cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Testament Perspectives of Faith

lated to the adjective rtrro%, meaning faithful or reliable. This primary meaning appears in many passages of the New Testament, but in all, or at least nearly all, it is only a part of the meaning intended. A good example is the question asked in Luke 18:8: "When the Son of man comes, will he find faith on earth?" Another is in Paul's words to the Thessalonians, "Therefore we ourselves boast of you in the churches of God for your steadfastness and faith in all your persecutions and in the afflictions which you are enduring" (II Thess. 1:4). 2. A much more characteristic meaning, in the New Testament, is that of trust or confidence. Indeed, of the 29 occurrences in the Synoptic Gospels, 27 convey mainly this meaning. The only exceptions are two in Luke (18:8, 22:32). In most of Paul's uses, the idea of trust constitutes a part of the meaning, but there is more. 3. When Paul speaks of faith, he usually means the kind of trust in which a person commits the whole meaning, purpose, and destiny of his life to Christ. Of course this faith must be enduring and it must involve trust. But primarily it is an entrusting of all one's hope to the promise of life through Christ. The trust implied is not that of the person who sits with folded hands and peace of mind because he is confident that everything will turn out all right. It is better symbolized by the attitude of the traveler who, trusting an airliner and its crew, goes aboard for a journey. Better still, faith is the lone pilot's leap from his faltering airplane, entrusting his life to a parachute. However, the figure must not be pressed too far. The Christian expects to be lifted by his faith, not to be let down, however easily. Christian faith must be renewed continually. Moreover, the pilot may regard the significance of his life and even the soundness of his decision to jump, as quite independent of the question whether or not the parachute will, in fact, open and let him drop safely to the ground. Faith in the Pauline sense is total, so that the Christian rests his all-his mean-
Long-term Effects of Prenatal Cigarette Smoke Exposure on Behavior Dysregulation Among 14-Year-Old Offspring of Teenage Mothers

In this prospective study, we examined the long-term effects of prenatal cigarette smoke exposure (PCSE) on behavioral dysregulation (BD) in the offspring of adolescent mothers. The adolescent mothers (mean age = 16; range = 12–18; 70% African American) were interviewed about their tobacco use during pregnancy. Offspring were followed to age 14 years (n = 318). Indices of BD outcomes included aggression, rule breaking, externalizing, social problems, attention, distractibility and activity. Multiple measures and multiple informants were used for each construct. Regression analyses were conducted to test if PCSE predicted the BD outcomes, adjusting for demographic and maternal psychological characteristics, and for prenatal exposure to other substances. Independent effects of PCSE were found. Exposed offspring had more aggressive, social, and externalizing problems on both the maternal report and the adolescent self-report measures. They were more active, had more attention problems and greater difficulty with distraction and task orientation. Most PCSE effects were found from first trimester exposure and from exposure to as few as 10 cigarettes per day. These results are consistent with previous findings in this cohort when offspring were 6 and 10 years old, demonstrating that the effects of prenatal cigarette smoke exposure can be identified early and persist into adolescence.
Cloning, sequencing, expression and function of a cDNA encoding a receptor for the opioid growth factor, [Met5]enkephalin

Abstract The native opioid growth factor (OGF), [Met5]enkephalin, is a tonic inhibitory peptide that modulates cell proliferation and tissue organization during development, cancer, cellular renewal, wound healing and angiogenesis. OGF action is mediated by a receptor mechanism. We have cloned and sequenced a 2.1-kilobase (kb) cDNA for a receptor to OGF (OGFr). The open reading frame was found to encode a protein of 580 amino acids, and eight imperfect repeats of nine amino acids each were a prominent feature. The protein encoded by this cDNA exhibited the pharmacological, temporal and spatial characteristics of the OGFr. Functional studies using antisense technology demonstrated an enhancement in cell growth. The molecular organization of the OGFr has no homology to classical opioid receptors. These results provide molecular validity for the interaction of OGF and OGFr in the regulation of growth processes.
Patterns of autotomy and regeneration in Hemigrapsus nudus

Leg autotomy and regeneration can have severe impacts on survival and reproduction, and these impacts may be even more pronounced in animals with multifarious legs, such as decapods. Thus, determining the patterns and frequency of autotomy and regeneration could reveal the effects of these processes on the individual and population level. We investigated whether some legs are lost more often than others and if all legs are equally likely to be regenerated. We sampled nearly 500 purple shore crabs (Hemigrapsus nudus) and showed that (1) most animals are found with at least one injured leg, (2) the patterns of autotomy differ between males and females, and (3) successful claw regeneration is unlikely in both males and females. Future work with H. nudus and other grapsid crabs will elucidate how patterns seen here relate to other developmental and ecological factors.
CO(2) sensitivity of voltage gating and gating polarity of gapjunction channels--connexin40 and its COOH-terminus-truncated mutant.

