cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromosomal banding patterns in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia

Bone marrow chromosomes obtained from 50 of 55 consecutive adult patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia were analyzed with quinacrine fluorescence. Twenty-five patients showed a normal karyotype and 25 an abnormal karyotype on the initial samples available for analysis. Among the 25 patients with abnormalities, the marrow cells contained 48 chromosomes in one case, 47 in two, 46 in ten, 45 in nine, 43 in two, and 42 chromosomes in one case. Seven of the ten patients with 46 chromosomes had abnormalities, primarily balanced translocations, that were not detected with the standard Giemsa stains. The analysis of all of the data available revealed the presence of nonrandom chromosome changes such as the addition of No. 8, the loss of No. 7, and a gain or loss of one No. 21. the most frequent structural rearrangement was the translocation between the long arm of No. 8 and No. 21, which may also be associated with the loss of a sex chromosome. Chromosomal abnormalities decreased or disappeared during remission; the same abnormality recurred in relapse. Chemotherapy did not appear to produce a stable clone of aberrant cells. Evolution of the karyotype occurred in eight patients, in five of whom an additional No. 8 was observed. This pattern of chromosomal evolution in patients with acute leukemia was very similar to that observed in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in the blast phase.
Picard’s Theorem and the Second Fundamental Theorem

In this section we shall prove Picard’s Theorem, state the second fundamental theorem of Nevanlinna (leaving the proof for the next section), and derive some of its consequences.
The Cauchy Interpolation Problem

In this chapter we study an interpolation problem of the following type. A finite set of interpolating points is given, and the first several terms of the Taylor expansion of a rational function about each interpolation point are prescribed. As we have seen in Section 2 of Chapter I, there exists a polynomial solution to this interpolation problem. Here, however, we shall require that the degree of the rational function be sufficiently low for it to be admitted as a solution to the interpolation problem. We can state our problem more formally as follows: Let there be given l interpolation points in the complex plane $${z_1},{z_2}, \cdot \cdot \cdot ,{z_l}$$ and equally many nonnegative integers $${v_1},{v_2}, \cdot \cdot \cdot ,{v_l}$$ and N numbers f ij where 1≦i≦l and 0≦ j ≦ v i with \(N = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^l {({v_i} + 1)}\). It is required to find a rational function f (z) of degree no greater than N/2 for which the N equations $${f^{(j)}}({z_i}) = {f_{ij}}$$ are satisfied.
Durability of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films on metallic substrates for bioelectronics and the dominant role of relative shear strength.

Abstract Despite growing interest in the use of conducting polymer coatings such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) in bioelectronics, their relatively poor mechanical durability on inorganic substrates has limited long-term and clinical applications. Efforts to enhance durability have been limited by the lack of quantifiable metrics that can be used to evaluate the polymer film integrity and associated device failure. Here we examine the hypothesis that film failure under the tribological and cyclic electrical stressing becomes substantially less likely when the interfacial shear strength (τi) exceeds the shear strength of the film (τf). In this paper, we: (1) develop a simple yet robust method to quantify the relative shear strength (τi/τf); (2) quantify the effect of substrate and surface treatment on the relative shear strength of PEDOT; (3) relate changes in relative shear strength to resistance to interface failure under cyclic electrical and tribological testing. Treating a stainless-steel substrate with an adhesion promoter increased τi/τf from 0.18 to 0.69 compared to untreated controls. On untreated gold, the τi/τf of PEDOT increased to 1.46. Whereas both cyclic electrical and tribological testing quickly and severely damaged the interface of PEDOT when τi/τf 1.
Impact of heating rate on cardiac thermal tolerance in the California mussel, Mytilus californianus

ABSTRACT Intertidal communities of wave-swept rocky shores have served as a powerful model system for experiments in ecology, and mussels (the dominant competitor for space in the mid-intertidal zone) play a central role in determining community structure in this physically stressful habitat. Consequently, the ability to account for mussels9 physiological responses to thermal stress affects ecologists’ capacity to predict the impacts of a warming climate on this ecosystem. Here, we examined the effect of heating rate on cardiac thermal tolerance in the ribbed mussel, Mytilus californianus, comparing populations from high and low sites in the intertidal zone where emersion duration leads to different mean daily heating rates. Two temperature-related cardiac variables were examined: (1) the critical temperature (Tcrit) at which heart rate (HR) precipitously declines, and (2) flatline temperature (FLT) where HR reaches zero. Mussels were heated in air at slow, moderate and fast rates, and HR was measured via an infrared sensor affixed to the shell. Faster heating rates significantly increased Tcrit in high- but not low-zone mussels, and Tcrit was higher in high- versus low-zone mussels, especially at the fastest heating rate. By contrast, FLT did not differ between zones, and was minimally affected by heating rate. As heating rate significantly impacted high- but not low-zone mussels9 cardiac thermal tolerance, realistic zone-specific heating rates must be used in laboratory tests if those tests are to provide accurate information for ecological models attempting to predict the effects of increasing temperature on intertidal communities.
Lenalidomide and Bortezomib: Targeting Osteoclastogenesis, Osteoclast Survival Factors, and Bone Remodeling Markers in Multiple Myeloma.

