cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relationship of cannabis decriminalization in Colorado and cannabis use in individuals with alcohol use disorders.

Over the past decade, cannabis use has become increasingly popular in states that include Colorado. During this time, alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and alcohol-related medical conditions have also been consistently recognized as public health problems with increasing prevalence in the state. Despite the widespread use of cannabis in Colorado, the epidemiology of cannabis use among those with AUDs has been poorly described. Therefore, we sought to examine cannabis use among individuals with likely AUDs and individuals with low-risk alcohol use during a time of major Colorado legislative changes before and after legalization of recreational cannabis in 2012. This study was a secondary data analysis conducted with information from 303 participants (80% male) in the Denver, CO metropolitan enrolled between August 2007 and April 2016 for studies related to alcohol and lung health. Of these participants, 188 (62%) were completing inpatient alcohol detoxification with likely AUDs. All participants completed the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) to establish their likelihood of an AUD, and all had information on current cannabis use assessed by questionnaire and urine toxicology testing. Individuals with likely AUDs more commonly used cannabis compared to control participants (42% vs 27%, p = 0.007). In multiple logistic regression analyses, participant type (likely AUD versus control), tobacco smoking, and age were significantly associated with cannabis smoking; however, the year of participant enrollment was not. Adjusted odds for cannabis use among participants with likely AUDs were 2.97 (1.51–5.82), p = 0.002, while odds for cannabis use among tobacco smokers were 3.67 (1.94–6.93), p < 0.0001. Among control participants, tobacco smoking increased odds of cannabis use seven-fold. Our findings highlight the exceptionally high odds of cannabis use among individuals with likely AUDs undergoing alcohol detoxification at a Colorado treatment facility before and after legalization of recreational cannabis. Targeted investigations into the medical and psychiatric consequences of combined alcohol and cannabis use are urgently needed to define its health impact in these vulnerable individuals.
Towards the construction of a class of grid operational flexibility metrics

Abstract The increased net load uncertainty and variability due to higher levels of renewable energy resource integration into grids require the clear understanding and quantification of grid operational flexibility (GOF) and associated impacts. However, there is no widely-accepted methodology to assess flexibility, guide policy formulation and quantify the value of operational flexibility. Recent efforts towards improved flexibility assessment have focused on feasible net load ramps, operational margins and robustness bounds. In this paper, we propose an approach to GOF assessment focused on the economic impacts related to net load variability/uncertainty accommodation. We illustrate the application of the proposed approach through representative study cases on a modified version of the IEEE Reliability Test System operated under a multi-settlement system. Our results indicate that the market outcomes provide a concrete basis for GOF assessment in general, and in particular, the impacts due to ramping limitations provide insights into a grid’s ability to accommodate net load variability/uncertainty.
The unique contribution of perfectionistic cognitions to anxiety disorder symptoms in a treatment-seeking sample.

Perfectionistic cognitions are thinking patterns that reflect excessive striving and are associated with emotional disorders in nonclinical samples. Despite literature connecting trait perfectionis...
Supporting Novice K-2 Teachers' Self-Efficacy for Literacy: Early Literacy Teacher Induction for Rural Schools

This study explored the year-long development of 159 (N = 159) novice K-2 teachers’ self-efficacy for literacy instruction, within a literacy-specific induction initiative with sixteen high-need, p...
State and Devolution: Economic Crises and the Devolution of U.S. Superstate Power

This paper examines the incorporation of superstate power by U.S. state organizations after World War Two and the subsequent 'devolution' or transfer of U.S. authority to superstate organizations in response to contemporary economic crisis. After analyzing the crises that let to the devolution of U.S. agricultural and monetary authority, the paper discusses the implication of these developments for a theory of states in the interstate system, arguing that the seizure of state power may no longer be a useful or relevant objective for social movements.
Offline Arterial Signal Timing Optimization for Closely Spaced Intersections

The stop-and-go driving behavior at a busy arterial causes a significant amount of fuel waste and emissions that could be reduced. For closely spaced intersections, the traditional bottom-up signal timing approach could fail under high volumes when the queues reach the upstream intersections. A well-coordinated arterial should manage the queue length to prevent the control from failing. Traditionally, coordination among signalized intersections for an arterial means finding the good offsets for each intersection. The control of the intersections along an arterial can also be coordinated by optimizing splits. Splits impact the capacity of an intersection. Similar to the highway, the capacity drop could cause growing queues. This work is based on the Virtual Phase-Link (VPL) model, a street traffic model designed for online traffic model predictive control, to obtain a top-down offline arterial signal timing. The VPL-based model can guarantee capacity consistency in intersections along an arterial. We, therefore, adopted the VPL-based model and developed an offline signal timing optimization approach. The proposed timing derived from the VPL-based offline signal timing optimization showed very good results in simulation. We also collected field experiment data, which demonstrated overall energy reductions and speed improvements on some sections of the study arterial.
“Charité Modular”: Conception, Experience and Results

