cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relative transmissibility of an R5 clade C simian-human immunodeficiency virus across different mucosae in macaques parallels the relative risks of sexual HIV-1 transmission in humans via different routes.

Background—Worldwide, ~90% of all HIV transmissions occur mucosally; almost all involve R5 strains. Risks of sexual HIV acquisition are highest for rectal, followed by vaginal and then oral exposures. Methods—Mucosal lacerations may affect the rank-order of susceptibility to HIV but cannot be assessed in humans. We measured relative virus transmissibility across intact mucosae in macaques using a single stock of SHIV-1157ipd3N4, a simian-human immunodeficiency virus encoding a primary R5 HIV clade C env (SHIV-C). Results—The penetrability of rhesus macaque mucosae differed significantly, with rectal challenge requiring the least virus, followed by the vaginal and then oral routes. These findings imply that intrinsic mucosal properties are responsible for the differential mucosal permeability. The latter paralleled the rank-order reported for humans, with relative risk estimates within the range of epidemiologic human studies. To test whether inflammation facilitates virus transmission – as predicted from human studies – we established a macaque model of localized buccal inflammation. Systemic infection occurred across inflamed, but not normal buccal mucosa.
New mesopelagic larvaceans in the genus Fritillaria from Monterey Bay, California

Three new species of Fritillaria are described from specimens collected by a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) between 180 and 735 m depth in Monterey Bay, California. Fritillaria rex becomes the largest species now described for this genus (trunk length up to 10 mm, tail length up to 18 mm). This species is characterized by five or six narrow muscle bundles on each side of the tail, slit-shaped spiracles, a spherical ovary and a cylindrical testis. Fritillaria amphigonadis (trunk length up to 5.2 mm, tail length up to 7.5 mm) is characterized by two narrow muscle bundles on each side of the tail, slit-shaped spiracles, paired spherical ovaries, and a unique pi-shaped testis. Fritillaria lucifer (trunk length up to 4.1 mm, tail length up to 7.0 mm) has 12 extremely thin muscle bundles distributed broadly across the tail, rounded spiracles, a spherical ovary and a U-shaped testis. An additional mesopelagic Fritillaria appears to be consistent with the description of the Mediterranean F. fage, but specific differences in pharyngeal cells, cellular patterns on the tail, and gonadal morphology suggest that the specimens from Monterey Bay are a new variety, F. fagei mbarii. Based on the relatively limited number of collections (i.e. only 20 specimens yielding four unique taxa), it would appear that the possible diversity of larvaceans that live below the surface mixed layer is significantly underestimated.
The Pace of Life: Revisited

Abstract Amoulation is one routine aspect of the pace of life. In Western societies at least, human ambulation varies in a linear fashion with the size of the local population. This relation can be described adequately by the formula, Velocity = 0.86 log Population + 0.05. Ergonomical, cognitive, social, and economic explanations for this result are examined, and hypotheses for further cross-cultural investigation of urban-rural differences in pace of life are proposed.
Service restoration of power distribution systems incorporating load curtailment

Power distribution systems are now integrating Smart Grid technologies allowing for widespread implementation of demand response and direct load control. This paper will present a service restoration problem formulation and solution algorithm for power distribution systems which incorporates load curtailment. A ranking based heuristic search algorithm is proposed which prioritizes the multi-objective service restoration problem and returns a new system configuration and load curtailment scheme to restore power to out-of-service customers following fault isolation. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the mechanics of the proposed algorithm.
The Genomes On Line Database (GOLD) in 2009: status of genomic and metagenomic projects and their associated metadata

The Genomes On Line Database (GOLD) is a comprehensive resource for centralized monitoring of genome and metagenome projects worldwide. Both complete and ongoing projects, along with their associated metadata, can be accessed in GOLD through precomputed tables and a search page. As of September 2009, GOLD contains information for more than 5800 sequencing projects, of which 1100 have been completed and their sequence data deposited in a public repository. GOLD continues to expand, moving toward the goal of providing the most comprehensive repository of metadata information related to the projects and their organisms/environments in accordance with the Minimum Information about a (Meta)Genome Sequence (MIGS/MIMS) specification. GOLD is available at: http://www.genomesonline.org and has a mirror site at the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Crete, Greece, at: http://gold.imbb.forth.gr/
Fast Wind-Induced Migration of Leddies in the South China Sea

