cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence that F‐plasmid proteins TraV, TraK and TraB assemble into an envelope‐spanning structure in Escherichia coli

We have examined the role of the F-plasmid TraV outer membrane lipoprotein in the assembly of F-pili. Yeast two-hybrid analysis with a traV bait repeatedly identified traK, which is predicted to encode a periplasmic protein, among positive prey plasmids. A traK bait in turn identified traV and traB, which is predicted to encode an inner membrane protein. A traB bait exclusively identified traK preys. Several additional observations support the hypothesis that TraV, TraK and TraB form a complex in Escherichia coli that spans the cell envelope from the outer membrane (TraV) through the periplasm (TraK) to the inner membrane (TraB). First, two-hybrid analyses indicated that TraV and TraB bind to different TraK segments, as required if TraK bridges a ternary complex. Secondly, all three proteins fractionated with the E. coli outer membrane in tra+ cells. In contrast, TraB fractionated with the inner membrane in traV or traK mutant cells, and TraK appeared in the osmotic shock fluid from the traV mutant. These results are consistent with a TraV-TraK-TraB complex anchored to the outer membrane via the TraV lipoprotein. Further, in traK mutant cells, TraV failed to accumulate to a detectable level, and the TraB level was significantly reduced, suggesting that TraV and TraB must interact with TraK for either protein to accumulate to its normal level. Both TraK and TraV accumulated in traB2[Am] cells; however, the TraB2 amber fragment could be detected by Western blot, and sequence analysis indicated that the fragment retained the TraK-binding domain suggested by yeast two-hybrid analysis. We propose that TraV is the outer membrane anchor for a trans-envelope, Tra protein structure required for the assembly of F-pili and possibly for other events of conjugal DNA transfer.
Widow 'dispossession' in northern Namibian inheritance

This paper examines ‘asset stripping’ which is said to occur particularly in matrilineal societies when young widows are stripped of their late husband's possessions. Contrary to many scholars who ...
A Framework and Mathematical Model for Collaboration Technology

This document presents a functional framework for groupware, with examples of how it can be used to understand and analyze collaboration technologies. The document also introduces a new mathematical model for groupware architecture called Team Automata. Emerging from the model is a new, mathematically rigorous definition of the terms “cooperation” and “collaboration” which clearly separates these terms. The paper concludes by illustrating the application of this model to the analysis of real time shared application groupware. We observe that there are design alternatives for shared application groupware suggested by the model which have mostly gone unexplored.
EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDES OF AZOTOBACTER VINELANDII.

Cohen, Gary H. (University of Vermont, Burlington), and Donald B. Johnstone. Extracellular polysaccharides of Azotobacter vinelandii. J. Bacteriol. 88:329–338. 1964.—Extracellular polysaccharides synthetized by Azotobacter vinelandii strains 155, 102, and 3A were shown to be carboxylic acid heteropolysaccharides of apparent high molecular weight. Cells were grown in a nitrogen-free, mineral broth medium with 2% sucrose. Extracellular slime was recovered by centrifugation and purified by repeated alcohol precipitation and Sevag deproteinization. Capsular polysaccharide was recovered from washed cells by mild alkaline digestion. Methods of isolation and purification appeared to provide polysaccharide showing no evidence of heterogeneity when examined by chemical and physical methods. Infrared analysis of purified slime from the three strains suggested fundamental structural similarities. Colorimetric, paper chromatographic, and enzymatic analyses on both intact and acid-hydrolyzed slime polysaccharide indicated that the polymers contained in common galacturonic acid, [α] d-glucose, and rhamnose at a ratio of approximately 43:2:1, as well as a hexuronic acid lactone, probably mannurono-lactone. However, as shown by chemical and infrared analysis, minor differences did exist; namely, slime from strain 155 and 102 contained o-acetyl groups, whereas slime from strain 3A contained none. A sialic acid-like component (1.5% of dry weight of the polysaccharide, calculated as N-acetyl neuraminic acid), was found only in the slime of strain 155. Capsular polysaccharide composition closely resembled that for slime. It is of interest that the major slime components were identical whether the energy source provided for the cells was sucrose, glucose, fructose, or ethanol.
A vital microscopy morphology of study of normal the and inflamed gingiva

Using a specially constructed microscope and transilluminating the intact free gingiva of ferrets, opossums, cats, dogs and rhesus monkeys, blood flow and vascular morphology were observed. Recordings were made on motion picture film at speeds up to 300 frames per second. The state of health of the gingiva was assessed clinically, histologically and by vital microscopy and the three assessments compared. The results indicate that free gingiva which have never been involved in inflammation exhibit a vascular morphology which can be described as a network. With the onset of histopathologic inflammatory changes, the network transforms to a characteristic loop appearance. Five stages of morphologic change are described, based upon the vascular topography seen at various stages of the cellular inflam- matory response. It is concluded that the vascular changes of inflammation in the free gingiva of the species studied, precede clinical and epithelial changes.
New-Onset Panic Disorder After Right Thalamic Infarct

