cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cessation of steroidogenesis in Leydig cell tumors after removal of luteinizing hormone and adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate.

Luteinizing hormone (LH), but not follicle-stimulating hormone or prolactin, was shown to enhance steroid synthesis of Leydig tumor cells in vitro. Adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) duplicated the effect of LH. Removal of LH from the medium within 1 hour of incubation by washing the cells had no effect on the rate of steroid synthesis previously stimulated by LH. Under these conditions, addition of LH antiserum was required to reduce steroid synthesis. In contrast, removal of cAMP by washing the tumor cells caused a rapid termination of the previously induced steroidogenesis. Cycloheximide reduced the steroid synthesis initiated by LH. These results suggest that (a) steroidogenesis may be controlled by short lived factors (proteins), (b) LH may be required continually to elevate cAMP levels to maintain steroid synthesis at stimulated rates, and (c) that LH is probably bound to the tumor cells.
Outcomes and native renal recovery following simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation.

With the increase in patients having impaired renal function at liver transplant due to MELD, accurate predictors of posttransplant native renal recovery are needed to select candidates for simultaneous liver–kidney transplantation (SLK). Current UNOS guidelines rely on specific clinical criteria for SLK allocation. To examine these guidelines and other variables predicting nonrecovery, we analyzed 155 SLK recipients, focusing on a subset (n = 78) that had post-SLK native GFR (nGFR) determined by radionuclide renal scans. The 77 patients not having renal scans received a higher number of extended criteria donor organs and had worse posttransplant survival. Of the 78 renal scan patients, 31 met and 47 did not meet pre-SLK UNOS criteria. The UNOS criteria were more predictive than our institutional criteria for all nGFR recovery thresholds (20–40 mL/min), although at the most conservative cut-off (nGFR ≤ 20) it had low sensitivity (55.3%), specificity (75%), PPV (67.6%) and NPV (63.8%) for predicting post-SLK nonrecovery. On multivariate analysis, the only predictor of native renal nonrecovery (nGFR ≤ 20) was abnormal pre-SLK renal imaging (OR 3.85, CI 1.22–12.5). Our data support the need to refine SLK selection utilizing more definitive biomarkers and predictors of native renal recovery than current clinical criteria.
An investigation of disease surveillance in a disaster area caused by the typhoon "Saomai".

Objective To develop the preventive measures for disease surveillance in the disaster areas caused by typhoon. Methods Field investigation and interview with chief of medical institution and medical personnel were conducted. Results The typhoon had a great impact on the disaster areas, particularly the infectious diseases was increased dramatically. The control of disease outbreak was achieved through the timely monitoring of the diarrhea and fever patients. Conclusion To have a better control of disease outbreak, disease monitoring should be strengthened in the areas after typhoon.
Nanoparticle-based multimodal PET/MRI probes

The integration of PET and MRI modalities into a single hybrid imaging system has been demonstrated to synergistically compensate for the limitations of each modality, with the potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy and improve development of therapeutics. To take advantage of the progress of the hybrid PET/MRI hardware, nanoparticle-based probes are being developed for multimodal applications. In this paper, recent advances in the development of nanoparticle-based, multimodal PET/MRI probes are reviewed. Common MRI contrast agents, PET tracers and chelators and surface functionality that comprised PET/MRI nanoprobes reported in the last 10 years are summarized, followed by a description of the physical properties of these probes and their imaging applications.
Use of High-Resolution Open Tubular Glass Capillary Columns to Separate Acidic Metabolites in Urine

We used high-resolution glass capillary columns to study the trimethylsilyl derivatives of some acidic metabolites found in pooled urine specimens from control and postpartum subjects. About 30 compounds were identified by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry—computer techniques. In general, open tubular capillary columns effect better resolution of trimethylsilyl derivatives of organic acids than do conventional packed columns. GE SE-30 proved to be a good general-purpose stationary phase, whereas OV-17 offered certain advantages in resolving aromatic acid components.
Eigengene networks for studying the relationships between co-expression modules

There is evidence that genes and their protein products are organized into functional modules according to cellular processes and pathways. Gene co-expression networks have been used to describe the relationships between gene transcripts. Ample literature exists on how to detect biologically meaningful modules in networks but there is a need for methods that allow one to study the relationships between modules. We show that network methods can also be used to describe the relationships between co-expression modules and present the following methodology. First, we describe several methods for detecting modules that are shared by two or more networks (referred to as consensus modules). We represent the gene expression profiles of each module by an eigengene. Second, we propose a method for constructing an eigengene network, where the edges are undirected but maintain information on the sign of the co-expression information. Third, we propose methods for differential eigengene network analysis that allow one to assess the preservation of network properties across different data sets. We illustrate the value of eigengene networks in studying the relationships between consensus modules in human and chimpanzee brains; the relationships between consensus modules in brain, muscle, liver, and adipose mouse tissues; and the relationships between male-female mouse consensus modules and clinical traits. In some applications, we find that module eigengenes can be organized into higher level clusters which we refer to as meta-modules. Eigengene networks can be effective and biologically meaningful tools for studying the relationships between modules of a gene co-expression network. The proposed methods may reveal a higher order organization of the transcriptome. R software tutorials, the data, and supplementary material can be found at the following webpage: http://www.genetics.ucla.edu/labs/horvath/CoexpressionNetwork/EigengeneNetwork .
Abstract LB-162: Targeting CXCR4 for treatment of relapsed or refractory AML.

