cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Syntactic Structures in the Vocalizations of Wedge-Capped Capuchin Monkeys, Cebus Olivaceus

Capuchin monkeys, Cebus olivaceus, combine different types of calls to form compound calls. These compound calls are syntactically organized (i. e. , there is a predictable ordering of call types in the compound call). The analysis of the syntax of animal communication necessarily includes: (a) Accurate classification of types of calls, and a demonstration that calls that occur both alone and in compound calls are structurally similar. (b) Description of the syntactic rules generating compound calls or call sequences, and classification of types of compound calls or call sequences. (c) Examination of the social circumstances or contexts in which both single and compound calls occur. I followed these steps using a large sample of Cebus olivaceus calls, recorded in riparian gallery forest in central Venezuela. The calls were initially screened using a real-time spectrum analyzer, and a group of structurally related call types was selected for further analysis. Temporal and frequency characteristics of 868 of these calls were measured from sound spectrograms produced on a sound sonograph. Call classification involved first defining a very large number of possible call types on the basis of these characteristics, and then using a discriminant analysis to identify which types should be lumped together. A stepwise procedure was followed, using only calls which occurred singly, until five call types (squaws, chirps, trills, whistles, screams) were statistically separable. Two of these types (trills, whistles) showed considerable within-type variation and were further subdivided into four variants each. Discriminant analysis was then used to demonstrate structurally similarity between calls produced singly and those in compound calls. Social circumstances were defined using similarities in the vocalizer's actions, arousal, orientation to and distance from the presumed receiver. Use of call types, when given singly, covaried predictably with social circumstances and presumably with the internal state of the vocalizer. Different calls expressed different internal states on a continuum from contact-seeking to contact-avoiding. Use of trill and whitle variants also covaried with social circumstances. Different variants expressed different states on a continuum from affiliation or submission to aggression. Combinations of internal states, in theory, might be expressed as intergradations or intermediates between different call types. However, such intermediate states are often coded syntactically. Syntactically organized compound calls accounted for 38% of the total sample. The distribution of social circumstances in which compound calls are given was intermediate between the distributions of the constituent call types, which presumably indicates an intermediate internal state. Compound calls are generated by syntactic rules closely analogous to lexical rules of human language. Specifically they act like compounding rules that combine two lexical entries to form a third. They are not analogous to the grammatical rules that generate human sentences.
The Quality of Smallholder Coffee in South Sumatra: The Production of Low-Quality Coffee as a Response to World Demand 1

Improving the quality of Indonesia's coffee exports has been a priority of government and the Association of Indonesian Coffee Exporters for some years. Efforts to achieve this objective have, howe...
Studies in optimization — XI An experimental test of questing controller

Abstract Adaptive optimization by means of questing perturbations has been tested on a stirred tank reactor in which the ethanol fermentation of glucose was taking place. It was found possible to approach the optimal operating temperature without any prior information and the various parameters of control were varied to see how they affected the speed of convergence. Using batch data on the reaction rate a satisfactory simulation of the steady-state and transient behaviour of the stirred tank was obtained. In simulated control runs the qualitative effects of the variation of all parameters except the perturbation amplitude were the same as those observed experimentally.
EMB30 is essential for normal cell division, cell expansion, and cell adhesion in Arabidopsis and encodes a protein that has similarity to Sec7

The EMB30 gene is involved in apical-basal pattern formation in the Arabidopsis embryo. Mutations in this locus produce mutants with a wide range of seedling phenotypes, but all of the mutants lack a root and a true hypocotyl. We have cloned the EMB30 gene, and it encodes a protein that has similarity to the yeast Sec7 protein and to two other open reading frames identified in clones from humans and C. elegans. We refer to the region of similarity among these four sequences as the Sec7 domain. The emb30-1 allele has a mutation in the Sec7 domain that alters a residue conserved in all four of these sequences, suggesting that this domain may be important for EMB30 function. Molecular data and microscopy studies of emb30 seedlings presented here indicate that EMB30 affects cell division, elongation, and adhesion and functions in seedling and adult plants as well as during embryogenic pattern formation.
A nonchemical method of controlling the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), on caged White Leghorn hens.

Populations of the northern fowl mite on hens but not on roosters were significantly reduced relative to normally feathered chickens when feathers in the vent area were clipped to 2 to 3 mm length. The average difference in egg production between the control (no mites) and the clipped mite-infested hens was only 2.6% during the 22-week study, but the average difference between the control and the unclipped mite-infested hens was 7.6%, which was significantly different (P less than .01). Egg weight, hen body weight, and feed consumption of the three groups of hens were not significantly different.
Happiness, excellence, and optimal human functioning: Review of a special issue of the American Psychologist (2000;55:5-183), Martin E P Seligman and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, guest editors.

