cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Examination of Fathers’ Mental Health Help Seeking: A Brief Report

Fathers’ mental health help seeking is an understudied area. Using participants (N = 1,989) from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, this study hypothesized that few fathers would seek ...
189 Still Hurting Newborn Babies Eight Years after we Found Out

Objective To study whether new pharmacological and non-pharmacological guidelines lowered numbers of painful procedures in neonates and changed the amount and frequency of analgesic therapy as compared to the results of our previous study in 2001. Design A prospective observational study.Setting: Level III NICU of the Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam. Participants Neonates admitted at postnatal ages less than 3 days with length of stay at least 72 hours. Main outcome measures Number of all potentially painful procedures and analgesic therapy recorded at the bedside during the first 14 days of NICU stay. Results A total number of 21076 procedures were performed in the 175 neonates studied during 1730 patient-days (mean 12.2). The mean number of painful procedures per neonate per day was 11.4 (SD 5.7), significantly lower than the number of 14.3 (SD 4.0) in 2001 (p Conclusions The mean number of painful procedures per NICU patient per day declined and analgesic treatment changed to a more tailored or individualized approach. Non-pharmacological pain- or stress reducing strategies like NIDCAP and sucrose were fully embedded in our pain management. As further reduction of the number of painful procedures is unlikely we should explore newer pharmacological agents and apply non-pharmacological interventions more frequently.
A stochastic modal decomposition framework for the analysis of structural dynamics under uncertainties

The uncertainty quantification in the dynamic response of structures under uncertainties in the geometric and material properties as well as the randomness in the external loading is discussed. The dynamics analysis of the wind turbine blades can be performed using the proposed formalism when the finite element discretization of the corresponding cantilever beam model is further reduced based on the associated spectral behavior. The impact of the uncertainties in the geometry and material properties on the spectral property of the beam is quantified using a computationally efficient solution algorithm for the stochastic eigenvalue problem. The algorithm extends the ideas of power iteration and subspace iteration to the stochastic operators, based on which the a lower dimensional dominant subspace is constructed based on the random eigenvalues and eigenvectors are calculated which subsequently facilitates the computation of the random response. Numerical results are then shown to verify the efficiency of the proposed framework.
REACTIONS OF ARSINIC AND ARSONIC ACIDS WITH H2S AND H2Se: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF 1,4-DIPHENYL-1,4-DIARSA-2,3,5-TRISELENACYCLOPENTANE

Abstract The reactions of a series of arsinic and arsonic acids with hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen selenide have been investigated. The various arsinic acids were found to produce a variety of products, but the reaction was characterized by the reduction of arsenic(V) to arsenic(III), loss of hydroxyl groups bonded to arsenic and, to a lesser degree, the rupture of arsenic-carbon bond(s). Phenylcarboxymethylarsinic acid yielded, on reaction with H2S or H2Se, 1,4-diphenyl-1,4-diarsa-2,3,5-trichalocogenapentanes, where the chalcogen atom is S or Se. Arsonic acids yielded as final products compounds having a range of stoichiometries ranging from RAsS to R-7As2S3. 1,4-Diphenyl-1,4-diarsa-2,3,5-triselenacyclopentane consists of a non-planar, five-membered ring in which the As–C bond distances are 1.962 A, the As—Se bond distances are 2.388 A and the Se—Se bond distance is 2.334 A. The bond distances are very close to those which are expected for single, covalent bonds.
Bisphosphonate related osteonecrosis of calvarial bone

Abstract Background A case of bisphosphonate related osteonecrosis of calvarial bone has not been reported. Methods The clinical, imaging, and histopathological findings of the patient are presented. A 72-year-old female treated with bisphosphonates for osteoporosis presented with an open wound of her scalp. CT, MRI and bone scan suggested lytic and sclerotic changes with inflammation. Results Surgical debridement was performed and final pathology was consistent with osteonecrosis and osteomyelitis. Conclusions This case illustrates that bisphosphonates can induce osteonecrosis of calvarial bone.
Endothelium-dependent relaxation in human saphenous vein grafts. Effects of preparation and clinicopathologic correlations.

Activity of endothelium-dependent relaxation factor (EDRF) was measured in 139 open ring preparations of fresh human saphenous vein from 85 patients undergoing coronary bypass grafting. The veins were constricted with phenylephrine and relaxed with the EDRF-dependent agents calcium ionophore A23187 or acetylcholine. EDRF activity produced a 36% ± 4% relaxation of baseline contraction in response to calcium A23187. Vein graft preparation with room-temperature heparinized normal saline and pressurization to 400 mm Hg caused EDRF relaxation to fall to 10.6% ± 2.0% versus 32.4% ± 3.4% for control segments (p 0.05). Storage in Plasma-Lyte solution (Travenol Laboratories, Inc., Deerfield, Ill.) produced relaxation of 28.4% ± 6.3% versus 30.1% ± 5.3% (control) (p > 0.05). Veins stored at 2° to 4° C had severe depression of EDRF: 18.2% ± 4.0% versus 34.0% ± 5.4% for 37° C storage (p
Bioterrorism and Infectious Agents, A New Dilemma for the 21st Century

The use of biological weapons is not a recent occurrence. If one peruses the literature, incidents of the use of smallpox, plague, and other agents have occurred over the years.
Direct Lanthanide-Transition Metal Interactions: Synthesis of (NH(3))(2)YbFe(CO)(4) and Crystal Structures of {[(CH(3)CN)(3)YbFe(CO)(4)](2).CH(3)CN}(infinity) and [(CH(3)CN)(3)YbFe(CO)(4)](infinity).

