cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions between alpha-adrenergic agents, prostaglandin E1, nicotinic acid, and adenosine in regulation of lipolysis in hamsters epididymal adipocytes.

The antilipolytic activity of the alpha-adrenergic agent clonidine was studied using fat cells from the epididymal fat bodies of golden hamsters. Lipolysis activated in a relatively dilute suspension of adipocytes ( 300,000 cells/ml, only 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine-accelerated lipolysis was inhibited by clonidine; isoproterenol-activated lipolysis was not. The antilipolytic activity of clonidine toward isoproterenol-activated lipolysis was also lost when adipocytes (
Unusual Anti-Reproductive Properties of the Analog [d-Leu6,Des-Gly-NH210]-Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Ethylamide in Male Rats

Nanogram quantities of a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist, [d-Leu 6 ,des-Gly- N H 2 10 ]-LHRH ethylamide, were injected into immature male rats twice daily for 40days. Treatment with the analog significantly increased serum luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels, but suppressed accessory sex organ weights. Plasma and testicular concentrations of testosterone were also significantly decreased. The agonist did not alter body, pituitary, or testis weights. Spermatogenesis and the morphology or density of the Leydig cells also appeared not to be affected. A possible direct effect of the analog on the testes is discussed.
What It Means for a Coalgebra To Be Simply Connected

This chapter discusses what it means for a coalgebra to be simply connected. If n ∈ ℤ, n > 0 , and C is an n -connected coalgebra, then there is a morphism of coalgebras g: C → D such that D q = 0 for 0 ≤ n and Ω(g): Ω(C)→ Ω(D) is a chain equivalence. A coalgebra C is reduced if the differential module P(C) of primitive chains of C is isomorphic with a coproduct of elementary complexes, no one of which is acyclic. If R is a local ring, then the reduction of an elementary complex to a complex over the residue field is an elementary complex, and the reduction of a reduced coalgebra to a coalgebra over the residue field is again a reduced coalgebra.
Facility planning for large equine facilities in urban and rural settings

Abstract Large equine facilities are comprised of many different areas that are necessary for the proper care and training of horses. The placement of areas is often inefficient due to the slow growth of equine facilities. As a result, facility layout becomes a crucial aspect requiring explicit consideration. The purpose of this study was to develop an analytical method which can be applied to large equine facilities within different settings to produce efficient layouts that are simple and economic to implement. This research developed, implemented, and tested an optimization algorithm that can be applied to the equine facility layout problem to minimize the distance traveled by facility personnel performing daily operations and reduce the total distance traveled for mandatory tasks. The proposed algorithm was applied to two test cases based on equine facilities located in the Willamette Valley and on the Umatilla Indian Reservation in Oregon in the U.S., improving their initial layouts by 7% and 6%, respectively. Material flows and distances vary greatly between these cases, yet the algorithm proved effective on both.
Air–Ground Channel Characterization for Unmanned Aircraft Systems—Part III: The Suburban and Near-Urban Environments

Applications for unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), or “drones,” are increasing rapidly. In order to provide safe and reliable links to integrate UAS into the National Airspace System (NAS), control and nonpayload communication (CNPC) system requirements are being specified. A comprehensive knowledge of the air-to-ground (AG) channels in the bands of interest (C-band and L-band) plays an essential role. The NASA Glenn Research Center has sponsored an AG channel measurement campaign for most of the typical ground site (GS) local environments, including over water [8] , hilly/mountainous [9] , suburban, and near-urban. As a continuation of our prior study, this paper addresses the suburban and near-urban scenarios. Our developed AG channel models include path loss, small-scale fading Ricean K factors, spatial and interfrequency correlations for multiple aircraft antennas, root-mean-square (RMS) delay spread, and wideband tapped delay line (TDL) models. The path loss is described by either log-distance or two-ray models, with small corrections for flight direction. The K factors were 12 (14) dB in L-band and 27.4 (28.5) dB in C-band in near-urban (suburban) environments. The interband signals were uncorrelated, but the intra-band signals were highly correlated, with the median correlation coefficient greater than 0.85. The C-band RMS delay spread was on average 10 to 60 ns, with maximum of approximately 4 μs. The TDL models are composed of the line-of-sight (LOS) component, a ground reflection, and up to seven intermittent multipath components (MPCs). Relative power, phase, occurrence probability, duration, and excess delays for these intermittent MPCs are quantified. An algorithm to simulate the AG channel impulse response (CIR) via the TDL models is provided.
Safety, Security, and Policy Considerations for Plant Genome Editing

Genome editing with engineered nucleases (GEEN) is increasingly used as a tool for gene discovery and trait development in crops through generation of targeted changes in endogenous genes. The development of the CRISPR-Cas9 system (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats with associated Cas9 protein), in particular, has enabled widespread use of genome editing. Research to date has not comprehensively addressed genome-editing specificity and off-target mismatches that may result in unintended changes within plant genomes or the potential for gene drive initiation. Governance and regulatory considerations for bioengineered crops derived from using GEEN will require greater clarity as to target specificity, the potential for mismatched edits, unanticipated downstream effects of off-target mutations, and assurance that genome reagents do not occur in finished products. Since governance and regulatory decision making involves robust standards of evidence extending from the laboratory to the postcommercial marketplace, developers of genome-edited crops must anticipate significant engagement and investment to address questions of regulators and civil society.
Role of Selective Flower Abortion in the Maintenance of Obligate Pollination Mutualism

