cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract PD7-05: Correlation of CDH1 alterations and aberrant E-cadherin expression in lobular carcinomas

Background: E-cadherin (ECAD), encoded by the CDH1 gene, is expressed in the majority of invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC). In contrast, ECAD expression is lost in ˜90% of invasive lobular carcinomas (ILC) due to genomic alterations of CDH1. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for ECAD has thus increasingly been utilized to differentiate between ductal and lobular lesions. This study examines the correlation between CDH1 mutation profile, morphology and ECAD IHC status in invasive breast carcinomas (BC). Methods: The Memorial Sloan Kettering-Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets (MSK-IMPACT) platform is a hybrid capture next-generation sequencing assay to detect somatic alterations in exons and selected introns of 468 cancer-related genes. Invasive BC tested from 1/2014 – 5/2018 which yielded a CDH1 alteration were identified and only cases with ECAD IHC results were included. Histologic features were extracted from pathology reports. All available HE 48/209) with CDH1 alteration still exhibits ECAD expression. Morphologically this subset consists of ILC in 60% (29/48), IMC in 25% (12/48) and IDC in 15% (7/48). Our preliminary findings suggest that aberrant ECAD expression can occur in BC with morphologic features of ILC due to certain CDH1 alterations that most likely result in non-functional ECAD complex. BC with histologic features of ILC should therefore not be re-classified as IDC/IMC based solely on the status of ECAD expression. Given that ILC is clinically distinct from IDC, correct classification based on morphological and molecular features is prudent. Citation Format: Grabenstetter A, Mohanty AS, DeLair DF, Tan LK, Ross DS. Correlation of CDH1 alterations and aberrant E-cadherin expression in lobular carcinomas [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PD7-05.
The Structure of Cowpea Mosaic Virus at 3.5 Å Resolution

There are nine groups of icosahedral, positive stranded RNA plant viruses (Francki et al., 1985) established on the basis of immunological relationships, genomic size, the number of RNA molecules composing the genome and the stability of the capsid. Eight of these groups are remarkably similar in both structural and functional properties while one group, the comoviruses, is quite different from the others (Goldbach and vanKammen, 1985). Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), the type member of the comovirus group, has only two properties in common with any of the other plant virus groups. The genome of CPMV is bipartite and a small protein (VpG) is linked to the 5′ terminus of each RNA molecule (Bruening, 1977; Daubert et al., 1979). In all its other properties CPMV is unique among the plant viruses. The RNA molecules of CPMV are polyadenylated at their 3′ termini while the genomes of the other virus groups are not. CPMV proteins are generated by the processing of two polyproteins, produced by translation of single open reading frames on each RNA molecule. The proteases that cleave the polyproteins are virally encoded and are initially part of the translation product of the larger of the two RNA molecules. The other plant virus groups utilize subgenomic RNA molecules as the messengers for protein synthesis with no posttranslational processing. The CPMV genome codes for a total of eight proteins, three (including the capsid proteins) derived from the small RNA molecule, and five from the large RNA.
Functional Occupation Measures and Average Cost per Unit Time Problems

In Chapter 4.4, we dealt with average cost per unit time problems for singularly perturbed systems. A basic question concerned the characterization of the limit (as ϵ → 0, T → ∞) pathwise cost as the cost associated with an average cost per unit time problem for the averaged system. The concept of feedback relaxed control was introduced and it was shown, under given conditions, that the limit costs were the average costs per unit time for some averaged system with such a feedback relaxed control. The feedback relaxed control was introduced for mathematical reasons, since it allows a characterization of the limit, which then allowed us to prove the “approximate optimality” theorems.
Is there a shift in use of subacute rehabilitation (SAR) instead of hospice referral since immunotherapy became available

11530Background: Immunotherapy has rapidly become mainstream treatment. Since the first drug approval in 2011, we have noted a decline in referrals from inpatient oncology to hospice, and an increa...
A Regularized Deep Clustering Method for Fault Trend Analysis

Effective fault feature extraction is the key of fault diagnosis. In previous works, it is shown that some embedding methods and unsupervised deep learning methods have the ability to extract fault features from raw signals directly, such as PCA and deep autoencoder. Particularly, deep autoencoder has been shown in relevant research that it caneffectively extract the hidden ‘trend’ associated with machinery health states which can be useddirectly for online anomaly detection and prediction. However, in practical online fault diagnosis, the discrimination between successive signals is small due to the slow degradation progress and the external noise. Therefore,it is important to optimize the feature extraction process to achieve better online fault tracking. In this paper, a regularized deep clustering algorithm is proposed to guide the optimization process of feature extraction which combines embedding method and semi-guided learning. A regularization term for the cluster center points is proposed to make the feature optimization convergein a monotonic linear trend. In order to verify the effectiveness of the method, an accelerated gearbox run-to-failure experiment is carried out. The result shows that the feature optimization method can optimize the fault features on the basis of the deep autoencoder algorithm in two aspects: a better distinction of the fault features in short term and a more consistent trend of the gear wear in the long term.
Optimizing Compact Marx Generator Networks for Charging Capacitive Loads: Sequential Triggering and Practical Considerations*

