cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delayed Autogenous Bone Graft In The Treatment Of Congenital Pseudarthrosis

The delayed autogenous bone gtaft is capable of stimulating osteogenesis. The extra supply of alkaline phosphatase and the attached newly formed bone may contribute to osteogenesis. Bony union occurred in each instance. The principal problem is one of meticulously nurturing the young bone until it. can withstand the physiological forces anti, later, the functional demand. Reinforcement of the newly formed tibia at its weak point, as evidenced by narrowing or incipient bowing, is imperative. Osteosynthesis of the fibula is believed to be of great value, not only in offering additional strength to the young tibia, but also in maintaining axial alignment. The importance of the continuation of primary immobilization until the medullary cavity has been formed, cannot be overemphasized. It offers the only criterion for the discontinuation of primary immobilization, by means of four pins and plaster fixation. A bimonthly toentgenographic check-up is essential during the first two years. The follow-up period in all of the cases is probably too short to justify final conelusions. The fact that union occurred in every case in which the delayed graft was used, including those cases in which re-operation was done, is distinctly encouraging, and points to the effectiveness of this type of graft. In L. C., bending started at a narrowed point in the tibial graft, but prompt reinforcement with cortical grafts (not delayed grafts), at the site of the apparent weakness, prevented spontaneous fracture and brought about proper restoration. In the two cases in which spontaneous fracture occurred, it could probably have been avoided, had early bending been detected and the area been reinforced. In addition, if the policy of reinforcement were employed early—that is, when the graft became narrowed or at the time of the incipient bending—the danger of spontaneous fracture would be reduced. The treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis will probably never be entirely effective until the etiology has been determined. Osteosynthesis by bone-grafting still offers the principal means of attacking the problem. It is the author's belief that improvements in surgery, in bone-grafting, in bone-graft material, and in fixation, protection during the follow--up period, and early reinforcement of weak grafts will offetr greater hope of successful treatment and will reduce the number of failures and amputations.
Dynamic interaction between the electric drive train and fuel cell system for the case of an indirect methanol fuel cell vehicle

This paper examines the impact of the drive system and fuel cell system characteristics as well as the dynamic interaction between the electric drive train and the fuel cell system of an indirect-methanol fuel cell vehicle (FCV) on vehicle performance. First, simple models for the electric drive train and the fuel cell system will be explained. Second the interaction of the two models is illustrated. Third the effect of parameter variations on the vehicle acceleration from 0-60 mph (ca. 0-100 kph) is analyzed. For this the sub-models for the drive train and the electric motor will be embedded in a vehicle model.
Atopic Dermatitis: A Review of Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, and Management

Atopic dermatitis, one of the common dermatologic abnormalities encountered by pediatricians in clinical practice, is a chronic pruritic skin disorder occurring in individuals with a personal or family history of atopic disease such as asthma or allergic rhinitis. Atopic dermatitis appears to be an inherited disease, although the mode of inheritance has not been established. Clinically, its course can be divided into stages: infantile, childhood, and adult. Recognition of atopic dermatitis in any of these stages should facilitate appropriate treatment. This general overview examines several aspects of the disease, including current concepts of clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment.
Analyzing Visual Signals as Visual Scenes

The study of visual signal design is gaining momentum as techniques for studying signals become more sophisticated and more freely available. In this paper we discuss methods for analyzing the color and form of visual signals, for integrating signal components into visual scenes, and for producing visual signal stimuli for use in psychophysical experiments. Our recommended methods aim to be rigorous, detailed, quantitative, objective, and where possible based on the perceptual representation of the intended signal receiver(s). As methods for analyzing signal color and luminance have been outlined in previous publications we focus on analyzing form information by discussing how statistical shape analysis (SSA) methods can be used to analyze signal shape, and spatial filtering to analyze repetitive patterns. We also suggest the use of vector-based approaches for integrating multiple signal components. In our opinion elliptical Fourier analysis (EFA) is the most promising technique for shape quantification but we await the results of empirical comparison of techniques and the development of new shape analysis methods based on the cognitive and perceptual representations of receivers. Our manuscript should serve as an introductory guide to those interested in measuring visual signals, and while our examples focus on primate signals, the methods are applicable to quantifying visual signals in most taxa.
Chromium in Human Nutrition: A Review

This review summarizes the results of 15 controlled studies supplementing defined Cr(III) compounds to subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Three of these (3-4 mumol Cr/d for > 2 mo) produced no beneficial effects: serum glucose, insulin and lipid concentrations remained unchanged. The remaining 12 interventions improved the efficiency of insulin or the blood lipid profile of subjects (ranging from malnourished children and healthy middle-aged individuals to insulin-requiring diabetics). In addition, three cases of impaired glucose tolerance after long-term total parenteral alimentation responding to Cr supplementation have been reported. Chromium potentiates the action of insulin in vitro and in vivo; maximal in vitro activity requires a special chemical form, termed Glucose Tolerance Factor and tentatively identified as a Cr-nicotinic acid complex. Its complete structural identification is a major challenge to chromium research. The development and validation of a procedure to diagnose chromium status is the second challenge. Such a test would allow the assessment of incidence and severity of deficiency in the population and the selection of deficiency in the population and the selection of chromium-responsive individuals. The third challenge is the definition of chromium's mode of action on parameters of lipid metabolism that have been reported from some studies but not others. Future research along these lines might establish whether chromium deficiency is a factor in the much discussed "Syndrome X" of insulin resistance.
Improving small job response time for opportunistic scheduling

