cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL SECTION ON CLINICAL BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS

Since its inception, applied behavior analysishas focused on analyzing and developingeffective interventions for a variety of behaviorproblems seen in diverse populations andsettings. In fact, the Journal of Applied BehaviorAnalysis (JABA) masthead states that the purposeof the journal is to publish ‘‘reports ofexperimental research involving applications ofthe experimental analysis of behavior to prob-lems of social importance.’’ There are a varietyof methods to determine whether something issocially important, but the primary architects ofapplied behavior analysis believed that targetbehaviors should be chosen ‘‘because of theirimportance to man (sic) and society, rather thantheir importance to theory’’ (Baer, Wolf, RWolf, 1978). From their descriptive papers, aswell as the extraordinary body of their publishedresearch, it is clear that Baer et al. (1968, 1987)strongly believed that applied behavior-analyticresearch should focus on topics of demonstrablesocial importance. We share their belief thatsuch a focus not only extends the science ofbehavior analysis and enlarges its influence bydemonstrating its applied implications but alsobenefits the human condition.For some specific populations and targetbehaviors (e.g., self-injury of individuals withdevelopmental disabilities, pediatric feeding dis-orders, teaching skills to children with autism),JABA has been true to its original mandate.However, over the course of JABA’s history,concern has been expressed that the journal’sscope may be too narrow (Kunkel, 1987). Onearea in which JABA has not published a sub-stantial amount of research is in the domain ofclinical psychology, clearly the largest appliedarea in psychology (American PsychologicalAssociation [APA] Research Office, 2000). Infact, 62% of all members of the APA are clinicalor counseling psychologists (APA ResearchOffice). Although these disciplines work witha wide array of populations and problems, theymost frequently seek to understand and treattypically developing children and adults withfunctionally impairing behavioral excesses ordeficits. The problem behaviors exhibited bythese populations are common and diverse. Forexample, in the National Comorbidity Study(Kessler, Berglund, Demler, Jin, & Walters,2005), the lifetime prevalence of mood disorderswas found to be 20.8%; anxiety disorders,28.8%; impulse control disorders, 24.8%; andsubstance use disorders, 14.6%. In addition, the
An Efficient Secure Route Discovery Protocol for DSR

Ensuring cryptographic integrity of the route discovery process in on demand ad hoc routing approaches like dynamic source routing (DSR) require the ability to verify that no nodes have been deleted from the path, and no node can be inserted in the path without a valid authentication. We discuss the need for early detection of inconsistencies involving inserted or deleted nodes in route request (RREQ) packets and investigate the challenges associated with catering for this requirement. We propose an efficient strategy to achieve this employing only symmetric cryptographic primitives, which is made possible due to a recently proposed multi-source broadcast encryption scheme. We outline a protocol for secure route discovery in DSR that employs such a security primitive, and provide quantitative estimates (through simulations) of gains that can be achieved by early detection of inconsistent RREQs.
Expected-Utility-Maximizing Price Search with Learning

We consider a model of search when the distribution of prices wages is unknown. The effect of changing the objective function from minimizing expected cost to maximizing expected utility is examined.
Phase I trial of escalating doses of interleukin-1 beta in combination with a fixed dose of interleukin-2.

PURPOSEInterleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-2 have synergistic antitumor and myelostimulatory activities. We investigated the clinical and biologic effects of IL-1/IL-2 therapy.PATIENTS AND METHODSTwenty patients with metastatic cancer, divided into five cohorts, were treated with escalating doses of IL-1 beta (0.005 to 0.2 micrograms/kg/d) administered as a 30-minute intravenous (IV) infusion on days 1 to 4, combined with a fixed dose of IL-2 (0.1 mg/m2/d) administered by continuous IV infusion on days 1 to 4. The 4-day cycles were repeated weekly for up to 8 weeks in the absence of toxicity and/or progressive disease.RESULTSPatients tolerated up to 0.2 microgram/kg/d of IL-1 beta in combination with IL-2 without severe adverse effects. Peripheral-blood CD4-to-CD8 ratios and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity were higher at the lower doses (0.005 to 0.05 microgram/kg/d) of IL-1 beta and higher than that of a cohort of patients treated with IL-2 alone. WBC counts, primarily neutrophils, increased significa...
Interconversion of Yeast Mating Types II. Restoration of Mating Ability to Sterile Mutants in Homothallic and Heterothallic Strains

