made into a water solution, applied on the mature leaves of Q. nigra, and fed to 1st instars of A. io. This produced no negative effect on the caterpillars. While the mature leaves of Q. nigra produced low mortality in young caterpillars, the young terminal leaves of this plant were as lethal to A. io as leaves of E. herbacea. Additionally, it was noted that rearing larvae on E. herbacea (a diet with a higher N2 content) led to faster larval development and smaller adult moths. The A. io larvae in this study developed during 63–100 days and underwent seven larval instars, which contradicts many popular accounts of the fifth instar being the final in A. io. Finally, Prunus angustifolia proved to be an unsuitable hostplant for A. io, as feeding on this species led to the arrested development of larvae and their eventual death.
Crawford and Its Progeny

There are many barriers to victims’ participation in the prosecution of their abusers. The perennial challenge of prosecuting domestic violence cases without a testifying victim has been greatly impacted by the Sixth Amendment's Confrontation Clause, as interpreted in the landmark case of Crawford v. Washington and its progeny, where the admissibility of out-of-court statements is addressed. When prosecuting a domestic violence case with a non-participating victim (one who either is not in court, or who is in court but is “unavailable” by reason of refusal to testify, exercise of a privilege, illness, or incompetency) the prosecutor must anticipate a challenge under Crawford v. Washington to the introduction of the victim’s out-of-court statements. In the course of preparing and trying such cases, prosecutors must constantly consider what evidence will be admissible at trial, in view of Crawford's limitations on hearsay evidence. Analysis of all of the relevant factors in making these determinations can be complex. This Resource will first place Crawford in its historical context, and explain how the rules governing application of the Confrontation Clause have changed as a result. Next, it will present a framework for analyzing admissibility of out-of-court statements under the Crawford rules, using a flowchart and detailed outline. Prosecutors will be guided through the analysis of the relevant factors, as set forth in various cases decided in the wake of Crawford. The Resource will also suggest strategies for maximizing admissible evidence at trial, including motions to admit hearsay evidence under the doctrine of forfeiture by wrongdoing, and provide sample questions for direct examination of 911 operators, police officers, and nurse examiners. Finally, it will provide a list of resources, sample questions, and strategy suggestions to assist in satisfying the confrontation requirements under the Sixth Amendment.
Effect of procedures for clarifying the criterion setting on listening accuracy in the interview

Listening accuracy test scores were found to be 16% higher than a base rate established in previous research (p<.001) when participants (N = 36) were alerted that their listening would be tested and they were given a realistic expectation of what demands would be made on their memory upon completion of viewing a videotaped interview. Listening accuracy test scores were found to correlate significantly (r =.54, p <.01) with the sum of three examination scores, thus replicating an earlier finding. It was concluded that procedures that clarify the criterion demands that will be made on memory increase the level of accuracy that interviewers achieve, but do not change the magnitude of the relationship between accuracy test scores and measures of accomplishment in training. Managers should assign to interviewing duties those personnel trainees who score highest on tests of related technical material.
Characterization of Single Bit and Multiple Cell Soft Error Events in Planar and FinFET SRAMs

We characterize soft errors of SRAM devices fabricated over a range of technology nodes and show that both single-bit upsets (SBUs) and multiple-cell upsets (MCUs) decrease with technology scaling. Implementation of FinFET transistors leads to a significant reduction in both SBUs and MCUs relative to planar transistors. We find the mechanisms responsible for SBU and MCU events are unaffected by the transition to the FinFET architecture. For errors due to alpha particles and thermal neutrons, the relative occurrence of single event upsets is determined primarily by the sensitive area of the drain of bit cell transistors. We show that high-energy neutron-induced MCU events are determined by charge sharing among adjacent cells and are sensitive to both transistor drain area and the details of the process technology (i.e., manufacturing sequence) used, via the dependence of charge mobility on the substrate doping level.
Numerical Modeling of Complex Targets for High-Energy- Density Experiments with Ion Beams and other Drivers

