cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shark Skin: Taking a Bite Out of Bacteria

Shark skin has been found to possess remarkable features that have important applications in the medical and engineering arenas. Shark skin is an active skin, meaning it is very closely connected to the animal’s thrust producing muscles that enable its undulatory, or wave-like, movement. This important organ is of a complex structure, a composite that is collagen fiber reinforced and pliant. Like any other vertebrate skin, it is composed of flesh, then dermis, and finally the outermost layer, which is called the epidermis (Naresh et al., J Biosci 22(4):431–437, 1997). Covering the whole shark are pointy placoid scales commonly referred to as dermal denticles (Gilbert, Endeavour 8(4):179–187, 1984). Though dermal denticles have a range of purposes, including reducing mechanical abrasion, reducing drag while swimming, and protecting sharks from ectoparasites and predators, a very important one is bacteria prevention. Sessile bacteria are conditioned to withstand adverse environmental situations and attach to surfaces to form a biofilm—a structured community of bacteria. Biofilms can be detrimental in many environments, particularly in the biomedical arena, as they are known to cause many infections, including osteomyelitis, native valve endocarditis, and more (Glinel et al., Acta Biomater 8(5):1670–1684, 2012). As an aquatic animal, sharks are perpetually exposed to bacteria, algae, and other forms of contamination from marine organisms (Bhushan, Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2:66–84, 2011). However, their dermal denticles prevent fouling organisms from adhering to the shark’s skin due to various reasons, which will be explored in detail in this chapter. Biomimicry of shark skin has led to the creation of Sharklet AF, the first micropatterned texture designed to prevent bacteria from colonizing and migrating (Reddy et al., J Endourol 25(9):1547–1552, 2011). Sharklet AF has been applied to healthcare products, other commercial products, and boats to successfully inhibit bacterial growth (Pogoreic, Texture of shark’s skin inspires a unique approach to bacteria control for healthcare, http://medcitynews.com/2012/12/texture-of-sharks-skin-inspires-a-unique-approach-to-bacteria-control-for-healthcare/, 2012).
Cloudy landscapes: On the extended geography of smart urbanism

Abstract The hypervisibility of the projects of smart urbanism in urban cores masks and obfuscates an extended geography of extraction, processing, storage, transmission, and control that underlies the ideologies, practices, and forms of smart cities. By adopting a hybrid analytical framework, assembled from recent work emerging from critical urban geography, media studies, and design, this paper argues for a spatial recontextualization of smart urbanism. Expanding the scope of urban analysis beyond cities and into the enabling geography of “the cloud,” this paper positions smart urbanism within an uneven and socio-technically constructed planetary landscape, to problematize and more effectively map the “where” of smart cities. As an initial grounding of this discussion, a typological categorization of the extended geography of smart urbanism identifies a number of conditions and avenues for further research.
The impact of 5G on the evolution of intelligent automation and industry digitization

The mobile industry is developing and preparing to deploy the fifth-generation (5G) networks. The evolving 5G networks are becoming more readily available as a significant driver of the growth of IoT and other intelligent automation applications. 5G's lightning-fast connection and low-latency are needed for advances in intelligent automation-the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), driverless cars, digital reality, blockchain, and future breakthroughs we haven't even thought of yet. The advent of 5G is more than just a generational step; it opens a new world of possibilities for every tech industry. The purpose of this paper is to do a literature review and explore how 5G can enable or streamline intelligent automation in different industries. This paper reviews the evolution and development of various generations of mobile wireless technology underscores the importance of 5G revolutionary networks, reviews its key enabling technologies, examines its trends and challenges, explores its applications in different manufacturing industries, and highlights its role in shaping the age of unlimited connectivity, intelligent automation, and industry digitization.
Phylogenetic analysis places Spicaticribra within Cyclotella

A strong consensus has emerged that taxonomic classifications should be based on an underlying phylogenetic hypothesis. According to this view, named groups should be monophyletic, ensuring that a ...
Characterizing Breast Cancer Mouse Xenografts with T1ρ-MRI

Previously three imaging methods, dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI), T1ρ -MRI, and low temperatureNADH/Fp (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/oxidized flavoprotein) fluorescence imaging (redox scanning)were reported to differentiate themouse xenografts of a lessmetastatic human melanoma cell line A375P and a more metastatic line C8161. The more metastaticmelanoma is characterized by less blood perfusion/permeability andmore oxidized mitochondrial redox state in the tumor core and lower T1ρ relaxation time averaged across the tumor section. These featuresmay be useful for identifying imaging biomarkers for cancer metastatic potential. Here, we have employed T1ρ - and T2-weightedMRI to image mouse xenografts of two human breast cancer lines (more metastatic MDA-MB-231 and less metastatic MDA-MB-468) on a vertical bore 9.4- T Varian MR system. The preliminary results indicated that the more metastatic MDA-MB-231 tumors had shorter Txρ relaxation constants on average than the less metastaticMDA-MB-468 tumors, and Txρ relaxationmight be a potential biomarker of breast tumor metastatic potential. Distinct ring-like structures were observed on Txρ -weightedMR images of the breast tumors, indicating tumor core and rim difference. This observation appears to be consistent with the tumor core-rim difference previously observed by DCE-MRI and redox scanning on aggressive melanoma xenografts.
Croatia’s New Linear Tuition System: Students’ Friend or Foe?