The two mating types of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be interconverted in both homothallic and heterothallic strains. Previous work indicates that all yeast cells contain the information to be both a and alpha and that the HO gene (in homothallic strains) promotes a change in mating type by causing a change at the mating type locus itself. In both heterothallic and homothallic strains, a defective alpha mating type locus can be converted to a functional a locus and subsequently to a functional alpha locus. In contrast, action of the HO gene does not restore mating ability to a strain defective in another gene for mating which is not at the mating type locus. These observations indicate that a yeast cell contains an additional copy (or copies) of alpha information, and lead to the "cassette" model for mating type interconversion. In this model, HMa and hmalpha loci are blocs of unexpressed alpha regulatory information, and HMalpha and hma loci are blocs of unexpressed a regulatory information. These blocs are silent because they lack an essential site for expression, and become active upon insertion of this information (or a copy of the information) into the mating type locus by action of the HO gene.
From quantum circuits to adiabatic algorithms

This paper explores several aspects of the adiabatic quantum-computation model. We first show a way that directly maps any arbitrary circuit in the standard quantum-computing model to an adiabatic algorithm of the same depth. Specifically, we look for a smooth time-dependent Hamiltonian whose unique ground state slowly changes from the initial state of the circuit to its final state. Since this construction requires in general an $n$-local Hamiltonian, we will study whether approximation is possible using previous results on ground-state entanglement and perturbation theory. Finally we will point out how the adiabatic model can be relaxed in various ways to allow for 2-local partially adiabatic algorithms as well as 2-local holonomic quantum algorithms.
Efficacy of Early Intervention

Based on an analysis of over 300 previous studies of early intervention efficacy, this article explains how the steps in the scientific method can be used to organize and draw conclusions from existing research. Although it is concluded that early intervention has positive benefits for most children, it is pointed out that there is little, if any, empirical support for the types of intervention that are most effective. Suggestions for future research are given.
Effects of cocaine on c-fos and preprodynorphin mRNA levels in intact and ovariectomized Fischer rats.

Abstract Psychostimulants such as cocaine have been shown to regulate c -fos and opioid gene expression in male rats. However, little information is available on cocaine effects in female rats or how the ovarian hormones, estrogen and progesterone, modulate these effects. In this study we used quantitative solution hybridization assays to measure c -fos and preprodynorphin (PDYN) mRNA levels after cocaine administration in the caudate/putamen of intact male and female rats or ovariectomized (OVX) female rats that were pretreated with vehicle, estrogen and/or progesterone. The c -fos mRNA levels were increased in intact male and female rats after 30 min or 3 h of one single cocaine injection and after 14 days of single daily cocaine injections. The c -fos mRNA levels were also increased after 30 min of a single cocaine injection in OVX female rats that were treated with vehicle, estrogen and/or progesterone. The PDYN mRNA levels did not change after 30 min, 3 h or 14 days in intact male or female rats. However, PDYN mRNA levels were increased in the caudate/putamen of OVX female rats pretreated with vehicle or a combination of estrogen and progesterone but not in OVX female rats that were pretreated with either estrogen or progesterone alone. Our data suggest hormonal regulation of cocaine effects on PDYN mRNA levels which may modulate cocaine-induced behaviors in female rats.
Hostile Marital Interactions, Proinflammatory Cytokine Production, and Wound Healing

Context A growing epidemiological literature has suggested that marital discord is a risk factor for morbidity and mortality. In addition, depression and stress are associated with enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines that influence a spectrum of conditions associated with aging. Objective To assess how hostile marital behaviors modulate wound healing, as well as local and systemic proinflammatory cytokine production. Design and Setting Couples were admitted twice to a hospital research unit for 24 hours in a crossover trial. Wound healing was assessed daily following research unit discharge. Participants Volunteer sample of 42 healthy married couples, aged 22 to 77 years (mean [SD], 37.04 [13.05]), married a mean (SD) of 12.55 (11.01) years. Interventions During the first research unit admission, couples had a structured social support interaction, and during the second admission, they discussed a marital disagreement. Main Outcome Measures Couples’ interpersonal behavior, wound healing, and local and systemic changes in proinflammatory cytokine production were assessed during each research unit admission. Results Couples’ blister wounds healed more slowly and local cytokine production (IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α, and IL-1β) was lower at wound sites following marital conflicts than after social support interactions. Couples who demonstrated consistently higher levels of hostile behaviors across both their interactions healed at 60% of the rate of low-hostile couples. High-hostile couples also produced relatively larger increases in plasma IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α values the morning after a conflict than after a social support interaction compared with low-hostile couples. Conclusions These data provide further mechanistic evidence of the sensitivity of wound healing to everyday stressors. Moreover, more frequent and amplified increases in proinflammatory cytokine levels could accelerate a range of age-related diseases. Thus, these data also provide a window on the pathways through which hostile or abrasive relationships affect physiological functioning and health.
THE ASSOCIATION OF ANTHROPOMETRIC OBESITY MEASURES WITH CT-MEASURED NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE IN THE MULTI-ETHNIC STUDY OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Methods: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) enrolled 6,814 participants aged 45-84 free of cardiovascular disease. We studied 3,788 of those with adequate CT data, without prior use of oral steroids, class 3 antiarrhythmics, heavy alcohol use, or cirrhosis. Presence of NAFLD was deined as a ratio of Hounsield attenuation between the liver and the spleen < 1. Log-linear regression modeled obesity measures separately; adjustment for education did not affect estimates.
Attack-proof collaborative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks

Collaborative sensing in cognitive radio networks can significantly improve the probability of detecting the transmission of primary users. In current collaborative sensing schemes, all collaborative secondary users are assumed to be honest. As a consequence, the system is vulnerable to attacks in which malicious secondary users report false detection results. In this paper, we investigate how to improve the security of collaborative sensing. Particularly, we develop a malicious user detection algorithm that calculates the suspicious level of secondary users based on their past reports. Then, we calculate trust values as well as consistency values that are used to eliminate the malicious users' influence on the primary user detection results. Through simulations, we show that even a single malicious user can significantly degrade the performance of collaborative sensing. The proposed trust value indicator can effectively differentiate honest and malicious secondary users. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the primary user detection demonstrate the improvement in the security of collaborative sensing.
The Aarhus Convention and Innovations in Compliance with Multilateral Environmental Agreements

The Aarhus Convention is the first multinational environmental agreement that focuses exclusively on obligations of nations to their citizens and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The Aarhus Convention's compliance mechanism includes several significant features including: (1) the ability of nongovernmental organizations to nominate experts for possible election to the Compliance Committee; (2) the requirement that all Committee members be independent experts rather than representatives of state Parties to the Convention; and (3) the right of any member of the public and any NGO to file a communication with the Committee alleging a Party's noncompliance. In just two years of considering cases, the Aarhus compliance mechanism has already dealt with several significant issues in each of the three areas that the Aarhus Convention covers: access to information, public participation, and access to justice. The Compliance Committee and Meeting of the Parties have ruled that governments may not insist that people asking for environmental information provide their reason for seeking that information, and also that governments must provide clear guidance to public authorities on providing information to the public. Regarding public participation, the decisions spell out duties of providing adequate public notice, adequate procedures for written or oral comments, and careful consideration of comments that the public or NGOs may make. Complaints about lack of access to justice have also been resolved in decisions where Parties have been found in noncompliance with the Aarhus Convention because of failure to provide legal standing to NGOs and because of slow judicial review procedures. The article offers some observations about the tools used by the Committee in its first cases, the characteristics of NGOs that have filed communications with the Committee, the attitudes of governments toward the compliance process, and possible reasons why most of the cases brought to the Committee so far have been from Central and Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia. The independence, transparency, and NGO involvement in the Convention's novel compliance mechanism represent an ambitious effort to bring democracy and participation to the very heart of compliance itself. Whether this will be successful and whether it will be emulated in the compliance mechanisms of other conventions will depend on the work of the Committee itself, the actions of Meetings of the Parties, and the amount of vigilance shown by citizens in demanding compliance with the Aarhus Convention.
Delivery of Exenatide and Insulin Using Mucoadhesive Intestinal Devices

A major disadvantage associated with current diabetes therapy is dependence on injectables for long-term disease management. In addition to insulin, incretin hormone replacement therapies including exenatide have added a new class of drugs for Type-2 diabetes. Although efficacious, patient compliance with current diabetic therapy is poor due to requirement of injections, inability to cross the intestinal epithelium and instability in the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we report the efficacy of a mucoadhesive device in providing therapeutic concentrations of insulin and exenatide via oral administration. Devices were prepared with a blend of FDA-approved polymers, carbopol, pectin and sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and were tested for drug carrying capability, in vitro release, Caco-2 permeability, and in vivo efficacy for insulin and exenatide. Results suggested that mucoadhesive devices successfully provided controlled release of FITC-insulin, released significant amounts of drug, while providing noteworthy enhancement of drug transport across Caco-2 monolayers without compromising monolayer integrity. In-vivo administration of the devices provided significant enhancement of drug absorption with 13- and 80-fold enhancement of relative bioavailability for insulin and exenatide compared to intestinal injections with significant increase in half-lives, thus resulting in prolonged blood glucose reduction. This study validates the efficacy of mucoadhesive devices in promoting oral peptide delivery to improve patient compliance and dose adherence.
Simulation, model-reduction, and state estimation of a two-component coagulation process

The issue of state estimation of an aggregation process through (1) using model reduction to obtain a tractable approximation of the governing dynamics and (2) designing a fast moving-horizon estimator for the reduced-order model is addressed. The method of moments is first used to reduce the governing integro-differential equation down to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation. This reduced-order model is then simulated for both batch and continuous processes and the results are shown to agree with constant Number Monte Carlo simulation results of the original model. Next, the states of the reduced order model are estimated in a moving horizon estimation approach. For this purpose, Carleman linearization is first employed and the nonlinear system is represented in a bilinear form. This representation lessens the computation burden of the estimation problem by allowing for analytical solution of the state variables as well as sensitivities with respect to decision variables. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 1557–1567, 2016
The non-random chromosome segregation in spermatocytes of Gryllotalpa hexadactyla. A micromanipulation analysis.