Eddies off the Strait of Luzon (termed here as ‘‘Leddies,’’ analogous to ‘‘Teddies’’ originating from the Indonesian Throughflow) are formed rapidly and migrate swiftly. Their migration rate (;10‐20 cm s 21 )i s an orderofmagnitudefasterthanthatofmosteddiesofthesamescale(; 1c m s 21 ).Onthebasisofobservations, it has been suggested earlier that the rapid generation process is due to the southeast monsoon. Here, the authors place this earlier suggestion on a more solid ground by developing both analytical and process-oriented numerical models. Because the eddies are formed by the injection of foreign, lighter Kuroshio water into the South China Sea (SCS), the eddies are modeled as lenses: that is, ‘‘bullets’’ that completely encapsulate the mass anomaly associated with them. It turns out that the rings migrate at an angle a (between 08 and 908) to the right of the wind direction fi.e., tan 21 [(2 2 g)f 2 R/8g9CD], where in conventional notation g is the vorticity, R the eddy radius, and CD the interfacial friction coefficient along the lower interface of the lensg. Their fast migration speed is given by 2(tS/rW)(sina)/fH, where tS is the wind stress on the surface, rw the water density, and H is the maximum eddy depth. With high interfacial drag (i.e., large CD), the rings move relatively slowly (but still a lot faster than Rossby waves) in the wind direction, whereas with low drag they move fast at 908to the right. These analytically predicted values are in good agreement with isopycnic numerical simulations.
Genotype‐environment interactions in genetically diverse meat‐type stocks of Chickens 1

Synopsis Six experimental stocks were evaluated in two trials at seven locations to determine if genetically diverse meat‐type stocks would be useful in identifying specific causes of genotype‐environment interactions. Stock differences in body weights (at 1, 5 and 8 weeks) were significant and responsible for 55 to 80% of the total phenotypic variation. Location effects were also significant, while trial effects were significant only at 1 and 5 weeks of age. Stock‐location interactions were significant (P < 0.01) for body weight at 1 and 5 weeks of age in both sexes while male 8‐week body weight and shank length differences were also significant (P< 0.05). The importance of stock‐location interactions for juvenile body weight decreased with age, being reponsible for 3% of the total phenotypic variation at 1 week and less than 1 % at 8 weeks of age. These data support previous reports indicating stock‐location interactions are of minor importance for juvenile body weights in broiler stocks and responsible...
Endothelial cell orientation on aortic valve leaflets

Studies of the structure of blood vessels have commonly found that cells lining the vessels are lengthened in the direction of blood flow, presumably as an effect of shear stress. A study of aortic valves has, however, shown that endothelial cells covering both sides of aortic valve leaflets are arranged across the direction of flow. Aortic valve leaflets taken from seven adult mongrel dogs and fixed either open or closed with glutaraldehyde were studied with a scanning electron microscope after critical point drying. On both open and closed leaflets the endothelial cells tended to be aligned circumferentially with the free edge of the leaflet. The circumferential pattern was particularly unexpected on the leaflet surface facing the left ventricle because this surface could be expected to receive the full effect of shear stress from systolic blood flow. The finding suggested that surface cellular alignment on leaflets is determined by some force other than shear stress. The force apparently responsible for organising the collagenous layers in the leaflet, which are best adapted to bear stress, is diastolic blood pressure. Since the endothelium follows the same pattern of alignment as the layers of collagen it seems reasonable to conclude that endothelial orientation is also a response ultimately to pressure stress. The arrangement of the endothelium then serves as a readily observed indicator of those functional stresses that dominate and organise leaflet structure.
Core Atoms and the Spectra of Scale

Our purpose is to characterize figures in medical images as a first step toward finding and measuring anatomical structures. For clinical use, we require complete automation and reasonably short computation times. We do not require that a sharp boundary be determined, only that the structure be identified and measurements taken of its size and shape. Our method involves the detection and linking of locations within an image that possess high "medialness," i.e., locations that are equidistant from two opposing boundaries. The method produces populations of core atoms, each core atom consisting of a center point (where medialness is high) and the two associated boundary points. We can cluster core atoms by the proximity of their centers and by the similarity of their size (scale). We generate statistical signatures of clusters to identify the underlying figure. In particular, we compute three spectra vs. scale for a cluster, including (1) magnitude: the number of core atoms, (2) eccentricity: their aggregate directional asymmetry, and (3) orientation: their aggregate direction. We illustrate the production of these spectra for various graphical test images, demonstrating translational, rotational, and scale invariance of the spectra, as well as specificity between targets. We observe the effects of image noise on the spectra and show how clustering reduces these effects. Early results suggest that the scale spectra of core atoms provide an efficient and robust method for identifying figures, suitable for practical application in medical image analysis.
Effects of Selected Good’s pH Buffers on Nitrate Reduction by Iron Powder

The effects of three selected Good’s pH buffers on the performance of an Fe0 ∕nitrate∕ H2 O system were evaluated. The Good’s pH buffer itself did not reduce nitrate directly. Nitrate reduction by iron powder at near-neutral pH was negligible in an unbuffered system, but it was greatly enhanced with the presence of the buffer. A significant amount of aqueous Fe2+ (or Fe3+ ) was released after adding the Good’s pH buffer into the Fe0 ∕ H2 O system with or without nitrate. In general, the pH of the buffered solution increased from the initial pH ( =∼4.6–5.3 , depending on buffer’s pKa ) to near-neutral pH. After the initial pH hiking, the pH in the system was more or less stable for a period of time ( ∼5–10 h , usually concurrent with a fairly stable aqueous Fe2+ ). The pH then drifted to ∼7.1 to 8.6, depending on the buffer’s initial concentration, the buffer’s pKa , and the consumption of Fe2+ concurrent with nitrate reduction. While a common assumption made by researchers is that Good’s pH buffers do not...
Movement and Cover-type Selection by Fledgling Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapilla) after Independence from Adult Care