A unique political situation predating Croatia’s ascension to the European Union, along with countrywide student protests, led to the adoption of a linear tuition model in which students are exempt from any tuition payment during their first year of college. After the first year, they are charged tuition according to merit-based criteria. This article discusses the benefits and potential unintended consequences of this policy, as well as the possible adoption of this model by other countries.
An Exploration of the Antecedents and Consequences of State Income Tax Nexus: Does Economic Nexus Really Benefit States?

While considerable attention in the state taxation literature has been devoted to understanding how much of a corporation’s income is subject to tax in a state, much less has been placed on understanding the more critical question of whether a corporation is subject to tax in a given state in the first place (Wildasin 2010). This study investigates the antecedents and consequences of state income tax nexus with a two-stage least squares model using an instrumental variable approach and panel data from 2000-2009. The results of this model indicate that states are more likely to adopt economic nexus standards when bordering states have also adopted these provisions, consistent with regional diffusion theory. Interestingly, states that adopt economic nexus standards have lower levels of corporate taxation revenue than those that follow a physical presence standard; results are robust to alternative specifications of economic nexus. Economic nexus is a broader requirement than physical presence and generally subjects more corporations to state income tax. These results contribute to the taxation literature by suggesting that states’ adoption of economic nexus standards are carried out for herding (regional diffusion) reasons and are associated with negative consequences for state taxation revenues.
Exercise intervention for cancer survivors with heart failure

Cardiotoxicity is a troubling long-term side effect of chemotherapy cancer treatment, affecting therapy and quality of life. Exercise is beneficial in heart failure patients and in cancer survivors without heart failure, but has not been tested in cancer survivors with treatment-induced heart failure. We present case studies for two survivors: a 56-year-old female Hodgkin's lymphoma survivor (Patient 1) and a 46-year-old male leukemia survivor (Patient 2). We conducted a 16-week exercise program with the goal of 30 minutes of exercise performed 3 times per week at a minimum intensity of 50% heart rate reserve or “12” rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Patient 1 improved from 11.5 minutes of exercise split over two bouts at an RPE of 13 to a 30-minute bout at an RPE of 15. Patient 2 improved from 11 minutes of exercise split over two bouts at an RPE of 12 to an 18-minute bout at an RPE of 12. Both improved in O 2peak (Patient 1: 13.9 to 14.3 mLO2·kg −1 ·min −1 ; Patient 2: 12.5 to 18.7 mLO2·kg −1 ·min −1 ). Ejection fraction increased for Patient 2 (25–30% to 35–40%) but not for Patient 1 (35–40%). Quality of life as assessed by the SF-36 Physical Component Scale improved from 17.79 to 25.31 for Patient 1, and the Mental Component Scale improved from 43.84 to 56.65 for Patient 1 and from 34.79 to 44.45 for Patient 2. Properly designed exercise interventions can improve physical functioning and quality of life for this growing group of survivors.
Hydralazine-induced cholangitis.

This report describes a 59-yr-old woman, who, after an initial reaction to hydralazine, inadvertently took the drug again. She promptly developed symptoms of acute cholangitis—fever, right upper quadrant tenderness, obtundation, and hypotension. Cholecystectomy was performed and no obstruction or infection of the biliary tract was present. Perioperative studies support a diagnosis of hydralazine-induced acute cholangitis, a side effect of the drug which has not been previously described.
Gas transport properties of polyimide–POSS nanocomposites

Abstract A mixed matrix membrane material was formed by mixing molecular scale inorganic cages, octaamino functional oligomeric silsesquioxane (OAPS) in a fluorine containing polyimide, 6FDA–MDA. These materials formed a miscible blend at loadings up to 20 wt% OAPS with phase separation occurring with the formation of small nanoscale OAPS particles at higher loadings (∼50 wt%). The pure gas transport properties were measured as a function of OAPS loading. There was a general decrease in permeabilities for all gases studied except carbon dioxide with increasing OAPS loading. This reduction was due to decreases in both solubility and diffusivity which indicate that the OAPS cages were not accessible to gas molecules at conditions used for the study. The amino groups on the surface of the OAPS interact with CO 2 resulting in slight increase in solubility and no net decrease in permeability at all OAPS loadings. An increase in permselectivities was observed for most gas pairs including He/CH 4 , CO 2 /CH 4 and O 2 /N 2 .
A MULTIFACTORIAL BEHAVIORAL STUDY OF COEXISTING DROSOPHILID SPECIES IN NATURE.