Efficient pulse charging of small high-voltage capacitive loads with Marx generators is limited by the parasitic capacitance of the Marx network. Yet stray capacitance to ground can not be much smaller than the inter-stage capacitance for proper Marx erection. In earlier work, Marx network designs were found that transferred energy with perfect efficiency [1][2]. Ideal network designs were determined by constraints imposed by energy and charge conservation, and by waveform and resonant frequency symmetries. Lossless linear networks that transform Energy between states of purely magnetic and/or purely electrostatically stored energy must exhibit waveforms that are periodic in time [3][4]. The final step involves the assignment of the network resonant frequencies to the fundamental and only even harmonics of the fundamental. Simultaneous switch closure is also required. For regular network solutions, only the lower-order harmonics possess appreciable energy, and suitable approximate solutions may be found by ignoring the higher-order resonant modes and allowing stray capacitances to possess common optimal values. Sequential Marx-switch triggering produces a mixed initial state that compromises the viable solutions. The few percent of energy remaining induces high frequency oscillations in the circuit that could lead to early component failure. Correction attempts have had limited success except for mid-stage Marx triggering, which shows significant benefits. Simultaneous laser triggering is a promising ultimate solution to this problem [5].
Large spin Hall effect in Si at room temperature

Silicon's weak intrinsic spin-orbit coupling and centrosymmetric crystal structure are a critical bottleneck to the development of Si spintronics, because they lead to an insignificant spin Hall effect (spin current generation) and inverse spin Hall effect (spin current detection). Here, we undertake current, magnetic field, crystallography dependent magnetoresistance, and magnetothermal transport measurements to study the spin transport behavior in freestanding Si thin films. We observe a large spin Hall magnetoresistance in both $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Si}$ and $n\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Si}$ at room temperature and it is an order of magnitude larger than that of Pt. One explanation of the unexpectedly large and efficient spin Hall effect is spin-phonon coupling instead of spin-orbit coupling. The macroscopic origin of the spin-phonon coupling can be large strain gradients that can exist in the freestanding Si films. This discovery in a light, earth abundant and centrosymmetric material opens a new path of strain engineering to achieve spin dependent properties in technologically highly developed materials.
Pyogenic liver abscess; review of the literature and report of a case successfully treated by operation and penicillin.

PYOGENIC abscesses of the liver have caused death in at least half the patients afflicted with this disease, the mortality having ranged from 50 per cent, in Eliason's1 series, to 95 per cent, reported by Brutt.2 Since chemotherapy has proved to be of great value in many diseases caused by pyogenic organisms, it seems logical that one of these drugs might be useful in cases of pyogenic liver abscess, and a case so treated is reported. Etiology There are five ways in which pyogenic organisms invade the liver. First, they may travel through the portal vein from regions drained by . . .
From Freire to Levinas: Toward a Post-Humanist Global Citizenship Education

Much attention has been given to the theory and practice of global citizenship education (GCE). In this article, drawing from an emerging body of literature that examines GCE through a postcolonial...
Triangulating on Thought and Norms

This article raises two questions about Robert Myers and Claudine Verheggen's terrific book, Donald Davidson's Triangulation Argument: A Philosophical Inquiry. The first question, concerning the first part of the book, is whether, starting from the assumption that a solitary individual cannot have thought contents, we can show that adding another individual to the picture cannot resolve the problem. The second question, concerning the second part, is whether a more sophisticated, decision-theoretic, Humean about the pro-attitudes can respond to the objections to the simple Humean view, and whether Davidson was not in fact just such a sophisticated decision-theoretic Humean.
Entropy Scaling of Viscosity - II: Predictive Scheme for Normal Alkanes.

In this work, a residual entropy value of 6/10 of the way between the critical point and a value of −2/3 of Boltzmann constant is shown to collapse the scaled viscosity for the family of normal alk...
Approaches to Analyzing the Vulnerability of Community Water Systems to Groundwater Contamination in Los Angeles County

Groundwater resources are increasingly drawn on as means to buffer surface water shortages during droughts as well as to improve the Los Angeles region’s reliance on local, rather than imported, water sources. However, the Los Angeles region is home to a legacy of contamination that threatens the quality and safety of groundwater as a drinking water resource. As utilities and other water management entities in the Los Angeles region look to increase their reliance on groundwater resources, a comprehensive understanding of which community water systems may be vulnerable to contamination can help planners, policy makers and regulators support these communities. This paper details the objectives, process and lessons learned from a workshop-based research project that examined the spatial extent of groundwater contamination in Los Angeles County’s groundwater basins. Our team of researchers cleaned and processed multiple geospatial datasets and utilized logistic regression and machine learning methods to predict which community drinking water systems are particularly vulnerable to groundwater contamination.
Socioeconomic Disparities in Gastric Cancer and Identification of a Single SES Variable for Predicting Risk.