Males of Gryllotalpa hexadactyla have 22 autosomes and one X chromosome in their chromosome complement. One pair of autosomes forms a heteromorphic bivalent in meiosis: one dyad is several times the size of the other. At metaphase of the first meiotic division the large dyad and the X chromosome are invariably oriented to the same pole, and they move to this pole in anaphase. These earlier observations (Payne, White) have been confirmed by studies on living spermatocytes, and a preliminary experimental analysis by micromanipulation has been made. No physical connection between the X chromosome and the heteromorphic bivalent could be detected when either one was moved with a microneedle. When the X chromosome was detached from the spindle in prometaphase and brought to the other pole, it oriented to this pole, but it usually reoriented and moved back to the original pole. When the heteromorphic bivalent was detached from the spindle and its position inverted, the large and the small dyads oriented to the new poles. The heteromorph remained in inverted position but the X chromosome usually reoriented and moved to the pole to which the large dyad was now oriented. When the heteromorph was detached and taken out of the cell, the X chromosome reoriented and moved to the other pole, reoriented again and moved back to the original pole. When the X chromosome was detached and taken out of the cell the heteromorph did not show any reaction. It is concluded that the X chromosome's reorientation response is the critical factor in non-random segregation in Gryllotalpa.
Theoretical exploration of hydrogen loss from Al3H9.

The Al3H9 and Al3H7 potential energy surfaces were explored using quantum chemistry calculations to investigate the H2 loss mechanism from Al3H9, which provide new insights into hydrogen production from bulk alane, [AlH3]x, a possible energy storage material. We present results of B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) calculations for the various Al3H9 and Al3H7 optimized local minima and transition state structures along with some reaction pathways for their interconversion. We find the energy for Al3H9 decomposition into Al2H6 and AlH3 is slightly lower than that for H2 loss and Al3H7 formation, but the calculations show that H2 loss from Al3H9 is a lower energy process than for losing hydrogen from either Al2H6 or AlH3. We found four transition state structures and reaction pathways for Al3H9 → Al3H7 + H2, where the lowest energy activation barrier is around 25–73 kJ/mol greater than the experimental value for H2 loss from bulk alane. Intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations show that the H2 loss pathway involves cons...
Hemodynamic Concepts in Hypertension

By delineating the hemodynamic characteristics of various forms of hypertension, human and animal studies of cardiac output, vascular resistance, and blood viscosity in hypertensive disease are pointing the way toward more specific antihypertensive chemotherapy. Such studies provide a rational basis for the use of adrenergic-blocking and other drugs, singly or in combination, to achieve specific effects.
c-Jun Is Required for Nuclear Factor-κB–Dependent, LPS-Stimulated Fos-Related Antigen-1 Transcription in Alveolar Macrophages

Previously, we have reported that Fos-related antigen-1 (Fra-1) transcription factor promotes LPS-induced acute lung injury and mortality, and that LPS-induced Fra-1 expression in the lung occurs predominantly in alveolar macrophages. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and c-Jun transcription factors play key roles in modulating inflammatory and immune responses induced by infectious and non-infectious insults. Here, we report that NF-κB and c-Jun coregulate Fra-1 induction by LPS in alveolar macrophages and that this regulation occurs through both the NF-κB and the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) signaling pathways. Transient transfections with Fra-1 promoter-reporter constructs and inhibitor studies revealed that the transcriptional activation of Fra-1 by LPS in alveolar macrophages is mediated by NF-κB and ERK1/2 signaling. Importantly, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed the recruitment of c-Jun and NF-κB to the endogenous Fra-1 promoter after LPS stimulation. We found that inhibition of ERK1/2 signaling reduced LPS-stimulated c-Jun and NF-κB recruitment to the promoter. Likewise, NF-κB inhibitor blocked LPS-induced NF-κB and c-Jun binding to the promoter. ERK1/2 inhibition had no effect on c-Jun activation but suppressed LPS-stimulated NF-κB phosphorylation. Finally, functional assays showed reduced levels of LPS-stimulated NF-κB regulated proinflammatory IL-1β and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α expression and increased antiinflammatory IL-10 expression in lung alveolar macrophages of Fra-1-null mice in vivo. Thus, our studies indicate that NF-κB and c-Jun coregulate LPS-induced Fra-1 transcription and that Fra-1 selectively modulates LPS-stimulated inflammatory cytokine expression in lung alveolar macrophages during inflammatory lung injury.
Prior heat stress enhances survival of renal epithelial cells after ATP depletion