Opportunistic scheduling utilizes idle workstations to execute batch jobs. Other than ensuring that each batch user receives a fair allocation of service, no work addressing opportunistic scheduling of batch jobs has been done. The authors propose two simple scheduling policies to be used in conjunction with the Condor Up-Down scheduling algorithm. We show that an order of magnitude reduction in mean job slowdown can be achieved by rotating a user's batch jobs within their queue. Furthermore, this improved slowdown can be achieved without a significant loss of throughput. The reduced slowdowns result in a more interactive nature of the system, thus increasing its appeal. Our proposed modifications to the algorithms would require very little effort to implement.
Stochastic processes in gravitropism

In this short review we focus on the role of noise in gravitropism of plants - the reorientation of plants according to the direction of gravity. We briefly introduce the conventional picture of static gravisensing in cells specialized in sensing. This model hinges on the sedimentation of statoliths (high in density and mass relative to other organelles) to the lowest part of the sensing cell. We then present experimental observations that cannot currently be understood within this framework. Lastly we introduce some current alternative models and directions that attempt to incorporate and interpret these experimental observations, including: (i) {\it dynamic sensing}, where gravisensing is suggested to be enhanced by stochastic events due to thermal and mechanical noise. These events both effectively lower the threshold of response, and lead to small-distance sedimentation, allowing amplification and integration of the signal. (ii) The role of the cytoskeleton in signal-to-noise modulation and (iii) in signal transduction. In closing, we discuss directions that seem to either not have been explored, or that are still poorly understood.
Real Gas Laminar Boundary-Layer Separation Prediction Methodology

AREAL gas laminar boundary-layer separation methodology has been developed to predict Space Shuttle Orbiter control surface effectiveness during atmospheric entry. The methodology is based on the LeesKlineberg moment integral theory. A real gas laminar boundary-layer model, having a binary atomic diffusion of frozen gas composition, is assumed. A brief discussion of theory and sample results are presented herein. A set of boundary-layer profile parameters which are required for this theory is given in the full paper. Contents The aerodynamic control surface effectiveness of the Space Shuttle Orbiter (SSO) during re-entry is strongly affected by the laminar flow separation induced by the compressively deflected surface. The SSO re-entry hypersonic control surface effectiveness (HCSE) estimates were initially based primarily on wind-tunnel test data. Extrapolation of test data to higher elevon/body flap deflections revealed that a potential control reversal phenomena may exist. However, the quality of test data was such that a definite control reversal trend could not be established. A methodology for predicting the supersonic/hypersonic laminar boundary-layer separation for the ideal gas case has been developed and presented in Ref. 1. During re-entry, in the flight regime where aerodynamic forces become significant, inviscid air on the windward side of the SSO can be fully dissociated by compression heating. However, since the outer surface skin temperature of the SSO thermal protection system (TPS) will not exceed 2000 K, the neighboring dissociated air will recombine fully. Therefore, a dissociation-recombination cycle of the reacting gas is expected to be produced within the boundary layer, the contribution of which to the laminar flow separation mechanism is presently unknown. Theory for Real Gas Flow Separation Prediction The real gas flow separation prediction methodology, which is suitable for design applications, is derived from the ideal gas Lees-Klineberg Moment Integral Theory.2 Since the analysis of multispecies gas having a finite reaction rate is too complex and not suitable for the integral theory method, an idealized binary reacting gas (molecule-atom of one species of gas) has been selected to represent the approximate behavior of a real gas. The binary-single-species reaction assumption is valid, because in the flight regime considered, one species of molecule is reacting while the others are in an equilibrium
Recovery of Two Mycoplasma Species from Abscesses in a Cat following Bite Wounds from a Dog

