cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mission Evolution: The United States Forest Service's Response to Crisis

After a long history as a bureaucratic success story, the United States Forest Service (USFS) found itself embroiled in crisis beginning in the late 1980s. This study examines the factors that led up to the crisis, arguing that the agency had become captured by its own core technologies. Historically, the USFS was successful in adapting to changes in its environment by employing its traditional management procedures. However, attempting to incorporate the northern spotted owl issue with its traditional core technologies threw the subsystem into crisis, during which the agency lost control over its management activities. Today, the USFS is attempting to adapt to the changes brought about by the political conflict of the era.
FINE STRUCTURE OF THE SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE OF THE SWISS MOUSE. I. THE LIMITING MEMBRANE, SERTOLI CELL, SPERMATOGONIA, AND SPERMATOCYTES.

Studies of the ultrastructure of the seminiferous tubule of the Swiss mouse have shown the external limiting membrane to consist of internal and external lamellae enclosing a single layer of flattened cells. Both lamellae contain fibers, probably collagenous, running parallel to the long axis of the tubule. Superficially, a layer of connective tissue cells covers the external lamella. The nucleus of the Sertoli cell is typified by irregularity of size and shape, electron density of the nuclear membrane, and characteristic nucleolus. The cytoplasm contains mitochondria with vesicular cristae, and irregular dense bodies of possible secretory origin. Cytoplasmic processes extend between the germinal cells and in certain areas their surfaces are marked by periodic accumulations of fine granules which present a picture suggestive of desmosomes. Two types of spermatogonia have been noted. One possesses a large spherical nucleus containing finely granular nucleoplasm and scanty cytoplasm. The second is characterized by an ovoidal nucleus containing numerous chromatin clumps and scattered nucleolar fragments. Primary spermatocytes exhibit the intercellular bridges and synaptinemal complexes characteristic of these cells. The spherical nuclei contain densely packed fine granules. The nuclei of secondary spermatocytes often exhibit centrally located clumps of chromatin material. Mitochondria appear vacuolated at low magnifications but high magnification micrographs show them to contain finely membranous cristae.
Can Machine Learning Offer Anything to Expert Systems

Today’s expert systems have no ability to learn from experience. This commonly heard criticism, unfortunately, is largely true. Except for simple classification systems, expert systems do not employ a learning component to construct parts of their knowledge bases from libraries of previously solved cases. And none that I know of couples learning into closedloop modification based on experience, although the SOAR architecture [Rosenbloom and Newell 1985] comes the closest to being the sort of integrated system needed for continuous learning. Learning capabilities are needed for intelligent systems that can remain useful in the face of changing environments or changing standards of expertise. Why are the learning methods we know how to implement not being used to build or maintain expert systems in the commercial world?
Seasonal variation in cold hardiness of the beetle Popilius disjunctus

Abstract Analysis of overwintering adult Popilius disjunctus revealed several properties which give this insect limited tolerance of subzero temperatures. Haemolymph osmotic concentration increased during the winter and approximately 60% of the net increase in osmolality was attributable to increases in trehalose and ninhydrin-positive substances. While blood glucose concentration decreased slightly during the winter, no blood glycerol could be detected. Acclimation to various temperatures and photoperiods revealed that temperature had a more significant effect on blood osmolality than did photoperiod. Limited supercooling capacity, tolerance of short-term freezing and the insulating effects of the insect's burrows supplement seasonal changes in blood chemistry as defenses against cold.
Visual Field Differences in Spatial Frequency Discrimination

Abstract Subjects discriminated between sine-wave gratings that differed by either ±0.125 octaves (small difference) or ±1.0 octaves (large difference). Baseline stimuli consisted of either 1.0 or 4.0 cycles per degree gratings. A left visual field advantage was obtained for the small difference in frequency, with no visual field advantages for the large difference in frequency. Similarly, moderate support for right versus left visual field advantages in processing high versus low spatial frequencies was found, although these interactions were not statistically significant. The results are discussed in light of Kosslyn's (1987) categorical and coordinate framework.
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn

Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is a severe pulmonary disorder which occurs at a rate of one in every 500 live births. About 10–50% of the victims will die of the problem and 7–20% of the survivors develop long-term impairments such as hearing deficit, chronic lung disease, and intracranial bleed. Most adult survivors show evidence of augmented pulmonary vasoreactivity, suggesting a phenotypical change. Several animal models have been used to study the pathophysiology and help to develop new therapeutic modality for PPHN. The etiology of PPHN can be classified into three groups: (1) abnormally constricted pulmonary vasculature as a result of parenchymal diseases; (2) hypoplastic pulmonary vasculature; and (3) normal parenchyma with remodeled pulmonary vasculature. Impaired vasorelaxation of pulmonary artery and reduced blood vessel density in lungs are two characteristic findings in PPHN. Medical treatment includes sedation, oxygen, mechanical ventilation, vasorelaxants (inhaled nitric oxide, inhaled or intravenous prostacyclin, intravenous prostaglandin E1, magnesium sulfate), and inotropic agents. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors have recently been studied as another therapeutic agent for PPHN. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) inhibitors have been studied in animals and a case of premature infant with PPHN successfully treated with an ET-I inhibitor has been reported in the literature. Surfactants have been reported as an adjunct treatment for PPHN as a complication of meconium aspiration syndrome. Even with the introduction of several new therapeutic modalities there has been no significant change in survival rate. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator is used when medical treatment fails and the patient is considered to have a recoverable cause of PPHN.
Design and testing of a moving bed VOC adsorption system

