cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunological characterization and immunocytochemical localization of an oviduct-specific glycoprotein in the human

The objective of the current study was to generate a polyclonal antibody toward a previously described 110- to 130-kilodalton (kDa) human oviductal glycoprotein and to use the antibody to detect the protein in tissue sections, tissue culture media, and oviductal flushings. The polyclonal antibody was generated in male rabbits against the 110- to 130-kDa glycoprotein partially purified from hydrosalpinx fluid. Segments of human oviducts were either cut into 2- to 3-mm pieces and cultured for 24 h, or fixed and embedded in Araldite for light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. The protein was only present in midcycle oviductal flushings and was most evident in culture medium samples obtained at midcycle when analyzed on Western blots. No cross-reactivity was observed with proteins in human serum or human endometrial and cervical explant culture media. Immunoperoxidase staining was observed in the apical granules of the secretory cells lining the oviductal lumen. No staining was noted in other parts of the oviduct or in sections of human endometrium and cervix. Indirect immunogold localization demonstrated specific clustering of gold particles over the apical granules of the secretory cells. In summary, a polyclonal antibody to a 110- to 130-kDa human oviductal glycoprotein was successfully generated. This protein is found in the secretory cells and is released into the oviductal lumen. The synthesis of this protein appears to require elevated levels of estrogen and may play a role in early reproductive events occurring within the oviduct.
On the discovery and development of pimavanserin: a novel drug candidate for Parkinson's psychosis

Parkinson’s disease psychosis (PDP) is a condition that may develop in up to 60 % of Parkinson’s patients, and is a major reason for nursing home placement for those affected. There are no FDA approved drugs for PDP but low doses of atypical anti-psychotic drugs (APDs) are commonly prescribed off-label. Only low-dose clozapine has shown efficacy in randomized controlled trials, but all APDs have black box warnings related to the increased mortality and morbidity when used in elderly demented patients. Using molecular pharmacological profiling of a large collection of marketed drugs, we discovered that potent inverse agonist activity against 5-HT2A serotonin receptors was a common feature of atypical APDs, especially the atypical APDs used to treat PDP. Since low-dose clozapine therapy selectively blocks this receptor, it was hypothesized that a highly selective 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonist might provide good symptom control in patients suffering from PDP, with a greatly improved safety and tolerability profile. A high throughput screening and subsequent chemical lead optimization campaign to develop potent, selective 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonists was launched, eventually resulting in the discovery of pimavanserin. Pimavanserin displays nanomolar potency as a 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonist, selectivity for 5-HT2A over 5-HT2C receptors, and no meaningful activity at any other G-protein coupled receptor. It demonstrated robust activity in preclinical models of schizophrenia and PDP, and did not worsen motoric symptoms, in contrast to the APDs tested. In a Phase III clinical trial, pimavanserin showed highly significant benefits in the primary endpoint, the scale for assessment of positive symptoms-PD, a scale adapted for use in PDP. In addition, improvements in all other efficacy endpoints, including physician’s clinical global impression, caregiver burden, night-time sleep quality and daytime wakefulness, were seen. Pimavanserin demonstrated good safety and tolerability and did not worsen motoric symptoms as assessed by the unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale parts II and III. An open-label extension study has further demonstrated that pimavanserin is safe and well-tolerated with long-term use. Pimavanserin may therefore offer a viable treatment option for patients suffering from PDP.
THE ANTAGONISM OF MONOAMINE OXIDASE (MAO) INHIBITORS BY THE RED BLOOD CELL AND ITS CONSTITUENTS.

Abstract The antagonism of the anti-MAO action of iproniazid and pheniprazine (PIH) by the red blood cell and its constituents has been investigated. Both iproniazid and PIH are blocked by the red cell, but only PIH is effectively antagonized by hemoglobin or hemin. When red cells were preincubated with mitochondria and PIH, the resulting supernatant fluid exhibited a rapid disappearance of anti-MAO activity, indicating that PIH was undergoing destruction. Unlike PIH, the preincubation of iproniazid with mitochondria resulted in an increase in anti-MAO activity, and addition of red blood cells to this system resulted in a diminished activation of iproniazid potency. These experiments indicate that the antagonism of the anti-MAO activity of iproniazid and PIH by the red cell and its constituents involve different mechanisms of action.
Numerical integration with Taylor truncations for the quadrilateral and hexahedral finite elements

For general quadrilateral or hexahedral meshes, the finite-element methods require evaluation of integrals of rational functions, instead of traditional polynomials. It remains as a challenge in mathematics to show the traditional Gauss quadratures would ensure the correct order of approximation for the numerical integration in general. However, in the case of nested refinement, the refined quadrilaterals and hexahedra converge to parallelograms and parallelepipeds, respectively. Based on this observation, the rational functions of inverse Jacobians can be approximated by the Taylor expansion with truncation. Then the Gauss quadrature of exact order can be adopted for the resulting integrals of polynomials, retaining the optimal order approximation of the finite-element methods. A theoretic justification and some numerical verification are provided in the paper.
Fibonacci Polynomials and Parity Domination in Grid Graphs

