cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elevated miR-182-5p Associates with Renal Cancer Cell Mitotic Arrest through Diminished MALAT-1 Expression.

The molecular heterogeneity of clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC) makes prediction of disease progression and therapeutic response difficult. Thus, this report investigates the functional significance, mechanisms of action, and clinical utility of miR-182-5p and metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1/NEAT2), a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), in the regulation of kidney cancer using human kidney cancer tissues as well as in vitro and in vivo model systems. Profiling of miR-182-5p and MALAT-1 in human renal cancer cells and clinical specimens was done by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The biological significance was determined by series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. The interaction between miR-182-5p and MALAT-1 was investigated using luciferase reporter assays. In addition, the effects of miR-182-5p overexpression and MALAT-1 downregulation on cell-cycle progression were assessed in ccRCC cells. The data indicate that miR-182-5p is downregulated in ccRCC; the mechanism being CpG hypermethylation as observed from 5-Aza CdR treatment that decreased promoter methylation and expression of key methylation regulatory genes like DNMT1, DNMT3a, and DNMT3b. Overexpression of miR-182-5p–inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, apoptosis, and led to G2–M-phase cell-cycle arrest by directly targeting MALAT-1. Downregulation of MALAT-1 led to upregulation of p53, downregulation of CDC20, AURKA, drivers of the cell-cycle mitotic phase. Transient knockdown of MALAT-1 mimicked the effects of miR-182-5p overexpression. Finally, overexpression of miR-182-5p decreased tumor growth in mice, compared with controls; thus, demonstrating its antitumor effect in vivo. Implications: This is the first study that offers new insight into role of miR-182-5p/MALAT-1 interaction on inhibition of ccRCC progression. Mol Cancer Res; 16(11); 1750–60. ©2018 AACR.
Do Vaccines Cause Syncope

Vaccines currently routinely recommended to the general population in the U.S. can rarely cause syncope up to an hour after vaccination, most frequently among adolescents, and especially among females 11-18 years of age. Potential injury from syncope after vaccination can be prevented by careful monitoring of vaccine recipients and having them sit or lay down if symptoms develop. The ACIP recommends that recipients always receive the vaccine while sitting and that providers observe adolescent and adult patients for 15 minutes after vaccination. To avoid a hysterical reaction among peers to a post-vaccination syncope case, it is also recommended that adolescents are vaccinated out of sight of others awaiting vaccination.
UNESCO: Scientific Humanism and its Impact on Multilateral Diplomacy

The S of UNESCO stands for science, and provided some impetus for UNESCO's creation. This essay critically examines the ways in which science diplomacy at the multilateral level was mobilized to produce UNESCO's vision for a ‘culture of peace’. Underlying UNESCO's vision was the diplomacy of scientific humanism, best articulated in the words and person of its first Director‐General Julian Huxley, himself a scientist. The scientific method was the axiom that would bring diverse communities together. After examining the humanism of science diplomacy, this essay outlines two major effects of UNESCO's science diplomacy: science diplomacy networks and programs. The S of UNESCO contributed to global beliefs in multilateral diplomacy as a way of resolving conflicts, especially in further propagating the use of scientific evidence in multilateral negotiations. The essay also outlines the limits of these science networks, institutions, and scientific evidence in multilateral diplomacy although science may well be the unsung ‘hero’ of an otherwise highly politicized UNESCO.
Experimental Analysis of Viral–Host Interactions

Viral and pathogen protein complexity is often limited by their relatively small genomes, thus critical functions are often accomplished by complexes of host and pathogen proteins. This requirement makes the study of host-pathogen interactions critical for the understanding of pathogenicity and virology. This review article discusses proteomic methods that offer an opportunity to experimentally identify and analyze the binding partners of a target protein and presents the representative studies performed with these methods. These methods divide into two classes: ex situ and in situ. Ex situ assays depend on bindings that occur outside of the normal cellular environment and include yeast two hybrids, pull-downs, and nucleic acid-programmable protein arrays (NAPPA). In situ assays depend on bindings that occur inside of host cells and include affinity purification (AP) and proximity dependent labeling (PDL). Either ex or in situ methods can be reliably used for generating protein-protein interactions networks but it is important to understand and recognize the limitations of the chosen methods when developing an interactomic network. In summary, proteomic methods can be extremely useful for interactomics but it is important to recognize the nature of the method when designing and analyzing an experiment.
A Model of Professional Development on Phonics Instruction: A Case Study of One Midwestern District:

This pilot study was an explanatory mixed-methods design to examine whether teachers changed instructional practices after adopting a new curriculum material to support the response to intervention...
Mechanism of coarsening and deformation behavior of nanoporous Cu with varying relative density