We explore the simulation challenges and requirements for experiments planned on facilities such as the NDCX-II ion accelerator at LBNL, currently undergoing commissioning. Hydrodynamic modeling of NDCX-II experiments include certain lower temperature effects, e.g., surface tension and target fragmentation, that are not generally present in extreme high-energy laser facility experiments, where targets are completely vaporized in an extremely short period of time. Target designs proposed for NDCX-II range from metal foils of order one micron thick (thin targets) to metallic foam targets several tens of microns thick (thick targets). These high-energy-density experiments allow for the study of fracture as well as the process of bubble and droplet formation. We incorporate these physics effects into a code called ALE-AMR that uses a combination of Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian hydrodynamics and Adaptive Mesh Refinement. Inclusion of certain effects becomes tricky as we must deal with non-orthogonal meshes of various levels of refinement in three dimensions. A surface tension model used for droplet dynamics is implemented in ALE-AMR using curvature calculated from volume fractions. Thick foam target experiments provide information on how ion beam induced shock waves couple into kinetic energy of fluid flow. Although NDCX-II is not fully commissioned, experiments are being conductedmore » that explore material defect production and dynamics.« less
Comment on “Test of the Stark-effect theory using photoionization microscopy”

An article by Zhao et al. [Phys. Rev. A 86, 053413 (2012)] tests the local frame transformation (LFT) theory by comparing it with benchmark coupled-channel calculations. The system under consideration is an alkali-metal atom that is two-photon ionized in the presence of a static external electric field. Zhao et al. state that the differential cross sections computed in the LFT theory disagree with their supposedly more accurate coupled-channel calculations. They went on to diagnose the discrepancy and claimed that it originates in an inaccurate correspondence between the irregular functions in spherical and parabolic-cylindrical coordinates, a correspondence that lies at the heart of LFT theory. We have repeated the same tests and find that our calculations rule out the discrepancies that were claimed in Zhao et al. [Phys. Rev. A 86, 053413 (2012)] to exist between the LFT approximation and the exact calculations. This Comment thus helps to clarify the accuracy of the Harmin-Fano theory and demonstrates that it is in fact remarkably accurate not only for the total photoionization cross section in the Stark effect, but also for the differential cross section in photoionization microscopy.
Construction and immune responses of the tandemed gene of infectious bursal disease virus VP2 and chicken complement C3d

To enhance the immune efficacy of the DNA vaccine against the challenge of infectious bursal disease virus(IBDV),a three tandemed copies of chicken complement C3d gene(3C3d) with the linker sequence of(Gly4Ser)2 at 5' end was synthesized and inserting into pUC57 vector.pcDNA-VP2-3C3d was constructed by insertion of the 3C3d tandem gene into pcDNA-VP2 and transfected into BHK21 cells for expression.Western blot result showed that the expressed fusion protein of VP2-3C3d was about 162 ku and reacted positively with IBDV polyclonal antibodies.Expression of VP2-3C3d was also confirmed by the indirect immunofluorescence assay.In addition,pcDNA-VP2-3C3d and pcDNA-VP2 were used to immunize 2-week-old SPF chicken.The antibody titrations and lymphocyte proliferative responses indicated that immunized with pcDNA-VP2-3C3d induced higher titers of IBDV antibodies and lymphocyte proliferation than that of immunized with pcDNA-VP2(p0.05),indicating that C3d enhanced both the humoral and cellular immune response against IBDV.
Sensitization of group III muscle afferents to static contraction by arachidonic acid

