cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring East Asian summer monsoon rainfall contributions by different weather systems over Taiwan

Abstract The east Asian summer monsoon (EASM) is characterized by a distinct life cycle consisting of the active, break, and revival monsoon phases. Different weather systems prevail in each phase following the change of large-scale flow regime. During the active phase, midlatitude cold, dry air moving equatorward into the tropics develops eastward-propagating fronts and rainstorms. The western ridge of the North Pacific subtropical anticyclone, which leads to the break phase, suppresses the development of synoptic-scale weather systems but enhances the diurnal heating. In the revival phase, the monsoon trough displaces the anticyclonic ridge northward and increases typhoon activity. This study examines quantitative measurements of climatological rainfall contributed by these weather systems that will help to validate simulations of the EASM climate system and facilitate water management by government agencies. To accomplish this goal, rain gauge measurements in Taiwan were analyzed. It was found that in ...
Gaining benefits from IS/IT implementation: Interpretations from case studies

This paper examines those contextual issues that determine the success of a computer-based information system. It shows that a narrow technology-focused orientation in systems development is a limiting factor in realizing benefits. In doing so it argues that real benefits reside not within the IT domain but instead in the changes in the organizational activities that the IT system has enabled. The paper reviews such benefits through two information system implementation case studies. tion case studies.
The thermal analysis of some non-prescription antacids

Abstract The TG and DTA (DSC) curves of the non-prescription antacids, Alka Seltzer, Bromo-Seltzer, Citrocarbonate, Phillips, Tums, Pepto-Bismol, Alkaid, Rolaids, Kolontyl, Triactin, and DiGel are described. These curves are useful for the qualitative identification of the antacids. Possible applications of these data include, among others, criminalistic investigations.
A comparison of involuntary autobiographical memory retrievals

This study compared three different ways autobiographical memories are elicited involuntarily: (1) cued by an active goal common to memory and retrieval contexts in combination with sensory information associated with this goal-directed activity; (2) cued by sensory information that does not relate to goal-directed activity common to both memory and retrieval contexts; and (3) activated when no identifiable cue present in retrieval context. Two hundred and twenty eight participants recorded details of a single autobiographical memory that resulted naturally from a spontaneous, non-deliberate retrieval. Nearly all recorded memories described specific events (83%) with very few memories less than 7 days old (8%) and many memories more than 5 years old (44%). No significant differences resulted between the three retrieval types for the age, specificity or prior rehearsal of memories reported. However, the level of attention at retrieval was significantly more diffuse for retrievals without a clearly identifiable cue. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for current models of involuntary autobiographical memory retrieval. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Components of Resistance to Rhizoctonia solani Associated with Two Tall Fescue Cultivars

Components of resistance to Rhizoctonia solani in the tall fescue cultivars Kentucky 31 (moderately resistant) and Mojave (susceptible) were evaluated under controlled environmental conditions. Size and expansion rate of foliar lesions were recorded on 100 individual plants of each cultivar. Lesions on the first fully expanded leaves of 6- to 10-month-old inoculated plants covered a significantly greater proportion of the leaf width on cv. Mojave compared to Kentucky 31. Rate of lesion expansion was also greater on cv. Mojave than on Kentucky 31. Lesion size and rate of expansion were greater on the second compared to the first fully expanded leaf of both cultivars. Wider leaves and slower lesion expansion are two components responsible for the greater level of resistance to R. solani in cv. Kentucky 31 compared to Mojave tall fescue.
CLINICAL ANTECEDENTS OF NEUROLOGIC AND AUDIOLOGIC ABNORMALITIES IN NEONATAL ECMO SURVIVORS. † 1529

CLINICAL ANTECEDENTS OF NEUROLOGIC AND AUDIOLOGIC ABNORMALITIES IN NEONATAL ECMO SURVIVORS. † 1529
Heterogeneous reservoir characterization using efficient parameterization through higher order SVD (HOSVD)

Parameter estimation through reduced-order modeling play a pivotal role in designing real-time optimization schemes for the Oil and Gas upstream sector through the closed-loop reservoir management framework. Reservoir models are in general complex, nonlinear, and large-scale, i.e., large number of states and unknown parameters. Consequently, model reduction techniques are of great interest in reducing the computational burden in reservoir modeling and simulation. Furthermore, de-correlating system parameters in all history matching and reservoir characterization problems is an important task due to its effects on reducing ill-posedness of the system. In this paper, we utilize the higher order singular value decomposition (HOSVD) to reparameterize reservoir characteristics, e.g. permeability, and perform several forward reservoir simulations by the resulted reduced order map as an input. To acquire statistical consistency we repeat all experiments for a set of 1000 samples using both HOSVD and Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). In addition, we provide RMSE analysis for a better understanding in process of comparing HOSVD and POD. Results show that HOSVD provide a better performance in a RMSE point of view.
Mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics towards understanding of gene functions with a diversity of biological contexts

