cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Machine learning classification of design team members' body language patterns for real time emotional state detection

Design team interactions are one of the least understood aspects of the engineering design process. Given the integral role that designers play in the engineering design process, understanding the emotional states of individual design team members will help us quantify interpersonal interactions and how those interactions affect resulting design solutions. The methodology presented in this paper enables automated detection of individual team member's emotional states using non-wearable sensors. The methodology uses the link between body language and emotions to detect emotional states with accuracies above 98%. A case study involving human participants, enacting eight body language poses relevant to design teams, is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the methodology. This will enable researchers to further understand design team interactions.
Synthesis of Language and Reality

With the Lu Shi Chun Qiu , one may say, the 200-year discourse on ming-shi came round full cycle to its starting point in Confucius’s theory of rectifying names.
Aging and Coordination from the Dynamic Pattern Perspective

Abstract Movement scientists have extensively described aging effects on speeded unilateral and uniarticular movements; in contrast, little is known about how aging affects the coordination of multi-degree of freedom actions. In this chapter we review studies on motor coordination (defined in terms of the spatio-temporal patterning among multiple elements of motor systems) in older adults. In addition, we present our application of the principles and research strategy of ‘dynamic pattern theory’ (Kelso & Schoner, 1988) to the study of aging and coordination. Findings on the older mover’s ability to coordinate intra- and inter-limb movements are equivocal. Older subjects exhibit (a) loose spatio-temporal coupling of muscle synergies during postural responses and (b) temporal asynchrony in discrete bimanual reaching. However, locomotor coordination (based on temporal relative phasing between the legs) appears to be well-maintained with age. We observed similar bimanual phasing relationships in 23-78 year olds during cyclical in-phase (IP) and anti-phase (AP) movements. In a phase shift experiment, where movement frequency was systematically increased, older subjects exhibited abrupt transitions from AP to IP cycling at significantly lower frequencies than young counterparts. We present findings which suggest that older subjects experience critical fluctuation and phase shifts at lower frequencies than young subjects due to fundamental deficiencies in coordination. We also present evidence for a deficiency in the speed at which older subjects execute voluntary changes from IP to AP movements. An explanation for age-related incoordination may be the relative strengthening of intrinsic dynamics. We discuss our findings in relation to conceptualizations of aging as a thermodynamic process whereby constraints are altered in ways that reduce behavioral stability and the ability to adapt to environmental challenges (Yates, 1988).
An Empirical Examination of Compensation of REIT Managers

Principal-agent literature finds that manager and owner incentives can be aligned with performance contingent contracts. We investigate the compensation of Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) industry executives. The competitive nature of mortgage and equity markets, in conjunction with the corporate tax exemption available when REITs distribute most of their earnings as dividends, is likely to influence the compensation of REIT managers. Executive compensation is modelled as a function of revenues and unexpected profit. After transforming the model to reduce collinearity and hetero-skedasticity, we find compensation to be generally positively related to revenue. We also find unexpected profit to be generally insignificantly related to compensation, but positively related in those cases where it is significant.
The Gauss-Markov Theorem and Spurious Regressions

The purpose of this paper is to study the exact nite sample properties of estimators and test statistics for regression coeAEcients of spurious regressions with unit root nonstationary variables. The conditional probability version of the Gauss-Markov theorem is used to nd eAEcient estimators. Then with an additional assumption that the error is normally distributed conditional on the regressors, we show that the usual test statistics have the usual unconditional distributions when the eAEcient estimator is used.
Approximation with Kronecker Products

Let A be an m-by-n matrix with m=m1m2 and n=n1n2. We consider the problem of finding (mathematical formula omitted) so that (mathematical formula omitted) is minimized. This problem can be solved by computing the largest singular value and associated singular vectors of a permuted version of A. If A is symmetric, definite, non-negative, or banded, then the minimizing B and C are similarly structured. The idea of using Kronecker product preconditioners is briefly discussed.
Reductive methylation and 13C NMR studies of the lysyl residues of fd gene 5 protein. Lysines 24, 46, and 69 may be involved in nucleic acid binding.