A 0.28-2.8 m3/min (10-100 cfm) moving bed carbon adsorption pilot plant has been developed for testing of low (10–200 ppm) concentration VOC emissions. The pilot plant uses a cross-flow arrangement with the air flowing horizontally through the adsorption bed while the carbon adsorbent particles flow vertically downward. At the bottom of the system, the “used” activated carbon is regenerated using a direct contact heat exchanger. The regenerated carbon is then transported to the top of the moving bed via a screw feeder and pneumatic transport tube. A small gas flow containing the VOCs removed from the used adsorbent is emitted continuously from the adsorbent regenerator. When a carbon flow rate of 2.3 kg/hr (5 lbs/hr), a face velocity of 0.32 m/sec (63 ft/ min), and an emissions stream containing 30 ppm ethanol were used, the observed collection efficiency was approximately 90%. The ability to regenerate the carbon was tested by first operating the system in a static mode, that is air being drawn into the system while the adsorption bed was not moving. This was continued until approximately 70% of the inlet gas VOCs passed through the system without being adsorbed. The carbon flow was then started and the VOC concentration in the off gases of the absorbent regenerator was measured as the partially saturated carbon passed through the system. The VOC concentration in the gases emitted from the adsorbent regenerator was about a factor of ten higher than the VOC concentration in the air entering the adsorption bed.
State Action, State Policy, and the Doing/Allowing Distinction

David Morrow argues that state implementation of solar radiation management (SRM) techniques might be impermissible, even if their deployment would substantially reduce the overall ‘risk profile’ f...
Adomian's method of decomposition: critical review and examples of failure

Abstract Adomian's method of decomposition is considered in application to initial-boundary value problems for the one space-dimensional spatially homogeneous heat conduction equation. It is shown that the fundamental equation of the method is well-defined only for certain restricted types of boundary conditions. Within the class of such boundary conditions, examples are given such that the fundamental equation fails to have a unique solution, and such that the sequence produced by iteration of this equation is divergent. The latter is a counterexample to a published assertion of convergence.
Image indexing applied to typewriter font identification

A method is described to extract an index from a binary character image for database storage and retrieval. The index is hierarchical in nature, and different parts can retrieve character image clusters of different sizes. A hierarchy of Kohonen neural networks is used to generate the clusters on which the indexing method is based. The application is the identification of the font from a sample of printed characters. This is particularly important for forensic document examiners who may have to match a document of unknown origin with the equipment that may have produced it. A computerised system is expected to considerably reduce the time required for each document search.
Impact of a preventive intervention for perinatal depression on mood regulation, social support, and coping.

Perinatal depression prevention trials have rarely examined proximal outcomes that may be relevant for understanding long-term risk for depression. The Mothers and Babies (MB) Course is a cognitive-behavioral depression prevention intervention, which has been shown to prevent depressive symptoms among at-risk perinatal women of color. This study examined intervention impact on three proximal outcomes that are theoretically linked with the intervention’s model of change and have been empirically linked with risk for depression: mood regulation expectancies, perceived social support, and coping. The study used data from a randomized intervention trial of the MB Course with 78 low-income, predominantly African-American perinatal women enrolled at one of four home visitation programs in Baltimore City. Mood regulation expectancies, perceived social support, and coping were assessed with self-report instruments at baseline, post-intervention, and 3- and 6-month follow-ups. The intervention group experienced 16 % greater growth in mood regulation from baseline to 6-month follow-up compared to the usual care group, suggesting a prevention effect. The pattern of findings was similar, although not statistically significant, for social support. Contrary to prediction, the control group experienced less growth in avoidant coping than the intervention group. Findings indicate the MB Course enhances mood regulation, which may facilitate prevention of depression over time. Assessment of intervention effects on proximal outcomes is beneficial for understanding how interventions may enhance protective factors relevant to successful long-term outcomes.
Diversity Coherent and Incoherent Receivers for Free-Space Optical Communication in the Presence and Absence of Interference

When communicating optically through the clear atmospheric channel, not only is there atmospheric turbulence and background noise, but there may also be interference from other sources such as other users in a multiple access system. Even if the interference is off axis, its signal can couple into the receiver through scattering. We would like our communication system to perform well in the presence of interference, background noise, and fading. This paper investigates the performance of diversity coherent and incoherent receivers in the presence of fading, background noise, and various interference types. We find that diversity coherent detection provides significant power gain over diversity direct detection and that most of the benefit of diversity coherent detection can be achieved with a small amount of diversity. Moreover, we find that diversity always improves the performance of coherent detection, whereas in the presence of worst-case interference, diversity degrades the performance of direct detection. This paper also describes a sensible way to select the amount of diversity and power margin to deal with atmospheric turbulence and interference and quantifies the amount of interference that the system can handle while still achieving a given outage probability.
Risk of Hospitalization According to Chemotherapy Regimen in Early-Stage Breast Cancer