The afferent arm of the reflex are responsible for the pressor response to static contraction is comprised of group III and IV fibers. The nature of the contraction-induced stimulus activating these fibers remains unclear. Evidence suggests that most group III afferents are sensitive to mechanical stimuli, whereas most group IV afferents are sensitive to metabolic stimuli. Recently, in anesthetized cats, stimulation of group III mechanoreceptors has been shown to have a role in the reflex pressor response to static contraction. In skin, the sensitivity of thin fiber mechanoreceptors to distortion of their receptive fields has been shown to be increased by both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid metabolism. Therefore, in barbiturate-anesthetized cats we recorded the responses of group III muscle afferents to static contraction before and after arachidonic acid (1-2 mg ia) and/or indomethacin (5 mg/kg iv). Arachidonic acid increased the responses of group III afferents (n = 11) to contraction by 265% (from 0.17 +/- 0.07 to 0.62 +/- 0.24 impulses/s; P less than 0.025). Indomethacin decreased the responses of group III afferents (n = 9) to contraction by 61% (from 1.00 +/- 0.37 to 0.39 +/- 0.16 impulses/s; P less than 0.025). Arachidonic acid given after indomethacin increased the responses of two of four group III afferents to contraction. We conclude that both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid metabolism sensitize group III muscle afferents to static contraction.
Non-invasive quantification of immunoglobulin A in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Gombe National Park, Tanzania.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the primary antibody responsible for mucosal defense in mammals and has been used as a marker for chronic stress and immune status. Therefore, this antibody may provide a more reliable indicator of an individual's immunocompetence than is currently available through other methods. Immunoglobulin A has never before been quantified in a wild population of non-human primates using non-invasive sample collection techniques. In this study, we present methodology for non-invasive IgA extraction in the field and provide quantification of mean fecal IgA concentrations in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). During the study period (November 2009-October 2010), we collected fecal samples (N = 1463) from 59 individuals at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. We modified a field extraction technique for steroidal hormones to extract IgA from the fecal samples and then quantified mean IgA concentrations (ng/g) using a commercial human IgA enzyme immunoassay. Mean IgA concentration varied among individuals but not by sex or reproductive status. Mature animals tended toward higher mean IgA concentration than immature. Mean IgA concentration differed by quartile season, following a similar pattern previously observed for respiratory illness rates in this population, with the late dry season having significantly higher averages than the late wet. A circadian rhythm was also evident with mean IgA concentrations higher in samples collected in the latter half of the day. These demographic and temporal patterns of IgA concentration provide baseline values necessary to interpret future results, which may be combined with other health values to better understand the role of health and long-term stress in wild great ape populations. Am. J. Primatol. 80:e22558, 2018. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physiological Organization of Function with Reference to a Pacemaker

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses physiological organization of function with reference to a pacemaker. The ureter acts as a functional syncytium. Hyperpolarization of the cell membrane results in an increase in the amplitude and rate of rise of the ureteral action potential. The highest rate recorded during hyperpolarization is 2.5 V/sec. The spontaneous slow depolarization of the pacemaker potential occurs if the cell membrane permeability to sodium increases relative to the membrane permeability to potassium. The electrical activity or action potentials are related to the distribution of ions across the cell membrane of the muscle and to the selective changes in the ionic permeabilities of the membrane. The exact nature of the process that couples the electrical and mechanical activity involved in ureteral peristalsis is not known; however, calcium appears to be an essential link in the process that couples membrane depolarization to contraction in ureteral muscle.
Cryopreserved saphenous vein as a last-ditch conduit for limb salvage.

Abstract Objective In patients lacking autogenous vein suitable for infrainguinal bypass, cryopreserved saphenous vein (CSV) allograft (CryoLife, Inc, Kennesaw, Ga) may be an acceptable alternative. The purpose of this study was to examine outcomes of CSV conduit for infrainguinal revascularization. Methods Between February 2008 and August 2015, 70 patients underwent infrainguinal bypass grafts in 73 limbs using CSV. All patients lacked suitable arm or leg vein. Demographic data and patient outcomes were retrospectively collected using electronic medical records. Results The mean age of our cohort was 70 ± 14 years, and 36 (51%) were male; 47 (67%) were white, 39 (56%) had coronary artery disease, 27 (39%) had diabetes, 56 (80%) had hypertension, and 50 (71%) were former or current smokers. Median follow-up was 304 days (interquartile range, 130-991 days). Indications for the index operation included rest pain (27%), tissue loss (55%), and prosthetic graft infection (18%); 62 of 73 (85%) bypasses were performed for critical limb ischemia, and 45 of 73 (62%) were redo operations. Distal targets included superficial femoral artery or popliteal (38%), tibial (55%), and pedal (7%). All grafts had a minimum diameter of 3 mm. At 30 days, 55 of 64 grafts (86%) were patent; 9 were lost to early follow-up. The only significant risk factors associated with 30-day failure were ABO mismatch (43% vs 10%; P = .05) and donor blood type B or AB (40% vs 9%; P = .03). Estimated overall 1-year primary patency was 35%. In a multivariate analysis, nonblack race ( P = .05), donor B or AB blood type ( P = .01), and bypass to a tibial or pedal target ( P = .05) were independently associated with loss of primary patency. There were 20 (27%) major amputations, and all grafts in these limbs had occluded at the time of amputation. Of the 33 limbs with ischemic tissue loss that had long-term follow-up, 17 of 33 (52%) went on to graft occlusion, 10 of 33 (30%) had a major amputation, and 24 of 33 (73%) had complete healing of the index wound. Conclusions In the setting of a multidisciplinary team with aggressive wound care, CSV may be a reasonable choice for infrainguinal revascularization in patients with ischemic tissue loss who lack autogenous conduit. However, poor midterm to long-term patency suggests that optimal selection of patients is needed to derive meaningful clinical benefit.
Predictive value of XPG rs2296147T>C polymorphism on clinical outcomes of cancer patients