The heterometallic complex (NH3)2YbFe(CO)4 was prepared from the reduction of Fe3(CO)12 by Yb in liquid ammonia. Ammonia was displaced from (NH3)2YbFe(CO)4 by acetonitrile in acetonitrile solution, and the crystalline compounds {[(CH3CN)3YbFe(CO)4)]2·CH3CN}∞ and [(CH3CN)3YbFe(CO)4]∞ were obtained. An earlier X-ray study of {[(CH3CN)3YbFe(CO)4]2·CH3CN}∞ showed that it is a ladder polymer with direct Yb−Fe bonds. In the present study, an X-ray crystal structure analysis also showed that [(CH3CN)3YbFe(CO)4]∞ is a sheetlike array with direct Yb−Fe bonds. Crystal data for {[(CH3CN)3YbFe(CO)4]2·CH3CN}∞: monoclinic space group P21/c, a = 21.515(8) A, b = 7.838(2) A, c = 19.866(6) A, β = 105.47(2)°, Z = 4. Crystal data for [(CH3CN)3YbFe(CO)4]∞: monoclinic space group P21/n, a = 8.364(3) A, b = 9.605(5) A, c = 17.240(6) A, β = 92.22(3)°, Z = 4. Electrical conductivity measurements in acetonitrile show that these acetonitrile complexes are partially dissociated into ionic species. IR and NMR spectra of the soluti...
Racial Differences in Utilization of Breast Conservation Surgery: Results from the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB).

Whether rates of breast-conservation surgery (BCS) vary based on race and ethnicity has not been clearly elucidated on a national leve. The National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) was used to identify women who underwent surgery for invasive breast cancer during 2010 and 2011. The effect of race and ethnicity on BCS rates was determined, independent of patient demographics, tumor-related variables, and geographic region. There were 299,827 patients with known race and ethnicity who underwent definitive breast surgery. BCS rates by race were as follows: 135,065/241,236 (56.0 %) for whites, 17,819/33,301 (53.5 %) for blacks, 4,722/9,508 (49.7 %) for Asian/Pacific Islanders, and 7,919/15,782 (50.2 %) for Hispanics (p 2 cm (p < 0.001). On multivariable analysis adjusted for age, tumor size, nodal status, grade, molecular type, geographic area, urban/rural residence, insurance status, and census-derived median income and education for the patient’s zip code, the odds ratio for BCS for blacks compared to whites was 1.23 (95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.20–1.27, p < 0.001), for Asians was 0.84 (95 % CI 0.80–0.88, p < 0.001), and for Hispanics was 1.00 (95 % CI 0.96–1.05, p = 0.885). When adjusted for patient demographics, tumor-related variables, and geographic area, BCS rates are higher in blacks and lower in Asians compared to whites.
Production of hemolysin BL by Bacillus cereus group isolates of dairy origin is associated with whole-genome phylogenetic clade

Bacillus cereus group isolates that produce diarrheal or emetic toxins are frequently isolated from raw milk and, in spore form, can survive pasteurization. Several species within the B. cereus group are closely related and cannot be reliably differentiated by established taxonomical criteria. While B. cereus is traditionally recognized as the principal causative agent of foodborne disease in this group, there is a need to better understand the distribution and expression of different toxin and virulence genes among B. cereus group food isolates to facilitate reliable characterization that allows for assessment of the likelihood of a given isolate to cause a foodborne disease. We performed whole genome sequencing of 22 B. cereus group dairy isolates, which represented considerable genetic diversity not covered by other isolates characterized to date. Maximum likelihood analysis of these genomes along with 47 reference genomes representing eight validly published species revealed nine phylogenetic clades. Three of these clades were represented by a single species (B. toyonensis –clade V, B. weihenstephanensis – clade VI, B. cytotoxicus - VII), one by two dairy-associated isolates (clade II; representing a putative new species), one by two species (B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides – clade I) and four by three species (B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, B. anthracis – clades III-a, b, c and IV). Homologues of genes encoding a principal diarrheal enterotoxin (hemolysin BL) were distributed across all, except the B. cytotoxicus clade. Using a lateral flow immunoassay, hemolysin BL was detected in 13 out of 18 isolates that carried hblACD genes. Isolates from clade III-c (which included B. cereus and B. thuringiensis) consistently did not carry hblACD and did not produce hemolysin BL. Isolates from clade IV (B. cereus, B. thuringiensis) consistently carried hblACD and produced hemolysin BL. Compared to others, clade IV was significantly (p = 0.0001) more likely to produce this toxin. Isolates from clade VI (B. weihenstephanensis) carried hblACD homologues, but did not produce hemolysin BL, possibly due to amino acid substitutions in different toxin-encoding genes. Our results demonstrate that production of diarrheal enterotoxin hemolysin BL is neither inclusive nor exclusive to B. cereus sensu stricto, and that phylogenetic classification of isolates may be better than taxonomic identification for assessment of B. cereus group isolates risk for causing a diarrheal foodborne disease.
Family Communication Patterns and Emerging Adult Consumer Outcomes: Revisiting the Consumer Socialization Model