In this study, uniaxial tensile loading simulations were performed on several single crystalline copper nanoporous (NP) structures with varying relative density (RD) via molecular dynamics simulations. From the results, two distinctive deformation patterns were observed: structures with a low RD went through coarsening, and structures with a high RD did not. During coarsening, dislocations are nucleated because of the high surface stress induced by the thin ligaments. These dislocations drive the merging of ligaments as well as nodes and lead to an increase in the differences between the size of nodes and ligaments. The disproportional nodes and ligaments result in a lowered strength. In addition, larger nodes provide more favorable circumstances for the formation of sessile dislocations, which hinder the movement of other propagating Shockley partials and result in strain hardening. Subsequently, lower RD structures offer anomalously high strain-hardening potential, whereas high RD structures show better strength but poor deformability. These results help us in better understanding the plastic behavior of NP structures as a function of their RD.
TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA IN STOOL AS A USEFUL MARKER OF MAINTENANCE INFLIXIMAB THERAPY IN CHILDREN WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

Background Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) is considered as a central mediator of inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and fecal TNFα concentration has been reported to be increased with disease activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of stool TNFα concentrations as a marker of infliximab (IFX) maintenance therapy in children. Studied Groups and Methods Stool samples were collected from 22 active IBD children, 4 children with inactive IBD on therapy with infliximab every 8 weeks schedule (IFX IBD) and 20 children with functional abdominal pain (FAP), and 10 healthy controls (C). In the IFX IBD group stool samples were obtained a day before infliximab infusion and in one week intervals thereafter. At least two consecutive 8 weeks infliximab infusion cycles were analyzed. Fecal TNFα concentration was determined by EIA in stool extracts. Results There were no differences in the age and body weight between studied groups. Fecal TNFα concentration was significantly higher in the active IBD patients as compared to other groups (73,1 +/− 90,0 pg/100 mg of stool; p Conclusions Measurement of fecal TNFα concentration may provide a valuable, non-invasive way of monitoring maintenance anti-TNFalpha therapy in IBD children.
Comparison of Metoprolol Versus Carvedilol After Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Beta-blockers are typically prescribed following myocardial infarction (MI), but no specific beta-blocker is recommended. Of 7,057 patients enrolled in the OBTAIN multi-center registry of patients with acute MI, 4142 were discharged on metoprolol and 1487 on carvedilol. Beta-blocker dose was indexed to the target daily dose used in randomized clinical trials (metoprolol-200 mg; carvedilol-50 mg), reported as %. Beta-blocker dosage groups were >0% to12.5% (n = 1,428), >12.5% to 25% (n = 2113), >25% to 50% (n = 1,392), and >50% (n = 696). The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate 3-year survival. Correction for baseline differences was achieved by multivariable adjustment. Patients treated with carvedilol were older (64.4 vs 63.3 years) and had more comorbidities: hypertension, diabetes, prior MI, congestive heart failure, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, and a longer length of stay. Mean doses for metoprolol and carvedilol did not significantly differ (37.2 ± 27.8% and 35.8 ± 31.0%, respectively). The 3-year survival estimates were 88.2% and 83.5% for metoprolol and carvedilol, respectively, with an unadjusted HR = 0.72 (p 12.5% to 25% dose category had improved survival compared with other dose categories. Subgroup analysis of patients with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40%, showed worse survival with metoprolol versus carvedilol (adjusted HR = 1.281; 95% CI: 1.024 to 1.602, p = 0.03). In patients with left ventricular ejection fraction >40%, there were no differences in survival with carvedilol versus metoprolol. In conclusion, overall survival after acute MI was similar for patients treated with metoprolol or carvedilol, but may be superior for carvedilol in patients with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40%.
A dual sequence and culture-based survey of maize rhizosphere protists reveals dominant, plant-enriched, and culturable community members

Protists play important roles in shaping the microbial community of the rhizosphere. However, there is still a limited understanding of how plants shape the protist community, and how well protist isolate collections might represent rhizosphere protist composition and function in downstream studies. We sought to determine whether maize roots select for a distinct protist community in the field, and whether the common or dominant members of that community are readily culturable using standard protist isolation methods. We sequenced 18S and 16S rRNA genes from the rhizospheres of maize grown in two sites, and isolated 103 protists into culture from the same roots. While field site had the greatest effect, rhizospheres in both sites had distinct protist composition from the bulk soils, and certain taxa were enriched in both sites. Enriched taxa were correlated to bacterial abundance patterns. The isolated protists represented six supergroups, and the majority corresponded to taxa found in the sequencing survey. Twenty-six isolates matched eight of the 89 core rhizosphere taxa. This study demonstrates that maize roots select for a distinct protist community, but also illustrate the potential challenges in understanding the function of the dominant protist groups in the rhizosphere.
Comparison of Probabilistic Forecasts for Predictive Voltage Control