Mutualism is an interaction between species, each of which gains benefits that have costs for the other. Such interactions are ubiquitous in nature and often play important roles in the maintenance of ecosystems and biodiversity. However, theoretical considerations suggest that mutualism is not evolutionarily stable because it is vulnerable to invasion by cheaters, which gain benefits without paying costs (Axelrod and Hamilton 1981; Bull and Rice 1991; Sachs et al. 2004). Thus, mechanisms preventing cheating may be essential if mutualism is to be stable (Kiers et al. 2003; Bshary and Grutter 2006; Kiers and Denison 2008; Jander and Herre 2010; Jander et al. 2012).
Promises Kept or Opportunities Lost: A Wicked Problem in Educational Leadership:

A novice principal’s decision not to intervene on an ill-conceived policy prompts a parent to pursue a line of questioning administrators are not prepared for. In this case, a young man working thr...
Predicting Caregiver Strain to Improve Supports for the Caregivers of Children With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

Caregivers of children/youth with emotional and behavioral disorders often can experience significant strain associated with the day-to-day care of their children, and reducing strain can bring tre...
Meeting health, mental health, and housing needs of older adults: A case review of the congregational social work education initiative

This article presents results from an innovative social work field education program, which prepares BSW and MSW students to work in interdisciplinary teams with congregational nurses as they serve...
The Behavioral Ecology of Wedge-Capped Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus olivaceus)

The relationship between ecology and social structure has been an important area of primatological research since the 1960s (e.g., Crook and Gartlan 1966, Gartlan 1968, Kummer 1971, Eisenberg et al. 1972, Clutton-Brock 1974, Clutton-Brock and Harvey 1977a). Early work focused on group-level responses to the environment, employing the comparative approach to establish broad correlations between ecology and sociality (Crook and Gartlan 1966, Clutton-Brock and Harvey 1977b). Later, the sociobiological paradigm (Wilson 1975) stimulated investigation of how selection acts on individuals to maximize reproductive success and inclusive fitness within populations.
Robust Biomedical Event Extraction with Dual Decomposition and Minimal Domain Adaptation

We present a joint model for biomedical event extraction and apply it to four tracks of the BioNLP 2011 Shared Task. Our model decomposes into three sub-models that concern (a) event triggers and outgoing arguments, (b) event triggers and incoming arguments and (c) protein-protein bindings. For efficient decoding we employ dual decomposition. Our results are very competitive: With minimal adaptation of our model we come in second for two of the tasks---right behind a version of the system presented here that includes predictions of the Stanford event extractor as features. We also show that for the Infectious Diseases task using data from the Genia track is a very effective way to improve accuracy.
Among inpatients, ischemic bowel disease predisposes to Clostridium difficile infection with concomitant higher mortality and worse outcomes.

Background and aims Clinical conditions resulting in hypoxia, hypoperfusion, anaerobic milieu within the gut, and intestinal epithelial breakdown, such as seen in heart failure, precipitates Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Given that ischemic bowel disease (IB) typically results in similar changes within the gut, we investigated the relationship between CDI and IB, and the impact of CDI on the clinical outcomes of IB. Patients and methods We initially performed a cross-sectional analysis on the 2014 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project - Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) patient's discharge records of ages 18 years and older, by estimating the crude and adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of CDI and IB as the outcome and predictor respectively. We then pooled data from the 2012-2014 NIS, identified, and compared mortality (and 15 other outcomes) between three groups: IB+CDI, IB-alone, and CDI-alone (Statistical Analysis System 9.4). Results In the 2014 NIS, records with IB (n=27 609), had higher rate and odds of CDI [3.95 vs. 1.17%, aOR: 1.89 (1.77-2.02)] than records without IB (n=5 879 943). The 2012-2014 NIS contained 1105 IB+CDI, 30 960 IB-alone, and 60 758 CDI-alone groups. IB+CDI had higher mortality [aOR: 1.44 (1.11-1.86)], length of stay [9.59 (9.03-10.20) vs. 6.12 (5.99-6.26) days], cost [$93 257 (82 892-104 919) vs. $63 257 (61 029-65 567)], unfavorable discharge disposition [aOR: 2.24 (1.91-2.64)] and poorer results across most of the other outcomes than IB-alone. Comparable results were found for IB+CDI versus CDI-alone. Conclusion IB is a risk factor for CDI in hospitals. CDI is associated with higher mortality, longer length of stay, higher cost, unfavorable discharge, and many other poorer health outcomes in patients with IB.
NOXA genetic amplification or pharmacologic induction primes lymphoma cells to BCL2 inhibitor-induced cell death

