cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antisense Expression of a Cell Wall–Associated Protein Kinase, WAK4, Inhibits Cell Elongation and Alters Morphology

The Arabidopsis cell wall–associated receptor-like kinase (WAK) gene family contains five highly related members whose products are suited for exchanging signals between the intracellular and extracellular compartments. WAK members are expressed in specific organs and regulated differentially by various biotic and abiotic factors. To gain further insight into how WAKs function during development, we used a glucocorticoid-inducible system to express ectopically the WAK4 antisense gene. The induced expression of the WAK4 antisense gene resulted in a significant decrease of WAK proteins. Ninety-six hours after the induction of WAK4 antisense expression, WAK proteins became undetectable. Cell elongation was impaired, and lateral root development was blocked. The level of WAK protein could be controlled by the concentration of the applied inducer, dexamethasone, and was correlated with the severity of the cell elongation inhibition phenotype. These results suggest that the WAKs serve a vital role in cell elongation and are required for plant development.
Taryn Simon and The Innocents project

The artist Taryn Simon was hired by The New York Times Magazine to photograph individuals who were wrongfully convicted, imprisoned, and subsequently freed from death row. She made images of both men and women who were exonerated by post-conviction DNA evidence. All of them were sent to prison, innocent of the crimes of which they were convicted. Most of her subjects had no criminal record. Simon's initial project eventually blossomed into a larger art exhibition that has toured several US cities in the last two years. Inspired by our viewing of Simon's exhibition and her aesthetic in constructing images of her subjects, we address one of her primary concerns: how is photography used to convict the innocent?
Continuations and transducer composition

On-line transducers are an important class of computational agent; we construct and compose together many software systems using them, such as stream processors, layered network protocols, DSP networks and graphics pipelines. We show an interesting use of continuations, that, when taken in a CPS setting, exposes the control flow of these systems. This enables a CPS-based compiler to optimise systems composed of these transducers, using only standard, known analyses and optimisations. Critically, the analysis permits optimisation across the composition of these transducers, allowing efficient construction of systems in a hierarchical way.
Two distinct chemotactic factor inactivators in human serum.

The chemotactic factor inactivator (CFI) has been isolated from whole human serum by a combination of techniques including salt precipitation, anionic exchange, and gel filtration chromatography. Two inactivators have been obtained, a β-globulin with a sedimentation velocity of approximately 7S and an α-globulin with a sedimentation velocity of approximately 4S. The former has a specificity for inactivation of the chemotactic activity associated with the C3 fragments, whereas the C5 chemotactic fragment is specifically inactivated by the α-globulin CFI. CFI in crude fractions of human serum is heat labile, time and temperature dependent for its activity, and pH dependent, expressing optimal activity at a pH range of 7.2 to 7.4.
A biopotential amplifier with dynamic capacitor matching for improved CMRR

A technique is proposed for improving the common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of op-amp based instrumentation amplifiers in resistor---capacitor (RC) feedback configurations. This is done by dynamically matching the input and the feedback capacitor pairs. A fully differential biopotential amplifier was designed with the proposed dynamic capacitor matching (DCM) scheme and its performance compared against the conventional case. The experimental results show that the proposed dynamic capacitor matching technique improves CMRR by more than 40 dB over the conventional case. The proposed technique also reduces the power consumption of the biopotential amplifier. The amplifier consumes less power during the `OFF' periods when using DCM and this results in the overall lower power consumption of the amplifier. The quiescent current consumption of the biopotential amplifier is 20 μA with a 1.5 V dual power supply source and a maximum input referred noise of 3 μV.
Can non-invasive CT angiography effectively and safely triage patients?

In this issue of Academic Radiology, Hoffmann et al (1) demonstrated a potential for computed tomographic angiography (CTA) to triage patients without catheter coronary angiography. In this study, 94 patients were included in the analysis to evaluate CT angiography as compared to catheter coronary angiography. This study excluded 24% of patients who did not have complete datasets due to artifacts in at least one major segment (AHA 15 segment model). However, the use of 16 slices in this study may partially explain the image quality issues seen in this study. Several studies with 64 slice CT have demonstrated improved image quality and significantly higher numbers of evaluable segments. A meta-analysis of 16 and 64 slice CT demonstrates improved overall image quality with 64 slice CT. (2) Nonetheless, even with current 64 slice systems, 5-7% of segments are non-evaluable, so some patients would still be excluded from such an analysis as performed by Hoffman et al. Primary reasons for exclusion on cardiac CT remains dense coronary calcification, motion artifacts and image acquisition artifacts. In the overall assessment of whether CTA could triage patients to revascularization or no revascularization as well as invasive catheterization (CATH), there was excellent agreement. In this study, there was 93% agreement between catheterization (CATH) and multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) (87 of 94). Both tests also agreed 100% in the exclusion of coronary artery disease. Agreement between CATH and MSCT was 90% for the decision between PCI and CABG (36 of 40). MSCT correctly diagnosed 4 stenoses in the left main and did not miss any left main stenosis. While MSCT and CATH had good overall agreement, even a 7% discrepancy would leave most cardiologists uncomfortable with this decision tree. Larger trials with 64 slice CT should be performed to see if the improved image quality leads to even higher agreement. A major significant difference between the cardiac surgeon and the inverventional cardiologist involved the type of invasive therapy recommended. There was only 52% agreement with regard to the type of revascularization, while guideline-based therapeutic decisions on the basis of MSCT and CATH agreed in 90% of cases (1).
Interaction induced Raman light scattering as a probe of the local density structure of binary supercritical solutions

