cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mental and Emotional Self-Help Technology Apps: Cross-Sectional Study of Theory, Technology, and Mental Health Behaviors.

Background: Mental and emotional self-help apps have emerged as potential mental illness prevention and treatment tools. The health behavior theory mechanisms by which these apps influence mental health–related behavior change have not been thoroughly examined. Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the association between theoretical behavior change mechanisms and use of mental and emotional self-help apps and whether the use of such apps is associated with mental health behaviors. Methods: This study utilized a cross-sectional survey of 150 users of mental or emotional health apps in the past 6 months. Survey questions included theory-based items, app engagement and likeability items, and behavior change items. Stata version 14 was used to calculate all statistics. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each of the demographic, theory, engagement, and behavior variables. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with reported changes in theory and separately for reported changes in actual behavior after controlling for potentially confounding variables. Results: Participants reported that app use increased their motivation, desire to set goals, confidence, control, and intentions to be mentally and emotionally healthy. Engagement (P<.001) was positively associated with the reported changes in theory items, whereas perceived behavior change was positively associated with theory (P<.001), engagement (P=.004), frequency of use of apps (P=.01), and income (P=.049). Conclusions: Participants reported that app use increased their motivation, desire to set goals, confidence, control, and intentions to be mentally and emotionally healthy. This increase in perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes surrounding their mental and emotional health was considerably associated with perceived change in behavior. There was a positive association between the level of engagement with the app and the impact on theory items. Future efforts should consider the value of impacting key theoretical constructs when designing mental and emotional health apps. As apps are evaluated and additional theory-based apps are created, cost-effective self-help apps may become common preventative and treatment tools in the mental health field.
Views on Employment-Based Health Benefits: Findings from the 2012 Health Confidence Survey

This paper examines public opinion surrounding employment-based health coverage. Data come from the Employee Benefit Research Institute and Mathew Greenwald & Associates, Inc. 2012 Health Confidence Survey (HCS), which examines a broad spectrum of health care issues, including Americans’ satisfaction with health care, confidence in the future of the nation’s health care system and the Medicare program, as well as their attitudes toward certain aspects of health care reform. Earlier waves of the HCS are examined, as well. Enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) has raised questions about whether employers will continue to offer health coverage to their workers in the future. Yet the importance of benefits as a criterion in choosing a job remains high, and health insurance in particular continues to be, by far, the most important employee benefit to workers. The 2012 EBRI/MGA Health Confidence Survey (HCS) finds most Americans are satisfied with the health benefits they have now and prefer not to change the mix of benefits and wages. Three-quarters (73 percent) report that they are satisfied with the health benefits they currently receive while 15 percent say they would trade wages to get more health benefits, and 9 percent say they would surrender health benefits for higher wages. Choice of health plans is important to workers, and they would like more choices, but most workers expressed confidence that their employers or unions have selected the best available health plan. Moreover, they are not as confident in their ability to choose the best available plan if their employers or unions did, in fact, stop offering coverage. Furthermore, individuals are not highly comfortable that they could use an objective rating system to choose health insurance nor are they extremely confident that a rating system could help them choose the best health insurance; considerations that will be useful as employers consider whether to continue offering coverage, and if they do, which options to offer in the plan. If current tax preferences were to change, and employment-based coverage became taxable, 39 percent of individuals say they would continue with their current level of coverage, compared with 29 percent who indicated that preference in 2011.The PDF for the above title, published in the December 2012 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another December 2012 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: “Employee Tenure Trends, 1983-2012.”
CAL: A Smart Home Environment for Monitoring Cognitive Decline

The increased growth of the aging population (i.e., 65 years or older) has led to emerging technologies in health care that provide in-home support to patients using devices throughout the household. Such smart home environments can monitor and interact with patients and their doctors/caregivers to augment patient medical data for diagnosis than can be generated via traditional doctor visits. Moreover, smart homes are enabling older adults to stay at home longer as opposed to permanent moves to assisted living or nursing facilities, increasing health and well-being and decreasing overall costs to the individual and society at large. This paper proposes Cognitive Assisted Living (CAL), a cyber-physical system comprising a network of embedded devices for collecting and analyzing patient speech patterns over time for monitoring cognitive function beginning in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Specifically, CAL will analyze patient speech patterns and spatial abilities, via a set of daily interactions, to provide a longitudinal analysis of speech deterioration, a significant indicator of cognitive decline resulting from Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the rate of cognitive decline can enable caregivers and health care professionals to better manage the patient's daily care and medical requirements. Additionally, the patient's cognitive state can be shared across household devices to increase the patient's comfort and better accommodate lifestyle changes. To these ends, we describe the architecture of the proposed system, the methods to which we will detect cognitive decline, and specify how the system will provide continuing fault tolerance and data security at run time.
Introduction to Radiogenomics