The late postoperative results of conventional disc surgery are frequently moderate or poor due to the consequent narrowing of the intervertebral space and intervertebral foramen [8], secondary incongruities and osteoarthrotic changes of facet joints [13], and alteration of the kinetic center [12] with more or less painful instability of the movable spinal segment.
The Loewner differential equation and slit mappings

In his study of extremal problems for univalent functions, K. Lowner [11] (who later changed his name into C. Loewner) introduced the differential equation named after him. It was a key ingredient in the proof of the Bieberbach conjecture by de Branges [2]. It was used by L. Carleson and N. Makarov in their investigation of a process similar to DLA [3]. Recently, O. Schramm [20] found a description of the scaling limits of some stochastic processes in terms of the Loewner equation (assuming the validity of some conjectures such as existence of the limits). This led him to the definition of a new stochastic process, the “Stochastic Loewner Evolution” (SLE). The SLE has been further explored in the work of Lawler, Schramm and Werner (see [14] and the references therein) and led to a proof of Mandelbrot’s conjecture about the Hausdorff dimension of the Brownian frontier. The SLE has also played a crucial role in S. Smirnov’s [21] recent work on percolation. Somewhat surprisingly, the geometry of the solutions to the Loewner equation is not very well understood. This paper addresses the regularity of solutions in the deterministic setting. Let Ωt, t0 ≤ t ≤ t1, be a continuously increasing sequence of simply connected planar domains, and let z0 ∈ ⋂ t Ωt. Then there are conformal maps ft : D → Ωt of the unit disc with ft(0) = z0 and f ′ t(0) > 0. The continuity of the domain sequence can be expressed by saying that the map t → ft is continuous in the topology of locally uniform convergence. Since f ′ t(0) is increasing in t, we may assume (by reparametrizing Ωt if necessary) that f ′ t(0) = e t for t0 ≤ t ≤ t1. The family ft, t0 ≤ t ≤ t1, is called a (normalized) Loewner chain. The Loewner differential equation
Stereoselective carbon–sulfur (CS) bond formation

This chapter aims to provide an overview of stereoselective CS bond formations that centered around three classes of hydrocarbon compounds: alkynes, alkenes, and alkanes. The stereoselective functionalization of alkynes is reviewed in the context of hydrothiolation, bisthiolation, and carbothiolation that necessitate transition metal and Bronsted acid catalysis. The next section covers the thiofunctionalization of electron-rich and electron-poor alkenes through sulfetheration and conjugate addition reactions, in which the roles of Lewis acid and Bronsted acid catalysts are discussed in detail. The last section is centered on the use of alkanes in the stereoselective S-alkylation catalyzed by transition metal and organocatalysis. Keywords: hydrothiolation; bisthiolation; carbothiolation; carbon–sulfur; thiofunctionalization; drug; natural product; stereoselective; S-alkylation; thioetherification; CS bond formation; transition-metal-catalyzed; organocatalyzed; Bronsted acid; Lewis acid; cross-coupling; conjugate addition; asymmetric; sulfonium; thiosulfonium; sulfur; heterocyclic
Geochemistry of west Siberian streams and their potential response to permafrost degradation

[1] Measurements of solute concentrations from previously unstudied watersheds throughout west Siberia suggest that warming and permafrost degradation will likely amplify the transport of dissolved solids to the Kara Sea and adjacent Arctic Ocean. We present concentrations of Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Na+, Si, Cl−, SO42−, HCO3−, inferred alkalinity, and total inorganic solutes (TIS) from 94 streams and rivers within the Ob'-Irtysh, Nadym, and Pur river drainage basins. The sampled sites span ∼106 km2, a large climatic gradient (∼55°–68°N), and 39 permafrost-influenced and 55 permafrost-free watersheds. The solute composition of our samples is strongly influenced by carbonate mineral dissolution. Furthermore, our results show that TIS concentrations of waters in permafrost-free watersheds average ∼289 mg L−1, in contrast to only ∼48 mg L−1 in permafrost-influenced watersheds. This sixfold difference likely occurs because permafrost forms a confining barrier that inhibits the infiltration of surface water through deep mineral horizons and restricts mineral-rich subpermafrost groundwater from reaching surface water pathways. A principal components analysis–based end-member mixing analysis supports the premise that mineral-rich groundwater is the primary source of solutes to streams in permafrost-free watersheds, whereas mineral-poor peat surface water is the primary source in permafrost-influenced watersheds. With climate warming and subsequent permafrost thaw this region may transition from a surface water–dominated system to a groundwater-dominated system. Additionally, should permafrost in the region completely disappear, we estimate that TIS export from the west Siberian region to the Kara Sea would increase by ∼59% (from its current value of ∼46 Tg yr−1 to ∼73 Tg yr−1). Such an increase in dissolved solid delivery to the Kara Sea could have important implications for future biological productivity in arctic Eurasian shelf waters and the Arctic Ocean basin interior.
Seafloor Collapse and Methane Venting Associated with Gas Hydrate on the Blake Ridge: Causes and Implications to Seafloor Stability and Methanerelease