The CO2 sensitivity of transjunctional voltage (Vj) gating was studied by dual voltage clamp in oocytes expressing mouse Cx40 or its COOH terminus (CT)-truncated mutant (Cx40-TR). Vj sensitivity, determined by a standard Vj protocol (20 mV Vj steps, 120 mV maximal), decreased significantly with exposure to 30% CO2. The Boltzmann values of control versus CO2-treated oocytes were: V0 = 36.3 and 48.7 mV, n = 5.4 and 3.7, and Gj min = 0.21 and 0.31, respectively. CO2 also affected the kinetics of Vj-dependent inactivation of junctional current (Ij); the time constants of two-term exponential Ij decay, measured at Vj = 60 mV, increased significantly with CO2 application. Similar results were obtained with Cx40-TR, suggesting that CT does not play a role in this phenomenon. The sensitivity of Cx40 channels to 100% CO2 was also unaffected by CT truncation. There is evidence that CO2 decreases the Vj sensitivity of Cx26, Cx50 and Cx37 as well, whereas it increases that of Cx45 and Cx32 channels. Since Cx40, Cx26, Cx50 and Cx37 gate at the positive side of Vj, whereas Cx45 and Cx32 gate at negative Vj, it is likely that Vj behavior with respect to CO2-induced acidification varies depending on gating polarity, possibly involving the function of the postulated Vj sensor (NH2-terminus).
WHIPS Seat and Occupant Motions During Simulated Rear Crashes

Objective: Objectives of this study were to investigate the motions of Volvo's Whiplash Protection System (WHIPS) seat and occupant during simulated rear crashes of a human model of the neck (HUMON). Methods: HUMON consisted of a human neck specimen (n = 6) mounted to the torso of BioRID II and carrying an anthropometric head stabilized with muscle force replication. HUMON was seated and secured in a 2005 Volvo XC90 minivan seat that included WHIPS and a fixed head restraint. Rear crashes of 9.9 g (ΔV 9.2 kph), 12.0 g (ΔV 11.4 kph), and 13.3 g (ΔV 13.4 kph) were simulated and WHIPS and occupant motions were monitored. Linear regression analyses (P < .05) were used to determine relationships between WHIPS and occupant motion peaks using data from all crashes combined. Results: WHIPS motions consisted of simultaneous rearward and downward translations and extension of the seatback and plastic deformation of the bilateral WHIPS energy-absorbing components. Peak WHIPS motions were linearly correlated only wit...
A Correlator of Time Intervals Between Pulses

In neurophysiological studies, it is frequently advantageous to ascertain various time relationships between neuronal discharges, or spikes. During the course of the Applied Physics Laboratory's endeavors in the field of neuronal studies, a particular need arose for a means of determining some of these time relationships. To meet this need, a relatively inexpensive electronic device was designed and built at the laboratory. This paper is a description of the device's capabilities, limitations, some of its more common functional uses, and circuitry. The application, while referenced to neuronal discharges, may be with respect to a number of pulse waveforms.
How Frequent Are Asthma Exacerbations in a Pediatric Primary Care Setting and Do Written Asthma Action Plans Help in Their Management

Purpose. In the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma, the expert panel recommends that a written asthma action plan be provided for all patients with asthma. Studies evaluating the usefulness of the asthma action plan in children are limited. We aim to determine exacerbation frequency and usefulness of the asthma action plan in managing exacerbations that occur in a pediatric primary care setting. Methods. Caretakers of asthmatic children attending the general pediatric clinic in an inner‐city hospital completed a one‐page questionnaire covering topics such as asthma severity, frequency of exacerbations, and possession/usefulness of an asthma action plan. Although controversy exists over the definition of yellow and red zone exacerbations, we defined the yellow zone as symptoms that require albuterol more than three times a day or more than two nights in succession. The red zone was defined as symptoms requiring systemic corticosteroids and/or an ...
Effect of laparoscopic Roux-en Y gastric bypass on type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Since the introduction of Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGBP) in the early 1990s, several investigators have demonstrated that LRYGBP is as effective as open roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) in achieving significant long-term weight loss (60–80% percent of excess body weight loss [%EWL]) in morbidly obese patients while significantly reducing perioperative morbidity and recovery time.1–5 In 2000, our group reported (n = 275 patients) a mean excess weight loss of 77% (mean body mass index [BMI] reduced from 48 to 27 kg/m2) at 30 months and a major morbidity and mortality rate of 3.3% and 0.4%, respectively.2 Quality of life was significantly improved and all obesity comorbidities, with the exception of depression, were significantly improved or resolved. Although that study did not focus specifically on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), we did find that 82% of T2DM patients (n = 18) achieved clinical resolution (withdrawal of all antidiabetic medication) whereas the remaining 18% had significant improvement. Other investigators have also demonstrated that not only Roux-en-Y gastric bypass but other bariatric operations may result in significant clinical improvement in T2DM after weight loss.2,5–13 However, little is known concerning the effect of weight loss surgery on the degree of glycemic control that is achieved and its impact on antidiabetic medication requirement. Furthermore, factors that may be associated with postoperative resolution versus improvement in diabetes have not been fully elucidated. The goal of this study then was to evaluate the effect of LRYGBP on morbidly obese patients with T2DM and their related comorbidites and diabetes-specific complications. Our hypothesis was that LRYGBP would result in sustained weight loss that would correspond to significant improvement in glycemic control, leading to clinical resolution or improvement in T2DM and related comorbidites and complications. We specifically evaluated postoperative outcomes, including surgical complications and weight loss as well as changes in fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), diabetic medication requirement, and changes in comorbidity and diabetes complications.
Utility of subtelomeric fluorescent DNA probes for detection of chromosome anomalies in 425 patients

