cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of root radius on the direction of crack extension under combined mode loading

The “energy density theory” of G. Sih is extended to investigate the direction of initial crack extension at the tip of blunt cracks (notches) in combined Mode 1-Mode 2 loading. Three different governing strain energy density functions are postulated for comparison, and each is applied to the ideally sharp and the blunt notch cases. It is found that the sharp and blunt notch solutions agree in the limits of pure Mode 1 loading, but their difference grows as K 1/K 2 value is decreased and becomes most conspicuous in the limit of pure Mode 2 loading. It is also found that the above solution difference is greatest near the crack tip and diminishes at a large distance from the crack tip. For both the sharp and blunt notch solutions, the deviatoric strain energy density function predicts a larger absolute value of the critical angle θc than does the total strain energy density function. The results are compared with those obtained by using the classical method of “maximum tangential (tensile) stress” for predicting the crack trajectories.
Decoupling of nutrient and grazer impacts on a benthic estuarine diatom assemblage

Strong interactions between top-down (consumptive) and bottom-up (resource supply) trophic factors occur in many aquatic communities, but these forces can act independently in some microphytobenthic communities. Within benthic estuarine diatom assemblages, the dynamics of these interactions and how they vary with abiotic environmental conditions are not well understood. We conducted a field experiment at two sites with varying habitat characteristics to investigate the interactive effects of grazers and nutrients on benthic estuarine diatoms. We crossed snail (Cerithidea californica) and nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) addition treatments in enclosures on a restored tidal sandflat and a reference tidal mudflat in Mugu Lagoon, southern California. We repeated the study in summer 2000 and spring 2001 to assess temporal variation in the interactions. Snails caused a large decrease in diatom relative abundance and biomass (estimated as surface area); nutrients increased diatom abundance but did not alter diatom biomass. Snails and nutrients both reduced average diatom length, although the nutrient effect was weaker and temporally variable, occurring in the reference mudflat in the spring. There were few interactions between snail and nutrient addition treatments, suggesting that links between top-down and bottom-up forces on the diatom community were weak. There were no consistent differences in diatom assemblage characteristics between the two study sites, despite marked differences in sediment grain size and other abiotic characteristics between the sites. The strong diatom response to herbivores and weaker responses to enrichment differed from the previous studies where cyanobacteria increased in response to nutrient enrichment, further dissolving the “black box” perception of microphytobenthic communities.
Maximum power from fluid flow

Abstract The heat transfer principle of power maximization in power plants with heat transfer irreversibilities is extended to fluid flow. It is shown that when a stream flows between two pressure reservoirs (P1 > P2) across linear flow resistances, a piston delivers maximum power when the pressure difference across its faces is (P1 - P2)/2. The energy conversion efficiency at maximum power is η max = ( 1 2 ) (1 - P 2 - P 1 ), as an analog to the efficiency for maximum power in power plants, η max = 1 - (T 2 /T 1 ) 1 2 . These results are generalized to fluid flow with nonlinear relations of pressure drop vs flow rate. Depending on overall size constraints, the power delivery can be further maximized by balancing the flow resistances upstream and downstream of the piston. The paper concludes with applications to steady-flow shaft-power components. It is shown that turbines can be optimized for maximum power output by selecting the inlet or outlet pressure drop, or the flowrate. Compressors and pumps do not have a power input minimum with respect to pressure drop or flowrate.
Reliable Probabilistic Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts from a Short-Range Ensemble Forecasting System

Abstract A simple binning technique is developed to produce reliable 3-h probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasts (PQPFs) from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) multimodel short-range ensemble forecasting system obtained during the summer of 2004. The past 12 days’ worth of forecast 3-h accumulated precipitation amounts and observed 3-h accumulated precipitation amounts from the NCEP stage-II multisensor analyses are used to adjust today’s 3-h precipitation forecasts. These adjustments are done individually to each of ensemble members for the 95 days studied. Performance of the adjusted ensemble precipitation forecasts is compared with the raw (original) ensemble predictions. Results show that the simple binning technique provides significantly more skillful and reliable PQPFs of rainfall events than the raw forecast probabilities. This is true for the base 3-h accumulation period as well as for accumulation periods up to 48 h. Brier skill scores and the area under the rel...
Flumazenil Decreases the Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Isoflurane in Dogs

Flumazenil is a potent-specific benzodiazepine receptor antagonist that has been shown to reverse CNS depressant effects mediated by benzodiazepine agonists. These agonists are known to affect the interaction of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) with its receptor. Because the action of volatile anesthetic agents may be mediated by GABA, the authors determined the MAC of isoflurane in 16 dogs before and after one of three doses of intravenous flumazenil (0.15, 0.3, and 0.45 mg/kg) or the drug vehicle. The flumazenil produced a reduction in MAC from 1.39 +/- 0.15% (mean +/- SD) to 1.23 +/- 0.11% after 0.15 mg/kg (P less than 0.05), from 1.50 +/- 0.35% to 1.08 +/- 0.20% after 0.3 mg/kg (P less than 0.01), and from 1.45 +/- 0.14% to 1.09 +/- 0.08% after 0.45 mg/kg (P less than 0.01). Administration of drug vehicle produced no change in MAC. This reduction in isoflurane requirement by flumazenil may be due to its benzodiazepine receptor agonist action or its analgesic effect.
Ion-molecule reactions of a metalloporphyrin with common perfluoro mass standards