This paper explores predictive cooperative voltage control in distribution systems with highly variable sources such as photovoltaics (PV). The goal is to maintain the voltage profile within the limits despite the fluctuations due to sudden changes in solar power generation. The predictive voltage control method relies on probabilistic solar power and load forecasts to select the optimum Voltage Regulator (VR) taps appropriately. VR taps are selected to minimize the risk of voltage violation. A modified version of the IEEE 123 system is used as the case study. A 100% penetration of solar power is assumed for the distribution system with profiles for solar generation and loads added to the system. Three different probabilistic forecast models (Quantile Regression (QR), Gaussian distribution and volatility forecasting using Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH)) are explored in this study. The results for the VR taps and Voltage Deviation Index (VDI) are compared to find the most effective forecast model.
idSTLPy: A Python Toolbox for Active Perception and Control.

This paper describes a Python toolbox for active perception and control synthesis of probabilistic signal temporal logic (PrSTL) formulas of switched linear systems with additive Gaussian disturbances and measurement noises. We implement a counterexample-guided synthesis strategy that combines Bounded Model Checking, linear programming, and sampling-based motion planning techniques. We illustrate our approach and the toolbox throughout the paper with a motion planning example for a vehicle with noisy localization. The code is available at \url{this https URL}.
Creativity: A Toolkit for Academic Libraries

Review of Falciani-White, Nancy. (2021). Creativity: A toolkit for academic Libraries. Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries. 162 pp. ISBN: 978-0-8389-3777-8 $54.00
Ochratoxin a in Grapes and Wine

The mycotoxin ochratoxin A is a potent nephrotoxin and a possible human carcinogen. It occurs in a variety of plant products, including wine, grape juice and dried vine fruits. Several surveys have shown that the range of ochratoxin A contents detected in wine produced in Europe varied between 0.01 and 3.4 μg l−1. Both incidence and concentration of the toxin were higher in wines from southern regions and increased in the order white < rose < red. In Italy, field trials were conducted in 1999 and 2000 to study fungi associated with grapes and their ability to produce ochratoxin. Aspergillus and/or Penicillium strains were present on grapes, starting from setting in a few vineyards. The highest level of grape colonisation was found at early veraison in 1999 and at ripening in 2000. In both years, 95% of strains belonged to the genus Aspergillus. Aspergillus niger aggregate was dominant, with about 50% of the ochratoxin-positive strains identified as A carbonarius. Other authors have confirmed the relevance of these fungi and underlined the contribution of A. carbonarius to the ochratoxin contamination of wine. This species is very invasive and colonises and penetrates berries, even without skin damage. It emerges that temperature, rain and relative humidity are the main factors that influence ochratoxin production in grapes.
Moral Implications and Effects of Legal Education, Or Brother Justinian Goes to Law School.

No thought attains to its fullest existence unless it is incarnated in a human environment, and by environment I mean something open to the world around, something which is steeped in the surrounding society and is in contact with the whole of it, and not simply a closed circle of disciples around a master. For the lack of such an environment in which to breathe, a superior mind makes a philosophy for itself; but that is a second best and it produces thought of a lesser degree of reality.
Authorship analysis in cybercrime investigation

Criminals have been using the Internet to distribute a wide range of illegal materials globally in an anonymous manner, making criminal identity tracing difficult in the cybercrime investigation process. In this study we propose to adopt the authorship analysis framework to automatically trace identities of cyber criminals through messages they post on the Internet. Under this framework, three types of message features, including style markers, structural features, and content-specific features, are extracted and inductive learning algorithms are used to build feature-based models to identify authorship of illegal messages. To evaluate the effectiveness of this framework, we conducted an experimental study on data sets of English and Chinese email and online newsgroup messages. We experimented with all three types of message features and three inductive learning algorithms. The results indicate that the proposed approach can discover real identities of authors of both English and Chinese Internet messages with relatively high accuracies.
Hybrid Optimal Control of Turret-Gun System