Socioeconomic status (SES) is a known risk factor for gastric cancer (GC). This study seeks to examine education, income, and occupation variables separately to identify the single variable that can be best used to assess SES risk for GC. Data from a case-control survey study were used. Logistic regression models were created for education, income, and occupation adjusted for age, sex, and race. Models were compared using AIC, c-statistics, and pseudo-R square to determine the model that had the highest risk predictive ability. GC cases had lower education levels and more commonly held jobs in unskilled labor. Annual household income was lower in cases compared to controls. Age, gender, race, education, and occupation were associated with increased risk of GC. The education model adjusted for age, gender, and race found HS education. The occupation model demonstrated that employment in unskilled labor had OR of 4.32 (95% CI 1.05–17.76) for GC compared to professional occupation. Model fit was best for the education model (AIC: 113.583, lower AIC is better) compared to income (117.562) or occupation (117.032). Education contributed the most to model variability (% delta pseudo-R square (4.7%)) compared to occupation (4.0%) or income (3.8%). Education level was the single most reliable measure of GC risk among 3 SES variables and can be employed as an ideal single indicator of SES-related GC risk when multiple SES factors cannot be obtained.
The Isomorphism Theorems

We now drop the * notation for the operation in a group. Henceforth, we shall write ab instead of a * b, and we shall denote the identity element by 1 instead of by e.
The codevelopment of adolescents' and parents' anxiety and depression: Moderating influences of youth gender and psychophysiology.

Methods In a 2-year longitudinal study of 220 families, we examined how youth gender and adrenocortical and parasympathetic activity moderated reciprocal, bidirectional relations between parent and youth anxiety and depression problems. Results Maternal anxiety predicted subsequent youth anxiety and depression. Maternal depression predicted youth anxiety and, for daughters and youth with low adrenocortical reactivity, youth depression. Youth depression predicted maternal depression only for youth with high adrenocortical reactivity. There were no associations between paternal and youth psychopathology. Discussion Examining youth gender and psychophysiological characteristics that shape the nature of bidirectional influences may inform efforts to identify families at heightened risk for intergenerational transmission of psychopathology.
The Effects of Monetary Policy on Poverty Alleviation in Pakistan

This research analyzes the effect of monetary policy of central bank on the poverty alleviation. Monetary policy is the policy adopted by the monetary authority of a country that controls either the interest rate payable on very short-term borrowing or the money supply, targeting inflation or the interest rate to ensure price stability and general trust in the currency. This study is taking two variables in monetary policy namely interest rate and money supply. Effects of both variables examined on poverty rate in context of Pakistan. Moreover, association and effect examined between both variables (interest rate and money supply). This study comprises on quantitative research methodology as secondary data taken from world indicator from 2001 to 2017. Regression analysis applied on collected data. According to findings, if central bank increases in supply of money in economy, it cannot reduce poverty rate in Pakistan. It is because more money supply will bring inflation, which discourages investment of all types. If high interest rate set by central bank then it cannot bring significant reduction in poverty rate of Pakistan as it will reduces the investment and overall employment. If central bank set increased interest rate then it deceases the money supply in the economy of Pakistan, as funds will be, divert to banks for earning interest on deposits. Recommendations and conclusion are given at the end of this paper.
Comparison of Thermal and Atomic-Hydrogen-Assisted Oxide Desorption Methods for Regrowth of GaSb-Based Cascade Diode Lasers

Epitaxial regrowth of antimonide-based heterostructures is required either to improve device performance parameters or to achieve new functionalities. This work compares two major methods used for surface preparation for subsequent epitaxial regrowth in the context of antimonide heterostructures. An advantage of the atomic-hydrogen-assisted oxide removal process for regrowth of GaSb-based type I quantum well cascade diode lasers is demonstrated experimentally. Wide-ridge 2.7-µm cascade diode lasers have been fabricated from heterostructures grown either in a single epitaxial run (benchmark) or in two separate epitaxial steps (regrowth test). The heterostructure used in regrowth experiment was initially grown only up to the top waveguide layer comprising 500 nm of lightly p-doped GaSb. The surface of this incomplete laser heterostructure was exposed to typical hard mask formation and removal processing treatments. Then, the surface was chemically cleaned and subjected to two different oxide desorption methods prior to regrowth of the top cladding layer. The high-temperature thermal oxide desorption and low-temperature atomic-hydrogen-based processes were tested. The devices based on laser heterostructures regrown with the utilization of the thermal oxide desorption step demonstrated nearly twofold higher laser threshold current densities and a significant reduction of slope efficiencies compared with reference lasers grown in a single growth run. The regrown lasers based on the atomic-hydrogen-assisted surface preparation method demonstrated almost no degradation of parameters compared with the benchmark lasers. Atomic force microscopy studies of the GaSb epitaxial surface subjected to thermal oxide desorption demonstrated significant degradation of the surface morphology, while the GaSb surface cleaned by atomic hydrogen showed well-resolved atomic terraces.
Direct and ancillary benefits of ecosystem-based fisheries management in forage fish fisheries