testine of a pscittacine bird affected by inclusion body hepatitis. J Wildl Dis 28:319-322. 5. McCracken RM, Adair BM: 1993, Avian adenoviruses. In: Virus infections of birds, ed. McFerran JB, McNulty MS, pp. 123-144. Elsevier Science, New York, NY. 6. McFerran JB: 1991, Adenovirus (group I) infections of chickens. In: Diseases of poultry, ed. Calnek BW, Barnes HJ, Beard CW, et al., 9th ed., pp. 553-563. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 7. Mori F, Touchi A, Suwa T, et al.: 1989, Inclusion bodies containing adenovirus-like particles in the kidneys of psittacine birds. Avian Pathol 18:197-202. 8. Nazerian K, Fadly AM: 1987, Further studies on in vitro and in vivo assays of hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV). Avian Dis 31:234-240. 9. Pass DA: 1987, Inclusion bodies and hepatopathies in psittatines. Avian Pathol 16:581-597. 10. Ramis A, Marlasca MJ, Majo N, Ferrer L: 1992, Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) in a group of eclectus parrots (Eclectus roratus). Avian Pathol 21:165-169. 11. Scott PC, Condron RJ, Reece RL: 1986, Inclusion body hepatitis associated with adenovirus-like particles in a cockatiel (Psittaciformes; Nymphicus hollandicus). Aust Vet J 63:337338. 12. Sileo L, Carlson HC, Crumley SC: 1975, Inclusion body disease in a great homed owl. J Wildl Dis 11:92-96. 13. Sileo L, Franson JC, Graham DL, et al.: 1983, Hemorrhagic enteritis in captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius). J Wildl Dis 19:244-247.
Monte Carlo analysis of the enhanced transcranial penetration using distributed near-infrared emitter array

Transcranial near-infrared (NIR) treatment of neurological diseases has gained recent momentum. However, the low NIR dose available to the brain, which shows severe scattering and absorption of the photons by human tissues, largely limits its effectiveness in clinical use. Hereby, we propose to take advantage of the strong scattering effect of the cranial tissues by applying an evenly distributed multiunit emitter array on the scalp to enhance the cerebral photon density while maintaining each single emitter operating under the safe thermal limit. By employing the Monte Carlo method, we simulated the transcranial propagation of the array emitted light and demonstrated markedly enhanced intracranial photon flux as well as improved uniformity of the photon distribution. These enhancements are correlated with the source location, density, and wavelength of light. To the best of our knowledge, we present the first systematic analysis of the intracranial light field established by the scalp-applied multisource array and reveal a strategy for the optimization of the therapeutic effects of the NIR radiation.
Thermal Decomposition in the System Si‐Y‐AI‐O‐N

The limited transparency of high N (13.3 at. %) glasses in the system Si-Y-Al-O-N was found to be due to Si precipitates that resulted from thermal decomposition during melting. Thermodynamic analysis supported experimental findings that decomposition in N/sub 2/ at 200 kPa resulted from oxide-nitride reactions and not from simple dissociation of Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/.) The Si content of the glass was reduced much more by substitution of A1N for Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ in the glass batch and melting at low N/sub 2/ pressure (200 kPa) than it was by merely melting in N/sub 2/ at high pressure (1.6 MPa). The thermodynamic analysis suggested that decomposition could be minimized effectively by melting under a modest partial pressure of SiO(g), but this could not be verified experimentally.
Myocardial Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression and Left Ventricular Remodeling in Patients With Chronic Mitral Regurgitation

Background— In an animal model, stretch was shown to induce myocardial tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression. The purposes of this study were to determine whether the left ventricular (LV) volume overload that occurs in patients with chronic mitral regurgitation (MR) can induce myocardial and systemic TNF-α expression and whether there is a relationship between TNF-α expression and LV remodeling. Methods and Results— Plasma TNF-α and its receptors were measured before mitral valve (MV) repair surgery in 26 MR patients and 23±12 months after MV repair surgery in 9 MR patients. Myocardial mRNA copies of TNF-α were determined in 11 MR and 10 donor hearts using quantitative RT-PCR. Compared with 15 control subjects, pre-MV repair plasma TNF-α (3.59±1.81 versus 2.03±1.02 pg/mL, P<0.005) and its receptor levels were elevated in MR patients. Myocardial TNF-α mRNA copies (corrected for β-actin mRNA expression) in MR patients and donor hearts were 38.96±42.74×106 and 0.88±0.75×106, respectively (P=0.01). Afte...
Fourier Transform Infrared Techniques for Probing Membrane Protein Structure

PERSPECTIVES AND OVERVIEW ••.•• • • 541 FfIR TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS ..• •••••.••• 542 Basic Principles of FTIR 542 Diff erence Spectroscopy 544 Attenuated Total Reflection ..... 549 Resolution Enhancement of FTIR Spectra ..... 554 Time-Resolved FTIR Techniques 556 Polarized IR Spectroscopy 560 Assignment of FTIR Spectra by Membrane Protein Modification 563 CONCLUSIONS......... 566
Evaluation of a novel immunotherapy for treatment of chronic rhinitis in cats

The pathogenesis of chronic rhinitis in cats is poorly understood and consistently effective therapies are not currently available. Therefore, randomized clinical trials were conducted to evaluate a novel immunotherapy for treatment of chronic rhinitis in adult (n = 12) and young cats (n = 28). In addition, cytokine profiles in cats with chronic rhinitis were compared to those of healthy cats. Cats were treated with a potent stimulator of innate immunity (liposome–IL-2 DNA complexes) and the effects of treatment on clinical signs and immune function were assessed. In adult cats with chronic rhinitis, immunotherapy led to significant improvement in frequency of sneezing but not in other clinical signs when compared to the placebo group, whereas immunotherapy failed to improve clinical signs in younger cats. Analysis of cytokine expression in cats with rhinitis did not reveal evidence of a Th2 cytokine bias in cats with rhinitis. We conclude that chronic rhinitis in cats is not a Th2-biased disease and that immunotherapy may lead to clinical improvement in adult cats with the disease.
Comparison of the 1-Hr and 8-Hr National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone Using Models-3