In AML, the interaction of leukemic blasts with the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment is an important mediator of resistance to chemotherapy and disease relapse. The chemokine receptor, CXCR4, expressed on both normal HSCs and AML blasts, and serves as the principal regulator of stem cell homing and retention in the BM. We previously demonstrated in a murine model that blockade of CXCR4 by the small molecule inhibitor, plerixafor, mobilizes AML blasts into the peripheral circulation and sensitizes leukemic cells to chemotherapy (Nervi et al, Blood 2009). Furthermore, chemoprotection is mediated by bone marrow derived soluble factors which inhibits equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) activity and cellular uptake of cytarabine (Nervi et al, PLoS One 2012). Based on these preclinical data, we have embarked on a series of studies combining plerixafor with chemotherapy for the treatment of AML. Our initial study combining plerixafor with chemotherapy demonstrated a CR rate of 46% in adults with relapsed or refractory AML (Uy et al, Blood 2012). Methods. In this follow-up study, we sought to maximize CXCR4/CXC12 blockade by 1) adding G-CSF which downregulates CXCL12 production and 2) escalating the dose of plerixafor. G-CSF 10 mcg/kg was administered for 4 days prior to plerixafor and chemotherapy consisting of mitoxantrone 8 mg/m 2 , etoposide 100 mg/m 2 and cytarabine 1000 mg/m 2 IV x 5 days. Peripheral blood was collected at baseline, after G-CSF on day 3, and after both G-CSF and plerixafor on day 4 to study the effects on leukemic cell mobilization. Results. In the Phase I, plerixafor was successfully escalated from 0.24 to 0.75 mg/kg/day. Peak mobilization of AML blasts occurred 4-6 hours post-plerixafor and remain elevated at 24 hours. We observed a unique pattern of CXCR4 expression using 2 monoclonal antibodies to CXCR4. The 12G5 mAb recognizes an epitope involving the first and second extracellular domains and inhibits plerixafor binding to CXCR4. In contrast, the 1D9 mAb binds to the N-terminus and is not affected by plerixafor. 12G5 binding decreased on CD45 dim ssc lo AML blasts from baseline to 6 hours and an increase from 6 to 24 hours toward baseline. In contrast, we identified an increase in the binding of surface 1D9 after plerixafor occurring between pretreatment and 24 hours. Overall, these results indicate successful CXCR4 blockade by plerixafor in vivo with subsequent mobilization of AML blasts . The phase II is currently enrolling and will treat up to 46 patients. The completed phase II will allow us to determine the contribution of G-CSF and increased doses of plerixafor to both tumor mobilization and sensitivity to chemotherapy. Citation Format: Geoffrey L. Uy, Michael P. Rettig, Kyle McFarland, John F. DiPersio. Targeting CXCR4 for treatment of relapsed or refractory AML. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-162. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-162
Spatial disparities of urban socio-economic development in the People's Republic of China

Abstract A multi-variate analysis applying factor analysis for 353 Chinese cities based on 1986 data culminated in a three-factor solution. The elite factor , consisting of five indices in science, education, health care, communication and urbanization, is spread out all over the country. The high values of the investment priority factor , encompassing three variables related to current policy, are concentrated in certain areas—East Coast, Central Coal and Metallurgy Belts, and West Yellow River Coal and Metallurgy Belt. The established industrial development factor , involving five economic components, has a high-value concentration mainly in the east. These findings show that there is an evident contradiction between the recent Chinese policy of high-speed economic growth and the orthodox socialist strategy of balanced regional development.
Spin correlations for an Anderson impurity in conventional and unconventional superconductors

We present a theoretical study of the spin-spin correlation functionC(r) in a superconductor, whereC(r) = 〈S · s(r)〉;S is an impurity spin operator, ands(r) is the conduction electron spin density operator. We model the impurity using the Anderson Hamiltonian, and use the U → ∞, 1/N expansion to do the calculations. In addition to conventional superconductors, we consider unconventional superconductors, in which the order parameter Δ(k) has a lower rotational symmetry, and has vanishing angular average. Of particular interest is the way that the behavior ofC(r) reflects two length scales, the Kondo length ξk and the superconducting coherence length, ξ0, and the way that its behavior is affected by the angular dependence of unconventional gaps.
Predictors of drop-out in an Internet study of men who have sex with men.