Natural resource management is evolving toward holistic, ecosystem-based approaches to decision making. The ecosystem science underpinning these approaches needs to account for the complexity of multiple interacting components within and across coupled natural-human systems. In this research, we investigate the potential economic and ecological gains from adopting ecosystem-based approaches for the sardine and anchovy fisheries off of the coast of California, USA. Research has shown that while predators in this system are likely substituting one forage species for another, the assemblage of sardine and anchovy can be a significant driver of predator populations. Currently, the harvest control rules for sardine and anchovy fisheries align more with traditional single species framework. We ask what are the economic and ecological gains when jointly determining the harvest control rules for both forage fish stocks and their predators relative to the status quo? What are the implications of synchronous and anti-synchronous environmental recruitment variation between the anchovy and sardine stocks on optimal food-web management? To investigate these questions, we develop an economic-ecological model for sardine, anchovy, a harvested predator (halibut), and an endangered predator (Brown Pelican) that includes recruitment variability over time driven by changing environmental conditions. Utilizing large-scale numerical optimal control methods, we investigate how the multiple variants of integrated management of sardine, anchovy, and halibut impact the overall economic condition of the fisheries and Brown Pelican populations over time. We find significant gains in moving to integrated catch control rules both in terms of the economic gains of the fished stocks, and in terms of the impacts on the Brown Pelican populations. We also compare the relative performance of current stylized catch control rules to optimal single species and optimal ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) across ecological and economic dimensions, where the former trade-off considerable economic value for ecological goals. More generally, we demonstrate how EBFM approaches introduce and integrate additional management levers for policymakers to achieve non-fishery objectives at lowest costs to the fishing sectors.
Interatomic Repulsion and the Pauli Principle

Atoms may repel or attract each other, but bound systems get virtually all of the attention in the classroom. To address the imbalance, instructors can explore the basis of repulsion in a few simple systems and highlight the important role played by the Pauli principle. A good example is the first triplet excited state of H2 wherein both electrons have the same spin. In light of the Hellmann–Feynman theorem, the net interaction is repulsive due to the low electron density that results in the region between the two nuclei. Analogous destabilization occurs in σ-bonding systems involving 3 electrons because two-thirds of the electrons have the same spin. Symmetrical systems like He2+ are exceptions and actually do form bonds because the minority spin is able to delocalize over both centers. In contrast, the ground state of the neutral He2 system entails 2 α and 2 β electrons and is strictly repulsive. Finally, the lowest energy triplet state of ethylene twists toward a D2d structure to avoid a destabilizing interaction akin to that identified in the triplet state of H2.
Palliative Care in Movement Disorders: an Evolving Field

This review summarizes the current state of evidence for palliative care (PC) in movement disorders, describes the application of PC to clinical practice, and suggests future research directions. PC needs are common in persons living with movement disorders and their families from the time of diagnosis through end-of-life and contribute to quality of life. Early advance care planning is preferred by patients, impacts outcomes and is promoted by PC frameworks. Systematic assessment of non-motor symptoms, psychosocial needs and spiritual/existential distress may address gaps in current models of care. Several complementary and emerging models of PC may be utilized to meet the needs of this population. A PC approach may identify and improve important patient and caregiver-centered outcomes. As a relatively new application of PC, there is a need for research to adapt, develop and implement approaches to meet the unique needs of this population.
Volatile and Semivolatile Contaminants

A large number of contaminants can find their way into the water sources used for drinking water. Of these contaminants, volatile and semivolatile contaminants can enter directly from various spills by improper disposal, or from the atmosphere in the form of rain, hail, and snow. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are also called purgeable organic compounds because their volatile nature allows them to be purged by aeration of water supplies. The sources of contamination of a number of VOCs, along with their potential health effects at maximum contamination level (MCL) are listed. VOCs can confer some odor to water; drinking water is frequently monitored for any potential contaminants that are responsible for the odor. The monitoring methods utilized for the analysis of VOCs and SOCs are discussed. A number of methods recommended by EPA and the improvements offered by various scientists are also included in this chapter.
The Theory and Computation of Energy Deposition Properties