Gene expression profiling of human tissues produces a better understanding of normal cellular pathways and pathological conditions at a biomolecular level. In oncology, this has led to better understanding of tumor genesis and gene expression signatures, involving anywhere from a few dozens to hundreds of genes. This has in turn improved classification and subclassification of tumors and prediction of treatment response [1]. In this respect, gene expression profiling is an attempt to organize cancer into molecular subtypes [2]. In clinical practice, imaging is used to survey high-risk patients identified as such by their genotype as, for example, in patients with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations who are at high risk for developing breast cancer. Radiogenomics correlates imaging characteristics of disease (image-phenotype or “radio”-phenotype) with genome-related characteristics (genomics) such as gene expression patterns and gene mutations [1, 3].
Strukturelle Veränderungen der Kaninchennetzhaut nach Röntgenbestrahlung

Es werden strukturelle Veranderungen an der Kaninchenretina beschrieben, die nach Rontgenbestrahlung mit einer Dosis von 10000 R auftraten. Histologische und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen der Netzhaut erfolgten 2 Std, 24 Std sowie 3 und 7 Tage nach der Strahleneinwirkung. Die Befunde wurden miteinander verglichen. Sowohl die Ausen- und Innenglieder der Stabchen als auch die Kerne des ersten Neurons erwiesen sich als die strahlenempfindlichsten Teile der Retina.
Emotion Regulation and Parent Distress: Getting at the Heart of Sensitive Parenting among Parents of Preschool Children Experiencing High Sociodemographic Risk

Sensitive parenting requires modulation of emotions in order to effectively organize and orient behavioral responses. There is considerable evidence that psychological distress can impair sensitive parenting practices, and also that psychological distress is associated with deficits in emotion regulation capacities. The negative effect that psychological distress has on parents’ emotion regulation capacities may be a mechanistic pathway through which psychological distress impacts parenting, as dysregulated emotions may be more proximal to parenting behaviors than distress itself; however, this specific link between psychological distress, emotion regulation, and parenting is not often examined in parenting models. The current study tested these relations in a high sociodemographic risk community-sample, oversampled for violence exposure, of caregivers of preschoolers. Caregivers self-reported on their psychological distress and emotion regulation difficulties. Parent sensitivity was assessed via observations of parent–child interactions. Results indicated that difficulties in emotion regulation were a mediator for the relation between parents’ psychological distress and sensitive parenting behaviors. Difficulties in emotion regulation predicted decreased sensitivity above and beyond the effect of psychological distress. These findings emphasize the importance of regulation of emotional reactions in order to orient and engage in sensitive parenting behaviors. Additionally, they suggest clinically that supporting parents’ emotion regulation capacities specifically may promote more sensitive parenting in contexts of parental psychological distress.
Numerical studies of the two- and three-dimensional gauge glass at low temperature

We present results from Monte Carlo simulations of the two- and three-dimensional gauge glass at low temperature using the parallel tempering Monte Carlo method. Our results in two dimensions strongly support the transition being at ${T}_{c}=0.$ A finite-size scaling analysis, which works well only for the larger sizes and lower temperatures, gives the stiffness exponent $\ensuremath{\theta}=\ensuremath{-}0.39\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03.$ In three dimensions we find $\ensuremath{\theta}=0.27\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01,$ compatible with recent results from domain wall renormalization group studies.
Mycobacterium bovis infection of a femorofemoral bypass graft following intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy

Abstract Vascular bypass graft infection with Mycobacterium bovis following Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy for bladder cancer is an incredibly rare complication. We present the case of an 85-year-old man with a history of femorofemoral bypass who developed this complication over a year after BCG treatment. He was successfully treated with explantation of the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft, redo bypass with vein graft, and antituberculous medical therapy.
The Gender Minority Youth Study: Overview of Methods and Social Media Recruitment of a Nationwide Sample of U.S. Cisgender and Transgender Adolescents.

Recent research has documented significant mental health disparities for transgender adolescents. However, the extant literature is hindered by vague operationalizations of gender identity and limited measurement of trans-specific stressors. In this article, we (1) introduce and describe the Gender Minority Youth (GMY) Study, a large-scale study of transgender youth disparities; and (2) provide evidence of the feasibility of using social media to recruit a diverse sample of U.S. transgender and cisgender youth. Facebook and Instagram advertisements targeted 14–18-year-old adolescents to complete an online survey. Participants (N = 3318) self-reported gender assigned at birth and current gender identity, mental health symptoms, and transgender-specific stressors and milestones. Adolescents included 1369 cisgender (n = 982 cisgender female; n = 387 cisgender male), 1938 transgender (n = 986 transgender male; n = 132 transgender female; n = 639 nonbinary assigned female at birth; n = 84 nonbinary assigned male at birth; n = 84 questioning gender identity assigned female at birth; n = 13 questioning gender identity assigned male at birth), and 11 intersex youth. The GMY Study is the first nationwide sample of U.S. adolescents recruited specifically for a study of mental health disparities between transgender and cisgender youth. We demonstrate the feasibility of using social media advertisements and a waiver of parental permission to recruit a large sample of adolescents, including subsamples of gender minority youth. We remedied limitations in the existing literature by including appropriate measures of gender assigned at birth, current gender identity, and detailed questions about transgender-specific stressors and transition milestones.
Redesigning care coordination from the patient’s perspective.