Abstract Osteolytic bone disease in Multiple Myeloma (MM) is caused by enhanced osteoclast (OCLs) activation and inhibition of osteoblast function. Lenalidomide and bortezomib have shown promising anti-MM effects, and bortezomib has inhibitory effects on OCLs. However, the effect of lenalidomide on OCLs in MM and how bortezomib interferes with osteoclastogenesis is unknown. Here we investigated the effect of lenalidomide and bortezomib on human OCLs. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from MM patients were stimulated with receptor activator of NFk-B ligand (RANKL) (50ng/ml) and M-CSF (25ng/ml) for two weeks to induce OCL formation, in the presence or absence of lenalidomide or bortezomib. OCLs were identified by flow cytometric analysis using anti-αVβ3 integrin. Lenalidomide and bortezomib inhibited OCL differentiation indicated by a decrease in αVβ3-integrin (lenalidomide at 0μM: median 69.3%; range 28.9 – 89.0%; at 2μM: median 50.4%; range 21.5 – 64.2%; at 10μM: median 39.2%; range 33.6 – 47.5%) (bortezomib at 0nM: median 69.3%; range 28.9 – 89.0%; at 2nM: median 35.0%; range 11.0 – 79.0%; at 5nM: median 11.5%; range 5.5 – 8.8%; p
A new visible band index (vNDVI) for estimating NDVI values on RGB images utilizing genetic algorithms

Abstract Several vegetation indices have been developed, with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) been the most studied and commonly used. To generate an NDVI map, a relatively high-cost multispectral sensor is required; but currently, most UAVs are equipped with low-cost RGB cameras. For that reason, other indices that utilize RGB data have been developed to generate maps similar to NDVI and minimize the data acquisition cost, such as the triangular greenness index (TGI) and the visible atmospheric resistant index (VARI). However, several studies found that these indices cannot be recommended as reliable general-purpose crop health indicators. This study utilizes a genetic algorithm to develop a new visible index (visible NDVI; vNDVI) that estimates NDVI values of vegetation from uncalibrated RGB cameras mounted on UAVs (or other remote sensing platforms). Three experiments were conducted to create and validate the proposed index. First, the NDVI values generated from a multispectral camera were compared with the NDVI values generated by a hyperspectral camera. In the second experiment, the vNDVI formula was created using a genetic algorithm. The third experiment validates the proposed vNDVI, generated from two uncalibrated RGB cameras, in three different crops (citrus, grapes, and sugarcane). The proposed vNDVI proved to be highly accurate on estimating NDVI values by just using RGB cameras, with an overall mean percentage error of 6.89% and a mean average error of 0.052 in all three crops, providing a low-cost alternative for remote sensing and plant phenotyping.
An interfaith dialogue with Sir William Osler: crossing the divide of COVID-19 pandemic

With the recent COVID-19 pandemic and George Floyd protests, the USA (US) has become extensively polarized across social and political divides. The COVID-19 pandemic has left tens of thousands dead and several million American citizens without work. Furthermore, the months of quarantine and uncertainty with the COVID-19 virus impacted the economic stability and health of Americans. In recent weeks, the divides have only deepened with the death of George Floyd from police brutality, which ushered in worldwide protests addressing racial, social, and law enforcement issues for minority groups. Both developments have ushered in unprecedented challenges for addressing social disparities while controlling the spread and devastation of the COVID-19 pandemic. With social media and mass communication, polarization between opposing groups has only deepened the divide. An inclusive dialogue that recognizes the intellectual and interpersonal boundaries of opposing groups would provide an avenue towards mutual understanding and further collaboration towards a common goal and solution. A physician that exemplified many aspects interfaith dialogue in his clinical practice and personal life was the late Sir William Osler. This will be accomplished through a fictional dialogue between Sir William Osler and Dr. Mark Webb.
Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma following liver transplantation

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an increasingly common disease with liver transplant (LT) the best long-term therapy for early stage disease. We will review the data for assessing risk and managi...
Successful use of ECMO and lipid emulsion for massive bupropion overdose: a case report

Bupropion overdose can produce seizures, arrhythmias, and shock. The toxicokinetics of massive bupropion ingestions are not well characterized.A 22-year-old female ingested an estimated 40.5 g (644...
Retail Food Prices Around the World: Systematic Assessment of Data From National Governments and International Agencies

