cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Small College Perspective on Institutional Budget Issues.

Some significant differences exist in institutional budgeting and financing between large universities and small colleges. This chapter looks at these differences and describes some of the issues senior student affairs officers need to become familiar with in order to take on a leadership role in the stewardship of their institution.
CD5+ Immunophenotype in the Bone Marrow but Not in the Peripheral Blood in a Patient with Hairy Cell Leukemia

We report the case of a patient with rare CD5+ hairy cell leukemia, which was unusual, as there was also a discrepancy between the bone marrow and peripheral blood immunophenotypes. We propose that some degree of maturation within the malignant clone and the predominance of more mature CD5- hairy cells in the peripheral blood can explain this observation. The patient was treated with a conventional course of cladribine (2'-chlorodeoxyadenosine) and achieved complete remission. We conclude that the unusual CD5+ immunophenotype of this patient did not affect prognosis or change the response to standard therapy.
Miniature intravesical urethral lengthening procedure for treatment of pediatric neurogenic urinary incontinence.

Purpose: Resistance to flow in a fluid conduit is proportional to tube length divided by the radius to the fourth power (Poiseuille’s law). We report the results of a miniature intravesical urethral lengthening procedure where outlet resistance is increased by minimizing the diameter of the intravesical urethral tube.Materials and Methods: Nine pediatric patients with preoperative intractable incontinence underwent the miniature intravesical urethral lengthening procedure along with continent catheterizable stoma (9 patients) and bladder augmentation (8). The intravesical portion of the urethral lengthening was 3 cm (traditionally 6 cm), and the urethra was tubularized around an 8Fr feeding tube (traditionally a 16Fr catheter). After the tubularized caudal portion was tunneled under the trigone the cephalad part of the urethra was placed as an onlay to the posterior bladder wall without ureteral reimplantation.Results: At a mean followup of 31 months (range 10 to 47) 8 patients reported dry intervals of 3...
Laser ablation and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer with orthogonal sample introduction and axial field rf-only quadrupole cooling

Abstract We describe a laser ablation and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer with orthogonal sample introduction and axial field rf-only quadrupole cooling device. Experimental results have shown the fairly uniform sensitivities for different metal elements, and a satisfactory resolving power. Little interference is shown in the spectrum. The detection limits are about 10− 7–10− 8 g/g for most of the metal elements.
What is the effect of area size when using local area practice style as an instrument

Abstract Objectives Discuss the tradeoffs inherent in choosing a local area size when using a measure of local area practice style as an instrument in instrumental variable estimation when assessing treatment effectiveness. Study Design Assess the effectiveness of angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on survival after acute myocardial infarction for Medicare beneficiaries using practice style instruments based on different-sized local areas around patients. We contrasted treatment effect estimates using different local area sizes in terms of the strength of the relationship between local area practice styles and individual patient treatment choices; and indirect assessments of the assumption violations. Results Using smaller local areas to measure practice styles exploits more treatment variation and results in smaller standard errors. However, if treatment effects are heterogeneous, the use of smaller local areas may increase the risk that local practice style measures are dominated by differences in average treatment effectiveness across areas and bias results toward greater effectiveness. Conclusion Local area practice style measures can be useful instruments in instrumental variable analysis, but the use of smaller local area sizes to generate greater treatment variation may result in treatment effect estimates that are biased toward higher effectiveness. Assessment of whether ecological bias can be mitigated by changing local area size requires the use of outside data sources.
Long term effects of amlodipine on organ damage, stroke and life span in stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats

The long term effects of amlodipine, a new long acting Ca2+ channel antagonist on organ damage, stroke and life span, were examined in stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSPs). Blood pressure of the SHRSPs increased over the first 16 weeks and reached a stable level of about 250 mmHg in controls and about 200 mmHg in the amlodipine treated group. At 15 weeks after starting amlodipine treatment, all control SHRSPs exhibited varying degrees of myocardial fibrosis, proliferative and/or necrotic vasculitis and glomerular lesions, whereas only a few animals in the amlodipine group showed slight lesions. The average life span of animals was estimated to be 43.3 weeks and 71.1 weeks for control and amlodipine groups, respectively, which suggested a 1.6-fold prolongation of their life span by amlodipine treatment. These results indicate that the long term treatment of amlodipine suppresses the incidence of organ damage and stroke in SHRSPs and prolongs their life span.
Dendritic outgrowth of myenteric plexus neurons in primary culture.