In January 2000, the American Psychological Association's flag-ship journal, American Psychologist, dedicated an entire issue to the growing field of “positive psychology,” including both theory and practical applications. The special issue was highly relevant to physician well-being, and in this article I summarize and critique its key papers. Subsequent developments in positive psychology—including conferences, further readings, and grant awards—are available at http://www.apa.org/releases/positivepsy. html or the journal editor's web site, http://psych.upenn.edu/seligman.
Epidural for both anesthesia and analgesia in an oncology patient

Abstract An oncology patient requiring long-term surgical care and pain control had a lumbar epidural catheter placed for 7 days and reapplied for another 7 days. The catheter served two purposes: (1) for instillation of a regional anesthetic for daily vulvovaginal debridement procedures, and, (2) for instillation of morphine for extended analgesia. The minor surgical procedure was performed in the patient's bed at least once daily sparing the need and expense of general anesthesia and the operating room. The analgesic effect of the epidurally instilled morphine lasted up to 16 hr per average 8-mg dose. During this anodyne period, the patient was ambulatory, maintaining motor stability, yet not experiencing any perineal pain usually exacerbated by movement. No complications, including no infection as might be expected, were encountered with extended catheter placement. There was almost no need for additional oral or parenteral narcotics.
Mapping the Subcellular Proteome of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 using Sarkosyl-based fractionation and LC-MS/MS protein identification

A simple and effective subcellular proteomic method for fractionation based on osmotic lysis, differential centrifugation, and Sarkosyl solubilization was applied to the Gram-negative bacterium Shewanella oneidensis to gain insight into its subcellular architecture. Global differences in bacterial cytoplasm, inner membrane, periplasm, and outer membrane protein fractions were observed by SDS PAGE and heme staining, and tryptic peptides were analyzed using high-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Proteins predicted to be localized to each subcellular fraction were enriched approximately 2-fold (on average) in each fraction compared to crude cell lysates. In addition, the Sarkosyl solubilization method facilitated separation of the inner and outer membranes, making the procedure amenable for effective probing of the subcellular proteome of Gram-negative bacteria via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. With 40% of the observable proteome represented, this study provides extensive information on both subcellular architecture and relative abundance of proteins in S. oneidensis and provides a foundation for future work on subcellular organization and protein-membrane interactions in other Gram-negative bacteria.
Delta crystallins and their nucleic acids

δ-Crystallin is a major structural protein of avian and reptilian lenses that is absent from the lenses of fish, amphibia and mammals. It appears to be a tetrameric protein with a native molecular weight near 200 000 (200K) and polypeptide molecular weights near (50K and 48K) (see Note added in proof). The δ-crystallin polypeptides are extremely similar, associate in various combinations of four and are held together by hydrophobic interactions. Although principally cytoplasmic, δ-crystallin may associate with the cell membranes. δ-Crystallin differs from other lens crystallins in its α-helical content, native and subunit molecular weights, antigenicity, low wavelength of maximum fluorescence emission (315 nm) after excitation at 280 nm and amino acid composition (high in leucine; low in aromatic residues en no cysteine). Analyses of peptides, native and subunit molecular weights, and circular dichroism spectra indicate that the primary, secondary, tertiary and subunit structures of δ-crystallin have been generally conserved during evolution. There are at least two tandemly arranged δ-crystallin genes containing 13–15 introns in the chicken; a similar structure exists for a cloned δ-crystallin gene in the duck. Experiments with chicken show that δ-crystallin synthesis occurs principally in the embryo, especially during lens fiber cell differentiation. δ-Crystallin synthesis also takes place during lens fiber cell differentiation in culture. There is evidence for both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of δ-crystallin synthesis. Current studies on the crystallographic and primary structures of δ-crystallin, on the structure, evolution and expression of the δ-crystallin genes, and on the translation of δ-crystallin mRNAs make this specialized lens protein an active area of investigation.
Somatic embryogenesis and callus production from cotyledon explants of Eastern black walnut

Starting at 8 weeks and continuing until 23 weeks (nut drop) after anthesis,1 m2 explants from cotyledons of immature seeds were extracted from Juglans nigra fruits. Explants were placed on Woody Plant Medium with 1 g l-1 casein hydrolysate and 30 g l-1 sucrose. The explants remained in light for 4 weeks on primary media containing a 3×3 factorial of 0.05, 0.5, or 5.0 μM thidiazuron (TDZ) and 0.1, 1.0, or 10.0 μM 2,4-d. Explants were transferred to a secondary medium containing no plant growth regulators and incubated in darkness for 11 weeks. The greatest number of somatic embryos was produced 8, 10, and 12 weeks after anthesis from explants on media with 0.5 or 5.0 μM TDZ and 0.1 or 1.0 μM 2,4-d. Explants produced the greatest callus volume and dry weight 10, 12, and 14 weeks after anthesis. Throughout the study, callus generally increased with increasing concentrations of both TDZ and 2,4-d.
Simulated annealing simulated

Abstract The performance of simulated annealing methods for finding a global minimum point of a function is studied.
Advancing scientific knowledge through participatory action research