Policies and programs to improve global nutrition increasingly aim to improve overall diet quality through systemic change in the food environment, often focusing on the availability and price of diverse food items. Almost all of the world’s governments conduct nationally representative surveys of retail establishments every month and publish a consumer price index (CPI) to guide economic policy, but use of these data to improve food markets and nutrition has been limited. This study describes all of the publicly available monthly CPI data by food group, region and income level for every country of the world in 2019 and 2020. A total of 170 governments currently report their overall food CPI, of which 58 also report more disaggregated indexes for different types of foods, and 49 report price levels for at least some individual food items. To address gaps in coverage we compared these CPI data with prices from international agencies’ Early Warning Systems (EWS) designed to help target agricultural assistance and food aid, which covered a total of 78 countries in 2019 and 2020. The EWS data include many lower-income countries that do not post their CPI data publicly, but generally report fewer items and more often omit the diverse, perishable foods that would be needed to improve nutrition and health. To monitor food systems it will be necessary for national governments and international agencies to pursue more transparent and standardized price and index reporting, improve data collection of diverse foods and food groups, and to make food price data more timely and accessible.
A Nuanced History: China’s Constitutional Making in the 1950s

Since its ascent to power in 1949, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has adopted four distinct constitutions in 1954, 1975, 1978 and 1982. On average, People’s Republic of China (PRC) rewrites its constitution in every sixteen years. However, it would be unwise to conclude that such frequent changes to constitution only reflected PRC’s political instability under the reign of the Communist Party. According to a study of the constitutional history of every independent state from 1789 to 2005, most national constitutions die young, and only a handful last longer than fifty years. In fact, the average life expectancy of a typical national constitution is only nineteen years (Elkins, Ginsburg and Melton 2009, 6). If we are to put things into perspective, China’s 1954 constitution was actually not “short-lived” per se, for it lasted twenty-one years, slightly exceeding the typical life expectance of a constitution by two years.
Hybrid-Electric Passenger Car Carbon Dioxide and Fuel Consumption Benefits Based on Real-World Driving

Hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) have lower fuel consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions than conventional vehicles (CVs), on average, based on laboratory tests, but there is a paucity of real-world, on-road HEV emissions and performance data needed to assess energy use and emissions associated with real-world driving, including the effects of road grade. This need is especially great as the electrification of the passenger vehicle fleet (from HEVs to PHEVs to BEVs) increases in response to climate and energy concerns. We compared tailpipe CO2 emissions and fuel consumption of an HEV passenger car to a CV of the same make and model during real-world, on-the-road network driving to quantify the in-use benefit of one popular full HEV technology. Using vehicle specific power (VSP) assignments that account for measured road grade, the mean CV/HEV ratios of CO2 tailpipe emissions or fuel consumption defined the corresponding HEV “benefit” factor for each VSP class (1 kW/ton resolution). Averaging over al...
Multiple-landmark routing for large groups in ad hoc networks

A typical scenario in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) consists of nodes having functional and motorial affinities (e.g., tanks in the some battalion). In order to achieve scalability for such a network having a large scale, we introduce, in this paper, a novel "multiple-landmark" ad hoc routing protocol (M-LANMAR). The protocol is an "implicit", flexible hierarchical routing scheme following the traditional hierarchical method for handling scalability in large, wired networks. M-LANMAR features dynamic distributed election of multiple landmarks (with scope constraints) and destination discovery within each group using landmark forwarding mesh or multicast fabric techniques plus route caching. The scalability is achieved through efficiently handling the group motion patterns, namely, the truncation of local routing tables and the "summarization" of routing information to remote groups of nodes. Different from the previous proposed landmark ad hoc routing (LANMAR), M-LANMAR allows separate maintenance/optimization of user group size and local routing scope, leading to unrestricted group size regardless of local routing scope. The simulation results not only show election stability of the multiple landmarks but also confirm the good scalability properties of M-LANMAR in general ad hoc network infrastructures (networks that are large in size and/or that contain large logical groups).
An Introduction to Political Philosophy: The puzzle of justification

To justify something is to give reasons to value it. “Value” is a vague term, but here it means something stronger than the feeble “like” or “prefer.” When we question whether political practices like slavery, capital punishment, or redistributive taxation are justified, we do not seem to be simply asking whether they are “to our liking.” I might, after all, very much prefer to have a coterie of slaves at my beck and call, but we would not think that personal likes and preferences of this kind (mine or anyone's) decide the question of whether slavery is justified. The question is whether there are general reasons to support or oppose such practices, not whether one might personally prefer them. In other words, then, justifying something seems to require that we demonstrate its value in a rational and impartial way. But how can we establish that we have suitably “impartial” reasons to support or resist some political practice? How can we tell whether arguments purporting to justify it succeed or fail? One possibility is that they succeed insofar as they actually persuade most people to support (or resist) the practice in question. But we can discount this suggestion immediately. The bare fact that many are led to support something under the influence of purported justifications does not in itself show that the arguments being canvassed are any good. We know that, through skillful propaganda and rhetoric, agents can be manipulated into supporting all kinds of dubious political causes for spurious reasons.
Neuroendocrinimmune Modulation of Secretory Component Production By Rat Lacrimal, Salivary, and Intestinal Epithelial-cells