// Yuhan Wang 1 , Yingying Han 1 , Qiang Weng 1 , Zhengrong Yuan 1 1 College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China Correspondence to: Zhengrong Yuan, email: zryuan@bjfu.edu.cn Keywords: XPG, rs2296147, cancer, clinical outcomes, meta-analysis Received: May 24, 2016 Accepted: August 11, 2016 Published: August 29, 2016 ABSTRACT The Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group G ( XPG ) rs2296147T>C polymorphism is suspected to associate with the clinical outcomes of cancer patients. However, the results are inconsistent. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the reliable predictive value of XPG rs2296147T>C polymorphism on clinical outcomes of cancer patients. A total of 11 eligible studies were enrolled in this meta-analysis. Our results indicated that the cancer patients with TT and CT genotypes were significantly associated with better respond rates when compared with the CC genotype (TT versus (vs.) CC: odds ratio (OR) = 2.05, 95% confidence intervals (CIs), 1.32-3.20, P = 0.002; TT+CT vs. CC: OR= 1.57, 95% CI, 1.14-2.17, P = 0.005). The TT genotype and/or T allele might be associated with higher survival time for cancer patients than the CC genotype and/or C allele. The cumulative meta-analyses showed an apparent beneficial objective response of TT genotype on cancer patients. In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggests that the XPG rs2296147T>C polymorphism is associated with the clinical outcomes of cancer patients. The XPG rs2296147T>C polymorphism might be a predictive factor of prognosis in cancers patients and contribute to individual treatment in the future.
Regulatory gene mutation: A driving force behind group A Streptococcus strain‐ and serotype‐specific variation

Data from multiple bacterial pathogens are consistent with regulator-encoding genes having higher mutation frequencies than the genome average. Such mutations drive both strain- and type- (e.g., serotype, haplotype) specific phenotypic heterogeneity, and may challenge public health due to the potential of variants to circumvent established treatment and/or preventative regimes. Here, using the human bacterial pathogen the group A Streptococcus (GAS; S. pyogenes) as a model organism, we review the types and regulatory-, phenotypic-, and disease-specific consequences of naturally occurring regulatory gene mutations. Strain-specific regulator mutations that will be discussed include examples that transform isolates into hyper-invasive forms by enhancing expression of immunomodulatory virulence factors, and examples that promote asymptomatic carriage of the organism. The discussion of serotype-specific regulator mutations focuses on serotype M3 GAS isolates, and how the identified rewiring of regulatory networks in this serotype may be contributing to a decades old epidemiological association of M3 isolates with particularly severe invasive infections. We conclude that mutation plays an outsized role in GAS pathogenesis and has clinical relevance. Given the phenotypic variability associated with regulatory gene mutations, the rapid examination of these genes in infecting isolates may inform with respect to potential patient complications and treatment options.
A new scaling approach for the mesoscale simulation of magnetic domain structures using Monte Carlo simulations

Abstract A new scaling approach has been proposed for the spin exchange and the dipole–dipole interaction energy as a function of the system size. The computed scaling laws are used in atomistic Monte Carlo simulations of magnetic moment evolution to predict the transition from single domain to a vortex structure as the system size increases. The width of a 180° – domain wall extracted from the simulated structures is in close agreement with experimentally values for an F–Si alloy. The transition size from a single domain to a vortex structure is also in close agreement with theoretically predicted and experimentally measured values for Fe.
Enabling Informal Settlements

This chapter takes a closer look at the people- vs. place-prosperity distinction as a way of conceptualizing enablement in informal settlements. While Winnick popularized this distinction as a formal regional planning apparatus during the 1960s, the pros and cons of its relevance to informal settlements are discussed here. Whether physical upgrading in informal settlements appeals to government officials or decision-makers or might be construed as squandering public resources remains debatable from an efficiency or even an egalitarian perspective. However, given the limited government resources in housing supply in the developing countries, Winnick’s misgivings about the redistribution impacts of place-based strategies might not be readily applicable with respect to physical upgrading investments on informal settlements. That is why revisiting and exploring this argument within the context of these settlements deserve special attention. The chapter discusses the pros and cons of this argument by making observations from the Iranian experience. This discussion sets the tone for developing a conceptual framework for the empirical component of this research.
School meals: Breaking the cycle of hunger and poverty