Abstract We used radiotelemetry to monitor movements and cover-type selection by independent fledgling Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapilla) at two managed-forest sites differing in mature-forest matrix: open-understory deciduous forest and dense-understory mixed-deciduous-conifer forest. Ovenbirds at each site made one to three single-day long-distance movements; those movements were of similar distance at the deciduous site ( = 849 ± 159 m) and the mixed-deciduous-conifer site ( = 1,133 ± 228 m). They also moved similar mean daily distances within stands at the deciduous site ( = 101 ± 12 m) and the mixed-deciduous-conifer site ( = 105 ± 11 m), and used areas of similar local vegetation density, but denser than that of their nesting habitat. Fledglings in the deciduous study area selected sapling-dominated clearcuts and forested wetlands over mature forest and shrub-dominated clearcuts. Fledglings in the mixed-deciduous-conifer study area generally used cover types in accordance with availability, and...
Characterizing the Temporal Dynamics of Human Papillomavirus DNA Detectability Using Short-Interval Sampling

Background: Variable detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA can result in misclassification of infection status, but the extent of misclassification has not been quantitatively evaluated. Methods: In 2005–2007, 33 women of ages 22 to 53 years self-collected vaginal swabs twice per week for 16 consecutive weeks. Each of the 955 swabs collected was tested for 37 HPV types/subtypes. Assuming that a woman's underlying infection status did not change over the short study period, biases in prevalence estimates obtained from single versus multiple swabs were calculated. Using event history analysis methods, time to recurrent gain and loss of at least one HPV type was determined, separately. Baseline any-type and high risk–type HPV prevalence was 60.6% and 24.2%, respectively. Cumulative any-HPV and high-risk HPV prevalence over the 16-week period was 84.8% and 60.6%, separately. Results: Overall, there were 319 events of detection and 313 events of loss of detection. Median times to a recurrent detection and loss of detection were 11 and seven days, respectively. Neither vaginal sex nor condom use during follow-up was associated with recurrent viral detection or loss of detection. Assuming the cumulative 16-week prevalence reflects the true prevalence of infection, the baseline any-HPV prevalence underestimated infection status by 24.2%, with a bootstrapped mean of 20.2% [95% confidence interval (CI), 8.9%–29.6%]. Conclusions: These findings suggest that a substantial proportion of HPV-infected women are misclassified as being uninfected when using a single-time DNA measurement. Impact: Short-term variation in detectable HPV DNA needs to be considered while interpreting the natural history of infections using single samples collected at long intervals. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(1); 200–8. ©2013 AACR .
Conjugation in Escherichia coli.

Boyer, Herbert (Yale University, New Haven, Conn.). Conjugation in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 91:1767–1772. 1966.—The sex factor of Escherichia coli K-12 was introduced into an E. coli B/r strain by circumventing the host-controlled modification and restriction incompatibilities known to exist between these closely related strains. The sexual properties of the constructed F+ B strain and its Hfr derivatives were examined. These studies showed that the E. coli strain B/r F+ and Hfr derivatives are similar to the E. coli strain K-12 F+ and Hfr derivatives. However, the site of sex factor integration was found to be dependent on the host genome.
Will Divestment from Employment-Based Health Insurance Save Employers Money? The Case of State and Local Governments: Divestment from Employment-Based Health Insurance

Reforms introduced by the Affordable Care and Patient Protection Act (ACA) build new sources of coverage around employment‐based health insurance. But what if firms find it cheaper to have their employees obtain insurance from these sources, even after accounting for penalties (for nonprovision of insurance) and employee bonuses (to ensure the shift is cost neutral for employees)? State and local governments (SLGs) have strong incentives to consider the economics of such “divestment”; many have particularly large unfunded benefits liabilities. We investigated whether SLGs would save under two scenarios: (1) shifting all employees and under‐65 retirees to alternative sources of coverage and (2) shifting only employees whose household incomes indicate they would be eligible for federally‐subsidized coverage and all under‐65 retirees. Full divestment would cost SLGs more than they currently pay, due primarily to penalty costs. Selective divestment could save SLGs nearly $129 billion over 10 years at the expense of the federal government.
When systems thinking is not a natural act