A large irregular topographic depression exists at the crest of the Blake Ridge about 280 km off the South Carolina coast, southeastern United States. The feature, which is believed to be a collapse structure, is characterized by normal faulting of strata within the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) on its SW side and by gravity gliding and folding of these subsided sediments in a nappe-like structure on its NE side. Sediments beneath the pre-collapse GHSZ appear to have been chaotically disturbed. The event apparently occurred more than 75 Ka. Subsidence of the seafloor exceeded 100 m over an area of >25 km 2 and the depression represents a volume loss of >13 km 3 . This depression is difficult to account for by extension, deep structural movements, landslides, or erosion. We suggest this model: 1. free gas was trapped beneath the GHSZ and overpressures developed; 2. sediments below the GHSZ were mobilized and flowed, causing inflation of the ridge crest; 3. mobilized sediment erupted with significant volume loss; 4. strata within the GHSZ subsided by normal faulting and gravity gliding and folding. If such a sequence of events had occurred on a continental slope/rise, it would probably have triggered a major slide, but on the gentle slopes of the Blake Ridge, the strata above the GHSZ simply collapsed into the evacuated zone. Thus, if this model is correct, this example provides an unusual opportunity to study the process of mobilization of surface layers by gas hydrate-related processes. The expulsion of sediment may have released large volumes of methane to the ocean/atmosphere system, perhaps 1-4% of the present atmospheric content from the Blake Ridge event, so the process, when also accompanied by landslides, probably has been significant to the global greenhouse.
Robert Hudec and the Theory of International Economic Law: The Law of Global Space

Robert Hudec's work on trade law not only helped create and guide the field; it also made a contribution to the general theory of law in a globalized world economy. While Hudec's contribution to trade law is well known and fully documented in this volume and elsewhere, there has been less attention the broader relevance of his work. In his struggle to understand trade law in action, he worked out a framework of analysis that has implications for many areas of international law and can be used to illuminate a wide variety of issues. In this chapter we outline some general principles about the role of law in the world economy, show how Hudec anticipated them in his work on trade, and demonstrate how these principles can help us deal with contemporary issues in international economic law. We show that Hudec's general analysis can still be used to deal with current issues in the area of trade and development, in the operation of Councils and Committees in the WTO and their potential for opening more policy space for developing countries, and even for understanding the role of law in the European Union.
Jim Jones: A Teacher, a Mentor, and an Inspiration to Law Students

A brief account of Jim Jones' contributions to students and colleagues as a member of the University of Wisconsin Law Faculty. Includes testimonials from former students.
Hierarchies and Characterizations of Stateless Multicounter Machines

We investigate the computing power of stateless multi- counter machines with reversal-bounded counters. Such a machine can be deterministic, nondeterministic, realtime (the input head moves right at every step), or non-realtime. The deterministic realtime stateless multicounter machines has been studied elsewhere [1]. Here we investigate non-realtime machines in both deterministic and nondeterministic cases with respect to the number of counters and reversals. We also consider closure properties and relate the models to stateless multihead automata and show that the bounded languages accepted correspond exactly to semilinear sets.
Sequential tumor biopsies in early phase clinical trials of anticancer agents for pharmacodynamic evaluation.

Purpose : In the setting of target-based anticancer drug development, it is critical to establish that the observed preclinical activity can be attributed to modulation of the intended target in early phase trials in human subjects. This paradigm of target modulation allows us to determine a Phase II or III dose (optimal biochemical/biological modulatory dose) that may not necessarily be the maximum tolerated dose. A major obstacle to target-based (often cytostatic) drug development has been obtaining relevant tumor tissue during clinical trials of these novel agents for laboratory analysis of the putative marker of drug effect. Experimental Design: From 1989 to present, we have completed seven clinical trials in which the end point was a biochemical or biological modulatory dose in human tumor tissues (not surrogate tissue). Eligibility enrollment required that patients have a biopsiable lesion either with computerized tomography (CT) guidance or direct visualization and consent to sequential (pre and posttreatment) biopsies. Results: A total of 192 biopsies were performed in 107 patients. All but 8 patients had sequential pre and posttreatment biopsies. Seventy-eight (73%) of the 107 patients had liver lesion biopsies. In eight patients, either one or both biopsies contained insufficient viable tumor tissue or no tumor tissue at all for analysis. Of a total of 99 patients in whom we attempted to obtain paired biopsies, a total of 87 (88%) were successful. Reasons for failure included patient refusal for a second biopsy ( n = 2), vasovagal reaction with first biopsy precluding a second biopsy ( n = 1), subcapsular hepatic bleeding ( n = 1), and most commonly obtaining necrotic tumor, fibrous, or normal tissue in one of the two sequential biopsies ( n = 8). Conclusions : This is the first and largest reported series demonstrating that with adequate precautions and experience, sequential tumor biopsies are feasible and safe during early phase clinical trials.
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer with axial field in a quadrupole reaction cell.