Currently, mass spectrometry-based metabolomics studies extend beyond conventional chemical categorization and metabolic phenotype analysis to understanding gene function in various biological contexts (e.g., mammalian, plant, and microbial). These novel utilities have led to many innovative discoveries in the following areas: disease pathogenesis, therapeutic pathway or target identification, the biochemistry of animal and plant physiological and pathological activities in response to diverse stimuli, and molecular signatures of host-pathogen interactions during microbial infection. In this review, we critically evaluate the representative applications of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics to better understand gene function in diverse biological contexts, with special emphasis on working principles, study protocols, and possible future development of this technique. Collectively, this review raises awareness within the biomedical community of the scientific value and applicability of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics strategies to better understand gene function, thus advancing this application's utility in a broad range of biological fields.
A mechanism for establishment and maintenance of the meridional overturning in the upper ocean

A two-dimensional analytical residual-mean model of the meridional overturning in the upper ocean is presented which illustrates dynamics of the interaction between the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The theory is based on the semi-adiabatic approximation in which all diabatic processes are confined to the upper mixed layer. The overturning circulation is driven directly by the wind forcing which, in our model, is affected by the sea-surface temperature distribution. The surface boundary conditions are symmetric with respect to the equator, and therefore one of the steady state solutions represents a symmetric flow characterized by the absence of the inter-hemispheric buoyancy fluxes. However, linear stability analysis, which takes into account both mechanical and thermodynamic forcing at the sea surface, indicates that the symmetric configuration such as this is unstable. The instability results in transition to the asymmetric regime with finite cross-equatorial exchange flows and heat transfer. Weakly nonlinear instability theory makes it possible to estimate the equilibrium fluxes in the new asymmetric steady states; for the oceanographically relevant range of parameters our model predicts the meridional overturning of about 10 Sv. While earlier studies considered the role of salt advection in spontaneous symmetry breaking, our study relies on a positive feedback between atmospheric winds and the oceanic meridional circulation.
A Medical Audit of Acute Alcoholism and Chronic Alcoholism

A medical audit for acute alcoholism was done in a large private general hospital where the cases are admitted to and treated on the general medical service. Another medical audit was done for chronic alcoholism for patients admitted to an alcoholism rehabilitation unit in a large general hospital in a teaching center.
The effect of radical desorption on the particle size distribution in vinyl acetate emulsion polymerization

The effect of free radical desorption is studied by using a mathematical model of particle size distribution in continuous emulsion polymerization. By comparing the theoretical prediction with experimental data, the value of Do for the vinyl acetate (VAc) system is best chosen as 0.19 × 10−7 cm2/h. The effect of radical desorption as well as mean residence time on the absolute particle size distribution, total concentration of polymer particles, conversion, and average number of radicals per polymer particle are analyzed by the model proposed.
Gastric electric stimulation for the treatment of gastroparesis.

Gastric electric stimulation is an emerging therapy for refractory gastroparesis. Several methods have been used to electrically stimulate the stomach. Initial studies used gastric electrical pacing, which entrains and paces the gastric slow waves at a slightly higher rate than the patient’s normal myoelectric frequency of 3 cycles per minute (cpm). The technique currently practiced uses high-frequency, low-energy stimulation at four times the basal rate (12 cpm). Results from published studies with high-frequency stimulation reveal an improvement in symptoms, primarily of nausea and vomiting, and primarily in patients with diabetic gastroparesis, with only a modest change in gastric emptying. As treatment with gastric electric stimulation evolves, further delineation of its overall effectiveness, the type of patient that will likely respond, optimal electrode placement(s), and stimulus parameters should be explored.
An automatic feeder for liquids and wet or dry solids

An inexpensive and simple, remote-control conveyor-belt feeder is described. The feeder handles liquids and wet or dry solids.
Quantifying the top-down and bottom-up effects of a non-native grazer in freshwaters

Quantifying the effects of grazing and nutrient remineralization by grazers on algal biomass and productivity is important to estimate the net effects of grazing species on ecosystem structure and function. These effects may be especially important in ecosystems threatened by the invasion of non-native grazing species, as grazers can regulate the quantity of algae through both top-down (grazing) and bottom-up (remineralization) processes. In this study, we coupled mesocosm and in situ experimental manipulations to quantify the impacts of a non-native, grazing fish (Loricariidae: Pterygoplichthys) on algal biomass and primary productivity in stream ecosystems. While loricariid grazing depressed algal biomass and rates of primary production in mesocosm and in situ experiments, loricariid-mediated nutrient remineralization enhanced algal biomass and primary production in mesocosms relative to control treatments without loricariids. In sum, even when nutrient limitation was alleviated, intensive grazing by high-densities of loricariids had a negative net-effect on algal biomass and primary productivity. Examined together, our results demonstrate the need to quantify both consumptive and remineralization effects of invasive grazers in order to develop a comprehensive understanding of how non-native organisms influence ecosystem structure and function.
Interoceptive assessment and exposure in panic disorder: A descriptive study

Cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) protocols for panic disorder (PD) typically include some form of interoceptive exposure (IE)—repeated exposure to internal sensations. Despite the widespread clinical use of IE, there is a notable absence of empirical reports about the nature of interoceptive assessments and IE. The present study was designed to describe the type, frequency, and typical anxiety extinction for a variety of interoceptive exercises typically used to treat panic disorder. Interoceptive assessment and IE data were compiled for patients with PD completing a CBT protocol. Data suggest that interoceptive assessment typically provokes fairly specific symptoms that often result in anxiety and even panic. On average, patients completed approximately 25 IE sessions during the course of treatment. Despite the use of a wide variety of interoceptive exercises, 4 exercises (hyperventilation, breathing through a narrow straw, breath holding, and spinning) accounted for the majority of IE sessions, and the majority of IE sessions led to within-session anxiety reduction.
First-principles investigation of migration barriers and point defect complexes in B2–NiAl

Abstract We perform a systematic first-principles investigation of atomic hop mechanisms in B2–NiAl and discover a low barrier collective hop that can mediate Al diffusion through the anti-structural bridge mechanism. We also find an alternative hop sequence for the migration of a triple defect than that proposed previously. To shed light on the dominant hop mechanisms that mediate diffusion in B2–NiAl, we study point defects and defect clusters in B2–NiAl at high temperature by combining a cluster expansion with Monte Carlo simulations. Going beyond the mean field approximation, we find that the inclusion of interactions among the various point defects is crucial to predict the concentration of defect complexes, such as the triple defects of B2–NiAl. Interactions among point defects also introduce an important degree of short-range order between Al antisite defects and Ni antisite defects. We find an increasing probability between pairs of Al antisite atoms and Ni vacancies as the alloy concentration of B2–NiAl becomes both Al rich and Ni rich, suggesting that the anti-structural bridge mechanism should play an important role in facilitating Al transport.
Clock Mutants of Drosophila melanogaster

Three mutants have been isolated in which the normal 24-hour rhythm is drastically changed. One mutant is arrhythmic; another has a period of 19 hr; a third has a period of 28 hr. Both the eclosion rhythm of a population and the locomotor activity of individual flies are affected. All these mutations appear to involve the same functional gene on the X chromosome.
Prophylactic use of antipyretic agents with childhood immunizations and antibody response: reason for concern?

Abstract Introduction In the pediatric primary care setting, well-child visits constitute over 50% of all encounters, treating over 24 million children annually. Anticipatory guidance topics vary based on different ages, but immunizations are a focal point of all well-child visits. This article addresses the prophylactic use of antipyretic agents with the administration of immunizations as a potential reason of concern. Methods A literature review of the use of antipyretic agents in conjunction with immunizations and the effectiveness of treatment was performed. Results Based on several studies, the standard recommendation of administering antipyretic agents with immunization administration was a routine. Twenty years later, the scientific evidence was questioned. A pivotal study questioned these standards, noting no benefit and potential decreased immune response. Discussion Although the prophylactic use of antipyretics has been a standard in pediatrics, the lack of scientific support in the reduction of adverse effects of the vaccinations and the possibility of decreased immune response warrants further research.
Exposure to sunlamps, tanning beds, and melanoma risk.

Objective To estimate the separate effects of sunlamp and tanning bed device use on melanoma risk.
A Useful Form of the Minkowski Diagram

We give a diagrammatic representation of the diagonal form of the special Lorentz transformation. The null coordinates x±ct are plotted along a single set of orthogonal axes. Special Lorentz transformations are then represented only by a change of scale along those orthogonal axes. This diagram, which we call a null coordinate diagram, and the Minkowski diagram are closely connected. To demonstrate the use of the null coordinate diagram, we apply it to the linear Doppler effect, time dilation, and Lorentz contraction.
Field-Deployable, High-Resolution, Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer

The development of a new high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) is reported. The high-resolution capabilities of this instrument allow the direct separation of most ions from inorganic and organic species at the same nominal m/z, the quantification of several types of organic fragments (CxHy, CxHyOz, CxHyNp, CxHyOzNp), and the direct identification of organic nitrogen and organosulfur content. This real-time instrument is field-deployable, and its high time resolution (0.5 Hz has been demonstrated) makes it well-suited for studies in which time resolution is critical, such as aircraft studies. The instrument has two ion optical modes: a single-reflection configuration offers higher sensitivity and lower resolving power (up to ∼2100 at m/z 200), and a two-reflectron configuration yields higher resolving power (up to ∼4300 at m/z 200) with lower sensitivity. The instrument also allows the determination of the size distributions of all ions. One-minute detection limits for subm...
CCD X-ray detectors: Opportunities and challenges