Competence in systems thinking is implicitly ssumed among the population of engineers and managers - in act, most technical people will self-identify as systems hinkers. But systems thinking competencies are not as revalent as these assertions might lead one to assume. ontrolled experiments show that systems thinking erformance, even among highly educated people, is poor. This aper provides a set of systems thinking competencies and emonstrates how these are not as common as advertised. We lso discuss how these competencies can be measured. Our ain thesis is that systems thinking is not a natural act because volution has favored mechanisms tuned to dealing with mmediate surface features of problems. We discuss the mplications of this philosophy and provide recommendations or closing the gap between the demand and supply of systems hinking.
Pyrolysis Studies and Deposition of Sb Films Using the Novel Omvpe Source (I-Pr)2 SbH

The novel antimony source compound di-isopropylantimony hydride, (i-Pr) 2 was synthesized and evaluated for use as a volatile Sb-source compound for low temperature growth of Sb-containing semiconductor materials. (i-Pr) 2 SbH was pyrolyzed in a horizontal atmospheric pressure organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) reactor using Arand H 2 as carrier gases. The gaseous exhaust products were analyzed by a residual gas analyzer. Complete pyrolysis of (i-Pr) 2 SbH in our OMVPE reactor occursaround 300°C and 350°C in Ar and H 2 , respectively. A comparison between the pyrolysis temperatures and pyrolysis byproducts with respect to a proposed decomposition mechanism of (i-Pr) 2 SbH is presented. Sb films were grown on Si(100) andSi(111) as low as 200° C. The Sb films were analyzed by Auger and X-ray diffraction. These polycrystalline Sb films were free of detectable carbon by AES. X-ray diffraction data indicated that these Sb films were highly oriented in the [000L] direction.
Molecular cytogenetic characterization of a case of Müllerian adenosarcoma.

Mullerian adenosarcoma is a distinctive type of mixed Mullerian tumor of the female genital tract. To our knowledge, no cytogenetic data have been documented on Mullerian adenosarcoma in the literature so far. We report here the chromosomal findings of a Mullerian adenosarcoma in a 15-year-old female. Cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic analysis revealed a complex karyotype involving chromosomes 2, 8, 10, 13, 19, and 21. These numerical and structural abnormalities may be of etiologic significance. This report may highlight the potential value of molecular cytogenetic analysis in differential diagnosis of Mullerian tumors. More cases are warranted to further genetically characterize this type of neoplasm.
Energy density in the Maxwell-Chern-Simons theory.

A two-dimensional nonrelativistic fermion system coupled to both electromagnetic gauge fields and Chern-Simons gauge fields is analysed. Polarization tensors relevant in the quantum Hall effect and anyon superconductivity are obtained as simple closed integrals and are evaluated numerically for all momenta and frequencies. The correction to the energy density is evaluated in the random phase approximation (RPA), by summing an infinite series of ring diagrams. It is found that the correction has significant dependence on the particle number density. In the context of anyon superconductivity, the energy density relative to the mean field value is minimized at a hole concentration per lattice plaquette (0.05�0.06)·(pca/h 2 where pc and a are the momentum cutoff and lattice constant, respectively. At the minimum the correction is about 5 % � 25 %, depending on the ratio 2mωc/p 2 where ωc is the frequency cutoff. In the Jain-Fradkin-Lopez picture of the fractional quantum Hall effect the RPA correction to the energy density is very large. It diverges logarithmically as the cutoff is removed, implying that corrections beyond RPA become important at large momentum and frequency.
An Obstructed Cave Passage in the Cobleskill Plateau: A Gravimetric Study

The Cobleskill Plateau of central New York, part of the greater Helderberg Plateau, is comprised of Silurian and Devonian limestone. This area displays caves and karst landforms subsequently altered by glaciation. The glacially mantled and in-filled pre-existing karst topography of the area was caused by hydrologic changes that determined current karst flow paths. Determining the nature of the antecedent topography, and the location of cave passages, is critical to a complete hydrologic analysis of the Cobleskill Plateau. Two gravity traverses were conducted along traverses near Cobleskill, New York using a Worden Gravity Meter with the intent to validate the subsurface location of an occluded abandoned trunk passage connecting Howe Caverns and McFails Cave. To clarify, the term ‘abandoned’ is meant as an identifier that the passage is no longer utilized as the primary flow path and is only utilized by flowing water during periods of moderate to high discharge. The importance of the existence or absence of the abandoned trunk passage is to increase the understanding of subsurface geology, potential hazards, and controls on pre-glacial groundwater flow in the region. The findings of this study conclude that subsurface anomaly sources do exist at anticipated locations which were believed to contain the passage in question. The study demonstrates that it is possible to identify this passage through the use of gravity surveys. However, the exact shape and size of the anomaly cannot be definitively determined by this study, as the true depth to bedrock could not be determined. Though it is possible to roughly estimate passage dimensions based on a knowledge of the traversable, upstream and downstream passages. The data collected in this study can be fit to various models which can be interpreted to support the existence of a void beneath the two traverses. Further exploration of the subsurface karst systems in the region is needed to determine the exact nature of the anomaly sources.
Online or On Campus