Myenteric plexus neurons derived from neonatal guinea pigs, when exposed to serum, demonstrated a characteristic pattern of growth, including a proliferating outgrowth zone of glial cells, peripheral extension of dendritic processes, and progressive dendritic growth. Serum effects upon dendritic growth, measured morphometrically , was strongly dose- and temporally dependent. Dendritic density was increased lofold (120 hr) by the addition of 6% serum, while mean dendritic length was increased 3-fold. Development of cholinergic function was reflected by release of t3H]ACh in response to cholecystokinin octapeptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (10-l’ and 10-a nCr). o 1992
Supercritical Fluids and the Food Industry

This paper reviews the use of supercritical fluids in various aspects of the food industry, and is divided into six different areas: modeling of supercritical fluids, separation of extracted material, supercritical carbon dioxide as a solvent for extraction, supercritical fluids and analytical uses, and supercritical fluids and novel methods of food processing. An assortment of solutes are covered in the extraction section of the paper, including antineoplastic agents and lipids. The analytical methods section covers supercritical fluid chromatography, pesticide detection, and lipid analysis. The novel methods section discusses supercritical fluid extrusion and a new method of eliminating hexane from soybean oil.
Molecular description of three macro-deletions and an Alu–Alu recombination-mediated duplication in the HPRT gene in four patients with Lesch-Nyhan disease

Mutations in the HPRT gene cause a spectrum of diseases that ranges from hyperuricemia alone to hyperuricemia with profound neurological and behavioral dysfunction. The extreme phenotype is termed Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. In 271 cases in which the germinal HPRT mutation has been characterized, 218 different mutations have been found. Of these, 34 (13%) are large- (macro-) deletions of one exon or greater and four (2%) are partial gene duplications. The deletion breakpoint junctions have been defined for only three of the 34 macro-deletions. The molecular basis of two of the four duplications has been defined. We report here the breakpoint junctions for three new deletion mutations, encompassing exons 4-8 (20033bp), exons 4 and 5 (13307bp) and exons 5 and 6 (9454bp), respectively. The deletion breakpoints were defined by a combination of long polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications, and conventional PCR and DNA sequencing. All three deletions are the result of non-homologous recombinations. A fourth mutation, a duplication of exons 2 and 3, is the result of an Alu-mediated homologous recombination between identical 19bp sequences in introns 3 and 1. In toto, two of three germinal HPRT duplication mutations appear to have been caused by Alu-mediated homologous recombination, while only one of six deletion mutations appears to have resulted from this type of recombination mechanism. The other five deletion mutations resulted from non-homologous recombination. With this admittedly limited number of characterized macro-mutations, Alu-mediated unequal homologous recombinations account for at least 8% (3 of 38) of the macro-alterations and 1% (3 of 271) of the total HPRT germinal mutations.
28 CHANGES IN CEREBRAL PERFUSION DURING NEONATAL EXTRA- CORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION

Top of pageAbstract To further understand the pattern of cerebral blood flow during neonatal ECMO, we performed serial measurements of the peak systolic (PSFV), end-diastolic (EDFV), and mean blood flow velocities (MFV) of the anterior cerebral arteries in 8 infants pre-, during, and post-ECMO. Mean ± SD values of the MFV increased from 9.4 ± 2.4 cm/sec pre-ECMO to 13.0 ± 2.2 cm/sec (p<0.01) during maximal bypass flow (91 ± 17 ml/min/kg). Simultaneously, the mean EDFV increased from 4.0 ± 1.9 to 7.2 ± 1.7 an/ sec (p<0.01), the mean PSFV increased from 10.3 ± 1.9 to 12.8 ± 3.1 cm/sec (NS), and the pulsatillty index (PI: PSFV-EDFV/PSFV) decreased from 0.63 ± 0.12 to 0.45 ± 0.05 (p<0.01). Post-ECMO values of MFV (8.4 ± 2.5 cm/sec), EDFV (3.8 ± 1.4 cm/sec), PSFV (9.3 ± 2.5 cm/sec), and PI (0.60 ± 0.08) were comparable to pre-ECMO values. During weaning from ECMO the PI increased steadily with a concomitant decrease of the MFV. These data indicate that during neonatal ECMO cerebral perfusion is higher and cerebral vascular resistance lower than pre-and post-ECMO and that these changes are related to the amount of bypass used.
Quantifying precision of in situ length and weight measurements of fish

Abstract We estimated and compared errors in field-made (in situ) measurements of lengths and weights of fish. We made three measurements of length and weight on each of 33 common carp Cyprinus carpio, and on each of a total of 34 bluegills Lepomis macrochirus and black crappies Pomoxis nigromaculatus. Maximum total lengths of all fish were measured to the nearest 1 mm on a conventional measuring board. The bluegills and black crappies (85–282 mm maximum total length) were weighed to the nearest 1 g on a 1,000-g spring-loaded scale. The common carp (415–600 mm maximum total length) were weighed to the nearest 0.05 kg on a 20-kg spring-loaded scale. We present a statistical model for comparison of coefficients of variation of length (Cl ) and weight (Cw ). Expected Cl was near zero and constant across mean length, indicating that length can be measured with good precision in the field. Expected Cw decreased with increasing mean length, and was larger than expected Cl by 5.8 to over 100 times for the bluegi...
Pathologic effects of butylated triphenyl phosphate-based hydraulic fluid and tricresyl phosphate on the adrenal gland, ovary, and testis in the Fischer-344 rat.