Purpose To compare the risk of hospitalization between patients with early-stage breast cancer who received different chemotherapy regimens. Patient and Methods We identified 3,567 patients older than age 65 years from the SEER/Texas Cancer Registry-Medicare database and 9,327 patients younger than age 65 years from the MarketScan database who were diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer between 2003 and 2007. The selection was nonrandomized and nonprospectively collected. We categorized patients according to the regimens they received: docetaxel (T) and cyclophosphamide (C), doxorubicin (A) and C, TAC, AC + T, dose-dense AC + paclitaxel (P) or AC + weekly P. We compared the rates of chemotherapy-related hospitalizations that occurred within 6 months of chemotherapy initiation and used multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify the factors associated with these hospitalizations. Results Among patients younger than age 65 years, the hospitalization rates ranged from 6.2% (dose-dense AC + P) to...
Adherence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains to epithelial cells.

An important early step in the colonization of the human gastrointestinal tract by bacteria is the adhesion of the organism to the host surface. Although adhesion is essential to maintain members of the normal microflora in the intestine, it is also the critical early phase in all diarrheal infections caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. It is important, therefore, to fully understand the mechanisms underlying E. coli adhesion and in that way to be able to develop methods of maintaining the intestinal normal microflora and to prevent pathogenic E. coli from initiating an infectious process.
Relationship between social determinants of health and processes and outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes: validation of a conceptual framework

The aim of this study was to empirically validate a conceptual framework and elucidate the pathways linking social determinants of health to outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes. 615 adults were recruited from adult primary care clinics in the southeastern United States. The model was estimated using path analysis to determine if socioeconomic (education, employment, income) and psychosocial (fatalism, self-efficacy, depression, diabetes distress, serious psychological distress, social support, and perceived stress) factors would independently predict glycemic control or be associated with mediator/moderators of self-care, access to care, and processes of care. Covariates were gender, age, race and health literacy. The final model (chi2 (15) = 17.68, p = 0.28; RMSEA = 0.02, CFI = 0.99) showed lower glycemic control was directly associated with less hours worked (r = 0.13, p = 0.002), more fatalistic attitudes (r = −0.09, p = 0.03), more self-efficacy (r = −0.30, p < 0.001), and less diabetes distress (r = 0.12, p = 0.03), with the majority of total effects being direct. Significant paths associated self-care with diabetes distress (r = −0.14, p = 0.01) and perceived stress (r = −0.15, p = .001); access to care with income (r = 0.08, p = 0.03), diabetes distress (r = −0.21, p < 0.001) and social support (r = 0.08, p = 0.03); and processes of care with income (r = −0.11, p = 0.03), social support (r = 0.10, p = 0.04), and perceived stress (r = 0.10, p = 0.04). The paths explained 76% of the variance in the model. Consistent with the conceptual framework, social determinants were associated with glycemic control through a direct association and mediators/moderators of self-care, access to care and processes of care. This study provides the first validation of a conceptual framework for the relationship between socioeconomic and psychological components of social determinants of health and diabetes outcomes.
Nesting behaviour of Australian wasps of the genus Sphex (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae)

Summary Nests and prey are described for three species of Australian Sphex: cognatus Smith, ephippium Smith, and bilobatus Kohl. All three prey upon Tettigoniidae. The first two make relatively deep, multicellular nests and make open, accessory burrows beside the true nest entrance; however, these accessory burrows are absent in some populations of cognatus. The nests of bilobatus are shallow and contain only one or two cells. Briefer notes are presented on two species of the related genus Prionyx: globosus (Smith) and saevus (Smith); these are predators on Acrididae.
Specification of a job shop scheduling simulation model and some properties of its internal transition function

We specify a job shop scheduling system according to DEVS formalism introduced by Zeigler. Our specification defines a set of state variables and an internal transition function that moves the system from state to state at event times. Some properties of the internal transition function are presented.
Hypertension: a disorder of volume control? what is the evidence?