Abstract In 1997, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency revised the National Ambient Air Quality Standard governing ozone (O3), adding an 8-hr standard of 0.08 ppm and phasing out the 1-hr requirement of 0.12 ppm. The 8-hr standard is intended to provide greater protection for human health. This research examines spatial and temporal patterns of exceedances of the standards using monitoring data and modeled estimates. The Penn State/National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model and Models-3 framework were used to estimate hourly O3 concentrations for 4-km resolution in the Maryland/Virginia/Delaware/Washington, DC, and northern Georgia domains. Results reveal that the spatial and temporal nature of compliance is considerably different under the 8-hr standard. In the modeling simulations, the 8-hr standard was exceeded 2–5.2 times more often and in a 1.8–16.2 times larger area than the 1-hr standard. The 8-hr standard was exceeded in areas that generally comply with the 1-hr standard and are ...
Permanent Friends? Dynamic Difference and the Democratic Peace

Perhaps the simplest explanation for where fault lines lie in a political process involves the presence of an "other." Difference divides and similarity unites. These similarities and differences can in turn orient and propagate conflict. Yet, similarity and difference are also dynamic, evolving in response to changing population characteristics or a new reference point. We offer a simple explanation for interstate conflict in which the salience of similarity or difference varies with the prevalence or capabilities of groups. We apply our argument in the context of the democratic peace. When democracies are scarce or weak, and autocracies plentiful and powerful, democracies face a common threat. As the democratic community strengthens, however, the threat from autocracies declines and differences among democracies appear more salient. Our findings contrast with standard expectations about how democratization shapes world affairs.
Treatment for phonologically disordered children with variable substitution patterns

(2001). Treatment for phonologically disordered children with variable substitution patterns. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics: Vol. 15, No. 1-2, pp. 41-45.
Physical Layer Network Coding With Spectrally Efficient Pulse Shapes

This letter investigates the use of spectrally efficient pulse shapes in a physical layer network coding (PNC) system. A multi-user detector is used in the form of a maximum likelihood sequence estimator that accounts for offsets in timing, amplitude and phase between the two incoming signals in the multiple-access phase of a PNC system. It is found that with root-raised cosine (RRC) pulses, the PNC system is much more sensitive to timing offset in terms of the performance of the receiver relative to when rectangular pulses are used. Simulation results confirm that it is necessary to keep the incoming signals aligned to within about 1/10th of a symbol interval to avoid substantial performance loss.
Abstract 156: Macrophage Low-Density Receptor--Related Protein 1 Deficiency Facilitates Atherosclerosis Regression in Hyperlipidemic Mice

Atherosclerosis regression is characterized by egress of macrophages out of the artery wall. We have previously shown that macrophages lacking low-density receptor related protein 1 (MFLRP1-/-) are pro-inflammatory and lead to increased lesion formation in apoE-/- mice. To study the role of macrophage inflammation during atherosclerosis regression, bone marrow from four different types of mice (wild-type, MFLRP1-/-, apoE-/- and apoE-/-/ MFLRP1-/-) was transplanted into apoE-/- recipient mice who had been fed a Western-type diet for 12 weeks. ApoE-/- recipient mice transplanted with apoE-/- bone marrow were sacrificed 2 weeks post-BMT for determination of baseline aortic atherosclerosis. After 8 weeks on chow diet, cholesterol levels were normalized in mice reconstituted with wild-type (WT) and MFLRP1-/- bone marrow (157± 36 mg/dl and 136 ± 33 mg/dl, respectively), and significantly lowered in mice with apoE-/- (302±33 mg/dl) or apoE-/-/ MFLRP1-/- (294±52 mg/dl) macrophages compared to baseline (387±34 mg/dl). Total atherosclerotic lesion area in the aortic root decreased by 15% in mice receiving WT macrophages, and decreased by an additional 10% in mice transplanted with LRP1 deficient macrophages (p
A Quantitative Method for Determining The Effects of Drugs on Spermatozoal Motility

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate whether the turbidimetric method of measuring sperm motility could be used to quantitate the effects of drugs. Human ejaculate was layered on the bottom of a cuvette containing Lopata's medium, and sperm motility was measured spectrophotometrically. The slope of the initial increase in absorbance (OD) is directly proportional to the rate at which the fastest fraction of sperm enters the light path and provides a highly reproducible measure of sperm motility. The effects of caffeine and imipramine on sperm motility were studied. The test drug was added to the buffer before the semen was introduced so that the assay would measure the immediate effect of the drug on the sperm. Caffeine produced a dose-dependent increase in sperm motility, and imipramine produced a dose-dependent decrease. We conclude from these studies that the turbidimetric assay is capable of providing a rapid, reproducible, quantitative analysis of the effects of drugs on sperm motility.
An Example Demonstrating the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