6Background: Cancer patients are frequently admitted to the hospital requiring medical oncologists to take an active role in coordinating with multiple teams. In an effort to redesign care to put p...
Atlas-based methods for efficient characterization of patient-specific ventricular activation patterns.

AIMS Ventricular activation patterns can aid clinical decision-making directly by providing spatial information on cardiac electrical activation or indirectly through derived clinical indices. The aim of this work was to derive an atlas of the major modes of variation of ventricular activation from model-predicted 3D bi-ventricular activation time distributions and to relate these modes to corresponding vectorcardiograms (VCGs). We investigated how the resulting dimensionality reduction can improve and accelerate the estimation of activation patterns from surface electrogram measurements. METHODS AND RESULTS Atlases of activation time (AT) and VCGs were derived using principal component analysis on a dataset of simulated electrophysiology simulations computed on eight patient-specific bi-ventricular geometries. The atlases provided significant dimensionality reduction, and the modes of variation in the two atlases described similar features. Utility of the atlases was assessed by resolving clinical waveforms against them and the VCG atlas was able to accurately reconstruct the patient VCGs with fewer than 10 modes. A sensitivity analysis between the two atlases was performed by calculating a compact Jacobian. Finally, VCGs generated by varying AT atlas modes were compared with clinical VCGs to estimate patient-specific activation maps, and the resulting errors between the clinical and atlas-based VCGs were less than those from more computationally expensive method. CONCLUSION Atlases of activation and VCGs represent a new method of identifying and relating the features of these high-dimensional signals that capture the major sources of variation between patients and may aid in identifying novel clinical indices of arrhythmia risk or therapeutic outcome.
The EphB2-MYC Axis is a Major Determinant of Barrett’s Pathobiology and a Therapeutic Vulnerability in Esophageal Cancer

ABSTRACT Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), a highly aggressive cancer with limited therapeutic options, often arises in the backdrop of a molecularly-complex esophageal metaplasia disorder, Barrett’s Esophagus (BE). Using transcriptomics and systems biology analyses of treatment-naive malignant/pre-malignant biopsy tissues, we found Eph receptor B2 (EphB2) tyrosine kinase signaling to be frequently hyperactivated during early stages of EAC development, and across the BE-EAC continuum. Functional studies revealed EphB2 to be an upstream post-translational regulator of c-MYC activity and as a key molecular dependency in BE/EAC. Single-cell transcriptomics in a porcine esophageal 3D spheroid model showed enhanced EphB2 and MYC activity to be significantly associated with BE-like cell fate. shRNA-based knockdown of EphB2 or small molecule inhibitors of MEK, that modulate MYC protein stability, proved effective in suppressing EAC tumor growth in vivo. These findings point to EphB2-MYC axis as an early promoter of EAC and a novel therapeutic vulnerability in this increasingly-prevalent esophageal malignancy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We identify EphB2 signaling as a potential master regulator and early promoter of esophageal adenocarcinoma, and the proto-oncogene MYC as a key downstream effector of EphB2 function. Targeting the EphB2-MYC axis could be a promising therapeutic strategy for these often refractory and lethal EAC tumors.
Predictors of acute deep venous thrombosis in patients hospitalized for COVID-19.

ABSTRACT: Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is associated with high mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) but there remains uncertainty about the benefit of anti-coagulation prophylaxis and how to decide when ultrasound screening is indicated. We aimed to determine parameters predicting which COVID-19 patients are at risk of DVT and to assess the benefit of prophylactic anti-coagulation.Adult hospitalized patients with positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) undergoing venous duplex ultrasound for DVT assessment (nâ=â451) were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical and laboratory data within 72âhours of ultrasound were collected. Using split sampling and a 10-fold cross-validation, a random forest model was developed to find the most important variables for predicting DVT. Different d-dimer cutoffs were examined for classification of DVT. We also compared the rate of DVT between the patients going and not going under thromboprophylaxis.DVT was found in 65 (14%) of 451 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction positive patients. The random forest model, trained and cross-validated on 2/3 of the original sample (nâ=â301), had area under the receiver operating characteristic curveâ=â0.91 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.85-0.97) for prediction of DVT in the test set (nâ=â150), with sensitivityâ=â93% (95%CI: 68%-99%) and specificityâ=â82% (95%CI: 75%-88%). The following variables had the highest importance: d-dimer, thromboprophylaxis, systolic blood pressure, admission to ultrasound interval, and platelets. Thromboprophylaxis reduced DVT risk 4-fold from 26% to 6% (Pâ 5000âng/mL predicts DVT with high accuracy suggesting regular monitoring with d-dimer in the early stages of COVID-19 may be useful. A random forest model improved the prediction of DVT. Thromboprophylaxis reduced DVT in COVID-19 patients and should be considered in all patients. Full anti-coagulation therapy has a risk of life-threatening hemorrhage.
Cognitive structures in metaphor comprehension