Abstract Hypertension is a common trait worldwide and is responsible for a major expenditure of health-care dollars in the United States. Although the etiological factors responsible for the expression of this phenotype are complex, several experimental and clinical observations point to a major role of the kidney as responsible. Genetic studies of uncommon diseases, which express monogenetic inheritance, all have in common a dysregulation of sodium balance and volume expansion. Furthermore, epidemiological data suggest an increased incidence of hypertension in communities with high excretory rates of sodium. Experimental data also suggest that low birth weight is associated with an increase in the frequency of hypertension later in life and raises the possibility that intrauterine imprinting may contribute to the expression of the phenotype. Indeed, data suggesting up-regulation of the Na + /K + /2Cl − and thiazide-sensitive transporters in low-birth-weight animals may provide the physiological basis for these observations. Finally, subtle gain of function mutations in one or more of these transporters may unmask defects in volume homeostasis with increasing salt intake.
Primitive Spindle Cell Neoplasm of Ileum with Extensive Heterotopic Cartilage, Presenting as Acute Abdomen in a 6-Day-Old Neonate:

Neonatal intestinal masses with spindle cell morphology have broad differential diagnoses and require a multidisciplinary approach to make the final diagnosis. Spindle cell masses with heterotopic cartilage in the gastrointestinal tract are very rare, and, to our knowledge, have not previously been reported in the neonate. Here we present a case of intestinal primitive spindle cell neoplasm with extensive heterotopic cartilage that manifested initially as acute abdomen in a 6-day-old term infant. Plain radiography demonstrated pneumoperitoneum, prompting diagnostic laparotomy that identified a perforated mass involving the midileum. Histologic and immunohistochemical examination demonstrated an infiltrative spindle cell tumor most compatible with infantile fibrosarcoma (IFS) by a process of exclusion, with nodules of mature heterotopic cartilage. Additional staging studies did not reveal any evidence of residual or metastatic disease. Recognition of this rare variant of IFS will aid in differentiation from other neonatal intestinal mesenchymal tumors.
Comparison of 5% with Dextrose, 1.5% with Dextrose, and 1.5% Dextrose-Free Lidocaine Solutions for Spinal Anesthesia in Human Volunteers

The use of lidocaine in concentrations less than 5% for spinal anesthesia may be advantageous but has not been carefully studied. Lidocaine 50 mg (1.5% with dextrose and 1.5% dextrose-free) was administered to eight volunteers in a randomized, double blind, cross-over fashion. All of these subjects had previously received 5% lidocaine with dextrose using the same experimental protocol. Sensory analgesia was assessed with pinprick, transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) equivalent to surgical incision, and duration of tolerance of pneumatic thigh tourniquet. Motor block was assessed with isometric force dynamometry. Peak dermatomal level was the highest and duration until
Systematic anatomy of Oceanopapaver, a monotypic genus of the Capparaceae from New Caledonia

Evidence from vegetative anatomy, reproductive morphology, and palynology does not support a relationship of Oceanopapaver with Cistaceae, Cruciferae, Flacourtiaceae, Papaveraceae, and Tiliaceae, but suggests placement of the genus in Capparaceae. The apparent occurrence of myrosin cells, among other features, effectively excludes all of the aforenoted families except Capparaceae and Cruciferae. However, multicellular non-glandular trichomes, bracteate inflorescences, sepals and petals each occasionally other than four per flower, presence of an androgynophore, numerous stamens, tricolporate and binucleate pollen, the unilocular mature ovary, the stipitate fruit, and the exotegmic seed in Oceanopapaver favour Capparaceae over Cruciferae. Floral histology and vasculature provide no clues about the relationships of Oceanopapaver. A few features are anomalous, most notably the presence of secretory canals and secretory cells in the genus versus their absence in Capparaceae and their rarity in Cruciferae, the trichomic floral nectary in the genus versus the massive, non-trichomic nectaries in these two families, and the straight embryo in the genus versus the more or less curved or folded embryo in the two families. The fleshy endosperm in Oceanopapaver has counterparts in a few Capparaceae, contrary to previous claims that endosperm is absent or scanty in this family. The report of stamen fascicle traces for Oceanopapaver is the first for Capparaceae, but these should be sought elsewhere in the family. Within Capparaceae the genus fits best in Capparoideae compared to Cleomoideae or the nine other very restrictive subfamilies variously proposed for Capparaceae. There is no justification for the monotypic segregate Oceanopapaveraceae. The phylogenetic and functional anatomy of vegetative and reproductive structures is discussed.
pH-dependent permeabilization of the plasma membrane of mammalian cells by anthrax protective antigen

Summary Protective antigen (PA) of anthrax toxin forms ion-conductive channels in planar lipid bilayers and liposomes under acidic pH conditions. We show here that PA has a similar permeabilizing action on the plasma membranes of CHO-K1 and three other mammalian cell lines (J774A.1, RAW264.7 and Vero). Changes in membrane permeability were evaluated by measuring the efflux of the K+ analogue, 86Rb+, from prelabelled cells, and the influx of 22Na+. The permeabilizing activity of PA was limited to a proteolytically activated form (PAN) and was dependent on acidic pH for membrane insertion (optimal at pH 5.0), but not for sustained ion flux. The flux was reduced in the presence of several known channel blockers: tetrabutyl-, tetrapentyl-, and tetrahexylammonium bromides. PAN facilitated the membrane translocation of anthrax edema factor under the same conditions that induced changes in membrane permeability to ions. These results indicate that PAN permeabilizes cellular membranes under conditions that are believed to prevail in the endosomal compartment of toxin-sensitive cells; and they provide a basis for more detailed studies of the relationship between channel formation and translocation of toxin effector moieties in vivo.
Traumatic brain injury in children.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a major cause of morbidity and is the leading cause of death and acquired disability in children. It has been referred to as the"silent epidemic"and is a major public health concern with significant long term sequellae. More aggressive management has improved mortality in children. Outcomes depend on injury severity. Multi-disciplinary intervention can help to hasten recovery, improve outcomes, and decrease complications. Language: en
The effect of international unions on wage determination in Canada