Guided by theorizing on family communication patterns (FCP) and Moschis’ (1985) consumer socialization model, this study investigated the way FCP contributed to emerging adults’ (n = 343) consumer skills, preferences, and attitudes. A mediated moderation regression revealed that FCP were significant predictors of emerging adults’ perceptions of their parents’ influence over their consumer skills, preferences, and attitudes. Results also indicated that parents who exhibited higher conversation and conformity orientation had more influence on their emerging adult children’s consumer behaviors. Further, the influence of parental communication on emerging adult consumer skills was mediated by emerging adults’ consumer preferences and attitudes.
Neuronal Imaging in Heart Failure

The parasympathetic nervous system uses chiefly acetylcholine (ACh) as its neurotransmitter, although peptides (such as cholecystokinin) may act on the parasympathetic nervous system as a neurotransmitter. ACh acts on two types of receptors: the muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Most transmissions occur in two stages: When stimulated, the preganglionic nerve releases ACh at the ganglion, which acts on nicotinic receptors of postganglionic neurons. The postganglionic nerve then releases ACh to stimulate the muscarinic receptors of the target organ.
Underdispersion models: Models that are “under the radar”

The Poisson distribution is a benchmark for modeling count data. Its equidispersion constraint, however, does not accurately represent real data. Most real datasets express overdispersion; hence at...
Inferring directed network topologies via tensor factorization

Directed networks are pervasive both in nature and engineered systems, often underlying the complex behavior observed in biological systems, microblogs and social interactions over the web, as well as global financial markets. Since their explicit structures are often unobservable, in order to facilitate network analytics, one generally resorts to approaches capitalizing on measurable nodal processes to infer the unknown topology. Prominent among these are structural equation models (SEMs), capable of incorporating exogenous inputs to resolve inherent directional ambiguities. However, this assumes full knowledge of exogenous inputs, which may not be readily available in some practical settings. The present paper advocates a novel SEM-based topology inference approach that entails a PARAFAC decomposition of a three-way tensor, constructed from the observed nodal data. It turns out that second-order statistics of exogenous variables suffice to identify the hidden topology. Leveraging the uniqueness properties inherent to high-order tensor factorizations, it is shown that topology identification is possible under reasonably mild conditions. Tests on simulated data corroborate the effectiveness of the novel tensor-based approach.
Leadership as Mission Critical: Latinas/os, the Military, and Affirmative Action in Higher Education

By focusing on the U.S. military’s support of affirmative action in recent affirmative action cases, this conceptual article posits that there are lessons to be learned from the military by postsec...
Strategies to Introduce Resistance to Viroids

Little or no naturally occurring durable resistance to viroids has been found in most viroid host species. Therefore, efforts to introduce resistance into these plant hosts have been made. These efforts include strategies that incorporate viroid-specific antisense RNAs, sense and antisense viroid RNAs combined with hammerhead ribozymes, small viroid-derived hairpin RNAs, and a double-stranded RNA-specific ribonuclease, into transgenic plants. The results of those efforts, some of which are promising, and the challenges associated with creating viroid resistant plants are summarized in this chapter.
Frequency selective surfaces for microwave frequency band applications

We analyze periodic arrays of frequency selective surfaces (FSS s ) built from the split ring resonators (SRRs) and CSRRs. FSSs are two-dimensional periodic structures that behave like either passband or stop band filters in the microwave frequency band. SRRs are artificially created structures with nonmagnetic loops and small gaps between them. Using COMSOL Multi-physics, we investigate the transmission characteristics of such structures with variation of the physical parameters gap width, dielectric constant, gap separation, and incident angle. This analysis offers a new approach in the design of metamaterial based radio frequency(RF) devices.
Methodology II: Sampling and Assessment of the Evidence

