cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An integrated model for dendritic and planar interface growth and morphological transition in rapid solidification

Rapid solidification can be achieved by quenching a thin layer of molten metal on a cold substrate, such as in melt spinning and thermal spray deposition. An integrated model is developed to predict microstructure formation in rapidly solidified materials through melt substrate quenching. The model solves heat and mass diffusion equations together with a moving interface that may either be a real solid/liquid interface or an artificial dendrite tip/melt interface. For the latter case, a dendrite growth theory is introduced at the interface. The model can also predict the transition of solidification morphology, e.g., from dendritic to planar growth. Microstructure development of Al-Cu alloy splats quenched on a copper substrate is investigated using the model. Oscillatory planar solidification is predicted under a critical range of interfacial heat-transfer coefficient between the splat and the substrate. Such oscillatory planar solidification leads to a banded solute structure, which agrees with the linear stability analysis. Finally, a microstructure selection map is proposed for the melt quenching process based on the melt undercooling and thermal contact conditions between the splat and the substrate.
Stereospecific Hydrogenations V: Hydrogenation Rates Using Palladium-on-Poly-S-leucine and Palladium-on-Poly-S-valine

The effect of polyamino acid secondary structure (helical or nonhelical) on the rates of hydrogenations of α-methylcinnamic acid and α-acetamidocinnamic acid catalyzed by palladium-on-poly-S-leucine and by palladium-on-poly-S-valine was investigated. For each substrate, the hydrogenations proceeded at a faster rate with palladium-on-poly-S-leucine (helical catalyst) than with palladium-on-poly-S-valine (nonhelical catalyst). That α-methylcinnamic acid and α-acetamidocinnamic acid occupy entirely different sites on the catalyst surface was shown by product and cross-inhibition studies. The observation that dihydro-α-methyleinnamic acid increases the rate of hydrogenation of α-acetamidocinnamic acid on palladium-on-poly-S-valine indicates a possible allosteric mechanism analogous to that observed with enzyme catalysis.
Adam Smith's theory of economic development: "Of the natural progress of opulence"

Adam Smith’s theory of economic development contained within Chapter I, Book III, of theWealth of Nations is presented in this paper. According to Smith, the natural order of development as it proceeds from primary to secondary to tertiary activity is determined by the evaluation of the relative risk and potential profit to be earned in alternative uses of capital. The emphasis of this theory is on the behavior of economic agents facing risk, rather than the amount of capital or the size of national saving or other measurable variables as in some modern approaches.
CHF mechanism in flow boiling from a short heated wall—II. Theoretical CHF model

Abstract A theoretical CHF model is presented which is based upon the flow visualization of the wavy liquid-vapor interface near the heated surface as reported in Part I of this study. At approximately 90% of CHF, bubbles coalesced into a continuous wavy vapor layer and vigorous boiling was observed in a liquid sub-film beneath the vapor layer. This efficient boiling mechanism was transformed to boiling at isolated regions, wetting fronts, at approximately 95% of CHF. Wetting fronts were established when minimum points in the wavy vapor interface made contact with the heater surface. Regions surrounding the wetting fronts remained dry as the supply of liquid was consumed. CHF was triggered by intense vapor production which lifted the upstream wetting front away from the heater surface, cutting the supply of liquid locally and causing the heat flux to become more concentrated at the remaining wetting fronts. Soon after, remaining wetting fronts were also lifted from the heater surface and the surface temperature increased more rapidly. The new mechanistic CHF model incorporates classical interfacial instability theory for a confined two-dimensional wave, a separated two-phase flow model and a criterion for separation of the liquid-vapor interface from the heater surface. The model predictions show good agreement with the experimental data.
Imaging techniques for the detection of vesicoureteric reflux: what and when?