We have examined the role of lysyl residues in the binding of fd gene 5 protein to a nucleic acid polymer. The lysyl residues of the protein were chemically modified to form N epsilon, N epsilon-dimethyllysyl derivatives containing 13C-enriched methyl groups. The 13C NMR spectrum of the modified protein was studied as a function of pH and salt concentration. Differences in the local magnetic environment of the six dimethyllysyl amino groups allowed all six 13C resonances to be resolved for samples in the pH range 8.5-9.0 at less than 50 mM ionic strength. One of the dimethylamino resonances was split at low pH, indicating that the two methyl groups were nonequivalent and that the corresponding lysyl residue (either Lys-3 or Lys-7) might be involved in an ion-pairing interaction. Specific lysyl residues were protected from methylation when the protein was bound to poly(rU). The level of protection of individual lysyl residues was quantitated using peptide mapping and sequencing of gene 5 protein labeled with 3H and 14C radioactive labels. Lysines 24, 46, and 69 showed significant protection (33-52%) from methylation in the protein-polynucleotide complex, suggesting that these 3 residues form part of the nucleic acid-binding site. The alpha-amino group of Met-1 was relatively unreactive in both the free and bound protein, which indicated that the amino terminus is not as exposed in solution as in the crystal structure (Brayer, G.D., and McPherson, A. (1983) J. Mol. Biol. 169, 565-596).
Cellular mechanism of cytotoxicity of sulfur-containing 9-anilinoacridine antitumor agents.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 5541 DNA topoisomerase II plays essential roles for regulation of DNA topology as well as organization and has been recognized as an important therapeutic target in cancer chemotherapy. Amsacrine is an acridine derivative currently used for the treatment of acute leukemia and its antineoplastic activity is attributed to DNA intercalation and subsequent inhibition of topoisomerase II activity. Several structural variants of amsacrine, viz., sulfur-containing 9-anilinoacridines were developed as potential new anticancer drugs and some of them displayed more potent anti-neoplastic activity than amsacrine in the initial in vitro and in vivo studies. Especially two diol-containing compounds, 2-({4-[4-(Acridin-9-ylamino)phenylthio]phenyl}(2-hydroxyethyl)amino) ethan-1-ol and 3-({4-[4-(Acridin-9-ylamino)phenylthio]phenyl}(3-hydroxypropyl) amino)propan-1-ol, exhibited extremely potent antitumor activity. In vitro topoisomerase II enzymatic assays suggested that the inhibition of topoisomerase II by these drugs is not sufficient to account for the several fold higher cytotoxicity of these drugs than that of amsacrine. To gain a better understanding of the mechanism of cytotoxic action of these new acridine drugs, various studies were performed. Consistent with the previous results, the two new drugs showed superior cytotoxicity to amsacrine in several cancer cell lines. However, it appears that relative cytotoxicity of these sulfur-containing anilinoacridine drugs compared to that of amsacrine significantly varies depending on the cell-types. In addition, cellular cytotoxic changes take longer for these drugs than amsacrine, as these drugs required more than 24 hours in eliciting full cytotoxic effects. These data suggest that cytotoxic action of these drugs involves additional cellular factor(s) present only in the certain type of cells where it makes them selectively more sensitive to the sulfur-containing 9-anilinoacridines than to amsacrine. Elucidation of the cellular mechanism of cytotoxic action of these new 9-anilinoacridine drugs will provide information that can be utilized for lead optimization and improvement of drug efficacy.
Phantom Limb Pain: A Systematic Neuroanatomical-Based Review of Pharmacologic Treatment

Objective Review the current evidence-based pharmacotherapy for phantom limb pain (PLP) in the context of the current understanding of the pathophysiology of this condition. Design We conducted a systematic review of original research papers specifically investigating the pharmacologic treatment of PLP. Literature was sourced from PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Studies with animals, “neuropathic” but not “phantom limb” pain, or without pain scores and/or functional measures as primary outcomes were excluded. A level of evidence 1–4 was ascribed to individual treatments. These levels included meta-analysis or systematic reviews (level 1), one or more well-powered randomized, controlled trials (level 2), retrospective studies, open-label trials, pilot studies (level 3), and anecdotes, case reports, or clinical experience (level 4). Results We found level 2 evidence for gabapentin, both oral (PO) and intravenous (IV) morphine, tramadol, intramuscular (IM) botulinum toxin, IV and epidural Ketamine, level 3 evidence for amitriptyline, dextromethorphan, topiramate, IV calcitonin, PO memantine, continuous perineural catheter analgesia with ropivacaine, and level 4 evidence for methadone, intrathecal (IT) buprenorphine, IT and epidural fentanyl, duloxetine, fluoxetine, mirtazapine, clonazepam, milnacipran, capsaicin, and pregabalin. Conclusions Currently, the best evidence (level 2) exists for the use of IV ketamine and IV morphine for the short-term perioperative treatment of PLP and PO morphine for an intermediate to long-term treatment effect (8 weeks to 1 year). Level 2 evidence is mixed for the efficacy of perioperative epidural anesthesia with morphine and bupivacaine for short to long-term pain relief (perioperatively up to 1 year) as well as for the use of gabapentin for pain relief of intermediate duration (6 weeks).
Sequential estimation and satellite data assimilation in meteorology and oceanography

The central theme of this review article is the role that dynamics plays in estimating the state of the atmosphere and of the ocean from incomplete and noisy data. Objective analysis and inverse methods represent an attempt at relying mostly on the data and minimizing the role of dynamics in the estimation. Four-dimensional data assimilation tries to balance properly the roles of dynamical and observational information. Sequential estimation is presented as the proper framework for understanding this balance, and the Kalman filter as the ideal, optimal procedure for data assimilation. The optimal filter computes forecast error covariances of a given atmospheric or oceanic model exactly, and hence data assimilation should be closely connected with predictability studies. This connection is described, and consequences drawn for currently active areas of the atmospheric and oceanic sciences, namely, mesoscale meteorology, medium and long-range forecasting, and upper-ocean dynamics.
A 2-Megawatt load for testing high voltage DC power supplies