Abstract Researchers have suggested the rising use of Internet to look for sexual partners is an important contributor to the resurgence in the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM). Web-based samples of this population reflect good geographical diversity for research, but a high drop-out rate creates a significant potential for bias, misrepresentation of population, and misinterpretation of data. This study aims to describe the demographics of an Internet sample of MSM and the differences between the completers and drop-outs. We analyzed data obtained from a cross-sectional study using an online self-administered questionnaire for males, 18 years or older, who were current U.S. residents, and who had sex with men. Of 850 eligible participants, 404 (47.5%) were labeled as drop-outs. The completers and drop-outs differed significantly in age, education, country of birth, health insurance, time spent on Internet, location of computer access, types of...
Strategic management of industrial technology: A review of the issues

The English language literature concerning the relationship between strategic management and technological developmnt in U.S. industrial organizations is reviewed. Although still largely normative, there is consistent focus on life cycle approaches and a growing body of empirical evidence which lends support to the argument that more successful firms use technology appropriate to different stages in the product life cycle.
Production of tricarballylic acid by rumen microorganisms and its potential toxicity in ruminant tissue metabolism.

1. Rumen microorganisms convert trans-aconitate to tricarballylate. The following experiments describe factors affecting the yield of tricarballylate, its absorption from the rumen into blood and its effect on mammalian citric acid cycle activity in vitro.2. When mixed rumen microorganisms were incubated in vitro with Timothy hay (Phleum praiense L.) and 6.7 mM-trans-aconitate, 64 % of the trans-aconitate was converted to tricarballylate. Chloroform and nirate treatments inhibited methane production and increased the yield of tricarballylate to 82 and 75% respectively.3. Sheep given gelatin capsules filled with 20 g trans-aconitate absorbed tricarballylate and the plasma concentration ranged from 0.3 to 0.5 mM 9 h after administration. Feeding an additional 40 g potassium chloride had little effect on plasma tricarballylate concentrations. Between 9 and 36 h there was a nearly linear decline in plasma tricarballylate.4. Tricarballylate was a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme, aconitate hydratase (aconitase; EC 4.2.1.3), and the inhibitor constant, KI, was 0.52 mM. This KI value was similar to the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) of the enzyme for citrate.5. When liver slices from sheep were incubated with increasing concentrations of tricarballylate, [I4C]acetate oxidation decreased. However, even at relatively high concentrations (8 mM), oxidation was still greater than 80% of the maximum. Oxidation of [I4C]acetate by isolated rat liver cells was inhibited to a greater extent by tricarballylate. Concentrations as low as 0.5 mM caused a 30% inhibition of citric acid cycle activity.
Bacterial Assemblages Associated with Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Populations in the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin (USA)

ABSTRACT In the current study, bacteria were identified in zebra mussel samples collected from the Huron River, Crystal Lake, and Vineyard Lake, Michigan. Bacteria were identified by sequencing the 16S ribosomal RNA gene of amplified community bacterial DNA extracted from mussel homogenate samples. More than 170 zebra mussel bacterial 16S gene sequences were checked for similarity to 16S sequences contained in the Ribosomal Database Project and BLAST public databases. Analysis demonstrated the presence of 27 bacterial genera belonging to 12 subdivisions in tissues of zebra mussels collected from the 3 locations. Potentially pathogenic bacteria for aquatic and terrestrial animals, like Aeromonas spp., Flavobacterium spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Shewanella putrefaciens, and Shigella sp. were also detected in mussel homogenates raising concerns that this invading mussel may play a role in disease ecology. Data generated in this pilot study constitute the first account of bacterial community composition in ...
Application of spray-freezing to the study of rapid platelet reactions by a quenched-flow approach.

Abstract A spray-freezing approach coupled to quenched-flow techniques has been developed to study rapid (0.3 – 5.0 s) biochemical and morphological changes during platelet activation. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) pumped through the quenched-flow system was atomized and quenched within 50 ms in liquid propane at −196°C. Analysis of platelet size and morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that platelets can be sprayed without morphological damage. The spray-frozen platelets can be subjected to freeze-fracture, freeze-substitution, or freeze-drying procedures for later analysis by electron microscopy. Quenched-flow techniques have permitted investigation of rapid increases in cytosolic calcium (1), protein phosphorylation (2,3) and morphological changes (4) which occur within 0.5 s after exposure to an activator. The combination of quenched-flow and spray-freezing methodologies should prove useful for studying equally rapid changes in protein distribution in activated platelets by means of electron microscopy coupled with immunocytochemical approaches.
A multifactorial intervention for hospital opioid management.