This capstone project explores the potential for community enhancement and decreased malnutrition in children through contextually appropriate school feeding programs (SFPs). SFPs have the ability to promote immediate economic development and community building, as well as lasting autonomy, security, gender equality, and healthier, more educated children. The team identifies five alternative delivery methods that could be employed to provide school meals. System evaluation methods are used to identify key factors for effective and contextually appropriate initiatives to facilitate effective school feeding for pre-primary and primary school children. These evaluation criteria include: (1) academic success measured by school attendance, retention, and achievement, (2) nutrition measured by rate of stunting and other indicators of malnutrition as well as nutrition education, and (3) community development measured by participation rates by local farmers and related food service providers. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the programs, test locations are chosen to represent the four major, relevant socioeconomic regions: high-income urban, high-income rural, low-income urban, and low-income rural. In the United States, school counties in Chicago and Georgia are investigated as high-income urban and rural representatives, and communities in Haiti and Uganda are investigated as low-income urban and rural representatives, respectively. Within each region, a specific program is evaluated for growth in the designated metrics. Based on statistical and qualitative findings, conclusions are drawn about the effectiveness of various programs in their respective socioeconomic regions, and further recommendations for program implementation are given.
Clinical Phenomenology and Characteristics of Centenarians in Hospice

Objectives:Little is known about the hospice experience of centenarians. As the population of centenarians is projected to increase, understanding their unique end-of-life needs will be important t...
Comunicação Estrutural: Uma Introdução

Material de Consulta (“Job-Aid”) baseado em textos originais de J.G. Bennett, A.M.Hodgson e K.Egan. A presente ajuda de trabalho e um pouco diferente da maioria das ajudas que foram publicadas nas edicoes anteriores da Revista. Na realidade e uma ajuda a compreensao de um conjunto especifico de conceitos e principios, ao inves de uma ajuda de execucao de um conjunto especifico de tarefas ou procedimentos. A primeira secao apresenta um resumo das origens da metodologia de Comunicacao Estrutural, dos seus principios basicos como foram concebidos e apresentados em trabalhos originais de J.G. Bennett e A.M. Hodgson. A segunda secao apresenta uma amostra de uma unidade de estudo sobre Comunicacao Estrutural, organizada segundo os principios de design instrucional da Comunicacao Estrutural. Esta “simulacao” de uma experiencia de aprendizagem foi adaptada de uma versao mais completa do exercicio originalmente apresentada por K. Egan (1972) no seu livro, apropriadamente entitulado “Comunicacao Estrutural”. Referencias completas aos trabalhos citados sao encontradas no artigo da autoria de Robinson Vida Noronha, tambem publicado nesta edicao da Revista. O artigo examina a pesquisa sobre Comunicacao Estruturada, e sua relevância no contexto de E-Learning.
Compensating spatially dependent dispersion in visible light OCT.

Visible light optical coherence tomography (OCT) has recently emerged in retinal imaging, with claims of micrometer-scale axial resolution and multi-color (sub-band) imaging. Here, we show that the large dispersion of optical glass and aqueous media, together with broad optical bandwidths often used in visible light OCT, compromises both of these claims. To rectify this, we introduce the notion of spatially dependent (i.e., depth and transverse position-dependent) dispersion. We use a novel sub-band, sub-image correlation algorithm to estimate spatially dependent dispersion in our 109 nm bandwidth visible light OCT mouse retinal imaging system centered at 587 nm. After carefully compensating spatially dependent dispersion, we achieve delineation of fine outer retinal bands in mouse strains of varying pigmentation. Spatially dependent dispersion correction is critical for broader bandwidths and shorter visible wavelengths.
Checkpoint inhibitor failure in hypermutated and mismatch repair-mutated recurrent high-grade gliomas.