A high power water-cooled resistive load, capable of dissipating 2 Megawatts at 95 kilovolts is being designed and built. The load utilizes wirewound resistor elements suspended inside insulating tubing contained within a pressure vessel which is supplied with a continuous flow of deionized water for coolant. A sub-system of the load is composed of non-inductive resistor elements in an oil tank. Power tests conducted on various resistor types indicate that dissipation levels as high as 22 times the rated dissipation in air can be achieved when the resistors are placed in a turbulent water flow of at least 15 gallons per minute. Using this data, the load was designed using 100 resistor elements in a series arrangement. A single-wall 316 stainless steel pressure vessel with flanged torispherical heads is built to contain the resistor assembly and deionized water. The resistors are suspended within G-11 tubing which span the cylindrical length of the vessel. These tubes are supported by G-10 baffles which also increase convection from the tubes by promoting turbulence within the surrounding water. >
Education and Imaging. Gastrointestinal: schistosomiasis-diagnosis by colonoscopy.

A 69-year-old Liberian female with no significant past medical history was referred for screening colonoscopy. Notably, she immigrated from Liberia to the United States 7 years prior to presentation, since which time she has had regular primary care visits and has been asymptomatic. On presentation, she had a negative review of systems and her physical examination was normal. Colonoscopic examination was notable for patchy areas of pale, nodular appearing mucosa in the transverse and descending colon with no features of polypoid tissue under narrow band imaging (Figure A). Targeted biopsies were obtained, the histology of which revealed numerous eggs of schistosome organisms (Figure B). Figure 1 Subsequent laboratory testing revealed peripheral eosinophilia (1700/cm3) and thrombocytopenia (130,000/cm3). Serum hemoglobin, aminotransferases, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1 and 2 antibodies, viral hepatitis serologies as well as urinalysis were all unremarkable. An abdominal sonogram was also normal. She was ultimately treated with Praziquantel 60mg/kg in 3 divided doses with good response. Schistosomiasis is a common communicable disease endemic in Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and South America. Approximately 200 million are infected and 700 million are at risk of schistosomiasis. Colonic schistosomiasis comprises a small fraction of these cases.1 Though the prevalence is unknown, the majority of infections are caused by Schistosoma species mansoni, hematobium, and japonicum.2 Clinical manifestations and endoscopic findings of colonic schistosomiasis vary widely and reflect the host’s immune response to deposition of schistosoma eggs leading to granulomatous reaction in the colon as the disease progresses through the acute, chronic and advanced stages.2–4 Inflammation caused by colonic schistosomiasis has been suggested as a risk factor for colorectal cancer although the relationship has not been well established.4,5 Nonetheless, effective management requires an integrated approach of chemoprophylaxis, treatment, education and improved sanitation conditions in endemic areas. This case highlights a rare and often incidental finding discovered by colonoscopy in the US for which a high clinical suspicion (based on travel and migrant history) and histology ultimately led to the diagnosis.
The significance of atypical vessels and neovascularization in cervical neoplasia.

Abstract The relationship between atypical vessels seen colposcopically and dysplasia, carcinoma in situ (CIS), microinvasion, and frank invasion was studied quantitatively. No atypical vessels were found with dysplasia, but 2.8% of patients with CIS had atypical vessels. Half of the patients with microinvasion and all of the patients with frank invasion, in whom the entire zone of transformation was viewed, had atypical vessels. Eighty-two percent of the patients with atypical vessels had invasion. The conclusions are: (1) Atypical vessels are not present with dysplasia and rarely present with CIS. (2) Atypical vessels may be associated with microinvasion, but are required for frank invasion to occur. (3) Because atypical vessels are usually associated with invasion, which can be in or near the field of atypical vessels, diagnostic cone biopsy should be performed if atypical vessels are seen and colposcopic biopsies do not show frank invasion. (4) Microinvasion without atypical vessels may be a localized disease.
Historical archaeologies of spatial practices and power

Archaeologists who employ regional landscapes as an organising principle tend to be more concerned about how landscapes�natural, built and imagined�reflect cultural values than how landscapes shape human relations and community perspectives. As the authors of these two volumes skilfully demonstrate, communities deploy landscapes to materialise, and even to naturalise, claims to political authority and power. They reveal how the study of landscape at multiple scales spurs narratives and counter-narratives about how people experience the world and vie for control of it. Together, J. Cameron Monroe and James Delle advance the inherent possibilities of space and scale in historical archaeology.
Comprehensive genetic analyses reveal evolutionary distinction of a mouse ( Zapus hudsonius preblei ) proposed for delisting from the US Endangered Species Act