Abstract Charge coupled device (CCD) arrays are showing considerable promise for a variety of X-ray imaging applications. Performance characteristics such as high dynamic range, versatile readout and data-storage modes, and time-resolved capabilities, present interesting opportunities for new kinds of experiments on high-brilliance sources. We illustrate some of these possibilities with results of our recent synchrotron radiation studies using CCDs as high-resolution position-sensitive detectors. While important hurdles have already been overcome, several challenges remain for the effective exploitation of CCDs in X-ray applications. Among these are requirements for further increases in spatial resolution, radiation hardening, and very-high-speed data acquisition. Ongoing developments and future directions are discussed in this context.
Control of Nepheline Crystallization in Nuclear Waste Glass

Glass frits with a high B{sub 2}O{sub 3} concentration have been designed which, when combined with high-alumina concentration nuclear waste streams, will form glasses with durabilities that are acceptable for repository disposal and predictable using a free energy of hydration model. Two glasses with nepheline discriminator values closest to 0.62 showed significant differences in normalized boron release between the quenched and heat treated versions of each glass. X-ray diffraction confirmed that nepheline crystallized in the glass with the lowest nepheline discriminator value, and nepheline may also exist in the second glass as small nanocrystals. The high-B{sub 2}O{sub 3} frit was successful in producing simulated waste glasses with no detectable nepheline crystallization at waste loadings of up to 45 wt%. The melt rate of this frit was also considerably better than other frits with increased concentrations of Na{sub 2}O.
Cytoskeletal mechanisms for platelet production

Platelets release from megakaryocytes living primarily in the bone marrrow space. Intermediates in platelet formation are proplatelets, long tube-like processes that are extended by microtubule-based forces hundreds of micrometers from the megakaryocyte cell body. Granules and organelles enter the proplatelets and traffic up and down on their microtubules to be ultimately delivered to the platelet buds before they release. How individual platelets form and release from proplatelets remains poorly understood.
Purification of Rat Spermatogenic Cells and Preliminary Biochemical Analysis of These Cells

A method forobtaininghighlypurifiedfractions of rat testicular cells is described. Single cell suspensions from adult rat testes were separated by centrifugal elutriation. Fractions enriched in pachytene primary spermatocytes, early spermatids, and cytoplasts detached from late spermatids were obtained. These fractions were further separated by equilibrium density centrifugation on gradients of Percoll. In this manner fractions of 3 X 10� pachytene spermatocytes (98% purity), 1.1 X 10� early spermatids (93% purity), and 1.1 X i05 cytoplasts (98% purity) were obtained within 6 h after sacrificing the rats. The cells appeared to be morphologically intact and to have retained their biochemical integrity. Analysis of acid-soluble nuclear proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that histone 4 is synthesized during the pachytene stage, and confirmed that testis-specific histones are also synthesized during this stage. Analysis of a microsomal RNA preparation from purified pachytene spermatocytes and purified early spermatids by sucrose gradients indicated that intact ribosomal RNA (rRNA) can be obtained from purified cells. Both cell types are active in synthesizing presumptive messenger RNA (mRNA) with a wide range of sedimentation values, but no appreciable rRNA synthesis was detected.
Involvement of surface-adsorbed water in photochromism of spiropyran molecules deposited on NaY zeolite

Abstract The photochromic behavior of spiropyran molecules is very sensitive to the property of surrounding media. Enhanced isomerization of spiropyran to merocyanine was observed after storing functionalized zeolites under ambient temperature and moisture for an extended period of time. Experimental results based on infrared spectroscopy suggest that the enhanced isomerization is due to an increase in the amount of surface-adsorbed water. The presence of more surface-adsorbed water likely altered the isomerization by stabilizing the merocyanine isomer. This observation was utilized to improve reversibility of the isomerization between spiropyran and merocyanine on NaY zeolite surfaces for potential optical applications.
Flavor of whey protein concentrates and isolates

Abstract Descriptive sensory evaluation, gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O), and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were used to determine whether cheese variety and processing techniques influenced the flavor of reconstituted whey protein concentrate (WPC) and whey protein isolate (WPI). Five different raw whey streams were used to produce a total of 12 different pilot-scale WPC and WPI products using membrane filtration, ion exchange, instantizing, and bleaching operations. Panelists rated WPC higher than WPI for milky, sweet, and caramel flavors; instrumental analysis showed that WPC products had a greater number of volatiles than WPI products. Neither the WPC samples (other than cottage cheese) nor the WPI samples differed significantly on the sensory attributes tested. Contrary to expectations, sensory results indicated that the flavor of WPC and WPI was not affected by instantizing, ion exchange, or bleaching; alternatively, instrumental results indicated slight differences in numbers of volatiles identified for each aforementioned process.
A markovian approach to massless particle decay and recombination