A non-empty set of vertices is called an even dominating set if each vertex in the graph is adjacent to an even number of vertices in the set (adjacency is reflexive). In this paper, the Fibonacci polynomials are studied over GF(2) with particular emphasis on their divisibility properties and their relation to the existence of even dominating sets in grid graphs and properties of a corresponding recurrence.
Renormalization of the Cottingham formula

Abstract The second-order electromagnetic contribution to the mass of a hadron needs an ultraviolet-divergent renormalization. An explicitly renormalized Cottingham formula is derived, and the renormalization is related to the counterterms obtained in perturbation theory. The main effect is to impose a cut-off Λ equal to the subtraction mass used in the renormalization. Within quantum chromodynamics it is shown that the Λ-dependence of the Cottingham formula for the neutron-proton mass difference is of the same magnitude as fourth-order electromagnetic corrections.
Reactogenicity of a Malaria Merozoite Antigen in Aotus Monkeys Compared with the Effects Caused by Two New Adjuvants, CP-20, 961 and [B30]-MDP

Six Aotus trivirgatus monkeys were included in a clinical study to compare the adverse reactions caused by a Plasmodium falciparum antigen and 2 adjuvants, a lipoidal amine, CP-20, 961, and a muramyl dipeptide derivative, [B30]-MDP. Two monkeys were given 2 intramuscular injections, 3 weeks apart, of 1 of these vaccine components. Both the antigen and the two adjuvants caused local and general reactions as well as hematological and biochemical changes. Except for an up to 60% rise in leukocyte count, the antigen caused reactions least, followed by [B30]-MDP. CP-20, 961 evoked more vigorous reactions and changes, but none of them reached such an extent that it would contraindicate its potential use in forthcoming vaccine studies. We conclude that both adjuvants are to be considered as relatively safe when combined with an appropriate P. falciparum antigen.
Symmetry breaking of in-plane order in confined copolymer mesophases

Packing of spherical-domain block copolymer mesophases confined to a thin film is investigated as a function of the number of layers n. We find an abrupt transition from hexagonal to orthorhombic in-plane ordering of domains when n is increased from 4 to 5. As n increases further (up to 23 in this study), the symmetry of the orthorhombic phase asymptotically approaches that of the body-centered cubic (110) plane. These results are interpreted in terms of the energetics of competing packings in the bulk and at the film interfaces. Detailed structural and thermodynamic properties are obtained with self-consistent field theory.
Methods of evaluation of musician's dystonia: Critique of measurement tools

Musician's dystonia is associated with significant morbidity. To assess treatment options, accurate and precise measurements of disease severity are critical. We describe current methods of quantitatively measuring musician's dystonia of the upper extremity including subjective, objective, and automated methods. The degree to which these methods satisfy rigorous measurement criteria, including their reliability, validity, responsiveness to treatment, and practicality, is examined. We report that most of these methods have not been properly evaluated. Therefore, treatment trials based on these methods are difficult to interpret.
Separation and identification of sugars using paper chromatography.

CHROMATOGRAPHY on filter paper has provided an excellent and a much-needed method for the investigation of the structure of polysaccharides1–5 and proteins6–10. While butanol–ethanol–water, butanol–acetic acid–water, and phenol–water are effective mixtures, among others1, for the separation of a wide variety of sugars11,12,5 and their methyl derivatives13, the phenol–water mixture is usually better than either of the other two mentioned above for the separation of unmethylated sugars (cf. ref. 14). The method using phenol–water, however, suffers from the disadvantage that the location of the sugars on the paper by treatment with ammoniacal silver nitrate cannot be accomplished without some difficulty because the paper quickly becomes dark or sometimes black. It is claimed that suitable purification of the phenol either reduces the darkening5 or eliminates it altogether15. We find that most of the darkening can be avoided by extracting the paper with ether before spraying with the silver reagent. By adopting this slight modification, it has been found unnecessary to purify the phenol.
Hall Effect in Ferromagnetic Materials

Experimental results are reviewed for Fe, Co, Ni, the Co-Ni and Ni-Cu alloy series. Most of the measurements were made at room temperature. In the case of Ni, data are available from about 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 800\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.In every case studied, the Hall emf consists of a sum of two terms. The first term is proportional to the magnetizing field and has been called the ordinary Hall effect. Its order of magnitude and sensitivity to variations in temperature and in composition are comparable with the Hall effect in nonferromagnetic metals. The second term is proportional to the magnetization and has been called the extraordinary Hall effect.At room temperature, the extraordinary effect is usually much larger than the ordinary effect. Large changes in the extraordinary effect may be produced by variations in temperature or composition.In the theory of the ordinary effect, a representation is employed in which conduction may take place in both the $s$- and $d$-bands. This theory appears to be moderately successful in interpreting the experimental data.Various proposals that have been advanced to account for the extraordinary effect are considered briefly. We consider that a satisfactory physical basis for this phenomenon has not yet been established.
Holographic atom imaging from experimental photoelectron angular distribution patterns