Purpose. To evaluate the kinetics, receptor specificity, molecular basis, and site selectivity of the endocrine and neural regulation of secretory component (SC) synthesis by rat lacrimal gland acinar cells. Methods. Acinar cells from male rat lacrimal and submandibular glands, as well as epithelial cells (IEC-6) from the rat small intestine, were cultured in supplemented, serum-free media and treated with dihydrotesterone, cholera toxin, carbachol, vehicle, or other agents for varying time periods. Media SC levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Results. The authors' findings with lacrimal gland acinar cells demonstrate that: a significant, temporal delay exists between the initiation of stimulatory or inhibitory signals and the eventual cellular SC response to regulatory compounds; the parasympathetic analogue, carbachol, exerts a dual effect on SC output, i.e., an early stimulation (hours) followed by an extended suppression (days); the androgen and cholinergic control of SC is receptor-mediated; and the androgen modulation of SC may involve the induction of gene expression. In addition, the authors' results show that distinct, tissue-specific variations occur in the nature of SC regulation: Compounds that control SC output by lacrimal acinar cells do not necessarily alter SC production by epithelial cells from the rat submandibular gland or small intestine. Conclusions. These findings advance the authors' understanding of the neuroendocrine regulation of SC synthesis in acinar cells from the lacrimal gland. Moreover, the authors' results indicate that the nature of the neural, endocrine, and immune control of lacrimal SC may be unique.
Shallow water stationkeeping of an autonomous underwater vehicle: the experimental results of a disturbance compensation controller

The continual development of computer technology has enabled the expansion of intelligent control into the field of underwater robots, where potential uses include oceanographic research, environmental monitoring and military mine countermeasures. With the naval focus shifting to operations in the littorals, and the need to lower cost of operations, tetherless autonomous vehicles are now being proposed for use in very shallow water minefield reconnaissance. These areas are dominated by a highly energetic environment arising from waves and currents. Motion control in such an environment becomes a difficult task and is the subject of this work. The main objective of the paper is to show that intervention tasks performed by intelligent underwater robots are improved by their ability to gather, learn and use information about their working environment. Using a new generalized approach to the modeling of underwater vehicles, which directly includes disturbance effects, a new disturbance compensation controller (DCC) is proposed. The DCC, employing onboard vehicle sensors, allows the robot to learn and estimate the seaway dynamics. This self-derived knowledge is embedded in a non-linear sliding mode control law which allows significantly improved motion stabilization. The performance of the DCC has been experimentally verified in Monterey Harbor using the NPS Phoenix AUV.
Optimal Unidirectional Error Detecting/Correcting Codes

In this correspondence a class of t-error correcting and multiple unidirectional error detecting systematic codes is presented. These codes are significantly more efficient than the earlier codes. The efficiency of these codes approaches the efficiency of the BCH codes, asymptotically. Furthermore, it is shown that these codes can be easily decoded. Also in this correspondence we have presented a generalization of Berger codes over Zq; these new codes are also shown to be optimal.
Robust Design and Analysis of Third and Fourth Order Time Delay Systems with Application to Automotive Idle Speed Control

This paper contains the development of an analytical approach for the synthesis of a proportional- integral-derivative (PID) throttle regulated idle speed control (ISC) system that possesses robust stability properties in the presence of parameter variations due primarily to changing system operating point. A fourth order time delay mathematical model suitable for ISC analysis is presented, the robustness problem is formulated, and necessary and sufficient conditions for robustness are determined in terms of experimentally derivable physical parameters. The result is a fairly simple set of robustness inequality conditions that can be employed in throttle control related ISC design and analysis with possible extension to higher order robust system synthesis.
The leu-1 gene of Neurospora crassa : nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence comparisons

Abstract The Neurospora crassa leu-1 gene encodes β-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (IPMDH; EC 1.1.1.85), an enzyme in the leucine biosynthetic pathway. We determined the nucleotide sequence of the entire leu-1 gene and of four independent cDNA clones. By comparing the genomic and cDNA sequences, four introns were identified in the 5' portion of the gene and a single open reading frame was established. One of the introns is located within the 5'-noncoding region of the transcript. The deduced amino acid sequence encoded by leu-1 was aligned with that of the homologous yeast enzyme and extensive sequence identity was uncovered. The lesion present in a conventional leu-1 mutant was identified as the insertion of a single base pair.
Regional fiscal cooperation in metropolitan areas: An exploration

This article explores the potential benefits and costs of regional cooperation on metropolitan area fiscal policies. After discussing the relationships between cities and suburbs and the role of fiscal policies in regional well-being, the article presents and tests a model for measuring benefit spillovers resulting from fiscal policies. Results demonstrate that state and local infrastructures have important effects on metropolitan property markets and that current spending is less influential than the level of public capital in place in determining property values. State highway investments are found to reduce the attractiveness of metropolitan area locations. Enhancements to central city infrastructure are estimated to significantly increase suburban property values, and the results of some simple policy experiments are examined.
A hypothesis-assessment model of categorical argument strength.