Disturbances in affect have been recognized as part of the poststroke sequelae. Over the past 15 years, numerous studies have shown that depression is common in poststroke patients. More recently, generalized anxiety has been identified as a frequently overlooked complication of stroke, most commonly in the acute poststroke period, but in some cases persisting over a 2to 3-year follow-up period. Anxiety and depression that occur after a cerebral vascular event are responsive to pharmacotherapy. Untreated anxiety and depression can have significant morbidity and may interfere with poststroke rehabilitation. In addition, the occurrence of a specific psychiatric disorder secondary to a discrete anatomical lesion can contribute to understanding the pathophysiology of the disorder. The following case illustrates a new-onset panic disorder following a right-sided thalamic infarct.
To prosper, organizational psychology should… expand the values of organizational psychology to match the quality of its ethics

The values of organizational psychology are criticized as (a) having supplanted psychology's humanist tradition and societal responsibilities with corporate economic objectives; (b) being “scientistic” in perpetuating the notion of value-free science while ignoring that it is business values that largely drive our research and practice; (c) failing to include normative perspectives of what organizations ought to be like in moral terms; (d) having a pro-management bias; and (e) having allowed ourselves to be defined largely by technocratic competence, almost to the exclusion of considering desirable societal goods. Illustrations of some adverse consequences of these values are presented. It is suggested we expand our self-image to encompass a scientist–practitioner–humanist (S-P-H) model that includes consideration of different values, advocacy of employee rights and a normative characterization of how organizations ought to be—reflecting the broader societal responsibilities of a true profession. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The formation and stability of the hypusine containing protein in Chinese hamster ovary cells

Abstract Hypusine-containing protein identified as eukaryote initiationtranslation factor 4D was labeled with [ 14 C]spermidine in logarithmically growing Chinese hamster ovary cells. Radioautography of the cellular proteins separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the label in a single protein of 18000 Mr. Time course analysis showed that this protein remained undegraded for up to 72 hours after its synthesis. Radioactivity present in the amino acid hypusine, isolated after acid hydrolysis, remained constant during the same period of time. These results indicate that the hypusine-containing protein has a long half-life.
Triggering of the T3-Ti antigen-receptor complex results in clonal T-cell proliferation through an interleukin 2-dependent autocrine pathway

Human T-cell clones and anti-T-cell-receptor antibodies (clonotypic) directed at surface receptors for antigen (T3-Ti molecular complex) as well as anti-interleukin 2 (IL-2) and anti-IL-2-receptor antibodies were utilized to investigate the mechanism by which alloantigens or antigen plus self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (i.e., physiologic ligand) trigger specific clonal proliferation. Soluble or Sepharose-bound anti-Ti monoclonal antibodies, like physiologic ligand, enhanced proliferative responses to purified IL-2 by inducing a 6-fold increase in surface IL-2 receptor expression. In contrast, only Sepharose-bound anti-Ti or physiologic ligand triggered endogenous clonal IL-2 production and resulted in subsequent proliferation. The latter was blocked by antibodies directed at either the IL-2 receptor or IL-2 itself. These results suggest that induction of IL-2 receptor expression but not IL-2 release occurs in the absence of T3-Ti receptor cross-linking. Perhaps more importantly, the findings demonstrate that antigen-induced proliferation is mediated through an autocrine pathway involving endogenous IL-2 production, release, and subsequent binding to IL-2 receptors.
The Latitudinal Excursion of Coronal Magnetic Field Lines in Response to Differential Rotation: MHD Simulations

Solar energetic particles, which are believed to originate from corotating interacting regions (CIRS) at low heliographic latitude, were observed by the Ulysses spacecraft even as it passed over the Sun's poles. One interpretation of this result is that high-latitude field lines intercepted by Ulysses connect to low-latitude CIRs at much larger heliocentric distances. The Fisk model explains the latitudinal excursion of magnetic field lines in the solar corona and heliosphere as the inevitable consequence of the interaction of a tilted dipole in a differentially rotating photosphere with rigidly rotating coronal holes. We use a time-dependent three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) algorithm to follow the evolution of a simple model of the solar corona in response to the differential rotation of the photospheric magnetic flux. We examine the changes of the coronal-hole boundaries, the redistribution of the line-of-sight magnetic field, and the precession of field lines in the corona. Our results confirm the basic idea of the Fisk model, that differential rotation leads to changes in the heliographic latitude of magnetic field lines. However, the latitudinal excursion of magnetic field lines in this simple "tilted dipole" model is too small to explain the Ulysses observations. Although coronal holes in our model rotate more rigidly than do photospheric features (in general agreement with observations), they do not rotate strictly rigidly as assumed by Fisk. This basic difference between our model and Fisk's will be explored in the future by considering more realistic magnetic flux distributions, as observed during Ulysses polar excursions.
Cleavage of Multiple Disulfide Bonds in Insulin via Gold Cationization and Collision-induced Dissociation.