This paper discusses online, blended, and face-to-face learning at the graduate level. Distance education is becoming used more often by institutions of higher education throughout the United States. Two graduate courses are compared in the present study. One course was offered as a blended course over a three-week summer period and the other course was offered online over a 14-week semester long period. These two courses were taught by the same instructor and had the same student course assistants. The research is based on the information gathered by the course assistants comparing survey results of students enrolled in the courses. The course assistants found that most of feedback provided by the students concerning distance education was positive. The included charts depict information gleaned from surveys taken by students in the courses. The authors also have included student quotes based on these courses. This paper expands on ways research may be done to develop how distance education courses are taught.
Quantitative BrdU immunoprecipitation method demonstrates that Fkh1 and Fkh2 are rate-limiting activators of replication origins that reprogram replication timing in G1 phase

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Forkhead Box (FOX) proteins, Fkh1 and Fkh2, regulate diverse cellular processes including transcription, long-range DNA interactions during homologous recombination, and replication origin timing and long-range origin clustering. We hypothesized that, as stimulators of early origin activation, Fkh1 and Fkh2 abundance limits the rate of origin activation genome-wide. Existing methods, however, are not well-suited to quantitative, genome-wide measurements of origin firing between strains and conditions. To overcome this limitation, we developed qBrdU-seq, a quantitative method for BrdU incorporation analysis of replication dynamics, and applied it to show that overexpression of Fkh1 and Fkh2 advances the initiation timing of many origins throughout the genome resulting in a higher total level of origin initiations in early S phase. The higher initiation rate is accompanied by slower replication fork progression, thereby maintaining a normal length of S phase without causing detectable Rad53 checkpoint kinase activation. The advancement of origin firing time, including that of origins in heterochromatic domains, was established in late G1 phase, indicating that origin timing can be reset subsequently to origin licensing. These results provide novel insights into the mechanisms of origin timing regulation by identifying Fkh1 and Fkh2 as rate-limiting factors for origin firing that determine the ability of replication origins to accrue limiting factors and have the potential to reprogram replication timing late in G1 phase.
The Rise of the Housing-Wealth Effect: Counterfactual Impulse Response Analysis

This paper tests for the direct wealth effect versus an indirect wealth effect in aggregate data on U.S. households over four distinct sub-periods from 1952 through 2011. We use recent time series techniques to distinguish between the direct wealth effect from indirect channels which may operate through personal disposable income or liabilities. We find evidence of a direct wealth effect for housing wealth, in particular, from 1998 to 2011. The responses of consumption in the 1998 to 2011 period are in contrast to an indirect or i°common causei± explanation of the wealth effect. For financial wealth, there is some evidence of a direct wealth effect for the 1998 to 2011 period, but the effect overall is smaller than for tangible wealth. Also, before 1998 the evidence for a direct wealth effect from either housing wealth or financial wealth is weak.
The Normativity of Sport: A Historicist Take on Broad Internalism

Bob Simon has made many wonderful contributions to the philosophy of sport literature. To my mind, however, at the top of that impressive list is his development of the normative theory of sport he...
Smartphone-Based Data Acquisition for an Undergraduate Course on Aircraft Flight Testing

This paper describes a development in university-level flight testing courses that brings advanced instrumentation into common use. The basis for the potential proliferation of technology is smartphone-based data acquisition. Smartphones, now ubiquitous amongst the undergraduate student population, have an advanced suite of built-in sensors that are highly useful for aircraft flight test data acquisition. This paper describes the development of data acquisition techniques and flight testing methods for smartphones in a senior-level course on Aircraft Flight Test Engineering at The Ohio State University. Results from smartphones are compared with traditional data acquisition techniques as well as advanced data acquisition using more expensive instrumentation. The advantages and limitations of smartphone-based data acquisition are discussed in the context of a range of flight test investigations including airspeed calibration, stall, takeoff, climb, glide, and dynamic longitudinal stability. The educational impact of these advanced data acquisition methods is also discussed.
Fine-grain uncommon object detection from satellite images

The ever increasing amount of earth observing satellite images is a vast treasure trove of interesting objects. We address the topic of object detection from satellite images in cases where the object is rarely observed and hence there is very little availability of images to support training classifiers. Unlike objects observed on the ground, there is no equivalent ImageNet with labeled data for objects as seen from satellite or aerial platform sensors that could be used to train classifiers. In addition, we focus on specific uncommon objects with very limited observations. To overcome the lack of training data, we built a near-class object detector and verified the uncommon object detection using images from different domains. We demonstrate the performance of our uncommon object detector and show a high detection rate in satellite images.
Determination of concentration of cefoselis sulfate in human serum by HPLC