The detailed intricacies of the methodology of the research synthesis design are the topics of this chapter. Following a discussion of how the bibliome is obtained, from casting a wide net for capturing all of the available evidence to setting stringent and rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria to ensure that the resulting bibliomic evidence (i.e., bibliome) is targeted specifically to the PICOTS question; the chapter proposes a detailed distinction between assessing the level of the evidence (the “what” was done) and the quality of the evidence (the “how well” it was done, based on established criteria of research methodology, design, and data analysis—vide infra). Of course, and as emphasized in the chapter, the reason for all of that, the causa propria, is to obtain the best available evidence so that patients, caregivers, and other stakeholders may be empowered to take active part in the clinical decision process. This is obtained by disseminating the outcome of the research synthesis protocol in a manner that ensures increased health literacy and consequentially engagement by the stakeholders. One approach in disseminating for raising health literacy is by transforming the pertinent data into nonstatistical and relatively simple-to-grasp descriptive concepts such as intention to treat, number needed to treat, and prevented/preventable fraction (following or depending upon treatment). These concepts, transformations, and interpretations are discussed in this chapter in the context of the formulation of evidence-based revisions of clinical practice guidelines.
Research on OFDAM Channel Estimation Algorithm in Electrical Private Network

In this paper, the channel estimation algorithm based on pilot for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in electrical special network is studied. Firstly, various channel estimation algorithms are discussed, such as least squares estimation algorithm (LS algorithm) and least mean square error estimation algorithm. And then, a class of interpolation algorithms are introduced, such as linear interpolation, two order linear interpolation and so on. Among them, the time domain filtering algorithm is studied in this paper. In addition, the subspace tracking method is introduced, which is used to track the delay subspace for improving the accuracy of the LS algorithm. The simulation results verify the feasibility of the interpolation algorithm and the time domain filtering algorithm. The research results can be used for communication of the electrical system.
Assessment of Contact and Residual Efficacy of Natural-based and Commercial Products for Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Control

The common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) has recently surged in numbers internationally. A variety of plant-based, or “natural”, products that are stated to kill or repel bed bugs are being marketed directly to consumers, even though the efficacy of many of these products remains poorly known. This study was conducted to determine whether some products advertised as natural are potential tools for management of bed bugs. Five natural-based products were applied as direct sprays to insecticide-susceptible (Harlan) and pyrethroid-resistant (Jersey City) strains of bed bug. Products that were most effective as direct sprays were chosen for residual-spray assays, which were compared with an industry-standard insecticide labeled for control of bed bugs. Both assays were conducted for a 2-wk period. For direct-spray assays, Green Bug® was the only product to produce 100% mortality within 1 min–1 hr (based on strain). Bed Bug Patrol® required 1–2 wk (based on strain) to produce 100% mortality, whereas all other products failed to exceed 70% mortality by the end of the 2-wk period. The two natural-based products (Bed Bug Patrol® and Green Bug®) selected for residual-spray assays failed to differ from the control. Zenprox® (0.25%) produced 100% mortality when applied to the insecticide-susceptible (Harlan) strain yet failed to differ from the control when applied to the pyrethroid-resistant (Jersey City) strain. These findings demonstrate that some natural-based products may be ineffective as residual spray applications for bed bug management.
Secretion and Action of Steroids in the Luteal Cell

The corpus luteum (CL) is a transient endocrine gland that synthesizes the steroid(s) necessary for ovum implantation and development of both placenta and fetus. In some species, such as primate and rat, the CL secretes both progesterone (P) and estradiol (E). However, luteal production of steroids is required for fetal survival throughout pregnancy in rats, while the CL is necessary only during early pregnancy in primates.
Interdependent Self-Construals Increase the Benevolent Use of Power in a Dispute Resolution

The idea that power often leads to exploitation is pervasive in both psychological theory and business teachings. The current paper argues that the impact of power upon motivation and behavior is moderated by the extent to which an individual's self-construal is relatively independent (individually focused) or interdependent (relationally focused) in nature. After reviewing the literature concerning power, exploitation, and interdependence, an empirical exploration of the relationship among power, exploitive motives and behavior is presented. The experiment focused on a one-on-one dispute situation in which management students either had high or low power, and were either primed with "interdependence" or "independence," which were predicted to activate either "relational concerns" or "selfish concerns." Results revealed that (1) the high powered negotiator gave more generous settlements after interdependence priming; (2) the low-powered negotiator attributed greater generosity, more benevolent intentions, and less selfishness on the part of their high-powered opponent when the high-powered individual was primed with interdependence; and (3) the correlation between feelings of power and relational motivation was moderated by interdependence. Whereas 20% of the negotiations in which the high-powered individual was primed with independence resulted in an impasse, none of the negotiations in which high-powered individuals were primed with interdependence resulted in impasse. Interdependence priming thus appeared to alter both the motives and behavior of the high-powered negotiator, resulting in more generous distribution of resources and higher satisfaction with dispute outcomes.
Existence and implications of population variance structure

Identifying the genetic and environmental factors underlying phenotypic differences between populations is fundamental to multiple research communities. To date, studies have focused on the relationship between population and phenotypic mean. Here we consider the relationship between population and phenotypic variance, i.e., "population variance structure." In addition to gene-gene and gene-environment interaction, we show that population variance structure is a direct consequence of natural selection. We develop the ancestry double generalized linear model (ADGLM), a statistical framework to jointly model population mean and variance effects. We apply ADGLM to several deeply phenotyped datasets and observe ancestry-variance associations with 12 of 44 tested traits in ~113K British individuals and 3 of 14 tested traits in ~3K Mexican, Puerto Rican, and African-American individuals. We show through extensive simulations that population variance structure can both bias and reduce the power of genetic association studies, even when principal components or linear mixed models are used. ADGLM corrects this bias and improves power relative to previous methods in both simulated and real datasets. Additionally, ADGLM identifies 17 novel genotype-variance associations across six phenotypes.
17β-Estradiol protects the esophageal epithelium from IL-13-induced barrier dysfunction and remodeling.