Intact bovine insulin, with its two chains linked via two disulfide linkages, has been used as a model system to study the incorporation of one or more gold cations as means for facilitating the cleavage of multiple disulfide bonds in a tandem mass spectrometry experiment. Gas-phase ion/ion reactions involving Au(I)Cl2− or Au(III)Cl4− were used to incorporate either one or two gold cations into multiply-protonated insulin cations, followed by ion trap collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the products. The incorporation of a single gold cation followed by CID showed little evidence for disulfide bond cleavage. Rather, the CID spectra were similar to those acquired for the same charge state with only excess protons present. However, the incorporation of two gold cations, regardless of oxidation state, resulted in efficient cleavage of the disulfide bonds connecting the two chains of insulin. Furthermore, ion trap CID of the insulin complexes containing two gold cations showed more sequence information compared to the complexes containing only one gold cation or no gold cations. The partitioning of the gold cations between the two chains upon CID proved to be largely asymmetric, as both gold cations tended to stay together. There appeared to be a slight preference for both gold cations to partition into the B-chain. However, the relatively low contribution from single chain ions with only one gold ion suggests a degree of cooperativity in the overall mechanism for separation of the two chains.
Book Review: Communicator-In-Chief: How Barack Obama Used New Media Technology to Win the White House, edited by John Allen Hendricks and Robert E. Denton, Jr.

Communicator-In-Chief: How Barack Obama Used New Media Technology to Win the White House. John Allen Hendricks and Robert E. Denton, Jr., eds. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2010. 171 pp. $26.82 pbk.By the time this book review is published, the 2012 presidential election will have been decided. Billions of dollars will have been spent on the campaigns of Barack Obama and Mitt Romney-and much of that online. Data from both candidates' official websites (www.barackobama.com and www.mittromney.com), new smartphone apps, and other media software will help outline one candidate's victory and the other's defeat.Researchers will be busy crunching data, producing detailed analyses of media technology used during the election. They will also compare 2008 to 2012 campaign strategies. Moreover, new information will add to growing insight on the effectiveness of the Internet as a political tool.In Communicator-In-Chief: How Barack Obama Used New Media Technology to Win the White House, editors John Allen Hendricks and Robert E. Denton, Jr., take readers on a fast-paced history lesson in political communication. From Aristotle's writings in Politics to the early roles radio and television played in the campaigns of presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover, readers follow the rise of the Internet.Hendricks, of Stephen F. Austin State University, and Denton, of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, provide excellent political communication expertise and insight to this work. "Without question, the Internet is becoming one of the defining scientific and social innovations of the 21st century," they write. "Users can share data, communicate messages, transfer programs, discuss topics, and connect to computer systems all over the world."The book's 171 pages are divided into nine chapters, each written by different authors. Readers learn about key players and their roles in Obama's 2007 campaign website (myBO.com) and 2004 MySpace page. The book also covers the use of media technology in campaign strategy and tactics. The editors present a thoughtful collaboration with contributing authors, who are well-versed researchers. By the end of the book, readers will appreciate understanding how Obama's use of new media compared to former political candidates. They will also learn which candidates were successful using email, social media, and online video games for influencing and fundraising?Communicator-in-Chief also explores the role of cell phones and other handheld gadgets in campaigning. It covers the candidates' use of smart phones and text messaging to create contact lists, supporter databases, and mobilize volunteers. …
Cyclic nucleotides as regulators of light-adaptation in photoreceptors

Cyclic nucleotides can regulate the sensitivity of retinal rods to light through phosducin. The phosphorylation state of phosducin determines the amount of G available for activation by Rho*. Phosducin phosphorylation is regulated by cyclic nucleotides through their activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The regulation of phosphodiesterase activity by the noncatalytic cGMP binding sites as well as Ca2+/calmodulin dependent regulation of cGMP binding to the cation channel are also discussed.
Inorganic fertilizer use and biodiversity risk: An empirical investigation☆

Abstract There are persistent concerns and accumulating evidence of rapid losses in biodiversity. A critical issue is that biodiversity loss may lead to changes in ecosystem functioning, with concordant threats to the stability and resilience of agricultural systems. Against this backdrop, this research investigates the empirical relationship between the intensity of inorganic fertilizer use and biodiversity risk. Using cross-country biodiversity risk indices, our statistical estimates indicate that the amount of inorganic fertilizer use per hectare of arable land is significantly related to increasing biodiversity risk. Robust findings across various specifications hold after controlling for heterogeneity across countries, including the scale of agricultural production.
Judicially Mandated Naltrexone Use by Criminal Offenders: A Legal Analysis

The starting point for this article is the possibility of improving treatment adherence by making naltrexone therapy, particularly the recently developed depot preparation, a condition of probation or parole for nonviolent opiate-addicted offenders who voluntarily agree to these conditions. (I will characterize these arrangements as "leveraged agreements.") My assigned task is to reflect on the legal principles that would apply to these arrangements. Before addressing the legality of leveraged agreements, however, I want to consider two arrangements. First, I want to consider what I will call "no-agreement arrangements," in which a probationer or a parolee who does not want to receive naltrexone is required to do so under a threat of incarceration for noncompliance. Second, I want to consider a purely voluntary arrangement in which naltrexone treatment is not at all linked to criminal sentence. Finally, I will consider leveraged agreements.
When Speaking to Washington, Tell the Truth, the Whole Truth, and Nothing but the Truth, and Do So Intelligibly