This dissertation offers an application of the theory of cognitive grammar to the semantic theory of metaphor in which concepts from one domain are mapped onto and understood in terms of conceptual structure from another domain of experience. The central contributions of the dissertation to this theory are in three areas: (i) the productivity of metaphor, (ii) the licensing of metaphor, (iii) the relation among domains, image schemas and construal. These results contribute new specific detail to cognitive semantic theory. An introduction to cognitive grammar and the cognitive semantic theory of metaphor are presented in Chapter 1, with other relevant models of concept representation, lexical semantics and conceptual development. Chapter 2 applies a cognitive theory of morphology to the cognitive theory of metaphor. Metaphors vary in their generality (schematicity) and productivity, and their behavior can be described with the same model used for morphological productivity. The results demonstrate that morphological and semantic structures are organized according to the same principles. Chapter 3 considers the problem of how the semantic structure of metaphors licenses domain mappings. The Invariance Hypothesis (IH) is a constraint on possible metaphor mappings, limiting what components of the source and target domains are preserved in a mapping. These components, called "image schemas", are idealized knowledge structures lacking the rich detail of sensory images. The analysis of metaphors involving container image-schemas demonstrates that different aspects of containers are mapped onto different target domains. Therefore, the IH is a necessary but not a sufficient condition on possible metaphor mappings. Basic to any cognitive semantic theory are the notions of cognitive domain, image schema and construal. Chapter 4 addresses the pressing need to more precisely clarify these notions which are important for understanding word meaning, grammatical semantics, and metaphor. A large set of basic domains are analyzed (e.g., SPACE, TIME, SCALE, PITCH, TEMPERATURE, TASTE) by extending the existing theory of domains. From this it is argued that possibly all image-schematic structures can be reduced to either domains (or dimensions of domains) or construals. Chapter 5 summarizes these results and briefly discusses their implications for knowledge representation and language processing.
Ebola in the United States — Public Reactions and Implications

Despite the minimal presence of Ebola in the United States, the U.S. public expressed great concern about their risk. Such disproportionate concern, based partly on misperceptions and mistrust, may distract attention from more critical health priorities.
Mobile Robot Motion Control from Demonstration and Corrective Feedback

Robust motion control algorithms are fundamental to the successful, autonomous operation of mobile robots. Motion control is known to be a difficult problem, and is often dictated by a policy, or state-action mapping. In this chapter, we present an approach for the refinement of mobile robot motion control policies, that incorporates corrective feedback from a human teacher. The target application domain of this work is the low-level motion control of a mobile robot. Within such domains, the rapid sampling rate and continuous action space of policies are both key challenges to providing policy corrections. To address these challenges, we contribute advice-operators as a corrective feedback form suitable for providing continuous-valued corrections, and Focused Feedback For Mobile Robot Policies (F3MRP) as a framework suitable for providing feedback on policies sampled at a high frequency. Under our approach, policies refined through teacher feedback are initially derived using Learning from Demonstration (LfD) techniques, which generalize a policy from example task executions by a teacher. We apply our techniques within the Advice-Operator Policy Improvement (A-OPI) algorithm, validated on a Segway RMP robot within a motion control domain. A-OPI refines LfD policies by correcting policy performance via advice-operators and F3MRP. Within our validation domain, policy performance is found to improve with corrective teacher feedback, and moreover to be similar or superior to that of policies provided with more teacher demonstrations.
How to be a digital forensic expert witness

The prospect of becoming an expert witness in court can be a daunting one. The question and answer format in which you must testify can seem awkward and inefficient. Used to communicating with your IT security professional peers, you naturally use the technical terms, jargon and acronyms of the trade when describing your findings and recommendations. As part of the legal process, you must become a teacher, presenting your technical testimony in terms that laymen can understand - but without condescending. While the general fact witness may testify only as to what he or she directly knows, an expert may present testimony using the powerful words, "in my opinion". Additionally, the expert may rely upon any information that is available, whether or not it has actually been admitted into evidence. In order to do so, however, you must be qualified by the trial court because of your skill, experience, training, or education. This paper gives a general overview of the legal concepts that govern the use of expert testimony, and gives examples and common-sense advice on how to effectively prepare and present technical evidence in court.
Robolimpets: measuring intertidal body temperatures using biomimetic loggers