This article uses collective bargaining agreement wage data spanning 1964–92 to analyse the effect of international unions on wage determination in Canadian manufacturing. Real wage levels for international unions relative to domestic unions are estimated to decline from approximately 4 per cent higher in the 1960s to 4 per cent lower in the 1990s. International unions are also found to be more responsive to US economic conditions. Finally, affiliation with different union federations is a significant determinant of real wage outcomes with AFL–CIO affiliated unions having lower real wages, on average.
Deblurring the discrete Gaussian blur

In 1995 Z. Reti presented a method for deblurring images blurred by the discrete Gaussian. The method is based on theorems borrowed from analytic number theory developed by Gauss, G. Jacobi (1829), and Ramanujan. One advantage of this method over similar ones developed for the continuous domain is that it provides exact formulas for the deblurring convolution. In addition, while deblurring the Gaussian in the continuous domain is an ill-posed inverse problem, deblurring the discrete Gaussian model results in a mathematically well-posed problem. The formulas presented here provide error bounds which relate the quality of the reconstructed image to that of the blurred image. This deblurring method is conveniently expressed in terms of multiplication by Toeplitz matrices whose diagonal entries decrease exponentially, thus rendering the method suitable for numerical approximations. Condition numbers are provided for various choices of /spl sigma/.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTIONS OF SEXUAL INTENT: A QUALITATIVE REVIEW AND INTEGRATION

Men appear to interpret people's behaviors more sexually than do women. This finding, which has been replicated in scores of studies using a variety of methodological approaches, has been linked to important social concerns, including sexual assault and sexual harassment. This article provides a critical review of the published literature on gender differences in sexual intent perception, using selective examples to illustrate and summarize the field's major constructs, methodologies, and empirical findings. Theoretical explanations for gender differences in sexual intent perceptions are reviewed. Finally, we highlight the field's remaining issues and make several recommendations for future research directions.
Cattle as Dispersal Vectors of Invasive and Introduced Plants in a California Annual Grassland

Plant invasions are a threat to rangelands in California. Understanding how seeds of invasive plants are dispersed is critical to developing sound management plans. Domestic livestock can transport seeds long distances by ingesting and passing seeds in dung (endozoochory) or by the attachment of seeds to skin and fur (epizoochory). Our objective was to characterize the role of cattle as seed dispersers of both invasive and noninvasive species via endozoochory and epizoochory in a Sierra foothills rangeland. To quantify endozoochory, we sampled dung from two dry-season grazing periods and evaluated seed content by growing dung for 3 months in a greenhouse. To quantify epizoochory, we collected seeds directly from the fur of 40 cattle. We categorized the invasion status and functional groups of all species found and quantified landscape-scale vegetation composition in order to determine whether dispersal mode was associated with functional group, invasion status, or vegetation composition. Finally, we evaluated the potential for the noxious weed medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae [L.] Nevski) to travel long distances on cattle fur using a detachment experiment with a model cow. We found that forbs were more likely to be dispersed by endozoochory, and invasive species were more likely to be dispersed by epizoochory. Medusahead was dispersed exclusively by epizoochory and was able to travel up to 160 m on a model cow. Our results suggest that cattle may be an important dispersal vector for both invasive and noninvasive plants.
Pediatric Trauma Resuscitation

Care of the injured child differs in important ways from that of the injured adult. The pediatric trauma surgeon must account for these differences when crafting a plan of care. Pediatric patients differ from adults in measurable, distinct biomechanical ways: less mineralization of bone means that the skeleton offers less protection to structures in the CNS, thorax, and abdomen; decreased muscle strength per unit volume means not only diminished protection of the cervical spine and abdomen, but decreased Starling effect in the heart; increased surface area relative to body mass means dramatically increased vulnerability to radiative and evaporative loss of heat and fluid; and scaling of energetics means that babies require three times the energy per kilogram of body mass than adults and have far less reserve.
Stem Cell Niche-Radiobiological Response