(1998). An Example Demonstrating the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 311-312.
Killing Two Achievements with One Stone: The Intersectional Impact of Shelby County on the Rights to Vote and Access to High Performing Schools

The Civil Rights Movement sought to ensure access to the right to vote and to quality education. Although these two pursuits are historically inseparable, scholars have addressed education and voting rights as separate struggles within one movement. This Article addresses the intersection of educational equity and voting rights by assessing the role of the Supreme Court’s decision in Shelby County v. Holder on Black voters’ ability to participate in the politics of education and educational policy via school board selection processes. This Article argues that the Court’s decision in Shelby County restricted access to political participation for Black voters in New Orleans. In particular, this Article argues that the Shelby County decision allows states to use the charter school movement to displace predominately Black and elected school boards with predominately White and non-elected school boards. Furthermore, this Article asserts that there are better formats for charter school governance if academic accountability remains a goal of the charter school movement.
Application of improved genetic algorithm to magnetic materials group furnace optimization problem

Grade,due date,priority,and demand are attributes of magnetic material production work orders.Planners are required to seek the optimal combination of production work orders to minimize the cost and improve the efficiency based on these attributes.To deal with the lengthy furnace-grouping time and the non-optimal furnace-grouping result in magnetic materials enterprises,we build a mathematical model for solving the furnace-grouping optimization problem with unknown charge number.This problem is first transformed into a pseudo traveling salesman problem and then is solved by using an improved genetic algorithm.Natural number coding from 1 to N is the coding scheme that this paper adopted.An initial population generation method is designed following the sort criteria of Earliest Completion Date(ECD).An elite strategy and an improved greedy three-crossover operator(3PM) are introduced to enhance the convergence speed and precision,whereas a reverse operator is applied to improve the exploitation for the presented algorithm.Simulation results based on practical production data show that the built model is appropriate and the proposed algorithm is effective.
Analysis of Typical Ice Accidents of Transmission Lines and Preventing Techniques

Atmospheric ice deposits on transmission lines are of great danger to the security of service of electrical power system.Based on several typical severe ice accidents occurring in China,this paper summarizes and analyzes the characteristics,reasons and preventing techniques of severe ice accidents.The results show that the ice accidents occurring in China have such characteristics as large coverage area,coexistence of mechanical failures and electrical failures,etc.Overload caused by the severe icing,tensile force difference caused by asymmetrical icing or asynchronous ice shedding,ice flashovers,and conductor galloping are the main reasons for ice accidents.Anti-icing,anti-flashovers,and anti-galloping are the main technical orientation of preventing transmission lines from severe ice accidents.
‘A Prophecy Out of the Past’: Contrasting Treatments of Jane Lead Among Two North American Twentieth-Century Millenarian Movements: Mary’s City of David and the Latter Rain

Throughout the nineteenth and into the early twentieth century Jane Lead had faded into near-obscurity in the English-speaking world. However, several waves of Lead reprints still circulated within millenarian circles. Two notable North American groups encountered these texts and incorporated them into their own theologies and writings. Mary’s City of David, an American Southcottian communal group, acquired and read closely most of Lead’s extant works, eventually embedding them into their print canon. The Latter Rain movement, a mid-twentieth century offshoot of Pentecostalism, instead constructed a masculinized version of Lead whose anonymous ‘prophecy out of the past’ was reworked into a voice purportedly coming directly from God that proclaimed the imminent reign of the Latter Rain over earth. These two case studies provide strikingly contrasting treatments of Lead.
Spatial characterization of Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway paleoceanography using foraminifera, fuzzy sets and Dempster-Shafer theory

Abstract The spatial paleoceanography of the entire Western Interior Seaway (WIS) during the Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE2) has been reconstructed quantitatively for the first time using Geographic Information Systems. Models of foraminiferal occurrences—derived from Dempster–Shafer theory and driven by fuzzy sets of stratigraphic and spatial data—reflect water mass distributions during a brief period of rapid biotic turnover and oceanographic changes in a greenhouse world. Locality data for four benthic and one planktic foraminiferal species and lithologic and geochemical data from sites distributed throughout the WIS were compiled from four ammonoid biozones of the upper Cenomanian and lower Turonian stages. Of the 14 environmental parameters included in the dataset, percent silt, percent total carbonate, and depositional environment (essentially water depth) were associated with foraminiferal occurrences. The inductive Dempster–Shafer belief models for foraminiferal occurrences reveal the positions of northern and southern water masses consistent with the oceanographic gyre circulation pattern that dominated in the seaway during the Cenomanian/Turonian Boundary Event. The water-mixing interface in the southwestern part of the WIS was mostly restricted to the Four Corners region of the US, while the zone of overlap of northern and southern waters encompassed a much larger area along the eastern margin, where southern waters occasionally entered from the tropics. In addition to its paleospatial significance, this study introduces a rigorous, quantitative methodology with which to analyze paleontological occurrence data, assess the degree of uncertainty and prioritize regions for additional data collection.
Psychiatry, History of