Objective: To determine whether an educational intervention combined with a voluntary decision support system improves inpatient pain control. Design: Retrospective serial cross-sectional study. Setting: Community teaching hospital. Patients: Patients admitted to internal medicine teaching service from October to December 2011 and 2012. The study cohorts consisted of a random sample of 75 patients each from both time periods. Interventions: Beginning in August 2012, internal medicine residents participated in an interactive training session on the use of opioids for hospitalized patients and concurrently, a user initiated voluntary computerized decision support system (CDSS), in the form of computer order entry (COE) and pocket cards were introduced. The COE options correspond to the standardized opioid dosing regimen on the pocket card. Pain scores and opioid doses and demographic information were obtained from administrative databases. Additional covariates were abstracted via programmed electronic medical record (EMR) review. Main outcome measures: Pre- and postintervention, maximum reported pain score in every 8-hour period from first analgesic dose, to 72 hours after the first analgesic dose, were compared by fitting a multivariable linear mixed model. Naloxone use was a surrogate measure for secondary outcome of opioid overdose. Results: The intervention had no effect on maximum pain score (MPS) over time, p = 0.0930. The estimated mean MPS (95% confidence interval) was 4.7 (3.9, 5.5) preintervention and 5.2 (4.4, 6.0) postintervention. Conclusions: A combination of a resident educational intervention, CDSS, and pocket cards did not improve MPSs over time for patients on an internal medicine teaching service.
Histones of meiosis.

Abstract The meiotic cells in the anthers of lily and tulip contain a unique histone which is absent or nearly so, from the somatic tissues of these plants. This histone, termed the meiotic histone, is synthesized during the premeiotic histone synthesis, persists through meiosis, microsporogenesis, and pollen maturation. Its concentration decreases during this developmental sequence indicating that it is synthesized but once and conserved thereafter. The histones of the contracted meiotic chromosomes are strikingly similar to the histones of the extended postmeiotic chromosomes. This similarity is interpreted as indicating that if the histones have a role in chromosome contraction, such a role does not require any gross changes in histone composition. During the differentiation of microspores into mature pollen grains, some of the histones decrease and other histones increase in concentration. Some of these changes occur in the absence of DNA synthesis.
The potential benefits of 1.5% hetastarch as a cardioplegia additive.

Abstract Introduction: Myocardial edema is a clinically relevant problem found in post-ischemic reperfused hearts. The objective of this study was to understand the effects of hetastarch-supplemented cardioplegia on post-ischemic edema and cardiac function. Materials and methods: Swine hearts were arrested with either St. Thomas Hospital cardioplegia with ( n = 6) or without ( n = 7) 1.5% hetastarch. Following hypothermic global ischemia, hearts were crystalloid reperfused in a four-chamber isolated working mode. Results: Hetastarch decreased myocardial water content gains after three hours of reperfusion (control versus hetastarch, hour 0: 67 ± 5% versus 67 ± 3%, NS; hour 3: 82 ± 2% versus 78 ± 1%, p = 0.1). Post-ischemic control group left ventricular end-diastolic pressures were elevated after 1 h (in mm Hg, hour 0: 13 ± 2, hour 1: 19 ± 3, hour 2: 19 ± 3, hour 3: 20 ± 2) but remained stable ( p = 0.15). Discussion/conclusions: Hetastarch treatment delayed myocardial edema development and attenuated myocardial creatine kinase efflux, thereby preserving diastolic function.
Contractions of rabbit testes in vitro: permissive role of prostaglandins for the actions of calcium and some smooth-muscle stimulating agents.

Abstract Rinsing actively contracting rabbit testes in vitro with fresh Tyrode's solution abolished capsular contractions and the response of this preparation to either Ca++, serotonin, or acetylcholine. Adding exogenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to the medium restored contractility and the responses of the preparation to each of the above three agents. 4 A reciprocal dependency was observed between Ca++ and PGE2 in stimulating contractions. PGE2 potentiated, but was not required for the stimulatory action of either epinephrine or histamine. The stimulation of contractility by epinephrine, but not prostaglandin was inhibited by the α-blocking agent, ergotamine tartrate. 4 This action of epinephrine did not involve prostaglandin release, nor was it inhibited by indomethacin pretreatment. 4 Isoproterenol inhibited testicular contractions evoked by PGE2.
Prolonged thermotolerance in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis, does not require continuous expression or persistence of the 72 kDa heat-shock protein

Abstract A brief exposure to a supraoptimal temperature (35–45°C) induced thermotolerance in pharate adults of the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis . While a 90 min exposure to 45°C was normally lethal to flies reared at 25°C, a brief pretreatment at high temperature generated protection from heat-shock injury. The induction of thermotolerance was dependent upon both the temperature and duration of the pretreatment, and in this study maximal thermotolerance was induced by a 2 h exposure to 40°C. Thermotolerance induced by a 2 h exposure to 40°C decayed slowly over a 72 h period. This prolonged thermotolerance appears to be independent of the continuous synthesis and persistence of heat-shock proteins.
PLASTID ULTRASTRUCTURE IN THE BARREL CACTUS, ECHINOCACTUS ACANTHODES