The 72-kDa heat stress protein (HSP-72) is an inducible cytoprotectant protein. Although transient renal ischemia in vivo induces HSP-72, it is not known whether prior heat stress protects renal epithelial cells from injury mediated by ATP depletion. To evaluate this hypothesis, opossum kidney (OK) cells were exposed to sodium cyanide and 2-deoxy-D-glucose in the absence of medium glucose, a maneuver that reduced cell ATP content to 4-fold increase in total DNA), less uptake of vital dye, and less release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) than cells subjected to ATP depletion alone (23.0 +/- 1.6 vs. 34.1 +/- 1.2% of total LDH, respectively). Enhanced clonogenicity post-heat stress was completely prevented by cycloheximide and positively correlated with the steady-state content of HSP-72. In the recovery period after ATP depletion, cell ATP content, maximum mitochondrial ATP production rate, and total LDH activity were all significantly higher in cells with abundant HSP-72. Although the protective effects associated with heat stress are likely to be multifactoral, preserved cell metabolism and higher ATP content could enhance cellular repair processes after ATP depletion.
MO-D-BRB-02: SBRT Treatment Planning and Delivery

Increased use of SBRT and hypofractionation in radiation oncology practice has posted a number of challenges to medical physicist, ranging from planning, image-guided patient setup and on-treatment monitoring, to quality assurance (QA) and dose delivery. This symposium is designed to provide current knowledge necessary for the safe and efficient implementation of SBRT in various linac platforms, including the emerging digital linacs equipped with high dose rate FFF beams. Issues related to 4D CT, PET and MRI simulations, 3D/4D CBCT guided patient setup, real-time image guidance during SBRT dose delivery using gated/un-gated VMAT/IMRT, and technical advancements in QA of SBRT (in particular, strategies dealing with high dose rate FFF beams) will be addressed. The symposium will help the attendees to gain a comprehensive understanding of the SBRT workflow and facilitate their clinical implementation of the state-of-art imaging and planning techniques. Learning Objectives: 1.Present background knowledge of SBRT, describe essential requirements for safe implementation of SBRT, and discuss issues specific to SBRT treatment planning and QA. 2.Update on the use of multi-dimensional and multi-modality imaging for reliable guidance of SBRT. 3.Discuss treatment planning and QA issues specific to SBRT. 4.Provide a comprehensive overview of emerging digital linacs and summarize the key geometric and dosimetric features of the new generation of linacs for substantially improved SBRT. NIH/NCI; Varian Medical Systems; F. Yin, Duke University has a research agreement with Varian Medical Systems. In addition to research grant, I had a technology license agreement with Varian Medical Systems
Transcatheter Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke

This section provides a comprehensive procedural report for transcatheter treatment of acute ischemic stroke procedure with up-to-date explanatory notes, synopsis of the indications, and contraindications and potential complications in an organized and practical format.
Challenges of treating incidental synchronous bilateral breast cancer with differing tumour biology

A 59-year-old woman with right breast mass was diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Workup consisted of bilateral diagnostic mammogram and ultrasound (US); both showed a right breast mass with normal left breast. Core biopsy showed IDC with estrogen receptor negative (ER−)/progesterone receptor negative (PR−) and HER2/neu positive receptor status. The patient underwent carboplatin-based chemotherapy with Herceptin. The mass completely resolved. The patient desired to proceed with bilateral total mastectomy with right sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). Pathology showed complete resolution of the right-sided breast mass without malignancy in right SLN. Incidentally, IDC was found in the left breast specimen, which was ER+/PR+ and HER 2/neu negative. Tumour board consensus was to obtain a left axilla US with MRI in 6 months if the US was unremarkable. Biologically different synchronous bilateral breast cancer poses a difficult clinical challenge for management due to differing responses to treatment. Use of MRI may be a diagnostic option in women who choose contralateral prophylactic mastectomy.
Temperature, space availability, and species assemblages impact competition in global fouling communities