Zapus hudsonius preblei , listed as threatened under the US Endangered Species Act (ESA), is one of 12 recognized subspecies of meadow jumping mice found in North America. Recent morphometric and phylogenetic comparisons among Z. h. preblei and neighbouring conspecifics questioned the taxonomic status of selected subspecies, resulting in a proposal to delist the Z. h. preblei from the ESA. We present additional analyses of the phylogeographic structure within Z. hudsonius that calls into question previously published data (and conclusions) and confirms the original taxonomic designations. A survey of 21 microsatellite DNA loci and 1380 base pairs from two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions (control region and cytochrome b ) revealed that each Z. hudsonius subspecies is genetically distinct. These data do not support the null hypothesis of a homogeneous gene pool among the five subspecies found within the southwestern portion of the species’ range. The magnitude of the observed differentiation was considerable and supported by significant findings for nearly every statistical comparison made, regardless of the genome or the taxa under consideration. Structuring of nuclear multilocus genotypes and subspecies-specific mtDNA haplotypes corresponded directly with the disjunct distributions of the subspecies investigated. Given the level of correspondence between the observed genetic population structure and previously proposed taxonomic classification of subspecies (based on the geographic separation and surveys of morphological variation), we conclude that the nominal subspecies surveyed in this study do not warrant synonymy, as has been proposed for Z. h. preblei , Z. h. campestris , and Z. h. intermedius .
Total face reconstruction using a pre-expanded, bilateral, extended, parascapular free flap.

A 37-year-old male sustained extensive, self-inflicted gasoline burns to his head, face, chest, upper extremities, and anterior thighs. Although he underwent initial resuscitation and skin grafting at a regional burn center, he presented to our clinic with thick, unstable burn scars covering his face and scalp. He had multiple functional and esthetic needs that are described. He required approximately 30 X 35 cm of skin to resurface his entire face and anterior scalp. His back and buttocks were his only unscarred, potential donor sites. Authors have described use of a bilateral parascapular free flap for similar deformities. This patient required pre-expansion of this free flap to maximize available tissue and minimize the donor defect. This technique provided this patient with a large area of healthy skin and soft tissue that will ultimately provide this patient with an improved functional and esthetic result.
Efficient and compact silicon-on-insulator rib waveguide 90 degree bends and splitters

Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) is a widely recognized as a very promising material for high-index integrated photonic chips because of its compatibility with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technologies. One challenge in integrating many photonic devices on a single chip is to realize compact waveguide bends and splitters, particularly for rib waveguide geometries. We report compact SOI rib waveguide 90° bends and splitters with SU8-filled trenches based on total internal reflection (TIR). We use the two-dimensional finite difference time domain (2D-FDTD) method to numerically calculate bend and splitter efficiencies. The maximum bend efficiency is 98.0%. The splitter efficiency is 49.0% for transmission and 48.9% for reflection with an 80 nm wide SU8-filled trench. Electron beam lithography (EBL) is used to accurately position the trench interface relative to the waveguides and to pattern the 80 nm wide trench. Inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP RIE) is used to achieve a vertical sidewall. For fabricated bends the measured bend loss is 0.32±0.02 dB/bend (93% bend efficiency) for TE polarization at a wavelength of 1.55 microns, which is the lowest SOI rib waveguide 90° bend loss reported in literature. The initial measured splitter efficiency is 54.6% for transmission and 29.2% for reflection. This can be improved by avoiding defects in fabricated structures.
Optical fiber-based sensors: application to chemical biology

Optical fibers have been used to develop sensors based on nucleic acids and cells. Sensors employing DNA probes have been developed for various genomics applications and microbial pathogen detection. Live cell-based sensors have enabled the monitoring of environmental toxins, and have been used for fundamental studies on populations of individual cells. Both single-core optical fiber sensors and optical fiber sensor arrays have been used for sensing based on nucleic acids and live cells.
Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk Receptor Signaling in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colitis-associated Cancer

Three receptor tyrosine kinases, Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (TAM) and their ligands Gas6 and Protein S, have emerged as potent negative regulators of innate immune responses. A number of studies using genetic ablation of TAM loci in mice have elucidated the mechanism of TAM engagement and function during the immune response and removal of apoptotic cells. Following phagocytosis of apoptotic cells or the induction of T-cell dependent adaptive immune responses, ligand-induced TAM signaling dampens proinflammatory cytokine production and thus prevents exaggerated or prolonged inflammation. It is believed that the TAM pathway may play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Suppression of inflammation and removal of apoptotic cells followed by tissue repair are essential processes for disease remission and the successful management of inflammatory bowel disease. In light of the key role of TAMs in controlling inflammatory responses, here, we review the recent advances on TAM research vis-a-vis the resolution of intestinal inflammation. Targeted activation of TAM receptor tyrosine kinases may represent a potent therapeutic opportunity in inflammatory bowel disease.
Thermoporoelastic response of a fluid-saturated porous sphere: An analytical solution