Summary The unique feature of the plastids in the stem of the barrel cactus is the presence of exceedingly large and often numerous plastoglobuli. In the outer green tissue the chloroplasts are similar in ultrastructure to those of other angiosperms except for the presence of numerous plastoglobuli of various sizes and the absence of starch. In the inner, light-green transition zone adjacent to the cortical tissue, the chloroplasts have large and small plastoglobuli but also contain some starch. The dominant features of the plastids in the cortical and pith tissues are plastoglobuli, accumulations of phytoferritin and the reduction or absence of grana and starch. These observations suggest that the primary storage product in cactus plastids are lipids which accumulate into plastoglobuli. In the transition zone the plastoglobuli are fewer in number than in the outer green tissue and the large plastoglobuli contain regions of electron translucency both of which are indications that the plastoglobuli are being degraded. A possible relationship between the plastoglobuli and starch through gluconeaogenesis is suggested by the tight association of microbodies with the chloroplasts in this tissue. The plastids in the light-green transition zone, cortical and pith tissue are irregular in shape which is interpreted to indicate that the form of the plastids in these tissues is dynamic.
High copy number suppression of the meiotic arrest caused by a dmc1 mutation: REC114 imposes an early recombination block and RAD54 promotes a DMC1-independent DSB repair pathway.

Background DMC1, the meiosis-specific eukaryotic homologue of bacterial recA, is required for completion of meiotic recombination and cell cycle progression past prophase. In a dmc1 mutant, double strand break recombination intermediates accumulate and cells arrest in prophase. We isolated genes which, when present at high copy numbers, suppress the meiotic arrest phenotype conferred by dmc1 mutations. Results Among the genes isolated were two which suppress arrest by altering the recombination process. REC114 suppresses formation of double strand break (DSB) recombination intermediates. The low viability of spores produced by dmc1 mutants carrying high copy numbers of REC114 is rescued when reductional segregation is bypassed by mutation of spo13. High copy numbers of RAD54 suppress dmc1 arrest, promote DSB repair, and allow formation of viable spores following reductional segregation. Analysis of the combined effects of a null mutation in RED1, a gene required for meiotic chromosome structure, with null mutations in RAD54 and DMC1 shows that RAD54, while not normally important for repair of DSBs during meiosis, is required for efficient repair of breaks by the intersister recombination pathway that operates in red1 dmc1 double mutants. Conclusions Over-expression of REC114 suppresses meiotic arrest by preventing formation of DSBs. High copy numbers of RAD54 activate a DMC1-independent mechanism that promotes repair of DSBs by homology-mediated recombination. The ability of RAD54 to promote DMC1-independent recombination is proposed to involve suppression of a constraint that normally promotes recombination between homologous chromatids rather than sisters.
Annual or biennial FOBT screening reduced colorectal cancer mortality, but not all-cause mortality, at 30 years

Source Citation Shaukat A, Mongin SJ, Geisser MS, et al. Long-term mortality after screening for colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1106-14. 24047060
High-cycle fatigue resistance in beta-titanium alloys

A survey of high-cycle fatigue data for commercial β-titanium alloys was conducted to rationalize the wide variations in fatigue resistance even at similar tensile-strength levels. It was found that fatigue behavior, especially the endurance limits, for various alloy compositions can be roughly grouped into three classes on the basis of processing, heat treatment, and resulting microstructure. The implications of such classification on microstructure control for increased fatigue resistance is discussed.
The Phase Structure of the Early Universe in the Minimal SU(5) Grand Unified Theory

Abstract Using the most general, gauge invariant and renormalizable Higgs potential which avoids domain walls, we study the possible phases that can appear at high temperatures in the minimal SU(5) grand unified theory. We emphasize the important role of the fundamental representation of Higgs field for the phase structure at temperatures of 10 14 GeV.
Solar wind control of Pc5 pulsation power at geosynchronous orbit

[1] We statistically study the solar wind control of Pc5 magnetic pulsations at geosynchronous orbit. Solar wind conditions are quantified with the use of proton measurements at L1 from the ACE spacecraft that are propagated to the bow shock nose. In addition to the solar wind velocity, Vsw, density, Nsw, and dynamic pressure, Psw, we also consider the dynamic pressure variance in the Pc5 band, VarPsw. Pc5 pulsation parameters are derived from the GOES 8 magnetic field measurements at geosynchronous orbit at ∼10° magnetic latitude. The pulsations are quantified by three parameters: Sy, total power of the azimuthal magnetic field component in the 1.6- to 6.7-mHz Pc5 band; Sz, total power of the field-aligned (compressional) component in the same band; and Stor, the azimuthal power of narrow-band Pc5 oscillations attributed to the fundamental toroidal standing Alfven waves. All parameters are computed in non-overlapping 1-h time windows and then used in linear correlation analysis. We find that all pulsation parameters are positively correlated with Psw and VarPsw with a correlation coefficient of up to ∼0.7 on the dayside. While the correlation of pulsation parameters with the solar wind velocity and density is also positive, the correlation coefficients are smaller. We discuss three mechanisms relevant to the observed Psw and VarPsw control of pulsation power: (1) solar wind-forcing of magnetic pulsations (breathing mode); (2) Psw control of the magnetopause-satellite distance, which results in the Psw dependence of the amplitude of surface waves observed at the satellite; and (3) coupling of impulsively excited fast mode waves to toroidal standing Alfven waves.
The anterior border zones of primary somatic sensory (SI) neocortex and their relation to cerebral convolutions, shown by micromapping of peripheral projections to the region of the fourth forepaw digit representation in raccoons