This paper aims to demonstrate the value of participatory action research (PAR) for advancing scientific knowledge as well as for solving practical problems. The article supports the argument through brief summaries of three PAR cases in industry: Norwegian shipping, Xerox Corporation, and the FAGOR group of the Mondragon cooperatives. While noting the practical gains achieved through PAR, the author concentrates particularly on the advances in substantive knowledge and theory that would have been unlikely to emerge out of more orthodox sociological research. The author suggests finally that wider use of participatory action research can have a stimulating effect upon the future development of sociology.
Using Price-Based Signals to Control Plug-in Electric Vehicle Fleet Charging

We study decentralized plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging control, wherein the system operator (SO) sends price-based signals to a load aggregator (LA) that optimizes charging of a PEV fleet. We study a pricing scheme that conveys price and quantity information to the LA and compare it to a simpler price-only scheme. We prove that the price/quantity-based mechanism can yield a socially optimal solution. We also examine several numerical case studies to demonstrate the superior performance of the price/quantity-based scheme. The price/quantity scheme yields nearly identical PEV charging costs compared to the social optima, whereas the price-only scheme is highly sensitive to the choice of a regularization penalty term that is needed to ensure convergence. We also show that the time to compute an equilibrium with the price-only mechanism can be up to two orders of magnitude greater than with the price/quantity scheme and can involve 24 times more information exchange between the SO and LA.
Magnetic core event counter for earth satellite memory

Micrometeorite bombardment of artificial earth satellites can be recorded through the use of counters. A description is given of the counter circuitry being developed to record this data.
A Look at Internet Gateway Functional Requirements for Tactical Distributed C 3 Systems

This paper investigates the application of internet gateway technology to distributed C3 systems. Internet gateway technology is in an infancy stage of development and currently applied to benign government and industry internetworking environments. This paper postulates a generic distributed C3 system and describes the basic need for internet gateways in such a system to achieve interoperability. The relationship of the distributed C3 system to an SDI networking environment is presented. The functional and operational requirements of internet gateways in a distributed C3 system are described. A summary description of the current state-of-the-art in internet gateway technology and standards is also presented. Finally, a recommendation is made for further research into the specification and demonstration of internet gateways in distributed C3 environments. The sponsor of this research work is the Defense Communications Agency, Center for Command and Control, and Communications.
On the function and design of the lung.

The purpose of this paper is to explore further the possibilities of a theory of structure (form) as determined by function. The paper is preliminary in nature and emphasis is placed more on the methodological approach than on immediately verifiable conclusions. An approximate mathematical treatment of diffusion between alveoli and blood is given, taking into account the periodic variations of the concentration of gases in the lung and in the bloodstream due to the periodicity of breathing. Expressions for the blood concentration and the alveolar concentration of oxygen as functions of time are derived in terms of the frequency of breathing and of some structural geometric parameters of the lung. It is then shown what tentative conclusions can be drawn from such considerations in regard to the structure of the lung.
The diagnosis of food allergy.

BackgroundFood allergy is increasingly common; however, there is a discrepancy between the large number of people who believe they or their children are affected and the actual number with true foo...
Local and non-local boundary quenching

The quenching problem is examined for a one-dimensional heat equation with a non-linear boundary condition that is of either local or non-local type. Sufficient conditions are derived that establish both quenching and non-quenching behaviour. The growth rate of the solution near quenching is also given for a power-law non-linearity. The analysis is conducted in the context of a nonlinear Volterra integral equation that is equivalent to the initial–boundary value problem. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitrogen dynamics of soil water in burned and unburned tallgrass prairie

Porous cup lysimeters were used to study the effects of spring burning for 5 yr on soil water N dynamics of tallgrass prairie. NO3−−N concentrations within the rooting zone (20 cm depth) were unaffected by burning and averaged 27μg 1−1. Concentrations at 80cm were also similar for burned and unburned prairie and averaged 13μg 1−1. Organic N was the dominant form of N in soil water, and showed a strong effect of treatment and depth. Organic N concentrations averaged 409 μg 1−1 at 20cm depth on unburned watersheds versus 295 μg 1−1 on burned watersheds (P<0.05). Values were not influenced by burning at 80 cm depths but were 30–50% lower than those observed at 20 cm. Soil water N concentrations averaged <30% of those observed in bulk precipitation inputs, and while fire is responsible for the maintenance of the tallgrass prairie flora, fire does not appear to be an important factor affecting groundwater export of N in this biome. Total N concentrations increased from an average of ca. 200 μg 1−1 in 1982 to an average of ca. 400 μg 1−1 during 1986, while lysimeter volumes declined from > 400 to ca. 200 ml sample−1. These changes were not related to precipitation, and suggests that the soil environment sampled by the lysimeters changes through time.
Non-operative treatment versus percutaneous drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts in children