The fully coupled thermo/hydro/mechanical response of a fluid saturated porous sphere subject to a pressure stress pulse on the outer boundary is considered. A full analytical method is developed and an exact unique solution of the coupled equations is presented. This generality allows us to simulate a variety of practical problems.
STIMULUS DETECTION DURING PERIODS OF HIGH AND LOW HEART RATE

The study was designed to test Lacey's suggestion that elevated heart rate and blood pressure could lead to decreased sensory sensitivity and that a reduction in heart rate and blood pressure may facilitate sensory sensitivity. A tone of five intensities encompassing the subject's intensity threshold was presented randomly 25 times under high and 25 times under low transient heart rate. The results indicated no differences in the number of correct detections under high and low heart rate and no interaction between heart rate level and tone intensity. It was concluded that low heart rate may well be a necessary condition for increased sensory sensitivity, but that it is not a sufficient condition. Discussion was directed to the range of possible HR changes and the possible requirements of the sensitivity mechanism.
Calculating the K-distribution by saddlepoint integration

An important probability distribution for modelling non-Gaussian phenomenon is the K-distribution. Because of its widespread use in radar and underwater acoustics, a method for calculating the distribution is required which is both easy and efficient. The paper presents a method for calculating the K-distribution, in particular the K-Bessel function, using saddlepoint integration. The paper provides a detailed truncation-error analysis of the technique, and an implementation in MATLAB.
Enzymatic degradation of guar and substituted guar galactomannans.

Enzymatic degradation of guar galactomannan is studied using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and steady shear viscometry. In very dilute polymer solutions, reaction rate increases with first-order kinetics with substrate concentration. In the intermediate concentration regime, the enzyme/polymer binding saturates, and the degradation kinetics is zero-order. The observations are in accord with a Michaelis-Menton kinetics model. The Michaelis-Menton parameter, Km and Vmax, were determined to be 0.6 mM and 7.8 x 10(-10) mol/(mL s) for guar at pH = 7, where the maximal velocity of the reaction, Vmax, was measured in terms of the molar concentration of glycosidic bonds broken per unit time. However, as the solution increases in concentration, the reaction rate decreases and the enzyme diffusion through the concentrated polymer gel becomes a limiting factor. A reaction-diffusion model is presented to express the competition between enzyme reaction and diffusion. The scaling theory and kinetic data are used to define the boundaries of the polymer concentration regimes between substrate (i.e., polymer strand) limited reactions, enzyme limited reactions, and hindered diffusion limited reactions. The influence of polymer derivatization on the degradation kinetics was also explored. The degradation rate was shown to be greatly affected by the type of substituent groups as well as the degree of substitution. The triggering mechanism and controlled degradation were found for the enzymatic hydrolysis of cationically derivatized guar solutions.
Nitrogen accretion in soil and biomass production by three Prosopis species

Trunk circumferences and canopy diameters of Prosopis glandulosa, P. chilensis and P. alba, and soil nitrogen under and between the trees were measured in a seven-year-old plantation at the University of California, Riverside. P. glandulosa had the smallest biomass of the three species. However, the nitrogen concentration of the soil under P. glandulosa was higher than under the other two species. Presumably more nitrogen is cycled through the leaves of this species rather than invested in wood production, where it would be sequestered. The soil nitrogen accumulation under P. glandulosa was significantly higher (total and subsurface) than that measured in soil taken between trees. The soil nitrogen content under P. chilensis and P. alba was not significantly different than that between the trees. These results indicate that the choice of woody legume in an agroforestry system will depend on its intended use. The most efficient nutrient cycling is not necessarily associated with the best biomass production.
Hip osteoarthritis prevalence estimates by three radiographic scoring systems.

Objective To estimate and compare the age- and sex-specific prevalence of radiographic hip osteoarthritis (RHOA) in a population-based study of the Pima Indians, using 3 atlas-based methods for assessing features of RHOA. Methods Pelvic radiographs from 755 Pima Indians age ≥45 years enrolled in a population-based study were read using the Kellgren/Lawrence (K/L) grading scale (grade 0-4) and 2 validated individual-radiographic-features (IRF) scales (grades 0-3 for narrowing and osteophytes). Results The age- and sex-specific prevalence of RHOA among Pima Indians assessed using the K/L scale was <10% in all age and sex groups. The prevalence of grade ≥2 osteophytes assessed using the 2 IRF scales were similar to each other in all age and sex groups. However, differences between the 2 IRF scoring systems were found for the prevalence of grade ≥2 joint space narrowing. Conclusion Pima Indians have an age- and sex-specific prevalence of RHOA similar to that found in the US population. Our finding of different joint space narrowing prevalence by the 2 IRF grading scales supports the use of the same atlas-based case definitions for determining disease prevalence for comparative studies.
Learning Cognitive-Behavior Therapy: An Illustrated Guide