Although diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells widely express the BCL2 protein, they rarely respond to treatment with BCL2-selective inhibitors. Here we show that DLBCL cells harboring PMAIP1/NOXA gene amplification were highly sensitive to BCL2 small-molecule inhibitors. In these cells, BCL2 inhibition induced cell death by activating caspase 9, which was further amplified by caspase-dependent cleavage and depletion of MCL1. In DLBCL cells lacking NOXA amplification, BCL2 inhibition was associated with an increase in MCL1 protein abundance in a BIM-dependent manner, causing a decreased antilymphoma efficacy. In these cells, dual inhibition of MCL1 and BCL2 was required for enhanced killing. Pharmacologic induction of NOXA, using the histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat, decreased MCL1 protein abundance and increased lymphoma cell vulnerability to BCL2 inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. Our data provide a mechanistic rationale for combination strategies to disrupt lymphoma cell codependency on BCL2 and MCL1 proteins in DLBCL.
Retrospective evaluation of paired plasma creatinine and chloride concentrations following hetastarch administration in anesthetized dogs (2002–2015): 244 cases

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate changes in serum creatinine and chloride concentrations in anesthetized dogs that received 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 670/0.7. DESIGN: Retrospective case series, 2002–2015. SETTING: University veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS: Two hundred forty‐four client‐owned dogs undergoing general anesthesia that received an HES solution. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Medical records of dogs that received an HES solution (6%, 670/0.7) while under general anesthesia during the study period were reviewed. Information obtained from the medical record included patient signalment, reason for anesthesia or diagnosis, body weight, amount of HES solution administered, pre‐ and postanesthesia creatinine value, pre‐ and postanesthesia chloride value, and day interval between measurements. Corrected chloride values were used for all statistical analysis. Dogs received a median dose of 6.3 mL/kg hetastarch during anesthesia. Median preanesthesia creatinine and corrected chloride values were 79.5 μmol/L (0.9 mg/dL) (range 8.8–689.5 μmol/L [0.1–7.8 mg/dL]) and 111 mmol/L (111 mEq/L) (range 80–123 mmol/L [80–123 mg/dL]), respectively. Median postanesthesia creatinine was 57.4 μmol/L (0.65 mg/dL) (8.8–716 μmol/L [0.1–8.1 mg/dL]). Median postanesthesia corrected chloride was 115 mmol/L (115 mEq/L) (range 87.5–129.6 mmol/L [87.5–129.6 mEq/L]). Mann–Whitney test analysis revealed a significant decrease in creatinine (Δ Cr 17.7 μmol/L [0.2 mg/dL], P < 0.01) and a significant increase in corrected chloride (Δ Cl 4.1 mmol/L [4.1mEq/L], P < 0.01) between pre‐ and postanesthesia values. CONCLUSIONS: In a mixed population of hospitalized dogs undergoing general anesthesia that received a median dose of 6 mL/kg of HES, creatinine was lower and chloride was higher in the postanesthetic than in the preanesthetic period. The clinical significance of these changes and the role that HES administration played in them relative to concurrent therapies is unknown.
Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes of Patients With Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection.

Background The goal of this study is to report the characteristics and long‐term clinical outcomes of patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) and to identify factors associated ...
Microscopic tumor invasion of contralateral mucosa in cancer involving unilateral septum.

Background Preservation of contralateral mucosa with microscopic tumor invasion in unilateral septal involvement increases the recurrence risk. The purpose of this study was to analyze the risk of invasion of contralateral mucosa in unilateral septal involvement of cancer and to risk stratify patients. Methods Retrospective chart review of patients with histologically proven malignancy with unilateral septal involvement and absence of gross septal tumor involvement on the contralateral side were included. Results Among 40 patients, majority (55%) belonged to sixth and seventh decade. The most common type was squamous cell carcinoma (63%). Approximately one-fourth (23%) showed microscopic contralateral invasion. Females (OR 12; 95% CI 2.01-71.35) and patients with septal bone invasion (OR 28.5; CI 3.35-242.0) had a higher risk of developing contralateral mucosal invasion. Conclusion Complete resection of contralateral mucosa is preferred in areas along the bony septum. When complete resection is not performed, intraoperative frozen section is strongly recommended.
Cholesterol 2001. Rationale for lipid-lowering in older patients with or without CAD.

Statin treatment of men and women age > or = 50 with coronary artery disease (CAD) and hypercholesterolemia reduces the risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, coronary events, coronary revascularization, stroke, and intermittent claudication. The target serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level is 125 mg/dL despite diet therapy. Statins are also effective in reducing cardiovascular events in older persons with hypercholesterolemia but without cardiovascular disease. Consider using statins in patients age 50 to 80 without cardiovascular disease, serum LDL cholesterol > 130 mg/dL, and serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol < 50 mg/dL.
A Deep Neural Network Accelerator Based on Tiled RRAM Architecture

State-of-the-art deep neural networks (DNNs) have been successfully mapped on an RRAM-based tiled in-memory computing (IMC) architecture. Effects of moderate array size and quantized partial products (PPs) due to ADC precision constraints have been analyzed. Methods were developed to solve these challenges and preserve DNN accuracies and IMC performance gains in the tiled architecture. Popular models including VGG-16 and MobileNet have been successfully implemented and tested on ImageNet dataset.
Stuck on pain? Assessing children's vigilance and awareness of pain sensations.