One of the most challenging areas of materials research is the imaging of technologically relevant materials with microscopic and atomic-scale resolution. As part of the development of these methods, near-surface atoms in single crystals were imaged using core-level photoelectron holograms. The angle-dependent electron diffraction patterns that constitute an electron hologram were two-dimensionally transformed to create a three dimensional, realspace image of the neighboring scattering atoms. We have made use of a multiplewavenumber, phased-summing method to improve the atom imaging capabilities of experimental photoelectron holography using the Cu(001) and Pt(111) prototype systems. These studies are performed to evaluate the potential of holographic atom imaging methods as structural probes of unknown materials.
Major depression information resources on the Internet

This article lists and describes resources on the Web that would be of interest to consumers who are looking for information on major depression, either for their own edification or to help a friend or loved one. Being depressed is often characterized by a feeling of being overwhelmed, an inability to concentrate, and feelings of hopelessness. In this vulnerable state, surfing the Web and sifting through the thousands of Web sites on depression would hardly be appropriate and perhaps, not even attempted. It is the hope that this article will facilitate the search for quality information for patients, family members, and friends of those suffering from depression.
Alternating-order interpolation in a charge-conserving scheme for particle-in-cell simulations

Abstract We discuss the interpolation of the electric and magnetic fields within a charge-conserving Particle-In-Cell scheme. The choice of the interpolation procedure for the fields acting on a particle can be constrained by analyzing conservation of the energy and the particle generalized momentum. The better conservative properties are achieved, if the alternating-order form-factor is used for interpolation, which combines the lower-order and higher-order interpolation from integer and semi-integer points of a staggered grid. This approach allows us to significantly improve both the quality of results and the computational efficiency for the charge conserving scheme.
EFFECTS OF TRAINING AND RATING SCALES ON RATING ERRORS

Ninety business students were randomly assigned to one of three conditions where they used behavioral observation scales (BOS), behavioral expectation scales (BES), or trait scales in observing people on videotape. Half the individuals received four hours of training to minimize rating errors. Rating errors were reduced significantly regardless of the rating scale that was used. However, behavioral criteria were more resistant to rating errors than trait scales. There was no significant difference between BOS and BES on this dimension. With regard to practicality, BOS were evaluated as significantly better than BES and trait scales. BES and trait scales did not differ significantly on this measure.
Mediated transfer: Alice 3 to Java

In this paper, we describe a pedagogy for an undergraduate programming course using Alice 3 and Java. We applied the educational theory of mediated transfer to develop a new version of the Alice system and accompanying instructional materials. The pedagogy was implemented and tested over two years. Student test scores in experimental, treatment course sections showed dramatic improvement over scores in comparable non-treatment sections.
Cell cycle dependence of the reactivation of chick erythrocyte nuclei after transplantation into mouse L929 cell cytoplasts.

Monolayer cultures of cytoplasts were formed from synchronized mouse L929 cells in the G1, S and G2 phases of the cell cycle by cytochalasin-induced enucleation. Chick embryo erythrocytes were then fused to the cytoplasts using Sendai virus. Extensive reactivation of the dormant erythrocyte nuclei-determined by nuclear swelling, nucleoli formation and incorporation of 3H-uridine into RNA-was observed upon fusion to the three types of cytoplasts. By all of these criteria, reactivation was greatest when nuclei were introduced into G1 cytoplasts. Similar experiments in which DNA synthesis was measured showed that both G1 and G2 cytoplasts almost completely lacked the ability to induce DNA synthesis in the chick nuclei. But at least 26% of the erythrocyte nuclei within S cytoplasts exhibited significant levels of DNA synthesis. Cytoplasts prepared from cells three hours after entry into the S phase, which is six to seven hours in length in L929 cells, possessed the maximum capacity to induce DNA replication in chick nuclei. As many as 60% of the nuclei introduced into 3-hour S phase cytoplasts synthesized significant quantities of DNA. The effect of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, on erythrocyte nuclear reactivation within G1 phase cytoplasts was also investigated. Protein synthesis was necessary to maximize the reactivation of erythrocyte nuclei. However, it appeared that protein synthesis occurring prior to enucleation was more important in the reactivation process than synthesis occurring following enucleation.
Frontier settlement and child survival in the Brazilian Amazon

This study uses sample data from the 1960, 1970 and 1980 demographic censuses to estimate child survival rates among children born to native and migrant women in the Brazilian Amazon. Estimates show that by 1980 the probability of death among children was quite similar when comparing native and migrant populations in the aggregate. However, after controlling for household economic activity and income, death rates were higher among migrant children. The findings suggests that nonmigrants are better able than recent colonists to mobilize physical and social environments to safeguard the health of their children.
Tristate Inverter Array: A New Technology Development Yield Learning Vehicle Complementing Traditional SRAM Arrays