10. Hamann HA, Croyle RT, Venne VL, Baty BJ, Smith KR, References Botkin JR. Attitudes toward the genetic testing of children among adults in a Utah-based kindred tested for BRCA1 1. Levy M, Pirson Y, Simon P et al. Evaluation in patients with mutation. Am J Med Genet 2000; 92: 25–32 Alport syndrome of knowledge of the disease and attitudes 11. Statement of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. Genetic towards prenatal diagnosis. Clin Nephrol 1994; 42: 211–220 testing for cancer susceptibility. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 1730–1736 2. Levy M, Richard S. Attitudes of von Hippel–Lindau disease 12. Watson ML. Complications of polycystic kidney disease. Kidney patients towards presymptomatic genetic diagnosis in children Int 1997; 51: 353–365 and prenatal diagnosis. J Med Genet 2000; 37: 476–478 13. Dickenson DL. Can children and young people consent to be 3. Delaporte C. Ways of announcing a late-onset heritable, distested for adult onset genetic disorders? BMJ 1999; 318: abling disease and their psychological consequences. Genet Couns 1063–1066 1996; 7: 289–296 14. Hodgkinson KA, Kerzin-Storrar L, Watters EA, Harris R. 4. Harper PS. What do we mean by genetic testing? J Med Genet Adult polycystic kidney disease: knowledge, experience, and 1997; 34: 749–752 attitudes to prenatal diagnosis. J Med Genet 1990; 27: 552–558 5. McKinnon WC, Baty BJ, Bennet RL et al. Predisposition genetic 15. Sujansky E, Beeler Kreutzer S, Johnson AM, Lezotte DC, testing for late-onset disorders in adults. A position paper of Schrier RW, Gabow PA. Attitudes of at-risk and affected the National Society of Genetic counsellors. JAMA 1997; 278: individuals regarding presymptomatic testing for autosomal 1217–1220 dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Med Genet 1990; 6. Austad T. The right not to know—worthy of preservation any 35: 510–515 longer? An ethical perspective? Clin Genet 1996; 50: 85–88 16. Pajari H, Koskimies O, Muhonen T, Kaarianen H. The burden 7. Marsick R, Limwongse C, Kodish E. Genetic testing for renal of genetic disease and attitudes towards gene testing in Alport diseases: medical and ethical considerations. Am J Kidney Dis syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 1999; 13: 471–476 1998; 32: 934–945 17. Korf BR. Genetic testing for patients with renal disease: proced8. Ravine D, Gibson RN, Walker RG, Sheffield LJ, Kincaidure, pitfalls, and ethical considerations. Semin Nephrol 1999; Smith P, Danks DM. Evaluation of ultrasonographic diagnostic 19: 319–326 criteria for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease 1. 18. Macnicol AM, Wright AF. Counselling and ethical consideraLancet 1994; 343: 824–827 tions in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. In: 9. Nicolau C, Torra R, Badenas C et al. Autosomal dominant Watson ML, Torres VE, eds. Polycystic Kidney Disease, Oxford polycystic kidney disease types 1 and 2: assessment of US sensitivity for diagnosis. Radiology 1999; 213: 273–276 University Press, Oxford, 1996; 568–583
Taurodont, pyramidal and fused molar roots associated with other anomalies in a kindred.

Crown characteristics have been the parameter most frequently utilized in studies of tooth morphology. Dental root structures have received relatively little attention. Examination of unusual molar roots in a kindred has enabled us to (1) establish a typology for classifying molar roots, (2) devise a methodology for evaluating the degree of taurodontism and (3) hypothesize about phylogenetic, ontogenetic and genetic aspects of root morphology. The roots of molar teeth were studied radiographically in 20 members of a family of English–German ancestry in which there was no consanguinity. Taurodont, pyramidal (single conical root) and fused molar roots were common. Other ectodermal and mesodermal anomalies (unusual upper lip, glaucoma, syndactyly and clinodactyly) were also present. This unique constellation of dental, cutaneous, ocular and bone abnormalities constitutes a previously undescribed syndrome. Unusual roots may be a genetic marker, and the finding of unusual roots, such as prismatic or wholly pyramidal, should prompt a search for other abnormalites. Dental trait analysis for genetic and microevolutionary studies should include root, as well as crown, characteristics.
Movement and Public Space: Equipping the City for a Mobile Culture

Four sites were selected for the Atlanta competition for new American Public Space: an entrance/exit ramp, a parking lot; a street and traffic island, and two street intersections suspended over an interstate highway. How many times in Atlanta, or other cities in America, are these sites repeated? Where highway and city interact, new types of urban sites are generated with particular attributes of scale, space, and speed that are both specific yet generic. Our project set out, not to find an individual solution for each site, but rather to equip the streetscape with utility and informational services, street furniture, and surfaces to support the informal and everyday events typical of places where cars and pedestrians mix.
Microbial community in the rhizosphere of native plant species growing on reclaimed coal mine soils varying in age

Abstract Soil microorganisms in the rhizosphere are important in the revegetation and stabilization of drastically disturbed areas in the semiarid Southwest, as the microbial community is often responsible for the modification of many adverse soil properties. In this study, the soil microbial community was evaluated in the rhizosphere and the nonrhizosphere of two grass species, galleta (Hilaria jamesii,) and alkali sac‐aton (Sporobolus airoides,), and a shrub, fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens), growing on a reclaimed coal mine spoil 3 months to 2.25 years after topsoiling and revegetation. Many soil chemical properties and most microbial populations decreased in both soil zones with reclamation age. However, the rhizosphere of galleta and alkali sacaton still had significantly higher levels of soil N, P, organic matter (OM), and microbial populations than did the nonrhizosphere after 2.25 years of plant growth. The rhizosphere of fourwing saltbush had significantly higher EC and SAR values and funga...
Computer-aided prediction of breast implant rupture based on mammographic findings