Abstract Massless particle decay and recombination is treated from the viewpoint of pure probability theory, using as a guide the empirical success of the exponential decay law for massive systems. The result is a linked set of linear integro-differential equations. Lorentz invariance is shown to be easily accomodated. As derived, the equations contain two arbitrary functions, one governing decays and the other recombinations. These equations are analyzed in certain special cases. Forms for the decay and recombination functions are proposed on the basis of Lorentz invariance and simplicity. Using phase space considerations, an argument is given that verifies these forms of the decay and recombination functions, and in addition specifies their relative strengths. When this input is applied to photon instability it is found that, first, there is no infrared divergence and secondly a photon emitted at time t=0 will have a probability of 24 25 to be observed in its original state as t→∞.
Association of retinal vessel caliber and visual field defects in glaucoma

Abstract PURPOSE: This study evaluates the asymmetry of peripapillary retinal vessel caliber between inferior and superior hemispheres in eyes with visual field defects predominantly in one hemifield. DESIGN: Observational case series. METHODS: In a retrospective study, 64 eyes of 64 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma who had a marked difference in visual field defects between hemifields and who had no history of diabetes, trauma, or vascular occlusive disease were studied. The diameters of the superior and inferotemporal vessels were measured at the optic disk border with calipers on an enlarged image. RESULTS: In 64 eyes, the average ratio of the superior temporal artery diameter to inferotemporal artery diameter was significantly greater in the eyes with predominantly superior visual field defects as compared with those with inferior defects (1.10 ± 0.22 vs. 0.92 ± 0.19, respectively, P = .002, two-tailed t test). This indicates that the arteriole corresponding to the hemifield with the greater visual field defect was narrower than the arteriole in the other hemifield. This relationship was confirmed using χ 2 analysis ( P = .002) comparing the proportions of eyes with ratios greater or less than normal vessel caliber ratios (normal ratio=0.95 from data reported by Jonas and associates to the location of the dominant field defect. No statistically significant relationship was detected between retinal vein diameter and localized visual field defects, as determined by both the unpaired t test and χ 2 analysis. CONCLUSION: In eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma, this study demonstrates a strong association between decreased peripapillary arteriole diameter and visual field defects in the corresponding hemifield. This reflects either an ischemic basis for glaucomatous damage or vascular constriction when there are fewer axons to nourish.
Using production grammars in software testing

Extensible typesafe systems, such as Java, rely critically on a large and complex software base for their overall protection and integrity, and are therefore difficult to test and verify. Traditional testing techniques, such as manual test generation and formal verification, are too time consuming, expensive, and imprecise, or work only on abstract models of the implementation and are too simplistic. Consequently, commercial virtual machines deployed so far have exhibited numerous bugs and security holes.In this paper, we discuss our experience with using production grammars in testing large, complex and safety-critical software systems. Specifically, we describe lava, a domain specific language we have developed for specifying production grammars, and relate our experience with using lava to generate effective test suites for the Java virtual machine. We demonstrate the effectiveness of production grammars in generating complex test cases that can, when combined with comparative and variant testing techniques, achieve high code and value coverage. We also describe an extension to production grammars that enables concurrent generation of certificates for test cases. A certificate is a behavioral description that specifies the intended outcome of the generated test case, and therefore acts as an oracle by which the correctness of the tested system can be evaluated in isolation. We report the results of applying these testing techniques to commercial Java implementations. We conclude that the use of production grammars in combination with other automated testing techniques is a powerful and effective method for testing software systems, and is enabled by a special purpose language for specifying extended production grammars.
A Primer on Regression Methods for Decoding cis-Regulatory Logic