The ruthenium porphyrin carbonyl (I) reacts with perfluorokerosene and perfluorotributylamine to give ions of the type [M – CO + CnF2n], n = 1 to 4.
Some Effects of Gamma Irradiation or the Chemosterilant, Tepa, on the Citrus Red Mite and Its Progeny

Male and female citrus red mites, panonychus citri (McGregor), were sterilized at doses of 24 and 32 kr, respectively. The viability of eggs produced by treated mites and their progeny was affected by doses of 8, 16, 24, and 32 kr. An increased dose generally produced a decrease in viable eggs, and doses ranging from 4 to 80 kr apparently induced dominant lethal mutations in the sperm. Doses of 96, 112, and 128 kr caused sperm injury or inactivation. Tepa at concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5% sterilized male citrus red mite, and doses of 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5% caused a reduction in female fecundity.
Mapping a Barbiturate Withdrawal Locus to a 0.44 Mb Interval and Analysis of a Novel Null Mutant Identify a Role for Kcnj9 (GIRK3) in Withdrawal from Pentobarbital, Zolpidem, and Ethanol

Here, we map a quantitative trait locus (QTL) with a large effect on predisposition to barbiturate (pentobarbital) withdrawal to a 0.44 Mb interval of mouse chromosome 1 syntenic with human 1q23.2. We report a detailed analysis of the genes within this interval and show that it contains 15 known and predicted genes, 12 of which demonstrate validated genotype-dependent transcript expression and/or nonsynonymous coding sequence variation that may underlie the influence of the QTL on withdrawal. These candidates are involved in diverse cellular functions including intracellular trafficking, potassium conductance and spatial buffering, and multimolecular complex dynamics, and indicate both established and novel aspects of neurobiological response to sedative-hypnotics. This work represents a substantial advancement toward identification of the gene(s) that underlie the phenotypic effects of the QTL. We identify Kcnj9 as a particularly promising candidate and report the development of a Kcnj9-null mutant model that exhibits significantly less severe withdrawal from pentobarbital as well as other sedative-hypnotics (zolpidem and ethanol) versus wild-type littermates. Reduced expression of Kcnj9, which encodes GIRK3 (Kir3.3), is associated with less severe sedative-hypnotic withdrawal. A multitude of QTLs for a variety of complex traits, including diverse responses to sedative-hypnotics, have been detected on distal chromosome 1 in mice, and as many as four QTLs on human chromosome 1q have been implicated in human studies of alcohol dependence. Thus, our results will be primary to additional efforts to identify genes involved in a wide variety of behavioral responses to sedative-hypnotics and may directly facilitate progress in human genetics.
Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Bone Density Testing Before and After Hip Fracture

BACKGROUND Racial and socioeconomic disparities have been identified in osteoporosis screening.
Colorimetric versus behavioral studies of face fly (Diptera: Muscidae) vision.

Colorimetric studies of face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer, vision demonstrated a close agreement between the spectral responses measured by electroretinogramic or behavioral (phototaxic) techniques. A trichromatic visual system describes colors as they appear to the flies and makes it possible to calculate which colors will contrast with each other. A mixture of ultraviolet and green radiations was calculated to be highly visible against green foliage or blue sky and was demonstrated to be attractive under field conditions.
Writing Courses in the Engineering College Curriculum

Une etude menee sur les programmes d'enseignement en matiere de redaction technique dans 150 ecoles d'ingenieurs aux Etats-Unis revele que la majorite d'entre eux integrent a leur congres ce type d'enseignement
THE PROGRAMMATIC SEMANTICS OF BINARY PREDICATOR CALCULI

One may take the view that combinatory logic is concerned with some families of calculi that share well studied morphological and transformational features. These calculi allow for a variety of interpretatio ns. There has been some interest among those concerned with the theory of programming, in these calculi. The intuitive programming interpretations of some of these calculi generally view them as abstract theories of rules that govern problem solving by idealized computing facilities (see Goodman [2]). In this paper,* we wish to present a formal programmatic semantics for a selection of combinatory calculi that is based on first-order model theoretic considerations. There may be extensions of the methods here proposed to higher order and type theoretic considerations (see Curry, Hindley, and Seldin [1], and Sanchis [4, 5]). For the present, we shall limit ourselves to the first-order case. In the following sections of the paper, we first review the morphology and transformational syntax of the calculi, we then construct a first-order referential semantics and conclude with a section that develops the programmatic semantics. The capstone of the paper is a semantic completeness theorem that exhibits how the semantic notion of programmatic equivalence is related to the syntactical concepts of reducibility and extensional equivalence.
RESOURCE INSTRUMENTALISM, PRIVATIZATION, AND COMMODIFICATION