Triaryl phosphates including tricresyl phosphate (TCP) and butylated triphenyl phosphates (BTPs) are used in the commercial manufacture of plastics, lubricants, and hydraulic fluids. Recent reports implicate these compounds as endocrine and reproductive toxicants in rodents. The objectives of this study were to develop and characterize a rat model to investigate the mechanism(s) of toxicity of triaryl phosphate-based hydraulic fluids and to elucidate potential mechanistic pathways of toxicity through studies of structural/ functional relationships. Groups of male and female rats received daily oral doses of either sesame oil alone or 1.7 g/kg of BTP or 0.4 g/kg TCP in sesame oil vehicle or 2.8 g/kg neat BTP for 20, 40, and 60 days. Light microscopic, morphometric, ultrastructural, and histochemical studies revealed hypertrophy and cholesteryl lipidosis of adrenocortical (both sexes) and ovarian interstitial cells that were progressive with duration of exposure. Minimal degeneration was observed in the adr...
Waves traveling over slightly curved surfaces

An investigation of the effects of curving the structure over which a surface wave is guided is of interest in the design of radiators in which surface waves are used as well as in the development of transitions or the bending of surface waveguides. Applications may also be found in the areas of scattering and diffraction by curved slow-wave structures. The effects of curvature in the direction of propagation are studied by utilizing a sequence of easily solved differential equations which is obtained by use of the coordinate transformation.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE CONTEXT EFFECT IN MATRIX SAMPLING1

Practical use of the matrix sampling (i.e. item sampling) technique requires the assumption that an examinee's response to an item is independent of the context in which the item occurs. This assumption was tested experimentally by comparing the responses of examinees to a population of items with the responses of examinees to item samples. Matrix sampling mean and variance estimates for verbal, quantitative, and attitude tests were used as dependent variables to test for differences between the “context” and “out-of-context” groups. The estimates obtained from both treatment groups were also compared with actual population values. No significant differences were found between treatments on matrix sample parameter estimates for any of the three types of tests.
CrossTalk opposing view: The human upper airway during sleep does not behave like a Starling resistor

1988).Initssimplestform,a Starling resistor is a compliant tube; theinlet and outlet pressures are speciﬁed, as isthepressureexteriortothetube.Becausetheexteriorpressureandtheupstreampressureare coupled (e.g. through lung recoil) suchasystemtypicallydisplaysthephenomenonof ﬂow limitation. Increases in drivingand exterior pressure lead to increasesin ﬂow, but only up to a point beyondwhich ﬂow is constant: the system is ﬂowlimited.Thisphenomenonhasbeenexplainedandinterpreted on a number of grounds: theequalpressurepointconceptofMead(Mead
High-dose intravitreal ganciclovir and foscarnet for cytomegalovirus retinitis.

Abstract PURPOSE: To describe the chronic use of high doses of intravitreal ganciclovir, in combination with foscarnet, for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. METHODS: A 31-year-old man with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and unilateral active cytomegalovirus retinitis was treated with escalating intravitreal injections of ganciclovir (up to 3.0 mg twice a week) in combination with foscarnet (up to 2.4 mg twice a week) over the course of approximately 1 year. RESULTS: Complete regression of the retinitis was obtained with high doses of intravitreal ganciclovir and foscarnet. Visual acuity in the affected eye remained 20/20 throughout the course of therapy. No ganciclovir retinal toxicity was identified. CONCLUSION: High doses of intravitreal ganciclovir in combination with foscarnet can be well tolerated and may be required to successfully control cytomegalovirus retinitis in some patients.
The influence of sex of child on parental reactions to toddler children.

FAGOT, BEVERLY I. The Influence of Sex of Child on Parental Reactions to Toddler Children. CHLD DEVELOPMENT, 1978, 49, 459-465. Toddler children and their parents were observed in their homes using an observation checklist of 46 child behaviors and 19 reactions by parents. The parent behaviors were categorized as positive, negative, or neutral, and parental reactions to specific child behaviors were examined to determine if the sex of the child or the actual behavior influenced the type of parental reaction. It was found that parents reacted significantly more favorably to the child when the child was engaged in a same-sex-preferred behavior and were more likely to give negative responses to cross-sex-preferred behaviors. Parents gave girls more negative responses when engaged in active, large motor activities. They gave girls more positive responses when they engaged in adult-oriented, dependent behavior. No difference in parental reaction toward boys and girls was present for aggressive behavior. Parents' self-report data and the observation of parents' reactions did not correlate highly.
Kaon rescattering in relativistic nuclear collisions

Abstract Kaons produced in relativistic nuclear collisions may collide with surrounding nucleaons before escaping the interaction zone. This rescattering mechanism alters significantly the observable kaon spectra, particularly at large angles where the yield and the apparent temperature are both dramatically increased.
A new preparatory regimen for autologous bone marrow transplantation for patients with lymphoma.