Abstract According to the proposed hypothesis-assessment model, the strength of inductive categorical arguments, such as {bdAll Robins Have Substance X ∴ All Birds Have Substance X}, is determined by the same factors that affect hypothesis plausibility in the everyday social milieu. The premises of such arguments are viewed as evidence and the conclusion is viewed as a hypothesis. Specifically, the proposed model predicts that the perceived strength of general-conclusion categorical arguments will be a function of (a) the number of premises that instantiate the conclusion; (b) the scope of the conclusion; and (c) the number of accessed alternatives to the conclusion. In Experiment 1, one group rated the strength of individual arguments and another constructed superordinate hypotheses in response to the premise information alone. Most of the variance in perceived argument strength was accounted for by the proposed predictors, R = .94. Experiment 2 employed a new set of arguments and included an additional forced-choice condition in which subjects had to choose the stronger of two arguments. Again, the correlation between predictors and argument strength was high, R = .91, and, all significant forced-choice preferences except one were correctly predicted by the model. The one unpredicted preference suggests the need to include conclusion accessibility as a fourth factor. Also, on a subset of the forced-choice pairs in which no significant preference was observed, two distinct patterns of responding were detected - one predicted and the other unanticipated. Some strengths and limitations of the proposed hypothesis-assessment model are discussed in light of these results.
Hypothyroidism and Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Elderly Persons: A Population-Based Study

Importance An association of clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has not been established. Objective To evaluate the association of clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism with MCI in a large population-based cohort. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Randomly selected participants were aged 70 to 89 years on October 1, 2004, and were without documented prevalent dementia. A total of 2050 participants were evaluated and underwent in-person interview, neurologic evaluation, and neuropsychological testing to assess performance in memory, attention/executive function, and visuospatial and language domains. Participants were categorized by consensus as being cognitively normal, having MCI, or having dementia according to published criteria. Clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism were ascertained from a medical records linkage system. Main Outcomes and Measures Association of clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism with MCI. Results Among 1904 eligible participants, the frequency of MCI was 16% in 1450 individuals with normal thyroid function, 17% in 313 persons with clinical hypothyroidism, and 18% in 141 individuals with subclinical hypothyroidism. After adjusting for covariates (age, educational level, sex, apolipoprotein E e4, depression, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, stroke, body mass index, and coronary artery disease) we found no significant association between clinical or subclinical hypothyroidism and MCI (odds ratio [OR], 0.99 [95% CI, 0.66-1.48] and 0.88 [0.38-2.03], respectively). No effect of sex interaction was seen on these effects. In stratified analysis, the odds of MCI with clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism among men was 1.02 (95% CI, 0.57-1.82) and 1.29 (0.68-2.44) and, among women, was 1.04 (0.66-1.66) and 0.86 (0.37-2.02), respectively. Conclusions and Relevance In this population-based cohort of elderly people, neither clinical nor subclinical hypothyroidism was associated with MCI. Our findings need to be validated in a separate setting using the published criteria for MCI and confirmed in a longitudinal study.
Polarization aberrations of crossed folding mirrors

Polarization aberrations due to varying polarization state across the field of view (FOV) are investigated for crossed folding mirrors. We define crossed mirrors as oriented in space such that s-polarized light incident on the first mirror is p-polarized at the second mirror. This completely compensates for polarization state changes at one point in the field of view. The resulting polarization aberrations are explored across the FOV using the example of aluminum mirrors overcoated with a 12 layer, highly reflective, dielectric stack. The polarization aberration is very low along a band across the field of view. For arbitrary points in the FOV, the retardance and diattenuation are slightly elliptical.
Differential effects of leptin in regulation of tissue glucose utilization in vivo.

We have recently shown that leptin enhances systemic insulin sensitivity and whole body glucose utilization in the rat. This study examines our hypothesis that leptin has differential effects in regulating glucose utilization among the tissues, i.e. stimulating glucose utilization in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and skeletal muscle but suppressing glucose utilization in white adipose tissue (WAT) in normal male rats (275–350 g BW). The rats were treated with sc infusion of recombinant murine leptin (4 mg/kg·day) or vehicle (V) with Alzet osmotic pumps or with vehicle and pair-feeding (PF) for 7 days. Leptin significantly decreased food intake (leptin, 11.5 ± 0.4 g/day; V, 16.8 ± 1.5 g/day; P < 0.05) and body weight (maximum change, 5.0 ± 0.2%; P < 0.05 vs. V) and lowered plasma triglyceride, insulin, and glucose levels, but raised β-hydroxybutyrate levels. Glucose utilization by individual tissues was determined with an iv bolus of[ 1-14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) after a 90-min hyperinsulinemic (2 mU/kg·min) e...
Effect of Faraday Rotation on the Circular Polarization of the Crab Nebula