Competition drives community composition in many ecosystems and can influence the spread of invasive species. Marine fouling communities are excellent study systems for competition because of space limitation and the abundance of invasive species. While many studies have examined individual or site-specific responses to changes in temperature or presence of invasive species, it is difficult to predict ecological impacts without assessing interspecific interactions over a wide geographic range. This study compared interactions between several globally distributed invasive fouling species over a broad geographic range. Weekly examination of photographs of settlement panels in marinas at 18 sites around the world allowed for the quantification of competitive outcomes. In the north Atlantic, experimental panels became covered with fouling organisms exponentially faster at warmer temperatures, while northeast and south Pacific sites did not. An invasive ascidian (Diplosoma listerianum) and bryozoan (Bugula neritina) were strong competitors, but most species displayed a negative response in high competition settings where there was little available space. Two species (Botryllus schlosseri and Botrylloides violaceus) had better competitive outcomes at cooler temperatures, possibly due to fewer strong competitors at these sites. Thus, warmer sites with little open space and multiple strong competitors are likely most resistant to future invasions, while colder sites with more open space and weaker competitors would be more susceptible to invasive species. These results suggest that the establishment and spread of invasive fouling species is likely to be influence by seawater temperature, available space, and the competitive abilities of community members.
On-chip I–V variability and random telegraph noise characterization in 28 nm CMOS

Building reliable mixed-signal circuits in advanced process technologies requires an accurate understanding of device performance and variability. This work presents an on-chip transistor characterization platform built on a digital focal plane array readout circuit framework that enables highly parallel device measurements to be taken in the digital domain. This technique is used to quickly assess large-scale transistor characteristics and study the impact of random telegraph noise (RTN) in deeply scaled technologies. A 28 nm HKMG bulk LP CMOS test chip containing over 80,000 NFETs and PFETs of multiple sizes and threshold voltages was fabricated and tested to study device parameters and RTN performance down to cryogenic temperatures. Results support previous studies of RTN temperature dependence and suggest that threshold voltage has minimal impact on RTN relative to device type and dimension.
Should School Boards Discontinue Support for High School Football

A pediatrician is asked by her local school board to help them decide whether to discontinue their high school football program. She reviews the available evidence on the risks of football and finds it hopelessly contradictory. Some scholars claim that football is clearly more dangerous than other sports. Others suggest that the risks of football are comparable to other sports, such as lacrosse, ice hockey, or soccer. She finds very little data on the long-term sequelae of concussions. She sees claims that good coaching and a school culture that prioritizes the health of athletes over winning can reduce morbidity from sports injuries. In this paper, 3 experts also review the evidence about sports risks and discuss what is known and not known about the science and the ethics of high school football.
Chromium(III) Bis-Arylterpyridyl Complexes with Enhanced Visible Absorption via Incorporation of Intraligand Charge-Transfer Transitions.

A series of chromium(III) bis-arylterpyridyl complexes containing intraligand charge-transfer (ILCT) excited states were prepared and characterized. These complexes show significant absorption in the visible region due to the ILCT bands. The ILCT bands are tunable across the UV and visible spectrum via incorporation of electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups on the aryl ring. The absorption of Cr(4′-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine)23+ (4) in particular is much stronger in the visible region (e = 11 900 M–1 cm–1 at 450 nm and e = 5090 M–1 cm–1 at 500 nm) than that of the parent complex Cr(tpy)23+ (tpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine; e = 2160 M–1 cm–1 at 450 nm, and e = 170 M–1 cm–1 at 500 nm). Emission experiments on this series reveal Cr(III)-based phosphorescence with lifetimes from 140 to 600 ns upon excitation into the ILCT bands, which indicates funneling of the excitation energy from ligand-localized excited states to Cr(III)-based excited states. Cyclic voltammograms exhibit at least th...
International Business and Emerging Markets: A Long-Run Perspective

This working paper explores long-run patterns in the strategies of international business in developing countries. There was a massive wave of Western multinational investment in the developing world during the first wave of globalization before the 1920s. The subsequent decades of de-globalization saw the proportion of world FDI in developing countries sharply decline, and it has remained far below pre-1914 levels during the second global economy beginning in the 1980s. The working paper shows how management strategies were shaped by context in each historical period which provided a mixture of opportunity and risk. In the first wave of globalization, MNEs sought access to resources, and governments frequently gave them exclusive contracts and favorable deals in order to build businesses. The major management challenge was to overcome logistical challenges to enable minerals and other commodities to be exported into global value chains. During the Great Reversal, the main challenges faced by MNEs were political. Firms needed to build political contacts with assertive host governments, and attempt to strengthen their local identities, especially by localizing their managements. There was little need to adjust products to highly protected markets, or respond to limited local competition. In the contemporary global economy, political risks partially declined with the spread of liberalization and the abandonment of anti-foreign restrictions. However corporate strategies needed to carefully manage relations with governments. Emerging markets, or at least the larger and more fast-growing ones in Asia and Latin America, were increasingly seen as indispensable by MNEs in every industry. They were both a place to assemble manufactured goods and locate activities in the lower end of global value chains, and a fast-growing market. There was a growing need to incorporate local relevance into global products, and to respond to local competitors.
Factors Impacting Capital Expenditures in the Quick Service Restaurant Industry