AIM To develop a sensitive and accurate method for the determination of cefoselis sulfate in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection(DAD) method.METHODS After cefoselis sulfate in human serum was extracted by protein precipitation with acidic methanol,the separation was performed on an Extend C_(18) column(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm) using the mobile phase consisted of 0.02 mol·L~(-1) acetic ammonium+ methanol(75:25,V/V).Detection was carried out by DAD at 254 nm with a flow rate of 0.5 mL·min~(-1).RESULTS Calibration curve was linear within the range of 0.02-1.0 mg·L~(-1),the absolute recoveries for cefoselis sulfate were from 79.9%to 84.7%,and the method recoveries were from 91.7%to 103.3%.The intra-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 5.2%,and the inter-day RSDs were less than 7.3%.The limit of quantification was 0.02 mg·L~(-1) for cefoselis sulfate.CONCLUSION This method is found to be simple,sensitive,accurate for pharmacokinetic studies and analysis of cefoselis sulfate in human serum for patients.
Industrialisation, Primary Commodities and Exports of Manufactures

This paper explores the commodity composition of Latin America’s recent exports of manufactures with a view to identifying main products and groups of products exported. Problems of classification are discussed, and an attempt is made at reconciling trade and industrial-based export statistics.
Comparison of Microwave and Conventional Frying on Quality Attributes and Fat Content of Potatoes.

A comparative analysis of quality attributes (moisture, fat, color, and relaxation modulus) of French fries was performed between conventional and microwave frying. Experiments were performed in triplicate for both frying operations at temperatures of 177, 185, and 193 °C for frying times of 60, 90, and 120 s. The real-time pressure and temperature profiles at above conditions indicated that during microwave frying, gage pressure had greater magnitudes that lasted longer, and the temperature increased to boiling point of water faster in comparison to conventional frying. Lower magnitude of negative pressure during microwave frying is expected to have caused lower fat content in fries obtained using this method (0.08 g/g solids less at 185 °C and 0.07 g/g solids less at 193 °C) than conventional frying. The lightness parameter (L*) decreased to a lesser extent in microwave frying than in conventional frying. The stress relaxation function of the French fries were significantly different between the 2 frying operations. Consumer test confirmed that reduced fat uptake during microwave frying did not compromise with desirable quality attributes of French fries. X-ray micro-computed tomography scanning provided complementary understanding about differences in microstructural properties of fries made using microwave and conventional frying.
Growth of Clostridium perfringens in Three Different Beef Media and Fluid Thioglycollate Medium at Static and Constantly Rising Temperatures 1.

Growth of an eight-strain composite of Clostridium perfringens was compared using rolled raw beef strips, raw and autoclaved ground beef and Fluid Thioglycollate medium. The inoculated media were exposed to either static or dynamic temperatures increasing at linear rates. The most rapid growth and shortest lag times were observed in autoclaved ground beef. Generation times in the beef media were directly related to oxidation-reduction potential. Fluid Thioglycollate medium supported the slowest growth even though it presented a favorable Eh.
Management Strategies for Sexual Health After Breast Cancer Diagnosis

A 48-year-old female presents to the office complaining of vaginal dryness and painful intercourse. Her past medical history is significant for an estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer treated surgically 6 months ago. She is currently on tamoxifen for endocrine therapy. Her last menstrual period was 4 months ago, and over the past 4 months, she has experienced moderate hot flashes and trouble sleeping due to night sweats for which she initiated gabapentin with significant benefit. She notes that her personal life and relationship is being affected by the vaginal symptoms.
Various Mechanisms Underlie Cytogenetic Refractoriness to Imatinib.