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the recent developments in a single collection, representing the state of the art in energy deposition theory. It focuses on various methods and approaches for calculating the stopping cross-section or properties, as well as the various terms in the series expansion of the stopping cross-section. The quantity is velocity dependent, and carries a negative sign so that the stopping power would be positive as the projectile slows. As simple energy and momentum conservation demand, at all but the lowest projectile velocities, the stopping power comes from collisions of the projectile with target electrons, and thus from energy transfer to the electronic structure of the target atoms, molecules, or solid. The stopping power is generally normalized by the target scatterer density n , to produce the stopping cross-section, S ( v ).
Long‐Term Heterosexual Cohabiters and Attitudes toward Marriage

Limited research has specifically examined long-term heterosexual cohabiters (LTHCs), whose lengthy unions challenge the notion that cohabitation is a life stage. Drawing upon in-depth interviews with 48 LTHCs, this article identifies six themes that LTHCs use to talk about their attitudes toward marriage. Three of these themes highlight ways in which heterosexuals are trying to construct anti-oppressive heterosexual identities. These six themes are especially structured by social class, elucidating a broader class-based bifurcation of family life in the United States. These findings challenge existing paradigms about cohabitation and illuminate the diversity of reasons people choose to cohabitate. Implications for broader shifts in intimate life are discussed.
Ordered Semantic Hyper Tableaux

A family of tableau methods, called i>ordered semantic hyper (i>OSH) i>tableau methods for first-order theories with function symbols, is presented. These methods permit semantic information to guide the search for a proof. They also may make use of orderings on literals, clauses, and interpretations to guide the search. In a typical tableau, the branches represent conjunctions of literals, and the tableau represents the disjunction of the branches. An OSH tableau is as usual except that each branch i>B has an interpretation i>I0[i>B] associated with it, where i>I0 is an interpretation supplied at the beginning and i>I0[i>B] is the interpretation most like i>I0 that satisfies i>B. Only clauses that i>I0[i>B] falsifies may be used to expand the branch i>B, thus restricting the kinds of tableau that can be constructed. This restriction guarantees the i>goal sensitivity of these methods if i>I0 is properly chosen. Certain choices of i>I0 may produce a purely bottom-up tableau construction, while others may result in goal-oriented evaluation for a given query. The choices of which branch is selected for expansion and which clause is used to expand this branch are examined and their effects on the OSH tableau methods considered. A branch reordering method is also studied, as well as a branch pruning technique called i>complement modification, that adds additional literals to branches in a soundness-preserving manner. All members of the family of OSH tableaux are shown to be sound, complete, and proof convergent for refutations. Proof convergence means that any allowable sequence of operations will eventually find a proof, if one exists. OSH tableaux are powerful enough to be treated as a generalization of several classes of tableau discussed in the literature, including forward chaining and backward chaining procedures. Therefore, they can be used for efficient query processing.
Sulfate reduction in freshwater sediments receiving Acid mine drainage.

One arm of Lake Anna, Va., receives acid mine drainage (AMD) from Contrary Creek (SO42− concentration = 2 to 20 mM, pH = 2.5 to 3.5). Acid-volatile sulfide concentrations, SO42− reduction rates, and interstitial SO42− concentrations were measured at various depths in the sediment at four stations in four seasons to assess the effects of the AMD-added SO42− on bacterial SO42− reduction. Acid-volatile sulfide concentrations were always an order of magnitude higher at the stations receiving AMD than at a control station in another arm of the lake that received no AMD. Summer SO42− reduction rates were also an order of magnitude higher at stations that received AMD than at the control station (226 versus 13.5 mmol m−2 day−1), but winter values were inconclusive, probably due to low sediment temperature (6°C). Profiles of interstitial SO42− concentrations at the AMD stations showed a rapid decrease with depth (from 1,270 to 6 μM in the top 6 cm) due to rapid SO42− reduction. Bottom-water SO42− concentrations in the AMD-receiving arm were highest in winter and lowest in summer. These data support the conclusion that there is a significant enhancement of SO42− reduction in sediments receiving high SO42− inputs from AMD.
A CBR Knowledge Representation for Practical Ethics

TRUTH-TELLER, a program for testing a Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) knowledge representation in practical ethics, compares cases presenting ethical dilemmas about whether to tell the truth. Its comparisons list ethically relevant similarities and differences (i.e., reasons for telling or not telling the truth which apply to both cases, and reasons which apply more strongly in one case than another or which apply only to one case). The program reasons about reasons in generating context-sensitive comparisons. The reasons may invoke ethical principles or selfish considerations. We describe a knowledge representation for this practical ethical domain including representations for reasons and principles, truth telling episodes, contextually important scenarios, and comparison rules. In a preliminary evaluation, a professional ethicist scored the program's output for randomly-selected pairs of cases. The work contributes to AI CBR efforts to integrate general principles and context-sensitive information in symbolically assessing case similarity and to model comparing problems to paradigmatic cases. It also furthers research on cognitive and philosophical models of ethical judgement and decision-making.
An improved stringing method for retrograde dilatations of causic esophageal strictures