Background Attending towards pain is proposed as a key mechanism influencing the experience and chronification of pain. Persistent attention towards pain is proposed to drive poor outcomes in both adults and children with chronic pain. However, there are no validated self-report measures of pain-related attention for children. Methods The goals of this study were to adapt the Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire (PVAQ) for use in a child sample, to preliminary examine its psychometric properties, and to assess its utility over and above a measure of general attentional capacities. We adapted the language of the PVAQ to be more easily understood by children as young as 8 years. In a sample of 160 children (8-18 years) with chronic pain, we examined the factor structure, internal consistency and criterion validity of the PVAQ-C. Results The PVAQ-C demonstrated excellent internal consistency (α = 0.92) and moderate-to-strong criterion validity. A one-factor structure best fit the data. Children who reported greater attention to pain also reported greater pain catastrophizing, fear of pain, avoidance of activities and poorer physical functioning. Pain-related attention remained a significant predictor of functioning while controlling for demographics, catastrophizing and fear-avoidance. Pain-related attention also significantly predicted child outcomes independent of the child's general attention control capacities, indicating added value of a pain-specific measure of attention. Conclusions The PVAQ-C shows strong indices of internal reliability and criterion validity, and indicates unique predictive utility. It will be important to study the role of pain-related attention in youth within developmental and functional-motivational frameworks. Significance Pain-related attention is proposed as a key factor influencing fear-avoidance outcomes in both adults and youth with chronic pain, yet no self-report measures of pain-related attention have been validated for children. This paper presents a child version of the Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire (PVAQ-C), which indicates strong internal consistency, criterion validity and unique predictive validity, and provides evidence to support the Fear-Avoidance Model in youth with chronic pain.
Vascular Access in Children to Prevent and Treat Infectious Diseases

* Abbreviations: CLABSI — : central line–associated bloodstream infection CVAD — : central venous access device miniMAGIC — : Michigan Appropriateness Guide for Intravenous Catheters in pediatrics PICC — : peripherally inserted central catheter PN — : parenteral nutrition PIVC — : peripheral intravenous catheter Although central venous access devices (CVADs) have become essential for the delivery of modern pediatric care, they are associated with serious, even life-threatening, complications. The most common serious complication is central line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), in which bacteria or fungi enter the bloodstream through the lumen or the exit site of the CVAD. Approximately 10% of pediatric CLABSI episodes are associated with severe sepsis, causing organ damage or dysfunction that requires ICU-level care or results in death.1 An estimated 50% of children with CLABSI have persistent or recurrent infections that require catheter removal or replacement.1,2 In addition to the direct clinical impact, CLABSI adds to the expense of pediatric care, with each episode costing ∼$55 000 in the United States.3 The guidelines/recommendations in this article are not American Academy of Pediatrics policy, and publication herein does not imply endorsement. Clinicians face complex decisions when balancing risks and benefits of venous access devices, such as the benefit … Address correspondence to Joshua Wolf, MBBS, PhD, FRACP, Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Mailstop 320, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN. E-mail: joshua.wolf{at}stjude.org
Illuminating Individual Membrane Protein Complexes with Mass Photometry

Membrane proteins play critical roles but have been challenging for structural biology. In this issue of Chem, Olerinyova et al. apply an emerging technology, mass photometry, to characterize membrane proteins in different solubilization vehicles. Mass photometry streamlines characterization of membrane proteins in different membrane mimetics, enabling rapid analysis of homogeneity.
A 0.13-μm CMOS resonator-based frequency-doubling mechanism for clock recovery in a full-rate 40 Gb/s optical receiver

Abstract A clock recovery circuit for a full-rate 40 Gb/s optical receiver is presented. The proposed circuit consists of a frequency doubling block, a mixer-based phase detector, and a 40 GHz voltage-controlled oscillator. The frequency doubling block, consisting of a tuned amplifier and a frequency doubler, adopts the LC-resonator loads, rather than the conventional resistive loads, which realizes operation at 40 GHz clock frequency. The circuit is fabricated in 0.13-μm CMOS technology. Measurement results indicate that the proposed circuit is able to recover a 40 GHz clock. The recovered clock frequency is at least 1.4 times higher than other competing circuits.
Differentiating Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, and Low Platelet Count Syndrome and Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in the Postpartum Period.

Pregnancy-associated atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a life-threatening thrombotic microangiopathy which may be mistaken for hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome. We sought to identify laboratory parameters that differentiate aHUS and HELLP syndrome in the postpartum period. PubMed was searched from inception to March 2018 to identify cases of aHUS in the postpartum period, while cases of HELLP syndrome were identified from a cohort of deliveries at our institution from January 2015 to December 2018. Postpartum laboratory data were abstracted as either peak values (AST [aspartate transaminase]; creatinine; LDH [lactate dehydrogenase]) or nadir values (hemoglobin; platelet count). Differences were compared using the t test, Wilcoxon Rank Sum, or χ2 test, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were performed. We identified 46 cases of aHUS and 45 cases of HELLP syndrome in the postpartum period. Women with HELLP syndrome were older, but rates of nulliparity and cesarean delivery, and gestational age at delivery, were similar between groups. Peak serum creatinine and LDH values after delivery were the most useful to diagnose aHUS with area under the curve 0.996 (95% CI, 0.99-1.0) and 0.91 (95% CI, 0.83-0.98) respectively. Serum creatinine ≥1.9 mg/dL, LDH ≥1832 U/L, or serum creatinine ≥1.9 mg/dL in combination with LDH ≥600 U/L were the optimal thresholds for diagnosing pregnancy-associated aHUS. We conclude that standard laboratory data, most specifically peak serum creatinine and LDH, may be used to differentiate aHUS and HELLP syndrome in the postpartum period.
Provable Guarantees for Understanding Out-of-distribution Detection.