A novel reaction cell for ICP-MS with an electric field provided inside the quadrupole along its axis is described. The field is implemented via a DC bias applied to additional auxiliary electrodes inserted between the rods of the quadrupole. The field reduces the settling time of the pressurized quadrupole when its mass bandpass is dynamically tuned. It also improves the transmission of analyte ions. It is shown that for the pressurized cell with the field activated, the recovery time for a change in quadrupole operating parameters is reduced to <4 ms, which allows fast tuning of the mass bandpass in concert with and at the speed of the analyzing quadrupole. When the cell is operated with ammonia, the field reduces ion-ammonia cluster formation, further enhancing the transmission of atomic ions that have a high cluster formation rate. Ni·(NH3) n + cluster formation in a cell operated with a wide bandpass (i.e., Ni+ precursors are stable in the cell) is shown to be dependent on the axial field strength. Clusters at n = 2–4 can be suppressed by 9, 1200, and >610 times, respectively. The use of a retarding axial field for in-situ energy discrimination against cluster and polyatomic ions is shown. When the cell is pressurized with O2 for suppression of 129Xe+, the formation of 127IH 2 + by reactions with gas impurities limits the detection of 129I to isotopic abundance of ∼10−6. In-cell energy discrimination against 127IH 2 + utilizing a retarding axial field is shown to reduce the abundance of the background at m/z = 129 to ca. 3 × 10+ of the 127I+ signal. In-cell energy discrimination against 127IH 2 + is shown to cause less I+ loss than a post-cell potential energy barrier for the same degree of 127IH 2 + suppression.
Design of multilayer antireflection coatings made from co-sputtered and low-refractive-index materials by genetic algorithm.

Designs of multilayer antireflection coatings made from co-sputtered and low-refractive-index materials are optimized using a genetic algorithm. Co-sputtered and low-refractive-index materials allow the fine-tuning of refractive index, which is required to achieve optimum antireflection characteristics. The algorithm minimizes reflection over a wide range of wavelengths and incident angles, and includes material dispersion. Designs of antireflection coatings for silicon-based image sensors and solar cells, as well as triple-junction GaInP/GaAs/Ge solar cells are presented, and are shown to have significant performance advantages over conventional coatings. Nano-porous low-refractive-index layers are found to comprise generally half of the layers in an optimized antireflection coating, which underscores the importance of nano-porous layers for high-performance broadband and omnidirectional antireflection coatings.
THE PEdAGoGY of TEACHING oNLINE GRAduATE CouRsEs IN THE PRoGRAm of APPLIEd ANTHRoPoLoGY

Perhaps one of the most recurring questions that we and others have asked about our online graduate program is: How do you foster critical thinking in an online classroom environment? Most of us were initially apprehensive about the idea of an Online Master's Program in Applied Anthropology because we felt that the critical dialogue characteristic of our face-to-face graduate classes might be lost in a virtual environment. In this article, we would like to discuss how we worked through the fear of loosing a critical pedagogical edge by focusing on some of the strategies used by Mariela Nunez-Janes and Alicia Re Cruz as they developed their online courses. Mariela just completed designing her class about the Anthropology of Education. Alicia will start teaching Theory and Praxis II and Migrants & Refugees during the 2006-2007 academic year.
On the Wall-Pressure Spectrum Under a Three-Dimensional Boundary Layer

Wall-pressure spectra may be converted from variables ω - k to variables c k - k using the definition, c k ≡ |c| cos (Θ) = ω/k, The component of c in the direction k is sufficient for use as an independent variable in pressure spectra. A three-dimensional convection velocity, c k-max (k), α max (k), is well defined as the point where Φ = Φ max for given k. These ideas were tested in a simple model of a three-dimensional boundary layer based on two regions that have different transport velocities. The model is an extension of Witting's two-dimensional model. As one would expect, the low-wavenumber spectrum is dominated by the outer region and the high-wavenumber portion by the inner region. The transition spectrum is a mixture of both events and shows a double peak structure. Such an abrupt transition is not expected in the real experimental spectrum because the mean velocity profile is continuous. Hence, although the phase speed and convection velocity definitions are viable, the two layer model is inadequate to represent the true spectrum. This indicates that a finer division of the region is needed, preferable integration over a continuous transport velocity function
Suppression of stimulated Raman scattering from microdroplets by seeding with nanometer-sized latex particles.

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in laser-irradiated microdroplets is suppressed by the addition of nanometer-sized latex particles. The microdroplets consist of either pure ethanol or a solution of Rhodamine 6G dye in ethanol, seeded with latex particles having diameters of 50 < d < 500 nm. SRS emission occurs at droplet morphology-dependent resonances (MDR’s) after either direct pumping by the incident 532-nm laser or indirectly whereby the pump laser first initiates dye lasing, which in turn pumps SRS. For large latex, we observe SRS suppression at a near-coincident threshold concentration independent of the presence of dye, whereas, for small latex, adding dye reduces the threshold concentration by more than an order of magnitude. These findings are consistent with the interpretation that for large latex ~1 particle must occupy the MDR mode volume at threshold, whereas for small latex the addition of particles facilitates Forster-assisted annihilation of both 532-nm and dye-lasing MDR pump photons.
Elucidation of the inhibitory factors of yogurt against Salmonella typhimurium.