Background The incidence of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is greater in male than female subjects, and the underlying molecular basis for this sex bias remains unclear. Objective We sought to delineate the contribution of the sex hormone estrogen to the EoE phenotype and esophageal epithelial barrier function and remodeling. Methods We performed demographic and incidence analyses of EoE in male and female subjects from a single-center pediatric cohort. Estrogen-responsive gene expression analyses and estrogen receptor (ESR) immunofluorescence staining of esophageal biopsy specimens from patients with EoE and control subjects were performed. The effect of 17β-estradiol (E2) on IL-13–induced signaling pathways, gene expression, and esophageal epithelial architecture and barrier function in a primary human esophageal keratinocyte cell (EPC2) culture system (EPC2–air-liquid interface) was examined. Results We observed a male predominance in patients with EoE. Analyses of RNA sequencing data sets revealed a significant dysregulation of the estrogen-responsive gene network and expression of ESR1 and ESR2 in esophageal biopsy specimens from patients with EoE compared with control subjects. IL-13 stimulation of EPC2–air-liquid interface cells led to altered cellular architecture with induced dilation of intercellular spaces and barrier dysfunction. Pretreatment of EPC2s with E2 prior to IL-13 exposure abrogated IL-13–induced architectural changes and esophageal barrier dysfunction. Mechanistically, E2-protective effects were dependent on ESR2 and associated with diminishing of IL-13–induced tyrosine kinase 2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 phosphorylation and EoE-dysregulated gene expression. Conclusions Estrogen-responsive genes are modified in patients with EoE compared with control subjects. E2 attenuated IL-13–induced architectural changes and esophageal epithelial barrier dysfunction through inhibition of the IL-13/tyrosine kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 pathway via ESR2-dependent process. Estrogen hormone signaling may protect against development of EoE in female subjects.
Network Reconfiguration for Increasing Transportation System Resilience Under Extreme Events

Evacuating residents out of affected areas is an important strategy for mitigating the impact of natural disasters. However, the resulting abrupt increase in the travel demand during evacuation causes severe congestions across the transportation system, which thereby interrupts other commuters' regular activities. In this article, a bilevel mathematical optimization model is formulated to address this issue, and our research objective is to maximize the transportation system resilience and restore its performance through two network reconfiguration schemes: contraflow (also referred to as lane reversal) and crossing elimination at intersections. Mathematical models are developed to represent the two reconfiguration schemes and characterize the interactions between traffic operators and passengers. Specifically, traffic operators act as leaders to determine the optimal system reconfiguration to minimize the total travel time for all the users (both evacuees and regular commuters), while passengers act as followers by freely choosing the path with the minimum travel time, which eventually converges to a user equilibrium state. For each given network reconfiguration, the lower-level problem is formulated as a traffic assignment problem (TAP) where each user tries to minimize his/her own travel time. To tackle the lower-level optimization problem, a gradient projection method is leveraged to shift the flow from other nonshortest paths to the shortest path between each origin-destination pair, eventually converging to the user equilibrium traffic assignment. The upper-level problem is formulated as a constrained discrete optimization problem, and a probabilistic solution discovery algorithm is used to obtain the near-optimal solution. Two numerical examples are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in restoring the traffic system performance.
N2O5 reactive uptake kinetics and chlorine activation on authentic biomass-burning aerosol

We examined the reactive uptake of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) to authentic biomass-burning aerosol (BBA) using a small chamber reservoir in combination with an entrained aerosol flow tube. BBA was generated from four different fuel types and the reactivity of N2O5 was probed from 30 to 70% relative humidity (RH). The N2O5 reactive uptake coefficient, γ(N2O5), depended upon RH, fuel type, and to a lesser degree on aerosol chloride mass fractions. The γ(N2O5) ranged from 2.0 (±0.4) ×10−3 on black needlerush derived BBA at 30% RH to 6.0 (±0.6) ×10−3 on wiregrass derived BBA at 65% RH. Major N2O5 reaction products were observed including gaseous ClNO2 and HNO3 and particulate nitrate, and used to create a reactive nitrogen budget. Black needlerush BBA had the most particulate chloride, and the only measured ClNO2 yield > 1%. The ClNO2 yield on black needlerush decayed from an initial value of ∼100% to ∼30% over the course of the burn experiment, suggesting a depletion of BBA chloride over time. Black needlerush was also the only fuel for which the reactive nitrogen budget indicated other N-containing products were generated. Generally, the results suggest limited chloride availability for heterogeneous reaction for BBA in the RH range probed here, including BBA with chloride mass fractions on the higher end of previously reported values (∼17–34%). Though less than fresh sea spray aerosol, ∼50%. We use these measured quantities to discuss the implications for nocturnal aerosol nitrate formation, the chemical fate of N2O5(g), and the availability of particulate chloride for activation in biomass burning plumes.
The Royal Minorities of Game of Thrones