Ionizing radiation (IR) in the context of radiotherapy or unplanned exposure events results in a myriad of biological events with clinical outcomes that range in severity from DNA damage, local tissue damage, and even death. Radiation is widely utilized in medicine for imaging diagnostics, total body irradiation (TBI) in bone marrow (BM) transplantation and cancer therapy, and for the management of non-cancerous syndromes, including Dupuyten and Ledderhose disease (Halperin in Lancet Oncol 7(8):676–85, 2006; Seegenschmiedt and Attassi in Strahlentherapie und Onkologie : Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft [et al] 179(12):847–853, 2003; Heyd et al. in Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft [et al] 186(1):24–29, 2010). To eradicate tumors, x-rays, gamma rays, or high-energy charged particle beams are emitted at malignant cells to induce DNA damage and death. The disadvantages associated with radiation therapy include damage to proximal healthy tissues and cell death. The blood forming system is highly sensitive to radiation with increasing risk of morbidity and mortality resulting from loss of white blood cells and platelets with the sequela of opportunistic infection and hemorrhage with increasing duration and intensity of exposure. Radiation therapy increases the risk of infertility, can cause joint and mouth (stoma) complications, and can result in lymphedema and cancer. Irradiation impairs osteogenesis causing cell cycle arrest, reduction of osteoblast proliferation and differentiation (although not initially), collagen and vascular suppression, increased sensitivity to apoptotic agents, osteoradionecrosis, bone demineralization, loss of trabecular connections, sclerosis, and destruction of a stem cell niche that contributes to maintenance of hematopoiesis [Hopewell in Med Pediatr Oncol 41(3):208–211, 2003). In this chapter, we will review what is known regarding the impact of radiation exposure on BM stromal cells that constitute microenvironments/niches that support blood cell production and an overview of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) radioprotection and regeneration of the stem cell niche. We will outline the acute and late effects of irradiation on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells leading to hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome (H-ARS) and residual bone marrow damage (RBMD), respectively. The interactive components of the stem cell niche respond to radiation distinctively by cell type and even by state of maturation, and influence the fate of one another. The reader will appreciate a greater understanding of the HSC niche, the radiobiological response as an interconnected symphony, and the therapeutic approach of HSC niche protection and regeneration.
Rituals and right answers: barriers and supports to autonomous activity

Student autonomy has been an important object of study for mathematics educators for many years. Over time, framings of autonomy have moved from a focus on the individual to considerations of how an individual’s autonomy is entangled in classroom-level interactions. What has been less closely studied is how classroom interactions provide uneven access to autonomy for individuals. This study uses a communicational perspective to clarify Piaget’s intellectual autonomy and examine students’ mathematical interactions. The findings describe barriers and supports to autonomous activity for three students. Students were prevented from engaging in autonomous activity when they were seen as less capable than others, when they felt the need to manage the activities of their peers, or when they focused on being seen as knowledgeable. In contrast, students acted with autonomy when they took up the teacher’s request for explanations, noticed a contrast between their answer and the right answer, and worked on making connections across different representations.
The Real Green it Machine (a)

A large bank is attempting to cost justify a proposed, large (60,000 sq. ft.) data center based upon energy savings achieved through "green" technology, principally through water cooling and energy recovery. The investments total about $100 million, offset somewhat by funds recouped from the closing of an older facility. The new building is expected to open with 700 racks of server computers. The power consumed by each rack costs more than the amortized cost of the computers themselves. The bank expects a 12% return on discounted cash flows.
Recovery Effects of Water Holding Capacity on the Scaly Skin by Cholesteryl Derivatives

表皮角質層の水分保持が皮膚を健やかに保つために重要であることは古くから知られている。近年表皮角質層の水分保持に角質細胞間脂質が重要であることがあきらかとなって久しい。これら角質細胞間脂質構成成分の内, セラミド, コレステロール, コレステリル誘導体は細胞間でのラメラ形成能に深く関与しており, 形成されたラメラ間に水分保持し, 機能を発揮しているとされている。今回, 我々は, 細胞間脂質であるコレステリル誘導体に着目し, 特にコレステリルエステル類の荒れ肌に対する有用性を評価した。有用性評価は, ラウリル硫酸ナトリウムにより荒れ肌を誘発し, 誘発された荒れ肌部位にコレステリルエステル類を塗布し, 被検部位の角質水分量と経皮水分損失量の経時変化から評価した。その結果, コレステリルエステル類のうち, アシルグルタミン酸コレステリルエステル (AGCE) は荒れ肌の水分保持機能に対して優れた回復効果を示した。らに, 実際の表皮脂質複合体を想定したモデルとセラミド代替としてAGCEを配合したモデルは荒れ肌に対して同等の効果を示した。
Crowding stress and adrenal mitochondrial 11 beta-hydroxylation in vitro.