Purpose: A complete set of subtelomeric fluorescent DNA probes, except the acrocentric p-arms, was developed in 1996, was optimized in 1998, and is commercially available. These and other fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes have been used to detect anomalies of the subtelomere regions among groups of patients with idiopathic mental retardation (MR), developmental delay (DD), and/or nonspecific dysmorphic features (NDF), and individuals with multiple miscarriages (MM) who were karyotypically normal by standard G-banding techniques. Methods: A total of 425 patients were analyzed, of whom 372 had idiopathic MR/DD/NDF and 53 were involved in MM. An effort was made to select individuals for this study who were either normal karyotypically or who had subtle chromosomal anomalies that were inconclusive by banded chromosome analysis, although this was not always possible. Results: Anomalies involving the subtelomere regions were detected at a frequency of 6.8% in the MR/DD/NDF group. The cryptic or subtle anomalies are estimated to be about 3.4%. It was necessary to use M-FISH, chromosome, and locus specific FISH probes to clarify some of the abnormalities. No abnormalities were detected in the MM group. Deletion variants were present for 2qter, 7pter, and Xpter/Ypter subtelomeric regions ranging from <1 to 9.6%. Conclusions: The subtelomeric FISH probes are instrumental in the detection of subtelomeric anomalies in a significant proportion, although no more than 50% are subtle, of patients with idiopathic MR/DD/NDF. In some cases, however, it was necessary to use other FISH probes to clarify the nature of these abnormalities. No subtelomeric abnormalities were detected in our group of 53 MM patients, suggesting a relatively low frequency of occurrence in this patient population.
Neural unit activity in an anterior “nonspecific”cortical area during classical conditioning of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response

Neural unit activity was recorded from a region in motor-sensory cortex that had previously been shown to produce systematic increases in unit activity during avoidance learning. Although there were small unlearned responses evoked by both CS (tone) and US (air puff), there was no apparent neural plasticity associated with classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response.
Electron transmission through ultra-thin insulating barriers☆

Abstract We propose a model to explain the exponential dependence of the electron transmission coefficient through ultra-thin (4–12 A average thickness) evaporated films of Al 2 O 3 . The mechanism involves molecular pinholes in the Al 2 O 3 rather than tunneling.
Educational orientations of college students: A typological analysis

Previous research on student typological models has centered on undergraduates' general philosophies of higher education. This study focused on students' more specific views of the purposes of education, desired teaching-learning arrangements, and roles with faculty in academic decision-making. Undergraduates (N = 3,628) completed the Student Orientations Survey, and orientation scale scores were used in a multidimensional typological analysis. Five distinct student learner profiles were identified; coefficients of group homogeneity and between-groupF's supported the uniqueness of each group profile. Discussion centered on various implications for postsecondary institutions regarding the use of a typological scheme premised on student orientations and learning preferences.
Role of neutrophil derived oxidants and elastase in lipopolysaccharide-mediated renal injury

Role of neutrophil derived oxidants and elastase in lipopolysaccharide-mediated renal injury. Gram-negative bacterial sepsis is frequently associated with acute renal failure but the specific effects of lipopoly-saccharide (LPS) and other bacterial products on kidney function are not known. Since either LPS or formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP)—a chemotactic peptide from bacterial cell walls—activate neutrophils (PMN) to release a number of potentially toxic factors in vitro, we determined the effect of adding PMN with LPS and/or FMLP to isolated perfused rat kidneys. Isolated rat kidneys perfused with LPS alone or LPS and normal PMN had normal glomerular filtration rates (GFR) and tubular Na reabsorption (T Na ). Kidneys perfused with FMLP alone or FMLP and normal PMN also had normal GFR and T Na . In contrast, addition of PMN with both FMLP and LPS caused progressive renal dysfunction. For example, after 60 minutes of perfusion, GFR was reduced from 610 ± 31 to 147 ± 17 µl/min/g and T Na from 97 ± 1 to 72 ± 2%, both P 2 metabolite scavengers catalase or dimethylthiourea afforded no protection while perfusion with the neutrophil elastase inhibitor Eglin C conferred substantial, but not complete, protection: GFR 492 ± 34 µl/min/g; T Na 91 ± 3%. However, perfusion with both Eglin C and catalase completely prevented the toxic effects of LPS and FMLP-treated PMN on renal function. We conclude that in isolated kidneys, 1) the toxic effects of LPS requires FMLP-treated PMN and that 2) LPS and FMLP treated PMN cause progressive renal injury which is mediated by both O 2 metabolites and neutrophil elastase.
Impact of reconfigurable hardware on accelerating MPI_Reduce