Retrograde dilatation performed with Tucker dilators is the safest known method of treating severe caustic strictures of the esophagus. Placing the string guide is sometimes difficult however, and the string taped to the cheek between dilatations causes cosmetic and psychological problems. The stringing method described by Andrassy et al [1] for dilatation of anastomotic esophageal strictures has been adapated by us for the treatment of caustic strictures. The success rate of the method has been 93,7%. Using this method, it is possible to prevent the placement difficulties and string complications in Tucker retrograde esophageal dilatation.
Texture strengthening and fracture toughness of titanium alloy sheet at room and cryogenic temperatures.

Texture strengthening and fracture toughness of titanium alloy sheets biaxial stress fields at room and cryogenic temperatures
Molecular mechanisms of defect formation.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular mechanisms of defect formation. The goal of this chapter is to summarize the recent work on the molecular level on the processes that accompany crystallization, and lead to defects and associated lattice strain, and potential plastic deformations such as mosaicity. While the mechanisms leading to relatively perfect protein crystals have been studied in great detail at both the mesoscopic1-3 and the molecular level 4-8, only a few of the processes leading to defects have been monitored. This chapter demonstrates an argument that diffraction resolution is affected only by short-scale molecular disorder and not by mosaicity, striae, zoning, and block structures. On the other hand, the diffraction resolution is determined by the signal-to-noise ratio of high-index reflections. Finally, this chapter concludes by explaining that if the crystal consists of a few large blocks, the beam in X-ray diffraction experiments can be focused on only one of these blocks, and high-resolution structure determinationscan still be achieved.
Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Plastic and Steel Vehicle Fuel Tanks

Federal standards that mandate improved fuel economy have resulted in the increased use of lightweight materials in automotive applications. However, the environmental burdens associated with a product extend well beyond the use phase. Life cycle assessment is the science of determining the environmental burdens associated with the entire life cycle of a given product from cradle-tograve. This report documents the environmental burdens associated with every phase of the life cycle of two fuel tanks utilized in full-sized 1996 GM vans. These vans are manufactured in two configurations, one which utilizes a steel fuel tank, and the other a multi-layered plastic fuel tank consisting primarily of high density polyethylene (HDPE). This study was a collaborative effort between GM and the University of Michigan’s National Pollution Prevention Center, which received funding from EPA’s National Risk Management Research Laboratory. Findings from this study include: • Material production phase solid waste production for steel greatly exceeds that for HDPE, however, material production phase energy consumption is much higher for HDPE than steel. • The use phase dominates the consumption of energy, the gas phase emissions of CO, CO2, NOx, and HC, and the generation of liquid phase dissolved solids. In each of these categories, the HDPE system is environmentally advantageous over the steel system. • The manufacturing phase contributes the largest fractions of airborne particulate matter, liquid phase suspended solids, waterborne oil and grease, and waterborne metals. In each of these, except waterborne metals, the HDPE system is environmentally advantageous over the steel system. • The end-of-life phase dominates the generation of solid waste. In this category, the steel system is environmentally advantageous over HDPE. This conclusion assumes there is no recycling of the HDPE system.
Different misfolding mechanisms converge on common conformational changes: human prion protein pathogenic mutants Y218N and E196K.

Prion diseases are caused by misfolding and aggregation of the prion protein (PrP). Pathogenic mutations such as Y218N and E196K are known to cause Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, respectively. Here we describe molecular dynamics simulations of these mutant proteins to better characterize the detailed conformational effects of these sequence substitutions. Our results indicate that the mutations disrupt the wild-type native PrP(C) structure and cause misfolding. Y218N reduced hydrophobic packing around the X-loop (residues 165-171), and E196K abolished an important wild-type salt bridge. While differences in the mutation site led PrP mutants to misfold along different pathways, we observed multiple traits of misfolding that were common to both mutants. Common traits of misfolding included: 1) detachment of the short helix (HA) from the PrP core; 2) exposure of side chain F198; and 3) formation of a nonnative strand at the N-terminus. The effect of the E196K mutation directly abolished the wild-type salt bridge E196-R156, which further destabilized the F198 hydrophobic pocket and HA. The Y218N mutation propagated its effect by increasing the HB-HC interhelical angle, which in turn disrupted the packing around F198. Furthermore, a nonnative contact formed between E221 and S132 on the S1-HA loop, which offered a direct mechanism for disrupting the hydrophobic packing between the S1-HA loop and HC. While there were common misfolding features shared between Y218N and E196K, the differences in the orientation of HB and HC and the X-loop conformation might provide a structural basis for identifying different prion strains.
Paraneoplastic disorders of the memory and cognition: clinical aspects and therapeutic approaches.