Although attempts to cure madness date back at least as far as Hippocrates, the medical specialty of psychiatry was an invention of the late eighteenth century. First developed in France and Britain, with the German-speaking countries and the USA following close behind, it had two prerequisites: a putative cure for insanity called the moral treatment; and a new institution, the asylum. The nineteenth century was the heroic era of classical psychiatry, with asylum construction its hallmark. But by the fin de siecle, the therapeutic optimism that had launched the new specialty was largely spent, and the growing numbers of chronic, incarcerated insane fueled the theory of degeneration. At the same time, German physicians took the international lead in psychiatric research, shifting its focus from the clinical observation of patients that had constituted the founding paradigm to laboratory experiments in neuroanatomy. In the twentieth century, psychiatry again saw similar pendulum swings between psychological and somatic approaches: enthusiasm for Freudian psychoanalysis, especially notable in the USA, gave way to the vogue of psychotropic drugs. Although psychiatry is today one of the oldest specialties, it lacks the stability usually conferred by age: its perennial mind–body division persists.
Identifying Sentiment-Dependent Product Features from Online Reviews

This paper presents a method to correlate relevant product features to the sales rank data. Instead of going through the labor-intensive surveys, online product reviews have become an efficient source to gather consumer preferences. The contribution of the paper is to relate the content of reviews to a product’s sales rank that implicitly reflects the motivation behind what drives customers to purchase the product. After using part-of-speech tagging to extract the relevant feature and opinion pairs from the reviews, the extracted data along with the review ratings and price become the variables to explain the sales rank. An experiment is run for wearable technology products to illustrate the methodology and interpret the result. The result indicates that the positive opinion for battery and negative opinion for sleep tracker are significant towards sales rank, while price is not.
The statistical challenge of constraining the low-mass IMF in local group dwarf galaxies

We use Monte Carlo simulations to explore the statistical challenges of constraining the characteristic mass ($m_c$) and width ($\sigma$) of a lognormal sub-solar initial mass function (IMF) in Local Group dwarf galaxies using direct star counts. For a typical Milky Way (MW) satellite ($M_{V} = -8$), jointly constraining $m_c$ and $\sigma$ to a precision of $\lesssim 20\%$ requires that observations be complete to $\lesssim 0.2 M_{\odot}$, if the IMF is similar to the MW IMF. A similar statistical precision can be obtained if observations are only complete down to $0.4M_{\odot}$, but this requires measurement of nearly 100$\times$ more stars, and thus, a significantly more massive satellite ($M_{V} \sim -12$). In the absence of sufficiently deep data to constrain the low-mass turnover, it is common practice to fit a single-sloped power law to the low-mass IMF, or to fit $m_c$ for a lognormal while holding $\sigma$ fixed. We show that the former approximation leads to best-fit power law slopes that vary with the mass range observed and can largely explain existing claims of low-mass IMF variations in MW satellites, even if satellite galaxies have the same IMF as the MW. In addition, fixing $\sigma$ during fitting leads to substantially underestimated uncertainties in the recovered value of $m_c$ (by a factor of $\sim 4$ for typical observations). If the IMFs of nearby dwarf galaxies are lognormal and do vary, observations must reach down to $\sim m_c$ in order to robustly detect these variations. The high-sensitivity, near-infrared capabilities of JWST and WFIRST have the potential to dramatically improve constraints on the low-mass IMF. We present an efficient observational strategy for using these facilities to measure the IMFs of Local Group dwarf galaxies.
László Moholy-Nagy’s Light Prop as Design Fiction: Perspectives on Conservation and Replication

ABSTRACT Light Prop for an Electric Stage was presented in 1930 as a prototype for a new kind of mechanical theater that was meant to spark future partnerships between art and industry. Although it was never put into industrial production, Light Prop circulated as an early example of kinetic sculpture, as documented in a highly composed film, in photographs and in textual accounts. In 2016, the Harvard Art Museums and metaLAB (at) Harvard filmed Light Prop and its 2006 replica under highly controlled conditions. The resulting comparative media reveals how Laszlo Moholy-Nagy’s film served as the “design fiction” guiding the replication and conservation of Light Prop.
3D Printing of Regenerated Silk Fibroin and Antibody-Containing Microstructures via Multiphoton Lithography

Regenerated silk fibroin, a biopolymer derived from silkworm cocoons, is a versatile material that has been widely explored for a number of applications (e.g., drug delivery, tissue repair, biocompatible electronics substrates, and optics) due to its attractive biochemical properties and processability. Here, we report on the free-form printing of silk-based, 3D microstructures through multiphoton lithography. Utilizing multiphoton lithography in conjunction with specific photoinitiator chemistry and postprint cross-linking, a number of microarchitectures were achieved including self-supporting fibroin arches. Further, the straightforward production of high fidelity and biofunctional protein architectures was enabled through the printing of aqueous fibroin/immunoglobulin solutions.
Making America's Schools Great Now: Reclaiming Democracy and Activist Leadership under Trump.