The SRAM bitcell array has been traditionally used as a yield learning vehicle for new technologies. However, the yield of the SRAM bitcell is susceptible to parametric variations and subtle process defects/variations. In this paper, a new functional array called the tristated inverter array is discussed which is much less susceptible to both parametric variation and subtle process defects while retaining all the useful features of the SRAM array (fail mappability, ease of isolation of fails, regular design). This structure can be used very effectively in yield learning as a complimentary test structure to the SRAM array for learning hard process defects.
Estimating severity of seismically induced landslides and lateral spreads using threshold water levels

Abstract The potential for an earthquake-induced landslide increases when the shear strength of a slope decreases and the hydrostatic pressure increases from the dynamic stresses induced by seismic shaking and/or heavy rainfalls. This paper presents an assessment of seismically induced slope failure in the St. Louis, MO, USA, area; it emphasizes water elevations as the controlling factor, realizing that such levels vary over space and time. We estimated the threshold water table depths to initiate seismically induced landslides in the uplands and liquefaction-induced lateral spreads in the alluvial floodplains under an M7.5 earthquake with a peak ground acceleration of 0.20 to 0.40 g. These threshold water table depths were computed as a function of ground steepness using the Newmark model for rigid block landslides and an empirical regression for lateral spreads. The seismic microzonation was prepared by comparing the map of threshold water table depths and maps of average water levels. The resultant hazard maps suggest that the river bluffs are prone to seismically induced landslides only when the water reaches its highest recorded levels, while much of the floodplains are prone to lateral spreads. Lateral spreads occur more extensively when the water exceeds its normal level.
Sr18Ru1.9Bi4.1O33: crystallization of a Ru(V)/Bi(V) oxide from molten hydroxide

Abstract Single crystals of a new complex oxide, Sr18Ru1.9Bi4.1O33, were precipitated from a mixture of molten alkali and alkaline earth metal hydroxides at 750°C. The structure was determined from a ruby-red crystal using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Sr18Ru1.88Bi4.12O33 crystallizes in the space group C2/c (monoclinic) and has unit-cell dimensions: a=10.2102(11) A, b=17.882(2) A, c=19.579(2) A, and β=102.043(2)°. The structure (refined to R1=4.5%, wR2=9.2%) is an unusual ABO3 defect perovskite, with 1 12 th of the oxygen positions vacant. All the A sites and half of the B sites are occupied by Sr2+, while the remaining B sites are occupied by Bi5+ or Ru5+. The oxygen atom vacancies are located within the Bi coordination sphere exclusively. The bonding in the BO3 sublattice is less covalent than that in the perovskite archetype from which it is derived due to the presence of 50% Sr2+ on the B sites. Thus, the structure of Sr18Ru1.9Bi4.1O33 can also be viewed as being made up of isolated bismuthate anions (BiO55−, BiO5.56− and BiO67−) and ruthenate anions (RuO67−) separated by strontium cations.
The Achievements of the Cliometric School

The members of the Association must be sick to death of “The Achievements of the Cliometric School.” The health of a field, it is said, is inversely proportional to the percentage of essays on method, by which standard cliometrics itself was sick to death in childhood and is only just now recovering. The few essays on method appearing nowadays are usually commissioned, lack revolutionary fervor, and have become as predictable as sportswriting: gee whiz, how extraordinary has been the growth of cliometrics; cliometrics, of course, is gravely limited by its attachment to neoclassical economics; do not be alarmed by counterfactuals. Essays on method, like articles on the sportspage, irritate the players (nobody loves a critic), flatter the owners (in whose pay he sometimes labors), and hearten the loyal fen (with the written equivalent of the chant “We're number one”). They foreshadow the post-season banquets and their awards: Most Valuable Scholar, Best Book Reviewer (Golden Glove), or, in another mode, Best Historian in a Supporting Role, and Farce of the Year.
Drug Interactions Produced by Proton Pump Inhibitors: Not Simply a pH Effect

government-funded large-scale epigenome projects in several countries that are cataloging epigenetic patterns across the genome in human tissues in normal and disease states.4 These projects have started yielding data that have now been published and made available in public databases.4 It is thought that these data will help in the diagnosis of disease by providing new biomarkers and in the treatment of disease by providing new drug targets.2,4 In addition to data from the Human Genome Project, data from epigenome projects are likely to play an important role in personalized medicine. Indeed, Feinberg et al.5 described a genomewide, gene-specific analysis of DNA methylation in 74 individuals over an extended time period and identified a personalized epigenomic signature. They suggested that their work represents an epigenetic strategy for identifying patients at risk for common disease.
Reconstruction of nasal defects larger than 1.5 centimeters in diameter.