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is important for deploying machine learning models in the real world, where test data from shifted distributions can naturally arise. While a plethora of algorithmic approaches have recently emerged for OOD detection, a critical gap remains in theoretical understanding. In this work, we develop an analytical framework that characterizes and unifies the theoretical understanding for OOD detection. Our analytical framework motivates a novel OOD detection method for neural networks, GEM, which demonstrates both theoretical and empirical superiority. In particular, on CIFAR-100 as in-distribution data, our method outperforms a competitive baseline by 16.57% (FPR95). Lastly, we formally provide provable guarantees and comprehensive analysis of our method, underpinning how various properties of data distribution affect the performance of OOD detection.
When Disability Rhymes with Negative Bias: A Response to Verpaelst

In this commentary on F. Verpaelst’s text “Disability is in the Eye of the Beholder”, I discuss the power of language and image in shaping our constructed view of life with disability. Disability often rhymes with negative bias, rather than empowering personal dignity.
Review of Statistics for Lawyers, 2nd ed.

A little over a century ago Oliver Wendell Holmes, then a justice on the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, opined that the lawyer of the future will be skilled in “statistics and the master of economics (1).” Holmes was commenting on the state of legal ed- ucation. At that point, social data gathered through empirical means and the methods of analyzing it had no part in legal educa- tion. Economics, psychology, political science, sociology, and other social science disciplines played no part in legal education (2,3). Most of the faculty who had any interest in these fields and their methods had been purged from law schools (4). Simply put, the emerging social sciences had no part in the law students' cur- riculum. Needless to say, the methods and research tools of these emerging disciplines, such as statistics, likewise played no part in legal education. As a result, by the end of its formative period, le- gal education was largely cut off from mainstream intellectual de- velopment in American universities. Holmes' prediction was largely wrong. The nineteenth-century
Network solutions for the line-of-sight problem of new multi-user indoor free-space optical system

Recent developments in solid-state light-emitting diode (LED) materials and devices are driving a resurgence in the use of free-space optics (FSO) for wireless broadband communication. This technology uses the visible spectrum provided by ‘white’ LEDs, which are becoming ubiquitous in lighting and has some desirable properties competitive with existing radio-frequency communications. By leveraging the low-cost nature of LEDs and lighting units there are many opportunities to exploit this medium for widespread optical communication deployment. The optical medium, however, has distinct characteristics that must be managed, such as directionality and susceptibility to noise sources in the visible spectrum. In this study, the authors present a new indoor FSO communication system, also known as a visible-light communication system that achieves satisfactory data rates while supporting multiple access under line-of-sight constraints. A hexagonal device design is proposed and investigated in the context to two communication protocols designed to manage point-to-point and point-to-host cases. Theoretical analysis and simulation of the two protocols using this hexagonal transceiver design indicate suitability for addressing high data-rate communications between peer devices; or between multiple devices using the peer-to-host model. A new medium access control scheme will also discussed.
Energy aware scheduling for distributed real-time systems

Power management has become popular in mobile computing as well as in server farms. Although a lot of work has been done to manage the energy consumption on uniprocessor real-time systems, there is less work done on their multicomputer counterparts. For a set of real-time tasks with precedence constraints executing on a distributed system, we propose new static and dynamic power management schemes. Assuming a given static schedule generated from any list scheduling heuristic algorithm, our static power management scheme uses the static slack (if any) based on the degree of parallelism in the schedule. To consider the run-time behavior of tasks, an on-line dynamic power management technique is proposed to further explore the idle periods of processors. By comparing our static technique with the simple static power management, where the static slack is distributed to the schedule proportionally, we find that our static scheme can save an average of 10% more energy. When combined with dynamic schemes, our schemes significantly improve energy savings.
Coping with Powerful Distributors: A Look at North American and European Companies in Kazakhstan's Transitional Economy

Abstract This study has explored the nature of Kazakhstan's distribution channel context, its powerful distributors, and the ways in which both EMCG and non-EMCG companies are coping with both. As an exploratory study, it has presented a picture of Kazakhstan's distribution contextin one momentin time. One possible path of future research would be to examine how the country's distribution channel context changes over time as Kazakhstan builds a retail sector and becomes more accustomed to free trade.
Ambiguity, Powerlessness, and the Psychologizing of Trauma

Abstract Unfortunately, mental health professionals and others have contributed to the pathologizing of what are actually reactions to trauma that should not be considered forms of mental illness. Along with this has come the masking of the many political and social causes of trauma, because casting responses to trauma as mental illnesses implies that the problem is intrapsychic, individual in origin. Furthermore, there is an increasing tendency to send trauma victims/survivors behind the closed doors of psychotherapists to deal with their emotions, thus privatizing trauma and its effects still more. This is particularly alarming, and unhealthy for victims/survivors and for society as a whole, when the sources of trauma are wars and other forms of violence. What are sorely needed are the depathologizing and deprivatizing of responses to trauma and a renewed emphasis on social and political action aimed at eliminating such sources of trauma.
State-space size estimation of conservative Petri nets

An investigation into the relationships between Petri net (PN) models and their associated state-space is discussed. An algorithm to estimate an upper bound on the number of states in a PN is presented. This algorithm is based on the weight vector associated with conservative PNs. PN constructs that hinder the algorithm's accuracy are discussed. Additionally, the structural and behavioral nature of PN weighted conservatism is developed, and a clarification of a test of weighted conservativeness is presented. >
5-Iminodaunomycin. An anthracycline with unique properties.