ABSTRACTTrump’s vow to ‘make America great again’ seeks to usher in a policy agenda reminiscent of an era that served as a boon to the rich while devastating poor, working-class, Americans, particularly people of color. His education policy and budget blueprint prove no exception, signalling troubling priorities for those who value strong public institutions, civil rights, and investments in public schools. In this essay, I argue that the current political moment requires an educational leadership committed to making America’s schools great now by reclaiming public schools as pillars of democracy through resistance, taking a stand on issues, and actively leading change. I conclude with calls to (a) resist efforts to dismantle education as a public good, (b) reclaim a vision of education grounded in equality, liberation, and justice, and (c) revolutionise how education leadership is conceptualized, practiced, and sustained.
The development of interlanguage pragmatics in L2 Arabic: The production of apology strategies

Abstract This study investigated apology strategies in formal and informal situations of American university students learning Arabic as a foreign language (AFL) in the United States. Data were collected from spoken discourse completion tasks for 15 Arabic native speakers and 45 university students from three different proficiency levels. The findings show that there is a positive relationship between an increase in proficiency level and the production of apology strategies as well as between level of proficiency and approximation of native speakers' (NSs) apology strategy production norms. Learners in general used more statements of regret than the NS group did. Unlike what previous studies posit, the findings show that lower proficiency learners have the tendency to produce more explicit apologies than those at a higher proficiency. Results also demonstrate that verbosity was salient in oral production, which is at odds with previous claims that it tends to occur only in learners’ written responses. In addition, findings show that the NS group tends to provide vague explanations when offering apologies, whereas the learners prefer to provide specific reasons for their offense. The study also discusses pedagogical implications for teaching apologies in L2 Arabic.
Variation in mortality rates after admission to long-term acute care hospitals for ventilator weaning

Abstract Purpose We sought to examine variation in long-term acute care hospital (LTACH) quality based on 90-day in-hospital mortality for patients admitted for weaning from mechanical ventilation. Methods We developed an administrative risk-adjustment model using data from Medicare claims. We validated the administrative model against a clinical model using data from LTACHs participating in a 2002 to 2003 clinical registry. We then used our validated administrative model to assess national variation in 90-day in-hospital mortality rates in LTACHs from 2013. Results The administrative risk-adjustment model was derived using data from 9447 patients admitted to 221 LTACHs in 2003. The model had good discrimination (C statistic = 0.72) and calibration. Compared to a clinically derived model using data from 1163 patients admitted to 14 LTACHs, the administrative model generated similar performance estimates. National variation in risk-adjusted mortality was assessed using data from 20,453 patients admitted to 380 LTACHs in 2013. LTACH-specific risk-adjusted mortality rates varied from 8.4% to 48.1% (median: 24.2%, interquartile range: 19.7%–30.7%). Conclusions LTACHs vary widely in mortality rates, underscoring the need to better understand the sources of this variation and improve the quality of care for patients requiring long-term ventilator weaning.
Dementia, Movement Disorders

Although motor problems such as parkinsonism, chorea, dystonia, tremor, or gait impairment are generally the predominant characteristics of diseases categorized as ‘movement disorders,’ dementia forms a core element or an accompanying feature in several movement disorders. Recently, there has been greater recognition of the importance of nonmotor features such as cognitive impairment in movement disorders. This article reviews select movement disorders associated with dementia or cognitive impairment.
Real-Time Thermal-Wave Imaging of Plasma-Sprayed Coatings and Adhesive Bonds Using a Box-Car Video Technique

We describe an IR thermal-wave system which does real-time, pixel-by-pixel, box-car averages of images with a pulsed heat source. The result is greatly improved sensitivity to subsurface defects.
A Model for Integrating the Public into Scientific Research

Science progresses whenever new ways of explaining natural phenomena are revealed. New ideas can only be put to use after the results and significance of research have been brought to the attention of both the scientific and lay communities. The Milwaukee Public Museum Dig-A-Dinosaur Program is a model for scientists who want to conduct research as well as engage and educate the public in their field of study. An array of rewards is derived from including amateurs as members of a research team. Such collaborations strongly increase interest in and comprehension of science as a process. Active participation in scientific investigations promotes one's ability to grasp the logic employed to construct scientific knowledge. Derivative to this, people who experience research enthusiastically share what they learn with diverse audiences. Moreover, the productivity of the scientist can be significantly increased, as exemplified in an extensive paleoecological research project conducted by the authors. In retrospe...
A window to innate neuroimmunity: Toll-like receptor-mediated cell responses in the retina.