This work introduces new biomimetic devices to record body temperatures of sessile intertidal animals. These waterproof devices, built around dissected circuit boards from Maxim DS1922 Thermochron iButtons, are demonstrated using intertidal limpets (Tectura persona). Data were validated by a field experiment carried out at Friday Harbor, Washington, USA. These loggers, named robolimpets, can easily be deployed to autonomously and accurately measure temperatures for long periods of time. Given that they mimic the visual aspect of real animals, they have the advantage of being inconspicuous in the intertidal environment. Their measurements not only match the temperature trajectories, but also the warming and cooling rates and daily temperature maxima and minima of live limpets. Robolimpets provide valuable data on the body temperatures experienced by intertidal animals.
Role of Hyaluronidase in Fertilization: The Antifertility Activity of Myocrisin, a Nontoxic Hyaluronidase Inhibitor

Myocrisin a hyaluronidase inhibitor of low molecular weight was tested for antifertility activity. In addition the effect of myocrisin on penetration of the follicle cell layer by spermatozoa was studied. Myocrisin prevented the in vitro fertilization of capacitated mouse spermatozoa when these were added to intact oocytes. The inhibitor had no effect on sperm motility at the concentrations used for the in vitro fertilization tests and did not inhibit the acrosome reaction of guinea pig spermatozoa. Myocrisin also had no effect on human acrosin. Fertility was not prevented when the myocrisin-treated spermatozoa were added to oocytes from which the follicle cell layer had been removed showing that sperm hyaluronidase is essential specifically for sperm penetration through this ovum investment at least in the case of the mouse. Myocrisin is approved for human use by the FDA and is a compound worth further in vivo evaluation as a contraceptive. (authors)
100 Years from Now.

When the question is asked at conferences, “Where will the photos taken today be one hundred years from now?,” one is really asking two different questions. One question is: “Will we still be able to access and print the image files stored on our computers and writable compact discs created with this technology?” The second question is: “Will the prints I make today have faded and yellowed away into oblivion?” The answers to these questions are vital when considering the purpose of a collection, which needs to be maintained for the long-term while also allowing for consistent accessibility and usability. If content is not accessible, it would just be an isolated time capsule. So the problem isn't just can someone access images produced in a hundred years but for a hundred years.
Sensitivity of the Denver Developmental Screening Test in Speech and Language Screening

A retrospective study was undertaken to determine whether the Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) language sector is a sensitive screen of speech and language development. Seventy-one children between 18 and 66 months of age with suspected developmental problems were referred to screening clinics conducted by a child evaluation team. Each child was screened using the DDST (revised) and another screening measure of speech and language development. Statistically significant differences were found between the DDST language sector and the speech-language screening in identification of expressive language and articulation problems. No significant difference was found with receptive language. The DDST failed to identify more than one half of the children with expressive language and/or articulation problems. These results demonstrate that the DDST may fail to identify children with speech and language impairment. Professionals involved in developmental screening need to be advised of alternative speech and language screening measures.
Removing the frequency restriction on Pade Via Lanczos with an error bound

This study concentrates on two aspects of Pade/spl acute/ Via Lanczos with an error bound (PVL-WEB). The first part of this work investigates the reduced order response as the point of expansion so is varied. It is commonly believed that an expansion point in the right half plane is superior to an expansion point either on the imaginary axis or in the left half plane; however, it is shown that this is not necessarily the case. Next, a new method for approximating a quantity required by PVL-WEB is given. The presentation is illustrated through applications to problems of interest to the electromagnetic compatibility engineer, namely the calculation of crosstalk from transmission line-type interconnects modeled using partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) analysis. In addition, the voltage across a load driven by a planar multiconductor transmission line is evaluated. Finally, the new method for computing the quantity required by PVL-WEB is compared to the original method, as well as to the exact response of the system matrices calculated from LU decompositions.
Osborn’s Brain: Imaging, Pathology, and Anatomy

Osborn’s Brain: Imaging, Pathology, and Anatomy is the successor to Dr. Osborn’s 1993 book Diagnostic Radiology, known in some neuroradiology circles as “The Red Book.” This volume is presented as ...
Breast mass detection in tomosynthesis projection images using information-theoretic similarity measures