This paper demonstrates the benefits and pit-falls of implementing the collective communication operation reduce in the reconfigurable resources of an FPGA device across a cluster of all-FPGA compute nodes. Specifically, the communication and computation semantics of the MPI_Reduce call from the de facto Message-Passing Interface have been implemented. Using a synthetic benchmark a cluster of 32 FPGA nodes with a 300 MHz PowerPC processor, custom high speed network, and reduce core is compared against a conventional commodity cluster with 3.2 GHz Xeon processors and Gigabit Ethernet. The design is customized to support performing many reduce operations on small datasets while minimizing the amount of on-chip resources used, which is an increasingly common demand from domain scientists. Speedups of ≈2x to ≈800x are reported over that of a commodity cluster for small datasets, which provides significant motivation to continue the investigation into supporting additional collective communication operations directly in hardware.
Exhumations and double disappearance: Silvio Caiozzi's Fernando ha vuelto and ¿Fernando ha vuelto a desaparecer?

In the context of the documentation of forensic investigations in Chile in the aftermath of the 1973–1990 military dictatorship, this article analyzes two documentary films by Chilean filmmaker Silvio Caiozzi, Fernando ha vuelto (Fernando is Back, 1998) and ?Fernando ha vuelto a desaparecer? (Has Fernando Disappeared Again?, 2006) in relation to the traumatic process of forensic investigations and the representation of exhumations and the macabre phenomenon of the double disappearance. Often documentary films are seen as important contributors to the documentation of human rights abuses and a way for the victims of state repression to ‘tell their stories’. In the case of Caiozzi's films, the analysis also reveals the furtive effects of the systematic application of forced disappearance in families that generously contribute with forensic experts in the identification of their disappeared relatives.
Dentigerous Cysts Presenting as Head and Neck Infections

Objective To describe dentigerous cysts presenting as head and neck infections. Study design and setting Retrospective analysis of 327 charts with an admitting diagnosis of head and neck infection, deep neck space infection, and dentigerous cysts treated at a tertiary care hospital between 1975 and 2004. Results Seven patients were identified who had dentigerous cysts that presented as head and neck infections. Six of these patients had recurrent infections at the same site and one was diagnosed with a submasseteric space abscess. The incidence of head and neck infections with dentigerous cysts as the underlying causative pathology was 2.1%. Conclusion Head and neck infections with dentigerous cysts as underlying pathology are more common than perceived. Significance Typically not considered as sources of infection, dentigerous cysts must be considered in cases of head and neck infection. EBM rating C.
ELECTRON-POSITRON ANNIHILATION IN FLIGHT

The positron-electron annihilation cross section has been measured for 50-, 100-, and 200-Mev incident positron energies. Three small proportional counters in a magnetic field determined the incident electron or positron momentum, and a large scintillation counter immediately behind the absorber indicated the disappearance of a particle. The positron annihilation cross section was determined by subtracting the electron loss rate (due mainly to bremsstrahlung energy losses) from the positron loss rate. The cross sections obtained at 50, 100, and 200 Mev were, respectively, 11.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.5, 6.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.2, and 3.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6 millibarns per electron in a beryllium absorber, in good agreement with Dirac's two-quantum annihilation cross section. The presence of annihilation radiation was detected in coincidence with the disappearance of a positron within a small cone in the forward direction.
The elderly driver: What physicians need to know

Physicians often must decide when an older patient should give up driving. Objective measures of accident risk are lacking, but a simple assessment of function can provide insights. Some medical centers now offer driving evaluation and rehabilitation programs.
Imaging strategies in hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma

Approximately two-thirds of metastatic lesions that develop following curative resection of colorectal cancer occur in the liver and lung. In select groups of patients, resection of these lesions is associated with increased 5-year survival. In the liver, precise preoperative documentation of the presence, location, number, and relationship of these lesions to vascular structure is crucial in the selection of candidates for curative resection. Computed tomography with arterial portography (CTAP), intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS), positron emission tomographic (PET) scan, and radionuclide scanning, including radiolabeled monoclonal antibody imaging, are emerging as the procedures of choice in the preoperative and intraoperative evaluation of metastatic colorectal cancer to the liver.
The oxidation of SO2 with O2 on MnY zeolite

Abstract The oxidation of SO2 with molecular oxygen was accomplished at ambient temperature utilizing MnY zeolite as a catalyst. The only reaction product observed was a SO4= species which was strongly bound in the zeolite micropores. Catalyst reactivity was found to be highly dependent on the degree of hydration of the MnY, and samples fully dehydrated at 400°C displayed little activity. Although Knudsen diffusion limitations did not permit direct experimental observation of the true reaction kinetics in this system, an indirect argument leads to the conclusion that the reaction was first order with respect to SO2 concentration in the gas phase.
Echocardiographic diagnosis of bland thrombus on an aortic valve.