The rapidly emerging field of systems biology is helping us to understand the molecular determinants of phenotype on a genomic scale [1]. Cis-regulatory elements are major sequence-based determinants of biological processes in cells and tissues [2]. For instance, during transcriptional regulation, transcription factors (TFs) bind to very specific regions on the promoter DNA [2,3] and recruit the basal transcriptional machinery, which ultimately initiates mRNA transcription (Figure 1A). Learning cis-Regulatory Elements from Omics Data A vast amount of work over the past decade has shown that omics data can be used to learn cis-regulatory logic on a genome-wide scale [4-6]--in particular, by integrating sequence data with mRNA expression profiles. The most popular approach has been to identify over-represented motifs in promoters of genes that are coexpressed [4,7,8]. Though widely used, such an approach can be limiting for a variety of reasons. First, the combinatorial nature of gene regulation is difficult to explicitly model in this framework. Moreover, in many applications of this approach, expression data from multiple conditions are necessary to obtain reliable predictions. This can potentially limit the use of this method to only large data sets [9]. Although these methods can be adapted to analyze mRNA expression data frommore » a pair of biological conditions, such comparisons are often confounded by the fact that primary and secondary response genes are clustered together--whereas only the primary response genes are expected to contain the functional motifs [10]. A set of approaches based on regression has been developed to overcome the above limitations [11-32]. These approaches have their foundations in certain biophysical aspects of gene regulation [26,33-35]. That is, the models are motivated by the expected transcriptional response of genes due to the binding of TFs to their promoters. While such methods have gathered popularity in the computational domain, they remain largely obscure to the broader biology community. The purpose of this tutorial is to bridge this gap. We will focus on transcriptional regulation to introduce the concepts. However, these techniques may be applied to other regulatory processes. We will consider only eukaryotes in this tutorial.« less
From Senators to the President: Solve the Lumber Problem or Else

We use key events associated in the two decade-long U.S.–Canada softwood lumber trade dispute to present the dynamic relationship between U.S. Congress and the Administration in the formation of international trade policy. We find that the executive branch of the U.S. government responded quickly to several letters from a group of U.S. Senators demanding a solution to the “lumber problem.” A roll call analysis is used to identify factors influencing Senators’ willingness to sign these letters and pressure the President on behalf of the U.S. lumber industry. The results show that the economic importance of the lumber industry in a Senator’s home state is positively correlated with signatory on these letters and that the presence of a large housing industry in a state makes a Senator less likely to sign these letters.
Effects of the Bowman-Birk inhibitor on growth, invasion, and clonogenic survival of human prostate epithelial cells and prostate cancer cells.

BACKGROUND The Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) is a soybean-derived serine protease inhibitor with demonstrated anticarcinogenic activity in both in vitro and in vivo systems. METHODS The effects of BBI and BBI Concentrate (BBIC), a soybean concentrate enriched in BBI, on cell growth, invasion, and/or survival were evaluated by the sulforhodamine B assay, a colony formation assay, the trypan blue dye exclusion assay and an in vitro invasion assay. The cells used in these studies were normal human prostate epithelial cells and prostate epithelial cell lines derived from embryonic prostate tissue (267B1) or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissue (BRF-55T) and human prostate cancer cells established by Ki-ras oncogene transfection of 267B1 cells (267B1/Ki-ras) or from metastatic lesions of human prostate cancer (LNCaP and PC-3). RESULTS BBIC had a statistically significant inhibitory effect on the growth and clonogenic survival of BRF-55T, 267B1/Ki-ras, LNCaP, and PC-3 cells. BBI also inhibited the growth of LNCaP cells and the clonogenic survival of BRF-55T and 267B1/Ki-ras cells and decreased the ability of LNCaP cells to invade across reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel) when PC-3 cell-conditioned medium was utilized as the chemoattractant. BBI or BBIC did not affect the growth of normal prostate epithelial cells. CONCLUSION BBI and/or BBIC could be a useful agent for treatment of prostate diseases. Prostate 50: 125–133, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Examining the Associations Between Sex Trade Involvement, Rape, and Symptomatology of Sexual Abuse Trauma:

The high prevalence of rape and sexual trauma symptomatology among women involved in street-based sex trades is well-established. Because prior research has lacked appropriate, non-sex trade involved comparison groups, it is unknown whether differences exist among similarly situated women who do and do not trade sex. This article explores experiences of childhood and adult rape and symptomatology of sexual abuse trauma among a community-based sample of 322 women who use methamphetamine in San Francisco, California, 61% of whom were involved in the sex trade. Study participants were recruited via respondent-driven sampling and eligible if they were cisgender women, aged 18 or older, current methamphetamine users, and sexually active with at least one cisgender man in the past 6 months. The dependent variable was sexual abuse trauma symptomatology, as measured by the Sexual Abuse Trauma Index (SATI) subscale of the Trauma Symptom Checklist-40 (TSC-40), and the explanatory variable was sex trade involvement. Potential covariates were age, current homelessness, methamphetamine dependence, and experiences of childhood and adult rape. Sixty-one percent of participants had a SATI subscale score suggestive of sexual abuse trauma. The overall prevalence of rape in childhood and adulthood was 52% and 73%, respectively. In bivariate analysis, sex trade involvement and all of the potential covariates except for homelessness and age were associated with a SATI score suggestive of sexual abuse trauma. In multivariate models controlling for significant covariates, there was no longer a statistically significant association between sex trade involvement or childhood rape and an elevated SATI score. Elevated levels of psychological dependence on methamphetamine and experiences of rape as an adult were still associated with a high SATI score. These findings highlight that urban poor women, regardless of sex trade involvement, suffer high levels of rape and related trauma symptomatology.
Parameter estimation and reliable fault detection of electric motors