A computer aided diagnostic system has been developed to predict the status of a breast implant (intact/ruptured) based on mammographic findings. Mammograms were obtained from 112 patients who presented for surgical removal of breast implants. Findings were recorded by radiologists for each patient. Of these 112 cases, 77 were ruptured while 35 were intact at the time of surgery. An artificial neural network (ANN) was trained to output the implant status when given the mammographic findings as inputs. The ANN was a backpropagation network with nine inputs, one hidden layer with 4 nodes, and one output node (implant status). The network was trained using the round-robin technique and evaluated using ROC analysis. The network performed well with an ROC area of 0.84. This was better than the radiologists's performance with sensitivity of 0.67 and specificity of 0.72. At a sensitivity of 0.67 (to match the radiologists), the network had a specificity of 0.89. At a specificity of 0.72 (to match the radiologists), the network has a sensitivity of 0.78. An ANN has been developed which demonstrates encouraging diagnostic performance for predicting the status of breast implants from mammographic findings.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Genetic and environmental influences on writing and their relations to language and reading

Identical and fraternal twins (N = 540, age 8 to 18 years) were tested on three different measures of writing (Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement—Writing Samples and Writing Fluency; Handwriting Copy from the Group Diagnostic Reading and Aptitude Achievement Tests), three different language skills (phonological awareness, rapid naming, and vocabulary), and three different reading skills (word recognition, spelling, and reading comprehension). Substantial genetic influence was found on two of the writing measures, writing samples and handwriting copy, and all of the language and reading measures. Shared environment influences were generally not significant, except for Vocabulary. Non-shared environment estimates, including measurement error, were significant for all variables. Genetic influences among the writing measures were significantly correlated (highest between the speeded measures writing fluency and handwriting copy), but there were also significant independent genetic influences between copy and samples and between fluency and samples. Genetic influences on writing were significantly correlated with genetic influences on all of the language and reading skills, but significant independent genetic influences were also found for copy and samples, whose genetic correlations were significantly less than 1.0 with the reading and language skills. The genetic correlations varied significantly in strength depending on the overlap between the writing, language, and reading task demands. We discuss implications of our results for education, limitations of the study, and new directions for research on writing and its relations to language and reading.
Facile Addition of Dichloroketene to Acetylenes Mediated by Zinc and Ultrasound

Abstract The addition of dichloroketene, generated from trichloroacetyl chloride, zinc dust and ultrasound, to terminal and internal acetylenes is reported. This procedure is a more convenient alternative to Zn-Cu couple.
Impact of aneurysm location on hemorrhage risk

Abstract Introduction Recent studies have reinforced anterior communicating (AComm) artery location as a significant risk factor for aneurysm rupture in addition to posterior circulation/posterior communicating (PComm) artery location. However, studies stratifying aneurysm location in greater detail are sparse. Methods We reviewed the records of 747 consecutive patients with 1013 aneurysms seen at our institution over a 7 year period, noting aneurysm location and rupture status at the time of presentation. Results High proportions of ruptured aneurysms were seen among frontopolar/pericallosal (59%, OR 3.07, p = 0.011), vertebral/posteroinferior cerebellar (PICA; 53%, OR 2.49, p = 0.0037), AComm (50%, OR 2.46, p Conclusion Aneurysm location has a significant impact on risk of rupture and should be stratified in greater detail in future studies of aneurysm natural history.
The Response of Dairy Calves to Aureomycin Fed with a Liberal Milk and Grain Ration

Summary The growth-promoting effect of aureomycin added to a calf ration which provided 15 to 20% of body weight daily of milk and a milk replacement mixture for the first 30 days was determined with 28 Jersey and 35 Holstein calves. The average gains of the aureomycin-fed calves exceeded those of the control calves during the milk feeding period as well as after weaning, but the differences were not statistically significant because of the wide variations in gains within each group. These results indicate that on a liberal milk feeding regime for calves growth stimulation due to aureomycin will not be attained consistently.
Dispersed Storage and Generation Impacts on Energy Management Systems

This paper examines the various technologies for small-scale generation or storage of electricity known collectively as dispersed storage and generation, DSG. DSGs are seen to be an inhomogeneous group. The impact on energy management due to the integration of DSGs into the power system is examined, with emphasis on control, monitoring and operating problems.
Theoretical rate constant calculations for O(3P) with saturated hydrocarbons

Theoretical rate constants have been calculated for O(3P) with five saturated hydrocarbons, CH4, C2H6, C3H8, iso-C4H10, and neo-C5H12. The method of choice is bond energy–bond order (BEBO) with activated complex theory (ACT). Because the BEBO method is empirical, O(3P) + CH4 is evaluated first, and the theoretical results are compared to more rigorous calculations and to the empirical transition state method. Comparisons are also made between predictions and experimental results. All of these comparisons show that the BEBO-ACT method gives results which are consistent with experiment and other theory. Because the method is successful, the other four cases are then considered. Ambiguity arises for the higher hydrocarbons from the problem of internal rotations in the activated complexes, and three cases are evaluated. Best agreement with experiment is obtained if the primary rotor(s) in the complexes are considered to be free. Predictions of rate constants are made from 500 to 2500 K. Throughout the discussion issues of theory which are common to any ACT calculation from any method of potential energy evaluation (LEP, LEPS, or ab initio quantum mechanics) are featured.
Adaptive localization regions for O(N) density functional theory calculations