SummaryAdrenal mitochondria were obtained from rats subjected to two different crowding regiments in order to test the in vitro capacity for 11 β-hydroxylation (11β-OH) as an index of stress. Compared to controls, 110 cm2 of floor space per rat, crowding at 30 cm2/rat markedly increased 11β-OH. Little change occurred when rats were held at 50 cm2/animal. High levels of 11β-OH persisted 3 weeks after the termination of severe crowding. This apparent failure to reverse crowding stress is viewed in terms of pathologic changes that appear to accompany crowding stress. On the basis of measuring 11 β-OH capacity, it is possible to differentiate between the stressful effects of the housing conditions.
Outcomes in the Era of Therapeutic Hypothermia

Encephalopathy in the late preterm and term infant is an important clinical condition because it can be associated with death or poor neurodevelopment in early childhood. Stages of encephalopathy (mild, moderate, and severe) soon after birth have value in predicting outcome during early infancy and even at early school-age. Prompt recognition after birth of the subset of infants in whom encephalopathy is associated with hypoxia-ischemia (hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy [HIE]) is critical because the outcome is potentially modifiable with therapeutic hypothermia. A series of large randomized clinical trials have provided better estimates of the outcomes of moderate and severe HIE compared with the era before the hypothermia trials. Therapeutic hypothermia reduces the composite outcome of death or a major disability at 18 months to 2 years of age among term infants who have moderate or severe encephalopathy. School-age follow-up of a limited number of infants from these trials indicates that death is reduced without any evidence that the percentage of brain-injured infants is increased. Practitioners need to be aware, however, that poor outcomes among infants who have HIE who have received hypothermia treatment is common, and many gaps persist regarding the outcome of these infants at school-age and beyond.
Female Calling and Reproductive Behavior in the Brown Banded Cockroach, Supella longipalpa (F.) (Orthoptera: Blattellidae)

Female Supella longipalpa exhibit a pattern of calling behavior in which the wings are raised and the genitalia are rhythmically opened and closed. Of these calling females, 79% mated when paired with males, whereas only 8% of non calling females mated. Eight of nine mated females ceased to call immediately after mating and did not call through at least two oviposition cycles. Unmated females exhibited cycles of calling and production of infertile eggs. The mean inter-ovipositional period in unmated females was 7.9 days, and it was 3.6 days in mated females. Males began responding to females 8 or 9 days after the females' imaginal molt. Calling and the onset of sexual receptivity were initiated 11 to 15 days after the imaginal molt.
Perceptions of Chronic Illness Care Among Veterans With Multiple Chronic Conditions.

ABSTRACT Objectives: Given the burden of multiple chronic conditions (MCCs) in the Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, understanding perspectives of Veterans with MCC is essential to evaluate chronic care and ensure that care and quality improvement efforts align with patient needs. The purpose of this study was to use the Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) instrument to examine perceptions of chronic care among Veterans with MCC. Methods: We conducted a nation-wide, cross-sectional mailed survey. Study inclusion criteria were Veteran patients with MCC who receive care from eight VA facilities. The survey included questions on patient demographics, recent hospital or doctor visits, and the PACIC instrument. Chronic condition and health care utilization data were extracted from VA administrative databases. Results: The sample (n = 3,519) was mostly male; average age was 68.1 years. Mean PACIC summary score was 3.05 (standard deviation [SD] = 1.12). Respondents achieved higher scores (...
A Response to Brian Leiter’s Critique of Duncan Kennedy and the Critical Legal Studies Movement Kennedy Founded

Presents a simplified summary of Brian Leiter’s critique of Duncan Kennedy and a qualified defense of Duncan Kennedy’s theory. While DK does engage in subjective individualism (phenomenology) he never claims to present other than a rough-cut “Procrustean” view of legal theory, a model of the law (in ultimo an axiomatic formal system). While one can critique DK's theory as philosophical idealism, DK’s practice is clearly progressive. Outlines some vestigial problems of progressive struggles in the late cold war and post cold war eras. 7 pages, lightly annotated.
Tactile Captions: Augmenting Visual Captions

We explore the efficacy of tactile captions as a supplement to online captioned video. Closed captions are not fully accessible, because many auditory signals are not easily represented by words, e.g., the sound of the ball being hit by a bat, or to describe a ring tone. The goal is to explore whether audiovisual information can be effectively represented through an equivalent tactile-visual interface. We compare viewers preferences between viewing video with captions alone, and captions plus tactile captions. Our study showed that viewers significantly preferred tactile captions to captions.
Local renal delivery of a natriuretic peptide a renal-enhancing strategy for B-type natriuretic peptide in overt experimental heart failure.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that local renal delivery of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) will overcome renal resistance to BNP without systemic hypotension. Background BNP has vasodilating, natriuretic, and renin-inhibiting properties. In overt heart failure (HF), there is development of renal resistance to BNP. Methods We defined the cardiorenal and humoral effects of systemic (n = 6) or local renal (n = 7) administration of canine BNP (0.01 μg/kg/min) in 2 separate groups of dogs with pacing-induced subacute overt HF complicated by renal dysfunction. We used a commercially available small (3.1-F) bifurcated renal catheter (FlowMedica Inc., Fremont, California) for direct bilateral infusion of BNP into both renal arteries. Results With systemic BNP at this clinically used dose (without the bolus), urine flow increased, but there was only a trend for an increase in urinary sodium excretion and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). In contrast, local renal delivery of BNP resulted in significant diuresis and natriuresis and an increase in GFR. These diuretic and natriuretic responses were greater with local renal BNP compared with systemic BNP, and were associated with increased delivery of BNP to the renal tubules as evident by a greater urinary BNP excretion resulting in a decrease in distal reabsorption of sodium. Importantly, local renal BNP did not result in a significant decrease in mean arterial pressure that was observed with systemic BNP. Conclusions We conclude that local renal BNP delivery is a novel strategy that may overcome renal assistance to BNP in overt HF by increasing local delivery of BNP to the renal tubules.
Futures Research and Environmental Sustainability: Theory and Method