Interaction induced Raman light scattering is presented as a unique tool for the understanding of solvation processes from the solute's point of view in weakly interacting solute-solvent systems. A review of pertinent literature shows that this technique should be useful at least in single-phase binary mixtures such as supercritical solutions. Methane is used here as a probe molecule at 10mol% concentration (as the solute) and 90mol% CO and CO2 are the solvents. The light scattering results, i.e., the dependence of the anisotropic intensities divided by density (I/d) on the density, are interpreted by use of the Duh-Haymet-Henderson closure (bridge) function of the Ornstein-Zernike integral equation. These data, together, are examined in the context of known supercritical solution thermodynamics and statistical mechanical results. It is shown that the light scattering I/d data versus density yield maxima in both attractive and repulsive solute-solvent systems. The local number density maxima were found ne...
EMC applications of EMAP-2: a 3D finite element modeling code

EMAP-2, a 3-D finite element modeling code that can be used to model simple printed circuit board configurations, is discussed. It is a true full-wave field solver designed to be used for education or research. EMAP-2 is written in the C programming language. The code, its capabilities, and its limitations are described. Two examples illustrate how the code can be applied to problems of particular interest to EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) engineers. >
River and Riparian Restoration in the Southwest: Results of the National River Restoration Science Synthesis Project

Restoration activity has exponentially increased across the Southwest since 1990. Over 37,000 records were compiled into the National River Restoration Science Synthesis (NRRSS) database to summarize restoration trends and assess project effectiveness. We analyzed data from 576 restoration projects in the Southwest (NRRSS-SW). More than 50% of projects were less than or equal to 3 km in length. The most common restoration project intent categories were riparian management, water quality management, in-stream habitat improvement, and flow modification. Common project activities were well matched to goals. Conservative estimates of total restoration costs exceeded $500 million. Most restoration dollars have been allocated to flow modification and water quality management. Monitoring was linked to 28% of projects across the Southwest, as opposed to just 10% nationwide. Mean costs were statistically similar whether or not projects were monitored. Results from 48 telephone interviews provided validation of NRRSS-SW database analyses but showed that project costs are often underreported within existing datasets. The majority of interviewees considered their projects to be successful, most often based upon observed improvements to biota or positive public reaction rather than evaluation of field data. The efficacy of restoration is difficult to ascertain given the dearth of information contained within most datasets. There is a great need for regional entities that not only track information on project implementation but also maintain and analyze monitoring data associated with restoration. Agencies that fund or regulate restoration should reward projects that emphasize monitoring and evaluation as much as project implementation.
Overcoming biases and misconceptions in ecological studies

The aggregate data study design provides an alternative group level analysis to ecological studies in the estimation of individual level health risks. An aggregate model is derived by aggregating a plausible individual level relative rate model within groups, such that population-based disease rales are modelled as functions of individual level covariate data. We apply an aggregate data method to a series of fictitious examples from a review paper by Greenland and Robins which illustrated the problems that can arise when using the results of ecological studies to make inference about individual health risks. We use simulated data based on their examples to demonstrate that the aggregate data approach can address many of the sources of bias that are inherent in typica ecological analyses, even though the limited between-region covariate variation in these examples reduces the efficiency of the aggregate study. The aggregate method has the potential to estimate exposure effects of interest in the presence of non-linearity, confounding at individual and group levels, effect modification, classical measurement error in the exposure and non-differential misclassification in the confounder.
The influence of soil community density on plant-soil feedbacks: An important unknown in plant invasion

Plant-soil feedbacks have been implicated in several successful plant invasions. However, simple identification of a feedback alone may not be enough to establish feedbacks as a mechanism behind plant invasion. I suggest that the relationship between soil community density and plant growth is an important unknown that strongly influences the impact of plant-soil feedbacks. I developed a mathematical model of two-plant species competition with plant-soil feedbacks. Each plant species obligately generates its own soil community. Each soil community then influences both plant species’ growth. The model allows for every possible combination of positive and negative effects of the soil community on plant growth. I model the relationship between soil community density and plant growth with non-linear functional responses. I use a range of plant competitive abilities and feedback scenarios from the literature to explore how different functional responses influence the outcome of plant competition. Sensitivity analysis of the model reveals that altering the relationship between feedback strength and soil community development can reverse the outcome of plant competition. Analysis of the model also shows how the importance of different feedback scenarios depends on the strength of plant competition.
The Effect of Expanded Antiretroviral Treatment Strategies on the HIV Epidemic Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in San Francisco

Modeling of expanding antiretroviral treatment to all HIV-infected adults already in care in San Francisco predicts reductions in new HIV infection at 5 years of 59% among men who have sex with men. Addition of annual HIV testing for men who have sex with men to universal treatment decreases new infections by 76%.
Expression and characterization of a four-alpha-helix bundle protein that binds the volatile general anesthetic halothane.