Echocardiography is a valuable modality for imaging thrombi and vegetations. Although patients with systemic lupus erythematosus may develop Libman-Sacks endocarditis, in which punctate verrucous plaques are found histologically on valvular endocardtal tissue, these lesions are ordinarily too small for ultrasonic imaging. We describe a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by systemic embolization, who had a large mobile aortic valve thrombus, which was discovered with the aid of echocardiography and was confirmed by surgical resection.
The Role of Self-Esteem and Anxiety in Decision Making for Self versus Others in Relationships

Previous research has documented a tendency for people to make more risk-seeking decisions for others than for themselves in relationship scenarios. Two experiments investigated whether this self–other difference is moderated by participants' self-esteem and anxiety levels. In Experiment 1, lower self-esteem and higher anxiety levels were associated with more risk-averse choices for personal decisions but not for decisions for others. Therefore, participants with lower self-esteem/higher anxiety showed greater self–other differences in comparison to participants with higher self-esteem/lower anxiety levels. Experiment 2 demonstrated that this effect was largely mediated by participants' expectations of success and feelings about potential negative outcomes. These results are discussed in the context of “threats to the self,” with a central role played by anxiety and self-esteem threats in personal decision making but not in decision making for others. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Curiosities of REPINs and RAYTs

Repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) sequences are a ubiquitous feature of bacterial genomes. Recent work shows that REPs are remnants of a larger mobile genetic element termed a REPIN. REPINs consists of two REP sequences in inverted orientation separated by a spacer region and are thought to be non-autonomous mobile genetic elements that exploit the transposase encoded by REP-Associated tYrosine Transposases (RAYTs). Complimentarity between the two ends of the REPIN suggests that the element forms hairpin structures in single stranded DNA or RNA. In addition to REPINs, other more complex arrangements of REPs have been identified in bacterial genomes, including the genome of the model organism Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25. Here, we summarize existing knowledge and present new data concerning REPIN diversity. We also consider factors affecting the evolution of REPIN diversity, the ease with which REPINs might be co-opted by host genomes and the consequences of REPIN activity for the structure of bacte...
Use of Biomarkers to “Guide” Care in Chronic Heart Failure: What Have We Learned (So Far)?

The active clinician recognizes the challenges of well managing the patient suffering from chronic heart failure (HF). Numerous impediments exist to the achievement of optimal care for such patients, including and especially the attainment of a medication program that aims to simultaneously minimize both symptoms and potential side effects, while achieving goal doses of applied therapies. Frequent office visits along with constant evaluation and management is most often needed to optimize care; this more often than not requires great skill to recognize opportunities to titrate therapies and the acumen to implement such changes. Despite clearly stated targets in caring for patients for HF, well-documented inconsistency in adherence to HF clinical practice guidelines exists; whereas quality improvement methods improve the adherence to guidelines, such quality improvement efforts are not widely applied, however. Indeed, at present, above and beyond clinical judgment, the every day clinician has very few standard tools to add to standard management to assist in monitoring and manage their patients with chronic HF. It is in this context that novel methods to follow and care for patients suffering from HF have been sought. If to be useful, such methods should be easily obtainable and should provide meaningful prognostic information, additive to other objective means to assess risk. As well, the information generated should be biologically sound, therapeutically actionable, and should allow clinicians to easily assess the success or failure of therapy changes through its remeasurement. In this current issue of the Journal, Shah and colleagues report the results of the Strategies for Tailoring Advanced Heart Failure Regimens in the Outpatient Setting (STARBRITE)
The communication situation — A model and discussion

In any situation in which a written communication is produced, eight variables and three processes are present. The variables are the occasion, the author, the subject, the purpose, the supporting facilities, time, the communication itself, and the recipient. The processes are the preparation, transmission, and consideration and use of the communication. The success of the communication is governed largely by the effectiveness with which the author evaluates the situation and produces a communication appropriate to the attainment of his purposes within it. Fortuitous circumstances beyond the control of the author (and of which he may be unaware) may affect the likelihood that the communication will be successful.
Novel synchronous detection method for obtaining directional gradients of images

We describe an optical, scanning-based imaging system for directly acquiring the directional gradient of an image. We later discuss a modification to the system which enables it to track contours of moving objects. We present results of proof-to-principle experiments and discuss applications of the system to the identification of objects.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Perception and Cognition in Music: Musically Trained and Untrained Adults Compared to Sixth-Grade and Eighth-Grade Children