This paper presents a hybrid technique for optimal discrete-time control of a continuous-time nonlinear Turret-gun system. For effective design of this nonlinear Turret-gun system with multi-flexible modes, the linearized state-space representation of the nonlinear system is block-decoupled into a multi-time scale structure using the fast and stable matrix sign algorithm. Then, to enhance the robust stability and robust performance of the linearized system, an optimal regional-pole placement technique is applied to design a continuous-time optimal state-feedback control law with regional-pole constraints for individual block-decoupled subsystems. For digital control of the continuous-time Turret-gun system, the designed continuous-time state-feedback control law need to be converted into an equivalent discrete-time state-feedback control law, using the recently developed digital redesign technique. Since the states of the nonlinear Turret-gun system are inaccessible, a digital observer needs to be constructed for practical digital implementation of the digitally redesigned discrete-time state-feedback control law. In this paper, a reduced-order robust observer is established to reconstruct the true state of the nonlinear system. The designed results are demonstrated by the digital simulation of the controlled nonlinear model and the practical real-time control of the ATB-1000 testbed.
Rapid cell surface appearance of endocytic membrane proteins in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Abstract Lactoperoxidase was used to selectively radiolabel endocytic membrane. CHO cells were incubated with enzyme at 37 degrees C for 10 min to permit lactoperoxidase internalization. Radioiodination was done at 4 degrees C. About 90% of the radioiodinated products pelleted at 100,000 X g. From 12 to 15 different electrophoretic species were detected by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis. When cells labeled by internalized lactoperoxidase were warmed to 37 degrees C, the incorporated radioactivity was lost in a biphasic manner with an overall t1/2 of approximately 20 h. Upon warming cells to 37 degrees C, the labeled species became sensitive to pronase or trypsin digestion. The increase in protease sensitivity was progressive over a 10- to 20-min period. Maximally 45% of the initially intracellular radiolabel could be released. A digest of exterior-radioiodinated cells released 50% of the incorporated radioiodine. These observations strongly suggest a rapid shuttling of approximately 90% of the radioiodinated membrane species initially present within the cell to the cell surface.
Diffuse cavitary lung lesions: reply to Marchiori et al.

Sir, We appreciate the comments of Marchiori et al. [1] and their recommendation for inclusion of benign neoplasm in the differential diagnosis of multiple cavitary lung lesions. Our case illustrates that coming to a correct diagnosis in this situation can be difficult [2]. Considering all diagnostic possibilities, including malignancy, early in the process it is important to allow steps to be taken to make a specific diagnosis and avoid delays in the initiation of the appropriate therapy. In the case we presented, PET/CT played an important role in guiding our choice of location to biopsy to obtain a definitive diagnosis. Earlier use of PET/CT may have led to a more rapid diagnosis. We agree that PET/CT, while it may provide clues, is not a specific diagnostic test and does not distinguish malignancy from alternative benign conditions.
Evaluating alternate paths in R&D project planning

R&D project planning comes down to assessment of risk. Those agencies which issue major R&D contracts, including the government, are asking searching questions about the subsequent management of such risks. The manager is constrained in his search for solutions by time and money, and the approaches available to him are often interdependent. The subjective probabilities needed for risk analysis are illustrated in a brief development of the probability theory requisite for summarizing their import.
Thoracic transdural spinal cord herniation at a level caudal to prior discectomy.

To outline a scenario of acquired transdural spinal cord herniation not previously described. The authors report their experience with a patient found to harbor a thoracic transdural spinal cord herniation at the disk space immediately caudal to a prior discectomy. Documentation of the radiographic progression of this patient’s spinal cord herniation is presented, spanning the course of 13 years. The patient underwent intradural repair of his dural defect via a lateral extracavitary approach. The herniated spinal cord was successfully reduced. The patient had modest improvement in his symptoms at 2-year follow-up. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this case represents the first reported case documenting this anomaly at a level adjacent to that of a previous surgery within the thoracic spine.
Of manatees, mangroves, and the Mississippi River: Is there an estuarine signature for the Gulf of Mexico?

Important parameters of estuarine variability include morphology, flushing times, nutrient loading rates, and wetland: water ratios. This variability both reflects and disguises underlying relationships between the physics and biology of estuaries, which this comparative analysis seeks to reveal, using the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) estuaries as a starting point. A question used to focus this analysis is: are the GOM estuaries unique? The GOM receives the Mississippi River, a uniquely large, world-class river, which dominates the freshwater and nutrient inflows to the GOM continental shelf, whose margins include 35 major estuarine systems. These GOM estuaries have 28% and 41% of the U.S. estuarine wetlands and open water, respectively. Within the GOM, estuarine nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended matter loading varies over 2 orders of magnitude. Anoxic estuarine events tend to occur in estuaries with relatively slow freshwater turnover and high nitrogen loading. Compared to estuaries from other regions in the U.S., the average GOM estuary is distinguished by shallower depths, faster freshwater flushing time, a higher wetland area:open water area ratio, greater fisheries yield per area wetland, lower tidal range, and higher sediment accumulation rates. The average GOM estuary often, but not always, has a flora and fauna not usually found in most other U.S. estuaries (e.g., manatees and mangroves). Coastal wetland loss in the GOM is extraordinarily high compared to other regions and is causally linked to cultural influences. Variations in nutrient loading and population density are very large among and within estuarine regions. This variation is large enough to demonstrate that there are insufficient systematic differences among these estuarine regions that precludes cross-system analyses. There are no abrupt discontinuities among regions in the fisheries yields per wetland area, tidal amplitude and vegetation range, salt marsh vertical accretion rates and organic accumulations, nitrogen retention, or wetland restoration rates. These results suggest that a comparative analysis emphasizing forcing functions, rather than geographic uniqueness, will lead to significant progress in understanding how all estuaries function, are perturbed, and even how they can be restored.
UThPb zircon dating of the 13.8-Ma dacite volcanic dome at Cerro Rico de Potosí, Bolivia