Abstract The inhibitory nature of yogurt against contaminating microorganisms has been studied extensively. Nevertheless, the factors responsible for the death of Salmonella typhimurium in yogurt have not been elucidated. An understanding of these factors is important for the determination of yogurt's safety to consumer health. Yogurt fermented for 18h at 42C had a stable environment with the following conditions: pH 3.85, oxidation-reduction potential −80mV, lactic acid concentration 158mM, and acetic acid concentration 3.7mM. Under these conditions, lactic acid was responsible for virtually all of yogurt's bactericidal activity against S. typhimurium at 37C. Die-off rates were observed when these conditions were reproduced artificially in milk (artificial milk yogurt) and when lactic acid was added back to 18-h yogurt from which acids were removed by passage of the whey through a Dowex 1 (C1 - ) anion exchange column (cationic yogurt). Factors that augmented lactic acid inhibition of S. typhimurium were low pH and low oxidation-reduction potential. The die-off rate of S. typhimurium was more rapid in yogurt whey (yogurt minus the casein fraction) than in whole yogurt, indicating that the casein fraction was partially able to protect Salmonella .
On the dimensionality of users' attitudes toward on‐line retrieval systems—A replication?

There is some evidence which suggests that users' attitudes toward on-line interactive retrieval systems may be multi-dimensional (1). Because this earlier work was based upon a factor analysis of the data (a procedure with well-known test-retest difficulties), it was essential that a replication be attempted. To this end we repeated a previous study with a new population of SUPARS II (Syracuse University Psychological Abstracts Retrieval Service) users.
Cardiometabolic plasticity in response to a short-term diet and exercise intervention in young Hispanic and nonHispanic white adults.

Background Young adult Mexican Americans (MA) exhibit lower insulin sensitivity (Si) than nonHispanic whites (NHW), even when controlling for fitness and adiposity. It is unclear if MA are as responsive to the same lifestyle intervention as NHW. Objective We developed a model to examine cardiometabolic plasticity (i.e., changes in Si and plasma lipids) in MA compared to NHW adults in response to a diet-exercise intervention. Design Sedentary subjects (20 NHW: 11F, 9M, 23.0 y, 25.5 kg/m2; 17 MA: 13F, 4M, 22.7 y, 25.4 kg/m2) consumed their habitual diets and remained sedentary for 7 days, after which fasting blood samples were obtained, and a 3-h intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was performed with the insulin area under the curve (IAUC) used to estimate Si. Subjects then completed a 7-day diet/exercise intervention (diet: low saturated fat, low added sugar, high fiber; exercise: cycling, six total sessions lasting 40–45 min/session at 65% VO2 max). Pre-intervention tests were repeated. Results Pre intervention IAUC was 28% higher (p<0.05) in MA (IAUC pre = 2298 µU*180 min/mL) than in NHW (IAUC = 1795 µU*180 min/mL). Following the intervention, there was a significant reduction in IAUC in MA (29%) and NHW (32%), however, the IAUC remained higher (p<0.05) for MA (post = 1635 µU*180 min/mL) than for NHW (post = 1211 µU*180 min/mL). Pre test plasma lipids were not different in MA compared to NHW. Plasma cholesterol and TG concentrations significantly improved in both groups, but concentrations of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and small dense LDL particles significantly improved only in the NHW. Conclusion With a short-term diet-exercise intervention, the magnitude of improvements in Si and serum cholesterol and TG in Hispanics are similar to those in NHW. However, because at the outset MA were less insulin sensitive compared to NHW, within the short timeframe studied the ethnic gap in insulin sensitivity remained.
MEMS mirrors based on a curved concentric electrothermal actuator

Abstract A curved concentric electrothermal actuator has been designed and developed to actuate circular micromirrors with improved area efficiency, while at the same time achieving large scan range at low voltage. This actuator consists of three curved concentric Aluminum/Tungsten bimorphs for fast thermal response and high responsivity, and two rigid frames connected in between for scan range amplification. A tip–tilt–piston micromirror with a circular mirror plate based on this actuator design has been proposed and fabricated. The mirror is capable of scanning ±11° at 0.6 V, and generating a 227 μm piston displacement at only 0.8 V. The measured lateral shift and tilt angle of the mirror plate are less than 7 μm and 0.7°, respectively, through the entire piston displacement. A piston-only micromirror has also been demonstrated, and it has even smaller lateral shift of less than 3 μm and tilt of less than 0.4° through the piston scan range. This mirror generates large vertical displacement of about 200 μm at only 0.9 V.
Some limitations of the groves-ledyard optimal mechanism