Water law in the United States has facilitated agricultural, industrial, and urban growth through the interrelated processes of resource privatization and commodification. Resource instrumentalism and the ideological sanctity of private property are the normative orders underlying the extant body of water law, at least since the mid- 19th century. Legislatures and courts have been much concerned with resolving the contradictions between and within these processes and ideologies, the outgrowth of which has been the development and use of several legal approaches that have fostered economic growth, while paying lip service to the form of private property.
Brachial amyotrophic diplegia in the setting of complete HIV viral load suppression.

Brachial amyotrophic diplegia (BAD) is a rare segmental form of motor neuron disease which presents with asymmetric lower motor neuron weakness largely confined to the upper extremities (UE). In the case being reported, a 62-year-old gentleman on antiretroviral treatment since 1993, presented with left-arm weakness in 2007 that quickly progressed to involve the right arm. Complete HIV-viral load suppression had been achieved since 2003. Examination revealed lower motor neuron weakness in both UEs, worse proximally than distally and normal strength in the lower extremities (LEs). Nerve conduction studies showed reduced amplitudes of bilateral median and ulnar nerves’ motor responses. Needle electromyography of bilateral UE showed active and chronic denervation/reinnervation changes with normal findings in both LEs. MRI of the cervical spine showed cord atrophy. This is the first case report describing a patient who presented with BAD in the setting of complete HIV-viral load suppression for many years.
Characterizing coal beds in western Kentucky with the AlLaSc coherent triad

Abstract Cyclic sedimentation and lateral facies changes make coal bed correlations inconclusive and difficult. This uncertainty can be further complicated if a coal basin has been structurally deformed. Coal macerals can be studied to indicate the nature and degree of coalification. Their use in coal bed correlation, however, is limited. Most of the trace elements and their ratios that have been studied show significant within-bed lateral and stratigraphic variations, and thus are not effective in correlating coal beds regionally. Geochemically coherent groups of elements, such as rare earth elements (REE) and platinum group elements (PGE), appear to be highly differentiated in coal-forming environments. Geochemical coherent elemental triads appear to be useful for coal bed identification or fingerprinting. The best triad which was demonstrated to be effective in coal bed characterization in western Kentucky, is that of Al, La and Sc. These three elements are highly correlated with one another and they can be determined accurately and simultaneously with instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The elemental triad AlLaSc is used to identify and fingerprint three key coal beds in western Kentucky: the Springfield (western Kentucky No. 9), the Davis (western Kentucky No. 6), and the Mining City and Dawson Springs are both considered to be the No. 4 coal bed in western Kentucky). Four distinct groupings can be recognized by use of the AlLaSc triad. The Dawson Springs coals have the highest Al/(La + Sc) ratios, followed by the Springfield, the Davis and the Mining City. The Mining City coal bed generally has the highest La/Sc ratio. However, the Dawson Springs is not correlated with the Mining City using the triad analysis, even though they have reportedly similar stratigraphic positions in the western Kentucky coal basin. The AlLaSe triad appears to be effective in discriminating between the Springfield and the Davis coal beds throughout the entire Illinois Basin. Furthermore, the range of concentration variation of the ALLaSc triad suggests individual groupings of the No. 4 coal in western Kentucky. In addition to characterizing these coal beds, the AlLaSc triad may be used to confirm stratigraphic correlations.
Electrical synapses and their functional interactions with chemical synapses

Brain function relies on the ability of neurons to communicate with each other. Interneuronal communication primarily takes place at synapses, where information from one neuron is rapidly conveyed to a second neuron. There are two main modalities of synaptic transmission: chemical and electrical. Far from functioning independently and serving unrelated functions, mounting evidence indicates that these two modalities of synaptic transmission closely interact, both during development and in the adult brain. Rather than conceiving synaptic transmission as either chemical or electrical, this article emphasizes the notion that synaptic transmission is both chemical and electrical, and that interactions between these two forms of interneuronal communication might be required for normal brain development and function.
DSSALM: A decision support system for asset and liability management

Abstract The following paper discusses the development of a decision support system for asset and liability management (ALM) in financial institutions. The system utilizes historical data to develop algorithms that can forecast the amounts of these assets and liabilities. Simulation models are used to identify the crests and troughs of the primary interest rate, and to forecast interest rates for future cycles of interest. The outputs of the algorithms are utilized to calculate the gap position and interest rate risk of the institution. “What-if” analysis features are incorporated into the system to determine the favorable alternatives in changing market environments.
Protein kinases as mediators of fluid shear stress stimulated signal transduction in endothelial cells: A hypothesis for calcium-dependent and calcium-independent events activated by flow