Abstract In raccoons the somatic sensory neocortex is greatly expanded, with separate gyral crowns devoted to and intervening sulci separating, sensory representations of separate body parts, most strikingly those of the volar surfaces of individual forepaw digits. Most of the cortex in this region is buried in widely ramifying sulcal walls, wherein sensory projections have not been studied. We have determined mechanosensory projections to the fourth digit representation region including all neighboring sulcal walls, using tungsten microelectrodes for fine-grain 3-dimensional micromapping. We found no significant alteration in the location and pattern of projections when the following different anesthetics were used: dial-urethane, chloralose, or methoxyflurane with nitrous oxide. The precisely organized somatotopic representation of the distal volar surface of the fourth digit, on the caudal aspect of its gyral crown, continues down the anterior bank of the triradiate sulcus. This meets, at the fundus, projections from the proximal volar surface of the digit which occupy the posterior sulcus wall; they in turn meet projections from the volar palm at the gyral crown. In the anterior part of the crown containing the representation of the distal volar digit, across the crown of the gyral bridge intervening between the medial and lateral segments of the central sulcus, throughout the posterior walls of the central sulci, and in the walls of the interbrachial sulcus, we found a distinctive border-zone of projections from heterogeneous receptive fields. Within a roughly somatotopic basic pattern of organization we found intermingled projections from single and multiple claws and dorsal hairy surfaces of digits and proximal hand, along with additional projections from volar surfaces. These projections can be construed as forming something of a distorted mirror-image of the representation of the volar hand. Beyond this was a second zone of distinctive projections from afferents of the forelimb muscles, in the anterior walls of the central sulci. These projections are interrupted where the sulci are interrupted. The zone of muscle afferent projections corresponds to those seen between sensory and motor regions in other species; its strict association with sulcal folding here and in other species suggests a general relationship of these projections to central sulci. The zone of heterogeneous projections resembles similar zones seen at other levels of this system in raccoons, in the cortex of other species, and it may relate to some of the multiple representations reported in other species. It also may be related to the formation of sulci in this region and may be a specialized zone for cortico-cortical connections.
Context and contingency in the history of post World War II nursing scholarship in the United States.

Purpose:To examine the context for the development of nursing scholarship post World War II. Methods:Historiographical analysis of the social, political, and cultural context of nursing scholarship in the postwar period, with an understanding of how this context shaped nursing scholarship. Findings:The development of nursing scholarship was influenced by three contextual strands: Nurses' use of experiential clinical knowledge to situate practice questions in the changing clinical care milieu of the 1950s to the 1970s; The development of an intellectual genealogy through new educational opportunities at the baccalaureate and graduate level from the 1960s to the 1980s that provided the foundation for reintegrating practice and education; and the creation of a growing cadre of nurse scholars and their political influence on the relationship between power, knowledge, and clinical practice. These formulations are critical for understanding how scholarship changed over time and help us understand contemporary clinical practice, its authority structure, how it helps us define a body of knowledge from which practice proceeds, and then, how it responds to public demands. Conclusions: Nursing scholarship is nested in a particular social, political, economic, and cultural context. This context also determines how and why it is generated, debated, and used. Its production does not always follow a rational, logical pattern. Nursing knowledge development is influenced as much by the political underpinnings of health care as it is by social, economic, cultural, and scientific foundations.
Turbulent scalar transport mechanisms in plane channel and Couette flows

Abstract To investigate the transport of scalars by turbulent flows with different shear stresses, direct numerical simulations were performed of passive heat transfer in a plane channel and Couette flow. The simulations showed that streamwise vortices play a significant role in near wall heat transfer for both flows. At the centerline, Couette flow has large scale structures that transport heat across the centerline. In channel flow, lower turbulence levels at the centerline are not effective in breaking up packets of hot or cold fluid. This results in higher temperature fluctuations at the centerline and overall lower heat transfer than in Couette flow.
Composite structure global fracture toughness via computational simulation

A computational method for the simulation of damage and fracture propagation in laminated composites is presented. A quantitative evaluation of the global fracture toughness of composites is shown as a tool for monitoring the fracture stability of composites under sustained loading. Changes in overall structural properties such as natural frequencies and the fundamental buckling load are also computed with increasing load-induced damage. Structural degradation, delamination, fracture, and damage propagation are included in the simulation. An angle-plied composite plate structure subjected to inplane tensile loading is used as an example to demonstrate some of the feature of the computational method.
ANISOTROPY OF TeV COSMIC RAYS AND OUTER HELIOSPHERIC BOUNDARIES