The tax rule suggested by Groves and Ledyard is certainly an ingenious one, although there is no indication as to how one might fall upon that specific scheme. If offers Pareto optimal allocations, and in particular, budget balance,if each individual behaves competitively and faces the equilibrium messages of all other individuals. However, we question the relevance of Nash equilibrium to the Free-Rider Problem. When the Groves-Ledyard Optimal Mechanism is interpreted dynamically, so that it becomes a conceivable solution to the Free-Rider Problem, it has limitations that the demand-revealing process does not always share. On the other hand, the demand-revealing process does not achieve budget balance, so that, in general, neither mechanism dominates the other. Each has its limitations, and an ideal mechanism, by the Hurwicz Impossibility Theorem, is nonexistent.
Parametric integer linear programming: a synthesis of branch and bound with cutting planes

Abstract A branch and bound algorithm is designed to solve the general integer linear programming problem with parametric right-hand sides. The right-hand sides have the form b + θd where b and d are comformable vectors, d consists of nonnegative constants, and θ varies from zero to one. The method consists of first determining all possible right-hand side integer constants and appending this set of integer constants to the initial tableau to form an expanded problem with a finite number of family members. The implicit enumeration method gives a lower bound on the integer solutions. The branch and bound method is used with fathoming tests which allow one family member possibly to fathom other family members. A cutting plane option applies a finite number of cuts to each node before branching. In addition, the cutting plane method is invoked whenever some members are feasible at a node and others are infeasible. The branching and cutting process is repeated until the entire family of problem has been solved.
Effects of Nebulized Nitroprusside on Pulmonary and Systemic Hemodynamics during Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets

We tested the effects of nebulized nitroprusside (Neb-NP) on pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics during pulmonary hypertension induced by hypoxia or group B streptococci infusion in piglets. Twenty-three anesthetized and mechanically ventilated piglets received Neb-NP under four experimental conditions: 1) normoxia; 2) 15 and 60 min of pulmonary hypertension induced by hypoxia; 3) after pretreatment with dipyridamole; 4) pulmonary hypertension induced by infusion of group B streptococci. In addition, Neb-NP was contrasted to nebulization of tolazoline. During hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension, Neb-NP significantly reduced pulmonary artery pressure[PAP; -8.4 ± 0.9 (SEM) mm Hg] and pulmonary vascular resistance(-25 ± 2.1%) (both p < 0.001), whereas neither systemic arterial pressure nor cardiac output changed significantly. Selective pulmonary vasodilation began within 2 min of the onset of Neb-NP, and did not wane over 1 h. In contrast, within 5 min after Neb-NP was discontinued while hypoxia persisted, PAP rose significantly. Pretreatment with dipyridamole did not enhance the pulmonary vasodilation induced by Neb-NP, but did reduced systemic arterial pressure. Nebulized tolazoline did not reduce PAP significantly, but did lower systemic arterial pressure. Selective pulmonary vasodilation induced by Neb-NP was significantly smaller during group B streptococci-induced versus hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. In sum, Neb-NP produced prompt, significant, selective reduction of PAP in piglets with pulmonary hypertension. Cautious extrapolation of these findings to selected clinical conditions in human infants may be warranted.
Life history dependent morphometric variation in stream-dwelling Atlantic salmon

The time course of morphometric variation among life histories for stream-dwelling Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) parr (age-0+ to age-2+) was analyzed. Possible life histories were combinations of parr maturity status in the autumn (mature or immature) and age at outmigration (smolt at age-2+ or later age). Actual life histories expressed with enough fish for analysis in the 1997 cohort were immature/age-2+ smolt, mature/age-2+smolt, and mature/age-2+ non-smolt. Tagged fish were assigned to one of the three life histories and digital pictures from the field were analyzed using landmark-based geometric morphometrics. Results indicated that successful grouping of fish according to life history varied with fish age, but that fish could be grouped before the actual expression of the life histories. By March (age-1+), fish were successfully grouped using a descriptive discriminant function and successful assignment ranged from 84 to 97% for the remainder of stream residence. A jackknife of the discriminant function revealed an average life history prediction success of 67% from age-1+ summer to smolting. Low sample numbers for one of the life histories may have limited prediction success. A MANOVA on the shape descriptors (relative warps) also indicated significant differences in shape among life histories from age-1+ summer through to smolting. Across all samples, shape varied significantly with size. Within samples, shape did not vary significantly with size for samples from December (age-0+) to May (age-1+). During the age-1+ summer however, shape varied significantly with size, but the relationship between shape and size was not different among life histories. In the autumn (age-1+) and winter (age-2+), life history differences explained a significant portion of the change in shape with size. Life history dependent morphometric variation may be useful to indicate the timing of early expressions of life history variation and as a tool to explore temporal and spatial variation in life history expression.
Electrical characterization of gate oxides by scanning probe microscopies

Abstract Ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM) and non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) are used to characterize SiO2 and Al2O3 layers grown on Si(1 0 0). The effective conduction band mass and its energy dispersion in SiO2 and an offset between Al2O3 and Si conduction bands of 2.78 eV were obtained with BEEM. NC-AFM was used to image electrons, and in some instances holes, trapped in the oxide layers near the surface and in the bulk of the oxide. Modeling of the tip–surface interaction supports the interpretation of image features arising from a single electron occupying a trap. The polarity of the trapped charge was deduced from Kelvin (potential difference) images that were simultaneously recorded with the topographic images.
Autoradiographic localization of subtypes of angiotensin II antagonist binding in the rat brain