A linear scaling approach for general and accurate pseudopotential density functional theory calculations is presented. It is based on a finite difference discretization. Effective O(N) scaling is achieved by confining the orbitals in spherical localization regions. To improve accuracy and flexibility while computing the smallest possible number of orbitals, we propose an algorithm for adapting localization regions during computation. Numerical results for a polyacetylene chain and a magnesium oxide ring are presented.
Trophoblast regulation of maternal-paternal lymphocyte interactions

Abstract The modification of immunological responses by murine embryonic trophoblast cells was investigated using the mixed-lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) test. In MLR containing Balb/c (responder) and C57BL/6 (stimulator) splenocytes DNA synthesis was markedly reduced in the presence of ectoplacental cone or placental trophoblast cells. These same trophoblast cell populations inhibited the in vitro generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes while cultures containing nontrophoblast regulator cells expressed normal cytotoxicity. DNA synthesis in MLR and cytotoxic activity in CML were not suppressed in cultures containing 3 1 2 day blastocyst outgrowths. The potent immunosuppressive properties of the trophoblast may be important during pregnancy by protecting the genetically dissimilar fetus from potentially harmful maternal immune effector mechanisms.
Revisiting the Fourier expansion of Mie scattering matrices in generalized spherical functions

Abstract Mie computations of the scattering properties of large particles are a time consuming step in the radiative transfer modeling of aerosol and clouds. Currently, there exist two methods based on the use of spherical functions for computing the Fourier moments of the phase matrix of a given spherical particle or particulate polydispersion: The first, developed over the years before being presented in a convenient form by Siewert [31] , required an intermediate computation of the phase matrix over which numerical integration was performed to deliver the required Fourier components. The second, suggested by Domke [9] , promised a direct computation of the Fourier moments using Wigner 3-j symbols. While the former was relatively easy to implement and is thus the most commonly used to date, its numerical implementation using an arbitrary user choice of angular quadrature (NAI-1) can produce inaccurate results. Numerical integration using quadrature points as recommended by de Rooij and van der Stap [5] (NAI-2) delivers accurate results with high computational efficiency. Domke's method enables a direct computation of the exact number of required Fourier components. However, the original manuscript contained several misprints, many of which were subsequently corrected by de Rooij and van der Stap [5] . Unfortunately, the main recurrence relationship used in Domke [9] remained uncorrected. In this paper, the corrected relationship is presented along with other minor corrections. de Rooij and van der Stap [5] had found the straightforward application of Domke's method viable only for size parameters smaller than ~120 due to issues involving computer storage. A means of implementing the corrected Domke formalism using precomputed tabulations of Wigner 3-j symbols (PCW) is presented here, making it more computationally economical and applicable over much broader particle size ranges. The accuracy of PCW is only limited by machine precision. For a single particle, NAI-2 is found to be faster than PCW for size parameters greater than about 228, whereas for polydispersions over a finite range of particle sizes, PCW is found to be at least 6–8 times faster for size parameters ranging from ~0 to beyond 900. PCW thus allows for significant reduction of the computational burden associated with Mie calculations for polydispersions.
Far-infrared properties of two-level systems in amorphous ice

Isotopic substitution and defect doping have been used to alter the optical properties of two-level systems (TLS) in the two amorphous phases of a-H2O ice. A large TLS optical density of states is found for a-H2O and a-HOD in the high-density amorphous phase while a thirty times smaller value occurs for both in the low-density amorphous one. Our quantitative spectroscopic and thermal study bring out a number of new features, among them that LiCl doping of low-density amorphous ice increases its TLS optical density of states, its glass transition temperature and its fragility.
Power and Liberty: A Long-Term Course Planning Strategy to Encourage the Contextualization of Events in American History

Applying a consistent historical theme throughout a social studies course is an effective long-term planning strategy that can promote student engagement, retention of information, and contextualized knowledge of history's continuity and change. This article demonstrates how one such theme, power and liberty, might be incorporated into a secondary American history course. Teachers should introduce the theme early in the course using questions designed to help the students define and understand the parameters of power and liberty as a lens through which the past might be viewed. A subsequent and repeated application of consistent scaffolding questions to events in American history promotes the analysis of how those events changed the balance of power and liberty for individuals and various groups in society. Armed with this contextualized knowledge, students can then apply the theme of power and liberty as another approach to the examination of current events in American society.
Community attitudes toward childhood suicide and attempted suicide

To assess whether people's reactions to family members of child suicide attemptors were similar to reactions to family members of (a) actual suicides and (b) actual suicides that were preceded by a failed suicide attempt, 120 shoppers (60 men and 60 women) read and responded to one of five short newspaper articles about an incident of a 10-year-old child who either (a) attempted suicide, (b) committed suicide, (c) committed suicide after a previous suicide attempt, (d) died accidentally, or (e) died of a viral illness. Opinions about the psychological health of the victim and reactions to the surviving family varied depending on the nature of the incident. However, in many instances reactions to families of suicide attemptors could not be differentiated from reactions to families of actual suicides. Therefore, it is likely that the number of people affected by negative community reactions to suicidal behavior has been previously underestimated.
Modeling the Kinetics of Deactivation of Catalysts during the Upgrading of Bio-oil