Publisher Summary This chapter emphasizes that paraneoplastic disorders (PND) of the brain are becoming increasingly recognized as a cause of higher cortical dysfunction such as, cognition, memory, attention, affection, behavior, disruption of sleep, and level of consciousness. The diagnosis of PND is usually made on the basis of the type of syndrome, demonstration of the tumor, and detection of antineuronal antibodies. The use of CT and FDG-PET imaging has greatly facilitated the detection of the tumor at early stages of the PND. The symptoms may be limited to these cortical functions or develop in association with syndromes of the brainstem, cerebellum, dorsal root ganglia, and peripheral nerves. The identification of immune responses against brain-specific proteins expressed by the tumor suggests that many of these disorders are immune-mediated. These immune responses are characterized by antineuronal antibodies and cytotoxic T-cell responses that probably cause neuronal injury. However, it is unclear whether the immune responses have clinically significant effects on tumor growth or rejection.
Film boiling heat transfer from a horizontal surface as an optimal boundary value process.

Pool film boiling based on cellular model, postulating time-averaged cell configuration to adjust itself to maximize rate of heat transfer
Multiconfiguration Hartree--Fock method for atomic energy levels and transition probabilities

The effect of correlation in the motion of electrons in a many electron system is an important factor in the theoretical determination of atomic properties. When Hartree1 derived his equations, he assumed the electrons moved in the field of the nucleus screened by the spherically averaged distribution of all the other electrons. Thus the effect of correlation in the motion of electrons was neglected. In fact, in his model there was a finite probability that two electrons might occupy the same region of space. Later Fock2 modified these equations. Starting with an antisymmetric total wavefunction and applying a variational procedure, he obtained what Hartree called the “equations with exchange” now referred to as the Hartree-Fock (HF) equations. Electrons with the same spin co-ordinates are repelled in this model but other correlation effects remain. For reasons such as these, Lowdin3 defined the error in the HF approximation as the correlation error.
The effect of the WIC program on the health of newborns.

The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) is the third largest food program in the United States, reaching nearly 8 million women and children at a cost of U.S.$5 billion (USDA 2007a). The program forms a key part of the safety net for poor families: nearly 60 percent of poor children under the age of 4 receive WIC, nearly twice as many as those who receive food stamps (Zedlewski and Rader 2005). Given the program's scope and prominence, the efficacy of WIC has been studied extensively. However, findings have been inconsistent, and the program remains an active focus of policy evaluation (Ludwig and Miller 2005). The methodological challenge facing researchers is that many characteristics are likely correlated with both WIC use and child health. This correlation introduces bias, leading one to either overstate or understate WIC's effects depending on the nature of the relationships between the measured and unmeasured confounding factors, children's outcomes and WIC participation. In this paper, we use propensity scores to examine the association between WIC participation and birth outcomes. Under key assumptions, propensity scores approximate a randomized experiment by creating matched groups comprising those from both the treatment and comparison groups who are comparable except for treatment status. We further estimate fixed-effects models that allow for mother-specific unobservables. In addition, we examine how strong confounding with an unobserved variable would have to be to explain the apparent effect (or noneffect) of WIC participation using approaches proposed by Rosenbaum (2002) and Imbens (2003). These analyses involve data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics—Child Development Supplement (PSID-CDS), a study that has tracked more than 5,000 families for nearly four decades. The data included an over-sample of poor families, making it well suited for examining issues of poverty and child development in the United States. This study makes two contributions to the existing literature. First, by considering multiple outcomes—birth weight, born preterm, low birth weight, small for gestational age (SGA), neonatal hospitalizations, and maternal report of infant health—this study provides a more complete account of WIC's potential effects than most prior research. Second, because of the scope of the data, we account for the effect of heretofore unmeasured or omitted characteristics (such as maternal IQ and family income) that are likely to confound WIC estimates.
Gas-phase hydrodenitrogenation reactions of polynuclear heteroaromatic nitrogen compounds and selected intermediates with a 50% nickel oxide/aluminate supported on s silica-alumina catalyst*1