Preface. Acknowledgments. Basic principles of cognitive-behavior therapy. The therapeutic relationship: collaborative empiricism in action. Assessment and formulation. Structuring and educating. Working with automatic thoughts. Behavioral methods I: improving energy, completing tasks, and solving problems. Behavioral methods II: reducing anxiety and breaking patterns of avoidance. Modifying schemas. Common problems and pitfalls: learning from the challenges of therapy. Treating chronic, severe, or complex disorders. Building competence in cognitive-behavior therapy. Appendix 1: worksheets and checklists. Appendix 2: cognitive-behavior therapy resources. Appendix 3: DVD Guide. Index.
TH‐D‐BRCD‐02: TG‐51 Addendum ‐ Overview and Implementation

This presentation will describe the new addendum to the AAPM's TG‐51 protocol covering photon beam reference dosimetry, which is in the final stages of review and will be published in 2012. The addendum does not hange either the formalism of TG‐51 or the standard reference conditions (i.e., 10 cm × 10 cm field at 1 m) but provides new chamber‐specific data together with detailed guidance on the relevant factors to take into account when following the TG‐51 protocol. The presentation will review the addendum in some detail with particular focus on: 1) Best practice recommendations to minimize errors and ensure consistent dosimetric reporting, including choice of chamber, experimental procedures, determination of correction factors, and application to FFF linacs.2) An in‐depth discussion of uncertainties with guidance on how the clinical physicist can affect the overall uncertainty in the determination of absorbed dose to water Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the scope of the TG‐51 addendum or photon beam dosimetry. 2. Understand how the addendum should be implemented to achieve the highest level of accuracy. 3. Understand how to construct an uncertainty budget for the determination of dose at the reference point and how the clinical user can influence the overall value of uncertainty.
Optimizing combination therapy in the management of hypertension: the role of the aliskiren, amlodipine, and hydrochlorothiazide fixed combination

High blood pressure is the leading risk factor for death and disability worldwide, and the prevalence is increasing. Effective treatment decreases the risk of adverse events in proportion to blood pressure reduction. Combination antihypertensive therapy reduces blood pressure promptly and effectively. Single-pill combinations reduce the pill burden and improve adherence, efficacy, and tolerability of treatment compared with single drug pills. A significant portion of the hypertensive population will require three drugs for adequate control. The single-pill combination of aliskiren, amlodipine, and hydrochlorothiazide is based on complementary mechanisms of action. Clinical trials have shown it to be a safe and effective treatment for hypertension. This combination is a reasonable choice in clinical practice for patients with hypertension that requires three drugs for effective treatment.
Contexts for Student AAE Use in the Classroom

This research examines students' use of African American English (AAE) in classrooms with varying levels of procedural and substantive engagement. In this study, classroom context is examined for type of engagement, turn length, and teacher response to student AAE use. Student AAE use is analyzed by ethnicity, gender, and teacher, and by features used. The data show a predominant use of AAE by African American and female students, and its prevalence in contexts of substantive engagement. Analysis of type of engagement in studies such as this serves to further understand students' linguistic choices in the classroom and calls for additional research with respect to subsequent discussion and student achievement.
Optimization of Subdivision Development

Optimal lot size and configuration are determined by the maximization of profit per unit of land area. Lot value is assumed to be a Cobb-Douglas function of frontage and depth. The cost of developing a lot is assumed to be related to lot area, frontage, and a fixed cost parameter. The forms of the value function, the cost function, and the objective function are rationalized. The impacts of changes in the value and cost function parameters on optimal frontage, depth, frontage to depth ratio, and lot area are investigated.
Modified partial update EDS algorithms for adaptive filtering

Partial update (PU) Euclidean direction search (EDS) algorithms have been developed to reduce the computational complexity of the full update EDS. In this paper, the PU EDS is modified to achieve better performance. The performance is analyzed for a time-invariant system and for a time-varying system. Theoretical steady-state mean and mean squared error results of the modified PU EDS are derived for both time-invariant system and time-varying system. Computer simulations are presented to support the theoretical analyses. The modified PU EDS can achieve similar performance to the full update EDS while reducing the computational complexity significantly. The performance of the modified PU EDS is also compared with the PU recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm and the PU conjugate gradient in computer simulations. The performance of modified PU EDS is comparable to PU RLS, and it needs less computational cost.
Spinodal lines and equations of state: A review

Abstract The importance of knowing superheated liquid properties, and of locating the liquid spinodal line, is discussed. The measurement and prediction of the spinodal line, and the limits of isentropic pressure undershoot, are reviewed. Means are presented for formulating equations of state and fundamental equations to predict superheated liquid properties and spinodal limits. It is shown how the temperature dependence of surface tension can be used to verify p - v - T equations of state, or how this dependence can be predicted if the equation of state is known.
Poisson MAP superresolution estimator with smoothness constraint