A multifactorial experiment was performed to differentiate among sympatric drosophilid species by their responses to several variable factors when selecting an oviposition site in nature. D. busckii, D. affinis, and S. pallida were significantly more photonegative when ovipositing 150 cm above the ground than when ovipositing 30 cm above the ground. D. busckii showed the greatest effect of height on photoresponse. D. affinis was the most photonegative at either height. There was no evidence for photobehavioral differentiation of the four species studied between two collecting sites within the habitat. Similarly, there was no difference in oviposition-site preference between flies laying eggs in the morning and the afternoon. Three of the four sympatric species can be distinguished from the others by their unique behavioral profiles, which are probably responsible for maintaining niche separation.
Expansion of a nutrient database with the “new” vitamin E

Abstract The 2000 release of new Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for Americans and Canadians redefines vitamin E activity based solely on naturally occurring α -tocopherol and 2R -stereoisomeric forms of synthetic α -tocopherol. This definition contrasts with the previous measure of vitamin E, α -tocopherol equivalents ( α -TEs), which includes all forms of α -tocopherol and contributions from other tocopherols. The Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R) developed by the Nutrition Coordinating Center at the University of Minnesota is used to calculate nutrient intakes for studies investigating relationships between diet and health. The new DRIs required NDS-R database changes for recalculation of vitamin E activity, while retention of original values was required for comparability with data collected in the past. New nutrient fields were added to the database to separate α -tocopherol values into natural and synthetic forms, each with a different level of vitamin E activity. In unfortified foods, all α -tocopherol was considered to be the natural form. For foods fortified with synthetic vitamin E, product formulations were used to calculate first the amount of natural vitamin E in the food; the remainder of vitamin E on the product label was attributed to synthetic α -tocopherol. For analysis of trends, the new nutrient fields for vitamin E were added to previous versions of the database and to deactivated foods, and α -TE was maintained in the current database. Researchers using the NDS-R have the option of calculating vitamin E using the new measures of activity or using the prior α -TE values for comparison of current data with previously published values. New values for vitamin E were added to all 18 000 foods in the database. To determine the difference between the new and previous measures of vitamin E expected in a daily diet, menus typical of American adults were calculated using NDS-R. Vitamin E measured as α -tocopherol ranged from 63% to 90% of α -TE with menus higher in vegetable oils and fortified foods showing the largest difference between the two measures.
Dimensions in program synthesis

Program Synthesis, which is the task of discovering programs that realize user intent, can be useful in several scenarios: discovery of new algorithms, helping regular programmers automatically discover tricky/mundane programming details, enabling people with no programming background to develop scripts for performing repetitive tasks (end-user programming), and even problem solving in the context of automating teaching. In this tutorial, I will describe the three key dimensions that should be taken into account in designing any program synthesis system: expression of user intent, space of programs over which to search, and the search technique [1]. (i) The user intent can be expressed in the form of logical relations between inputs and outputs, input-output examples, demonstrations, natural language, and inefficient or related programs. (ii) The search space can be over imperative or functional programs (with possible restrictions on the control structure or the operator set), or over restricted models of computations such as regular/context-free grammars/transducers, or succinct logical representations. (iii) The search technique can be based on exhaustive search, version space algebras, machine learning techniques (such as belief propagation or genetic programming), or logical reasoning techniques based on SAT/SMT solvers. I will illustrate these concepts by brief description of various program synthesis projects that target synthesis of a wide variety of programs such as standard undergraduate textbook algorithms (e.g., sorting, dynamic programming), program inverses (e.g., decoders, deserializers), bitvector manipulation routines, deobfuscated programs, graph algorithms, text-manipulating routines, geometry algorithms etc.
The Daily Variation in 17-Ketosteroid Excretion of Men and Women

IT HAS BEEN FOUND (1) that the amount of andro gen excreted in the urine of normal adults varies from day to day when determined by the Zimmermann (2) reaction. This fluctuation is approximately ± 40% about a mean which is relatively constant for an individual, even over long periods of time. This finding has been recently confirmed (3). However, Callow (4) demonstrated that there is normally a nonspecific chromogenic fraction which gave a color value of about 6% of the total in a small number of urine specimens from several subjects. Talbot (5) confirmed this although he found a much higher value for this fraction in a number of instances. The question thus arises whether the daily fluctuation in total androgen output of the individual subject is accounted for by changes in the output of this nonspecific component or in the output of the specific 17-ketosteroids. Callow (4) has used the ratio of absorption coefficients with green and violet filters EG/EV, to determine whether an extract is relatively pur...
Effect of Chronic Maternal Calcium (Ca) Supplementation on Fetal Bone Mineralization (FBM). † 1535