Accurate model identification and fault detection are necessary for reliable motor control. Motor-characterizing parameters experience substantial changes due to aging, motor operating conditions, and faults. Consequently, motor parameters must be estimated accurately and reliably during operation. Based on enhanced model structures of electric motors that accommodate both normal and faulty modes, this paper introduces bias-corrected least-squares (LS) estimation algorithms that incorporate functions for correcting estimation bias, forgetting factors for capturing sudden faults, and recursive structures for efficient real-time implementation. Permanent magnet motors are used as a benchmark type for concrete algorithm development and evaluation. Algorithms are presented, their properties are established, and their accuracy and robustness are evaluated by simulation case studies under both normal operations and inter-turn winding faults. Implementation issues from different motor control schemes are also discussed.
Introductory Social Psychology Textbook Citations A Comparison in Five Research Areas

The research paradigm characteristics of studies in introductory social psychology texts were examined. Two chapters covering each of five topic areas (altruism, aggression, attitude change, attraction, and conformity) were chosen from nine of the most widely used texts in the field. Results are presented for each topic area separately.
World revision of Ortheziola Šulc (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Ortheziidae) with descriptions of eleven new species

Summary Soil samples and museum collections were analysed from all zoogeographic regions of the world. From this material eleven new species of OrtheziolaSulc are described from Africa and the U.K., five additional species are redescribed and a key is presented for the identification of all sixteen species. A slightly modified concept of the genus is presented and several new characters are given as diagnostic of the genus. A phylogenetic hypothesis is given based on analysis of the morphological features of adult females. Results show that Ortheziola is most diverse in eastern Africa where relatively more advanced species occur. Basal species occur primarily in western Africa and Asia.
Modularity in the motor system: decomposition of muscle patterns as combinations of time-varying synergies

The question of whether the nervous system produces movement through the combination of a few discrete elements has long been central to the study of motor control. Muscle synergies, i.e. coordinated patterns of muscle activity, have been proposed as possible building blocks. Here we propose a model based on combinations of muscle synergies with a specific amplitude and temporal structure. Time-varying synergies provide a realistic basis for the decomposition of the complex patterns observed in natural behaviors. To extract time-varying synergies from simultaneous recording of EMG activity we developed an algorithm which extends existing non-negative matrix factorization techniques.
Increasing memory miss tolerance for SIMD cores

Manycore processors with wide SIMD cores are becoming a popular choice for the next generation of throughput oriented architectures. We introduce a hardware technique called "diverge on miss" that allows SIMD cores to better tolerate memory latency for workloads with non-contiguous memory access patterns. Individual threads within a SIMD "warp" are allowed to slip behind other threads in the same warp, letting the warp continue execution even if a subset of threads are waiting on memory. Diverge on miss can either increase the performance of a given design by up to a factor of 3.14 for a single warp per core, or reduce the number of warps per core needed to sustain a given level of performance from 16 to 2 warps, reducing the area per core by 35%.
A gating charge interaction required for late slow inactivation of the bacterial sodium channel NavAb.

Voltage-gated sodium channels undergo slow inactivation during repetitive depolarizations, which controls the frequency and duration of bursts of action potentials and prevents excitotoxic cell death. Although homotetrameric bacterial sodium channels lack the intracellular linker-connecting homologous domains III and IV that causes fast inactivation of eukaryotic sodium channels, they retain the molecular mechanism for slow inactivation. Here, we examine the functional properties and slow inactivation of the bacterial sodium channel NavAb expressed in insect cells under conditions used for structural studies. NavAb activates at very negative membrane potentials (V1/2 of approximately −98 mV), and it has both an early phase of slow inactivation that arises during single depolarizations and reverses rapidly, and a late use-dependent phase of slow inactivation that reverses very slowly. Mutation of Asn49 to Lys in the S2 segment in the extracellular negative cluster of the voltage sensor shifts the activation curve ∼75 mV to more positive potentials and abolishes the late phase of slow inactivation. The gating charge R3 interacts with Asn49 in the crystal structure of NavAb, and mutation of this residue to Cys causes a similar positive shift in the voltage dependence of activation and block of the late phase of slow inactivation as mutation N49K. Prolonged depolarizations that induce slow inactivation also cause hysteresis of gating charge movement, which results in a requirement for very negative membrane potentials to return gating charges to their resting state. Unexpectedly, the mutation N49K does not alter hysteresis of gating charge movement, even though it prevents the late phase of slow inactivation. Our results reveal an important molecular interaction between R3 in S4 and Asn49 in S2 that is crucial for voltage-dependent activation and for late slow inactivation of NavAb, and they introduce a NavAb mutant that enables detailed functional studies in parallel with structural analysis.
Molecular biology and nutrition research.