Abstract Ten guidelines in the form of “commandments” are offered to scientists and statisticians who testify before government bodies such as congressional committees, regulatory agencies, or judicial panels. These guidelines are illustrated by examples of testimony by the author and others. Efforts to communicate highly technical material to nontechnical audiences are often frustrated by communication breakdowns. These difficulties can be avoided by making simple statements in plain English, but this isn't so easy as it sounds. The commandments suggest that preparation and hard work are needed to avoid the mistakes that are commonly made in testimony.
Chemotaxonomy of the Oscillatoria-Phormidium complex

Abstract Five species of Phormidium and eight species of Oscillatoria were compared in terms of carotenoids, biliproteins, protein profiles and α-esterases, leucine aminopeptidase and phosphatase zymograms. The data from protein profiles and α-esterase zymograms support morphological criteria in recognizing four groups of conspecific taxa: O. tenuis, O. amoena , and O. animalis; O. chalybea and O. formosa; P. foveolarum and P. luridum var. olivacea ; and P. persicinum and P. ectocarpii . Problems of Cyanophycean taxonomy are considered in terms of biochemical adjuncts to conventional criteria in characterizing and distinguishing species.
A comparative study evaluating the in vivo incorporation of biological sling materials.

Objectives To comparatively investigate biological tissues that are clinical products currently used for implantation in urological reconstruction. Specifically, we examined biological materials in vivo and evidence regarding the tissue response observed. Biological tissues are widely used in urological surgeries to treat conditions such as pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence. Methods Histologic data from 4 biological sling materials, that is, small intestinal submucosa (SIS), cadaveric fascia lata, cadaveric dermis, and porcine dermis, implanted within mice (n = 64) were evaluated at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Recovered tissue was assessed by several biocompatibility parameters such as capsule formation (collagen deposition), cellular number, cell morphology, and angiogenesis. Results Data provide a scientific depiction of the cellular response to these biomaterials through a 12-week evaluation. SIS had a significantly higher level of angiogenesis and cell infiltrate as compared with all other material tested. Collectively, the data suggest that SIS has improved biocompatibility over other tested materials. Conclusions This study compared SIS with other biological tissues in an animal model and was found to have superior biocompatibility as seen in humans. This may be helpful for clinicians while selecting a particular biological material. The study provides evidence of the varying stages of remodeling each implant, with hopes to better understand the material response in vivo.
Gastric polyps and polyposis syndromes

Abstract Gastric polyps show significant morphologic overlap, and some polyps defy classification altogether. Nevertheless, gastric polyps, particularly when profuse, should prompt further clinical and endoscopic investigation, as it may lead to the diagnosis of a polyposis syndrome. This review summarizes the common gastric polyps that are found in familial and non-inherited polyposis syndromes of the gastrointestinal tract. Examples of the gastric polyps are illustrated, and a discussion of polyp morphology and distribution is paired with a discussion of relevant clinical features and diagnostic criteria of polyposis syndromes. This information provides pathologists guidance for further patient workup, genetic testing, and cancer surveillance.
Suicide Inactivation of Dioldehydrase by 2-Chloroacetaldehyde: Formation of the `cis-Ethanesemidione' Radical, and the Role of a Monovalent Cation

Dioldehydrase is an adenosylcobalamin-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the dehydration of (R)- or (S)-propane-1,2-diol to propanal. The reaction proceeds by a radical mechanism initiated by the homolytic scission of the covalent CoC(5′) bond in the coenzyme to form cob(II)alamin and the 5-deoxyadenosyl radical as transient intermediates. Dioldehydrase is subject to ‘suicide inactivation’ by substrate/product analogs. Inactivation by 2-chloroacetaldehyde converts the inactivator into the ‘cis-ethanesemidione’ radical. A mechanism for this process includes reaction of chloroacetaldehyde in the reverse of the normal catalytic process to a rearranged radical that eliminates HCl. K+ and other monovalent cations of similar size, including Tl+, are required for dioldehydrase activity and for suicide inactivation by glycolaldehyde or 2-chloroacetaldehyde. A K+ ion is bound to propane-1,2-diol in dioldehydrase. Both EPR and pulsed-EPR experiments show that the magnetic nuclei of thallous ions (203Tl+, 205Tl+) do not interact with the unpaired electron in the cis-ethanesemidione radical at the active site of dioldehydrase. Pulsed-EPR experiments implicate a 14NH group, possibly of His143, interacting with the radical at the active site.
The photochemical synthesis of (cyclooctatetraene) W(CO)4

Photolysis of W(CO)o in the presence of cyclooctatetraene in hexane obtains sequential displacement of CO resulting in the formation of dihapto, tetrahapto and hexahapto complexes of cyclooctatetrae ne with tungsten. A simple preparation of η4-cyclooctatetraenetetracarbonyltungsten is described.
Simulation of beam-gap interactions and microwave extraction in the NRL relativistic klystron amplifier