Background This trial studied the feasibility and efficacy of a new preparatory regimen for autologous bone marrow transplantation for patients with advanced lymphoid malignancies. Methods Twenty-one patients with Hodgkin's disease (n = 12) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (n = 9) were treated in this study. Lomustine was substituted for carmustine) in a dose-escalation study with an initial dose of 6 mg/kg and increasing by 3 mg/kg in groups of four patients. The preparatory regimen consisted of lomustine (6-15 mg/kg) orally on Day -6, etoposide (60 mg/kg) intravenously (i.v.) on Day -4, and cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) i.v. on Day -2. Peripheral blood progenitor cells and/or bone marrow were infused on Day 0. Results Lomustine was well tolerated in all patients with no significant toxicity specific to this drug. Engraftment was prompt: the time to achieving greater than or equal to 500 granulocytes/microliters was 12 days (range, 9-16 days) and the time to achieving greater than or equal to 25,000 platelets/microliters without transfusion support was 16 days (range, 9-22 days). Five patients experienced interstitial pneumonitis, three of whom had active or recent interstitial pneumonitis before bone marrow transplantation, and one who just completed mantle irradiation. Three patients died from this preparatory regimen, one of progressive interstitial pneumonitis, one of Legionella pneumonia, and one of multiorgan failure. Three patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma relapsed. Fourteen patients are currently alive and disease free to date. The actuarial are currently alive and disease free to date. The actuarial disease free survival was 57%, with a median follow-up of 23 months (range, 1-48 months). Conclusion The preparatory regimen consisting of lomustine/etoposide/cyclophosphamide is active in treating patients with lymphomas. Further trials with high doses of lomustine are warranted.
Apparent response of refractory post-transfusion purpura to splenectomy

Post transfusion purpura (PTP) is a rare disorder characterized by the abrupt onset of severe thrombocytopenia following transfusion. A patient with PTP and massive bleeding was refractory to corticosteroids, gamma globulin, and plasma exchange but developed an immediate and sustained rise in platelet count following splenectomy. Splenectomy may be a useful therapeutic modality in patients with refractory PTP.
Experimental Study of an Extremely Flexible Rotor for Microhelicopters

This paper describes the development and testing of a rotor with extremely flexible blades, focusing on application to a microhelicopter. The goal is to develop rotor blades that are so flexible that they can be rolled into a compact volume and stowed inside the rotor hub. The design of an 18-in-diameter two-bladed rotor with flexible blades is presented. Stiffening and stabilization of the rotor blades are enabled by centrifugal forces acting on a tip mass. The relationship between blade-design parameters, aeroelastic stability boundaries, and hover performance is explored by a systematic set of experiments. It is observed that rotational speed and collective pitch angles have a significant effect on rotor stability. In addition, a large negative spanwise twist is induced in the flexible blades during stable operation, resulting in a decreased efficiency compared with rigid rotor blades having an identical planform and airfoil section. Different approaches to passively tailor the induced twist distribution are investigated. The highest efficiency was measured on a configuration making use of the propeller moment acting on a tip mass located at an index angle to the blade chord. A maximum figure of merit of 0.51 was measured at a blade loading of 0.14, which is comparable to the efficiency of rigid rotor blades.
GOAL: a software tool for assessing biological significance of genes groups.

Modern high throughput experimental techniques such as DNA microarrays often result in large lists of genes. Computational biology tools such as clustering are then used to group together genes based on their similarity in expression profiles. Genes in each group are probably functionally related. The functional relevance among the genes in each group is usually characterized by utilizing available biological knowledge in public databases such as Gene Ontology (GO), KEGG pathways, association between a transcription factor (TF) and its target genes, and/or gene networks. We developed GOAL: G ene O ntology A naL yzer, a software tool specifically designed for the functional evaluation of gene groups. GOAL implements and supports efficient and statistically rigorous functional interpretations of gene groups through its integration with available GO, TF-gene association data, and association with KEGG pathways. In order to facilitate more specific functional characterization of a gene group, we implement three GO-tree search strategies rather than one as in most existing GO analysis tools. Furthermore, GOAL offers flexibility in deployment. It can be used as a standalone tool, a plug-in to other computational biology tools, or a web server application. We developed a functional evaluation software tool, GOAL, to perform functional characterization of a gene group. GOAL offers three GO-tree search strategies and combines its strength in function integration, portability and visualization, and its flexibility in deployment. Furthermore, GOAL can be used to evaluate and compare gene groups as the output from computational biology tools such as clustering algorithms.
Toward self-powered sensor networks

Summary The future of nanotechnology is likely to focus on the areas of integrating individual nanodevices into a nanosystem that acts like living specie with sensing, communicating, controlling and responding. A nanosystem requires a nano-power source to make the entire package extremely small and high performance. The goal is to make self-powered nanosystem that can operate wirelessly, independently and sustainably. The self-powering approach developed here is a new paradigm in nanotechnology for truly achieving sustainable self-sufficient micro/nano-systems, which are of critical importance for sensing, medical science, infrastructure/environmental monitoring, defense technology and even personal electronics.
Optical and photoreceptor immaturities limit the spatial and chromatic vision of human neonates.