Background Recurrent high-grade gliomas in adults remain a deadly cancer with median survival of less than 1 year. In the absence of effective agents, immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors has been adopted as a potentially beneficial next step for recurrences with hypermutated or mismatch repair-mutated phenotypes. The rationale for their use, however, is based on case reports and studies with other types of cancer. Methods We reviewed 4 cases of hypermutated or mismatch repair-mutated recurrent high-grade gliomas treated with checkpoint inhibitors. Results All cases had recurrent high-grade glioma that harbored either a hypermutated phenotype and/or a mismatch repair mutation. Treatment with checkpoint inhibitor therapy resulted in no significant response. Conclusions In our experience, hypermutated or mismatch repair-mutated high-grade gliomas in adults do not respond to checkpoint inhibitors alone. This lack of efficacy is in agreement with underwhelming results of clinical trials examining checkpoint inhibitors in high-grade gliomas. The case reports of responders have been in pediatric patients with glioma and are likely a different subtype altogether.
Dynamics of thin liquid films on vertical cylindrical fibres

Recent experiments on thin films flowing down a vertical fibre with varying nozzle diameters present a wealth of new dynamics that illustrate the need for more advanced theory. We present a detailed analysis using a full lubrication model that includes slip boundary conditions, nonlinear curvature terms and a film stabilization term. This study brings to focus the presence of a stable liquid layer playing an important role in the full dynamics. We propose a combination of these physical effects to explain the observed velocity and stability of travelling droplets in the experiments and their transition to isolated droplets. This is also supported by stability analysis of the travelling wave solution of the model.
Trees or Chains, Links or Branches: Conceptual Alternatives for Consideration of Stone Tool Production and Other Sequential Activities

Archaeologists construct sequence models to describe the operation of past activities such as production of stone tools. As developed in Japan, France, and North American, such models summarize processes, present intermediate steps, and link formally diverse materials. Some sequence models are teleological in that they present actions as predetermined patterns. Others can be considered evolutionary in that they describe results produced by selected interaction between conditions and variables. With separate strengths and different goals, both approaches to sequence modeling have archaeological utility.
Decorin expression is associated with predictive diffusion MR phenotypes of anti-VEGF efficacy in glioblastoma.

Previous data suggest that apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) imaging phenotypes predict survival response to anti-VEGF monotherapy in glioblastoma. However, the mechanism by which imaging may predict clinical response is unknown. We hypothesize that decorin (DCN), a proteoglycan implicated in the modulation of the extracellular microenvironment and sequestration of pro-angiogenic signaling, may connect ADC phenotypes to survival benefit to anti-VEGF therapy. Patients undergoing resection for glioblastoma as well as patients included in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and IVY Glioblastoma Atlas Project (IVY GAP) databases had pre-operative imaging analyzed to calculate pre-operative ADCL values, the average ADC in the lower distribution using a double Gaussian mixed model. ADCL values were correlated to available RNA expression from these databases as well as from RNA sequencing from patient derived mouse orthotopic xenograft samples. Targeted biopsies were selected based on ADC values and prospectively collected during resection. Surgical specimens were used to evaluate for DCN RNA and protein expression by ADC value. The IVY Glioblastoma Atlas Project Database was used to evaluate DCN localization and relationship with VEGF pathway via in situ hybridization maps and RNA sequencing data. In a cohort of 35 patients with pre-operative ADC imaging and surgical specimens, DCN RNA expression levels were significantly larger in high ADCL tumors (41.6 vs. 1.5; P = 0.0081). In a cohort of 17 patients with prospectively targeted biopsies there was a positive linear correlation between ADCL levels and DCN protein expression between tumors (Pearson R2 = 0.3977; P = 0.0066) and when evaluating different targets within the same tumor (Pearson R2 = 0.3068; P = 0.0139). In situ hybridization data localized DCN expression to areas of microvascular proliferation and immunohistochemical studies localized DCN protein expression to the tunica adventitia of blood vessels within the tumor. DCN expression positively correlated with VEGFR1 & 2 expression and localized to similar areas of tumor. Increased ADCL on diffusion MR imaging is associated with high DCN expression as well as increased survival with anti-VEGF therapy in glioblastoma. DCN may play an important role linking the imaging features on diffusion MR and anti-VEGF treatment efficacy. DCN may serve as a target for further investigation and modulation of anti-angiogenic therapy in GBM.
Temporal flow variations interact with spatial physical heterogeneity to impact solute transport in managed river corridors.