The importantadvances that have occurred in molecular and cell biology have great potential for met abolic and nutritional research. This review will focus on the application of genetic manipulation to metabolism and nutrition, with special emphasis on the tissue-specific expression and regulation of the newlyintroduced genes. J. Nutr. 119: 957-964, 1989. INDEXING KEYWORDS: â€¢transgenic animals â€¢chimeric genes â€¢retroviral vector â€¢gene therapy â€¢metabolic patterning Metabolic research is the foundation of the science of nutrition, and scientific vigor of one area is linked to the vitality of the other. The study of metabolism has not prospered over the past decade, when compared to fields such as genetics, due in part to a limitation in the techniques applied to metabolic problems. Meta bolic research has focused on redefining problems of regulation without developing new methods to address these problems. However, recent advances in molec ular biology have provided an opportunity to greatly increase the scope of metabolic research. In this review we will focus on techniques for the genetic alteration of metabolic pathways in cells and animals and the effect of these changes on metabolism. We will first discuss the methods used in these studies and then indicate specific examples that will underscore the po tential usefulness of these techniques for metabolic re search.
Development of a Taxonomy of Services to Gain Strategic Marketing Insights

A theme emerging in the services marketing literature indicates that services marketers should look beyond their own industry boundaries to gain marketing insight. A number of conceptual typologies for grouping services have been developed. However, none of these conceptualizations have been studied empirically. This article presents an empirically based taxonomy, developed through cluster analysis of consumer's perceptions of services. The results of the study offer several insights into strategic marketing for service marketers.
THE PARACRYSTALLINE STATE OF THE RAT RED CELL

When washed rat red cells are kept in 3 per cent sodium citrate at low temperatures (4–9°C.), their resistance to osmotic hemolysis increases so that after several days they swell very little in hypotonic solutions (R = 0.15 to zero) and do not hemolyze even in distilled water. In this and in other respects they behave as if they were gelated or paracrystalline. The paracrystalline state is reversible, disappearing when the cells are warmed and rapidly reappearing when they are cooled, and the resistance to hypotonic hemolysis is not due to the cells reaching equilibrium with their environment by losing so much K that the concentrations become equal inside and out. The concentration of K remains about 25 times as great inside the cell as outside it in a hypotonic medium of T = 0.1, and the failure to swell and to hemolyze seems to be due to the activity of K in the interior of the paracrystalline cell approaching zero. The paracrystalline red cells are more resistant to saponin and digitonin hemolysis, and do not undergo the usual shape transformations, probably because they are too rigid. Hemolysis by saponin and similar lysins occurs without sphere formation, and after lysis is complete a granular debris is left behind. The paracrystalline cells show a diffuse birefringence with polarized light; on their being warmed, the birefringence disappears except at foci which are usually situated along the rim of the cell. The occurrence of the paracrystalline state accounts for the different amounts of swelling of red cells which have been observed in systems of the same degree of hypotonicity, and its relation to other metastable states of the red cell is discussed in connection with a tabulation of the metastable states of the mammalian red cell and their relation to one another. Changes in a membrane alone seem inadequate to account for the varied phenomena observed in connection with red cell behavior, the explanation of which appears to require a more detailed knowledge of the molecular architecture of the cell interior.
Teletraffic modeling for mobile communications

Improved teletraffic models are needed for mobile networks, in which resource demand varies with time, geography, and the environment. This work describes a teletraffic modeling approach using transportation studies to model real service areas. Examples are given for a region of North Carolina.
The Taste for Privacy: An Analysis of College Student Privacy Settings in an Online Social Network

The rapid growth of contemporary social network sites (SNSs) has coincided with an increasing concern over personal privacy. College students and adolescents routinely provide personal information on profiles that can be viewed by large numbers of unknown people and potentially used in harmful ways. SNSs like Facebook and MySpace allow users to control the privacy level of their profile, thus limiting access to this information. In this paper, we take the preference for privacy itself as our unit of analysis, and analyze the factors that are predictive of a student having a private versus public profile. Drawing upon a new social network dataset based on Facebook, we argue that privacy behavior is an upshot of both social influences and personal incentives. Students are more likely to have a private profile if their friends and roommates have them; women are more likely to have private profiles than are men; and having a private profile is associated with a higher level of online activity. Finally, students who have private versus public profiles are characterized by au nique set ofcultural preferences—of which the ‘‘taste for privacy’’ may be only as mall but integral part.