Axisymmetric simulation codes have been extensively used to model relativistic klystron amplifier (RKA) devices. However, the inductively loaded wide gap cavity, which has been reported by Friedman, et al. and Serlin, et al. (these proceedings) contains several axial rods in the gap and thus is inherently nonaxisymmetric. An external circuit model has been incorporated into the axisymmetric simulation code MASK to treat the inductive structure. The structure is intended to allow much higher dc currents to propagate without the formation of a virtual cathode while allowing rf fields to penetrate. Simulation results confirm this picture and are in good agreement with preliminary experiments.
Preparative ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography of bacterial ribosomal proteins☆

We have developed analytical and preparative ion-exchange HPLC methods for the separation of bacterial ribosomal proteins. Proteins separated by the TSK SP-5-PW column were identified with reverse-phase HPLC and gel electrophoresis. The 21 proteins of the small ribosomal subunit were resolved into 18 peaks, and the 32 large ribosomal subunit proteins produced 25 distinct peaks. All peaks containing more than one protein were resolved using reverse-phase HPLC. Peak volumes were typically a few milliliters. Separation times were 90 min for analytical and 5 h for preparative columns. Preparative-scale sample loads ranged from 100 to 400 mg. Overall recovery efficiency for 30S and 50S subunit proteins was approximately 100%. 30S ribosomal subunit proteins purified by this method were shown to be fully capable of participating in vitro reassembly to form intact, active ribosomal subunits.
933-92 Carotid Thickening Precedes Ventricular Remodeling in Early Essential Hypertension and is Significantly Related to Early Wave Reflection

Ventricular and vascular remodeling occur early in essential hypertension, develop in parallel and may be influenced by early arterial wave reflection. To further study these relationship we examined 20 newly diagnosed, untreated mild hypertensives, 18 previously treated hypertensives and to 35 age and sex-matched normotensive normal volunteers (N), with both high frequency B-mode imaging of the carotid artery to determine carotid intima-medial thickness (IMT), diameter (CD) and relative thickness (CRWT = 2 * IMT/CD) and 2-D guided M-mode echocardiography for determination of LV posterior wall thickness (PWT), end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), LV relative wall thickness (LVRWT = 2 * PWT/LVEDD) and LV mass index (LVMI). Using high-fidelity arterial tonometry the right carotid artery waveform was recorded and classified by measurement of augmentation index as having either a normal early systolic peak (Type C) or abnormal late systolic peak (Type A-indicating early wave reflection). Compared to N, the treated hypertensives had significantly higher LVMI (98 ± 22 vs 82 ± 22 g/m 2 , p l 0.05) and carotid IMT (0.74 ± 0.17 vs 0.61 ± 0.15, P l 0.05). There were no significant differences in LVwall thickness, relative wall thickness or LV mass index between subjects with Type A and Type C arterial waveforms. In contrast, carotid IMT was significantly increased in patients with Type A arterial waveforms. n LVRWT LVMI CIMT (mm) CRWT MAP (mmHg) Type A (47) 0.38 ± 0.09 85 ± 25 0.69 ± 0.17 * 0.22 ± 0.04 * 105 ± 14 * Type C (22) 0.38 ± 0.10 87 ± 18 0.59 ± 0.09 0.19 ± 0.03 96 ± 14 * p l 0.01 vs. Type C In multivariate analysis, only age (p l 0.05). systolic blood pressure (p l 0.001) and augmentation index (p l 0.05) were independently associated with, CIMT. We conclude that the Type A arterial waveform indicating abnormal early wave reflection coincides with increased mean arterial pressures and with intima-medial thickening in large conduit arteries. These changes precede left ventricular remodeling and left ventricular hypertrophy in mild, essential hypertension.
Optical trapping near resonance

We explore the enhancement of optical forces associated with optical trapping near resonance absorption. Gold nanoshells, particles with a tunable resonance, are manipulated and studied using a single-focus optical trap with tunable wavelength.
The Metastable State in Mercury Vapor

Metastable state produced in mercury vapor at low pressures by electron impacts of 4.9 volts.---The persistence of the "radiation" produced by 4.9 volt impacts in mercury vapor was measured in a four electrode tube of the type usually employed in resonance potential measurements, consisting of an equipotential cathode of simple design, an inner grid $G$ for controlling the velocity of the impacting electrons, an outer photo-electric grid $H$ and a photo-electric plate $P$. A.c. and d.c. voltages were applied to the two grids in such a way that the electrons had sufficient velocity to excite the radiation only in alternate half-cycles and that the photo-electric current to the electrometer alternated in direction simultaneously. As a result of the persistence of the radiation there resulted a decrease in the current with increasing frequency, reaching a minimum at 1800 cycles for a distance between grids of 17 mm and at 3800 cycles for a distance of 8.5 mm. These results did not vary much with pressure,.003 to.032 mm. They show a lapse of time between the excitation and the arrival of the first radiation at the plate $P$ of about 1/3600 and 1/7600 sec. respectively. A mathematical discussion shows that the diffusion of the radiation by repeated emission and re-absorption (the "imprisonment" of radiation theory) cannot account for these results. A calculation, based on the assumption that the excited atoms remain in a metastable state and carry the energy of excitation to the photo-electric surfaces and there give it up, gives results in very close agreement with the observations. The conclusion is that a metastable state is formed by the atoms excited by the 4.9 volt electron impacts and that these are the effective ones in producing the photo-electric response in the tubes. In these experiments the $2{p}_{2}$ state is the only one excited by the impacts in appreciable amount. How these results can be reconciled with the Bohr theory, according to which the $2{p}_{2}$ state is not metastable, is not clear.
How Can Education Policy Improve Income Distribution?: An Empirical Analysis of Education Stages and Measures on Income Inequality