The purpose of this article is to study the factors that impact capital expenditures in the quick-service restaurant industry. The authors hypothesize that growth opportunities, free cash flow, siz...
Minimum-Fuel Low-Thrust Transfers for Spacecraft: A Convex Approach

This paper presents a convex approach to the numerical solution of the minimum-fuel low-thrust orbit transfer problem. The main contribution is the transformation of the original nonlinear optimal control problem into a sequence of convex optimization problems. First, the control is decoupled from the states through a change of variables. Then, by introducing a lossless convexification technique, the control constraints are convexified, and the original problem is relaxed into a sequence of second-order cone programming problems. The resulting subproblems can be solved in real time by efficient interior-point methods. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated through numerical simulations of the three-dimensional minimum-fuel Earth-to-Mars low-thrust transfer problem.
Large- η constant-roll inflation is never an attractor

Slow-roll solutions to inflationary potentials have been widely believed to be the only universal attractor. Over the past few years there has been growing interest in a new class of inflationary models known as constant-roll inflation. Constant-roll solutions are a generalization of ``ultraslow roll'' dynamics, where the first slow-roll parameter is small, but the second slow-roll parameter $\ensuremath{\eta}$ is larger than unity. In ultraslow roll inflation, the large-$\ensuremath{\eta}$ solution is a dynamical transient, relaxing exponentially to the attractor de Sitter solution. In the constant-roll generalization, recent papers have concluded that constant-roll inflation represents a new class of nonslow roll attractor solutions. In this paper we show that these attractor solutions are actually the usual slow-roll attractor, disguised by a parameter duality, and that the large-$\ensuremath{\eta}$ solutions, as in the case of ultraslow roll, represent a dynamical transient.
Precision Profiling of the Cardiovascular Post-Translationally Modified Proteome: Where There Is a Will, There Is a Way

There is an exponential increase in biological complexity as initial gene transcripts are spliced, translated into amino acid sequence, and post-translationally modified. Each protein can exist as multiple chemical or sequence-specific proteoforms, and each has the potential to be a critical mediator of a physiological or pathophysiological signaling cascade. Here, we provide an overview of how different proteoforms come about in biological systems and how they are most commonly measured using mass spectrometry-based proteomics and bioinformatics. Our goal is to present this information at a level accessible to every scientist interested in mass spectrometry and its application to proteome profiling. We will specifically discuss recent data linking various protein post-translational modifications to cardiovascular disease and conclude with a discussion for enablement and democratization of proteomics across the cardiovascular and scientific community. The aim is to inform and inspire the readership to explore a larger breadth of proteoform, particularity post-translational modifications, related to their particular areas of expertise in cardiovascular physiology.
Ratemaking for conservation: The California ERAM (Electric Rate Adjustment Mechanism) experience

The Electric Rate Adjustment Mechanism (ERAM), adopted by the California Public Utilities Commission for the major investor-owned utilities in the state, represents a major departure from traditional rate-of-return ratemaking. ERAM removes the anti-conservation bypass of ratemaking by ensuring the utility will fully collect its authorized revenue requirement irrespective of the level of sales. Over or undercollections of revenues accrue to a balancing account and are amortized into future rates. This mechanism protects the utility from the risk of sales deviating from expectations for all reasons. Shielding the utility in this way can confound other policy goals which rely on the utility facing incentives other than those created by ERAM. 21 refs., 1 fig., 3 tabs.
Discriminants and Resultants for Forms in Several Variables

We now consider the most straightforward generalization of the resultants and discriminants treated in Chapter 12, namely the resultants and discriminants for homogeneous forms in several variables. Although they are very classical objects of study, many fundamental questions about them still remain open. To realize how little is known it is enough to mention that an explicit polynomial expression still remains unknown with the exception of some very special cases. The methods developed in Parts I and II help to put this and other questions in a general perspective. Without pretending to be complete, we present an overview of some fairly classical results together with more fresh developments.
Truth: Theories of in Philosophy

Theories of truth are divided over two basic questions: Does truth have a nature? And, if so, what sort of nature does it have? Traditional theories answer “yes” to the first question and so attempt to give an answer to the second; deflationary theories deny that truth has a nature that needs a deep explanation.
Interior Magnetic Field Fluctuation and Profile Measurements on Mst

Understanding plasma stability and confinement in a reversed-field pinch (RFP), or any toroidal confinement device, requires detailed information on the poloidal magnetic field and current density distribution. The stability of the plasma to tearing modes and other MHD events such as the sawtooth perturbation or dynamo are closely related to the current density profile. In RFP’s, resistive MHD instabilities can produce magnetic islands on rational surfaces that are closely spaced in radius causing magnetic stochasticity resulting from island overlap. Energy transport in conventional RFP plasmas is believed to arise mainly from particles streaming along these stochastic magnetic field lines. For the Madison Symmetric Torus (MST), a major goal is to reduce magnetic fluctuations through current density profile control. Elucidating the physics of this interplay requires high-resolution measurement of both the current density profile time evolution and magnetic fluctuations.
Adulterants and substitutes