5-Iminodaunomycin forms a 3:1 complex with Fe(III) at pH 7.4. Drug-metal complex formation is associated with a marked decline in absorbance at 548 and 593 nm and the appearance of a broad band above 625 nm. The 5-iminodaunomycin-Fe(III) complex reacts with hydrogen peroxide to yield .OH radicals. This reaction is at a maximum at a drug/iron ratio of 2:1, and the yield is far less than that obtained with the doxorubicin-iron complex. In contrast to the results with doxorubicin, the production of .OH declines markedly at high 5-iminodaunomycin/iron ratios. There is a close parallel between the formation of hydroxyl radicals and the ability of the 5-iminodaunomycin complex to nick supercoiled SV40 DNA. The suppression of both .OH and DNA damage at high 5-iminodaunomycin:iron ratios is the result of several factors. 1) The presence of DNA stimulates .OH production from the doxorubicin complex, but not 5-iminodaunomycin; 2) doxorubicin reduces its chelated Fe(III) to Fe(II), but 5-iminodaunomycin does not; 3) 5-iminodaunomycin forms such a stable drug-metal complex that solvent water and, therefore, presumably H2O2, has diminished access to the chelated iron. The affinity of 5-iminodaunomycin is such that it can quantitatively abstract iron from doxorubicin. As a result, 5-iminodaunomycin is an effective competitive inhibitor of .OH radical formation by the doxorubicin-iron complex.
A review of intraperitoneal therapy of human ovarian carcinoma

Ovarian carcinoma disseminates by direct seeding throughout the peritoneal cavity. It involves surfaces of the abdominal viscera, as well as the diaphragm. Epithelial ovarian carcinoma responds to ...
gamma -ray bursts from ordinary cosmic strings.

We give an upper estimate for the number of [gamma]-ray bursts from ordinary (nonsuperconducting) cosmic strings expected to be observed at terrestrial detectors. Assuming that cusp annihilation is the mechanism responsible for the bursts we consider strings arising at a GUT phase transition and compare our estimate with the recent BATSE results. Further we give a lower limit for the effective area of future detectors designed to detect the cosmic-string-induced flux of [gamma]-ray bursts.
A fourth secreted aspartyl proteinase gene (SAP4) and a CARE2 repetitive element are located upstream of the SAP1 gene in Candida albicans

Candida albicans secreted aspartyl proteinases (Sap), products oftheSAPgenes,which arepresumed toact as virulence factors. IntheC.albicans strain WO-1,theability tosecrete Saplisregulated withswitch phenotype, another putative virulence factor. KpnIrestriction fragment length polymorphisms differentiate between several distinct SAP]alleles inlaboratory andclinical strains. BothSAPJalleles fromstrain WO-1 alongwiththeir 5'-and3'-flanking regionswere cloned andsequenced, as were bothalleles fromanother strain, SS.The5'-flanking regionswere remarkably similar inallfourofthesequenced alleles over approximately 1,500 nucleotides. Sianalysis revealed thatbothalleles ofWO-1aretranscribed. Characterization oftheone allele fromstrain WO-1identified a 284-nucleotide insertion flanked by8-bpdirect repeats thatshowshomology totheCARE2repetitive element andthatisnotpresentintheotheralleles. Characterization oftheSAP]alleles alsoidentified afourth SAPgene(SAP4) thatincludes an extended leader sequence.SAP4ispositioned upstream, intandem toSAP],inallstrains tested andmay encode another closely related secreted aspartyl proteinase. Candida albicans isone ofthemostcommon causesof opportunistic infections among immunocompromised patients. Factors which may contribute totheconversion ofthis normally commensal organism toa more virulent forminclude a morphological transformation between yeastandhyphal cells (6)andtheability ofa Candida species toexpressalternative colony andcell shapes, aphenomenon whichhasbeenreferred toasphenotypic switching (reviewed bySoll[31]). Thephenotypic switching systemofstrain WO-1hasbeencharacterizedindetail (30, 32)andiseasily manipulated, making itan important laboratory toolforexamining therelationship betweenswitch phenotype andtheexpression ofvirulence characteristics. Instrain WO-1,thecells switch reversibly andat highfrequency between predominantly spherical andsmooth cells andcells whicharelarger, ovoid, androughinappearance.Eachofthese cell typesgives rise toa distinct colony phenotype, white(W)andopaque (0),respectively, on solid medium. Theswitch phenotype alsoaffects properties associatedwithvirulence, suchas cell permeability, adhesiveness, drugsusceptibility, andsensitivity toneutrophils andoxidants (32). Theability toswitch between morphologic formstherefore seems tobeareflection ofmore pervasive changes inthe spectrum ofproteins expressed byeachphenotype, a feature whichisparticularly interesting inthecontext ofvirulence, as eachdistinct cell typemay beabletorespond differently tothe host. Thesecretion ofproteolytic enzymesbyC.albicans was first notedbyStaib in1965(33), andsince thattime, a C.albicanssecreted aspartyl proteinase (Sap) activity hasbeenlinked with virulence through indirect observation. Ithasbeenreported thatSapactivity isdirectly proportional tothevirulence of
Neurotransmitter and cyclic nucleotide modulation of frog cardiac contractility.