In Game of Thrones, Queen Cersei Lannister labours to preserve her power and autonomy during the minority reigns of her two sons Joffrey and Tommen Baratheon. This chapter argues that the characters of Cersei, Joffrey, and Tommen are highly reflective of a pantheon of characters from medieval European history, who, in their characterizations, demonstrate the relationship between family and power in Game of Thrones. In the process of constructing the dynamic elements of the storyline, royal minorities represent an obvious historical model to create the sense of dynastic instability that is at the core of Game of Thrones. Minority reigns by their very nature represent an inherently unstable form of kingship, an office best served by the authority of a capable and adult king or queen. The minority reigns of Cersei’s two sons Joffrey and Tommen replicate the dynastic instabilities endemic in historical royal minorities. Cersei’s eventual possession of the Iron Throne has few analogues in history, and her performance as queen and mother during the minorities of her sons was complicated, mirroring the experiences of many queen mothers of medieval Western Europe. Despite her lust for power, Cersei appeared to sincerely love her children and mourned their deaths, which, ironically, paved her way to supreme power. In the final analysis, Cersei, like her son Joffrey, also slides into caricature, thirsting for power and revenge, the epitome of the wicked queen. Cersei, more than any other male character in Game of Thrones, epitomizes the savage and remorseless quest for dominance in the “game of thrones,” played against the background of her two sons’ minority reigns.
A landscape analysis of HIV cure-related clinical trials and observational studies in 2018.

Abstract Objectives The community-based organisation Treatment Action Group has established an online listing of HIV cure-related trials and observational studies derived from trial registries. Our objective was to use the listing as a basis for a landscape analysis of the current status of HIV cure-related clinical research. Methods Trials and observational studies listed as of August 2018 formed the sample set. Survey questions were developed on trial development, trial design, recruitment, enrolment, study completion and dissemination plans. A survey was sent to the contact(s) for each study. Supplemental information was collected from clinicaltrials.gov. The full dataset was then analysed. Results A total of 99 interventional trials and 29 observational studies were included. Diverse interventions are under evaluation, including combinations of experimental candidates. Current studies plan to enrol over 7000 participants. Projected completion dates for ~90% of the sample fell between the fourth quarter of 2018 and the end of 2020. Potential obstacles to enrolment that were reported included concerns over invasive procedures and lack of potential benefit to participants. Data on the sex and ethnicity of enrollees were limited but sufficient to note a significant under-representation of women. Conclusions A considerable amount of HIV cure-related clinical research is under way. The results from these studies, which should help shape the future of the field, will become available over the next 2–4 years. Diversity both geographically and in terms of enrollees remains limited, particularly in terms of the participation of women, a concern that could significantly affect the generalisability of the findings.
Electric Field Polarization To Increase Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalyst Performance of Nitrogen–Iron Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials

The development of efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is significant for some renewable energy conversion and storage te...
The relative income effect: an experiment

John Stuart Mill claimed that “men do not desire merely to be rich, but richer than other men.” Are people made happy by being richer than others? Or are people made happy by favorable comparisons to others more generally, and being richer is merely a proxy for this ineffable relativity? We conduct an online experiment absent choice in which we measure subjective well-being (SWB) before and after an exogenous shock that reveals to subjects how many experimental points they and another subject receive, and whether or not points are worth money. We find that subjects are made significantly happier when they receive monetized rather than non-monetized points, suggesting money is valued more than the points it represents. In contrast, subjects are made equally unhappy when they receive fewer monetized points as when they receive fewer non-monetized points than others, suggesting relative money is not valued more than the relative points it represents. We find no evidence that subjects are made happier by being “richer” than others (i.e., by receiving more points—either monetized or non-monetized—than others). Subgroup analyses reveal women are made unhappier (than men) by being “richer” and “poorer” than others, and conservatives are made unhappier (than progressives) by being “poorer” than others. Our experimental-SWB approach is easy to administer and may complement choice-based tasks in future experiments to better estimate preference parameters.
The influence of patient race on the use of diagnostic imaging in United States emergency departments: data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care survey.