Abstract Fluid shear stress regulates endothelial cell function, but the signal transduction mechanisms involved in mechanotransduction remain unclear. Recent findings demonstrate that several intracellular kinases are activated by mechanical forces. In particular, members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family are stimulated by hyperosmolarity, stretch, and stress such as heat shock. We propose a model for mechanotransduction in endothelial cells involving calcium-dependent and calcium-independent protein kinase pathways. The calcium-dependent pathway involves activation of phospholipase C, hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), increases in intracellular calcium and stimulation of kinases such as calcium-calmodulin and C kinases (PKC). The calcium-independent pathway involves activation of a small GTP-binding protein and stimulation of calcium-independent PKC and MAP kinases. The calcium-dependent pathway mediates the rapid, transient response to fluid shear stress including activation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and ion transport. In contrast, the calcium-independent pathway mediates a slower response including the sustained activation of NOS and changes in cell morphology and gene expression. We propose that focal adhesion complexes link the calcium-dependent and calcium-independent pathways by regulating activity of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP) 5-kinase (which regulates PIP2 levels0 and p125 focal adhesion kinase (FAK, which phosphorylates paxillin and interacts with cytoskeletal proteins). This model predicts that dynamic interactions between integrin molecules present in focal adhesion complexes and membrane events involved in mechanotransduction will be integrated by calcium-dependent and calcium-independent kinases to generate intracellular signals involved in the endothelial cell response to flow.
Adjustment of Time Standard Audit Values for MIL-STD-1567A

Abstract The accuracy requirements for auditing as prescribed by MIL-STD-1567A allow for summing short operations into a super operation of approximately 30 minutes to meet the ± 10% precision with a 90% confidence level. Several problems incurred by such a procedure can be avoided by proposed alternative procedures for recognizing the greater variability of short operations. Handled by the Department of Work Measurements/Melhods/Ergonomics.
Leaf and environmental parameters influencing transpiration: Theory and field measurements.

The influence of variations in the boundary air layer thickness on transpirtion due to changes in leaf dimension or wind speed was evaluated at a given stomatal resistance (rs) for various combinations of air temperature (Ta) and total absorbed solar energy expressed as a fraction of full sunlight (Sffs). Predicted transpiration was found to either increase or decrease for increases in leaf size depending on specific combinations of Ta, Sffs, and rs. Major reductions in simulated transpiration with increasing leaf size occurred for shaded, highly reflective, or specially oriented leaves (Sffs=0.1) at relatively high Ta when rs was below a critical value of near 500 s m-1. Increases in Sffs and decreases in Ta lowered this critical resistance to below 50 s m-1 for Sffs=0.7 and Ta=20°C. In contrast, when rs was above this critical value, an increase in leaf dimension (or less wind) resulted in increases in transpiration, especially at high Ta and Sffs. For several combinations of Ta, Sffs, and rs, transpiration was minimal for a specific leaf size. These theoretical results were compared to field measurements on common desert, alpine, and subalpine plants to evaluate the possible interactions of leaf and environmental parameters that may serve to reduce transpiration in xeric habitats.
Synchronization of Oscillators by Periodically Interrupted Waves

This paper describes the principles, methods, circuit applications, and the theoretical basis of the synchronization of LC oscillators by interrupted wave trains. The synchronizing process is shown to depend upon the transient behavior of the phase angle between two vectors which represent, respectively, the instantaneous voltage of the oscillator and the corresponding instantaneous voltage of the injected synchronizing signal. This phasing action is employed in the derivation of formulas by means of which it is possible to define the regions of synchronization due to each of the several significant frequency components of the interrupted wave train. The term interrupted wave train as used herein refers to a cw signal which is interrupted (gated) in a periodic manner. The resultant signal, as herein demonstrated by theoretical and experimental means, can produce a form of synchronization such that the average frequency of the oscillator is identically equal to the fundamental component of the synchronizing signal or to any selected sideband. Phase modulation of determinable magnitude is shown to exist in the synchronized oscillator and analyses are included which permit evaluation of the frequency spectrum of the output. Particular emphasis is given to the band of synchronization due to a cw signal of the same amplitude as the interrupted signal. This band, a measure of frequency, is used as a convenient unit when comparing the synchronizing action of various forms of synchronizing signals.
Selection of polymeric sensor arrays for quantitative analysis

A novel method has been developed to optimize the selection of polymeric materials to be used within a chemiresistor array for anticipated samples without preliminary experiments. It is based on the theoretical predicted responses of chemiresistors and the criterion of minimizing the mean square error (MSE) of the chemiresistor array. After the number of chemiresistor to be used in an array and anticipated sample chemistry are determined, the MSE values of all combinations of the candidate chemiresistors are calculated. The combination which has the minimum MSE value is the best choice. This can become computationally intensive for selection of polymers for large arrays from candidates in a large database. The number of combination can be reduced by using the branch and bound method to save computation time. This method is suitable for samples at low concentrations where thermodynamic multi-component interactions are linear.
Effect of Post-Mortem Electrical Stimulation on Quality of Turkey Meat