The structural features of volatile anesthetic binding sites on proteins are being investigated with the use of a defined model system consisting of a four-R-helix bundle scaffold with a hydrophobic core. The current study describes the bacterial expression, purification, and initial characterization of the four- R-helix bundle (AR2-L1M/L38M)2. The R-helical content and stability of the expressed protein are comparable to that of the chemically synthesized four-R-helix bundle (AR2-L38M)2 reported earlier (Johansson, J. S.; Scharf, D.; Davies, L. A.; Reddy, K. S.; Eckenhoff, R. G. Biophys. J. 2000, 78, 982). The affinity for binding halothane is somewhat improved with a Kd ) 120 ( 20 IM as determined by W15 fluorescence quenching, attributed to the L1M substitution. Near-UV circular dichroism spectroscopy demonstrated that halothane binding changes the orientation of the aromatic residues in the four-R-helix bundle. Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments reveal that halothane binding results in narrowing of the peaks in the amide region of the one-dimensional proton spectrum, indicating that bound anesthetic limits protein dynamics. This expressed protein should prove to be amenable to nuclear magnetic resonance structural studies on the anesthetic complexes, because of its relatively small size (124 residues) and the high affinities for binding volatile anesthetics. Such studies will provide much needed insight into how volatile anesthetics interact with biological macromolecules and will provide guidelines regarding the general architecture of binding sites on central nervous system proteins.
EFFECTS OF NEW FOREST MANAGEMENT STRATEGIESON SQUIRREL POPULATIONS

Two strategies for managing forests for multiple values have achieved prominence in debates in the Pacific Northwest: (1) legacy retention with passive management and long rotations, and (2) intensive management for timber with commercial thinnings and long rotations. Northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus), Townsend’s chipmunks (Tamias townsendii), and Douglas’ squirrels (Tamiasciurus douglasii) were studied retrospectively in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests managed under the alternative strategies in the Puget Trough of Washington. Flying squirrels were twice as abundant under legacy retention as under intensive management for timber, almost as abundant as in old-growth western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) forests on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington, but <50% as abundant as in old-growth Douglas-fir forests in western Oregon. Chipmunks were four times as abundant under intensive timber management, as under legacy retention, but less abundant than in old-growth forests. Abundance of...
Elevated Temperature Strength Enhancement of ZrB2–30 vol% SiC Ceramics by Postsintering Thermal Annealing

The mechanical properties of dense, hot-pressed ZrB2–30 vol% SiC ceramics were characterized from room temperature up to 1600°C in air. Specimens were tested as hot-pressed or after hot-pressing followed by heat treatment at 1400°C, 1500°C, 1600°C, or 1800°C for 10 h. Annealing at 1400°C resulted in the largest increases in flexure strengths at the highest test temperatures, with strengths of 470 MPa at 1400°C, 385 MPa at 1500°C, and 425 MPa at 1600°C, corresponding to increases of 7%, 8%, and 12% compared to as hot-pressed ZrB2–SiC tested at the same temperatures. Thermal treatment at 1500°C resulted in the largest increase in elastic modulus, with values of 270 GPa at 1400°C, 240 GPa at 1500°C, and 120 GPa at 1600°C, which were increases of 6%, 12%, and 18% compared to as hot-pressed ZrB2–SiC. Neither ZrB2 grain size nor SiC cluster size changed for these heat-treatment temperatures. Microstructural analysis suggested additional phases may have formed during heat treatment and/or dislocation density may have changed. This study demonstrated that thermal annealing may be a useful method for improving the elevated temperature mechanical properties of ZrB2-based ceramics.
The processing and content of family narratives in emerging adulthood: gender, family functioning, and associations with identity development

The aim of the present study was to examine the family narratives of emerging adults. While previous studies have found that interpretative narrative content in adolescents’ family narratives is related to identity development, this relation has not been explored in emerging adulthood. One hundred and fifty-eight university students, most in their first year, were asked to provide written narratives of times for the family that were happy, difficult, or transitional, as well as a narrative about themselves commonly told by the family. I examined the relationship between interpretive processing and identity within and across these narrative types, controlling for family dysfunction and factual content, as well as examining moderation by gender and family dysfunction. Results showed that interpretive processing is uniquely important for the identity development of males, and post-hoc analyses revealed that this might be in part due to romantic relationship status. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of examining narrative prompts separately and the developmental implications of the unique relationship for young men as well as exploring the concept of a master family narrative within individual families and American culture.
Natural Enemies: An Introduction to Biological Control