The fouling of catalysts for the upgrading of bio-oils appears to be very different from the fouling of catalysts for the hydroprocessing of petroleum-derived streams. There are two reasons for the differences: (a) bio-oil contains polarizable components and phases that can stabilize reaction intermediates exhibiting charge separation and (b) bio-oil components contain functional groups that contain O, notably carbonyls (>C═O). Aldol condensation of carbonyls affords very different pathways for the production of oligomeric, refractory deposits than does dehydrogenation/polymerization of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons. Colloquially, we refer to the bio-oil-derived deposits as “gunk” to discriminate them from coke, the carbonaceous deposits encountered in petroleum refining. Classical gelation appears to be a suitable model for the “gunking” reaction. Our work has helped explain the temperature range at which bio-oil should be preprocessed (“stabilized”) to confer longer lifetimes on the catalysts used for ...
Development of new enrichment broths and plating agars for isolation of hemolytic species of Listeria.

A new basal broth medium was formulated for optimal growth of Listeria monocytogenes, which occurred at 37°C when the initial pH was 6.8. This formulation was used as the basal medium for development of a highly selective plating agar which proved suitable for direct culture of vaginal and rectal swabs for L. monocytogenes. A modification with slightly lower selectivity was necessary for recovery of hemolytic strains of Listeria ivanovii and Listeria seeligeri. The same basal medium was used as a pre-enrichment broth and for the development of a selective enrichment broth which were incorporated into a two-step enrichment procedure for the isolation of L. monocytogenes from foods. These new media were compared with several others that have been proposed by comparing recoveries of Listeria from laboratory seeded foods (100% positive), raw milk (50 samples, all negative) and comminuted meat products (75% positive).
Acute Empyema in Children Treated by Open Thoracotomy and Decortication

Abstract Acute nontuberculous empyema treated conventionally by thoracentesis, thoracostomy drainage, and antibiotics has an unacceptably high rate of morbidity and mortality. Early open thoracotomy to eliminate the empyema with decortication of the fibrinous peel and reexpansion of the lung has proven safe and effective for 25 years. The goals of treatment of acute nontuberculous empyema are: (1) to save life, (2) to eliminate the empyema, (3) to reexpand the trapped lung, (4) to restore mobility of the chest wall and diaphragm, (5) to return respiratory function to normal, (6) to eliminate complications or chronicity, and (7) to reduce the duration of hospital stay. Our studies confirm the normal values to be expected in patients who have had complete recovery from the acute empyema, and we lay to rest any concern that decortication might, in time, limit pulmonary function. We present the cases of 21 children who had acute and mature empyemas that were treated by open thoracotomy and decortication, with an average follow-up of 18 years, among whom there were no deaths or complications.
Dielectric Dispersion Measurements of CdSe Nanocrystal Colloids: Observation of a Permanent Dipole Moment

We measure the dielectric dispersion of CdSe nanocrystal colloids and show the existence of large dipole moments of 25 and 47 debye for 34 and 46 \AA{} diameter nanocrystals, respectively. The magnitude is consistent with the expected spontaneous polarization of the bulk wurtzite CdSe lattice and implies a potential drop of $\ensuremath{\approx}0.25\mathrm{V}$ across the nanocrystal. This effect, which is intrinsic to the wurtzite structure but has been largely overlooked, should be incorporated in the description of the quantum confined electronic states.
Susceptibility of Multiply Antibiotic-Resistant Pneumococci to the New Beta-Lactam Drugs and Rosaramicin

Eight new beta-lactam antibiotics and rosaramicin were tested for their activity against penicillin-susceptible and multiply resistant pneumococci. All of the beta-lactam drugs were 50- to 150-fold less active against the drug-resistant pneumococci when compared with their activity against penicillin-susceptible pneumococci. Rosaramicin activity was similar to that of erythromycin.
Evaluation of cardiovascular risk for renal transplantation in diabetic patients

Abstract Cardiovascular disease contributes in a major way to morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease. Sixty patients with type I diabetes were evaluated prior to renal transplantation to determine the risk of cardiovascular complications. On the basis of results of thallium stress testing and/or cardiac catheterization, each patient was assigned to one of five categories. There were no cardio-vascular events in the seven patients who had negative results on stress testing. Of the remaining 53 patients, all of whom underwent cardiac catheterization, 30 had normal coronary arteries. None of these 30 patients had any cardiac morbidity, and the two deaths that occurred in this group were not attributable to cardiac causes. Significant coronary artery disease was present in 38 percent of the patients. The overall mortality rate was 5.4 percent in those patients without coronary artery disease and 43.5 percent in those with the disease. In addition, the mortality rate in patients with coronary disease classified as severe was 62 percent, whereas it was 20 percent in those categorized as having moderate disease. The data indicate that patients with diabetes and end-stage renal disease who are at highest risk for cardiovascular events can be identified, and these patients probably should not undergo renal transplantation.
Quantifying regional reference conditions for freshwater ecosystem management: A comparison of approaches and future research needs