Abstract Two treatment groups of 15 turkeys each were used to study the effect of post-mortem electrical stimulation on turkey meat. One group was electrically stimulated after bleeding and prior to scalding. A second group, which served as the control, was treated identically except it received no post-mortem electrical stimulation. All birds were electrically stunned prior to bleeding, sub-scalded for defeathering, eviscerated, chilled overnight, and frozen until analyzed. Electrical stimulation significantly lowered the average pH of the thigh muscle 15 min after slaughter. Electrical stimulation significantly increased Hunterlab aL values in uncooked breast muscle and significantly decreased Hunterlab L values in the cooked breast muscle. Breast muscle shear values were significantly decreased by post-mortem electrical stimulation compared with those of the control. These results indicate that post-mortem electrical stimulation may produce a more tender muscle and a more desirable, brighter colored muscle.
Mechanisms and emerging treatments of the metabolic complications of chronic pancreatitis.

Objectives:Exocrine and endocrine abnormalities in chronic pancreatitis contribute to the morbidity and mortality risks of the disease. Complications of exocrine insufficiency include malabsorption, vitamin deficiency syndromes, and weight loss. Oral enzyme replacement therapy is usually effective i
Average magnetic susceptibility of rare earth sesquisulfides

Abstract Measurements of the average magnetic susceptibility of Nd 2 S 3 , Gd 2 S 3 and Dy 2 S 3 are reported over the temperature range 4–300 K. Paramagnetic Gd 2 S 3 becomes ferromagnetic below about 30 K. Magnetic ordering in Nd 2 S 3 appears to take place near 60 K. Dy 2 S 3 appears to remain paramagnetic to the lowest temperatures investigated. Reasonable agreement has been obtained between a calculation using Van Vleck's theory and the data obtained from these Faraday experiments.
Non-Ohmic electrical conduction in the highly one-dimensional semiconductor methyltriphenylarsonium tetracyanoquinodimethane

We have observed deviations from Ohm's law in single crystals of methyltriphenylarsonium tetracyanoquinodimethane: $\mathrm{Me}{\ensuremath{\phi}}_{3}\mathrm{As}{(\mathrm{TCNQ})}_{2}$. We propose a model based upon tunneling of electrons through barriers in the conducting strands. Electrical conductivity and electron and nuclear magnetic resonance are used to accomplish a successful quantitative test of the model.
Steroid regulation of progesterone receptor expression in cultured rat gonadotropes.

During the preovulatory period, the pituitary action of progesterone is biphasic, moving from a severalfold augmentation of the gonadotropin release action of GnRH to a suppression of GnRH efficacy, which occurs in rats over a period of about 12 h, but the extent to which these biphasic effects are dependent on alterations in progesterone receptor (PR) expression is not known. To address this, as well as the localization of PR in cultured rat pituitary cells, we used cells from ovariectomized rats cultured ± 0.2 nm E2 with acute progesterone treatment on day 3. Northern blot of poly(A+) RNA extracts showed multiple PR messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts between 4.8–10.2 kb; E2 treatment led to a 5- to 6-fold increase in the predominant PR mRNA transcripts (5.1 and 10.1 kb). In the presence of E2, 200 nm progesterone resulted in a decrease in steady-state PR mRNA levels by 3 h of exposure, with the greatest decrease around 6 h (50% of E2 control) and recovery by 12 h. Similarly treated pituitary cultures were...
Age-related changes in the association between serotonergic function and aggression in boys with ADHD.

The results of several studies have indicated an inverse relationship between central serotonergic (5-HT) mechanisms and aggression in animals and adults, but studies in children have yielded conflicting results. This study assessed 5-HT function, using a fenfluramine (FEN) challenge procedure, in an attempt to replicate a previously reported enhancement of the prolactin (PRL) response to FEN in aggressive relative to nonaggressive ADHD boys. The study failed to replicate the previous finding. Samples from both studies were then examined to reconcile the discrepant findings. The samples differed significantly in age. The entire group ( n = 50) was then divided into older and younger subgroups and reanalyzed using a two-way (age-group × aggression) analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) controlling for plasma medication level. The ANCOVA generated a significant age-group × aggression interaction. Young aggressive boys had a significantly greater PRL response to FEN than young nonaggressive boys, but no such difference existed in the older age-group. These findings raise the possibility of different developmental trajectories in 5-HT function between aggressive and nonaggressive boys.
Neutron-proton scattering at a few MeV

In this paper we reanalyze the $\mathrm{np}$ scattering data at a few MeV; we confirm, as previously suggested by Hopkins and Breit, that the $\mathrm{np}$ interaction models all predict the angular distribution well. Any further angular-distribution measurements must be very precise to contribute further to our knowledge.
Busy Signal: Effects of Mobile Device Usage on Pedestrian Encounters