Background : Imatinib is the first line drug therapy for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Drug resistance, after an initial response, is frequently due to reactivation of the BCR-ABL kinase as a result of point mutations within the kinase domain (KD) or overexpression of the protein. In contrast, mechanisms underlying disease persistence (refractoriness) at the cytogenetic level are unknown. Patients and Methods : We investigated potential causes for cytogenetic refractoriness in 28 patients with CML who achieved a complete hematological response (CHR) but remained at least 65% Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph+) during the first 10 months of imatinib therapy. At the time of starting imatinib, 5 patients were in accelerated phase (AP), of which 3 had only cytogenetic clonal evolution as the defining criteria for AP; the remaining 23 were in first chronic phase (CP). All patients initiated therapy with at least 400mg of imatinib daily, with 3 also receiving imatinib in combination with low dose cytarabine. Median time from diagnosis to starting imatinib was 43.3 months (range, 9 to 103.4) and median time to CHR was 41.5 days (range, 19 to 220). Patients were analyzed for evidence of clonal evolution (conventional cytogenetics), mutations in the KD (D-HPLC and direct sequencing of PCR products generated with BCR-ABL-specific primers), expression of BCR-ABL, and MDR1 mRNA (quantitative RT-PCR). Samples prior to starting imatinib were available in 16 patients. Median follow up was 28.3 months (range, 10 to 58.3). Results : Between 9 and 15 months from starting imatinib, 4 of 28 patients had a single KD mutation detected (M351T, G250E, Y253H, Y253F). Three out of 16 patients demonstrated a >2 fold increase in BCR-ABL expression (range, 2.68 to 15.14), and 4 out of 16 patients showed a >2 fold increased expression of MDR1 (range, 2.72 to 47.57), compared to pre-imatinib levels. One patient demonstrated an increase in both BCR-ABL and MDR1 expression. (None of the patients with increased BCR-ABL or MDR1 expression had a KD mutation detected.) Overall, 14 patients progressed, including all patients with a KD mutation. The majority of patients with increased BCR-ABL (2/3) or MDR1 (3/4) expression, including the patient with dual increased expression, did not progress during follow up but remained at least 95% Ph+. Conclusions : Twenty eight patients with cytogenetic refractoriness to imatinib were examined and KD mutations were detected in 4. Of the patients with samples available prior to starting imatinib, a >2 fold increase in expression of BCR-ABL and the drug resistance gene MDR1 were seen in 3/16 and 4/16 patients respectively. Overall, these data suggest that various mechanisms, including increased BCR-ABL expression and induction of drug resistance gene expression, underlie cytogenetic refractoriness in our patient population. Studies are ongoing to further examine the role of drug resistance genes in patients with cytogenetic refractoriness, as compared to patients who do achieve a major cytogenetic response within the first year of imatinib therapy.
Colloidal Nanomaterials: From Single-nanoparticle Study to Directed Assembly of Superstructures

I present our recent advances in colloidal nanomaterials. These include new optical phenomena at the single-nanoparticle level, new directed assembly techniques, and applications.
Use of average mutual information signatures to construct phylogenetic trees for fungi

Average mutual information (AMI) has been applied to many fields, including various aspects of bioinformatics. In this paper, we evaluate its performance as a measure of evolutionary distance between sequences. We use the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions for 16 fungal sequences as representative sequences used for species comparison. We generate profiles based on the AMI for each species' ITS sequence. We then populate a distance matrix for the set of species using either a Euclidean or correlation distance between AMI profiles. We generate phylogenetic trees using the distance matrices as input. While these trees do not exactly match the accepted fungal phylogeny, there are sufficient commonalities to merit further investigation of AMI as a distance metric and tool for inferring relationships. We also simulate the evolution of an ITS sequence in order to observe how point mutations affect the distance between AMI profiles, concluding that a correlation distance performs slightly better than a Euclidean distance.
Enabling Seamless Coverage and Mobility Support for 60 GHz Networks Using Pose Information

60 GHz millimeter-wave networking has emerged as the next frontier technology to provide multi-Gbps wireless connectivity. Recently proposed mmWave network standards, like 802.11ad, have spawned a new wave of applications such as wireless virtual reality and uncompressed miracast. However, due to ultra-high carrier frequency, the 60 GHz radios are extremely vulnerable to propagation loss and obstacle blockage. To combat the intrinsic signal attenuation, the use of highly directional phased-array antennas, with limited Field-of-view (FoV), makes the mmWave links extremely sensitive to user mobility and orientation change. Hence, achieving stable 60 GHz connectivity, even at room-level, becomes a nontrivial task. My research has been focusing on a series of techniques to address these challenges. These techniques leverage extraneous sensing information to facilitate the mmWave protocols, so as to provide room-scale coverage at multi-Gbps bit-rate. In this talk, I will first outline the impact of limited FoV of the 60 GHz radio under mobility, and then present a robust 60 GHz network architecture, in which multiple cooperating APs can complement others' blind spots and together form seamless coverage. I will then describe two design components: pose-assisted link predictor and pose-assisted spatial sharing. They leverage the pose information from mobile devices, and improve the 60 GHz network robustness under mobility through intelligent AP switching and beam selection. Finally, to account for the impact of reflections from close-by objects, I will introduce an environment sensing method, which fuses the pose information with the link quality measurement, to computationally discriminate the refection paths and model their impacts separately.
Examining Data Repository Guidelines for Qualitative Data Sharing

Qualitative data provide rich information on research questions in diverse fields. Recent calls for increased transparency and openness in research emphasize data sharing. However, qualitative data sharing has yet to become the norm internationally and is particularly uncommon in the United States. Guidance for archiving and secondary use of qualitative data is required for progress in this regard. In this study, we review the benefits and concerns associated with qualitative data sharing and then describe the results of a content analysis of guidelines from international repositories that archive qualitative data. A minority of repositories provide qualitative data sharing guidelines. Of the guidelines available, there is substantial variation in whether specific topics are addressed. Some topics, such as removing direct identifiers, are consistently addressed, while others, such as providing an anonymization log, are not. We discuss the implications of our study for education, best practices, and future research.
Biomedical Applications of ICA