We examine the contributions of preneural mechanisms, i.e., the optics of the eye and the aperture, spacing, and efficiency of foveal cones, to poor spatial and chromatic vision in human neonates. We do so by comparing the performances of ideal observers incorporating the characteristics of the optics and the foveal cones of adults and neonates. Our analyses show that many, but not all, of the differences between neonatal and adult contrast sensitivities and grating acuities can be explained by age-related changes in these factors. The analyses also predict differing growth curves for vernier and grating acuities. Finally, we demonstrate that preneural mechanisms constrain chromatic discrimination in human neonates and that discrimination failures may reflect poor visual efficiency rather than immature chromatic mechanisms per se.
Optimization of a link adaptation algorithm for voice over wireless LAN applications

Auto rate fallback (ARF) is a link adaptation algorithm that uses layer-2 acknowledgement messages to make decisions to increase or decrease the transmission rate. The algorithm is configured by choosing thresholds to define its behavior. The ARF algorithm is applied to voice-over-IP users in an IEEE 802.11a wireless LAN system, and system simulation is used to determine the optimal ARF configuration. Configuration performance is judged using a unique voice quality metric, which is used to establish a measure of system capacity for a single access point with several voice users. Results indicate that the ARF configuration can significantly impact capacity, and one configuration of ARF provides a capacity within 13% of the available capacity.
Numerical verification and extension of an analytic generalized inverse for common-depth-point and vertical-seismic-profile traveltime equations

This paper empirically establishes the range of validity for an analytic generalized inverse (assuming negligible ray bending) associated with one‐dimensional vertical seismic profiles (VSP) or common‐depth‐point (CDP) traveltime equations. Computer tests show that the analytic inverse closely predicts the condition number of [L˜TL˜) and roughly predicts some features of the unit covariance matrix for a source offset‐to‐well depth ratio less than 1. The analytic inverse is invalid for offset‐to‐depth ratios greater than 1; i.e., when ray bending becomes severe enough to violate the assumption of negligible ray bending. To overcome the restriction of negligible ray bending, we extend the analytic inverse to traveltime equations which honor Snell’s law. Computer tests show this extended inverse is a good approximation to the actual generalized inverse. The extended inverse appears to be valid for any practical source‐receiver offset and any layered velocity structure. The important implication is that, prio...
Defining an individual's critical wealth level

The author uses an expected utility function of time and wealth to define an individual’s critical wealth level. Traditional asset allocation models are based on modern portfolio theory’s assumptions that individuals are homogenous wealth maximizers who have the same time horizon. These assumptions are questioned beyond the critical wealth level. Individuals often retire voluntarily once a target wealth level is obtained that optimizes their desired sustainable consumption and amount of leisure time. The critical wealth level is an important reference point that provides a theoretical basis for the start of the reduction in risky asset allocations for individuals who value leisure time and wealth.
Genes involved in long-chain alkene biosynthesis in Micrococcus luteus.

Aliphatic hydrocarbons are highly appealing targets for advanced cellulosic biofuels, as they are already predominant components of petroleum-based gasoline and diesel fuels. We have studied alkene biosynthesis in Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698, a close relative of Sarcina lutea (now Kocuria rhizophila), which 4 decades ago was reported to biosynthesize iso- and anteiso-branched, long-chain alkenes. The underlying biochemistry and genetics of alkene biosynthesis were not elucidated in those studies. We show here that heterologous expression of a three-gene cluster from M. luteus (Mlut_13230-13250) in a fatty acid-overproducing Escherichia coli strain resulted in production of long-chain alkenes, predominantly 27:3 and 29:3 (no. carbon atoms: no. CC bonds). Heterologous expression of Mlut_13230 (oleA) alone produced no long-chain alkenes but unsaturated aliphatic monoketones, predominantly 27:2, and in vitro studies with the purified Mlut_13230 protein and tetradecanoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) produced the same C27 monoketone. Gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry confirmed the elemental composition of all detected long-chain alkenes and monoketones (putative intermediates of alkene biosynthesis). Negative controls demonstrated that the M. luteus genes were responsible for production of these metabolites. Studies with wild-type M. luteus showed that the transcript copy number of Mlut_13230-13250 and the concentrations of 29:1 alkene isomers (the dominant alkenes produced by this strain) generally corresponded with bacterial population over time. We propose a metabolic pathway for alkene biosynthesis starting with acyl-CoA (or-ACP [acyl carrier protein]) thioesters and involving decarboxylative Claisen condensation as a key step, which we believe is catalyzed by OleA. Such activity is consistent with our data and with the homology (including the conserved Cys-His-Asn catalytic triad) of Mlut_13230 (OleA) to FabH (β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III), which catalyzes decarboxylative Claisen condensation during fatty acid biosynthesis.
The spread of LAGLIDADG homing endonuclease genes in rDNA

Group I introns that encode homing endonuclease genes (HEGs) are highly invasive genetic elements. Their movement into a homologous position in an intron-less allele is termed homing. Although the mechanism of homing is well understood, the evolutionary relationship between HEGs and their intron partners remains unclear. Here we have focused on the largest family of HEGs (encoding the protein motif, LAGLIDADG) to understand how HEGs and introns move in rDNA. Our analysis shows the phylogenetic clustering of HEGs that encode a single copy of the LAGLIDADG motif in neighboring, but often evolutionarily distantly related, group I introns. These endonucleases appear to have inserted into existing introns independent of ribozymes. In contrast, our data support a common evolutionary history for a large family of heterologous introns that encode HEGs with a duplicated LAGLIDADG motif. This finding suggests that intron/double-motif HEG elements can move into heterologous sites as a unit. Our data also suggest that a subset of the double-motif HEGs in rDNA originated from the duplication and fusion of a single-motif HEG encoded by present-day ribozymes in LSU rDNA.
INCREDYBLE: A new search strategy for design automation problems with applications to testing