The effect of Faraday rotation on the circular polarization of an electromagnetic wave propagating through a magnetized plasma is calculated for various limits of the plasma and wave parameters appropriate to a 30-Hz wave in the Crab Nebula. It is shown that a static magnetic field of the proper geometry and only a few times stronger than the wave field can reduce the circular polarization of the nonlinear inverse Compton radiation to a value below the observed upper limit.-
Population dynamics of the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on horsenettle in Michigan

Field studies during 1986–1988 in southwestern Michigan showed that horse-nettle, Solanum carolinense L., could be an important reservoir of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), populations when potatoes, Solanum tuberosum L., are not planted. Early in the season, Colorado potato beetle laid most of its eggs on nonhost plants. Accumulated total larval mortality ranged between 82 and 99%. Predators with chewing mouth parts caused higher egg mortality at the beginning of the season whereas predators with piercing-sucking mouth parts preyed upon more egg masses by the middle of the season. Populations of Coleomegilla maculata De Geer were correlated with beetle 1st-instar densities and Perillus bioculatus F. was one of the most numerous predators of Colorado potato beetle. Given a choice of 7 potential host plant species, only horsenettle and potato were colonized by a Colorado potato beetle population adapted to horsenettle. Potato was a better host than horsenettle for this population, which has been isolated from potatoes for ≈40 yr.
Decentralisation and NGO–municipal government collaboration in Ecuador

Decentralisation, or the transfer of decision-making power and funds from central to local governments, is one of the most important reform movements in Latin America. Recent constitutional changes in Ecuador have contributed to the democratisation and empowerment of municipal governments. Case studies of three municipalities in highland Ecuador examine new opportunities for NGO–municipal government collaboration. NGOs have considerable experience of working locally and can help municipalities with planning and capacity building. Municipalities offer NGOs the legitimacy and local accountability they may lack, as well as the means both to extend project activities beyond isolated communities and to maintain the results once NGO assistance ends.
Compiling for an indirect vector register architecture

The iVMX architecture contains a novel vector register file of up to 4096 vector registers accessed indirectly via a mapping mechanism, providing compatibility with the VMX architecture, and potential for dramatic performance benefits [7]. The large number of vector registers and the unique indirection mechanism pose compilation challenges to be used efficiently: the indirection mechanism emphasizes spatial locality of registers and interaction among destination and source operands during register allocation, and the many vector registers call for aggressive automatic vectorization.This work is a first step in addressing the compilability of iVMX, following the presentation and validation of its architectural aspects [7]. In this paper we present several compilation approaches to deal with the mapping mechanism and an outer-loop vectorization transformation developed to promote the use of many vector registers. We modified an existing register allocator to target all available registers and added a post-pass to rename live-ranges considering spatial locality and interaction among operand types. An FIR filter is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the techniques developed compared to a version hand-optimized for iVMX. Initial results show that we can reduce the overhead of map management down to 29% of the total instruction count, compared to 22% obtained manually, and compared to 49% obtained using a naive scheme, while outperforming an equivalent VMX implementation by a factor of 2.
An Examination of U.S. AACSB International Accounting-Accredited Schools to Determine Global Travel Experience Requirements in Accounting Masters Programs

The authors report on the extent to which U.S. graduate accounting programs accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business have included some type of global travel experience in their graduate accounting curriculum. The authors contacted 137 member schools offering accounting masters degrees. Only one school required an international trip as a curriculum component, and 36 (26.3%) schools included an optional international trip. The remaining 100 schools (approximately 73%) did not include an international trip in their graduate accounting curriculum. Survey results suggest that accounting educators have made little progress toward internationalization of the accounting curriculum beyond integration of international topics into existing courses or the addition of stand-alone international courses.
Peripheral Blood Eosinophilia in Association With Sarcoidosis

Objectives To review retrospectively our experience with peripheral blood eosinophilia (PBE) in sarcoidosis and to analyze histologically lung biopsy specimens for the presence of lung tissue eosinophils. Patients and Methods: We reviewed 140 cases of sarcoidosis diagnosed between May 1975 and January 1998. Ninety-five patients (66.3% women; 70.5% African American; mean age, 35.9 years) met the inclusion criteria. Transbronchial biopsy specimens from 82 patients were divided into 4 morphologic compartments: parenchyma, bronchial wall, parenchymal granulomas, and bronchial wall granulomas. Within compartments, up to 10 highpower fields were scored semiquantitatively for eosinophils, from 0 (none) to 4+ (numerous). Results: Thirty-nine patients (41%) had PBE. Four had PBE greater than 10%. The highest eosinophils count (21%) occurred in 1 patient. Sixty-five (79%) of 82 patients had no or few (1+) eosinophils in lung tissue; 17 patients had eosinophils scored as 2+ or higher. There was no correlation between peripheral blood eosinophil count and presence of eosinophils in transbronchial biopsy specimens. Eosinophils were least conspicuous in parenchyma but evenly distributed in bronchial wall and parenchymal and bronchial wall granulomas. Conclusions: Peripheral blood eosinophilia occurs frequently in sarcoidosis. However, there appears to be no association between peripheral blood eosinophils count and presence of lung tissue eosinophils. Whether eosinophils participate in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis requires further study.
Scalable SVM-Based Classification in Dynamic Graphs