Pregnancy is a time of physiologic stress on Ca homeostasis but there has been no systematic study on the effect of maternal Ca intake on FBM. We tested the hypothesis that maternal Ca supplementation increases FBM as indicated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements of the neonate. Two hundred eighty-nine women enrolled in a randomized trial of Ca supplementation during pregnancy were approached to participate in a study of FBM; 276 agreed. The women had been randomized to receive 2-g elemental Ca or placebo tablets daily from 13-21 wks gestation until delivery. At each prenatal visit compliance was determined by pill counts. The treatment grp received an average of 1284 mg supplemental Ca/d. All mothers were provided with the same prenatal vitamin supplement. There were no significant differences in maternal dietary Ca, protein and energy intake between grps based on the average of 24-hr recalls conducted at randomization and at 32-33 wks gestation. There was also no significant difference between grps in maternal body mass index and wt gain during pregnancy. Eight neonates were not studied because of 2 deaths, 5 technical problems with DXA and learly discharge. Twelve infants had delayed DXA studies beyond one week after birth because of illness. Of the remaining 256 infants (128/grp), DXA measurements were performed by the same operator at 1.75 (mean) ± 0.1 (SEM) d. Scan acquisition used Hologic 1000/W densitometer (Hologic Inc., Waltham, MA) and infant platform. Quality control scans using manufacturer supplied phantom showed a long term (>3 yrs) CV of<0.5%. Only scans without movement artifact were analyzed using software(v5.64 for total body and v4.57Q for spine) developed in conjunction with the manufacturer. General linear modeling showed that the mean total body bone mineral content (BMC) and lumbar spine BMC were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the treatment grp (13.4% and 14.6%, respectively) at the lowest quintile of maternal dietary Ca intake (mean 504 [treatment] vs 555 [placebo] mg/d). The effect of Ca supplementation on FBM was not significantly different at the highest quintile of dietary Ca intake. We conclude that FBM can be significantly improved by Ca supplementation at low maternal dietary Ca intake.
Using information scent and need for cognition to understand online search behavior

The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which two theories, Information Scent and Need for Cognition, explain people's search behaviors when interacting with search engine results pages (SERPs). Information Scent, the perception of the value of information sources, was manipulated by varying the number and distribution of relevant results on the first SERP. Need for Cognition (NFC), a personality trait that measures the extent to which a person enjoys cognitively effortful activities, was measured by a standardized scale. A laboratory experiment was conducted with forty-eight participants, who completed six open-ended search tasks. Results showed that while interacting with SERPs containing more relevant documents, participants examined more documents and clicked deeper in the search result list. When interacting with SERPs that contained the same number of relevant results distributed across different ranks, participants were more likely to abandon their queries when relevant documents appeared later on the SERP. With respect to NFC, participants with higher NFC paginated less frequently and paid less attention to results at lower ranks than those with lower NFC. The interaction between NFC and the number of relevant results on the SERP affected the time spent on searching and a participant's likelihood to reformulate, paginate and stop. Our findings suggest evaluating system effectiveness based on the first page of results, even for tasks that require the user to view multiple documents, and varying interface features based on NFC.
Particle flow with non-zero diffusion for nonlinear filters, Bayesian decisions and transport

We derive a new algorithm for particle flow with non-zero diffusion corresponding to Bayes’ rule, and we report the results of Monte Carlo simulations which show that the new filter is an order of magnitude more accurate than the extended Kalman filter for a difficult nonlinear filter problem. Our new algorithm is simple and fast to compute, and it has an especially nice intuitive formula, which is the same as Newton’s method to solve the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) problem (but for each particle rather than only the MLE), and it is also the same as the extended Kalman filter for the special case of Gaussian densities (but for each particle rather than just the point estimate). All of these particle flows apply to arbitrary multimodal densities with smooth nowhere vanishing non- Gaussian densities.
Role of newer azoles in surgical patients.

AbstractFungal infection has become an important cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill surgical patients. Surgical patients at highest risk for invasive mycoses include those undergoing extensive abdominal surgery, those with underlying malignancy or other immunosuppressive conditions, and patients undergoing transplantation. Nosocomial candidemia remains a major complication for patients in surgical intensive units; however, the epidemiology of invasive fungal infection continues to change with molds and yeasts other than Candida albicans emerging as important causes of infection especially in immunosuppressed patients. This changing epidemiology has resulted in the need for an expanded armamentarium of antifungal therapies. One effective approach has been the utilization of higher doses of well-tolerated azoles, such as fluconazole, particularly against yeasts with dose-dependent susceptibility. Alternatively, the presumptive use of therapeutic doses of fluconazole may be indicated in inten...
Aortic regurgitation complicated by extreme left ventricular dilation: Long-term outcome after surgical correction