An established body of literature has shown evidence of implicit bias in the health care system on the basis of patient race and ethnicity that contributes to well documented disparities in outcomes. However, little is known about the influence of patient race and ethnicity on the decision to order diagnostic radiology exams in the acute care setting. This study examines the role of patient race and ethnicity on the likelihood of diagnostic imaging exams being ordered during United States emergency department encounters. Publicly available data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Emergency Department sample for the years 2006–2016 was compiled. The proportion of patient encounters where diagnostic imaging was ordered was tabulated by race/ethnicity, sub-divided by imaging modality. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to evaluate the influence of patient race/ethnicity on the ordering of diagnostic imaging controlling for other patient and hospital characteristics. Survey weighting variables were used to formulate national-level estimates. Using the weighted data, an average of 131,558,553 patient encounters were included each year for the 11-year study period. Imaging was used at 46% of all visits although this varied significantly by patient race and ethnicity with white patients receiving medical imaging at 49% of visits and non-white patients at 41% of visits (p < 0.001). This effect persisted in the controlled regression model and across all imaging modalities with the exception of ultrasound. Other factors with a significant influence on imaging use included patient age, gender, insurance status, number of co-morbidities, hospital setting (urban vs non-urban) and hospital region. There was no evidence to suggest that the disparate use of imaging by patient race and ethnicity changed over the 11-year study time period. The likelihood that a diagnostic imaging exam will be ordered during United States emergency department encounters differs significantly by patient race and ethnicity even when controlling for other patient and hospital characteristics. Further work must be done to understand and mitigate what may represent systematic bias and ensure equitable use of health care resources.
Calculating Scattering Spectra using Time-domain Modeling of Time-modulated Systems

Obtaining agreement between theoretical predictions that assume single-frequency excitation and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations that employ broadband excitation in the presence of time-varying materials is challenging due to frequency mixing. A simple solution is proposed to reduce artifacts in FDTD-calculated spectra from the frequency mixing induced by harmonic refractive index modulation applicable to scenarios in which second order and higher harmonics are negligible. Advantages of the proposed method are its simplicity and applicability to arbitrary problems including resonant structures.
The impact of opioid prescribing reduction interventions on prescribing patterns across orthopedic subspecialties.

Objective: To date, the majority of studies have focused on the adverse effect of opioid overutilization on outcomes, risk factors for overutilization and dependence, and the development of procedure-specific guidelines. We present the results of a multiphased approach to reducing opioid prescribing. Design: A retrospective pre-post study of opioid prescriptions across 386,393 patient encounters was conducted. The preintervention cohort included patient encounters from November 2016 to March 2017, and the post-intervention cohort included encounters from April 2017 to October 2019. Setting: Single-institution orthopedic practice. Patients, participants: 386,393 patient encounters. Intervention: Multiple prescribing reduction interventions were implemented from April 2017 to July 2018. Main outcome measure: Average morphine milligram equivalent (MME) per patient encounter. Results: Implementation of the interventions resulted in an average reduction of 15.2 MME per encounter (54.5 percent) compared to the preimplementation cohort (pre: avg. MME = 27.9, SD 113.6; post: avg. MME = 12.7, SD 66.1; p < 0.001). The number of pills per opioid prescription was reduced by 13.4 (29.5 percent) (pre: avg. pill count = 45.5, S.D. 25.1; post: avg. pill count = 32.1, SD 21.1; p < 0.001), and the percent of patients receiving opioids was reduced from 8.3 percent to 5.8 percent (p < 0.001). Prescribing compliance was evaluated for 7,664 surgical encounters, with 98.2 percent of prescriptions meeting stated guidelines; 5.5 percent of these encounters required second prescriptions. Conclusions: The use of a multiphase approach effectively reduced the opioid prescribing patterns of a large orthopedic practice and was successful across subspecialties. This approach provides a template that other institutions may use to reduce opioid overprescribing in orthopedic practices.
Neutrality narratives, gender, and fear of cuckoldry in public administration:

Administration draws its legitimacy from neutrality in cultural contexts where power relations are shaped by gendered norms. Neutrality bestows legitimacy where power is vested in the male generati...
Neurologic Manifestations of COVID-19 in Children: Emerging Pathophysiologic Insights.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected mortality and morbidity across all ages, including children. Neurologic manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019, ranging from headaches to cerebrovascular stroke, may involve the CNS or peripheral nervous system. Neurologic involvement is also noted in the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, a pediatric condition that occurs weeks after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Knowledge about mechanisms of neurologic disease and immunologic response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is scarce but rapidly growing. Here, we concisely review experimental and clinical data relevant to pathophysiologic hypotheses regarding neurologic manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019. We highlight important knowledge gaps in differences between adults and children in their response to coronavirus disease 2019.
Cordon-Based Pricing Schemes for Mixed Urban-Freeway Networks using Macroscopic Fundamental Diagrams:

The development of traffic models based on macroscopic fundamental diagrams (MFD) enables many real-time control strategies for urban networks, including cordon-based pricing schemes. However, most...
Old-growth attributes in a maturing secondary Indiana state forest: an opportunity for balanced management1