Abstract The experiments performed in this study were designed to test the hypothesis that cyclic nucleotides mediate the effects of adrenergic and cholinergic neurotransmitters on frog ventricle. A physiological approach was to measure the twitch tension and contracture tension of ventricular strips in the presence of exogenous neurotransmitter agonists. These observations were correlated to biochemical measurements of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels in ventricular strips exposed to the same physiological conditions. Epinephrine augmented twitch tension, depressed contracture tension, and augmented cyclic AMP levels. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors potentiated the effects of epinephrine. Exogenous cyclic AMP usually mimicked the epinephrine effect on both twitch and contracture tension. Carbachol and acetylcholine depressed twitch tension without affecting contracture, and carbachol transiently augmented cyclic GMP while depressing cyclic AMP levels. These muscarinic agonists inhibited the effects of epinephrine in depressing contracture tension and increasing cyclic AMP levels. Cyclic GMP did not mimic the twitch depressant effect of carbachol but did tend to mimic the cholinergic antagonism of epinephrine. Our observations generally support the idea that cyclic AMP mediates the effects of epinephrine but do not clearly relate cyclic GMP to the action of cholinergic agonists.
Mediators of dominance and reproductive success among queens in the cyclically polygynous neotropical bumble bee Bombus atratus franklin

Bombus atratus, a bumble bee found throughout much of South America, undergoes periods of polygyny during its colony cycle, which is often perennial. This temporary polygynous phase persists as multiple queens compete fiercely to become the sole reproductive. The outcome of these battles is death or expulsion from the nest of all but one of the queens, representing an extreme form of conflict of reproductive interests. We examined various factors which may influence survival and succession of rival B. atratus queens during a polygynous phase of a colony found in southern Brasil. Queens exhibiting greater ovarian development and a higher frequency of inter-queen aggression in the early period of polygyny survived significantly longer. Body size did not appear to contribute to the outcome of queen survival.
Autophagy Suppresses Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) Signaling by Activation of p62 Degradation via Lysosomal and Proteasomal Pathways

ATG16L1 is an essential component of the autophagasome. The T300A allele of ATG16L1 is associated with the increased susceptibility to Crohn disease. In this study, we identified a novel function of ATG16L1, which suppresses signaling of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Deletion of ATG16L1 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts significantly amplifies IL-1β signal transduction cascades. This amplification is due to elevated p62 levels in ATG16L1-deficient cells. We found that ATG16L1 regulates p62 levels via both autolysosomal and proteasomal pathways. For proteasomal degradation, we found that Cullin-3 (Cul-3) is a E3 ubiquitin ligase of p62 and that ATG16L1 is essential for neddylation of Cul-3, a step required for Cul-3 activation. Taken together our data indicate that loss-of-function of ATG16L1 results in a hyper-responsiveness to the IL-1β signaling because of the increased p62 level.
Pre-Weaning Mortality in a Florida Maternity Roost of Myotis austroriparius and Tadarida brasiliensis

The roost environment is a factor determining the survival and mortality rates in newborn bats. We compared mortality in two species of bats that shared a common roost but that differed in developmental strategies. The precocial species, Tadarida brasiliensis, appeared to exhibit less preweaning mortality than did the altricial species, Myotis austroriparius. Pre-weaning mortality in M. austroriparius was most pronounced shortly after birth. Many North American bat species produce a single precocial offspring each year, a demographic response related to the brevity of the season during which offspring can be produced and reared (Tuttle and Stevenson, 1982), restricted food supply (Humphrey, 1975), or aerodynamic constraints (Myers, 1978). The southeastern brown bat M. austroriparius however, commonly produces altricial twins (Foster et al., 1978). Central Florida populations of M. austroriparius do not hibernate and are therefore exposed to in-flight mortality factors over a larger portion of the year than other temperate Myotis. Maternity roosts of M. a. austroriparius are generally found in limestone caves over water where pre-weaning mortality is significant because females cannot retrieve fallen young from the water (Rice, 1957). Thus, twinning is thought to be an adaptive response to a high annual mortality of M. austroriparius (Foster et al., 1978). In contrast, female free-tailed bats, T. brasiliensis, give birth to a single precocial young each year (Pagels and Jones, 1974; Sherman, 1937), and generally roost in man-made structures throughout the year in Florida (Bain, 1981). Roost mortality is unknown in the Florida Tadarida populations, but was estimated at 1.8% for Texas cave populations (Davis et al., 1962). We monitored mortality in an attic-dwelling colony of M. austroriparius and T. brasiliensis during the spring and summer of 1983. These data supplement information provided for M. austroriparius by Foster et al. (1978), and compare mortality in two species, M. austroriparius and T. brasiliensis, under identical roost conditions.
The Relationship Between Long‐Term Strategy and Capital Budgeting

Decisions on capital investments at both the progam level and the specific asset level should be made in the context of the objectives of an organization as a whole. The addition of a new product line or the acquisition of a machine should not be decided simply on the basis of a direct cost/benefit analysis that is related to the program or the asset alone. Instead, the investment decision should be considered on the basis of the long‐term plans of the organization.
Serum protein binding of thyroxine and diphenylhydantoin.