Abstract Objectives.This study sought to determine the outcome of aortic valve replacement for aortic regurgitation complicated by extreme left ventricular dilation. Background.Aortic valve replacement has been recommended in aortic regurgitation with extreme left ventricular dilation (diastolic dimension ≥80 mm), but extreme left ventricular dilation raises concern about irreversible left ventricular dysfunction. Methods.Thirty-one patients with a preoperative echocardiographic diastolic dimension ≥80 mm (group 1) undergoing operation for severe isolated aortic regurgitation between 1980 and 1989 were compared with 188 patients with a diastolic dimension Results.Preoperatively, extreme left ventricular dilation was seen only in male patients and was associated with a reduced ejection fraction (43 ± 12% vs. 53 ± 11% [mean ± SD], p Conclusions.Extreme left ventricular dilation due to aortic regurgitation is observed in male patients and is frequently associated preoperatively with a reduced ejection fraction but is not a marker of irreversible left ventricular dysfunction. Operative risk and late postoperative survival are acceptable in these patients, although a late excess mortality, predicted best by preoperative ejection fraction, is observed. Therefore, extreme left ventricular dilation is not a contraindication to operation, which should be performed before left ventricular dysfunction occurs.
Hg REMOVAL FROM HYDROCARBON LIQUID USING POLYSULFIDE

Some crudes and condensates are known to contain a small quantity of Hg. A process has been devised to remove up to 80-90% of this Hg from the oil. In the process, the oil is washed with an aqueous...
Maps and metaphors

It has been argued that the confusion surrounding the term map in the expression, mental map, renders the expression meaningless. The confusion can be removed if we consider two sources of misunderstanding. First, there is a failure to appreciate the complex, double role that the map plays in our analogical thinking, and second, there is a failure to distinguish between the map as metaphor and the map as analogy.
A social-attributional analysis of alcohol response.

Conventional wisdom and survey data indicate that alcohol is a social lubricant and is consumed for its social effects. In contrast, the experimental literature examining alcohol's effects within a social context reveals that alcohol does not consistently enhance social-emotional experience. We identify a methodological factor that might explain inconsistent alcohol-administration findings, distinguishing between studies featuring unscripted interactions among naive participants (k = 18) and those featuring scripted social interactions with individuals identified as study confederates (k = 18). While 89% of naive-participant studies find positive effects of alcohol on mood (d = 0.5), only 11% of confederate studies find evidence of significant alcohol-related mood enhancement (d = -0.01). The naive-participant versus confederate distinction remains robust after controlling for various moderators including stress manipulations, gender, group size, anxiety outcome measure, and within-group consistency of beverage assignment. Based on the findings of our review, we propose a multidimensional, social-attributional framework for understanding alcohol-related reward. Borrowing organizing principles from attribution theory, the social-attributional approach predicts that alcohol will enhance mood when negative outcomes are perceived to be unstable and/or self-relevant. Our framework proposes that alcohol's effects within a social context are largely explained by its tendency to free individuals from preoccupation with social rejection, allowing them to access social rewards. The social-attributional approach represents a novel framework for integrating distinct, well-validated concepts derived from several theories of alcohol's effects. It further presents promising lines of inquiry for future research examining the role of social factors in alcohol reward and addiction susceptibility.
Angular bends in whiskers

Abstract The distributions of angular bends formed during growth in zinc, cadmium, and tin whiskers were measured. It was found that for spontaneous growth whiskers from electroplated surfaces, the distributions had peaks at angles equal to the angles between low-indices directions in the crystal lattice. Various characteristic groupings of angles could also be related to groups of low-indice directions.
Community–based conservation in East Africa: a case study of Western Usambara Mountains, Tanzania

Multiple regions in East Africa face challenges due to increased rates of resource consumption and species extinction. We examined how well community–based conservation minimizes habitat loss for wildlife and marginalization of under–represented people. Using ecological field work and ethnographic techniques, we focused on how current land use in the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania, affects the ecology and social fabric of the area. We found low recruitment potential of non–native agricultural crops into adjacent forest reserves. We also found that certain agricultural practices that increase sustainability are slowly being integrated while others are still met with resistance. Communication between stakeholders has begun; however, without cooperation amongst key players the long–term future for wildlife and local people will be increasingly threatened as resource pressure intensifies.
Contract renegotiation with time-varying valuations

The paper characterizes optimal renegotiation-proof rental contracts in a model with adverse selection and hidden information. It generalizes the work of Hart and Tirole (1988) to the case of time-varying valuations. The paper considers a durable-goods monopolist who serves a nonanonymous buyer with time-varying valuation for the seller's good. The buyer's valuation has a persistent and a transient component; both are private information. The paper shows that for some range of prior beliefs the seller strictly prefers leasing to selling.
Effect of tryptophan on the inhibitory action of selected hepatotoxic agents on hepatic protein synthesis.