We investigated different levels of age and musical training in relation to subjects' melodic perception in music by testing their ability to perceive a target melody when extremely similar melodies are interpolated between this original melody and its reoccurrence. Participants were sixth graders, eighth graders, young adults, and trained musicians who listened to 16 original melodies, each of which was followed by 8 extremely similar melodies. Two different experiments (A and B) tested different arrangements of mode and meter interpolations. We also asked the adult musicians to specify cognitive strategies for accomplishing the task. Results demonstrated greater accuracy among experienced musicians, yet results show that even young students are capable of remembering and discriminating similar melodies with high accuracy. Written analyses of strategies used by musicians indicated they considered the task extremely difficult and that their past musical training helped with the task; they also indicated t...
Nuclear Transfer-Mediated Rescue of the Nuclear Genome of Nonviable Mouse Cells Frozen Without Cryoprotectant

Nuclear transfer (NT) provides an opportunity for clonal amplification of a nuclear genome of interest. Here, we report NT-mediated reprogramming with frozen mouse cells that were nonviable because they were frozen at � 808C for up to 342 days without a cryoprotectant. We derived eight embryonic stem (ES) cell lines from cloned blastocysts by conventional NT procedure and five ntES (nuclear transfer embryonic stem) cell lines by a modified NT procedure in which a whole cell instead of a nucleus was injected into an enucleated oocyte. Chromosome analysis revealed that 12 of 13 ntES cell lines have normal karyotypes. On injection of ntES cells into tetraploid blastocysts to generate clonal mice that are nearly completely ntES-cell derived, live pups were obtained; four clonal mice survived until adulthood. On injection of ntES cells into diploid blastocysts, chimeric mice with a high somatic ES cell contribution were generated; germ-line transmission was obtained. Our findings indicate that chromosome stability and genomic integrity can be maintained in mouse somatic cells after freezing without cryoprotection and that NT and ES cell techniques can rescue the genome of these cells.
Complexity and Self-Sustainment in Disaster Response Supply Chains

Governmental organizations play a major role in disaster relief operations. Supply chains set up to respond to disasters differ dramatically in many dimensions that affect the cost of relief efforts. One factor that has been described recently is self-sustainment, which occurs when supplies consumed by intermediate stages of a supply chain must be provided via the chain itself because they are not locally available. This article applies the concept of self-sustainment to response supply chains. A mathematical model of a self-sustaining response supply chain is developed. Analysis of this model yields insights about the relationships and interactions among self-sustainment, speed of disaster onset, dispersion of impact, and the cost of the relief efforts.
Proline Cis-Trans Isomerization and Protein Folding †

Proline cis−trans isomerization plays a key role in the rate-determining steps of protein folding. The energetic origin of this isomerization process is summarized, and the folding and unfolding of disulfide-intact bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A is used as an example to illustrate the kinetics and structural features of conformational changes from the heterogeneous unfolded state (consisting of cis and trans isomers of X-Pro peptide groups) to the native structure in which only one set of proline isomers is present.
Ecthyma gangrenosum and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

A 66-year-old man with a history of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) was admitted for evaluation of fever that started 2 weeks earlier and was associated with a skin lesion on the left thigh/buttock area. The patient was taking prednisone 100mg/day for treatment of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia associated with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Physical examination was unremarkable except for the skin lesion that was about 2 inches (5 cm) in diameter with surrounding redness, swelling, and tenderness. There was epidermal sloughing with central necrosis suggestive of ecthyma gangrenosum (figure). The patient’s white blood cell count was 34 000 cells/mmoL with only 3% neutrophils, 1% bands and 96% lymphocytes. Aspirate from the lesion and blood cultures obtained on admission grew Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The patient responded well to a 14-day course of intravenous piperacillin/tazobactam and tobramycin. Ecthyma gangrenosum is a characteristic skin sign of life-threatening infection commonly caused by P aeruginosa, although other organisms have been reported to cause ecthyma-like lesions. Ecthyma gangrenosum is usually seen in immunocompromised patients, and hypogammaglobulinaemia is also a predisposing factor for ecthyma gangrenosum; nonetheless, the lesion is rare in patients with CLL.
Observation of green emission from Ce3+ doped gadolinium oxide nanoparticles

Green emission at around 500 nm is observed in Gd2O3:Ce3+ nanoparticles and the intensity is highly dependent on the concentration of Ce3+ in the nanoparticles. The luminescence of this emission displays both picosecond and millisecond lifetimes. The msec lifetime is over four orders of magnitude longer than typical luminescence lifetimes (10-40 ns) of Ce3+ in traditional Ce3+ doped phosphors and therefore likely originates from defect states. The picosecond lifetime is shorter than the typical Ce3+ value and is also likely due to defect or surface states. When the samples are annealed at 700 oC, this emission disappears possibly due to changes in the defect moieties or concentration. In addition, a blue emission at around 430 nm is observed in freshly-prepared Gd2O3 undoped nanoparticles which is attributed to the stabilizer, polyethylene glycol biscarboxymethyl ether. Upon aging, the undoped particles show similar emission to the doped particles with similar luminescence lifetimes. When Eu3+ ions are co-doped in Gd2O3:Ce nanoparticles, both the green emission and the emission at 612 nm from Eu3+ are observed.
Run-to-run failure detection and diagnosis using neural networks and Dempster-Shafer theory: an application to excimer laser ablation