Purpose The objective of this study was to characterize the clinical course and outcomes of children with pancreatic pseudocysts that were initially treated non-operatively or with percutaneous drainage.
Nonadiabatic effects in the B, C and E, F states of HD

Abstract This paper reports the results of a theoretical study of the nonadiabatic interactions among the B 1 Σ u + , C1Πu, and E, F 1 Σ g + states of the HD molecule. The required electronic matrix elements were computed from configuration-interaction wavefunctions. The radial coupling between the B and E, F states, which involves the ∂ ∂R operator, was treated both by numerical differentiation procedures and also by transforming away the ∂ ∂R operator through use of the Hellmann-Feynman theorem. Good agreement between these two approaches was obtained. The nonadiabatic calculation yields C state Λ-doubling values in good agreement with experiment. We also present relative and absolute rotational line strengths for transitions from the ground state (VX = 0) to this trio of interacting states. Nonadiabatic effects on these line strengths are large for all three band systems. Of particular interest are the E, F ← X bands, where the dipole transitions are allowed only because of these nonadiabatic couplings. These dipole transitions have been recently observed experimentally by Dabrowski and Herzberg [Canad. J. Phys., 54, 525 (1976)].
Non-ideal Elasticity Of Single Stranded DNA At Low Forces

Single molecule force-extension experiments on dsDNA and ssDNA are usually compared to the worm-like chain (WLC) or freely-jointed chain (FJC) models. The WLC and FJC are ideal polymer models: they account for local stiffness through the persistence or Kuhn length, but ignore long-range interactions between monomers, accounted for by, e.g., the excluded-volume parameter in the Flory scaling theory, that determine the self-avoiding random-walk structure of polymers not under tension. To attempt to bridge the gap between ideal force/extension models and the classic scaling picture of real polymers, we explore the low-force elasticity of chemically-denatured single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) using magnetic tweezers. We find a low-force regime where extension grows as a non-linear power-law with force, in contradiction with ideal predictions, but in agreement with scaling predictions made by P. Pincus (Macromolecules 9, 386 (1976)). By analyzing this power-law regime, we extract the dependence of the Kuhn length of ssDNA on monovalent salt concentration, and find that it is linearly proportional to the Debye screening length. This result is in contrast to the quadratic dependence predicted in the well-known OSF theory, but agrees with other theories and simulations. Finally, we identify a high-salt point ([NaCl] ∼ 3 M) where ideal polymer behavior returns, and the data is well-fit by the WLC model at all forces. We identify this as a theta point of the polymer, and show that, beyond 3M salt, the ssDNA aggregates in a manner consistent with a polymer in poor solution.
A SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILY LISSOCARPACEAE

A species erroneously described as aDiospyros is here transferred toLissocarpa, asL. tetramera (Rusby) P. E. Berry. This gives a total of five species currently recognized in Lissocarpaceae. A key to the species and a discussion of the individual taxa are presented.
SU-GG-T-188: A Field Size Specific Backscatter Correction Algorithm for Accurate EPID Dosimetry

Purpose: Portal doseimages acquired with an amorphous siliconelectronic portal imaging device(EPID) suffer from artifacts related to backscattered radiation. The backscatter signal varies as a function of field size (FS) and location on the EPID. Most current portal dosimetry algorithms fail to account for the FS dependence. The ramifications of this omission are investigated and solutions for correcting the measured doseimages for FS specific backscatter are proposed. Method and Materials: A series of open field doseimages were obtained for field sizes ranging from 2×2 to 30×40 cm2 and analyzed to determine the amount of backscatter present. Two methods to account for the relationship between FS and backscatter are offered: discrete FS specific correction matrices and a single generalized equation. Each approach was tested on the clinical dosimetricimages for 10 patients, 49 treatment fields to see whether there was an improvement in the dosimetric result over the vendor's algorithm. Results:Backscatter manifests itself as an asymmetry in the measured signal primarily in the inplane direction. The maximum error is 3.6% for 10×10 and 12.5×12.5 cm2field sizes. The asymmetry decreased with increasing FS to 0.6% for fields larger than 30×30 cm2. The dosimetric comparison between the measured and predicted doseimages was significantly improved (p ≪ .001) with the FS specific backscatter correction. The average percentage of points passing a 2%, 2mm gamma criteria increased from 90.6% to between 96.7% and 97.2%. Conclusion: The error observed in a measured portal doseimage depends on how much its FS differs from the 30×40 cm2 calibration conditions. The proposed methods for correcting for FS specific backscatter effectively improved the ability of the EPID to perform dosimetric measurements. Correcting for FS specific backscatter is important for accurate EPIDdosimetry and can be carried out using the described methods.
Classifications of 2-complexes whose finite fundamental group is that of a 3-manifold