The purpose of this project is to study Computer Aided Detection (CADe) of breast masses for digital tomosynthesis. It is believed that tomosynthesis will show improvement over conventional mammography in detection and characterization of breast masses by removing overlapping dense fibroglandular tissue. This study used the 60 human subject cases collected as part of on-going clinical trials at Duke University. Raw projections images were used to identify suspicious regions in the algorithm's high-sensitivity, low-specificity stage using a Difference of Gaussian (DoG) filter. The filtered images were thresholded to yield initial CADe hits that were then shifted and added to yield a 3D distribution of suspicious regions. These were further summed in the depth direction to yield a flattened probability map of suspicious hits for ease of scoring. To reduce false positives, we developed an algorithm based on information theory where similarity metrics were calculated using knowledge databases consisting of tomosynthesis regions of interest (ROIs) obtained from projection images. We evaluated 5 similarity metrics to test the false positive reduction performance of our algorithm, specifically joint entropy, mutual information, Jensen difference divergence, symmetric Kullback-Liebler divergence, and conditional entropy. The best performance was achieved using the joint entropy similarity metric, resulting in ROC Az of 0.87 ± 0.01. As a whole, the CADe system can detect breast masses in this data set with 79% sensitivity and 6.8 false positives per scan. In comparison, the original radiologists performed with only 65% sensitivity when using mammography alone, and 91% sensitivity when using tomosynthesis alone.
Comparison of numerical methods in transonic aerodynamics

Abstract Although they are not always unique, Euler solutions have an advantage over potential flow calculations because of the way vortex sheets can be captured in three dimensions. An improved estimate of the wave drag may be obtained through transformation of the entropy inequality.
Hydrogen Implantation Into Gallium Arsenide: Range And Damage Distributions

Summary and DiscussionCrystalline wafers of n -type, silicon doped GaAs were implanted in a random direction with 300 keVprotons to fluences of 5E14 and 5E15 H cm -2. SIMS and TEM measurements were made to determine the hydrogendepth distribution and the damage characteristics produced by the implantation.The SIMS measurements showed that the hydrogen atoms assume a modified Gaussian distribution with apeak at approximately 2.7 micrometers. The 1H distribution in the GaAs host was stable in a roomtemperature environment for a period in excess of two years. Heating during implantation produced a redis-tribution of 1H atoms mainly toward the surface but with a detectable portion moving deeper into the sub- strate. The density of hydrogen in the tail of the 5E15 cm -2 implant made at 3500C remained higher than1E17 cm -3 at distances greater than 6 micrometers from the surface. As this redistribution of the 1Hatoms may effect the electrical and optical behavior of proton implanted n -GaAs, these results indicatethat wafer temperature during implantation should be carefully controlled.The TEM and XTEM micrographs showed no evidence of defects at depths greater than one micrometer.Consequently, any damage in this region produced by implantation of GaAs with 300 keV protons to fluencesup to 5E15 IH cm -2 must be limited to point defects with dimensions less than 5 nanometers. At depths lessthan one micrometer, the plan -view TEM micrographs displayed needle and plate -like structures in nearly allthe samples. The nature of these defects made it difficult to observe them experimentally, especially in
An exploratory analysis of California residential customer response to critical peak pricing of electricity

Abstract This paper summarizes the results from an exploratory analysis of residential customer response to a critical peak pricing (CPP) experiment in California, in which 15 times per year participating customers received high price signals dispatched by a local electricity distribution company. The high prices were about three times the on-peak price for the otherwise applicable time-of-use rate. Using hourly load data collected during the 15-month experiment, we find statistically significant load reduction for participants both with and without automated end-use control technologies. During 5-h critical peak periods, participants without control technology used up to 13% less energy than they did during normal peak periods. Participants equipped with programmable communicating thermostats used 25% and 41% less for 5 and 2 h critical events, respectively. Thus, this paper offers convincing evidence that the residential sector can provide substantial contributions to retail demand response, which is considered a potential tool for mitigating market power, stabilizing wholesale market prices, managing system reliability, and maintaining system resource adequacy.
Pretreatment of near Infrared Spectral Data in Fast Biomass Analysis

The ability to rapidly evaluate the chemical composition of biomass feedstock for purposes of process monitoring and optimisation is useful for gauging the potential applications and value of such feedstocks. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, coupled with multivariate analysis and data pretreatment, was evaluated to remove interference from physical heterogeneity that could mask chemical property responses. Pretreatment methods included standard normal variate (SNV), multiplicative scattering correction (MSC), 1st derivative with the Savitzky-Golay algorithm (1st derivative), 2nd derivative with the Savitzky-Golay algorithm (2nd derivative), extended multiplicative signal correction (EMSC) and combinations of 1st derivative/2nd derivative with SNV. Results indicated that, of these methods, EMSC was most effective for diffuse reflectance NIR analysis of lignocellulosic biomass. The EMSC-pretreated data not only best accessed the chemical similarity of the probed feedstocks in our hierarchical cluster analysis but also consistently led to the overall best prediction of the chemical composition of the biomass.
Becoming an advocate.