This paper examines the individual effects of primary, secondary and higher education on income distribution, using different measures of investment rates in education: enrollment rates, public expenditures and public expenditures per student, in each education stage. The panel data method is utilized in estimating the effects of different stages and measures of investment rates in education on income inequality across countries and among sample splits for developed and less developed countries since 1960. The results reveal that expenditures per student in primary education highly significantly improve income distribution especially globally and for less developed countries. Moreover, secondary education, for enrollment rates, and public expenditures particularly among already developed countries, has statistically significant equalizing effects. These results imply that education policy would improve income distribution by ensuring that expenditures per student in primary school are kept up with increases in student cohorts, and by promoting enrollment in secondary education.
Active-Learning Assignments to Integrate Basic Science and Clinical Course Material

Objective. To develop, implement, and evaluate active-learning exercises requiring the integration and application of pathophysiology, medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutics knowledge ...
PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL KINETICS IN THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM

Gas phase processes involving interstellar molecules are considered. The primary process is photodissociation in the ambient radiation field. In obscured regions, a combination of Johnson's (1965) and Stecher's (1969) Perseus extinction curves was used to obtain the radiation field as a function of the extinction at 5,500 A. On the basis of laboratory measurements, it is concluded that the molecules of water, ammonia, methane, and formaldehyde have lifetimes less than one hundred years.
Lake-Level History of Lake Michigan for the Past 12,000 Years: The Record From Deep Lacustrine Sediments

Abstract Collection and analysis of an extensive set of seismic-reflection profiles and cores from southern Lake Michigan have provided new data that document the history of the lake basin for the past 12,000 years. Analyses of the seismic data, together with radiocarbon dating, magnetic, sedimentologic, isotopic, and paleontologic studies of core samples, have allowed us to reconstruct lake-level changes during this recent part of the lake's history. The post-glacial history of lake-level changes in the Lake Michigan basin begins about 11.2 ka with the fall from the high Calumet level, caused by the retreat of the Two Rivers glacier, which had blocked the northern outlet of the lake. This lake-level fall was temporarily reversed by a major influx of water from glacial Lake Agassiz (about 10.6 ka), during which deposition of the distinctive gray Wilmette Bed of the Lake Michigan Formation interrupted deposition of red glaciolacustrine sediment. Lake level then continued to fall, culminating in the opening of the North Bay outlet at about 10.3 ka. During the resulting Chippewa low phase, lake level was about 80 m lower than it is today in the southern basin of Lake Michigan. The rise of the early Holocene lake level, controlled primarily by isostatic rebound of the North Bay outlet, resulted in a prominent, planar, transgressive unconformity that eroded most of the shoreline features below present lake level. Superimposed on this overall rise in lake level, a second influx of water from Lake Agassiz temporarily raised lake levels an unknown amount about 9.1 ka. At about 7 ka, lake level may have fallen below the level of the outlet because of sharply drier climate. Sometime between 6 and 5 ka, the character of the lake changed dramatically, probably due mostly to climatic causes, becoming highly undersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate and returning primary control of lake level to the isostatically rising North Bay outlet. Post-Nipissing (about 5 ka) lake level has fallen about 6 m due to erosion of the Port Huron outlet, a trend around which occurred relatively small (± ∼2 m), short-term fluctuations controlled mainly by climatic changes. These cyclic fluctuations are reflected in the sed-imentological and sediment-magnetic properties of the sediments.
Holographic telescope design for wide-field imaging of O VI 1032, 1038 a

We present a new instrument for wide-field, narrow-band imaging of the O VI doublet at 1032, 1038 a. This doublet constitutes the brightest astrophysical line emission from diffuse gas at 300,000 degrees K. Gases at this temperature are primarily formed by supernova blast waves, and are key in understanding the energy budget of the galaxy. We use a conventional Gregorian telescope design to provide excellent zero-order imaging, in conjunction with aberration-corrected holography to yield high-resolution images of O VI in first order. This instrument design uses only two reflective elements and no transmissions, minimizing the light lost due to the poor reflectivity and transmissivity of materials in the far ultraviolet. The holographic recording solution provides 4-9 arcsecond imaging over a 0.5 degree field of view. This instrument demonstrates the versatility of the holographic telescope concept by expanding is applicability to larger fields of view. We are developing a sounding rocket payload to demonstrate the power of this wide field holographic telescope design, particularly as a means of mapping shocked gas in the interstellar medium, at temperatures intermediate to those sampled in optical and X-ray emission. We present the optical design, instrument performance, image reconstruction techniques, and relevant scientific simulations.
The charge distribution of 12C

Abstract We report the results of a precision absolute elastic electron scattering on carbon from which we determine the shape of the ground-state charge distribution and the rms charge radius to an accuracy significantly better than heretofore achieved.
Differentiation of renal neoplasms from high-density cysts: use of attenuation changes between the corticomedullary and nephrographic phases of computed tomography.