A well known problem associated with super-resolution of imagery is the introduction of oscillatory artifacts into the super-resolved object estimate. In this paper, we derive a Maximum A-Posteriori (MAP) object estimator subject to a constraint on the norm of the first differences of adjacent object pixels. The posterior density is derived from a Poisson observation model and a Poisson prior for the object. It is shown that this optimization problem is identical to a MAP estimator with a Markov Random Field (MRF) prior using zero- and first-order neighborhood cliques. While most MRF priors used for image restoration neglect the singleton clique, our model incorporates this additional a-priori object knowledge into the estimator. An iterative solution to the optimization problem is developed using the Picard iteration technique. Results are presented which demonstrate substantial artifact reduction while achieving the bandwidth extension necessary to accomplish super-resolution. Test cases include extended objects and natural scenes.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Stability critical graphs and ranks facets of the stable set polytope

Abstract Rank inequalities due to stability critical (a-critical) graphs are used to develop a finite nested sequence of linear relaxations of the stable set polytope, the strongest of which provides an integral max-min relation: In a simple graph, the maximum size of a stable set is equal to the minimum (weighted) value of a cover of nodes by a-critical subgraphs. For a simple graph containing no even subdivision of K4, these results imply that every rank facet is due either to an edge or to an odd cycle; consequently, the max-min relation specializes to give that the cardinality of a largest stable set equals the minimum value of a node covering by edges and odd cycles. This leads to a polynomial-time algorithm to find a maximum stable set and a minimum valued cover of nodes by edges and odd cycles in such a graph.
Mutant E. coli Strain with Temperature Sensitive Peptidyltransfer RNA Hydrolase

WE have isolated a strain of Escherichia coli K-12 bacteria that we believe to be conditionally defective in peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase. This enzyme (which we shall refer to as hydrolase) catalyses the hydrolysis of peptidyl-tRNA (or N-acyl-amino-acyl-tRNA) yielding free peptide (or N-acyl-amino-acid) and a tRNA capable of accepting its conjugate amino-acid1,2. In the current model of protein biosynthesis3 peptidyl-tRNA is the form in which the growing protein is bound to the ribosome. Ribosome-bound peptidyl-tRNA, however, is a poor substrate for the hydrolase2,4, implying that the normal substrate is free. N-acyl-aminoacyl-tRNAs occur in cells5–7 but the only species the function of which is known3,8, N-formyl-methionyl-tRNAf, is a poor substrate for bacterial peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase1,9,10.
What is the most creative thing you have ever seen? "Useful" is the new "Valuable" and dynamic systems are the key!

Creativity has been described by many as something which we all can recognize, yet few can completely and sufficiently define. In a discussion of Glaveanu’s (2011) Creating Creativity, further topics and questions, such as pragmatism and neopragmatism as well as the nature of creativity studies are explored. Using the medium of Glaveanu’s research on creativity and Romanian Easter Egg decorating, this article expands the discussion of pragmatism, neopragmatism and the future of research surrounding creativity. This future can be addressed by exploring the nature of the interconnectedness of creativity and cognition via dynamic systems approaches. To enhance this viewpoint, a brief discussion of dynamic systems theory is brought in to supplement the enhanced discussion of pragmatism and the nature of the usefulness of creativity.
A continuum of non-Gaussian self-similar image ensembles with white power spectra

We introduce a scaling procedure that acts on visual textures to produce new textures having the same resolution, display size, and mean contrast power. We derive the form of the scaling fixed-point textures (image ensembles) resulting from repeated application of this scale transformation to the 'even' texture with an arbitrary amount of sporadic decorrelation. The result is a continuum of scaling fixed-point or 'self-similar' image ensembles, ranging from a strongly non-Gaussian white texture with higher-order spatial correlations at one extreme to Gaussian white noise at the other. The simple construction of a continuum of self-similar ensembles possessing phase correlations provides a tool for investigating human perception of structure in the absence of useful length scales. The fixed-point textures have luminance histogram differences, a direct result of their higher-order spatial properties. This suggests that scaling might afford an extension of our understanding of IID (independent identically distributed) texture discrimination (Chubb et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 2350-2374, 1994) to more general texture discrimination tasks in which spatial correlations play a role.
Households, Time, and Practice: A Reply to Vitelli

Giovanna Vitelli (this volume) offers interesting perspectives on the archaeological study of Indigenous people in colonial contexts. She does so through a commentary on my recently published (Silliman 2009) article in which I outlined a perspective on practice and memory that has helped me interpret the ways that Indigenous communities can persist between the dichotomies of change and continuity. I offer here some clarifications and engagements with her comments.
Failure to Compare Dermoscopy Findings of Pigmented Lesions on Your Patient: Comment on “Dermoscopy of Patients With Multiple Nevi”