Specialization occurs as tasks and knowledge within a society become increasingly complex. We divide the tasks into units manageable by individuals or specially trained groups. As a society, we invest resources to train individuals in specific tasks and skill sets and to teach them to acquire and disseminate knowledge. As physicians, scientists, and members of the Society for Investigative Dermatology (SID), we consume social resources in order both to acquire the knowledge and training to diagnose and treat disease in our role as physicians, and to expand the knowledge base regarding the biophysical world in our role as scientists. We then disseminate this information, communicating to our colleagues in medicine and science through special seminars, conferences, and printed media such as this journal. Our obligation to increase the fund of knowledge or to improve the quality of life through investigation and direct patient care is obvious. However, we have another, less obvious, obligation as part of this unwritten social contract. When the public requires our expertise or skill sets, we have an obligation to respond.
Elastic constants and thermal expansion of single crystal γ-TiAl from 300 to 750 K

Abstract The six independent elastic constants of a γ -TiAl (Ti 44 Al 56 ) single crystal have been measured for the first time from room temperature to 750 K using a resonant ultrasound spectroscopy technique. The values of C 12 and C 13 are virtually temperature independent, whereas C 11 , C 33 , C 44 , and C 66 decrease between 6 and 9% from 300 to 750 K. The two independent linear thermal expansion coefficients α 1 (along [100] direction) and α 2 (along [001] direction) of single crystal γ -TiAl have been measured from 4 to 750 K using two different apparatus. The elastic constants have been corrected for the effect of thermal expansion, and the corrected C ij have been used to calculate the Young's and shear moduli along various crystal directions. The elastic constants and moduli values have also been extrapolated to 1273 K. Finally, the elastic anisotropy has also been calculated as a function of temperature.
Entropy of a one-dimensional mixed lattice gas

This paper deals with the grand canonical entropy of a lattice gas mixture. The entropy is a function of the multisite densities corresponding to the interaction pattern of the system in question. It is first evaluated for a nearest-neighborinteraction, one-dimensional simple lattice gas to show how the structure of bulk fluid is locally maintained. Generalization requires one set of interrelations among multisite densities presented in closed form for an arbitrary lattice, and one set between Boltzmann factors and multisite densities which is written down for simply connected lattices. Application is made to two-row lattices, which turn out to have local behavior from this viewpoint, as do all single-row or Bethe lattices with complete range-p interactions. Nonlocal examples are also given, and suggestions made for approximation sequences in general lattices.
Watching Na Atoms Solvate into (Na+,e-) Contact Pairs: Untangling the Ultrafast Charge-Transfer-to-Solvent Dynamics of Na- in Tetrahydrofuran (THF)

With the large dye molecules employed in typical studies of solvation dynamics, it is often difficult to separate the intramolecular relaxation of the dye from the relaxation associated with dynamic solvation. One way to avoid this difficulty is to study solvation dynamics using an atom as the solvation probe; because atoms have only electronic degrees of freedom, all of the observed spectroscopic dynamics must result from motions of the solvent. In this paper, we use ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy to investigate the solvation dynamics of newly created sodium atoms that are formed following the charge transfer to solvent (CTTS) ejection of an electron from sodium anions (sodide) in liquid tetrahydrofuran (THF). Because the absorption spectra of the sodide reactant, the sodium atom, and the solvated electron products overlap, we first examined the dynamics of the ejected CTTS electron in the infrared to build a detailed model of the CTTS process that allowed us to subtract the spectroscopic contributions of the sodide bleach and the solvated electron and cleanly reveal the spectroscopy of the solvated atom. We find that the neutral sodium species created following CTTS excitation of sodide initially absorbs near 590 nm, the position of the gas-phase sodium D-line, suggesting that it only weakly interacts with the surrounding solvent. We then see a fast solvation process that causes a red-shift of the sodium atom's spectrum in approximately 230 fs, a time scale that matches well with the results of MD simulations of solvation dynamics in liquid THF. After the fast solvation is complete, the neutral sodium atoms undergo a chemical reaction that takes place in approximately 740 fs, as indicated by the observation of an isosbestic point and the creation of a species with a new spectrum. The spectrum of the species created after the reaction then red-shifts on a approximately 10-ps time scale to become the equilibrium spectrum of the THF-solvated sodium atom, which is known from radiation chemistry experiments to absorb near approximately 900 nm. There has been considerable debate as to whether this 900-nm absorbing species is better thought of as a solvated atom or a sodium cation:solvated electron contact pair, (Na+,e-). The fact that we observe the initially created neutral Na atom undergoing a chemical reaction to ultimately become the 900-nm absorbing species suggests that it is better assigned as (Na+,e-). The approximately 10-ps solvation time we observe for this species is an order of magnitude slower than any other solvation process previously observed in liquid THF, suggesting that this species interacts differently with the solvent than the large molecules that are typically used as solvation probes. Together, all of the results allow us to build the most detailed picture to date of the CTTS process of Na- in THF as well as to directly observe the solvation dynamics associated with single sodium atoms in solution.
Shelter size influences self-assessment of size in crayfish, Orconectes rusticus: Consequences for agonistic fights