We consider spines of spherical space forms; i.e., spines of closed oriented 3-manifolds whose universal cover is the 3-sphere. We give sufficient conditions for such spines to be homotopy or simple homotopy equivalent to 2-complexes with the same fundamental group G and minimal Euler characteristic 1. If the group ring ZG satisfies stably-free cancellation, then any such 2-complex is homotopy equivalent to a spine of a 3manifold. If K,(ZG) is represented by units and K is homotopy equivalent to a spine X, then K and X are simple homotopy equivalent. We exhibit several infinite families of non-abelian groups G for which these conditions apply.
Stress, Coping, and Mental Health Among Rural, Village, and Urban Women in Tunisia

Abstract The present study investigated stressors, coping strategies, and mental health among 45 Tunisian women living in 3 distinct environments within Tunisia: a rural Bedouin community, a mid-size village, and the capital city of Tunis. Individual interviews were conducted with each woman via a semi-structured questionnaire, which allowed for the collection of qualitative as well as quantitative information. Statistical analyses indicated no significant differences between the middle-class village and urban women on stressor levels, number of coping strategies used, or levels of psychological distress. However, the rural group of Bedouin women reported significantly greater stressor levels and numbers of depressive symptoms than the village andor urban women. The qualitative information confirmed the greater stress of the rural environment, largely due to extreme poverty. The results suggest that rapid social changes in Tunisia since independence have improved the lives of middle-class women in the vil...
Marketing new products with distributors

Abstract What characteristics distinguish high- versus low-performing distributors for new products? How can new product managers among manufacturers and distributors use such information for improving the effectiveness of their marketing strategies? This article answers these questions based on the results of an exploratory study of high- versus low-performing distributors that were included in the marketing channel strategy for a new product. One critical factor found to be associated with distributor performance level is the share of total business the new product represents for the distributor. The strategic implication is that gaining a substantial share of distributor commitment and resources to market a new product requires convincing evidence that the new product will provide substantial sales for the distributor. In addition, the new product sales level relative to total distributor sales may be more important than absolute dollar sales for achieving distributor commitment to market the new product.
Electrical impedance tomography

We review theoretical and numerical studies of the inverse problem of electrical impedance tomography which seeks the electrical conductivity and permittivity inside a body, given simultaneous measurements of electrical currents and potentials at the boundary.
Glucocorticoid effects on gluconeogenesis during hemorrhagic shock.

Abstract This study was undertaken to determine if there was evidence of impaired gluconeogenesis during shock and to test the effectiveness of steroids on gluconeogenesis during such conditions. Hemorrhagic shock in previously adrenalectomized rats was produced by bleeding the animals to a mean arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg, which was maintained for 2 hr. Liver and kidney slices from control animals and from animals in shock were prepared and incubated under aerobic conditions for 3 hr at 37°C in Krebs-Henseliet bicarbonate buffer containing 10 m M alanine or glutamine in the presence or absence of steroids. Following incubation, glucose and urea production in the medium was measured. Hydrocortisone addition at 10 −7 M increased the quality of glucose and urea appearing in the medium by 16% in the presence of control slices as well as in the presence of slices from animals in shock. The addition of 10 −4 M hydrocortisone inhibited gluconeogenesis by 30%, whereas with 10 −2 M hydrocortisone there was complete inhibition of gluconeogenesis with both groups of slices. Similar results were obtained using dexamethasone or hydrocortisone 21-sodium succinate. Thus, basal gluconeogenic capability was unaltered during shock in an adrenalectomized animal and steroids were as effective in stimulating or inhibiting gluconeogenesis during hemorrhagic shock as they were under control conditions.
Open and laparoscopic treatment of median arcuate ligament syndrome.

Background Median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS) is a syndrome associated with chronic abdominal pain and radiographic evidence of celiac artery compression. We compared the evidence for both open and laparoscopic treatment of patients with MALS. Methods We reviewed the English-language literature between 1963 and 2012. Presenting symptoms, clinical improvement, operative details, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were noted. Results A total of 400 patients underwent surgical (open and laparoscopic) treatment for MALS. Three hundred thirty-nine patients reported immediate postoperative symptom relief (85%). Late recurrence of symptoms was reported in 19 patients in the open group (6.8%) and seven patients in the laparoscopic group (5.7%). Eleven out of 121 patients (9.1%) in the laparoscopic group required open conversion secondary to bleeding. Conclusions The available evidence demonstrates that both laparoscopic and open ligament release, celiac ganglionectomy, and celiac artery revascularization may provide sustained symptom relief in the majority of patients diagnosed with MALS. The role of arterial revascularization following ligament release remains unclear. The rate of open conversion with the laparoscopic approach is high, but no perioperative deaths have been reported.
Usefulness of Soy Protein in Improving the Fat and Saturated Fat Content of School Lunches