The formation of microvias in multilayer substrates is a critical factor in microelectronic packaging manufacturing. Such microstructures can be produced efficiently by excimer laser ablation. Thus, laser ablation systems are evolving to a level where the need to offset high capital equipment investment and lower equipment downtime are imminent. This paper presents a methodology for inline failure detection and diagnosis of the excimer laser ablation process. The methodology employs response data originating directly from the equipment and characterization of microvias formed by the ablation process. Neural network (NN) models are trained and validated based on this data to generate evidential belief for potential sources of deviations in the responses. Dempster-Shafer (D-S) theory is adopted for evidential reasoning. Successful failure detection is achieved in 100% of 19 possible failure scenarios. Moreover, successful failure diagnosis is also achieved with only a single false alarm occurring in the 19 failure scenarios.
The Development of a High Rate Tensile Testing System for Micro Scaled Single Crystal Silicon Specimens

Structures have been built at micro scales with unique failure mechanisms that are not yet understood, in particular, under high-rate loading conditions. Consequently, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices can suffer from inconsistent performance and insufficient reliability. This research aims to understand the failure mechanisms in micro-scaled specimens deforming at high rates. Single-crystal silicon (SCS) micro specimens that are 4 μm thick are subjected to tensile loading at an average strain rate of 92 s−1 using a miniature Hopkinson tension bar. A capacitance displacement system and piezoelectric load cell are incorporated to directly measure the strain and stress of the silicon micro specimens. The average dynamic elastic modulus of the silicon micro specimens is measured to be 226.8 ± 18.50 GPa and the average dynamic tensile strength of the silicon is measured to be 1.26 ± 0.310 GPa. High-speed images show that extensive fragmentation of the specimens occurs during tensile failure.
Modulation Bandwidth Enhancement in Single Quantum Well GaAs/AlGaAs Lasers

The state filling effect in semiconductor quantum well lasers significantly affects the modulation dynamics. The state filling effect strongly depends on the optical confining layer structure. As a direct consequence of the reduction of the state filling effect in a properly designed graded index separate confinement heterostructure, a record 3dB bandwidth in excess of 9 GHz has been obtained in uniformly pumped single quantum well GaAs/AlGaAs lasers by a careful tailoring of the device parameters.
Automated delineation of dry and melt snow zones in Antarctica using active and passive microwave observations from space

This paper presents the algorithms and analysis results for delineating snow zones using active and passive microwave satellite remote sensing data. With a high-resolution Radarsat synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image mosaic, dry snow zones, percolation zones, wet snow zones, and blue ice patches for the Antarctic continent have been successfully delineated. A competing region growing and merging algorithm is used to initially segment the SAR images into a series of homogeneous regions. Based on the backscatter characteristics and texture property, these image regions are classified into different snow zones. The higher level of knowledge about the areal size of and adjacency relationship between snow zones is incorporated into the algorithms to correct classification errors caused by the SAR image noise and relief-induced radiometric distortions. Mathematical morphology operations and a line-tracing algorithm are designed to extract a vector line representation of snow-zone boundaries. With the daily passive microwave Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) data, dry and melt snow zones were derived using a multiscale wavelet-transform-based method. The analysis results respectively derived from Radarsat SAR and SSM/I data were compared and correlated. The complementary nature and comparative advantages of frequently repeated passive microwave data and spatially detailed radar imagery for detecting and characterizing snow zones were demonstrated
High prevalence of historical risk factors for blood-borne infections among inpatients at three community hospitals

To determine the prevalence of risk factors for blood-borne infections in a city with a low prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), we confidentially surveyed 397 adult inpatients in three community hospitals. Twenty-one percent of inpatients reported one or more risk factors, 56% denied risks, 15% were unable to respond, and 8% declined to respond. Inpatients reporting a blood-borne infection risk factor, those declining response, and those denying risk were of comparable age, sex, race, and marital status. On medical floors, 28% of patients reported risk; on surgical floors, 23%; in intensive care units, 11%; and on obstetric floors, 5%. A recent blood transfusion (59%) and history of hepatitis (40%) were reported most often. Only 2.4% of persons with risks reported being positive for HIV antibody; however, 24% of reported risks were those frequently associated with HIV infection. By using history alone to determine isolation categories and by classifying patients unable to respond and those declining response as potentially infectious, more than 40% of our community's inpatients would require blood and body fluid precautions. This high historical risk supports use of a type of body substance isolation for all patients.
Elastic strain energy as a control in the evolution of asymmetric pressure-solution contacts