Mobile communication technology plays an increasingly pervasive role in everyday life. This study examined one aspect of this role, specifically, the effects of mobile device use on the micro-interactions of pedestrians as they approached and passed a confederate. Over 400 participants were observed in a 2 (group: mobile device vs. control) × 3 [condition: look-only (L); look and smile (LS); look, smile, and greeting (LSG)] factorial design study measuring participants’ looks, smiles, nods, and greetings toward the confederates. Log-linear analyses of the dependent measures provided qualified support for the predicted decreased responsiveness from mobile device users. Specifically, a group by condition interaction on smiles showed that significantly fewer mobile device users than controls smiled at the confederates in the LSG condition. In addition, a group by sex of participant interaction on greetings indicated that significantly fewer female mobile device users offered greetings than males and females in the other conditions. The processes potentially mediating these effects are discussed and the broader influence of mobile devices on the micro-interactions of pedestrians is considered.
Analysis of periodic arrays of waveguide apertures on conducting cylinders covered by dielectric

The analysis of infinite arrays of waveguide apertures on cylinders covered by a dielectric is approached by enforcing the continuity of the EM fields at the air-dielectric and at the dielectric-cylinder interfaces. The continuity of the EM fields at the first interface is enforced by representing the fields in the air and in the dielectric by an orthonormal set of modes LSE and LSM with respect to the radial direction. The matching of the fields at the second interface is performed by resorting to the "eigenexcitation" method [1]. The fields external to the cylinder are represented by a set of space harmonics matching the symmetry of the excitation of the array and the fields in the waveguides by a superposition of normal waveguide modes. The continuity of the fields is approximately enforced by using Galerkin's method. The rigorous analysis of these structures leads to rather involved expressions for the element driving point admittance and for the far fields. An approximate analysis is introduced to simplify the design of these structures for cylinders of large radius. Numerical examples illustrate the good approximation given by the simplified analysis. Numerical results are presented for the case of an array on a cylinder with radius approximately 100\lambda . The array element pattern shows the presence of resonance dips much more pronounced than the notches due to grating lobe phenomena.
Swimming Not Allowed: Teaching about Segregated Public Beaches and Pools

Introducing students to the segregated history of America's public beaches and pools can provide teachers with a novel approach to the study of racism in U.S. history. While most students are aware of segregation in housing, schools, and theaters, many are surprised to learn about the segregated history of America's public waters. This article provides a brief history of America's segregated public beaches and pools using Florida as a case study, offers pedagogic strategies, and presents resources that are helpful for teaching about this important period in U.S. history.
The Conserved Immunoglobulin Domain Controls the Subcellular Localization of the Homophilic Adhesion Receptor Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase μ

The receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase mu (PTPmu) is a homophilic adhesion protein thought to regulate cell-cell adhesion in the vascular endothelium through dephosphorylation of cell junction proteins. In subconfluent cell cultures, PTPmu resides in an intracellular membrane pool; however, as culture density increases and cell contacts form, the phosphatase localizes to sites of cell-cell contact, and its expression level increases. These characteristics of PTPmu, which are consistent with a role in cell-cell adhesion, suggest that control of subcellular localization is an important mechanism to regulate the function of this phosphatase. To gain a better understanding of how PTPmu is regulated, we examined the importance of the conserved immunoglobulin domain, containing the homophilic binding site, in control of the localization of the enzyme. Deletion of the immunoglobulin domain impaired localization of PTPmu to the cell-cell contacts in endothelial and epithelial cells. In addition, deletion of the immunoglobulin domain affected the distribution of PTPmu in subconfluent endothelial cells when homophilic binding to another PTPmu molecule on an apposing cell was not possible, resulting in an accumulation of the mutant phosphatase at the cell surface with a concentration at the cell periphery in the region occupied by focal adhesions. This aberrant localization correlated with reduced survival and alterations in normal focal adhesion and cytoskeleton morphology. This study therefore illustrates the critical role of the immunoglobulin domain in regulation of the localization of PTPmu and the importance of such control for the maintenance of normal cell physiology.
On the estimation of the bandwidth of nonuniformly sampled signals

In many applications signals can only be sampled at nonuniformly spaced points. For a reliable reconstruction of the signal from its samples we require knowledge of the bandwidth of the signal, which however is often not known a priori. Therefore robust and efficient methods are needed that allow one to estimate the bandwidth of a signal from nonuniform spaced, noisy samples. We present two procedures for bandwidth estimation. The first method is based on the discrete Bernstein inequality and Newton's divided differences and is computationally very efficient. The second method requires somewhat more computational effort, since it simultaneously estimates the bandwidth and provides a reconstruction of the signal. It is based on a multi-scale conjugate gradient algorithm for the solution of a nested sequence of Toeplitz systems and is particularly useful in case of noisy data. Examples from various applications demonstrate the performance of the proposed methods.
Computed tomography and magnetic resonance features of renal ewing sarcoma

Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a rare malignant tumor that primarily involves long and flat bones but can develop in almost any bone or soft tissue. ES accounts for 2.3–3.5% of tumors in patients under the age of 19, and is rarely found in the adult population. Sarcomas, in general, account for less than 1% of tumors in adults. Several reports of renal ES have been described in the pediatric population, but only a few cases have been described in the adult population. To the best of our knowledge, fewer than 10 cases of renal Ewing sarcoma in adults have been described in the English literature. None of these cases described the computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features. We report a case of a 46-year-old woman, including CT and MRI characteristics.
General principles of endoscopic ultrasonographic imaging

Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) uses high-frequency acoustic waves within the gastrointestinal lumen to obtain detailed images of the gut wall and surrounding structures. Knowledge of basic ultrasound (US) physics is important for both acquisition of high-quality images and accurate interpretation. US waves are produced by transducers, which also act as receivers for reflected waves, or echoes. Images are formed by processing of the electrical signals resulting from reception of echoes by the transducer. Tiny pulses of US energy are emitted into tissue along a single plane by either a mechanically rotated transducer or a fixed array of transducers. A structure's depth is determined by the time it takes for the US pulse to return to the transducer. The intensity of a returning echo depends on the reflectivity of the target structure and the amount of energy loss, or attenuation, in tissue. Real time imaging is possible because of rapid renewal of images several times per second. Axial (or depth) resolution is determined by US pulse length; it is optimal at high US frequencies. However, tissue penetration decreases as frequency is increased, limiting the depth of imaging. Lateral resolution is a function of the width of each US wave or beam. Transducer size and frequency determine the shape and dimensions of the beam, which typically converges at a distance of 2 to 3 cm from the transducer and diverges thereafter. Lateral resolution is best in the narrowest portion, termed the focal zone . In general, optimal resolution occurs with use of the highest possible frequency that allows adequate penetration to the structures of interest. Two types of echoes are produced in tissue: scattering of US waves by tiny particles or irregular surfaces, and reflection at interfaces between layers of tissue with different acoustic properties. EUS imaging of the gut wall is used to illustrate several of the fundamental US principles detailed in this article. An overview of the basic types of EUS instruments and certain applications, such as Doppler or duplex scanning, is also provided.
Effects of nicotine on the subcutaneous microcirculation of the bat.

SummaryThe intraperitoneal toxicity of nicotine was studied in bats (Myotis lucifugus). The LD50 was 39.7 mg/kg (33.1–47.7 mg/kg; 95% confidence limits). Thus, nicotine appears to be less toxic to the bat than to the mouse, rat, or rabbit.Direct quantitative observations of vascular diameters in unanesthetized bats were made with a microscope combined with a closed circuit television system. The diameter of innervated minute arteries markedly increased with intraperitoneal nicotine administration. Minute vein diameter slightly increased while minute vein vasomotion slightly decreased. Sympathetic denervation abolished the increase in minute artery diameter when nicotine was administered. However, minute vein diameter decreased and was also accompanied by decreased minute vein vasomotion. Nicotine caused an increase in heart rate which was not found to be significant. These data suggest that nicotine may produce vasoconstriction by direct action on the peripheral vasculature, and that minute vein dilatatio...
Electrograms From the Canine Sinoatrial Pacemaker Recorded in Vitro and in Situ

Abstract We have identified extracell potential changes associated with the electrical activity of the canine sinoatrial pacemaker. Small nonpolarizable electrodes and low frequency high gain amplification were used to record unipolar electrograms from both the epicardial and the endocardial surfaces of the canine sinus node. Initially in vitro studies were performed so that transmembrane action potential changes could be recorded simultaneously with the extracell potentials. The sinus nodal electrogram showed two characteristic potentials when the electrode was in immediate proximity to pacemaking cells: (1) During phase 4 there was a steady slope of about −30 to −100 μv/sec, and (2) during the transition from phase 4 to phase 0 of the transmembrane action potential the slope of the electrogram increased smoothly to approximately −400 to −1,000 μv/sec. These potentials were followed by high frequency deflections as cells in the surrounding atrium depolarized. Tetrodotoxin (5 mg/liter) rendered the atrial muscle inexcitable and delayed and then abolished the high frequency activity in the sinus electrogram, which then appeared as a continuous smooth tracing similar to the sinus pacemaker action potential but reversed in polarity. We then recorded these small localized potentials from the in situ canine heart. Sinus nodal electrograms could be obtained from beating hearts with hand held probes on the epicardial surface and with conventional recording catheters on the endocardial surface. The results demonstrate that the canine sinus node gives rise to detectable and characteristic changes in extracell potential and suggest that similar potentials can be recorded from man to evaluate sinus nodal function.
Retreatment of Patients Nonresponsive to Pegylated Interferon and Ribavirin with Daily High-Dose Consensus Interferon