Accurate and robust approaches for quantifying regional reference conditions are critical to the management and restoration of freshwater resources. We considered approaches developed for streams, lakes, or wetlands and for either biological or chemical waterbody features to review 4 common approaches for quantifying regional reference conditions: multimetric, multivariate, landscape-context statistical modeling, and paleolimnology. We focused on the major steps in the decision-making process that led to the most appropriate approach. Based on this synthesis, we argue that there is a need to (1) more explicitly quantify the spatial scale of waterbody variation within and across regions, (2) develop and use predictive classification models in a more explicit fashion to more effectively model this local and regional variation, (3) consider additional metrics with a focus on lakes and wetland responses to both individual and multiple anthropogenic stressors, and (4) continue to develop quantitative approache...
Donation after cardiac death liver transplantation: another fly in the ointment.

Improvingthe supply of organs, which could be accomplished byincreasing the donation rate (eg, presumed consent),augmenting the organ yield per donor, lowering theorgan quality threshold, or using alternate sources (eg,living donors and donors after cardiac death), wouldalso reduce demand and lead to shorter wait times andlower disease acuity at the time of transplantation, andall of this could improve patient outcomes and reducedropout.In 2003, the US Health Resources and ServicesAdministration, the Centers for Medicare andMedicaid Services, and several organ procurementorganizations formed a collaborative to formulatestrategies for addressing wait-list mortality andexpanding the number of organs available for livertransplantation. One strategy offered by the groupwas to increase the utilization of donation aftercardiac death (DCD) organs, and this consequentlyled to an expansion in the number of DCD livertransplants performed in the United States.
Origin, distribution, and morphology of galaninergic fibers in the rodent trigeminal system.

The neuropeptide galanin (Gal) is found throughout the central nervous system. Of particular interest is the fact that Gal is present within the majority of noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) neurons. However, very few, if any, Gal-immunoreactive fibers have been identified in many of the major efferent targets of LC, including sensory neocortex and dorsal thalamus. The goal of the present study was to examine the Gal fiber innervation of the rodent trigeminal somatosensory system and its connection to the LC. Our results show that at least two different morphological profiles of Gal-immunoreactive fibers are present within relay nuclei along the ascending trigeminal pathway. Numerous small caliber Gal-immunoreactive fibers with bouton-like swellings were noted within the barrel cortex, the ventroposterior medial (VPM) nucleus, the posterior medial (POm) nucleus, the zona incerta (ZI), the reticular nucleus (nRT) of the thalamus, and the principal (PrV) and spinal (SpV) nuclei of the trigeminal complex. Immunoreactive fibers were prevalent in, but not restricted to, layer I of the barrel cortex. Within the somatosensory thalamus, the density of Gal-immunoreactive fibers was higher in POm than in VPM. Laminae I and II of SpV and the nRT and ZI also contained dense, large-diameter Gal-immunoreactive fibers. These large-diameter Gal-immunoreactive fibers did not co-contain dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH). In contrast, virtually every small-caliber Gal-immunoreactive fiber colocalized with DBH. To determine whether Gal-immunoreactive fibers originated from LC, we combined immunohistochemical procedures with fluorescent tracing techniques. After retrograde tracer injections into several trigeminal relay nuclei, we observed that approximately 50% of the labeled LC neuronal population was immunoreactive for Gal. Our results suggest an extensive Gal-immunoreactive fiber innervation of the rodent trigeminal system, much of which may originate from LC neurons in the brainstem.
Multiwavelength ultralow-threshold lasing in quantum dot photonic crystal microcavities.

We demonstrate multiwavelength lasing of resonant modes in linear (L3) microcavities in a triangular-lattice 2D photonic crystal (PC) slab. The broad spontaneous emission spectrum from coupled quantum dots, modified by the PC microcavity, is studied as a function of the intensity of incident optical excitation. We observe lasing with an ultralow-threshold power of ∼600nW and an output efficiency of approximately 3% at threshold. Two other resonant modes exhibit weaker turnon characteristics and thresholds of ∼2.5 and 200μW, respectively.
Concurrent material-fabrication optimization of metal-matrix laminates under thermo-mechanical loading

A methodology is developed to tailor fabrication and material parameters of metal-matrix laminates for maximum loading capacity under thermomechanical loads. The stresses during the thermomechanical response are minimized subject to failure constrains and bounds on the laminate properties. The thermomechanical response of the laminate is simulated using nonlinear composite mechanics. Evaluations of the method on a graphite/copper symmetric cross-ply laminate were performed. The cross-ply laminate required different optimum fabrication procedures than a unidirectional composite. Also, the consideration of the thermomechanical cycle had a significant effect on the predicted optimal process.
Conditional mass functions and merger rates of dark matter haloes in the ellipsoidal collapse model