With the emergence of networked data, graph classification has received considerable interest during the past years. Most approaches to graph classification focus on designing effective kernels to compute similarities for static graphs. However, they become computationally intractable in terms of time and space when a graph is presented in a incremental fashion with continuous updates, i.e., Insertions of nodes and edges. In this paper, we examine the problem of classification in large-scale and incrementally changing graphs. To this end, a framework combining an incremental Support Vector Machine (SVM) with the Weisfeiler-Lehman (W-L) graph kernel has been proposed to study this problem. By retaining the support vectors from each learning step, the classification model is incrementally updated whenever new changes are made to the subject graph. Furthermore, we design an entropy-based sub graph extraction strategy to select informative neighbor nodes and discard those with less discriminative power, to facilitate an effective classification process. We demonstrate the advantages of our learning techniques by conducting an empirical evaluation on two large-scale real-world graph datasets. The experimental results also validate the benefits of our sub graph extraction method when combined with the incremental learning techniques.
Properties and toughening of heat-resistant thermosets based on unsaturated ester resins

We describe our investigations of the curing chemistry and properties of heat-resistant thermosets comprised of unsaturated ester resins. We suggest a mechanism for the rearrangement of the cured matrix and volatile evolution during the curing process. We employed dielectric spectroscopy (DES) as a tool for monitoring the extent of cure, determining glass-transition temperatures, and evaluating electrical properties of the resins. We compare and contrast results obtained by DES to results obtained by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Fracture testing showed that improvements were made in the toughness of these materials by blending the uncured resin with impact modifiers such as hydrocarbon or silicone reactive rubber adducts or poly(arylene ether sulfone)-based thermoplastic oligomers. We determined the effects of the thermoplastic toughening additive's molecular weight, concentration, and endgroup functionality on the phase separation, thermal stability, and fracture toughness of the blend. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 821–843, 2002
A NEW DIAPORTHOPSIS CAUSING BROOMING IN BACCHARIS

OBSERVATIONS A fungus infection causing dieback and witches.'-brooms in Baccharis pilularis var. consanguinea (DC.) Kunze has been observed in central and northern coastal California through many years. The presence of the infection is indicated by the broom-like growth, the noticeable thickening of the twigs, and the gradual dying back of the terminal portions of the branches (Fig. 1). Field observations indicate that the stimulated growth occurs during a period of 1-2 years before the twigs are killed. Studies of cross sections of the twigs show that the increase in thickness is due to an increased production of xylem as compared with that in the non-infected twigs at equal distances from the growing tip. No measurable increase in the thickness of the cortical tissues can be found. Erumpent stromata, bearing perithecia, develop in the dead twigs in succession, starting near the tips of the twigs. Maturation of these perithecia apparently requires 1-2 years' time after the twigs are killed. Developmental studies were based on transverse and longitudinal sections made from portions of a shoot bearing perithecia near its distal end. Sections were stained in safranin and fast green. Sections in the region 5-10 mm hack from the zone with perithecia show hyphae abundant through the xylem elements and sparsely scattered in the tissue between the xylem and the cork. Sections 15 mm from the perithecial zone show hyphae abundant in the longitudinally oriented elements of the xylem but not evident in the other tissues. Those cut from the region 25 mm farther back show only occasional hyphae in the vessels of the xylem. It is, therefore, evident that the mycelium, once established in the apical portion of the twig, progresses most rapidly through the elongated elements of the xylem, being confined in the more recently invaded areas to these structures. The mycelium later ramifies through the other tissues, passing from cell to cell through pits; it does not form bore holes. The most distinctive feature of the action of the
Efficient Curve Fitting

We propose a method for fitting a piecewise parametric curve to a sequence of digitized points such as those acquired from a computer mouse or digitizing pen. The fitting is done on-the-fly rather than after a complete sequence of points has been acquired, thereby providing high-quality parameterized curves for immediate display during drawing. The method is fast, accurate, and robust, handles complex input paths, maintains corners, and ensures at least G 1 continuity at non-corner points. The method uses vector distance fields, which we describe here, to represent the intended input path of the digitized points in order to achieve its quality and performance. Detailed pseudocode is available online.
High heat flow in the Jornada del Muerto: a region of crustal thinning in the Rio Grande rift without upper crustal extension