Primary old-growth forests are rare in the state of Indiana and are found only in small, isolated patches of nature preserves. Recent research underscores the values of large tracts of secondary old-growth (referred to in this paper as “older” forests), including carbon sequestration, forest resiliency, mitigation of climate change impacts, and conservation of biological diversity. Due to historical management, many portions of Indiana state forests are maturing, and yet the “older” successional stage is underrepresented. One of these maturing forests, the site of our study, is in south-central Indiana within the Back Country Area (BCA) of the Morgan-Monroe/Yellowwood State Forest (two state forests, herein called a complex, including parcels in three counties with the largest block of forests spanning Brown and Monroe counties). Our study of the forest structure of the BCA addresses the following questions: (a) Is this mature forest developing ecological attributes of old-growth forests, thus making it a good candidate for an older forest reserve? (b) Does this forest support the plant community characteristic of natural areas of Indiana? We analyzed forest stand metrics, coarse woody debris and snags, age of the largest live trees, and the floristic quality of the herbaceous layer. We then compared these data with published accounts from Indiana nature preserves. Metrics such as tree basal area, number of large-diameter trees, and number of snags are within the range of those measured in existing old-growth forests of Indiana. Analysis of tree cores and log cross-sections shows that 78% of the sample trees were over 100 yr old, with 24% over 130 yr, which is also comparable to old-growth forest nature preserves in the state. The metrics of the Floristic Quality Assessment of the broader plant community of the BCA are comparable to or higher than the metrics from published assessments of Indiana nature preserves. Collectively, the attributes measured indicate that the BCA supports a maturing secondary forest with old-growth characteristics. In the absence of further timber harvest, the BCA as a reserve could reach older forest status within 50 yr. Our study demonstrates that the BCA forest is a prime candidate for an older forest reserve. This study of the BCA could also serve as a model for future assessments of potential older forest reserves in other state forests. Reserves of older forests free from harvest are not incompatible with other management goals and can be a valuable part of a broader-scale management plan. These forest reserves should be promoted across the state to increase the representation within Indiana's state forest system of late-successional secondary forest exhibiting ecological attributes of old-growth forests, thereby enhancing the role of state forests in biodiversity protection and climate mitigation.
Encountering the social determinants of health on a COVID-19 ICU: Frontline providers’ perspectives on inequality in a time of pandemic

Abstract Efforts to improve health equity may be advanced by understanding health care providers' perceptions of the causes of health inequalities. Drawing on data from in-depth interviews with nurses and registered respiratory therapists (RRTs) who served on intensive care units (ICUs) during the first surge of the pandemic, this paper examines how frontline providers perceive and attribute the unequal impacts of COVID-19. It shows that nurses and RRTs quickly perceived the pandemic's disproportionate burden on Black and Latinx individuals and families. Providers attribute these inequalities to the social determinants of health, and also raise questions about how barriers to healthcare access may have made some patients more vulnerable to the worst consequences of COVID-19. Providers' perceptions of inequality and its consequences on COVID-19 ICUs were emotionally impactful and distressing, suggesting that this is a critical moment for offering clinicians practical strategies for understanding and addressing the persistent structural inequities that cause racial inequalities in health.
The Sovereign's Dilemma: State Capacity and Ruler Survival in Imperial China

China's state development was shaped by elite network structures that characterized state–society relations, rather than representative institutions or bellicist competition. For the 2,000 years of its existence, its rulers faced the sovereign's dilemma: a coherent elite that could take collective action to strengthen the state could also overthrow the ruler. When elites were in geographically broad and densely interconnected networks, they preferred a strong state capable of protecting their far-flung interests, and their cohesiveness constituted a threat to the ruler's survival. Yet when elites relied on local bases of power and were not tightly connected, they instead sought to hollow out the central state from within; their internal divisions enabled the ruler to play competing factions against each other to secure his personal survival. This capacity–survival tradeoff explains China's historical state development and highlights the importance of elite social relations in understanding alternative paths of state development outside Europe.
Exploring Friend’s Parents and Family Friends as Natural Mentors for Youth: Contexts, Motivation, and Barriers

Natural mentors are important developmental assets for youth. To understand the nature and influence of natural mentors, scholars have often adopted Granovetter’s (1973) model, where “strong ties” refer to individuals in one’s close social network and “weak ties” refer to a broader network of heterogeneous relationships with nonfamilial others. This dichotomy can obscure the role of certain mentors like family friends and friend’s parents, who may transverse these categories. We used a multi-informant approach, drawing on mentee and mentor data from two nationally representative studies, to explore family friends and friend’s parents as a unique type of natural mentor. Study 1 (n = 3,133) uses Add Health data to explore the sociodemographic predictors of these mentors, whereas Study 2 (n = 343) uses the Power of Relationships Study to examine contexts, motivations, and perceived barriers associated with this previously understudied group of mentors. Results revealed significant sociodemographic predictors of having a friend’s parent or family friend mentor. In addition, results suggest that these ties engage in mentoring in youth-accessible contexts, often mentor as a result of a request from a youth’s parent, and that they may be less likely to perceive certain barriers to mentoring youth. Implications about the role of this specific type of natural mentor are discussed.