Purpose The current study evaluated attenuation changes for proven renal neoplasms between the corticomedullary and the nephrographic phases of a contrast-enhanced computed tomographic (CT) scan as a possible means for differentiating these tumors from the cysts of the kidney when high-density renal masses are detected on a CT scan that does not include a noncontrast baseline. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the CT scans performed on 20 patients with 21 biopsy-proven renal neoplasms, which had been done using standard contrast-enhanced computed tomography only. Attenuation values for the 21 renal neoplasms and for 23 simple cysts, used as an internal control, were measured and recorded from the 2 phases of enhancement. The difference in attenuation between the 2 phases of enhancement for each mass was calculated. Data for the neoplasms and cysts were compared with published data for enhancement changes for proven high-density renal cysts. Results The mean absolute value change in attenuation between the corticomedullary and the nephrographic phases for renal neoplasms was 22 Hounsfield units (HU) (range, 1.0-48 HU) and 1 HU (range, 0.1-3.3 HU) for simple cysts. Only one renal neoplasm (5%) changed to less than 10 HU. Conclusions Almost all renal neoplasms studied had an attenuation change of more than 10 HU, either increased or decreased, between 2 phases of a contrast-enhanced CT scan separated by 50 seconds. The results suggest that if the attenuation of a renal tumor changes by more than 10 HU between phases of a contrast-enhanced computed tomography, then the diagnosis of renal neoplasm is very likely. High-attenuation renal masses which change less than 10 HU between the corticomedullary and tubular phases are most likely high-density cysts, but neoplasm is possible.
Does the lens serve as a ‘sink’ for iron during ocular inflammation?

Twenty-four hours after induction of ocular inflammation by intravitreal injection of endotoxin (10 ng), the intraocular fluid (IOF, aqueous and vitreous humors) concentration of iron (Fe) increased. This was presumably due to entry of the plasma Fe-binding protein, transferrin, into the IOFs through disrupted blood ocular barriers. After 1 day of inflammation the Fe concentration in lenses from the inflamed eye was 60% greater than that measured in contralateral control lenses. By day 15, lens Fe concentration had returned to levels of the contralateral control lenses. There was a distinct relationship between the dose of endotoxin used and the amount of Fe accumulated by the lens. The Fe concentration in lenses from eyes injected with 100 ng endotoxin was 0.376 +/- 0.027 micrograms g-1 wet weight compared to 0.214 +/- 0.014 micrograms g-1 in lenses from eyes injected with 0.25 ng endotoxin. In a previous study, copper (Cu) concentration in the IOFs was elevated to the same extent as Fe in response to intravitreal injection of endotoxin. However, in the present study, lenticular Cu concentration was unaltered at the highest (100 ng) dose of endotoxin. Since the increase in lens uptake was selective for Fe, there may be a specific Fe uptake mechanism in this ocular tissue. The physiological reasons for and possible pathological consequences of such a process are discussed.
Mechanically Activated Combustion Synthesis of Molybdenum Silicides and Borosilicides

Molybdenum silicides and borosilicides are promising structural materials for advanced power plants. A major challenge, however, is to simultaneously achieve high oxidation resistance and acceptable mechanical properties at high temperatures. For example, molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) has excellent oxidation resistance and poor mechanical properties, while Morich silicides such as Mo5Si3 (called T1) have much better mechanical properties but poor oxidation resistance. One approach is based on the fabrication of MoSi2-T1 composites that combine high oxidation resistance of MoSi2 and good mechanical properties of T1. Another approach involves the addition of boron to Mo-rich silicides for improving their oxidation resistance through the formation of a borosilicate surface layer. In particular, Mo5SiB2 (called T2) phase and alloys based on this phase are promising materials. In the present paper, MoSi2-T1 composites and materials based on T2 phase are obtained by mechanically activated self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (MASHS). To obtain denser products, the so-called SHS compaction (quasi-isostatic pressing of hot combustion products) has been employed. Thermal analysis has shown that SHS compaction significantly improves the oxidation resistance. Self-sustained combustion of Mo/Si/B mixtures for the formation of T2 phase becomes possible if the composition is designed for adding a more exothermic reaction of MoB formation. These mixtures exhibit spin combustion. Oxidation resistance of the obtained multi-phase Mo-Si-B materials is independent on the concentration of Mo phase in the products. The “chemical oven” technique has been used to obtain a single Mo5SiB2 phase and an alloy consisting of α-Mo, Mo5SiB2, and Mo3Si phases.
Deposition of a molten layer of high melting point material: substrate melting and resolidification