Objective To review the repair of larger nasal defects (>1.5 cm in diameter) and the vascular supply to the forehead flap. Study Design Retrospective chart review (1994–1999) and cadaver analysis of forehead flap vasculature. Methods Chart review was made of patients with cutaneous nasal defects greater than 1.5 cm in diameter. An intravascular silicone cast was used to detail the arterial supply to forehead flaps focusing on contribution from the supratrochlear and angular vessels. Results In 127 patients with nasal defects, 76 defects were greater than 1.5 cm in diameter and were repaired with a midline forehead flap (44 [58%]), paramedian forehead flap (3 [4%]), single-stage midline forehead flap (8 [11%]), interpolated melolabial flap (5 [7%]), local nasal flap (7 [9%]), or skin graft (9 [12%]). All original defects were modified to some degree with an aggressive application of the nasal esthetic subunit principle. Forty-three patients (57%) had cartilage grafts, 18 (24%) had a full-thickness defect requiring repair of the internal lining, and 11 (14%) had some degree of complication, although no patient had full-thickness necrosis of a flap or required a second flap. Analysis of the vascular pedicle to the midline and paramedian forehead flaps demonstrated significant contributions from the angular artery. Skin paddles from a midline and paramedian forehead flap had similar vascular arcades. Conclusions Nasal reconstruction has reached a standard of consistent esthetic results with restoration of nasal function. The midline forehead flap is dependable and robust and leaves a donor site scar consistent with the principle of esthetic units.
Single-shot two-photon exposure of commercial photoresist for the production of three-dimensional structures

2, respectively. The nonlinear nature of the two-photon process allows the production of features that are smaller than the diffraction limit. Preliminary results suggest that Ti:sapphire oscillators can achieve single-shot two-photon exposure with thresholds as low as 1.6 TWycm2 at 700 nm, allowing 3-D
Low-temperature tolerance of age-0 Atlantic croakers : recruitment implications for U.S. mid-Atlantic estuaries

Abstract Age-0 Atlantic croakers Micropogonias undulatus overwinter in Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB) estuaries, where interannual variability in year-class strength is pronounced. Previous researchers have hypothesized that this variability is the result of cold-induced winter mortality of age-0 Atlantic croakers within estuarine nurseries. We tested this hypothesis by means of laboratory experiments designed to (1) estimate the effects of winter severity and duration on the probability of survival of age-0 fish, (2) determine the relationship between body size and cold tolerance, and (3) examine the effects of temperature decline rate and salinity on susceptibility to low-temperature mortality. Age-0 Atlantic croakers (15–65 mm standard length, SL) were collected from Delaware Bay during October, acclimated to 8°C in the laboratory, and then cooled (1.0°C/d) to treatment levels of 1, 3, 5, or 7°C that were designed to simulate varying levels of winter severity in MAB estuaries. Survival ranged from 0% at 1°C ...
Testimony and the Interpersonal

A critical notice of Paul Faulkner, Knowledge on Trust. Oxford University Press, 2011. Pp. 216. ISBN 978-0-1995-8978-4. £37.00 (hbk).; and Benjamin McMyler, Testimony, Trust, and Authority. Oxford ...
Term and citation retrieval: a field study

or partially relevant as opposed to being not relevant, and 8.4 times more likely for def- initely relevant retrievals. In the field setting, citation searching was able to add an av- erage of 24% recall to traditional subject retrieval. Term or citation searching from the open literature produced lower precision results. Attempts to identify distinguishing char- acteristics in queries which might benefit most from additional citation searches proved to be inconclusive. In spite of the obvious gain shown by citation searching, online ac- cess of citation databases has been hampered by their relative high cost. The reported work is an extension of a pilot study of the characteristics and retrieval ef- fectiveness of two subject searching modes. The two search approaches available on com- mercial bibliographic databases are semantic retrieval based on text words, assigned keywords and descriptors, and pragmatic retrieval based on citations. The earlier study was an experiment performed on a data file with narrow subject focus (Pao & Worthen, 1989). The database was constructed such that its documents content was retrievable by descrip- tors and text words as well as by cited references. Thus, direct comparison of the retrieval results was possible from parallel searches using appropriate terms and citations on iden- tical queries. Citation searching in the control setting was found to add an average of 14% of rel- evant documents to a search. This confirms earlier indications from other researchers that citation searching complements searching by terms (McCain, 1989; Pao, 1986; Salton, 1971). A logical follow-up question is whether these results could be of practical use to the online searcher. Can the searcher expect similar results when searches are done on commer- cially available databases? For example, what is the percentage of MEDLINE@ search top- ics which could benefit from a citation search? One also wonders how generalizable and how stable the findings are if a sample of real searches was collected from libraries where a wide variety of topics was searched. While only a few overlap items were found, these common documents tended to be highly relevant to the search topic. What are the odds that retrieved items derived from both types of search methods are relevant? Is a higher yield from a citation search related to specific types of topics? Obviously, knowledge of this type could be useful to the online searcher. This second study is framed around the following aims: 1. to seek confirmation of the earlier findings by testing the two retrieval modes with real searches processed on commercially available databases and by evaluating search results by requestors who posed the queries; 2. to determine the magnitude of incremental contribution of citation retrieval to MEDLINE searching;
Changing paradigms in frontal sinus cerebrospinal fluid leak repair.