Analytic models based on spherical and ellipsoidal gravitational collapse have been used to derive the mass functions of dark matter haloes and their progenitors (the conditional mass function). The ellipsoidal model generally provides a better match to simulation results, but there has been no simple analytic expression in this model for the conditional mass function that is accurate for small time-steps, a limit that is important for generating halo merger trees and computing halo merger rates. We remedy the situation by deriving accurate analytic formulae for the first-crossing distribution, the conditional mass function and the halo merger rate in the ellipsoidal collapse model in the limit of small look-back times. We show that our formulae provide a closer match to the Millennium simulation results than those in the spherical collapse model and the ellipsoidal model of Sheth and Tormen.
An asymptotic theory for sample covariances of Bernoulli shifts

Covariances play a fundamental role in the theory of stationary processes and they can naturally be estimated by sample covariances. There is a well-developed asymptotic theory for sample covariances of linear processes. For nonlinear processes, however, many important problems on their asymptotic behaviors are still unanswered. The paper presents a systematic asymptotic theory for sample covariances of nonlinear time series. Our results are applied to the test of correlations.
Evidence of an Interaction Involving Complexity and Coupling as Predicted by Normal Accident Theory

This paper describes a test of the principle hypothesis of Normal Accident Theory. It posits and tests for the existence of an interaction involving interactive complexity and coupling associated with in an important class of manufacturing organizations. Ninety four (n=94) petroleum refineries located in the United States during the five-year period 1993–97 were examined. The dependent variable in this test was the ratio of Reportable Quantity accidental hazardous chemical releases per unit of production. Refinery capacity and age were included as control variables. This study identified a statistically significant interaction involving interactive complexity and coupling, as predicted by Normal Accident Theory. The interaction appears to be consistent with an important core hypothesis of normal accident theory over a significant portion of its domain. The nature of this interaction and its potential relevance to organizational sense making is discussed. Additional opportunities for quantitative research involving Normal Accident Theory are identified.
Viewing or visualising¿which concept map strategy works best on problem-solving performance?

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two types of maps (generative vs. completed) and the amount of prior knowledge (high vs. low) on well-structured and ill-structured problem-solving performance. Forty-four undergraduates who were registered in an introductory instructional technology course participated in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to two treatments that used generative and completed concept maps. Within those treatment groups, participants were differentiated by prior domain knowledge, high or low. Although the high knowledge-generative group outperformed the other three groups on well-structured problem-solving performance, it did not have an effect on ill-structured problem-solving performance.
Megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome: A cause of intestinal obstruction in the newborn period

A 2992 g full term girl was born with marked abdominal distension. Aspiration of thestomach yielded thick bilious fluid. She was transferred to The Children’s Mercy Hospital for further evaluation. The abdomen was distended and nontender with no discrete masses. The remainder of the examination was unremarkable except for slightly webbed neck folds. Serum electrolytes and blood urea nitrogen were normal on admission. Supine roentgenograms showed elevated diaphragms, prominent flanks, a ground glass appearance of the abdomen and a small amount of intestinal air. The findings suggested ascites, but there was no fluid wave and the intestine was displaced laterally rather than centrally. The stomach was displaced upward by a grossly distended urinary bladder (Fig. IA). At 9 hr of age the bladder was easily catheterized with recovery of 150 ml of c/ear dilute urine, under some pressure. Abdominal distension lessened. resulting in a “prune belly” appearance. The baby voided a small volume of urine once but thereafter required a catheter for bladder drainage. The following day intravenous pyelography showed severely hydronephrotic kidneys and dilated intestine in the midabdomen with no air in the rectum (Fig. IB). Cystogram outlined a large bladder with no vesicoureteral reflux. Because of bilious vomiting and failure to pass meconium, intestinal atresia was suspected. Barium enema demonstrated a microcolon with the entire colon appearing “unused” (Fig. IC). At operation (at 39 hr of age) cystoscopy showed a normal female urethra with no bladder outlet obstruction and no ureteroceles. At exploration the abdominal wall musculature was thin but present. There was no ascites. Both kidneys were markedly enlarged with virtually no parenchyma remaining. The ureters were tortuous, moderately dilated and emptied into an enlarged. thick walled bladder. The small intestine was strikingly foreshortened and suspended on a primitive dorsal mesentery. It contained meconium and dark, hemorrhagic fluid suggesting necrotizing enteritis. Intramural hematomas were noted in the ileum after minimal handling. The jejunum and proximal ileum were moderately dilated and the distal ileum was small. The colon was small throughout and nonrotated. There \cas no anatomic site of obstruction. It was felt that the baby’s renal parenchyma was inadequate for long term survival. The serum creatinine was found to be elevated to 1.32/mg/dl. The baby was septic terminally with a blood culture positive for E. coli and Pseudomonas. She died on the third postoperative day.
Greenhouse gas abatement — toward Pareto-optimal decisions under uncertainty