Abstract The interactions between surface water and groundwater in river corridors lead to temporal fluctuations in subsurface water fluxes which have a critical role on solute transport dynamics. In this work, we develop a framework to analyze the relative impacts of different temporal frequencies of the flow field in a spatially heterogeneous aquifer on solute transport. Our analysis indicates that the advection-dispersion equation behaves as a low-pass filter by wiping out the effect of high-frequency velocity fluctuations on the first two spatial moments of the solute plume, namely its center of mass and spreading. The concepts discussed in the theoretical analysis are then applied to understand solute transport dynamics at the 300 Area of the Hanford site (USA) adjacent to the Columbia River. We examine the temporal behavior of the solute plume's spatial moments for different temporal frequencies utilizing geostatistical parameters estimated in the 300 Area. Due to the proximity to the Columbia river, groundwater fluxes at the Hanford site are highly dynamic resulting in a large range of characteristic temporal frequencies. Nonetheless, similar to the theoretical analysis, our results show that the effect of high-frequency fluctuations is filtered, with most of the solute transport dynamics being controlled by fluctuations characterized by a large characteristic period.
Association between Lifetime History of Traumatic Brain Injury, Prescription Opioid Use, and Persistent Pain: A Nationally Representative Study.

Pain is common among adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI), yet little data exist regarding prevalence of opioid use in this population. The objective of this retrospective cohort study was to e...
The Making of a Byzantine Monastic Landscape: A Case Study from the Mazi Plain in Northwest Attica, Greece

In this study, we present some results from the Mazi Archaeological Project (MAP), a diachronic regional survey in northwest Attica, Greece. We focus our discussion on the presence of the Middle Byzantine Monastery of Hosios Meletios and its relationship to local communities as well as to the surrounding natural and built environment. In doing so, we focus on three main strategies employed by the monastery: (1) large-scale building projects, (2) the redirection of movement in the area and (3) the exploitation of the natural environment and its economic resources. We also pay attention to the establishment of the paralavria (monastic dependencies) as a fundamental mechanism employed by the monastery to map its presence and influence and connect it to other sites of economic and religious importance in the region. We argue that the spatial, material and symbolic connections between the paralavria, the main monastery and key natural features in the area created a visually, spiritually and economically coherent and distinct monastic landscape.
Trauma-Informed Interventions for At-Risk and Justice-Involved Youth: A Meta-Analysis:

The impact of trauma on children and youth has potentially serious and long-lasting negative consequences, including increased involvement in the juvenile and criminal justice systems. The objectiv...
Risk factors for postpartum depressive symptoms among mothers of Colorado-born preterm infants.

Identify risk factors of postpartum depressive symptoms (PDS) among preterm infants’ mothers. Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of Colorado’s Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System from 2012 to 2018 included weighted n = 33,633 mothers of preterm infants. Multivariate regression models calculated adjusted risk factors of PDS. PDS risk factors include history of maternal depression (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 1.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28–3.05), early preterm birth <34wga (aRR 1.48, 95% CI 1.05–2.08), no prenatal care (aRR 3.19, 95% CI 1.52–6.71), non-Hispanic other (Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaskan, or mixed) race/ethnicity (aRR 1.76, 95% CI 1.10–2.82), and pre-pregnancy public insurance (aRR 2.34, 95% CI 1.46–3.76). PDS risk factors among Colorado mothers of preterm infants slightly differ from identified risk factors among mothers of term infants. These findings can improve PDS screening and diagnosis so effective therapies and support can be offered during and after NICU hospitalization.
Adolescent Ingestions: Various Reasons and Medications.

1. David C. Sheridan, MD, MCR* 2. Adrienne Hughes, MD*,† 3. B. Zane Horowitz, MD*,† 1. *Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 2. †Oregon Poison Center, Portland, OR 1. There have been increases in both suicidal and recreational adolescent ingestions over time. 2. Knowledge of these common ingestions is important to properly diagnose, treat, and refer to emergent care as needed. 3. Pediatricians and emergency physicians should be familiar with these ingestions to develop preventive efforts. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Explain the national trends for adolescent suicidal ingestions and recreational abuse. 2. Become familiar with ingestions of prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, and recreational drugs of abuse. 3. Describe the potential serious clinical complications and treatment options for these ingestions. Adolescents generally do not unintentionally ingest pharmaceutical agents, as seen in the younger pediatric population. The main reasons for adolescent ingestions generally fall into 2 categories: suicidal/self-harm and recreational abuse. These 2 categories are very important and carry different levels of morbidity and mortality. The agents ingested may be unique and require different clinical management and preventive strategies. Suicidal ingestions alone now account for more than 1 million annual emergency department visits, making this a very timely and important review article. (1) Adolescent suicidality and suicide attempts are growing in number, now accounting for more than 1.12 million emergency department visits per year. (1) The reasons for this are multifactorial, with ingestions a common part of a suicide plan or attempt. One recent study evaluated national trends in suicidal ingestions over the most recent decade using the National Poison Center System, a database that consists of all calls to poison centers in the United States. (2) This study found that there were approximately 400,000 calls for “intentional-suspected suicide.” More importantly, calls about adolescent ingestions accounted for more than 80% of all intentional ingestion calls during the study period. The top 5 agents ingested included over-the-counter (OTC) medications of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and antihistamines, as well as the prescription psychiatric …
Milliwatt operation of sapphire based 340 nm UV LEDs with quaternary AlInGaN quantum wells at room and cryogenic temperatures