This chapter deals with the application of ICA to biomedical data. In biomedical recordings multiple sensors are used to record some physiological phenomena. Often these sensors are located close to each other, so that they simultaneously record signals that are highly correlated with each other. For example, in electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings the sensors are placed at the scalp within a few centimeters of each other. Therefore, the sensors not only record brain activity transmitted by volume conduction from a few dynamic neocortical processes but also artifactual signals, such as noise independent of brain processes, that overlap with neural brain activity that and may be present in all sensors. In this case, a useful tool for EEG researchers would be a method for segregating neural brain activity from artifactual noise signals, or even more interesting, a method that can segregate overlapping neural activities into independent components. Given some major assumptions about EEG signals: (1) that they sum approximately linearly, and (2) are temporally independent, ICA may be an appropriate tool to blindly separate overlapping EEG signals and artifacts into independent components.
Second Look Operation

Early diagnosis of ovarian cancer is a matter of chance rather than scientific discovery. The same frustration confounds any attempt at detecting early recurrence of disease. Currently, laparoscopic examination and laparotomy are the only means available that have a predictable rate of accuracy. Periodic gynecologic examinations have not been helpful. Cul-de-sac aspiration, cytology, and serum enzyme studies have limited application in the initial diagnosis. Tumor markers, such as CA125, CA15-3, CA19-9, NB/70K, LASA-P, carcinoembryonic antigen, α-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, acute phase reactive proteins, complement components, and complement inhibitors, if present, can serve to monitor response to treatment. Ultrasonography is employed to evaluate the position and volume of tumor; and if disease is identified with this technique, ultrasonography is employed to monitor therapy.
Consequences of vitamin-E deficiency on the phagocytic and oxidative functions of the rat polymorphonuclear leukocyte.

Vitamin E serves an important role in protecting the cellular membrane constituents from peroxidative damage. Biochemical and functional studies were performed on polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from vitamin-E deficient and control rats to investigate the consequences of uncontrolled peroxidation of the rat PMN membrane. Rats fed a vitamin-E-doficient diet for 2 mo had serum tocopherol levels of only 5.1% of control and exhibited a twofold increase in membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) peroxidation as measured by malonaldehyde production. As a consequence of vitamin-E deficiency, chemotaxis in response to bacterial culture filtrate was deficient. Ingestion was also impaired when saturating concentrations of IgG- and C3b-coated and unopsonized albumin-coated paraffin oil droplets were employed, and ingestion remained deficient when performed in an anaerobic environment. The altered chemotaxis and ingestion in the deficient PMN were restored to normal by 18 hr following the parenteral administration of vitamin E. The deficient PMN ingested and killed C3b-coated Staphylococcus aureus 502-A normally when the bacteria-to-cell ratio was no more than 10:1. Oxygen consumption and hydrogen peroxide release were enhanced in the phagocytosing vitamin-E-deficient PMN. Depletion of vitamin E did not lead to impairment of adherence, surface polarization of concanavalin A into caps, or lysosomal enzyme release. These latter functions are subserved by glutathione-responsive microtubules as well as by actomyosin-containing microfilaments. Thus, the consequences of vitamin-E deficiency in PMN were selective to those areas of the membrane involved in triggering chemotactic, ingestive, and oxidative responses.
LINK PERFORMANCE FUNCTIONS FOR URBAN FREEWAYS WITH ASYMMETRIC CAR-TRUCK INTERACTIONS

Link performance functions, which capture the relationship between travel time per unit distance and traffic volume per unit time on the links of a network, constitute an essential element in the equilibrium assignment of traffic flows to congested transportation networks. Results are presented of the empirical development and calibration of performance functions that capture the dependence of travel time on the respective volumes of passenger cars and trucks sharing the physical right-of-way on urban freeway sections. The data used for model calibration, individual vehicle trajectories on urban freeway sections, originally collected for FHWA, are developed from a secondary data base. Despite the data limitations, useful relations applicable to a broad range of freeway traffic conditions are developed that yield insights into the effect of trucks on freeway performance. Two types of functions are presented: (a) linear functions over the range of operating volumes extending up to 1,300 vehicles per hour per lane and (b) nonlinear functions, based on the widely used Bureau of Public Roads form, over the full range of flow values. A secondary analysis of the relation between truck and car average travel times is also discussed. These functions are intended for use in network equilibrium studies requiring the assignment of explicit car and truck flows and therefore involving asymmetric interactions between these vehicle classes (or equivalently between links). Such problems arise in the context of the evaluation of truck-related highway improvements, which is a problem of current interest to highway agencies.
Reducing Protections for Noncitizen Children — Exacerbating Harm and Trauma

Reducing Protections for Noncitizen Children As part of an ongoing effort to deter immigrants from attempting to enter the United States, a new government proposal would permit the detention of noncitizen children and their families for indefinite periods in facilities without appropriate and independent monitoring.