This book explores the challenges of presenting sustainability as a more actionable or practical concept and identifying approaches that might offer useful assistance in addressing the temporal and spatial representation of sustainability. The underlying premise of this book is that sustainability is a state realized in the future. In that future there is a geographic arrangement of society and economy that agrees with its environmental setting. This future perspective introduces a little examined subject area that can lend significant content to the sustainability challenge: Futures Research.
Assessing Cancer Health Literacy among Spanish-Speaking Latinos

Health literacy is a dynamic construct that changes with specific health conditions; thus, new disease-specific health literacy tools are needed. Since cancer is the leading cause of death among Latinos, the largest and fastest-growing minority population in the nation, there is a need to develop tools to assess cancer health literacy (CHL) among the Spanish-speaking population. The Cancer Health Literacy Test, Spanish version (CHLT-30-DKspa) was applied to identify Spanish-speaking individuals with low CHL and ascertain which items in the tool best discriminate between CHL level groups. Cross-sectional field test of the CHLT-30-DKspa among Spanish-speaking Latinos. Latent class analysis (LCA) identified participants with varying CHL levels. Probability of correct answers, odds ratios, and standardized errors were used to identify the items that allow the classification of individuals among the latent classes. LCA resulted in a three-latent-class model predicting 39.4% of participants to be in the HIGH class, 43.3% in the MEDIUM class, and 17.3% in the LOW class. Eleven items (the CHLT-11-DKspa) meet the criteria to clearly separate participants with HIGH and LOW classes of CHL. Although the best model fit was a three-class solution, results showed a clear separation of individuals from HIGH versus LOW levels of CHL, but separation of those in the MEDIUM level was not as clear. The CHLT-11-DKspa is a shorter measure that may be relatively easy to use in a clinical encounter to identify Spanish-speaking patients with the poorest levels of CHL who may require additional support to understand medical instructions and care plans.
Automated Transition State Theory Calculations for High-Throughput Kinetics

A scarcity of known chemical kinetic parameters leads to the use of many reaction rate estimates, which are not always sufficiently accurate, in the construction of detailed kinetic models. To reduce the reliance on these estimates and improve the accuracy of predictive kinetic models, we have developed a high-throughput, fully automated, reaction rate calculation method, AutoTST. The algorithm integrates automated saddle-point geometry search methods and a canonical transition state theory kinetics calculator. The automatically calculated reaction rates compare favorably to existing estimated rates. Comparison against high level theoretical calculations show the new automated method performs better than rate estimates when the estimate is made by a poor analogy. The method will improve by accounting for internal rotor contributions and by improving methods to determine molecular symmetry.
Automated Content Analysis: A Case Study of Computer Science Student Summaries.

Technology is transforming Higher Education learning and teaching. This paper reports on a project to examine how and why automated content analysis could be used to assess precis writing by university students. We examine the case of one hundred and twenty-two summaries written by computer science freshmen. The texts, which had been hand scored using a teacher-designed rubric, were autoscored using the Natural Language Processing software, PyrEval. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Spearman rank correlation were used to analyze the relationship between the teacher score and the PyrEval score for each summary. Three content models automatically constructed by PyrEval from different sets of human reference summaries led to consistent correlations, showing that the approach is reliable. Also observed was that, in cases where the focus of student assessment centers on formative feedback, categorizing the PyrEval scores by examining the average and standard deviations could lead to novel interpretations of their relationships. It is suggested that this project has implications for the ways in which automated content analysis could be used to help university students improve their summarization skills.
Longitudinal relationships between unmarried fathers' involvement and their children's behavior problems: Using latent growth modeling

Abstract Using a sample of 3409 unmarried mothers from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, this study examined the longitudinal relationships between unmarried fathers' involvement on behavior problems of children ages from one through five, after accounting for the effects of mothers' socioeconomic status, psychological health, and parenting stress. The results from our latent growth structural equation model showed that the longitudinal effects of unmarried fathers' involvement on their children's behavior problems measured at ages 1, 3, and 5 were statistically significant. Both levels and trends of father involvement over time were negatively related to those of child behavior problems. The findings also suggest that maternal economic status and parenting stress were the most influential predictors of children's behavior problems. Maternal depression and parenting stress were found to be significant determinants of father involvement. Policy and practice implications of its findings were discussed.
An Overview of Current and Emerging Markers of Alcoholism

The main purpose of biological markers of alcohol consumption is to provide valuable tools in the diagnosis and treatment of alcoholism. One can categorize different types of biological markers of alcoholism based on their characteristics and clinical applications as trait markers, state markers, and markers of organ damage.