Abstract School lunches have traditionally been high in fat and saturated fat. As a result of the School Meals Initiative, school meals must now comply with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA). This study examined the impact of using soy protein in meat entrees to improve the nutritional quality of school lunches. Sixty weekly menus were obtained from the Iowa Department of Public Education during School Meals Initiative reviews for the 1996-1997 school year. Daily menus with easily modifiable entrees were separated into meat-only, meat and cheese, and meat and oil categories based on the primary fat sources in the entree. Using the Nutrikids computer program, menus were modified with a 30% soy protein substitution. Changes in calories, fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, protein, and the percentage of daily menus meeting the DGA for fat and saturated fat were assessed. After the soy protein substitution, 38% (22 of 58) of the daily meat-only menus met the DGA for fat and saturated fat compared with 29% (17 of 58) at baseline. Twenty percent (11 of 56) of the meat and cheese daily menus met the DGA after the modification compared with 16% (9 of 56) at baseline. There was no change in the number of meat and oil daily menus meeting the DGA for fat and saturated fat after modification. The greatest decreases in calories, fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol were seen in meat-only recipes containing beef, pork, and turkey. A soy protein substitution can be an effective strategy for reducing the fat and saturated fat content of school lunch menus.
Laboratory absorption strengths for HD 4-0 and 5-0 lines of astronomical interest

Selected lines in the 4-0 and 5-0 bands of HD have been studied with absorption paths up to 80 m and densities up to 0.76 amagat at laboratory temperature. The strengths of these lines are of particular interest in the study of the atmospheres of the outer planets.
Effect of the nature of the counterion on the properties of anionic surfactants. 4. Characterizing micelles of tetraalkylammonium dodecyl sulfate as reaction media

Micelles formed in water from tetramethyl-, tetraethyl-, tetrapropyl- and tetrabutylammonium dodecyl sulfate (TMADS, TEADS, TPADS, and TBADS, respectively) are characterized as reaction media. All of the results are identical in the presence or absence of added salt, provided micelles of the same aggregation number, N, are compared. The microviscosity (η) deduced from the rotational motion of the nitroxide group of a spin probe increases modestly as a function of N in TMADS and TEADS, decreases slightly in TPADS, and decreases slightly before increasing in TBADS. The activation energy for the viscosity is remarkably similar in all of the tetraalkylammonium dodecyl sulfate (TAADS) micelles and is similar to that in ethanol/water mixtures as well as other anionic and cationic micelles. The volume fraction occupied by water in the polar shell, H(t), decreases with N in TMADS, TEADS, and TPADS at 10, 25, and 45 °C whereas it decreases, goes through a minimum, and then increases in TBADS. H(t) also decreases w...
Nonlinear Oscillations across a Point of Resonance for Nonselfadjoint Systems

where E: D(E) -+ Y, B(E) C X, N: X + Y, A: X+ Y are operators, E linear, not necessarily bounded, N and A continuous, not necessarily linear, X, Y Banach spaces over the reals, 01 a real parameter. In any application E may be a linear differential operator in some domain G C E*, v 3 1, with linear homogeneous boundary conditions. We consider the case in which Ex = 0 has a nontrivial set X0 = ker E of solutions; in other words, the equation Ex + hx = 0 has X = 0 as an eigenvalue. We assume, however, that X,, is finite dimensional, thus, 1 0, C > 0 such that, for every real ol with 1 ti / < tiO , the equation Ex + ol Ax = Nx has at least a solution x E X with 11 x /I < C (existence of solutions across a point of resonance). In other words, the parameter 01 is allowed to go through the point of resonance OL = 0, and yet uniformly bounded solutions x of (1) can be guaranteed. This phenomenon has physical significance. For the case of periodic solutions
Fast Generation of Tunstall Codes

Let a binary memoryless source assign positive probabilities p, q to the binary letters 0,1 (respectively), where p ges q, and let t = log2 q/ log2 p. There is a well-known incremental algorithm due to B. Tunstall which, for each positive integer n, constructs the coding tree of the n codeword Tunstall code for the source. We present a faster incremental algorithm which constructs the n codeword Tunstall coding tree from the first knmiddot terms of the rotation sequence {lflooriTrfloor}infin i=1, where kn rarr infin very slowly as n rarr infin.
A NEW ALGORITHM FOR CONTACT ANGLE ESTIMATION IN MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS

It is important to study contact angle of a liquid on a solid surface to understand its wetting properties, capillarity and surface interaction energy. While performing transient molecular dynamics (MD) simulations it requires calculating the time evolution of contact angle. This is a tedious effort to do manually or with image processing algorithms. In this work we propose a new algorithm to estimate contact angle from MD simulations directly and in a computationally efficient way. This algorithm segregates the droplet molecules from the vapor molecules using Mahalanobis distance (MND) technique. Then the density is smeared onto a 2D grid using 4th order B-spline interpolation function. The vapor liquid interface data is estimated from the grid using density filtering. With the interface data a circle is fitted using Landau method. The equation of this circle is solved for obtaining the contact angle. This procedure is repeated by rotating the droplet about the vertical axis. We have applied this algorithm to a number of studies (different potentials and thermostat methods) which involves the MD simulation of water.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
APOE/C1/C4/C2 hepatic control region polymorphism influences plasma apoE and LDL cholesterol levels