The retina and its supporting cellular architecture are a valuable biologic system to study neurocytotoxic responses that may reveal important pathways in both retinal and neural degenerative diseases. The innate immune pathway mediated by toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) recognizes viral double-stranded RNA. TLR3 is found both on the cell surface and in endosomes of multiple retinal cell types. Here, we briefly review critical TLR3 signaling pathways and explore the role of receptor activation in neuroimmunity, age-related macular degeneration, and RNA-based drugs.
Whence Migration? Babel, Pentecost, and Biblical Imagination

Myths of origin are intrinsic to culture, identify formation, and religiosity. Explorations of the past are never just inquisitive travels into former days. Instead, such inquiries deal with meaning and etiology. Prominent among such etiological queries in the Bible are the stories of the Tower of Babel and Pentecost, both of which are narratives that imagine the source and purpose of the dispersal of humans, culture, and languages across the globe. Babel and Pentecost are a two-part theological response to a set of questions critical to both ancient and modern life. How did we migrate? Why do we migrate? According to Babel and Pentecost, migration is not a problem God solves but the very way in which God moves in the world.
Omega-3 Suppresses Gastrointestinal Bleeding by Reducing Angiopoietin-2 Expression in LVAD Patients

Purpose Omega-3, an unsaturated fatty acid, reduces the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) in patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs). However, its biological mechanism remains uncertain. This study aims to evaluate the impact of omega-3 on angiogenesis. Methods We measured inflammatory and angiogenesis biomarkers in plasma from LVAD patients by using Bio-plex ProTM Biomarker Assay kit and compared their levels between those with and without omega-3 therapy. GIB rates were also compared between the two groups by using binomial negative regression analysis. Results Among 38 patients (mean age 56.4 years, 66% male), 16 (42%) received 4 g/day omega-3 therapy. There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics between the two groups (p >0.05 for all). The GIB rate was significantly lower in the omega-3 group (0.100 event/year vs. 0.381 event/year, p Conclusion LVAD patients treated with omega-3 have significantly lower GIB rates and significantly lower angiopoietin-2 levels. The reduction in GIB rate with omega-3 may be due to the suppression of abnormal angiogenesis.
Continuity and Transformation in Environmental Governance

Almost since the modern era of environmental regulation began in the 1970s, there have been arguments for replacing it with something else. Surely, critics argued, it was possible to improve on a rigid hierarchy from the issuance of federal uniform standards to state implementation to firm compliance. Conventional regulation, it has been said, is too clumsy, too slow, too inefficient. The critics offered various replacements for federal “command and control” regulation, including use of alternative regulatory tools such as emissions trading or collaborative governance and a massive shift of regulatory authority to the states. There have been significant incremental changes, but little in the way of transformation – except in the arena of climate change. States, cities, and private firms have all undertaken aggressive climate change initiatives. This paper argues that the complex national and international networks and interactions involving these efforts are best understood as constituting a governance ecosystem.
Durable, Portable Research through Partnerships with Interdisciplinary Advocacy Groups, Specific Research Topics, and Larger Data Sets

Relying on the case of a mixed-methods study centered on patients’ strategies for establishing their credibility in clinical conversations, this essay argues that the more intentional and effective...
Moderating effect of the neighbourhood physical activity environment on the relation between psychosocial factors and physical activity in children: a longitudinal study

Background Few studies have examined the moderating role of neighbourhood environments on the relation between psychosocial factors and physical activity, and results of these studies are mixed. This study examined this relationship in 636 fifth to seventh graders from South Carolina, USA. Methods From 2010 to 2013, children and their parent/guardian completed annual self-reported surveys assessing psychosocial factors, and children wore accelerometers for 1 week each year. Neighbourhood environments were classified as supportive or non-supportive for physical activity (PA) based on in-person audits of facilities near children’s homes and windshield surveys of children’s streets. Growth curve analyses were completed to assess the moderating effect of the neighbourhood physical activity environment (NPAE) on the relation between psychosocial factors and total physical activity (TPA) over time. Results Significant interactions on TPA were found for (1) time, NPAE and parent-reported parent support for PA; (2) time, NPAE and child-reported equipment in the home; (3) child-reported parental support for PA and time; (4) child-reported parental support for PA and NPAE; (5) PA self-schema and time and (6) child-reported parental encouragement and time. Parental support and a supportive NPAE were important for TPA, especially as children transitioned to middle school, whereas home equipment and a supportive NPAE were important for fifth graders’ TPA. Conclusion Consistent with the socioecological model, PA behaviour was dependent on interacting effects across levels of influence. Generally, both a supportive NPAE and positive psychosocial factors were needed to support TPA. Factors influencing PA across multiple levels should be addressed in PA interventions.
The Return of “Patrimonial Capitalism”: A Reviewof Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-First Century

Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty - one of the most widely discussed economic books in the last decade - provides a unified theory of the functioning of the capitalist economy by linking theories of economic growth and functional and personal income distributions. It argues, based on the long-run historical data series, that the forces of economic divergence (including rising income inequality) tend to dominate in capitalism. It regards the twentieth century as an exception to this rule and proposes policies that would make capitalism sustainable in the twenty-first century.