Preface Acknowledgements Introduction: 1. Why use natural enemies? 2. Introduction to biological control Part I. Strategies for Using Natural Enemies: 3. Classical biological control 4. Augmentation: inundative and inoculative biological control 5. Conservation and enhancement of natural enemies Part II. Biological Control of Invertebrate and Vertebrate Pests: 6. Ecological basis for use of predators, parasitoids and pathogens 7. Predators 8. Insect parasitoids: attack by aliens 9. Parasitic nematodes 10. Bacterial pathogens of invertebrates 11. Viral pathogens 12. Fungi and microsporidia Part III. Biological Control of Weeds: 13. Biology and ecology of agents used for biological control of weeds 14. Phytophagous invertebrates and vertebrates 15. Plant pathogens for controlling weeds Part IV. Biological Control of Plant Pathogens and Plant Parasitic Nematodes: 16. Biology and ecology of antagonists 17. Microbial antagonists combating plant pathogens and plant parasitic nematodes Part V. Biological Control: Concerns, Changes and Challenges: 18. Safe biological control 19. Present uses of biological control Glossary References Index.
Geometric approach to convex subdifferential calculus

In this paper, we develop a geometric approach to convex subdifferential calculus in finite dimensions with employing some ideas of modern variational analysis. This approach allows us to obtain natural and rather easy proofs of basic results of convex subdifferential calculus in full generality and also derive new results of convex analysis concerning optimal value/marginal functions, normals to inverse images of sets under set-valued mappings, calculus rules for coderivatives of single-valued and set-valued mappings, and calculating coderivatives of solution maps to parameterized generalized equations governed by set-valued mappings with convex graphs.
A Dual Address Space Architecture: Implementation and Evaluation

While a hardware supported shared address space offers programmability advantages and better performance for fine-grained applications, the very mechanisms that create those advantages appear to prevent the machines that use them from scaling to large numbers of processors. For this reason, hardware-based distributed shared memory (DSM) platforms have largely been dismissed in the context of scientific computing. This dissertation proposes changes to a hardware-based DSM architecture that allow users to use two address spaces to gain the scalability of distributed architectures while retaining the benefits of the shared address space architecture. The thesis of this dissertation is that the Dual Address Space Architecture provides both an efficient mechanism for enabling increased user and compiler control over data consistency and data locality, and a high-level interface for programmers to conceptualize and take advantage of the mechanism. The Dual Address Space Architecture thus provides users and compilers an efficient means, particularly appropriate to the structure of scientific applications, of keeping data consistent and local, enabling improved performance over current global address space implementations. The dissertation evaluates its thesis in two parts. The first part demonstrates the feasibility of the ideas by describing the details of the high-level architecture, including the programming model, and its implementation via extensions to a standard directory-based cache coherence protocol. The second part evaluates the performance of Dual Address Space implementations of two applications that currently underperform on distributed address space platforms. First, cycle-accurate simulation results indicate that a Dual Address Space version of HYCOM, an ocean model which features an irregular data decomposition, significantly reduces the number of last-level cache misses that cause communication, resulting in substantial improvement in performance. Second, experiments with two implementations (distributed memory and shared memory) of the Fast Multipole Method, a tree-based algorithm for solving N-body problems, expose weaknesses in both that would be cleanly and efficiently addressed by a Dual Address Space implementation of the algorithm.
That "fatty Lump": Discourses on the fetus, fetal development, and filial piety in china before the eleventh century CE

The fetus and fetal development were discussed in early imperial Chinese texts of various genres, which often approached these matters in one or more of the following terms: (1) the cosmic (human life begins and matures in the same way as the rest of the universe, following the interplay of yin and yang); (2) the correlative (the fetus grows according to the Five Phases, all things corresponding to them going through a cycle of changes that give rise to and diminish one another); and (3) the Indic-Buddhist (the fetus comes into being and suffers as a result of karma). These texts do not always present the perspective of the expectant parents on pregnancy; the perspective of the fetus on gestation in particular is prominent in the texts bearing Indic-Buddhist influences. This paper argues that over time the confluence of concepts and metaphors presented in these texts added up to an extremely negative attitude widely held toward the fetus and childbirth. This negativity in turn reinforced, and was reinforced by, the concepts and practices of filial piety that emerged in the centuries following the collapse of the Han dynasty, which were different from those that came before. It also profoundly transformed and enhanced the mother-child bond at the expense of that of the father and child. In particular, the salvational dimension of the mother-child relationship, introduced by Buddhism, made possible a women-centered interpretation of filial piety.
Teaching Politics Panoramically: American Government and the Case Method

tunately, however, presenting material in this fashion often gives undergraduates an extremely skewed understanding of what really goes on in Washington. Effective pedagogy and political reality seem to be constantly at odds. Some examples from my early experiences will shed light on this problem. In an American politics course that I divided into separate and distinct parts, for example, I asked students to write a short es-
Fungi of the Chesapeake Bay and Its Tributaries V. Aniptodera Chesapeakensis Gen. Et Sp. Nov.