We characterized 102 kb of chromosome 19 containing the apolipoprotein (APO) E/C1/C4/C2 cluster and two flanking genes for common DNA variants associated with plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level. DNA variants were identified by comparing sequences of 48 haploid hybrid cell lines. We genotyped participants (1943 Whites and 2046 African-Americans) of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study for 115 variants. After controlling for the effects of the APOE e2/3/4 polymorphism, a single nucleotide polymorphism, rs35136575, in the downstream hepatic control region 2 (HCR-2) was associated with LDL-C in Caucasians (P = 0.0004), accounting for 1% of variation. We genotyped rs35136575 in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort (3679 African-Americans and 10 427 Whites) and in the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy (GENOA) sibships (1381 African-Americans in 592 sibships, 1116 Caucasians in 503 sibships and 1378 Mexican-Americans in 416 sibships), finding association with LDL-C level in ARIC Caucasians (P = 0.0064). Lower plasma LDL-C was observed with the rare allele. Plasma apoE level was strongly associated with HCR-2 variant genotype in all three GENOA samples (P ≤ 0.002), indicating an effect on apoE concentration. Patterns of association for plasma apo A-I, apoB, LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels with rs35136575 in the population-based samples evaluated in this study suggest a pleiotropic effect that may be context-dependent.
On the Automatic Differentiation of Computer Programs and an Application to Multibody Systems

Automatic differentiation (AD) is a methodology for developing sensitivity-enhanced versions of arbitrary computer programs. In this paper, we provide some background information on AD and address some frequently asked questions. We introduce the ADIFOR and ADIC tools for the automatic differentiation of Fortran 77 and ANSI-C programs, respectively, and give an example of applying ADIFOR in the context of the optimization of multibody systems.
Modeling and synthesis of multiport transmission line for multichannel communication

To overcome the limitations of traditional interconnects, multichannel interconnects that transmit signals via high-frequency carriers have recently been proposed and realized for intrachip and interchip communication. To efficiently design such transmission-line-based interconnects, this paper derives a closed-form model for signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) considering multiple ports and branches, and proposes efficient figures of merit (FOMs) to minimize signal distortion. Experiments show that the SNR model is accurate compared to SPICE simulation and the signal distortion FOMs are effective. Using the proposed models, this paper further automatically synthesizes coplanar waveguides (CPWs) for radio-frequency (RF) interconnects with capacitive couplers. The authors minimize the total interconnect area under the constraints of SNR and signal distortion. Compared to the published manual designs, the synthesized solutions can reduce up to 80% area. Furthermore, the optimized solutions vary greatly with respect to number of ports, frequency bands, topologies, and terminations, and therefore automatic synthesis is effective and necessary
Unravelling a can of worms.

Understanding the evolutionary relationships between species could help researchers select better model organisms to study in the laboratory.
Mycothiol Import by Mycobacterium smegmatis and Function as a Resource for Metabolic Precursors and Energy Production

Mycothiol ([MSH] AcCys-GlcN-Ins, where Ac is acetyl) is the major thiol produced by Mycobacterium smegmatis and other actinomycetes. Mutants deficient in MshA (strain 49) or MshC (transposon mutant Tn1) of MSH biosynthesis produce no MSH. However, when stationary phase cultures of these mutants were incubated in medium containing MSH, they actively transported it to generate cellular levels of MSH comparable to or greater than the normal content of the wild-type strain. When these MSH-loaded mutants were transferred to MSH-free preconditioned medium, the cellular MSH was catabolized to generate GlcN-Ins and AcCys. The latter was rapidly converted to Cys by a high deacetylase activity assayed in extracts. The Cys could be converted to pyruvate by a cysteine desulfhydrase or used to regenerate MSH in cells with active MshC. Using MSH labeled with [U-(14)C]cysteine or with [6-(3)H]GlcN, it was shown that these residues are catabolized to generate radiolabeled products that are ultimately lost from the cell, indicating extensive catabolism via the glycolytic and Krebs cycle pathways. These findings, coupled with the fact the myo-inositol can serve as a sole carbon source for growth of M. smegmatis, indicate that MSH functions not only as a protective cofactor but also as a reservoir of readily available biosynthetic precursors and energy-generating metabolites potentially important under stress conditions. The half-life of MSH was determined in stationary phase cells to be approximately 50 h in strains with active MshC and 16 +/- 3 h in the MshC-deficient mutant, suggesting that MSH biosynthesis may be a suitable target for drugs to treat dormant tuberculosis.
Implementation of a High Throughput Soft MIMO Detector on GPU