Abstract The temporal relationship between the extrusion of the Miocene dacite volcanic dome at Cerro Rico de Potosi, Bolivia, and the associated AgSn mineralization has an important bearing on the heat and metal sources for this world class mineral deposit. The highly altered nature of the volcanic rock, however, has prevented previous efforts from definitively determining the emplacement age of the dome rather than subsequent episodes of alteration. The present study uses UThPb dating of sparse zircon contained in the dacite to demonstrate that, at most, only several hundred thousand years separate dome emplacement from main stage mineralization. The dacite contains a morphologically heterogeneous population of zircon with considerable variation in size, shape and color. Preliminary analyses revealed the presence of a significant component of inherited zircon, most likely as older cores that were overgrown by rims during the crystallization of the dacite magma. Morphological distinctions (shape, size, color) within the zircon population provided the basis for separating the zircon into fractions that reduced or enhanced the inherited component in composite grains. By analyzing the tips of zircon with very large length-to-width ratios, it was possible to constrain the crystallization age of the dacite to 13.8 ± 0.2 Ma. The dispersion of data on a concordia diagram indicates at least two ages of inherited zircon, one Mesozoic associated with yellow grains, and another Proterozoic associated with colorless grains. Such xenocrystic components have useful petrogenetic implications for the source and travel path of the magma.
Dennis Rodman—“Barbie Doll Gone Horribly Wrongs”: Marginalized Masculinity, Cross-Dressing, and the Limitations of Commodity Culture:

This article explores the relationship between NBA player Dennis Rodman's marginalized masculinity as a black male, his cross-dressing and gender play, and his location in consumer media culture. Through ethnographic content analysis of Rodman's media image on MTV (a new and emerging site for the study of sport and media), this paper explores the effects of Rodman's gender play, asking whether Rodman's image provides a challenge or disruption to prevailing notions of masculinity. Overall, Rodman's cross-dressing does little to offer a critique of hegemonic masculinity, but rather, serves to signal his own marginalized black masculinity. His gender play seems to be contained within heterosexual, and even hyper-masculine, boundaries that reproduce the very racist and sexist notions of black masculinity against which hegemonic masculinity is stabilized.
Frameless angiogram-based stereotactic radiosurgery for treatment of arteriovenous malformations.

Purpose Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is an effective alternative to microsurgical resection or embolization for definitive treatment of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is the gold standard for pretreatment diagnosis and characterization of vascular anatomy, but requires rigid frame (skull) immobilization when used in combination with SRS. With the advent of advanced proton and image-guided photon delivery systems, SRS treatment is increasingly migrating to frameless platforms, which are incompatible with frame-based DSA. Without DSA as the primary image, target definition may be less than optimal, in some cases precluding the ability to treat with a frameless system. This article reports a novel solution. Methods and Materials Fiducial markers are implanted into the patient’s skull before angiography. Angiography is performed according to the standard clinical protocol, but, in contrast to the previous practice, without the rigid frame. Separate images of a specially designed localizer box are subsequently obtained. A target volume projected on DSA can be transferred to the localizer system in three dimensions, and in turn be transferred to multiple CT slices using the implanted fiducials. Combined with other imaging modalities, this “virtual frame” approach yields a highly precise treatment plan that can be delivered by frameless SRS technologies. Results Phantom measurements for point and volume targets have been performed. The overall uncertainty of placing a point target to CT is 0.4 mm. For volume targets, deviation of the transformed contour from the target CT image is within 0.6 mm. The algorithm and software are robust. The method has been applied clinically, with reliable results. Conclusions A novel and reproducible method for frameless SRS of AVMs has been developed that enables the use of DSA without the requirement for rigid immobilization. Multiple pairs of DSA can be used for better conformality. Further improvement, including using nonimplanted fiducials, is potentially feasible.
Observations on the T wave and S-T segment changes in the precordial electrocardiogram of 320 young Negro adults∗

Abstract 1. 1. The electrocardiograms of 320 healthy young adult Negroes (277 men and 43 women) have been examined for S-T segment and T wave changes over the precordium. 2. 2. Of the 320 subjects studied only three, or 0.9 per cent, had inverted T waves over the precordium as far to the left as lead V 3 . Two of these three subjects were women. 3. 3. Of greatest interest is an observed high incidence of elevation of the S-T segments and tall peaked T waves occurring only among the men. Such apparently normal variations may mimic serious heart disease. 4. 4. The similarity of these changes to early changes seen in patients with heart disease necessitates a long term follow up of these subjects to be sure that the pattern is not a fore-runner of heart disease.
Children's Health/Regional Collaboration to Reduce Lead Exposure in Children