An ascomycete collected frequently from wood submerged in the estuarine portion of the Patuxent River, Maryland, is described as a new genus in the family Halosphaeriaceae. It is most closely relat...
Adenine and adenosine deaminase activity of rat mammary gland homogenates through pregnancy and lactation.

SummaryGuanine deaminase activity and guanosine deaminase activity of rat mammary homogenates were studied through pregnancy, lactation and involution. Guanine and guanosine deamination occurred in mammary gland homogenates during all physiological states studied. The rate of deamination of guanine and guanosine exhibited a marked drop from the level of pregnancy to a lower level throughout lactation.
Effects of the facultative predator Anopheles barberi on population performance of its prey Aedes triseriatus (Diptera culicidae)

We tested the hypothesis that predation by Anopheles barberi (Coquillett) on young larvae of Aedes triseriatus (Say) reduces intraspecific competition among surviving prey and thereby increases survival, mass at eclosion, and estimated rate of population increase, or decreases development time for A. triseriatus . In a field experiment manipulating both litter (=food) abundance and predator abundance, total survivorship of A. triseriatus was significantly reduced by A. barberi predation in tree holes, but not in tires where overall survival was extremely low. Survival to adulthood and estimated finite rate of increase (λ') were significantly lower in low-food treatments, but were unaffected by the predator. Days to and mass at eclosion were unaffected by predation. This field experiment thus provided no evidence for a positive effect of predation by A. barberi on A. triseriatus population performance. A laboratory functional response experiment yielded no asymptotic saturation of number of prey killed by A. barberi of any instar. Fourth-instar A. barberi feeding on either 1st- or 2nd-instar A. triseriatus had indistinguishable functional responses, but 3rd-instar A. barberi killed significantly fewer 1st-instar prey than did 4th-instar A. barberi, and did not kill 2nd-instar prey. Censuses of tree holes and tires showed limited seasonal co-occurrence of predator-prey instar combinations that can lead to predation. These data suggest that A. barberi has only a limited potential to reduce populations of A. triseriatus and that such effects are likely only during a short period in midsummer.
Thrombolite fabrics and origins: Influences of diverse microbial and metazoan processes on Cambrian thrombolite variability in the Great Basin, California and Nevada

Thrombolites are a common component of carbonate buildups throughout the Phanerozoic that are usually described as microbialites with an internally clotted texture. A wide range of thrombolite textures have been observed and attributed to diverse processes, leading to difficulty interpreting thrombolites as a group. Interpreting thrombolitic textures in terms of ancient microbial and metazoan ecosystems requires understanding diverse processes, specifically those due to microbial growth and metazoan activity. Many of these processes are reflected in thrombolites in the Cambrian Carrara, Bonanza King, Highland Peak and Nopah formations, Great Basin, California, USA; they comprise eight thrombolite classes based on variable arrangements and combinations of depositional and diagenetic components. Four thrombolite classes (hemispherical microdigitate, bushy, coalescent columnar and massive fenestrated) contain distinct mesoscale microbial growth structures that can be distinguished from surrounding detrital sediments and diagenetic features. By contrast, mottled thrombolites have mesostructures that dominantly reflect post-depositional processes, including bioturbation. Mottled thrombolites are not bioturbated stromatolites, but rather formed from disruption of an originally clotted growth structure. Three thrombolite classes (arborescent digitate, amoeboid and massive) contain more cryptic textures. All eight of the thrombolite classes in this study formed in similar Cambrian depositional environments (marine passive margin). Overall, this suite of thrombolites demonstrates that thrombolites are diverse, in both internal fabrics and origin, and that clotted and patchy microbialite fabrics form from a range of processes. The diversity of textures and their origins demonstrate that thrombolites should not be used to interpret a particular ecological, evolutionary or environmental shift without first identifying the microbial growth structure and distinguishing it from other depositional, post-depositional and diagenetic components. Furthermore, thrombolites, by definition, are fundamentally different from stromatolites and dendrolites in which the laminae and dendroids reflect a primary growth structure, because clotted textures in thrombolites do not always reflect a primary microbial growth structure. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The man who started the killings at Kent State: the Myron Pryor lie detector test

AbstractThis article re-examines the role of Ohio National Guard Sergeant Myron Pryor in the Kent State/4 May 1970, shootings of students at Kent State University, Ohio. Pryor first came under suspicion as a key perpetrator of the shootings in the works of early Kent State conspiracy theorists, and subsequently in official investigations and prosecutions. Though he was not indicted, and is now deceased, Pryor remains a lightning rod in Kent State conspiracy theories, and is often portrayed in the context of guilt. Recently, Pryor’s role has been rehashed after 4 May victim and activist Alan Canfora unveiled new audio evidence in 2010 pointing to Pryor as a possible catalyst in the shootings. By looking at countervailing evidence, including not-before-released evidence from the private files of Pryor’s defense attorney, C. D. Lambros, the author calls into question Pryor’s alleged role in the 4 May shootings, and argues for a careful reevaluation of evidence in assigning responsibility for the Kent State s...
Individualism, self-interest, and white racism