A new search strategy for design automation problems is proposed, that is directly applicable to circuits having a size parameter (e.g., operand size), and indirectly, to random-logic circuits as well. Under the proposed approach, exhaustive search for an optimal solution is performed for small versions of the target circuit, obtained by scaling-down all the size parameters of the circuit (e.g., by reducing the operand size). The optimal solutions obtained for the small circuits are studied, and analytic rules are derived to capture their common features. Using these rules, the solutions are scaled-up into a high-quality solution for the large target circuit. The method, its feasibility and limitations are described in this work. The method is applied to two problems related to testing of digital circuits, namely, test generation for stuck-at faults and test generation for path delay faults. >
Color Naming and the Phototoxic Effects of Sunlight on the Eye

Many languages have no basic color term for "blue." Instead, they call short-wavelength stimuli "green" or "dark". We show that this cultural, linguistic phenomenon could result from accelerated aging of the eye because of high, chronic exposure to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) in sunlight (e.g., phototoxic lens brunescence). Reviewing 203 world languages, we found a significant relationship between UV dosage and color naming: In low-UV localities, languages generally have the word "blue"; in high-UV areas, languages without "blue" prevail. Furthermore, speakers of these non-"blue" languages often show blue-yellow color vision deficiency. We tested our phototoxicity hypothesis in a color-naming experiment, using computerized, colorimetric simulations of Munsell colors as viewed through clear and brunescent lenses. As predicted, our young subjects used "blue" as in English when the simulated lens was clear, but named colors as in tropical languages when the lens was dense. Our within-subjects design precludes a cultural explanation for this result.
N-3 Fatty Acids Inhibit Vascular Calcification Via the p38-Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Pathways

Fish oil supplementation is associated with lower risk of coronary artery disease in humans, and it has been shown to reduce ectopic calcification in an animal model. However, whether N-3 fatty acids, active ingredients of fish oil, have direct effects on calcification of vascular cells is not clear. In this report, we investigated the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization of calcifying vascular cells (CVCs), a subpopulation of bovine aortic medial cells that undergo osteoblastic differentiation and form calcified matrix in vitro. Results showed that N-3 fatty acids inhibited alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization of vascular cells, suggesting that they directly affect osteoblastic differentiation in vascular cells. By Western blot analysis, DHA activated p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) but not extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) or Akt. An inhibitor of p38-MAPK partially reversed the inhibitory effec...
PGF2alpha induced differential expression of genes involved in turnover of extracellular matrix in rat decidual cells.

In the rat, the decidual tissue is an important component for maternal recognition of pregnancy. Decidualization can be induced by either the implantation of the blastocyst or by artificial stimuli. The process of decidua formation or decidualization, is characterized by growth and differentiation of endometrial stromal cells. Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2α) has been shown to be involved in inhibition of implantation, alteration of embryo development, induction of luteal regression, and the mediation of pregnancy loss induced by microorganism infections. In order to establish a direct role for PGF2α in decidual function, we have evaluated its effects on the expression of an extensive array of genes using primary decidual cell culture. Upon treatment with PGF2α sixty genes were significantly down-regulated whereas only six genes were up-regulated (from a total of 1176 genes studied). Interestingly, the majority of the genes inhibited by PGF2α are either directly or indirectly involved in the turnover of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Genes such as gelatinase A (MMP2), cathepsin L, tissue inhibitor metalloproteinases 2 (TIMP2) and 3 (TIMP3), plasminogen activator inhibitor1 (PAI1), tissue type plasminogen activator (tPA), urokinase plasminogen activator (tPA), endothelin 1, calponin, carboxypeptidase D and calponin acidic were down regulated. The opposite effect was observed for prostromelysin 53 kDa (proMMP3), plasma proteinase I alpha and alpha 1 antiproteinase, all of which were significantly up-regulated by PGF2α. The results strongly suggest that the abortificient role of elevated levels of PGF2α after implantation is due, in large part, to inhibition of genes involved in the normal turnover of the extracellular matrix necessary for decidual formation.
On “The Physical Therapy and Society Summit (PASS) Meeting…” Kigin CM, Rodgers MM, Wolf SL; for the PASS Steering Committee members. Phys Ther. 2010;90:1555–1567.