Background: Frontal sinus cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks have traditionally been repaired via open procedures (eg, osteoplastic flap or cranialization). Advancements in instrumentation, technique, and experience have improved the feasibility of repairing frontal sinus skull-base defects using an endoscopic approach. This study describes endoscopic closure of frontal sinus CSF leaks focusing on management, surgical technique, and outcomes. Methods: Prospective evaluation of patients with skull-base defects involving the frontal sinus was performed. Demographics, size of skull-base defect, length involving the posterior table, successful closure, frontal sinus patency, and complications were recorded. Results: Over 3.5 years, 37 patients (average age 46 years) were treated for CSF leaks involving the frontal sinus by a single otolaryngologist. Etiologies included spontaneous (13), tumor (13), and trauma (11). Average defect size (length vs width) was 16.9 mm × 10.7 mm and average length involving the posterior table was 6.9 mm (range, 1–30 mm). Success rate on first attempt was 91.9% (34/37), but improved to 97.3% on subsequent endoscopic revision. One patient required a cranialization. The average follow-up was 48 weeks. The nasoseptal flap was used for reconstruction in 27 patients. A Draf III procedure (ie, bilateral resection of the frontal sinus floor) was required in 14 subjects. Three patients were referred as a result of unsuccessful closure following cranializations; their CSF leaks were successfully repaired using endoscopic approaches. Two individuals required a subsequent endoscopic frontal sinus procedure, but have maintained long-term patency following revision. Conclusion: Frontal sinus CSF leaks were successfully closed in 97.3% of individuals. Our data supports the routine use of endoscopic repair in the treatment algorithm for frontal sinus skull-base defects. © 2012 ARS-AAOA, LLC.
Time-Lag Analysis of the Townsend Discharge in Argon with Activated Caesium Electrodes

A study of the time-lag in a photoelectric, gas amplified discharge for parallel electrodes as a function of gas pressure, plate separation, and amplification has demonstrated that diffusion of metastable argon atoms is the source of the lag and that these atoms striking the activated caesium cathode are highly efficient in liberating secondary electrons. The Townsend ionization coefficients, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$, have been determined in the usual manner over an extended range of values of $\frac{E}{{p}_{0}}$. Analysis of the time-lag function has made possible the separation of the number of secondary electrons released at the cathode into those due to positive ions and those produced by metastable argon atoms. A factor representing the fraction of electron energy gained in the field which is used to excite atoms to the metastable level has been determined as a function of $\frac{E}{{p}_{0}}$. The coefficient of diffusion of metastable argon atoms in argon has been computed and shown to be that expected for a metastable atom having a diameter effectively 1.74 that of the normal atom.
Rapid Evaluation of Thin Film Interfacial Reactions Using Temperature-Ramped Measurements

We describe an approach for rapid evaluation of thin film interfacial reactions using a combination of temperature-ramped in situ measurements of sheet resistance, calorimetry and stress. Electrical, mechanical and thermal measurements at elevated temperatures provide detailed reaction information which is unavailable in room temperature measurements. Kinetic data is particularly useful in making comparisons with mechanistic models. The following examples are discussed: 1. Effects of interfacial oxygen on Ta as a diffusion barrier between Cu and Si, 2. Effects of interfacial oxygen on the Cu/Mg reaction to form CuMg 2 and Cu 2 Mg, 3. Effects of the density of internal interfaces (grain boundaries) on Al 2 Cu dissolution and precipitation in Al-Cu alloys.
Why non-uniform priors on clades are both unavoidable and unobjectionable.

Pickett and Randle (2005) showed that for n > 4 taxa, any prior probability distribution that is uniform with respect to tree topologies induces a non-uniform distribution on clades. Steel and Pickett (2006) then strengthened this result by proving that any label invariant distribution on trees induces a non-uniform prior on clades, but left open the possibility of a uniform distribution on clades that is not label invariant. The point of this letter is to show that uniform priors on clades are impossible on any probability distribution on topologies (with five or more leaf taxa) and that this fact is in no way a bad consequence for Bayesian phylogenetic practice.
Modified Starnes Procedure in a Neonate With Severe Tricuspid Regurgitation

We report a modification of the Starnes technique for palliating severe tricuspid regurgitation associated with a dysplastic right ventricle in a neonate, using a fenestrated pericardial patch allowing for unidirectional flow. The patient eventually underwent a successful Glenn shunt construction with a persistent reduction in right ventricle size at 1 year follow-up.
Observations on the mental hedonic gland-cluster of eastern salamanders of the genusPlethodon