As Safi et al. (2006) discussed, environmental contamination does not stop at international boundaries. An excellent example of a collaborative effort to address regional environmental exposures is that of the public health communities in Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinian Authority to assess and limit lead exposure of young children. Their dedication to this project in the face of significant political upheavals and episodic violence has demonstrated a remarkable commitment among international public health colleagues to improve environmental public health. Safi et al. (2006) underscored the three most important strategies to prevent lead exposure in young children. First, eliminate leaded gasoline. In countries where this strategy has been successfully implemented, blood lead levels have significantly decreased (Pirkle et al. 1994; Schnass et al. 2004). More than 50 nations have eliminated lead in gasoline, and many others will initiate phase-outs over the next few years (Landrigan 2002). Second, identify other consequential sources of lead and take action to control or eliminate them. Smelting remains a prevalent hazard in many parts of the world (ATSDR 1999). Efforts such as recycling batteries in controlled facilities have been successful in some countries. Third, expand surveillance to ensure that recurrent or new sources of lead exposure are identified and that appropriate actions are taken. Both children and exposure sources travel. In the United States, we have found that the risk of lead exposure is much higher among immigrants when they arrive in the United States, usually as a result of use of lead-containing products; this elevated risk for exposure continues after immigrants relocate when the children are exposed to lead in paint and house dust (CDC 2005). This collaborative project in the Middle East is an outstanding model for other international efforts to control environmental contaminants in complex regional settings. Safi et al. (2006) have shown tremendous vision, integrity, and commitment to public health under very difficult circumstances.
A quin-diagonal algorithm to describe mass transfer and backmixing in extraction

Abstract Specific algorithms are especially effective and economical when used to solve sets of linear-algebraic equations when the coefficients of the equations are adjacent to the diagonal elements. The Thomas algorithm is well known and has been used in many areas of chemical engineering when “tridiagonal” sets of equations are encountered. A similar algorithm is developed for use when the coefficients take a quin(5)-diagonal configuration. Its application to multistage mass transfer operations is demonstrated and the effects of deviation from equilibrium and backmixing are illustrated for multistage extraction operations.
The game of literacy: The meaning of Play in computer-mediated communication

The author examines the qualities of “playfulness” and “gaming” which many writers in the field of computers and composition have noted as being seemingly inherent to uses of computer-mediated communication, especially synchronous discussion formats. Using excerpts from her own classes as examples, she examines these issues as they relate to the hybrid oral/literate nature of CMC. A wide range of theories and historical constructions of literacy and play are offered for instructors to conceptualize the construction of boundaries between productive and nonproductive language behaviors in this medium, especially when it is a new experience for students. The author argues that the “empowering” capabilities of this medium can be realized only when students are allowed to participate in creating the “rules of the game”; that it is important to interpret the meanings of silences as well as overt language behaviors in this medium; and that dismissing “playfulness” and “gaming” as being nonproductive may, by implication, lead students to think that there is nothing pleasurable about experimental discourse and practicing literacy skills.
d-Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25): a constrictor of human umbilical vein.

Abstract In summary, experiments on isolated human umbilical vein indicated both serotonin and LSD-25 to be potent vasoconstrictors. The contractile response to LSD-25 was more persistent than to serotonin. In the lower concentration range, which may be more important clinically, LSD-25 was more potent than serotonin. In view of the current abuse of LSD-25, the results of our study may hint to possible toxic effects of LSD-25 on the fetus in utero. Our hypothesis is that upon crossing the placental barrier into the fetal circulation, LSD-25 could constrict the umbilical blood vessels. The constriction would result in a decreased fetal blood flow through the placenta which may cause fetal hypoxia and its potentially harmful consequences.
Observations on the binding of human TSH by antisera to human chorionic gonadotropin.

ABSTRACT The immunologic reactivity of 131I-HTSH with absorbed and unabsorbed antisera to HCG has been studied. Binding of 131I-HTSH was observed even at low concentrations of the antisera (1:200,000). Absorption of the antisera with HTSH decreased the degree of binding at high concentrations (1:1000) but did not affect the binding at low concentrations (1:50,000). The displacement of 131I-HTSH from anti-HCG serum by HLH or HTSH added in equivalent concentrations was similar. The findings suggest that the cross-reactivity of HTSH with antisera to HCG is attributable not only to sharing of common antigenic determinants by HCG, HLH and HTSH but to contamination of the HCG used for immunization with urinary “TSH” of either placental or pituitary origin.
Density functional calculations of dinuclear organometallic carbonyl complexes. Part I: metalmetal and metalCO bond energies