The non-peptide angiotensin II receptor compounds DuP 753 and WL 19 were utilized to detect subtypes of [125I]Sar1-Ile8-angiotensin II binding to angiotensin II receptors in the rat brain. In rat forebrain homogenates, DuP 753 and WL 19 produced a partial displacement of [125I]Sar1-Ile8-angiotensin II binding with DuP 753 displacing approximately 65% of the binding and WL 19 displacing approximately 35% of the binding. Using the techniques of quantitative receptor autoradiography, a distinct regional distribution of the subtypes of angiotensin II antagonist bind was detected. The angiotensin II-1 binding site (the receptor subtype preferentially displaced by DuP 753) appeared to predominate in the dipsogenic, cardiovascular and endocrine areas, including the subfornical organ, paraventricular and periventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, nucleus of the solitary tract and the area postrema. Additional areas that contained predominantly the angiotensin II-1 receptor subtype were the ventral hippocampus, substantia gelatinosa of the trigeminal nucleus, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, piriform cortex and median preoptic nucleus. The angiotensin II-2 binding site (displaced by WL 19) was the predominant subtype in the thalamus, inferior olive, lateral septum, subthalamic nucleus, locus coeruleus, medial geniculate and medial amygdala. Several areas of the brain appeared to contain both receptor subtypes, including the superior and inferior colliculi, and the olfactory bulb. The angiotensin II-1 binding site was concentrated in areas of the brain involved in mediating angiotensin II effects on drinking, endocrine status and blood pressure. Localization of angiotensin II-2 sites in the thalamus and areas of the brain which process sensory information suggests a novel modulatory role for angiotensin II at this receptor subtype. These results indicate that DuP 753 and WL 19 are highly selective for angiotensin II binding site subtypes in the brain and that, in general these subtypes are compartmentalized in distinct brain regions. The non-peptide compounds used in these studies should provide excellent tools to discern the functional role of angiotensin II receptor subtypes in the brain.
Effective medication management

The effectiveness of a drug treatment is based on its efficacy, tolerability, safety, and acceptability. Effective medication management implies that the process of selecting and managing prescribed drugs results in an optimal patient outcome. Effectively prescribing medications includes gaining a mastery of drug knowledge, learning the nuts and bolts of treatment using medication, and appreciating the fundamental importance of psychotherapeutic and psychoeducational processes in medication management. Nurses have an essential role in providing effective medication management, given their direct level of patient contact and their collaborative relationship with physicians.
Abstracts of the 8th Meeting of the Italian Peripheral Nerve Study Group: 17

The neuropilins, NP-1 and NP-2, are co-receptors for Sema3A and Sema3F, respectively, both of which are repulsive axonal guidance molecules. NP-1 and NP-2 are also co-receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The neuropilins and their ligands are known to play prominent roles in axonal pathfinding, fasciculation, and blood vessel formation during peripheral nervous system (PNS) development. To screen for additional molecular mechanisms by which Schwann cells and fibroblasts contribute to successful PNS axonal regeneration, we used cDNA microarrays (Clontech) to compare expression profile of multiple messenger RNAs in sciatic nerves distal to transection with their levels in normal sciatic nerves. An evocative result of this screen was a 14-fold increase in NP-2 mRNA in the axotomized nerve segments 4 days post-transection. We verified that NP-2 is induced in transected as well as crushed nerve segments by quantitative PCR, Northern blotting, and Western blotting, and examined the distribution of NP-2 expressing cells in injured sciatic nerves by in situ hybridization. Then, we sought evidences of induction in the injured nerves of the NP-2 ligands, Sema3F and VEGF, and widened our survey to determine whether expression of the functionally related genes, neuropilin-1 (NP-1) and its class 3 semaphorin ligand, Sema3A are also induced in PNS following injury. We showed by in situ hybridization induction of all those genes at four days post-crushed, distally to the lesion. Our results suggest the possibility that the neuropilins and their semaphorin ligands serve to guide, rather than to impede, regenerating axons in the adult PNS.
A new Haplopappus (Asteraceae: Astereae) from Nevada

A new species, Haplopappus graniticus, is described and illustrated. Its relationships seemingly lie with section Tonestus but its narrow heads and imbricated phyllaries are anomalous in that section.
Radiometer Force on the Proof-Mass of a Drag-Free Satellite

V. Conclusions Whereas all previous analyses have studied the problem in the hardening regime alone"' or in the softening regime alone,' this Note unifies both formulations. The variable axial restraint at the boundary is seen to play an important role in determining the nonlinear dynamic behavior of the beam. From the present results and earlier conclusions, *~ one may conclude that the principal causes and effects of nonlinearity are a hardening effect due to axial stretching, use of exact curvature expressions, and equilibrium equations, and a softening effect due to longitudinal inertia forces. At low values of spring constant and sienderness ratios, the effect of longitudinal inertia predominates, whereas, at high values of axial restraint and sienderness ratios, the effect of axial stretching predominates.
Being a Conscience and a Carpenter: Interpretations of the Community-Based Development Model