This paper examines the economic logic of integrated assessment — balancing the costs against the benefits of greenhouse gas abatement. “Stylized facts” are employed in a multiregion computable general equilibrium model with a public good. The percentage shares of global emissions are determined outside the model — based upon some form of international agreement — and emission rights are tradeable between regions. The analysis is confined to Pareto-optimal (cooperative) solutions. We focus on the sensitivity of initial decisions to low-probability, high-consequence scenarios associated with cumulative emissions. For simplicity, there are only two regions, two tradeable goods, two time periods, and two states-of-world. With the particular form of public good model adopted here (production rather than utility function impacts), it turns out that a Pareto-optimal hedging strategy is indepedent of the emission shares allocated to each region. Equity issues may be separated from those of economic efficiency. Similar results extend to cases in which there are additional regions, tradeable goods, time periods, and states-of-world.
Aerosol particles in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere: Elemental composition and morphology of individual particles in northern midlatitudes

Atmospheric particles were collected in the midlatitude upper troposphere (UT) and lower stratosphere (LS) by inetrial impaction for subsequent electron microscopy and individual particle element analysis. More than 97% of particles analyzed on impactor substrates exposed in the LS contained only O and S in detectable quantities; these particles are believed to be acidic sulfate. Nonsulfate materials seen in the remaining particles included soot, other c-rich substances and crustal materials. Although not predominantly sulfate, usually carried a sulfer-rich coating in the LS. Samples collected very near and just below the tropopause were also dominated by sulfates. The fraction of sulfate particles analyzed on impactor substrates exposed in the UT was 91-94% of the total particle concentration. Nonsulfate substances observed in the UT samples included crustal-type material, hydrated marine salts, carbon-rich materials of several types, and metal-containing substances of uncertain origin. Most of these UT particles were not coated with detectable quantitites of sulfate.
MULTI-MODAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PLANNING

Recent developments in transportation systems modelling in the Northeast Corridor Project have given insight into the mechanism of intermodal short haul competition. This paper summarizes some of these insights in developing short haul system design parameters.
Effects of Organic Impurities on Chloralkali Membrane Electrolyzer Performance

Laboratory chloralkali membrane electrolyzer tests showed a dramatic voltage increase and mild catholyte foaming when low levels of chloromethyl triethylammonium chloride (CTACl), a quaternary ammonium salt, were present in the feed brine. Current efficiency was not measurably affected by CTACl. In contrast, laboratory membrane electrolyzers showed no voltage sensitivity to sodium gluconate, bisphenol A, or triethylamine, contaminants that are often present in interfacial polycarbonate plant byproduct brine. The voltage increase and onset of catholyte foaming were rapid when the feed was switched from ultrapure brine to CTACl-containing brine, requiring about 3 h to achieve a steady state. Both effects were completely reversible, but the system required about 20 h to return to baseline voltage after the feed was switched back to ultrapure brine. The cell voltage was remarkably sensitive to CTACl: 8 ppm CTACl yielded a 200 mV voltage increase vs ultrapure brine. Cyclic voltammetric measurements with CTACl-...
Predicting Risk to be Sexually Abused: A Comparison of Logistic Regression to Event History Analysis

The primary purpose of this study was to compare a model of risk to be abused deriving from logistic regression analysis to one deriving from event history analysis. Logistic regression analysis tests for the unique and combined effects of independent variables on risk to be abused. Event history analysis, in addition, tests whether and how the independent variables differentially affect risk, over time, to be abused. This comparison was done to determine whether information gained from event history analysis improved the ability to predict risk to be abused and involved a secondary data analysis of Russell's community prevalence survey on child sexual abuse. Although most results of event history analysis and logistic regression analysis were similar, event history analysis uniquely allowed for a test of interaction effects with age at the time of abuse; this interaction added significantly to the model.
Effects of Delayed Housing of Broiler Chicks and Three Different Types of Waterers on Broiler Performance

The performance of broilers was examined under different days of placement (after hatching) and with three different types of waterers: 1) an automatic satellite waterer; 2) a broiler Plasson waterer; and 3) a regular Plasson waterer with a plastic ring in the trough of the waterer for 3 d. Male broiler chicks (2,106) from a commercial strain were randomly placed in 27 litter floor pens, with 9 pens per day of placement and waterer treatments. The broilers consumed feed and water ad libitum and mortality was recorded. The broilers were weighed at day of placement, at 7 and 49 d from day of placement and at 28 and 49 d from day of hatch. There was a difference in body weight (P < .05) among the broilers on the day of placement, with those on the day of hatch being heavier. There was no difference in body weights or feed conversion taken after the broilers were on feed for 7 and 49 d after placement. The broilers placed on the 3rd d after hatching had a higher (P < .05) mortality rate at 28 d of age than the other two groups. There was no difference in body weight, feed conversion, or mortality within the three different waterer treatments except for the broilers on the Plasson with the ring, which was higher in mortality percentage (P < .05) than the broilers on the broiler Plasson waterer. The broilers placed in the pens with the regular Plasson waterer did not get wet from climbing into the water during the first few days as did the broilers in the pens with the automatic satellite waterer or the Plasson waterer with the ring.