Summary Theoretical models of animal assessment and decision strategies have assumed animals possess accurate information about themselves. The imperfect nature of self-assessment could cause animals to make inaccurate decisions during agonistic encounters. By manipulating sensory information used in self-assessment in crayfish, Orconectes rusticus, it may be possible to alter either decision-making paradigms or outcomes associated with agonistic encounters. We examined the role of self-assessment in the agonistic behaviour of crayfish by using differing shelter sizes to alter self-assessment of size. Similar-sized crayfish were kept in tanks with small, medium, and large shelters (relative to body size) and subsequently were fought against size-matched, naive opponents in novel chambers to remove resource value as a variable. Crayfish in small shelter treatments initiated and won more fights than crayfish in other shelters. Crayfish in the small shelter treatment had shorter durations of fight when compared to crayfish with the medium and large shelters. These results are consistent with the concept that crayfish placed in smaller shelters may be self-assessing their physical size and, thus, their fighting ability, higher than crayfish in larger shelters. Based on these results, current theoretical models need to include the role of inaccurate self-assessments in agonistic decision making paradigms.
POST-TRAINING PROGESTERONE DOSE-DEPENDENTLY ENHANCES OBJECT, BUT NOT SPATIAL, MEMORY CONSOLIDATION

The aim of this study was to determine if progesterone modulates object and spatial memory consolidation in young ovariectomized C57BL/6 mice. Object memory was tested in an object recognition task using 24- and 48-h delays. Spatial memory was tested in a 2-day version of the Morris water maze in which retention was tested 24 or 48 h after training. Immediately after training in each task, mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of vehicle or 5, 10, or 20mg/kg water-soluble progesterone. Mice were then tested 24 or 48 h later in the absence of circulating progesterone. Post-training injections of 10 and 20mg/kg progesterone enhanced object recognition, but not memory in the spatial water maze. These findings suggest that object memory consolidation in young female mice is more sensitive to the modulatory effects of progesterone than spatial memory consolidation, at least using the tasks, doses, and delays tested. As such, these findings may have important implications for the design of progesterone therapies intended to reduce age-related memory decline.
Use of genomic DNA control features and predicted operon structure in microarray data analysis: ArrayLeaRNA - a Bayesian approach.

Microarrays are widely used for the study of gene expression; however deciding on whether observed differences in expression are significant remains a challenge. A computing tool (ArrayLeaRNA) has been developed for gene expression analysis. It implements a Bayesian approach which is based on the Gumbel distribution and uses printed genomic DNA control features for normalization and for estimation of the parameters of the Bayesian model and prior knowledge from predicted operon structure. The method is compared with two other approaches: the classical LOWESS normalization followed by a two fold cut-off criterion and the OpWise method (Price, et al. 2006. BMC Bioinformatics. 7, 19), a published Bayesian approach also using predicted operon structure. The three methods were compared on experimental datasets with prior knowledge of gene expression. With ArrayLeaRNA, data normalization is carried out according to the genomic features which reflect the results of equally transcribed genes; also the statistical significance of the difference in expression is based on the variability of the equally transcribed genes. The operon information helps the classification of genes with low confidence measurements. ArrayLeaRNA is implemented in Visual Basic and freely available as an Excel add-in at http://www.ifr.ac.uk/safety/ArrayLeaRNA/ We have introduced a novel Bayesian model and demonstrated that it is a robust method for analysing microarray expression profiles. ArrayLeaRNA showed a considerable improvement in data normalization, in the estimation of the experimental variability intrinsic to each hybridization and in the establishment of a clear boundary between non-changing and differentially expressed genes. The method is applicable to data derived from hybridizations of labelled cDNA samples as well as from hybridizations of labelled cDNA with genomic DNA and can be used for the analysis of datasets where differentially regulated genes predominate.
Proposed Guidelines for Screening of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases of Dependent Neonates of the U.S. Armed Forces Derived from a Survey of State Guidelines for Neonatal Screening of Metabolic Diseases

State regulations for neonatal screening for metabolic diseases do not optimally serve the needs of the dependents of the U.S. Armed Forces. Guidelines are therefore proposed for the neonatal screening for metabolic disease based both on responses received across the United States and on the unique needs of the U.S. Armed Forces. The guidelines agree with the policies outlined by various national medical and scientific organizations. It is suggested that neonates be screened for phenylketonuria (PKU), hypothyroidism, galactosemia, and maple syrup urine disease (MSUD). The screening program is cost-effective and feasible. Prior to implementing the program throughout the U.S. military, a pilot program based at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology should be started.