Abstract One of the most fundamental properties in chemistry is the bond dissociation energy (BDE), the energy required to break a specific bond of a molecule. In this paper we apply gradient-corrected density functional theory (DFT) to the calculation of the BDEs of three prototypical organometallic complexes, Mn 2 (CO) 10 , Fe 2 (CO) 9 , and Co 2 (CO) 8 , along with the CO-loss products Mn 2 (CO) 9 and Mn 2 (CO) 8 . We consider the dissociation of both the metalmetal bond and a metalcarbonyl bond. For Mn 2 (CO) 10 and Fe 2 (CO) 9 , the calculated metalmetal BDE is within the error of the experimental measurements. However, the calculated metalmetal BDE for Co 2 (CO) 8 is not within the errors of the measurements, but is improved greatly with an unrestricted wavefunction compared with a restricted wavefunction. For the first carbonyl BDE, the calculations agree within a few kcal mol −1 for each complex.
The breit interaction in a relativistic calculation of the hyperfine structure of vector mesons

Abstract The 0−+ and 1−− mesons are calculated from a 16-component relativistic wave equation with a single parameter interaction. The model gives a reasonable fit to the data, with excellent-to-good agreement for ψ−η c , ψ′−η⇔ c , F ∗ − F and D ∗ − D . Predictions include the φ(1850) as the first radial excitation of the φ and υ−ηb splittings which are about twice as large as previous estimates.
Enhancements in the lifetimes of NO Rydberg states in dc electric fields: Implications for zero-electron-kinetic-energy photoelectron spectroscopy experiments.

Lifetimes of NO [ital p]- and [ital f]-orbital Rydberg states ([ital n]=40--122) have been measured under near field-free conditions as well as in the presence of small dc electric fields. The field causes an increase in the observed lifetimes, which is attributed to Stark mixing of the predissociative [ital p] and [ital f] orbitals with high-[ital l] orbital angular momentum states. The results indicate that under the conditions existing in high-resolution zero-electron-kinetic-energy (ZEKE) photoelectron spectroscopy experiments, the ZEKE Rydberg states are [ital l] mixed.
Bupropion and sertraline combination treatment in refractory depression

A sizeable minority of depressed patients, estimated at 15-20%, suffer chronic symptoms which often persist despite appropriate treatment. The search for new, more efficacious pharmacotherapies has included testing existing medications for additional therapeutic effects, such as in combination treatment. Four treatment- refractory patients who presented to the authors for clinical care are described, in which the combination of bupropion and sertraline was effective for a major depressive episode. None of the patients experienced adverse effects. Two carried the diagnosis of unipolar depression, and two, bipolar disorder. All had prior adequate, but ineffective, separate trials of buproprion and a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI), including sertraline. All had chronic depression with multiple failed medication treatments, arguing against the alternative explanation that their improvement represented a placebo response or spontaneous remission. The efficacious combination of sertraline and bupropion may be due to synergism of its two distinct antidepressant mechanisms involving serotonergic, dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems.
Microstructural evolution in lead-free solder alloys: Part I. Cast Sn Ag Cu eutectic

Coarsening of the ternary eutectic in cast Sn–Ag–Cu lead-free solder alloys was investigated. The process was found to follow r3 ∝ t kinetics where r is the rod radius of the dispersed phase and t is time. The effective activation energy for the process is 69 ± 5 kJmol-1. The two types of intermetallic rods, Cu6Sn5 and Ag3Sn, in the eutectic structure coarsen at different rates, with each having a different rate-controlling mechanism. The overall coarsening kinetics for the Sn–Ag–Cu ternary eutectic is significantly slower than that found for the Pb-Sn eutectic, which has implications for long-term reliability of Sn–Ag–Cu solder joints.
In Support of the ACR Appropriateness Criteria

The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria ® were recently revised and translated into a new electronic format searchable online. They are also now being used as the basis for decision support logic underlying computerized radiology order entry. This article addresses some previous criticisms of the structure and output of the American College of Radiology expert panel process. Although there is certainly room for improvement, the conceptual framework and methodology underlying the appropriateness criteria are sound and do not need to be drastically altered.
Getting Americans to buckle up: The efficacy of state seat belt laws

Annual state observed safety belt use rates over the period 1991-2001 are examined using time-series cross-section regression analysis. It was found that seat belt laws are associated with higher use rates and that the enforcement provision matters. Primary states experience belt use rates that on average are 9.1 percentage points higher than their secondary counterparts. In addition, the level of the fine imposed by statute has an effect on safety belt use apart from that attributable to the enforcement provision. The current median fine of 25 US dollars is associated with an additional 3.8 percentage points increase in belt use. To further increase safety belt use, it is recommended that states adopt primary enforcement and impose fines of at least $50 for violating a seat belt law.
Observational Parameters For Remote Sensing In The Next Decade