Background. Current treatment of chronic hepatitis C with pegylated interferon and ribavirin has the ability to eliminate viral infection in about half of the patients treated. Therapeutic options, for those with remaining chronic hepatitis, will remain limited until novel antivirals become available in the future. Consensus interferon is currently available and has demonstrated clinical efficacy with superior invitro antiviral activity, but the maximum tolerated dose is not defined. Methods. We assessed the efficacy of daily high-dose (24 ug) consensus interferon with weight-based (1000–1200 mg daily) ribavirin in HCV genotype 1-infected non-responder patients. Results. Six adverse events were documented in five patients, and the trial was terminated with no subject achieving viral clearance. Conclusions. The occurrence of serious adverse events effectively defined the upper limit of acceptable dose, while also revealing that this dose did not offer enhanced sustained viral clearance.
Problem complexity and the formulation process in planning and design

The importance of problem formulation in planning and design is well documented: Errors of the Third Kind (solving the wrong problem or a suboptimal problem) produce underdesign and system failure. This paper explores the role of problem statements in the formulation process. Using Ashby's Law of Requisite Variety as a basis, the quantitative and qualitative features of problem statements are linked to the complexity of a problematic situation. Six propositions are offered for future study.
Evidence for compensatory evolution of ribosomal proteins in response to rapid divergence of mitochondrial rRNA

Rapid evolution of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) places intrinsic selective pressures on many nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial functions. Mitochondrial ribosomes, for example, are composed of mtDNA-encoded ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and a set of more than 60 nuclear-encoded ribosomal proteins (mRP) distinct from the cytosolic RPs (cRP). We hypothesized that the rapid divergence of mt-rRNA would result in rapid evolution of mRPs relative to cRPs, which respond to slowly evolving nuclear-encoded rRNA. In comparisons of rates of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions between a pair of divergent populations of the copepod Tigriopus californicus, we found that mRPs showed elevated levels of amino acid changes relative to cRPs. This pattern was equally strong at the interspecific level, between three pairs of sister species (Nasonia vitripennis vs. N. longicornis, Drosophila melanogaster vs. D. simulans, and Saccharomyces cerevisae vs. S. paradoxus). This high rate of mRP evolution may result in intergenomic incompatibilities between taxonomic lineages, and such incompatibilities could lead to dysfunction of mitochondrial ribosomes and the loss of fitness observed among interpopulation hybrids in T. californicus and interspecific hybrids in other species.
Neighbor-constrained segmentation with level set based 3-D deformable models

A novel method for the segmentation of multiple objects from three-dimensional (3-D) medical images using interobject constraints is presented. Our method is motivated by the observation that neighboring structures have consistent locations and shapes that provide configurations and context that aid in segmentation. We define a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation framework using the constraining information provided by neighboring objects to segment several objects simultaneously. We introduce a representation for the joint density function of the neighbor objects, and define joint probability distributions over the variations of the neighboring shape and position relationships of a set of training images. In order to estimate the MAP shapes of the objects, we formulate the model in terms of level set functions, and compute the associated Euler-Lagrange equations. The contours evolve both according to the neighbor prior information and the image gray level information. This method is useful in situations where there is limited interobject information as opposed to robust global atlases. In addition, we compare our level set representation of the object shape to the point distribution model. Results and validation from experiments on synthetic data and medical imagery in two-dimensional and 3-D are demonstrated.
Helix-Loop-Helix Factor Inhibitor of Differentiation 3 Regulates Interleukin-5 Expression and B-1a B Cell Proliferation

Objective— Natural immunity is emerging as an important mediator of protection from atherogenesis. Natural IgM antibodies that recognize oxidation-specific epitopes on low-density lipoprotein or phospholipids and the B-1a B cells that produce them attenuate atherosclerosis. We previously demonstrated that Apoe −/− mice globally deficient in the helix-loop-helix protein inhibitor of differentiation 3 (Id3) develop early diet-induced atherosclerosis. Furthermore, B cell–mediated attenuation of atherosclerosis in B cell–deficient mice was dependent on Id3. Here, we sought to determine whether Id3 regulates B-1a B cells and the natural antibodies that they produce and identify mechanisms mediating these effects. Approach and Results— Mice lacking Id3 had significantly fewer B-1a B cells in the spleen and peritoneal cavity and reduced serum levels of the natural antibody E06. B cell–specific deletion of Id3 revealed that this effect was not because of the loss of Id3 in B cells. Interleukin (IL)-33 induced abundant, Id3-dependent IL-5 production in the recently identified innate lymphoid cell, the natural helper (NH) cell, but not Th2 or mast cells. In addition, delivery of IL-5 to Id3-deficient mice restored B-1a B cell proliferation. B-1a B cells were present in aortic samples also containing NH cells. Aortic NH cells produced IL-5, a B-1a B cell mitogen in response to IL-33 stimulation. Conclusions— These studies are the first to identify NH and B-1a B cells in the aorta and provide evidence that Id3 is a key regulator of NH cell IL-5 production and B-1a B cell homeostasis. # Significance {#article-title-73}