Abstract Tryptophan has been demonstrated earlier to induce a rapid stimulation of polyribosomal aggregation and protein synthesis in the livers of rats and mice. Also, tryptophan has been reported to have a corrective effect upon hepatic polyribosomes and protein synthesis when administered in conjunction with some hepatotoxic agents which inhibit protein synthesis by a variety of different mechanisms. This investigation expands the information in regard to whether the inhibitory effects on protein synthesis by a variety of hepatotoxic agents may be ameliorated by tryptophan administration and determines whether tryptophan may act to prevent, to cure, or both in regard to the inhibitory effect of each of the toxic agents. Under the short-term experiments conducted in this study, tryptophan was found to act in a preventive and curative manner with α-amanitin, cordycepin, puromycin, and hypertonic NaCl; only preventive with CCl4 and NaF; only curative with actinomycin D and ethionine; and neither with sparsomycin. Experiments were conducted to determine whether hepatic mRNA synthesis and nucleocytoplasmic translocation of RNA were affected by tryptophan in rats after treatment with selected hepatotoxic agents and the results revealed, in general, that the effects due to tryptophan occurred only when tryptophan acted in a curative manner. In a few experiments, tryptophan-related compounds, 5-hydroxy- dl -tryptophan, 5-fluorotryptophan, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, and indole, were tested, using equimolar amounts to l -tryptophan, with some hepatotoxic agents and in general, they caused some improvement in hepatic polyribosomal aggregation and protein synthesis but usually much less than with l -tryptophan.
Design Of Transition Metal Complexes As Luminescence Probes

Abstract Transition metal complexes show considerable promise as luminescence probes. A brief descrip-tion of the bonding and spectroscopy of this class of materials is presented with special emphasis on d6complexes incorporating a- diimine ligands. Principles for designing complexes with desirable proper-ties are described and germane examples are presented. 2. IntroductionThe area of luminescence probes and sensors is currently of great interest because of their highsensitivity and specificity.1 In addition, they lend themselves to remote, nonelectrical monitoring.Because of this, they should be seriously considered in hostile electrical or chemical environments. Typically, remote luminescence sensors have a tailored sensor system at the end of a fiber optic probe.Laser excitation is frequently the source of choice, although for short distances with larger fibers whitelight sources and LED's have been successfully used. Response is monitored by changes in lumines-cence intensity, lifetime, or spectral distribution.2'3An increasingly important and most promising class of sensor materials is luminescent transitionmetal complexes, especially those with platinum metals. These materials have very desirable features.
A hybrid lumped capacitance-CFD model for the simulation of data center transients

Transient thermal events in air-cooled data centers may lead to undesirable operating conditions such as the formation of hot spots and associated degradation of equipment reliability. These transients may be caused by cooling equipment failures, server load changes, or other time-dependent scenarios in data center operations. This paper introduces a fast-executing hybrid computational fluid dynamics (CFD)/Lumped-Capacitance model for predicting server inlet temperatures resulting from common transient events such as server shutdown, partial or total chilled water interruption, or partial or total failure of the computer room air handlers (CRAH). The model uses initial steady-state CFD or experimental data in combination with several lumped-capacitance models of the various thermal masses in the data center, including the servers, the room enclosure, the CRAHs and the underfloor plenum. The inclusion of these thermal capacitances and their associated thermal conductance was found to be an important contri...
What has the relief of allergic conjunctivitis by intranasal steroids taught us about the pathophysiology of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis

Summary Patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) report ocular symptoms 40–70% of the time. These symptoms can be burdensome and have a major impact on patients' quality of life. Most clinicians believe that ocular symptoms result from direct contact of allergen with the conjunctiva, although other explanations such as a nasal-ocular reflex, blockage of the nasal lacrimal duct, and systemic effects of cytokines released from the nasal mucosa can explain the association. However, if direct contact by an allergen is the sole explanation, how do we explain the efficacy of intranasal steroids on the eye symptoms of AR, especially because most intranasal steroids have <0.5% systemic bioavailability? This paper highlights a potential mechanism for the development of ocular symptoms after nasal exposure to antigen, the nasal-ocular reflex, and speculates how intranasal steroids can affect this reflex and eye symptoms. Two nasal-challenge studies assessing the nasal-ocular reflex are presented. The first shows the presence of a nasal-ocular reflex in response to localized nasal-antigen challenge, which is initiated by the release of histamine and blocked by a topical, intranasal antihistamine. The second study shows that the nasal-ocular reflex is augmented with repeated nasal antigen challenge, a response that is inhibited by pretreatment with an intranasal steroid. These studies provide an explanation for the way in which treatment with intranasal steroids can work locally in the nose to reduce ocular symptoms in patients with AR. This explanation, however, would only be valid if the majority of eye symptoms in patients with AR were caused by the nasal-ocular reflex and not by direct contact of antigen with the conjunctiva – an assumption supported by clinical studies.
Sweeping of an object held by a robotic end-effector