Mental glands of eastern salamanders of the genusPlethodon were examined to determine differences in shape, and to ascertain their value as a taxonomic character. Shape of the glands conforms to recognized species groups in smallPlethodon; all largePlethodon have generally the same shape regardless of species group.P. wehrlei appears intermediate, perhaps more closely allied with the largePlethodon. Mental gland shape of the cinereus species group appears similar to that of the westernPlethodon.
Further studies of the effects of inhaled glucocorticoids on pituitary-adrenal function in healthy adults☆

We compared the effects of increasing doses of beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) and fluocortin butylester (FCB) on several indices of pituitary-adrenal function in healthy adult subjects. Significant depression of urinary free cortisol excretion and the response to metyrapone was seen only at the highest dose (1600 mg/day) of BDP. This depression was not reflected by frequent measurement of the serum cortisol concentration. FCB used well in excess of its presumed therapeutic dose range showed no evidence of any effect on pituitary-adrenal function. These results confirm that at high doses BDP causes pituitary adrenal suppression. Differences from studies showing reduced adrenal function in children on BDP doses of 400 to 800 mg/day probably reflect differences in the dose per kilogram of body weight. Since the use of FCB was not accompanied by any adverse side effects or evidence of reduced pituitary-adrenal function, it may be a variable alternative for asthmatics who require high doses of inhaled glucocorticoid.
Electrospun nanofiber supported thin film composite membranes for engineered osmosis

Engineered osmosis (EO) is a membrane based separation technology with applications to sustainable energy, resource recovery, and water production. Still emerging, EO utilizes energy stored as chemical potential (osmotic pressure) to generate power or purify water, but the lack of membranes with suitable water flux, solute rejection, mechanical strength, and chemical stability has limited EO development. In this study, we attempt to address low water flux by proposing a novel thin film composite membrane for EO. This TFC membrane comprises an electrospun polymeric nanofiber support layer and a polyamide skin layer formed by in situ polymerization. The best nanofiber supported-polyamide composite membranes exhibited two to five times higher flux with up to 100 times lower salt flux than a standard commercial forward osmosis membrane. These results suggest that electrospun nanofiber supported polyamide composite membranes may enable applications like forward osmosis where internal concentration polarization is the performance-limiting factor. More research is needed to establish the applicability of this new membrane design for engineered osmosis applications involving harsh chemical environments and elevated mechanical pressures.
Perturbation pressure fields measured by aircraft around the cloud-base updraft of deep convective clouds

Abstract Perturbation pressure fields are measured by aircraft around the cloud base updrafts of seven clouds ranging in size from weak cumulus congestus to intense cumulonimbus during CCOPE (1981). The fields are characterized by a high-low pressure couplet of similar size to the updraft, but a quarter-wavelength out of Phase, with the minimum pressure downshear of the updraft maximum. An estimate of the terms in the Poisson equation for pressure show that the pressure perturbation results chiefly from the interaction of the updraft with the vertical shear of the environmental horizontal wind. The behavior of the pressure oscillation is well predicted by inserting sinusoidal functions in the corresponding terms in the Poisson equation. The amplitude of the pressure oscillation is proportional to the wavelengths of the pressure and vertical-velocity fields, the amplitude of the vertical-velocity oscillation, and the vertical shear of the horizontal environmental wind through cloud base, measured in the di...
Computational algorithms for constructing reflectors

Consider a point source of light O radiating with intensity I(m) in direction m. Let R be a perfectly reflecting smooth surface. Suppose that a light ray emitted by the source O in direction m hits the surface R and reflects off it in direction y. Denote by γ:my the corresponding map defined by the surface R which transforms the set of rays incident on R into a set of reflected directions. If J(γ(·)) is the Jacobian of this map then the light intensity in direction y=γ(m) is given by I(m)/|J(γ(m))|. The problem consists of constructing a reflecting surface R such that for given sets of input and output directions (input and output apertures, respectively) and given input and output light intensities I and L, the surface R maps the input aperture into the output aperture and relates the input and output intensities via the energy conservation law of geometrical optics, that is, I(γ-1(y))|J(γ-1(y))|=L(y). This equation can be re-written as a second order equation of Monge–Ampere type. Theoretical results regarding its solvability have been established in [2] and a numerical method for calculating its solutions was proposed in [1]. In this paper we investigate a numerical procedure which in combination with the method in [1] provides a faster computational scheme for numerical solution of this problem.
Bond Graph Modelling for Non-Linear Hydro-Mechanical Systems:

AbstractBond graphs are a concise pictorial representation of the interactive dynamics of all types of engineering systems. Relatively few symbols are needed to represent these systems, and this includes non-linear mechanics interacting with hydraulic or pneumatic subsystems. Agricultural and construction equipments and vehicles are examples of such complex systems.Assembling overall system models of such complex systems can be very difficult without a unifying procedure that indicates computational causality as the model is developed. Bond graphs allow for the continuous assessment of causality as a model is developed, regardless of the non-linearity of the individual pieces. This causality indicates computational problems and allows the modeller to address these problems prior to deriving equations or attempting to simulate the system.The development of such models is done here as generally as possible, but is applied to an unstable backhoe as an example. The systematic modelling procedures of a backhoe...
Clinical impact of dose overestimation by effective path length calculation in stereotactic ablative radiation therapy of lung tumors.