In this report, the LED structure was grown over basal plane sapphire substrate and consisted of high quality bottom n/sup +/-AlGaN clad layer followed with three pairs of AlInGaN/AlGaN MQW active region. A record optical power of 0.405 mW at 50 mA of dc bias was measured for the packaged LED, which translates to an external quantum efficiency of 0.22%. The electrical and optical characteristics of the AlInGaN LED were then measured over a temperature range from 10K-300K.
Replication of tobacco mosaic virus: III. Viral RNA metabolism in separated leaf cells☆☆☆

Abstract The metabolism of RNA has been studied in cell suspensions prepared from tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-infected tobacco leaves. The cell suspensions incorporated [ 3 H]-uridine into encapsidated viral RNA at a constant rate for as long as 44 hr. Gel electrophoretic analyses of RNA extracted from infected and uninfected cells which had been exposed to [ 3 H]uridine, showed that both incorporated label into ribosomal RNA species. However, RNA preparations from infected cells contained five additional species of RNA not observed in preparations from healthy cells; in addition to TMV RNA, label was detected in two species of double-stranded RNA identified as replicative form (RF) and replicative intermediate (RI), a single-stranded RNA component of low molecular weight (LMC) and one with a molecular weight greater than that of TMV RNA. Synthesis of all five species of virus-specific RNA was insensitive to actinomycin D indicating their independence of cellular DNA. Cell suspensions prepared from infected leaves, when pulsed for short periods with [ 3 H]uridine, incorporated isotope preferentially into R.I and RF. On the addition of excess unlabeled uridine, the radioactivity was chased completely from RI and partially from RF into TMV RNA, whereas there appeared to be no significant turnover in the isotope associated with LMC. Results of these studies suggest that RI and RF may be progenitors of TMV RNA; however, the inability to completely chase [ 3 H]uridine from RF raises additional possibilities, which are discussed.
Workshop in Instrumentation, Sensors, and Engineering (WISE) for eachers

WISE introduced 20 middle and high school teachers to hands-on engineering design in an intensive two-week residential workshop at Polytechnic University. Teachers were introduced to sensors instrumentation, and engineering in a structured and integrated learning environment. Guided training consisting of lectures, tutorials, structured engineering workshops, and discussions exposed the teachers to foundational elements of engineering through the use of sensors and computerized data acquisition. The program made extensive use of team-based, real-world, engineering design projects based on the components of Project RAISE (Revitalizing Achievement using Instrumentation in Science Education) which has been funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF).
Pharmacogenetics of alcohol use disorders and comorbid psychiatric disorders

Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) represent a significant health burden worldwide. Currently, there are three medications approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of AUDs, and other drugs are being prescribed off-label for this purpose. However, response rates for pharmacologic treatment are low, and extant research suggests that treatment effects may partially depend on genetic factors. Personalized medicine, or using a patient's genetics and/or personal history to determine efficacy of treatment prior to prescription, is an emerging tool that will help clinicians treat their patients more effectively and safely. This review systematically discusses current findings from AUD pharmacotherapy trials examining disulfiram, acamprosate, naltrexone, the injectable naltrexone, and topiramate. Furthermore, it presents pharmacogenetics findings associated with these medications in an attempt to further the field of personalized medicine. Research from trials examining AUDs and comorbid major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders is also presented, and pharmacogenetic findings for these treatments are discussed. Lastly, the authors comment on the present and future states of the field of personalized medicine for AUD.