Abstract A broadly applicable formulation for calculating the swept volume generated by an object held by a manipulator's end-effector is presented. While the problem of determining the workspace of a robot arm has been extensively addressed in the literature, this rarely addressed problem is of significance to path planning, collision detection, plant layout, and robot design. The totality of points touched by a geometric entity moved in space using a number of joints is defined as the swept volume. The formulation and accompanying experimental code are presented and are aimed at providing the reader with a replicable computer algorithm. Calculating the swept volume is based on The Implicit Function theorem and is shown to be any number of degrees of freedom yielding the exact representation of the swept volume. By considering the sweep equation as a vector function defined on a manifold (possibly with boundaries), it is shown that stratification of the various sub-manifolds yields varieties that can be depicted in R 3 . A measure of the computational complexity is presented to give the reader a sense of the robustness of this method as well as its difficulties. An experimental computer code is developed using a symbolic manipulator that performs the automated calculations necessary to calculate the varieties and to visualize the manifold.
Berlin Remembers 13 August 1961

This article reviews some of the public events in the summer 2011 surrounding the fiftieth anniversary of the building of the Berlin Wall: various photographic exhibitions in galleries and public spaces and the film documentary, Bis and die Genze. Der private Blick auf die Mauer (2011), made up entirely of privately filmed home movies. The style of this year's commemoration lacked the mixture of euphoria, playfulness, and political pomp that marked the anniversary of the fall of the wall two years ago. Although the commemorations were surrounded by inevitable media buzz, they nevertheless managed to reveal a level of thoughtfulness that defies cynicism and was meaningful to many of the Berliners who have lived with the wall.
Proteomic profiling of rat lung epithelial cells induced by acrolein.

Aims Acrolein is a highly toxic unsaturated aldehyde and is also an endogenous byproduct produced from lipid peroxidation. It can be formed from the breakdown of certain pollutants in outdoor air or from burning tobacco or gasoline. Inhalation and dermal exposure to acrolein are extremely toxic to human tissue. Although it is known that acrolein is toxic to lung tissue, no studies have attempted to address the changes induced by acrolein on a global scale.
Effect of tolfenamic acid on canine cancer cell proliferation, specificity protein (sp) transcription factors, and sp-regulated proteins in canine osteosarcoma, mammary carcinoma, and melanoma cells.

Background Tolfenamic acid (TA) is an NSAID currently under investigation as an anticancer agent in humans. TA induces proteosome-dependent degradation of transcription factors Sp 1, 3, and 4. These proteins are known to be overexpressed in many human cancers. Hypothesis To evaluate the protein expression of Sps in canine tissue, and efficacy of TA against several canine tumor cell lines. Methods Six canine cell lines (2 osteosarcoma, 2 mammary carcinoma, 2 melanoma) were evaluated. Protein levels of Sp 1–4 and their downstream targets were evaluated using Western Blots. Cell survival and TUNEL assays were performed on cell lines, and Sp1 expression was evaluated on histologic samples from archived canine cases. Animals Six immortalized canine cancer cell lines derived from dogs were used. Archived tissue samples were also used. Results Sps were highly expressed in all 6 cell lines and variably expressed in histologic tissues. TA decreased expression of Sps 1–4 in all cell lines. All of the downstream targets of Sps were inhibited in the cell lines. Variable Sp1 expression was identified in all histologic samples examined. TA significantly inhibited cell survival in all cell lines in a dose dependant fashion. The number of cells undergoing apoptosis was significantly increased (P < .05) in all cell lines after exposure to TA in a dose-dependent fashion. Conclusions, and Clinical Importance Tolfenamic acid is a potential anticancer NSAID and further investigation is needed to determine its usefulness in a clinical setting.
Cytokine concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with systemic sclerosis.

Objective The pathophysiology of pulmonary fibrosis in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) is poorly understood, but a number of recent studies have demonstrated an inflammatory process involving the lower respiratory tract. The objective of the present study was to determine the concentrations of several cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of patients with SSc and to assess whether the enhanced expression of certain cytokines is associated with the presence of alveolitis. Methods BAL was performed on patients with SSc (with or without alveolitis) and on normal control subjects. Lyophilized BAL fluid samples were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha), and RANTES. Results There were significant differences between groups in the BAL fluid concentrations of TNF alpha (P = 0.0005, with levels in SSc patients with alveolitis higher than those in normal controls), IL-8 (P = 0.006, with levels in both SSc groups higher than those in normal controls), MIP-1alpha (P = 0.009, with levels in SSc patients with alveolitis higher than those in SSc patients without alveolitis and than those in normal controls), and RANTES (P = 0.03, with levels in SSc patients without alveolitis higher than those in normal controls). With the exception of RANTES, the highest levels were detected in SSc patients with alveolitis. Conclusion Each of these cytokines, either alone or in combination, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis in SSc.
Crystal structure of enol benzoate () obtained from conjugate addition of phenylmagnesium bromide to benzalacetomesitylene (); (z)-α-(2,2-diphenylethylidene)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzenemethanol benzoate ()