L'A. examine de facon critique les analyses de M. Hughes et S. A. Tuch concernant les attitudes politiques des blancs vis-a-vis des politiques en faveur des afro-americains. Il estime que celles-ci tendent a induire une image idyllique des changements d'attitudes observes en ce domaine. Il considere que l'on peut interpreter ces attitudes en mettant en lumiere la poursuite d'un interet individuel et non la reconnaissance, l'affirmation d'un souci de justice sociale. Il envisage la segregation residentielle aux Etats-unis et souligne que les blancs, dans ce pays, ne sont pas prets a abandonner leur privilege social
Inverse Imaging of Distributed Oscillatory Activity

Several types of bioelectric current source produce external electric and magnetic fields with oscillatory characteristics. Often, these sources are not well localized and may be distributed over a wide spatial range or may consist of several simultaneously-active localized sources distributed over a wide area. Additionally, the oscillation associated with such activity may not be synchronized over space — activity in different regions may oscillate at different frequencies. The brain’s alpha rhythm is one such example, with activity spread over a large region of the brain oscillating at a characteristic frequency between 8 and 12 Hz [1]. The basic electrical activity of the gastrointestinal system is another example. Frequencies of oscillation in gastrointestinal electrical activity include a 3 cycle-per-minute (cpm) slow-wave in the stomach and slow-waves that range from 8–12 cpm in the small intestine, with more distal segments of the small bowel typically having lower frequencies than more proximal segments [2],[3]. We present a technique to address the problem of estimating the source current distribution from external measurements of the electrical activity.
Nanoscale Polymer Fabrication for Biomedical Applications

Nanofabrication techniques for feature sizes less than 100 nm are available for silicon-based materials using high cost, cleanroom-based methods. The high cost may be acceptable for large-throughput manufacturing in the IC industry, but the broader needs and lower volumes in biomedicine require more cost-effective mass-production methods capable of replicating nanostructures in a wide range of materials. However, the properties of silicon (poor impact strength/toughness, poor biocompatibility) are inappropriate for many biomedical devices. For example, the conductivity of silicon is problematic in many micro/nanofluidic applications that require high voltage for electrokinetic flows. Non-conductive glass or quartz devices can be made using the same lithography/etching fabrication techniques. These materials, although less costly than silicon, are still much more expensive than most polymeric materials. In contrast, polymeric materials possess many attractive properties such as high toughness and recyclability. Some possess excellent biocompatibility, are biodegradable, and can provide various biofunctionalities. Proper combination of functional polymers and biomolecules can offer tailored properties for various biomedical applications, but the ability to process them at the nanoscale to form well-defined functional structures is largely underdeveloped. Nanofabrication techniques for feature sizes less than 100 nm are available for silicon-based materials using high cost, cleanroom-based methods. The high cost may be acceptable for large-throughput manufacturing in the IC industry.
Wellbore Cement Porosity Evolution in Response to Mineral Alteration during CO2 Flooding.

Mineral reactions during CO2 sequestration will change the pore-size distribution and pore surface characteristics, complicating permeability and storage security predictions. In this paper, we report a small/wide angle scattering study of wellbore cement that has been exposed to carbon dioxide for three decades. We have constructed detailed contour maps that describe local porosity distributions and the mineralogy of the sample and relate these quantities to the carbon dioxide reaction front on the cement. We find that the initial bimodal distribution of pores in the cement, 1–2 and 10–20 nm, is affected differently during the course of carbonation reactions. Initial dissolution of cement phases occurs in the 10–20 nm pores and leads to the development of new pore spaces that are eventually sealed by CaCO3 precipitation, leading to a loss of gel and capillary nanopores, smoother pore surfaces, and reduced porosity. This suggests that during extensive carbonation of wellbore cement, the cement becomes les...
Editor's perspective: spinning wheels: what goes up cannot come down?

Teaching electrophysiology is mostly about preparation, learning as much as possible about a tachycardia before delivering the energy source for ablation. This includes the history, the physical examination, careful review of the ECG and recorded tracings, and analysis and correct execution of maneuvers to identify tachycardia mechanisms accurately. However, at times the electrophysiologist learns while burning. Slowing or acceleration of an automatic tachycardia, decrease in electrogram amplitude, or evidence for collateral damage while ablating are all important to recognize. In this segment of Teaching Rounds in Electrophysiology, Kumar and Gehi1 discuss what we can learn when ablating reentrant arrhythmia based on changes noted in the tachycardia characteristics and activation sequence: a change in the cycle length of tachycardia without a change in the activation sequence, abrupt changes in the activation sequence but tachycardia continuing at the same rate, or occasionally changes in both rate and sequence despite the original tachycardia continuing. Article see p e68 While burning, when the tachycardia cycle length stays exactly the same, likely the same tachycardia continues, but why would there be an abrupt change in the activation sequence?
Suicidal Behavior and Psychosocial Outcome in Borderline Personality Disorder at 8-Year Follow-Up.