Summary Though successful in providing affordable housing and employment opportunities within communities of deprivation, community-based development organizations-CBDOs-are criticized by both the activist left and social service scholars. The former claim that CBDOs ignore advocacy work; the latter, that CBDOs minimize social service efforts. Using case study material, this article argues the opposite: community-based development organizations succeed by linking together developmental, advocacy, and social service practices.
A profit function approach to measuring productivity growth: The case of U.S. manufacturing

This article proposes a method of estimating productivity growth using an estimated profit function. The approach has the advantage of incorporating endogenous changes in profit-maximizing output levels that would result from productivity changes. As with the cost function, it can be easily adapted to accomodate the presence of quasi-fixed factors. The article first develops the methodology and shows the equivalence between the proposed measure and other measures of productivity based on cost or production functions. An empirical application to the measurement of productivity changes in the U.S. manufacturing industry is presented next. The profit-function measure is compared to a nonparametric measure based on the same data and to the results of other studies of U.S. manufacturing.
“Who are your Friends?” Complexities in Multicultural Education

In this paper, I explore the experiences of fourth and fifth grade students engaged in Beyond Today, an urban after school program, that aimed to enact a social reconstructionist multicultural curriculum. The program gathered White, Black, and Latino/a youth to explore issues of discrimination and social justice and develop leadership towards social change. This paper focuses on the complex nature of students’ responses to a multicultural curriculum that foregrounded conversations about race and inequity. Students were seen to build ties of friendship across racial lines and develop activist skills of social critique. On other occasions, they maintained borders, distancing themselves from students of different races. After an overall review of the students’ varied reactions to the Beyond Today curriculum, I highlight specific vignettes that show how these tensions can simultaneously emerge within particular incidents. This research can be of use to teachers and teacher educators when envisioning and planning for student responses to multicultural curriculum.
Relative asymptotics for orthogonal polynomials with unbounded recurrence coefficients

Abstract The asymptotic behavior of the ratio p n q n given, where {pn(x): n = 0, 1, …} and {qn(x): n = 0, 1, 2, …} are orthogonal polynomials with regularly varying recurrence coefficients that are closely related. The result is applied to some classical polynomials.
Effects of Teacher Preparation Experiences and Students' Perceptions Related to Developmentally and Culturally Appropriate Practices.

Abstract A case study of 23 university students in an early childhood education course on cultural diversity was conducted. The study inquired into how a teacher preparation course can be structured to prepare prospective and beginning teachers to develop their awareness and understanding of cultural diversity issues and raise their competencies in working effectively with minority students and their families. The Developmentally and Culturally Appropriate Practices (DCAP) Teacher Preparation Model developed by Hyun (1996) and derived from the notions of multicultural education, culturally congruent critical pedagogy, and anti-bias education was implemented in the course. Pre and post surveys and students' reflections were analyzed. The data results indicated that students perceived that they had made gains in their understanding of cultural diversity issues and were affected positively through their teacher preparation experiences.
Applicability of the Meyer–Neldel rule to solar cells

A comparison of data taken on high quality silicon, GaAs, and GaInAs solar cells with those taken on a variety of homojunction, heterojunction, and metal-insulator-semiconductor devices indicates that while the Meyer-Neldel rule may be applicable to certain types of solar cells it is not applicable to well-behaved, diffusion-controlled homojunction devices. It cannot be used, therefore, as a universal rule to predict maximum achievable solar cell voltages.
Antipairing effects in the collective nuclear motion and their relevance to the saddle to scission descent in fission

Abstract The dependence of the pairing correlation upon collective velocity is studied in terms of the classical equations of motion. A decrease in pairing with increasing collective velocity similar to the Coriolis antipairing effect, is predicted. The consequences for nuclear viscosity and for the saddle-to-scission descent are discussed.
Congenital Intracardiac Defects plus Pericardial Disease: Clinical and Surgical Findings in Six Cases

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Pericardial disease complicating congenital lesions of the heart is uncommon. A study has been made of six patients having this combination. Two patients had an atrial septal defect and chronic constrictive pericarditis, and two had an atrial septal defect and pericardial effusion amounting to 1200 and 1500 ml., respectively. One had severe pulmonic stenosis and pericardial effusion of 2400 ml. The sixth patient had anomalous connection of the right pulmonary veins and fibrinous pericarditis. All the patients underwent cardiac catheterization and subsequent surgical repair, which substantiated the existence of the intracardiac and pericardial lesions. When a patient with congenital heart disease presents clinical manifestations of congestive heart failure, one should consider the possibility of coexistent pericardial disease, especially if there is increased venous pressure with normal oxygen saturation of the arterial blood. Thus, it is important to identify the association of pericardial compression and congenital heart disease, as both are usually correctable by present-day surgical technics.