Cosmic rays in the energy range from about tens of GeV to several hundreds of TeV are observed on Earth, with an energy-dependent anisotropy of order 0.01%-0.1% and a consistent topology that appears to significantly change at higher energy. The nearest and most recent galactic cosmic-ray sources might stochastically dominate the observation and possibly explain a change in orientation of the anisotropy as a function of energy. However, the diffusion approximation is not able to explain its non-dipolar structure and, in particular, the significant contribution of small angular scale features. Particle propagation within the mean free path in the local interstellar medium might have a major role in determining the properties of galactic cosmic rays, such as their arrival distribution. In particular, scattering on perturbations induced in the local interstellar magnetic field by the heliosphere wake may cause a re-distribution of anisotropic cosmic rays below about 100 TeV toward the direction of the elongated heliotail and of the local interstellar magnetic field in the outer heliosphere. Such scattering processes are considered responsible for the observed TeV cosmic-ray global anisotropy and its fine angular structure.
Thermal environment affects morphological and behavioral development of Rattus norvegicus.

Norway rats are widely distributed throughout diverse climates from the tropics to the arctic. As a result, the environmental air temperature experienced during postnatal life varies widely and should influence the development of body morphology and thermal preference. To quantify this relation, rats were housed from birth to adulthood in cool (17 °C), moderate (25 °C), and warm (33 °C) environments. Body morphology measures were recorded weekly and thermal preferences were assessed every 3 weeks. Compared to moderate-housed rats, cool-housed rats developed shorter ears, shorter tails, and a lower tail-length to body-length ratio. Warm-housed rats developed less mass, shorter bodies, and a higher tail-length to body-length ratio than moderate-housed rats. By postnatal day 42, cool-housed rats established and then maintained a preference for warmer air temperatures and warm-housed rats established and then maintained a preference for cooler air temperatures. These results quantify morphological and behavioral developmental plasticity by the Norway rat in response to the thermal environment.
A Coming‐of‐Age for Research on Interpersonal Perception

ABSTRACT Research on accuracy and consensus in interpersonal perception has become a major topic in the social sciences. Key methodological issues in this research are research design, statistical measures of agreement, unit of analysis, and data aggregation. I discuss the twelve articles devoted to these topics in this special issue in terms of moderators of agreement, the weighted average model of consensus and accuracy (Kenny, 1991), and methodological innovations.
Diffusion into human islets is limited to molecules below 10 kDa

Isolated islets are important tools in diabetes research and are used for islet transplantation as a treatment for type 1 diabetes. Yet these cell clusters have a dramatic diffusion barrier that leads to core cell death. Computer modeling has provided theoretical size limitations, but little has been done to measure the actual rate of diffusion in islets. The purpose of this study was to directly measure the diffusion barrier in intact human islets and determine its role in restricting insulin secretion. Impeded diffusion into islets was monitored with fluorescent dextran beads. Dextran beads of 10-70 kDa failed to diffuse into the core of the intact islets, while 0.9 kDa probe was observed within the core of smaller islets. Diffusion of the fluorescent form of glucose, 2-NBDG, had similar diffusion limitations as the beads, with an average intra-islet diffusion rate of 1.5 ± 0.2 μm/min. The poor diffusion properties were associated with core cell death from necrosis, not apoptosis. Short-term exposure to a mild papain/0 Ca(2+) cocktail, dramatically reduced the diffusion barrier so that all cells within islets were exposed to media components. Lowering the diffusion barrier increased the immediate and long-term viability of islet cells, and tended to increase the amount of insulin released, especially in low glucose conditions. However, it failed to improve the large islet's glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Thus, the islet diffusion barrier leads to low viability and poor survival of large islets, but is not solely responsible for the reduced insulin secretion of large isolated islets.
The Church and Politics in Chile: Challenges to Modern Catholicism

Clarifying the growing role of the Latin American Catholic Church as an agent of social change, Brian H. Smith discusses the prophetic function of the Chilean Church during the country's metamorphosis from Conservative to Christian Democratic to Marxist to repressive military regime. Originally published in 1982. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Localization of Androgen- and Estrogen-Concentrating Neurons in the Diencephalon and Telencephalon of the Mouse*

Adult male mutant mice and their normal littermates (+/y) were castrated (at least 96 h before the experiment) and injected iv with 1 μg/100 g BW either 5α-dihydro-[1,2,4,5,6,7(N)-3H]testosterone (107 Ci/mM) or 17β-[2,4,6,7,-3H(N)]estradiol (115 Ci/ mM) dissolved in 30% ethanol-saline. The animals were killed 2 h later and the brains were removed, sliced, and mounted on tissue holders. The mounted tissues were then frozen in liquified propane and stored in liquid nitrogen until processing. Four-micrometer frozen sections were cut in a cryostat and mounted for autoradiography on emulsion-coated slides, according to the dry mount procedure. The slides were then exposed at —15 C for 2 or 6 months, then photographically processed and stained with methyl green-pyronin. In autoradiograms of the brains of normal male mice injected with [3H]dihydrotestosterone, radioactivity was found concentrated in nuclei of neurons of the following areas: septal-preoptic region, many nuclei within the hypothalamus, thalamus, a...
Tree-ring reconstructed rainfall variability in Zimbabwe