Ideally, clinical tools used to detect melanoma discriminatebetweenbenignandmalignantlesionsallowing prompt excision of melanomas and minimal removal of benign nevi. For many clinicians, dermoscopy is used to view questionable lesions at one pointintime,butthishasreducedspecificitysincemelanomas and nevi often share overlapping morphologic characteristics. 1 Argenziano et al analyzed management of suspicious pigmented lesions in 2 contexts. First, a group of 6 dermatologists made recommendations regarding excision of 190 clinically atypical lesions based onlyontheirexaminationofindividualdermoscopicphotographs. Second, the group was asked to reevaluate the same lesions alongside photographs of additional lesions from the same patients. Excision was recommended in 55% of cases in the first approach, but in only 14% of cases in the comparative approach. Although excision was recommended for the melanomas in both approaches, the comparative approach (assuming the remaining lesions were nevi) would be associated with far fewer benign nevi removals. Thus minding this “practice gap” through contextual dermoscopic analysis can limit unnecessary nevus removals that will benefit patients and reduce long-term costs of screening. The notion that dermoscopic features may be shared among benign lesions on a patient represents an extensionoftheconceptof“signature”lesions—previouslydescribed as recognizable clinical (macroscopic) patterns in nevi. 2 When confronted with patients with numerous nevi, classifying the signature lesion(s) then enables identification of ugly duckling lesions that may be suspicious for melanoma, while providing reassurance that other lesions can be monitored. Melanoma detection can be further enhanced through temporal analysis, in which particular regions of skin or selected lesions are monitored over time by repeated comparison withpreviouslytaken(baseline)photographs. 1 Usingder
Role of trace elements in parenteral nutrition support of the surgical neonate

Abstract Background Parenteral nutrition (PN) has transformed the outcome for neonates with surgical problems in the intensive care unit. Trace element supplementation in PN is a standard practice in many neonatal intensive care units. However, many of these elements are contaminants in PN solutions, and contamination levels may, in themselves, be sufficient for normal metabolic needs. Additional supplementation may actually lead to toxicity in neonates whose requirements are small. Methods An electronic search of the MEDLINE, Cochrane Collaboration, and SCOPUS English language medical databases was performed for the key words “trace elements,” “micro-nutrients,” and “parenteral nutrition additives.” Studies were categorized based on levels of evidence offered, with randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses accorded the greatest importance at the apex of the data pool and case reports and animal experiments the least importance. Articles were reviewed with the primary goal of developing uniform recommendations for trace element supplementation in the surgical neonate. The secondary goals were to review the physiologic role, metabolic demands, requirements, losses, deficiency syndromes, and toxicity symptoms associated with zinc, copper, chromium, selenium, manganese, and molybdenum supplementation in PN. Results Zinc supplementation must begin at initiation of PN. All other trace elements can be added to PN 2 to 4 weeks after initiation. Copper and manganese need to be withheld if the neonate develops PN-associated liver disease. The status of chromium supplementation is currently being actively debated, with contaminant levels in PN being sufficient in most cases to meet neonatal requirements. Selenium is an important component of antioxidant enzymes with a role in the pathogenesis of neonatal surgical conditions such as necrotizing enterocolitis and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Premature infants are often selenium deficient, and early supplementation has shown a reduction in sepsis events in this age group. Conclusion Appropriate supplementation of trace elements in surgical infants is important, and levels should be monitored. In certain settings, it may be more appropriate to individualize trace element supplementation based on the predetermined physiologic need rather than using bundled packages of trace elements as is the current norm. Balance studies of trace element requirements should be performed to better establish clinical recommendations for optimal trace element dosing in the neonatal surgical population.
Analysis of mortality characterization in developing LD values from topical application test results

Abstract The reproducibility of topical application data is influenced by test duration and the definition of death. These parameters were varied in tests with fall armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), to determine conditions which gave the most uniform results. Assessments where moribund insects are considered dead most closely approximate ‘actual’ mortality (i.e. at 7 days both methods gave equivalent results). With this criterion, reliable data can be obtained within 48 h. We recommend combining the ESA guidelines for test duration with the FAO guidelines for evaluating mortality. A method for analyzing the reliability of probit data from repeated tests, where the same insects are evaluated under different mortality criteria, is developed.
Identification and measurement of the mass of 26Ne(g.s.) by the 26Mg(π−, π+)26Ne reaction

Abstract The pion double charge exchange reaction 26Mg(π−, π+)26Ne has been used to make the first observation of 26Ne(g.s.) and to measure its mass. The reaction 12C(π−, π+)12B, with known Q0 = -26.100(15)MeV was used for calibration to obtain 26Ne(g.s.) mass excess of 0.44(7) MeV.
Pulsed CO2 laser tissue ablation: Effect of tissue type and pulse duration on thermal damage

Tissue removal by infrared lasers is accompanied by thermal damage to nonablated tissue. The extent of thermal damage can be controlled by a choice of laser wavelength, irradiance, and exposure duration. The effect of exposure duration has been studied in vivo by using CO2 lasers with pulse widths that vary from 2 μsec to 50 msec. Pulse widths of 50 msec, typical of a shuttered, continuous-wave CO2 laser, produce damage regions 750 μm wide in normal guinea pig skin; the use of a 2-μseclong pulse reduced this damage zone to as little as 50 μm. Using 2-μseclong pulses, in vitro studies showed that the minimum zone of thermal damage varied significantly with tissue type. The thermal denaturation of these tissues has been studied and correlated with damage. The effect of denaturation temperature and pulse duration on the width of the damage zone is explained by a simple model.