We sought predictors of both suicidal behavior and psychosocial outcome in subjects with BPD followed for 8 years and asked if there was a relationship between these outcomes. One hundred twenty-three BPD subjects, recruited from inpatient (35.8%), outpatient (30.9%) and community (33.3%) sources, were assessed annually for known risk factors for suicidal behavior. Interval attempts were reported by 25 subjects (20.2%). Increased risk of suicide attempt was associated with negative affectivity, aggression, inpatient recruitment, hospitalizations, minority race, and frequent changes in employment. Decreased risk was associated with increased education. Poor psychosocial outcome was predicted by impulsivity, negative affectivity, and antisocial traits at baseline, and by comorbid MDD at 8-year follow-up. There was no significant relationship between poor psychosocial outcome at 8-year follow-up and risk of suicidal behavior. Predictors of suicidality include modifiable risk factors. Rehabilitation models ar...
Censorship at work: Cold war paranoia and purgation of Chinese ghost stories

The global politics of the Cold War and its impact on the cinematic economy and cultural expressions of Chinese-language films in Hong Kong have been seriously understudied. It is largely because of insufficient attention paid to the geographical marginalities outside of Mainland China: Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia where the movie industries and film culture thrived on alternative Chinese cine-links. This chapter studies two translocal ghost narratives, Li Chenfeng’s A Beautiful Corpse Comes to Life (1956) and Li Hanxiang’s The Enchanting Shadow (1960), which reappropriated classical ghost stories adapted from Chinese vernacular literature and drama. The two striking filmic manifestations exemplify what I see as the global Cold War cultural manifestations during the 1950s and 60s. I read the ghost story renditions not only in their generic and aesthetic interests but also as contesting claims of Chineseness, in particular the ways in which the Cantonese- and Mandarin-speaking films compete for the legitimacy of Chinese identities by mobilizing traditional literary sources and cultural symbols in colonial Hong Kong.
Chemicals from Propylene and Butylene

As we learned in Chapter 8, the official production of propylene is usually about half that of ethylene, only because a large part of the propylene is used by petroleum refineries internally to alkylate gasolines. This captive use is not reported. Of the propylene used for chemical manufacture, nearly 40% is polymerized to polypropylene, to be discussed in a later chapter. Of the remaining amount of propylene, seven chemicals from the top 50 are manufactured. These are listed in Table 10.1. Their industrial manufacturing methods are summarized in Fig. 10.1. Note that four of these chemicals, cumene, phenol, acetone, and bisphenol A, are also derived from a second basic organic chemical, benzene.
The Nonverbal Bully: Effects of Shouting and Conversational Distance on Bystanders’ Perceptions

This study examines how nonverbal behavior in the form of conversational distance and volume impacts bystanders’ perceptions of bullying. After watching a bullying scenario on video, participants completed measures regarding their perceptions of the bully, victim, and intentions to intervene. The results revealed an interaction between distance and volume for perceptions of the bully and victim. When they spoke in a normal conversing volume (i.e., 65 decibels), bullies were perceived to be weaker when they stood closer to victims (i.e., 18 inches apart) than when they stood further away (i.e., 4 feet). Victims were perceived as stronger when bullies stood closer and spoke at a normal volume.
Abstract 4189: Homologous recombination pathway-based biomarkers for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer with PARP inhibitors