I read with interest the perspective on the PASS meeting.1 Obviously, a great deal of work and thought went into the deliberations. Understandably, only general directions can be described at this stage of planning, but, for the naive reader, a few examples with some details would be useful. For example, there was frequent reference to the “paradigm shift” in health care delivery, yet a clear explanation of what the shift is going to be or even the potential possibilities was not evident. Possibly, the proposed “patient-centered” care is the paradigm shift, but the meaning and implications of this concept need additional explanation. In some ways, I always thought the patient was the focus. Maybe this is a way of saying that all of the individuals involved in a patient's care need to interact more than is currently the situation. This has been the “rehabilitation model,” but maybe not applied to other conditions. I believe that is because only relatively recently have we recognized the “lifestyle” relationship of most health-compromising conditions. I did note a specific recommendation that physical therapy will be more involved in fitness, wellness, and health and that technology would be important. I do believe that exercise is key to what defines physical therapy and key to our economic future. What worries me is the implementation of this direction. Such recommendations have been made before, as in Marilyn Moffat's 2004 Mary McMillan Lecture.2 In her lecture, the critical issue that Moffat posed was that “we have lost sight of what is necessary to make us exercise experts.”2(p1078) Moffat specifically cited the educational programs as losing sight; …
Gender, racial, ethnic, sexual, and class identities

▪ Abstract Identity is the individual's psychological relationship to particular social category systems. This chapter summarizes how people create and negotiate their gender, racial, ethnic, sexual, and class identities. Theories, methods, and priorities in each of these content areas differ. However, each systematically excludes particular research participants and thus ignores the complexity of people's multiple social identities. Research suggests that gender, racial, ethnic, sexual, and class identities are fluid, multidimensional, personalized social constructions that reflect the individual's current context and sociohistorical cohort. However, far too little empirical work captures the richly textured, theoretical conceptions of identity development, maintenance, and change. Innovative methods for assessing the content and structure of people's identities now exist. Future research should include groups other than young children or college students; should explore functions of identity other than ...
What is Rural Economics

Three groups of rural economists, 300. — Dominance of the first group, emphasizing farm management, 301. — Its position unsound in principle, 302. — Difficulties of combining the individual with the social point of view, 303. — Multiplicity of subjects treated, 304. — Doubtful whether rural economics can be separated from general economics, 308.
Synthesis and crystal structures of the bis-Schiff bases of 2-(methylthio)aniline with isophthaldehyde, terephthaldehyde, and para-diacetylbenzene

The crystal structures of the new compounds 1,3-bis(((2-methylthio)phenylimino)methyl)benzene (1), 1,4-bis(((2-methylthio)phenylimino)methyl)benzene (2), and 1,4-bis(1-((2-methylthio)phenylimino)ethyl)benzene (3) were obtained by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna21 with a=16.8250(13) A, b=18.1068(13) A, c=6.3086(5) A; and Z=4. Compound 2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group $$P\bar 1$$ with a=6.7532(7) A, b=9.4433(9) A, c=15.2473(15) A; and α=86.339(2)°, β=80.609(2)°, γ=80.962(2)°; and Z=2. Compound 3 crystallizes in the triclinic space group $$P\bar 1$$ with a=6.787(3) A, b=7.517(3) A, c=10.653(4) A; and α=89.998(7)°, β=72.341(7)°, γ=75.998(7)°; and Z=1. Details of the synthesis, structures, and spectroscopic results are discussed.
ULTRAFAST DYNAMICS AND STRUCTURE AT AQUEOUS INTERFACES BY SECOND HARMONIC GENERATION

Abstract Femtosecond time-resolved second harmonic generation studies of the barrierless isomerization of an organic dye, malachite green (MG), have been carried out at several aqueous interfaces. A comparison of the dynamics at the air/aqeous, alkane/aqueous and silica/aqueous interafces, indicates increased friction and increased water structure at the aqueous interfaces relative to bulk water, in support of molecular simulations, with the silica/aqueous interface being the most structured. The dynamics are slower at all of these interfaces than in bulk water, by a factor of three of five in the case of the air/aqueous and alkane/aqueous interfaces, and almost an order of magnitude in the case of the silica/aqueous interface. These investigations also indicate that the generally accepted isomerization model of twisting of the three aromatic rings about the central carbon atom requires modification in that the synchronous twisting of all three aromatic rings is not necessary for rapid internal conversion from the excited to ground electronic state. In contrast to MG, the dynamics of the activated photoisomerization of the cyanine dye, 3,3′-diethyloxadicarbocyanine iodide (DODCI), is faster at the air/aqueous interface tha in bulk aqueous solution. The different dynamics of MG and DODCI suggest that the interface friction must be described in terms of the orientation and solvent structure in the vicinity of the chromophores involved in the isomerization process.
The Relationship Between Breakfast Skipping, Chronotype, and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes

Breakfast skipping is associated with obesity and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Later chronotypes, individuals who have a preference for later bed and wake times, often skip breakfast. The aim of the study was to explore the relationships among breakfast skipping, chronotype, and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients. We collected sleep timing and 24-h dietary recall from 194 non-shift-working type 2 diabetes patients who were being followed in outpatient clinics. Mid-sleep time on free days (MSF) was used as an indicator of chronotype. Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) values were obtained from medical records. Hierarchical linear regression analyses controlling for demographic, sleep, and dietary variables were computed to determine whether breakfast skipping was associated with HbA1C. Additional regression analyses were performed to test if this association was mediated by chronotype. There were 22 participants (11.3%) who self-reported missing breakfast. Breakfast skippers had significantly higher...
Dominant prion mutants induce curing through pathways that promote chaperone-mediated disaggregation