Abstract High melting point metals and their alloys have wide use as coating materials because of their improved properties. A good understanding of the bonding mechanism between the coating layer and the substrate is therefore a very important concern in thermal spray processing of these high melting point materials. In this work we have conducted a numerical study of the cooling and solidification of such materials, and in particular of the substrate melting and resolidification for a substrate impacted by a high melting point droplet. A model has been developed and a non-dimensional analysis led to the identification of the independent non-dimensional parameters controlling the process. Numerical solutions of this complex coupled problem enabled us to calculate the temperature history in both deposit and substrate, including the phase change phenomena. The critical conditions needed for substrate melting in the case of given pairs of deposit and substrate materials were quantified from systematic deposit and substrate temperature analyses, and are presented in terms of non-dimensional operational maps of wide applicability. Information on the critical conditions under which the substrate surface melts, and on the maximum melting depth achieved into the substrate was also generated for various process parameters including deposit undercooling, initial substrate temperature, and variations in deposit–substrate interfacial heat transfer coefficient.
Moyamoya Disease in Early Infancy: Case Report and Literature Review

Moyamoya disease is a progressive, occlusive, cerebrovascular arteriopathy, characterized by bilateral stenosis of the distal internal carotid arteries or branches, with the development of compensatory collateral vessels. It is infrequently reported during infancy. We describe a 2-month-old boy presenting with stroke secondary to moyamoya disease, successfully treated with revascularization surgery at age 3 months. To our knowledge, this report represents the youngest such patient. This case and a review of the literature regarding moyamoya disease during infancy suggest that these patients are at significant risk for further ischemic events and respond well to prompt revascularization surgery.
Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Sol-Gels as Cladding Materials for Electro-Optic Polymer Based Devices

The electro-optic coefficient of AJl8 chromophore doped in APC was enhanced by more than a factor of 2 by using a 5 micron organic/inorganic hybrid sol-gel cladding layer.
Social Perception in Multitarget Settings: Effects of Motivated Encoding Strategies

Two experiments examined the effects of a number of motivated encoding strategies (anticipated-interaction, impression formation, later use, self-comparison, friend comparison, and memory instructions) on the recall and cognitive organization of information about multiple target persons. As in past research on the effects of motivated encoding strategies on the cognitive processing of information about a single target, memory instructions produced the lowest levels of recall. However in contrast to past research, no instruction set produced evidence of higher cognitive individuation of targets than memory instructions. The results are discussed in the context of two alternative models of person memory the associative network model and the elaboration model.
Are extreme distal periprosthetic supracondylar fractures of the femur too distal to fix using a lateral locked plate

It is unclear whether there is a limit to the amount of distal bone required to support fixation of supracondylar periprosthetic femoral fractures. This retrospective multicentre study evaluated lateral locked plating of periprosthetic supracondylar femoral fractures and compared the results according to extension of the fracture distal with the proximal border of the femoral prosthetic component. Between 1999 and 2008, 89 patients underwent lateral locked plating of a supracondylar periprosthetic femoral fracture, of whom 61 patients with a mean age of 72 years (42 to 96) comprising 53 women, were available after a minimum follow-up of six months or until fracture healing. Patients were grouped into those with fractures located proximally (28) and those with fractures that extended distal to the proximal border of the femoral component (33). Delayed healing and nonunion occurred respectively in five (18%) and three (11%) of more proximal fractures, and in two (6%) and five (15%) of the fractures with distal extension (p = 0.23 for delayed healing; p = 0.72 for nonunion, Fisher’s exact test). Four construct failures (14%) occurred in more proximal fractures, and three (9%) in fractures with distal extension (p = 0.51). Of the two deep infections that occurred in each group, one resolved after surgical debridement and antibiotics, and one progressed to a nonunion. Extreme distal periprosthetic supracondylar fractures of the femur are not a contra-indication to lateral locked plating. These fractures can be managed with internal fixation, with predictable results, similar to those seen in more proximal fractures.
Strike type variation among Tarahumara Indians in minimal sandals versus conventional running shoes

Abstract Purpose This study examined variation in foot strike types, lower extremity kinematics, and arch height and stiffness among Tarahumara Indians from the Sierra Tarahumara, Mexico. Methods High speed video was used to study the kinematics of 23 individuals, 13 who habitually wear traditional minimal running sandals (huaraches), and 10 who habitually wear modern, conventional running shoes with elevated, cushioned heels and arch support. Measurements of foot shape and arch stiffness were taken on these individuals plus an additional sample of 12 individuals. Results Minimally shod Tarahumara exhibit much variation with 40% primarily using midfoot strikes, 30% primarily using forefoot strikes, and 30% primarily using rearfoot strikes. In contrast, 75% of the conventionally shod Tarahumara primarily used rearfoot strikes, and 25% primarily used midfoot strikes. Individuals who used forefoot or midfoot strikes landed with significantly more plantarflexed ankles, flexed knees, and flexed hips than runners who used rearfoot strikes. Foot measurements indicate that conventionally shod Tarahumara also have significantly less stiff arches than those wearing minimal shoes. Conclusion These data reinforce earlier studies that there is variation among foot strike patterns among minimally shod runners, but also support the hypothesis that foot stiffness and important aspects of running form, including foot strike, differ between runners who grow up using minimal versus modern, conventional footwear.