We present the first tree-ring reconstruction of rainfall in tropical Africa using a 200-year regional chronology based on samples of Pterocarpus angolensis from Zimbabwe. The regional chronology is significantly correlated with summer rainfall (November–February) from 1901 to 1948, and the derived reconstruction explains 46% of the instrumental rainfall variance during this period. The reconstruction is well correlated with indices of the El Nino-southern oscillation (ENSO), and national maize yields. An aridity trend in instrumental rainfall beginning in about 1960 is partially reproduced in the reconstruction, and similar trends are evident in the nineteenth century. A decadal-scale drought reconstructed from 1882 to 1896 matches the most severe sustained drought during the instrumental period (1989–1995), and is confirmed in part by documentary evidence. An even more severe drought is indicated from 1859 to 1868 in both the tree-ring and documentary data, but its true magnitude is uncertain. A 6-year wet period at the turn of the nineteenth century (1897–1902) exceeds any wet episode during the instrumental era. The reconstruction exhibits spectral power at ENSO, decadal and multi-decadal frequencies. Composite analysis of global sea surface temperature during unusually wet and dry years also suggests a linkage between reconstructed rainfall and ENSO.
Sequential Outbreak of Influenza A and B in a Nursing Home: Efficacy of Vaccine and Amantadine

OBJECTIVE: To describe the sequential occurrence of influenza A and B in a nursing home, and to determine the efficacy of influenza vaccine and/or amantadine treatment with respect to incidence and sequelae. SETTING: The Jewish Home and Hospital for Aged, a skilled-care nursing facility. PARTICIPANTS: Of 499 frail older nursing home residents, 139 contracted influenza during the study period (mean age 87.5 years; SD = 6.7). The residents were followed from February through April 1988. INTERVENTION: Influenza vaccine and/or amantadine. MEASUREMENTS: Episodes of influenza and their sequelae, i.e., pneumonia, hospitalization, and death. RESULTS: The vaccine had no effect on the incidence of influenza-like illness, length of illness, or the associated death rate. It reduced the rate of pneumonia secondary to influenza A and B (relative risk = .57; 95% CI: .37 to .89; P = .023). Amantadine did not affect the attack rate of influenza nor the rate of pneumonia secondary to influenza. It was associated with decreased mortality (relative risk = 0; P = .001), and shorter length of influenza A illness (PWilcoxon = .082). Although the combination of amantadine and vaccine did not affect length of influenza (A or B) illness, it was associated with a significantly lower rate of sequelae (relative risk = .58; 95% CI: .36 to .95; P = .024). CONCLUSION: In this epidemic, the combination of amantadine and vaccine was most effective in reducing the rate of influenza-associated sequelae. The possibility of a “biphasic” epidemic prompts consideration of vaccinating nonimmunized nursing home residents, even though it may be late in the influenza season.
Collaborative conceptual design—state of the art and future trends

This paper presents a state of the art review of existing research, projects, and applications in the domain of collaborative conceptual design, based on the Internet and Web technologies. The purpose of the review is to understand the needs for conceptual engineering design, to clarify the current conceptual design practice, to classify the available technologies, and to study the future trend in this area. The emphasis of this paper is to briefly outline the methodologies, architectures, and tools developed for the projects reviewed in this paper. It also uncovers approaches to conflict resolution and team/project management, as they are vital to a successful engineering design in a collaborative environment. More than 80 journal and conference papers and about 20 projects are reviewed based on the primary focus mentioned above. The selected research works are further categorised into several areas based on the application domain, design theory, and the technology used for implementation. The selected research projects and applications are basically for, but not limited to, the collaborative conceptual design.
BEING KIKUYU IN MERU: CHALLENGING THE TRIBAL GEOGRAPHY OF COLONIAL KENYA*

Faced with a confusing range of fluid ethnicities when they conquered Kenya, colonial officials sought to shift conquered populations into manageable administrative units. In linking physical space to ethnic identity, the Kenyan reserve system assumed that each of these ‘tribes’ had a specific homeland. Yet the reserves in the central Kenyan highlands soon became overcrowded and socially restive because they could not accommodate population growth and private claims to land for commercial agriculture. Although colonial officials proclaimed themselves the guardians of backward tribal peoples, they tried to address this problem by creating mechanisms whereby surplus populations would be ‘adopted’ into tribes living in less crowded reserves. This article provides new insights into the nature of identity in colonial Kenya by telling the stories of two types of Kikuyu migrants who settled in the Meru Reserve. The first much larger group did so legally by agreeing to become Meru. The second openly challenged the colonial state and their Meru hosts by defiantly proclaiming themselves to be Kikuyu. These diverse ways of being Kikuyu in the Meru Reserve fit neither strict primordial nor constructivist conceptions of African identity formation. The peoples of colonial Kenya had options in deciding how to identify themselves and could assume different political and social roles by invoking one or more of them at a time and in specific circumstances.