Abstract The Jornada del Muerto is a large basin located in the Rio Grande rift of southern New Mexico. Although syn-rift crustal thinning is likely in the region, geologic data suggest little if any syn-rift tectonism has occurred in the upper crust. This implies crustal thinning occurred by processes affecting the mid to lower crust. There is little syn-rift subsidence or sedimentation and little Cenozoic volcanism in the immediate study area; instead, the Jomada del Muerto seems to be a stable crustal block exhibiting remnant Laramide compression. Interestingly, high heat flows are estimated regionally in the area (~95 mW m−2), with very high heat flows in the southern Jornada del Muerto (~ 125 mW m−2). The N-S heat flow profile across the study area has a small half width (~ 5–11 km) which implies relatively shallow thermal sources. From analysis of possible surface anomalies generated by subsurface isothermal steps, one may suggest that the thermal sources generating the very high heat flows must be within ~ 10–15 km of the surface. A high crustal thorium concentration, measured in Precambrian rocks at one of the heat flow sites, may indicate that the surface heat flow anomaly in the southern Jomada del Muerto is caused by radiogenic anomaly. A variety of other heat sources also seem possible, such as: convective overturn in the ductile mid to lower crust, mid to lower crustal intrusion, and volatile streaming. It is suggested that these crustal heat and mass-transfer mechanisms are in turn generated by deeper thermal sources. Possibilities might include a mantle plume, or local thickening of a massive lower crustal tabular intrusion thought to underlie large regions of the southern Rio Grande rift.
Steady Wave Analysis of Wave Propagation in Laminates and Mechanical Mixtures

A mechanical theory is developed for the propagation of steady waves in laminated media. This analysis treats wave propagation parallel and perpendicular to the laminate plates. It predicts the response of the composite from a knowledge of the component vol ume fractions and mechanical equation of states. Under the restric tion of fluid or hydrodynamic materials, the results yield a hydro dynamic prediction which is independent of composite geometry. Consequently, the analysis is equally applicable to mechanical mix tures. Theoretical calculations are compared to experimental Hu goniot results for a cloth laminate quartz phenolic, a plate laminate and three mechanical mixtures of Al2O3 in epoxy. Excellent agree ment is obtained at low stresses, if the expected deviations caused by material strength are recognized. Thermodynamic effects caused by deviations of the loading path from that of a single shock become more predominant as the stress increases. Models describing both the strength and thermodynamic ...
A first experiment in logistics system simulation

This paper essentially describes the activities of the RAND Logistics Systems Laboratory during its first year of operation. During this year, the laboratory conducted an important first experiment in which it tested a series of proposed changes to the Air Force supply system. The test involved the creation of two versions of an Air Force logistics system, one which simulated a 1956 Air Force logistics system and another which was modified to contain the proposed supply policies. These two systems were operated in parallel and were given the same support task to accomplish. The system which was able to accomplish its job at lesser cost was deemed the better system. The simulation was a composite of man-machine models, in which the men were assigned management responsibilities and functions and the machines performed routine actions. The men were identified by titles which have counterparts in the real-world logistics system. The two logistics systems were operated under compressed time so that each hour in the laboratory simulated a day's experience in the real world. This enabled the simulation to cover 3–1/2 years' experience and 2 simulated wars. The experiment indicated that, according to the criterion established, the logistics system containing the newer supply policies was a better system. The experiment also indicated ways in which revisions to the procedures by which the new policies are implemented would benefit their future use. The experiment indicated that this type of logistics system simulation did develop many more insights into the operation of proposed policies than traditional analytical techniques normally provide, and it did extend the traditional descriptions provided to real-world organizations of such proposed policies. At the same time, the experiment did highlight the complexities of testing logistics policies, even under the idealized conditions of the laboratory, and the problems of interpreting experimental findings.
Crystal structure, conformation, and absolute configuration of (−)-menthyl-p-bromophenylglyoxylate

The crystal and molecular structure of (—)-menthyl-p-bromophenylglyoxylate has been studied by x-ray diffraction techniques using diffractometer data. Crystals of this compound are triclinic:a= 10.152(3),b=19.661(3),c = 9.220(3) A, α = 92.45(2), β = 102.74(4), γ = 93.11(4) °, andZ = 4. The structure was refined by least squares toR = 0.064. All 88 hydrogen atoms were determined from electron density difference maps. The significant structural features are the following: (i) the four molecules are conformationally different from one another; (ii) the two > C=O groups of the glyoxylate are twisted with respect to each other across the central C-C bond by angles ranging from 92 ° to 111 °; (iii) the phenyl group is coplanar with the proximal > C=O group; and (iv) all four molecules exhibit a conformation in which the axial hydrogens on the cyclohexane rings eclipse the closer keto oxygen. The absolute configuration was determined by the anomalous dispersion method and is (1R, 3R, 4S).