Abstract The title compound ( 1 ) is shown to have a (Z) configuration confirming a previous assignment based on 1H nmr vinyl shielding constants. Bond distances, bond angles, and selected torsion angles are reported. The benzoyl ester grouping is s-trans in accord with the usual conformation for alkyl benzoates in solution. A torsion angle of 6.6° (average) involving the ester grouping for C8-02-C7-01 (or C8-02-C7-C1 ) was found. The cyclic mechanism of Lutz and Reveley involving reaction of an s-cis conformation of the α,β-unsaturated ketone with the Grignard reagent explains the (Z)-stereochemlstry observed.
Troubles with Stereotypes for Spinozan Minds

Some people succeed in adopting feminist ideals in spite of the prevalence of asymmetric power relations. However, those who adopt such ideals face a number of psychological difficulties in inhibiting stereotype-based judgments. I argue that a Spinozan theory of belief fixation offers a more complete understanding of the mechanisms that underwrite our intuitive stereotype-based judgments. I also argue that a Spinozan theory of belief fixation offers resources for avoiding stereotype-based judgments where they are antecedently recognized to be pernicious and insidious.
Numerical Uncertainties in Transonic Flow Calculations for Aerofoils with Blunt Trailing Edges

Numerical uncertainties are quantified for calculations of transonic flow around a divergent trailing edge (DTE) supercritical aerofoil. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations are solved using a linearized block implicit solution procedure and mixing-length turbulence model. This procedure has reproduced measurements around supercritical aerofoils with blunt trailing edges that have shock, boundary layer and separated regions. The present effort quantifies numerical uncertainty in these calculations using grid convergence indices which are calculated from aerodynamic coefficients, shock location, dimensions of the recirculating region in the wake of the blunt trailing edge and distributions of surface pressure coefficients. The grid convergence index is almost uniform around the aerofoil, except in the shock region and at the point where turbulence transition was fixed. The grid convergence index indicates good convergence for lift but only fair convergence for moment and drag and also confirms that drag calculations are more sensitive to numerical error. © 1997 by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
The effects of screw orientation in severely osteoporotic bone: A comparison with locked plating

Abstract Background Techniques such as varying screw insertion angles and the use of locked plating have been shown to improve the strength of fixation in bone. The effects of these methods is less clearly understood in bone of exceedingly poor quality. Methods Forty plate-bone constructs were assembled and divided into four groups of ten. Perpendicularly placed screws were placed in one group, convergently placed crossing screws were placed in a second group, an oblique end screw was placed in a third group, and a fourth group utilized perpendicularly placed locking screws in a locking plate. All test subjects were mounted and loaded in cantilever bending to the point of failure. Stiffness, initial load to failure, and maximal load tolerated were all analyzed. Findings All four groups demonstrated evidence of failure at similar loads (21.8–26.1 N). The locked group was able to tolerate significantly higher loads overall (37.3 N, P = .044). All three non-locked groups demonstrated similar failure patterns and load to failure. Locking constructs demonstrated a distinctly different failure pattern. No significant differences were detected with regard to screw orientation and load to failure. The group with an oblique end screw was significantly less stiff than the other three constructs ( P = .017). Interpretation In a severely osteoporotic model, failure in cantilever bending at low forces will take place regardless of fixation methods used. The mechanism of failure is different in locked constructs compared to traditional constructs. The added benefit of oblique screw placement observed in healthy bone is not observed in osteoporotic bone.
Ultraviolet-Raman studies of SrTiO3 ultrathin films on Si

Stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric SrTiO3 (STO) films less than 50 nm were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Si substrates for characterization with UV-Raman spectroscopy. All the films grown have first order phonon Raman scattering as the crystal symmetry has been altered due to threading dislocations and local vicinal strain at defect sites. Strong phonon scattering and hardening of the phonon modes is seen in Ti-rich films while Sr-rich films have a decrease in the phonon scattering intensity when compared with stoichiometric thin films. Excess Ti leads to a high density of planar boundaries and different chemical phases lowering the overall crystal symmetry of STO. The Sr-rich sample compensates for excess Sr by forming SrO Ruddlesden–Popper layers in the perovskite structure.
Economic Lot Scheduling Problem with Raw Material Considerations

We extend the traditional model of the economic lot scheduling problem by considering various issues associated with the management of the raw materials for production. Several items are produced on a single machine at finite production rates with setup times, and setup and inventory holding costs. Raw materials are used for the production of these items. In the presence of setup and holding costs for the raw materials, we first formulate a planning model which provides a sharp lower bound on the cost of any policy for the problem. The solution is used to obtain policies which are guaranteed to be very close to optimal in the worst case. Finally, we consider the problem of obtaining good feasible schedules for both the machine and the raw materials.