The spectral and spatial requirements for remote sensing in the next decade are presented. The requirements presented were obtained through extensive literature research and discussions with leading members of the various remote sensing research communities. In the 0.35-2.5 micron region of the spectrum, numerous bands will be needed at bandwidths as narrow as 10-20 nanometers. There is also growing interest in the thermal infrared (8-14 microns). Spatial resolution (instantaneous field of view) of 5 to 10 meters will be of great benefit to many fields of remote sensing.
Two projectiles connected by a flexible tether dropped in the atmosphere

Abstract : This study investigates the atmospheric flight dynamics of a munition system that is released from an aircraft at altitude and drops toward a target on the ground. The munition system consists of two projectiles connected by a tether line. Initially, the two projectiles are rigidly attached. At a specified time, the projectiles separate and subsequently unreel the tether line. After the tether line is fully payed out, the system settles toward a steady state as it approaches the ground. It is shown that while projectile position results converge for a relatively low number of tether line elements, the maximum tether loads require a significantly larger number of elements. For a low follower-to-lead projectile mass ratio, the tether line unreeling process is predominantly due to the follower and lead projectile separation. Conversely, for a high follower-to-lead projectile mass ratio, the tether line tends to billow and subsequently unreel itself, independent of the lead and follower projectile motion.
Passive surveillance for generalized vaccinia in the United States using the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS).

Abstract Background Generalized vaccinia (GV) is an adverse event specifically associated with smallpox vaccination, but shares clinical features with many common non-vaccine related rashes. We assessed the utility of passive reporting for GV surveillance by reviewing all Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) reports of any post-smallpox vaccination rash in civilians and military personnel. Methods We reviewed all reports submitted to VAERS between 12/12/2002 and 3/1 2004 for post-smallpox vaccine (SPV) rashes concerning civilians and military personnel. We evaluated the information contained in the reports independent of VAERS adverse event coding (GV or not GV). We classified the rash reports based on the recently published GV case definition from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Results Of the 936 rash reports after SPV, 92 were coded as GV. We classified 12 of the 92 as probable GV, and 1 as confirmed GV (14% probable or confirmed). Among the 844 reports not coded as GV, we classified 32 as either probable or confirmed GV (4%). Probable or confirmed reports that were coded as GV were similar to probable or confirmed reports not coded as GV with respect to demographic characteristics of the report subjects, and the location and phenotype (e.g., pustular, vesicular, etc.) of the rashes. Conclusions A prospective study that applies well-defined clinical, histopathological, and laboratory criteria to smallpox-vaccinated patients with rashes would be necessary to distinguish GV from common alternative diagnoses with which it is easily confused.
Damping of bulk plasmons in small aluminum spheres

Abstract Bulk plasmon excitations in single 5–50 nm dia. Al spheres are detected with a 2 nm electron probe size. Damping due to electron-surface collisions is measured and a d.c. conductivity for individual spheres is derived. The results suggest that finite probe size effects need to be included in the scattering theory.
Using the Topology of Metabolic Networks to Predict Viability of Mutant Strains

Understanding the relationships between the structure (topology) and function of biological networks is a central question of systems biology. The idea that topology is a major determinant of systems function has become an attractive and highly disputed hypothesis. Although structural analysis of interaction networks demonstrates a correlation between the topological properties of a node (protein, gene) in the network and its functional essentiality, the analysis of metabolic networks fails to find such correlations. In contrast, approaches utilizing both the topology and biochemical parameters of metabolic networks, e.g., flux balance analysis, are more successful in predicting phenotypes of knockout strains. We reconcile these seemingly conflicting results by showing that the topology of the metabolic networks of both Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are, in fact, sufficient to predict the viability of knockout strains with accuracy comparable to flux balance analysis on large, unbiased mutant data sets. This surprising result is obtained by introducing a novel topology-based measure of network transport: synthetic accessibility. We also show that other popular topology-based characteristics such as node degree, graph diameter, and node usage (betweenness) fail to predict the viability of E. coli mutant strains. The success of synthetic accessibility demonstrates its ability to capture the essential properties of the metabolic network, such as the branching of chemical reactions and the directed transport of material from inputs to outputs. Our results strongly support a link between the topology and function of biological networks and, in agreement with recent genetic studies, emphasize the minimal role of flux rerouting in providing robustness of mutant strains.
Magnetic Flux Penetration into Superconducting Thin Films

The quantum-interference technique developed by Meservey (1965) is used to measure directly the absolute value of the penetration depth in lead in tin superconducting thin films. The technique assumes that the change in phase of the superconducting wave function around any contour within the superconductor must be 2 pi n, where n is a nonnegative integer. Results show that the critical current of a superconducting interferometer with two parallel junctions is not strictly periodic in the applied magnetic flux with a period equal to the flux quantum because of the magnetic field dependence of the critical currents of the junctions.