Binding of thyroxine and diphenylhydantoin to human serum proteins was studied with the technique of radioimmuno-electrophoresis. Both compounds were bound to albumin and 2 alpha globulin arcs. Thyroxine alone was bound to prealbumin. The technique employed allowed the separation of serum components which would appear single using conventional zone electrophoretic methods, and suggested that at least 4 serum components bind thyroxine.
Silica: Source and Distribution in Southeastern Alaska: ABSTRACT

The area of investigation lies between lat. 56°-59° N. and long. 134°-137° W. This coastal region consists of a complex of fiords, estuaries, channels, and straits. Samples from standard hydrographic depths were collected from 50 stations occupied every 2 months during 1965-1966. Cores and grab samples also were retrieved to study the lithologic character and interstitial water composition. Samples from major rivers and streams were also collected. The period of collection included two seasons when blooms of diatoms were noticed in the inlet waters. Silica concentration between blooms varied at different depths with the maximum at the surface and minimum at the bottom. The silica-salinity ratio diagram indicated fresh water as a minor source for silica during summer months. However, during winter months, the silica seems to recycle from deeper waters to replenish surface silica removed by siliceous organisms. Approximate estimations of silica utilization during diatom blooms were made by silica-salinity ratio diagrams. The removal of silica during the September, 1965, bloom appeared to be 12 per cent of the total amount of silica present in the system during the month of November, 1965 (low biological activity). The vertical distribution of silica in glacially-fed areas such as Glacier Bay showed a homogeneous mixing with no sharp halocline throughout the year. Chatham Strait, on the other hand, was stratified during the summer, and there was no sharp halocline during the winter months. The silica concentration in interstitial waters showed a higher concentration in basins with finer sediments and lower concentrations in basins located near the source with coarser detrital sediments. No relation between silica and major ion concentration in interstitial waters was observed. End_of_Article - Last_Page 480------------
Aqueous uranyl complexes. 3. Potentiometric measurements of the hydrolysis of uranyl(VI) ion at 25°C

Potentiometric titrations of uranyl(VI) solutions were conducted using a standard glasslcalomel electrode combination over the pH range 3 to 12 at 0.1 molkg−1 ionic strength with tetramethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate as the supporting electrolyte. The electrodes were calibrated directly on the hydrogen ion concentration scale during the initial stage of each titration. The species, UO 2 2+ , (UO2)2(OH) 2 2+ , (UO2)3(OH) 5 + , (UO2)3(OH) 7 − , (UO2)3(OH) 8 2− , and (UO2)3(OH) 10 4− identified in an earlier Raman study were compatible with the analysis of the titration data. Based on this analysis and application of the extended Debye-Huckel treatment, the polynuclear species indicated above were assigned overall formation constants at 25°C and at infinite dilution of −5.51±0.04, −15.3±0.1, −27.77±0.09, −37.65±0.14, and −62.4±0.3, respectively. The results are discussed in reference to hydrolysis quotients reported in the literature for the first three species. Formation quotients for the last two species have not been reported previously.
Hydroxylation of selected hydrocarbon ions on reaction with methanol in the gas phase

The ion-molecule reactions of selected hydrocarbon cations with methanol which lead to the production of hydroxylated odd-electron molecular ions in the high-pressure ion source of a mass spectrometer or in the central quadrupole of a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer are described. A wide variety of hydrocarbon cations were investigated, including aliphatic and aromatic cations; of these, only those having a vacant site on an aromatic system appear to undergo the hydroxylation reaction in high yield. A mechanism is proposed for the formation of the molecular ion of phenol from the ion-molecule reaction involving the phenyl cation with methanol. In addition, thermochemical data are provided which support the formation of the postulated species.
Activity of Parícutin volcano from December 1, 1946 to March 31, 1947 patterns

A record of the activity of Paricutin Volcano, Michoacan, Mexico, is shown in the diagram of eruptive characteristics, Figure 1, covering the period December 31, 1946 to March 31, 1947, and is supplemented by the maps of the areal extent of the lava flows, Figures 2 and 3. This continues the previous record for the period from September 18 to November 30, 1946 [Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, v. 28, no. 4, pp. 567–572, 1947], and reference is made to that report for explanatory discussion of the diagram of eruptive characteristics and for general information concerning the methods of investigation. As shown in Figure 1, the periods of predominantly heavy pyroclastic eruption occurred December 16 to February 14 and March 15 to 28. The periods of greater effusion of lava occurred December 1 to 20 and January 22 to February 25.