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) significantly increases the throughput of a communication system by employing multiple antennas at the transmitter and the receiver. To extract maximum performance from a MIMO system, a computationally intensive search based detector is needed. To meet the challenge of MIMO detection, typical suboptimal MIMO detectors are ASIC or FPGA designs. We aim to show that a MIMO detector on Graphic processor unit (GPU), a low-cost parallel programmable co-processor, can achieve high throughput and can serve as an alternative to ASIC/FPGA designs. However, careful architecture aware software design is needed to leverage the performance offered by GPU. We propose a novel soft MIMO detection algorithm, multi-pass trellis traversal (MTT), and show that we can achieve ASIC/FPGA-like performance and handle different configurations in software on GPU. The proposed design can be used to accelerate wireless physical layer simulations and to offload MIMO detection processing in wireless testbed platforms.
Sustained low efficiency dialysis in the continuous mode (C-SLED): Dialysis efficacy, clinical outcomes, and survival predictors in critically ill cancer patients

Background and objectives: Oliguric, hypotensive patients who require large amounts of fluids may benefit from sustained low-efficiency dialysis performed continuously (C-SLED). C-SLED through higher clearance may improve survival, or through greater nutritional loss may worsen survival. No studies have assessed survival on C-SLED. The objective was to examine patient outcomes and survival predictors on C-SLED. Design, setting, participants, & measurements: The data of 199 consecutive cancer patients treated with C-SLED were analyzed. The median duration of C-SLED was 50 h. With 48 h of C-SLED, the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels had decreased by 80% and 73%, respectively. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was maintained despite higher ultrafiltration and reduced vasopressor use. The 30-d mortality rate was 65%. Despite excellent dialysis, the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score remained predictive of mortality. In the univariate model, higher SOFA scores and lower values for MAP, blood pH, and serum albumin and creatinine levels were associated with higher mortality. Administration of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was, however, associated with lower mortality. Results: In the multivariate model, the higher SOFA score and lower blood pH, MAP and C-SLED duration were associated with higher mortality. In a subset analysis of 129 patients who received C-SLED for at least 48 h, those with higher BUN levels, which were associated with higher TPN infusion, had a lower mortality risk. Conclusion: This first detailed report on C-SLED indicates that C-SLED can be effective and suggests a link between nutrition and survival.
Circadian rhythm of adrenergic regulation of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol secretion in man

The effects of the a-adrenergic agonist methoxamine on the human hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis was assessed by a placebo-controlled study in the morning and one in the evening. A 5-mg iv bolus dose of methoxamine in normal subjects caused a significant rise in plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations in the morning study. However, no significant change in plasma cortisol or ACTH concentrations was noted during the evening study. These studies suggest the existence of a diurnal variation in α1-adrenergic regulation of the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis.
Conformation switching in gas-phase complexes of histidine with alkaline earth ions.

Infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy of gas-phase doubly charged alkaline earth complexes of histidine reveals a transition from dominance of the zwitterion (salt bridge, SB) conformation with Ba2+ to substantial presence of the canonical (charge-solvated, CS) conformation with Ca2+. This result is a clear illustration of the importance of metal-ion size in governing the delicate balance between these two modes of complexation of gas-phase amino acids. The two conformational motifs are clearly distinguished by characteristic spectral features, confirmed by density functional theory simulated IR spectra of the low-energy conformers. As a further illustration of histidine complexation possibilities, the spectrum of the Na(+)His complex shows purely CS character and emphasizes the greater tendency toward SB character induced by the higher charge in the alkaline earth complexes. Calculation of the complete series of alkaline earth/histidine complexes confirms the increasing stability of the SB conformations relative to CS with increasing metal ion size, as well as showing that among SB conformations the most highly chelated conformation (SB3) is favored for small metals, whereas the most extended conformation (SB1) is favored for large metals. A decomposition of the binding thermochemistry shows that these thermochemical trends versus metal-ion size are due to differences in electrostatic binding energies, with relatively little contribution from the deformation and rearrangement energy costs of distorting the ligand framework.
Transforms and Groups

The fundamental properties of Fourier transforms derive from properties of locally compact abelian groups. Fourier transforms are group character transforms, and time-frequency duality is Pontryagin duality. Applications to block codes, MacWilliams identities and fast Fourier transforms are given.
Assessment of Floating Vertical Raceways for the Culture of Phase-II Hybrid Striped Bass

Abstract A floating vertical raceway is a system designed to provide a constant, unidirectional flow of water to fish confined in a flexible raceway that is suspended vertically in the water column. This study evaluated the potential of floating vertical raceways for the culture of phase-II sunshine bass (female white bass Morone chrysops × male striped bass M. saxatilis) reared at two densities (125 and 188 fish/m3). Fish with a mean starting weight of 0.7 g were fed a diet containing 40% crude protein to satiation for 121 d. Fish in the low-density treatment reached a significantly higher final mean weight (160.0 g) than those in the high-density treatment (136.9 g). Survival was also significantly higher in the low-density treatment (81.1%) than in the high-density treatment (73.8%). No significant differences in water quality were detected for dissolved oxygen, total ammonia, un-ionized ammonia, or temperature between high-density and low-density treatments. Unlike the surrounding reservoir, water tem...