Introduction: Clinical trials examining the addition of PARP inhibitors (PARPi) to treatment regimens for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are underway. Of note, these trials are not biomarker driven, and so any benefit may be obscured due to heterogeneity of tumor responses. The first FDA approved PARPi, olaparib, was approved specifically for ovarian cancer patients with germline mutations in BRCA1 or 2. These patients have tumors that show homologous recombination deficiency (HRD), a DNA damage repair pathway defect that confers synthetic lethality in the setting of PARPi therapy. Whether HRD may serve a biomarker for PARPi sensitivity in NSCLC, however, is unclear. Materials and Methods: Based on prior studies, NSCLC cell lines were classified as 1) HR proficient (A549, NCI-H23, NCI-H460, NCI-H522, NCI-H1299), 2) HR deficient due to early defects in the pathway as evidenced by decreased cisplatin-induced RAD51 focus formation (NCI-H1563, NCI-H1915, NCI-H2087, NCI-H2126) or 3) HR deficient due to late defects in the pathway as evidenced by impaired resolution of ionizing radiation (IR) induced RAD51 and γ-H2AX foci (Calu-1, Calu-6, HCC827, NCI-H520, SK-LU-1). NSCLC cells expressing doxycycline-inducible BRCA1 or 2 shRNA were generated by Tet-pLKO-puro lentiviral transduction. Cell viability assays to determine olaparib IC50 values were performed using CellTiter-Glo and MTS. Gene expression data were extracted from published datasets including CCLE, GSE32665 and TCGA, and expression levels of select genes were assayed by RT-qPCR. Results: BRCA1/2 shRNA knockdown inhibited IR-induced RAD51 focus formation in HR proficient NSCLC cells. This also induced PARPi sensitivity (A549 olaparib IC50 63 µM -> 1.2 µM with BRCA1 and 18 µM -> 3.4 µM with BRCA2 knockdown). Because BRCA alterations are uncommon in NSCLC, however, other HRD biomarkers were explored. There was no statistically significant difference in PARPi sensitivity among cell lines grouped by cisplatin-induced RAD51 focus formation or resolution of IR-induced RAD51 or γ-H2AX foci. BRCA deficient breast and ovarian cancers overexpress POLQ, which drives DNA repair toward non-HR-dependent pathways including alternative end joining. Like these cancers, NSCLC tumors overexpressed POLQ and RAD54L compared to normal lung, p Conclusion: Although certain HRD biomarkers including RAD51 focus formation and impaired resolution did not predict NSCLC olaparib sensitivity, other potential biomarkers, such as BRCA1/2 loss of function and elevated RAD54L expression, may serve as potential HRD-related biomarkers. Citation Format: Peter V. Deraska, Hunter D. Reavis, Shelby Labe, Alan D. D9Andrea, David Kozono. Homologous recombination pathway-based biomarkers for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer with PARP inhibitors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4189. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4189
Prospects for primary prevention of coronary heart disease

Major contributors to coronary heart disease have been identified through epidemiologic research. These risk factors fall into a number of interdependent categories including: atherogenic personal attributes, living habits which promote them, signs of a compromised circulation and host susceptibility to these risk factors. Modifiable atherogenic risk attributes include blood lipids, blood pressure, glucose tolerance and fibrinogen. The risk associated with each is markedly affected by those others which coexist. Modifiable living habits exist which promote these atherogenic traits including overeating, unrestrained weight gain, faulty diet, cigarette smoking, and lack of exercise. Innate susceptibility is signified by a family history of premature vascular disease, identifying persons in particular need of risk factor control. At a given level of serum total cholesterol risk varies widely depending on total/HDL-cholesterol ratio providing an efficient and practical means for assessing the joint effect of the two-way traffic of total cholesterol. Optimal treatment must improve this lipid profile. Diabetes on average doubles CHD mortality imparting greater risk in women than men and exerting an independent effect. Risk in diabetics varies widely depending on coexistent risk factors providing a means for reducing the risk. The same applies for hypertension and dyslipidemia. Preclinical indicators of a compromised coronary circulation and ischemic myocardial involvement include ECG evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy, blocked intraventricular function, repolarization abnormality and abnormal response to exercise. Such persons are in dire need of correction of modifiable risk factors. Optimal risk predictions require a quantitative synthesis of risk factors into a composite estimate. Handbooks, hand calculators and P.C. software, based on multiple logistic risk formulations have been devised for office use requiring only ordinary office procedures and simple laboratory tests to measure the risk factor ingredients. Preventive management as well as risk estimation should be multifactorial if good results are to be acheived. Preventive strategies should include public health measures to alter the ecology so as to shift the whole distribution of risk factors to a more favorable level, health education to enable people to protect their own health and preventive medicine for high risk candidates. Greater skill at modifying behavior must be developed to carry out such risk factor interventions.
General pulsed-field gradient signal attenuation expression based on a fractional integral modified-Bloch equation

Abstract Anomalous diffusion has been investigated in many polymer and biological systems. The analysis of PFG anomalous diffusion relies on the ability to obtain the signal attenuation expression. However, the general analytical PFG signal attenuation expression based on the fractional derivative has not been previously reported. Additionally, the reported modified-Bloch equations for PFG anomalous diffusion in the literature yielded different results due to their different forms. Here, a new integral type modified-Bloch equation based on the fractional derivative for PFG anomalous diffusion is proposed, which is significantly different from the conventional differential type modified-Bloch equation. The merit of the integral type modified-Bloch equation is that the original properties of the contributions from linear or nonlinear processes remain unchanged at the instant of the combination. From the modified-Bloch equation, the general solutions are derived, which includes the finite gradient pulse width (FGPW) effect. The numerical evaluation of these PFG signal attenuation expressions can be obtained either by the Adomian decomposition, or a direct integration method that is fast and practicable. The theoretical results agree with the continuous-time random walk (CTRW) simulations performed in this paper. Additionally, the relaxation effect in PFG anomalous diffusion is found to be different from that in PFG normal diffusion. The new modified-Bloch equations and their solutions provide a fundamental tool to analyze PFG anomalous diffusion in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).