Subjecting a water-rock system to load can enhance the rock solubility by (1) increasing normal pressure at the dissolving surface and (2) raising the elastic energy of the rock. For pressure-solution surfaces such as grain contacts, solution seams, and stylolites, the pressure term in the chemical potential equation is orders of magnitude larger than the strain-energy term. Thus, the contribution of the strain energy to the overall solubility of the system is very small, and it is most often ignored. We show that the elastic strain energy at a pressure-solution interface can have a profound effect on the manner in which it evolves. The mechanism we propose is the following: inducing a discontinuity in elastic strain energy across a pressure-solution interface (e.g., by changing its curvature) can cause one side to become slightly more soluble than the other. Part of the material that is dissolved may diffuse the short distance across the fluid layer and raise the saturation in the vicinity of the less-soluble surface. If the fluid layer was already close to saturation, the dissolution at the less-soluble surface may be severely slowed down or even halted. Therefore, although the strain-energy difference across the interface has a negligible effect on the total amount of material that is dissolved there, it may cause only one side to dissolve. In this way, the formation of stylolites can be facilitated by heterogeneities in the elastic strain-energy difference along a pressure-solution interface.
Friction based endpoint technique for barrier polish during copper CMP

A novel method has been introduced to provide a clear endpoint signal for copper CMP barrier polish with minimal time delay as compared to conventional endpoint. A modified power sensor is installed on a 300mm polisher to measure the torque generated by the platen motor with an improved signal to noise ratio. An Extended Kalman filter (EKF) is integrated to the software to extract the friction signals while discarding the sinusoidal components due to carrier head and platen movement, and reveal clear friction endpoint. The intensity of signal is improved by changes in process and/or slurry parameters. The technique is validated by using blanket barrier films as well as patterned wafers.
Silenced voices and structured survival: battered women's help seeking

Despite social and governmental responses to battering, many women continue to feel entrapped in abusive relationships. Using standpoint epistemology, this article examines the various aspects of help seeking, and the social and institutional responses to such efforts, through the narratives of 19 women in a domestic violence shelter. The findings are discussed with reference to Ptacek's social entrapment perspective and Gondolf and Fisher's survivor hypothesis, illustrating the socioeconomic and political context of the control tactics utilized by abusers and the structural impediments to battered women's successful help seeking.
Stratigraphy and Practical Reason

The organization of human behavior often defies utilitarian or practical reason. Inferences based in practical reason simplify behavioral variability and as a result obscure evidence of ritual organization contained in sequences of archaeological deposits. To expose such sequences, 1 offer a behaviorally based artifact life history approach to the study of prehistoric ritual stratigraphy. I illustrate this approach through a case study of ethnographic and archaeological evidence of ritual and warfare in the American Southwest. [Key words: theory, ritual, war, stratigraphy, Casas Grandes]
Acoustics and mechanical standards at the National Research Council

Reviews current work in the Acoustics and Mechanical Standards Section of the Division of Physics at the National Research Council. The review of each project is placed in the perspective of the overall philosophy governing research decisions in the section, of the evolution of new projects and of administrative changes in recent years
Protecting Advertisers Against Click Frauds

Click frauds are Internet crimes where clicks are deliberately performed to increase the publisher’s earnings or to deplete an advertising budget of the advertiser’s competitor. This paper presents an approach to automatically detecting click frauds by using a mathematical theory of evidence to estimate the likelihood of the frauds from click behaviors. Unlike most existing work, our approach provides online computation that incorporates incoming behaviors on real-time. It is theoretical-grounded, easily extensible and employs only data available at the advertiser’s site. The latter makes the approach feasible for the advertisers to guard themselves against the frauds. The paper describes the approach and evaluates its validity using real-world case scenarios.
Shh-Proteoglycan Interactions Regulate Maturation of Olfactory Glomerular Circuitry

The olfactory system relies on precise circuitry connecting olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and appropriate relay and processing neurons of the olfactory bulb (OB). In mammals, the exact correspon- dence between specific olfactory receptor types and indi- vidual glomeruli enables a spatially precise map of glomerular activation that corresponds to distinct odors. However, the mechanisms that govern the establishment and maintenance of the glomerular circuitry are largely unknown. Here we show that high levels of Sonic Hedge- hog (Shh) signaling at multiple sites enable refinement and maintenance of olfactory glomerular circuitry. Mice expressing a mutant version of Shh (Shh Ala/Ala ), with impaired binding to proteoglycan co-receptors, exhibit disproportionately small olfactory bulbs containing fewer glomeruli. Notably, in mutant animals the correspon- dence between individual glomeruli and specific olfactory receptors is lost, as olfactory sensory neurons expressing different olfactory receptors converge on the same glo- meruli. These deficits arise at late stages in post-natal development and continue into adulthood, indicating impaired pruning of erroneous connections within the olfactory bulb. In addition, mature Shh Ala/Ala mice exhibit decreased proliferation in the subventricular zone (SVZ), with particular reduction in neurogenesis of calbindin-expressing periglomerular cells. Thus, Shh interactions with proteoglycan co-receptors function at multiple locations to regulate neurogenesis and precise olfactory connectivity, thereby promoting functional neu- ronal circuitry. V C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 00: 000-000, 2014