Summary The presence of an adulterant in an already inherently toxic street drug leaves both the user and the emergency physician with a harsh predicament. Both may be in the dark as to the true nature of the active ingredients, or as to the clinical effects produced by these substances or combinations of substances. This creates a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma for the treating physician, as he or she wrestles with the often contradictory clinical signals and the inescapable possibility that prescribed therapy may interact adversely with the compounds already exerting their effects. The only defense we have is an open and constantly probing thought process, which maintains an awareness of the current street drug culture, and then channels this information into the clinical decision process.
Time course of panic disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder onsets

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often co-occurs with panic disorder (PD), with some etiological models positing a causal role of panic reactivity in PTSD onset; however, data addressing the temporal ordering of these conditions are lacking. The aim of this study was to examine the bi-directional associations between PD and PTSD in a nationally representative, epidemiologic sample of trauma-exposed adults. Participants were community-dwelling adults (62.6% women; Mage = 48.9, SD 16.3) with lifetime DSM-IV PTSD criterion A trauma exposure drawn from the 2001/2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) and re-interviewed in 2004/5 (N = 12,467). Cox discrete-time proportional hazards models with time-varying covariates were used to investigate the bi-directional associations between lifetime PD and PTSD, accounting for demographic characteristics, trauma load, and lifetime history of major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and social anxiety disorder. PD was significantly associated with subsequent onset of PTSD (HR 1.210, 95%CI = 1.207–1.214, p < .001), and PTSD was significantly associated with onset of PD (HR 1.601, 95% CI 1.597–1.604, p < .001). The association between PTSD and subsequent PD was stronger in magnitude than that between PD and subsequent PTSD (Z = − 275.21, p < .01). Men evidenced stronger associations between PD and PTSD compared to women. Results were consistent with a bidirectional pathway of risk, whereby PD significantly increased risk for the development of PTSD, and PTSD significantly increased risk for PD. Given the association between PTSD and subsequent PD, particularly among men, clinicians may consider supplementing PTSD treatment with panic-specific interventions, such as interoceptive exposure, to prevent or treat this disabling comorbidity.
Molecular Signals for Development of Neuronal Circuitry in the Retina

In this review article, we summarize recently accumulated knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms, which control retinal development. Retinal neurons are born in two waves of cytogenesis. In the first wave, neurons of cone circuitry are generated, whereas in the second wave, rod circuitry is added. Neurons generated in these two waves of cytogenesis differ in many respects, including the molecular cues used for migrational guidance. The neurons generated in the second phase of proliferation are arranged in radial columns associated with Muller cells, whereas those of the first phase are often found outside the radial columns. Certain early born cone photoreceptors may form templates for the arrangement of additional mosaics of other cell types. These mosaic arrangements of cell bodies are subsequently refined by lateral displacement of cells and apoptosis. Muller cells may play an important role in directing migration of second phase neurons within groups of radial columns and also in guiding the projections of these neurons so that specific connections are formed. The Muller cell's ability to exert these influences perhaps resides in a variety of cell adhesion molecules such as L1/NgCAM, F11, and 5A11, which are expressed on the surface of Muller cells and retinal neurons. CAMs also promote neurite outgrowth through second messenger pathways.
JPSS VIIRS Ocean Color Products and Applications

In this paper, we provide an overview of the progress on producing accurate global ocean color products from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) and NOAA-20 satellites. SNPP and NOAA-20 were launched on October 28, 2011 and November 18, 2017, respectively. VIIRS global ocean color products include normalized water-leaving radiance spectra $nL_{w}(\lambda)$ at VIIRS five spectral bands, chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration, water diffuse attenuation coefficients at the wavelength of 490 nm, $K_{d}(490)$ , and at the domain of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), $K_{d}$ (PAR). In addition, new products of $nL_{w}(\lambda)$ at VIIRS I-band (638 nm for SNPP and 642 nm for NOAA-20) and quality assurance (QA) score are now included. VIIRS global ocean color products are being routinely produced using the Multi-Sensor Level-l to Level-2 (MSL12) ocean color data processing system. Specifically, we describe our effort for the improvements of MSL12, particularly over coastal and inland waters, as well as some evaluations with in situ data from the Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY). Furthermore, we provide VIIRS ocean color data from both SNPP and NOAA-20, as well as from merged global Chl-a data from two VIIRS sensors, showing significantly improved data coverage. Some examples from the recently developed data gap-filling technique for VIIRS-SNPP are also presented and discussed.