Abstract Purpose To determine the clinical impact of calculated dose differences between effective path length (EPL) and Monte Carlo (MC) algorithms in stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR) of lung tumors. Methods and Materials We retrospectively analyzed the treatment plans and clinical outcomes of 77 consecutive patients treated with SABR for 82 lung tumors between 2003 and 2009 at our institution. Sixty treatments were originally planned using EPL, and 22 using MC. All plans were recalculated for the same beam specifications using MC and EPL, respectively. The doses covering 95%, 50%, and 5% (D95, D50, D5, respectively) of the target volumes were compared between EPL and MC (assumed to be the actual delivered dose), both as physical dose and biologically effective dose. Time to local recurrence was correlated with dose by Cox regression analysis. The relationship between tumor control probability (TCP) and biologically effective dose was determined via logistic regression and used to estimate the TCP decrements due to prescribing by EPL calculations. Results EPL overestimated dose compared with MC in all tumor dose-volume histogram parameters in all plans. The difference was >10% of the MC D95 to the planning target volume and gross tumor volume in 60 of 82 (73%) and 52 of 82 plans (63%), respectively. Local recurrence occurred in 13 of 82 tumors. Controlling for gross tumor volume, higher physical and biologically effective planning target volume D95 correlated significantly with local control (P = .007 and P = .045, respectively). Compared with MC, prescribing based on EPL translated to a median TCP decrement of 4.3% (range, 1.2%-37%) and a >5% decrement in 46% of tumors. Conclusions Clinical follow-up for local lung tumor control in a sizable cohort of patients treated with SABR demonstrates that EPL overestimates dose by amounts that substantially decrease TCP in a large proportion. EPL algorithms should be avoided for lung tumor SABR.
What is the Role and Limit of Calcaneal Osteotomy in the Cavovarus Foot

Calcaneal osteotomy is a commonly used tool in cavovarus foot reconstructions. Understanding the indications and limitations of such an osteotomy is critical to success in reconstruction. We present a comprehensive review of surgical calcaneal osteotomy techniques and the currently available state of literature for their indications and limitations.
Explicit Bounded-Degree Unique-Neighbor Concentrators

Here we solve an open problem considered by various researchers by presenting the first explicit constructions of an infinite family $$ {\user1{\mathcal{F}}} $$ of bounded-degree ‘unique-neighbor’ concentrators Γ; i.e., there are strictly positive constants α and e, such that all Γ = (X,Y,E(Γ)) ∈ $$ {\user1{\mathcal{F}}} $$ satisfy the following properties. The output-set Y has cardinality $$ \frac{{21}} {{22}} $$ times that of the input-set X, and for each subset S of X with no more than α|X| vertices, there are at least e|S| vertices in Y that are adjacent in Γ to exactly one vertex in S. Also, the construction of $$ {\user1{\mathcal{F}}} $$ is simple to specify, and each $$ \Gamma \in {\user1{\mathcal{F}}} $$ has fewer than $$ \frac{{7{\left| {V{\left( \Gamma \right)}} \right|}}} {2} $$ edges. We then modify $$ {\user1{\mathcal{F}}} $$ to obtain explicit unique-neighbor concentrators of maximum degree 3.
A Geometric Transversals Approach to Sensor Motion Planning for Tracking Maneuvering Targets

This paper presents a geometric transversals approach for representing the probability of track detection as an analytic function of time and target motion parameters. By this approach, the optimization of the detection probability subject to sensor kinodynamic constraints can be formulated as an optimal control problem. Using the proposed detection probability function, the necessary conditions for optimality can be derived using calculus of variations, and solved numerically using a variational iteration method (VIM). The simulation results show that sensor state and control trajectories obtained by this approach bring about a significant increase in detection probability compared to existing strategies, and require a computation that is significantly reduced compared to direct methods.
The pressure consistency conditions for correlation functions of triplet interaction

Abstract The pressure consistency condition for correlation functions is derived in the case where triplet interaction is present. The method of derivation is through the formalism of inhomogeneous systems.
Evolution of fluctuations near QCD critical point

We propose to describe the time evolution of quasistationary fluctuations near QCD critical point by a system of stochastic Boltzmann-Langevin-Vlasov-type equations. We derive the equations and study the system analytically in the linearized regime. Known results for equilibrium stationary fluctuations as well as the critical scaling of diffusion coefficient are reproduced. We apply the approach to the long-standing question of the fate of the critical point fluctuations during the hadronic rescattering stage of the heavy-ion collision after chemical freeze-out. We find that if conserved particle number fluctuations survive the rescattering, so do, under a certain additional condition, the fluctuations of nonconserved quantities, such as mean transverse momentum. We derive a simple analytical formula for the magnitude of this memory effect.