Yeast Sup35 can misfold and form aggregates to create a prion phenotype, [PSI+]. The mechanisms through which two dominant-negative mutations in Sup35 (Q24R and G58D) cause prion curing are now investigated. The work reveals that the mutations affect the dynamics of aggregates in cells, leading to their resolubilization by the chaperone Hsp104.
Genetic Variation of Cholesterol Ester Content in Mouse Adrenals

Total cholesterol concentrations in muscle, liver, and plasma do not differ significantly between adult male C57BL/10J and DBA/2J mice. In the adrenal glands of these two strains, of their hybrids, and of AC mice, concentrations of free cholesterol vary by 5 percent. Adrenals from C57 mice, however, contain six times as much esterified cholesterol as adrenals from AC or DBA mice. The intermediate concentrations of cholesterol esters in F1 hybrids suggest that the difference in this measure is inherited additively. The finding of variation in adrenal cholesterol within a species is useful for the further study of the role of cholesterol in steroidogenesis by means of genetic analysis.
Polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) as a functional material for microfluidic chips

Polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) has been investigated as a candidate material for microfluidic chips. The ability to modify the surface of PMHS by hydrosilation is particularly advantageous for separation processes. The chemical modification of PMHS is verified by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) analysis, and the modified PMHS is shown to be stable when exposed to extreme pH conditions between 2 and 9. Spectrophotometer measurements show that PMHS exhibits over 40% transmittance for ultraviolet (UV) wavelength as low as 220 nm, indicating viability for sensor applications based on UV absorption. The UV transmittance is furthermore observed to be insensitive to thickness for specimens tested between 1.6 mm and 6.4 mm thick. Full curing of PMHS liquid resin occurs between 48 and 72 h at 110 °C with no secondary additives. Casting of microscale features is achieved by using soft lithography methods similar to established techniques for fabrication based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Microchannels approximately 100 µm wide and 50 µm deep are also demonstrated by carbon dioxide laser ablation, with uniform channels produced using an energy dose of 0.2 mJ mm−1 with respect to line length. Other basic functional requirements for microfluidic chips are discussed, including the ability to bond PMHS substrates by plasma treatment.
Precision teaching of the deaf.

MEAN 35.23 34.65 0.19 n.s. REASONING S.D. 10.34 8.89 HEARING MEAN 3.30 3.24 0.15 n.s. DISCRIMINATION S.D. 1.32 1.39 SPEECH MEAN 3.53 2.88 2.36* READING S.D. 1.04 0.60 MANUAL MEAN 2.00 3.53 3.25* COMMUNICATION S.D. 1.49 1.66 RECEPTIVITY * p<.05 ___________________________________________________________ 6 6 G * "* * 5 ' % ' 6 6& )C 7 6 )C 7 B # * * 5 6 35 6 3 7 45 # 5 6 , ## 5 7 7 5A 5 6 35 6 6 6 7 6 7 5 6 * 35 6 # # 6 B 7 6 5 7 6 7 * 5 # 5 % # 45 6 5 & 6 # # # # ## 7 # 6 # # : 7 # 6 7 * 6 * 5 * 7 # 6 # 66 , ## 5 7 35 6 C 7 * 6 *
On theoretical and practical considerations of path selection for delay fault testing

In current industrial practice, critical path selection is an indispensable step for AC delay test and timing validation. Traditionally, this step relies on the construction of a set of worse-case paths based upon discrete timing models. The assumption of discrete timing models can be invalidated by delay effects in the deep sub-micron domain, where timing defects and process variation are statistical in nature. In this paper, we study the problem of optimizing critical path selection, under both fixed delay and statistical delay assumptions. With a novel problem formulation and new theoretical results, we prove that the problem in both cases are computationally intractable. We then discuss practical heuristics and their theoretical performance bounds, and demonstrate that among all heuristics under consideration, only one is theoretically feasible. Finally, we provide consistent experimental results based upon defect-injected simulation using an efficient statistical timing analysis framework.
Buy to Scrape? The Hedonic Model with Redevelopment Options

In Rosen’s (1974) model, implicit market prices can be interpreted as the present values of rents per unit of each hedonic characteristic. But when rents rise, there may be substantial value associated with the option to redevelop the bundle of characteristics to higher intensity. In the presence of option value, hedonic regressions should include an additional non-negative term for the value of the option. If this option term is omitted, then estimates of implicit market prices for a positively valued characteristic will be biased downward. We use simulations to compare the standard hedonic regression to a nonlinear regression designed to produce consistent estimators of implicit prices and to estimate the value of the redevelopment option. The simulations show substantial downward bias even in the presence of small amounts of option value. Moreover, nonlinear estimation can do a good job of recovering the amount of option value and estimates of implicit market prices.
Herbart's Monadology

This article is an introduction to Herbart's monadology. It discusses the fundamental concepts of his monadology and its similarity to Leibniz's monadology. A final section discusses the vexed question of Herbart's realism. It is argued that Herbart is more a transcendental idealist than a realist.