Abstract The gas-phase hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of quinoline 1,2,3,4-decahydroquinoline, 2-propylaniline, and propylbenzene with a 50% nickel oxide/aluminate on SiO2Al2O3 catalyst has been studied at 250°C under 1 atm of hydrogen gas. Under these mild conditions, alkylaromatics are the predominant HDN products. In the reaction network of this catalytic process, quinoline is hydrogenated to 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, which subsequently undergoes CN bond hydrogenolysis to form 2-propylaniline and then propylbenzene. Significant alkyl side-chain hydrogenolysis occurs in parallel to these reactions, producing a mixture of alkylanilines and alkylbenzenes. Small amounts of alkylcyclohexanes are produced by hydrogenation of the alkylbenzenes. This network differs significantly from that of commercial HUN processes in which quinoline is hydrogenated fully to decahydroquinoline prior to CH bond cleavage. Pseudo-first-order rate constants have been estimated for quinoline hydrogenation, alkylaniline formation, alkylaniline HDN, and alkylbenzene hydrogenation and compared to analogous data for commercial HDN. This comparison indicates that the activity of the nickel oxide/aluminate on SiO2Al2O3 catalyst is within an order of magnitude of the activity of commercial HDN catalysts. The nickel oxide catalyst is irreversibly poisoned by sulfur and slowly deactivates during HDN due to coke formation; the coked catalyst can be regenerated by oxidation in air and subsequent reduction in hydrogen.
Lispro Insulin: Benefits and Limitations

Lispro insulin is the first synthetic insulin analog commercially available for the treatment of diabetes. Its rapid absorption and short half-life results in both advantages and disadvantages to the patient with diabetes. Understanding the physiology of normal insulin secretion and the pathophysiology of diabetes is paramount to optimizing Lispro insulin in patients with diabetes.
A theoretical study of distance determinations from NMR. Two-dimensional nuclear overhauser effect spectra

Abstract In principle, two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect NMR experiments can be used to establish internuclear distances and thus to determine molecular structure in solution. Theoretical calculations have been carried out for the 2D NOE experiment addressing the questions of (l) how sensitive 2D NOE cross-peak intensities are to spatial location of nuclear spins, and (2) how well the motional characteristics (and, therefore, spectral densities) of the molecule must be known in order to determine accurate distances. Theoretical values for cross-peak intensities obtained in 2D NOE spectra were calculated for a set of three-proton spins and a set of four-proton spins. The relaxation rate matrix whose elements establish the cross-peak intensities was diagonalized using a numerical procedure which enables accurate calculations of cross-peak intensities in large spin systems at any mixing time. Several calculations were performed; each calculation entailed a different set of circumstances. Specifically, the transformation of cross-peak intensities into proton-proton distances was examined for 21 configurations of the three-proton system and 7 configurations of the four-proton spin system. Additionally the influence of specific types of overall and internal motion on the calculated cross-peak intensities and the distances determined from them was tested. The conclusions from these calculations are as follows. With the experimental signal-to-noise ratio usually attained for biomolecular concentrations
HIV Transmission Risk Behaviors of Men and Women Living With HIV‐AIDS: Prevalence, Predictors, and Emerging Clinical Interventions

This article reviews research on continued risk practices among individuals who know they are HIV infected. Across populations, one in three persons with HIV-AIDS continue practicing HIV transmission risk behaviors. Continued high-risk behaviors in persons with HIV are related to relationship factors, economic conditions, emotional states, substance abuse, and personality dispositions. High-risk behaviors are more likely with another infected person, but alarming rates of risk behaviors are observed with HIV-negative partners and partners of unknown HIV status. Risk practices are also affected by disclosure of HIV status and by perceptions of how anti-HIV medications may affect infectivity. New clinical models of intervention are needed to blend HIV prevention strategies with HIV-AIDS care services.
Extracellular matrix composition modulates cell cycle checkpoint control: a new twist to radiation sensitivity.

Commentary to:Fibronectin Alters Cell Survival and Intracellular Signaling of Confluent A549 Cultures After Irradiationby N. Cordes and C. Beinke
Distribution of androgen receptor in microdissected brain areas of the female baboon (Papio cynocephalus).

Abstract We measured androgen receptors in the brain and pituitary of 4 female baboons (Papio cynocephalus) by the in vitro binding of methyltrienolone (R1881) to cytosols from 17 brain subregions as well as anterior and posterior pituitaries. High levels of AR were detected in anterior (22.1 ± 7.1 (S.E.M.) fmol/mg protein) and posterior pituitary (12.6 ± 3.3 fmol/mg protein). In brain tissue, the highest androgen receptor levels were found in the infundibular nucleus/median eminence (9.4 ± 2.3 fmol/mg protein), ventromedial nucleus (6.3 ± 1.7 fmol/mg protein) and periventricular area (4.9 ± 1.3 fmol/mg protein). Saturation analysis of anterior pituitary and brain tissue (pool of hypothalamic, preoptic area, amygdala and septum remaining after microdissection of brain nuclei) showed that [3H]R1881 binds to the androgen receptor with high specificity and affinity (Kd = 1.25 × 10−10 M, 0.45 × 10−10 M, in anterior pituitary and HPA cytosol, respectively). Serum testosterone levels were low in all animals (0.59 ± 0.26 ng/ml). With these data we described the quantitative distribution of androgen receptor in the pituitary and in specific brain nuclei in a species of nonhuman primate. The distribution is similar in many respects to that described in the male rat and the data suggest a conservation of androgen receptor distribution across species.