cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Superplastic behavior of Ti–6Al–4V–0.1B alloy

Abstract The superplastic behavior of Ti–6Al–4V–0.1B sheet was evaluated. The strain rate sensitivity (m) is ≥0.47 in the temperature range 775–900 °C and at strain rate, e ˙ = 10 − 5 to 10 − 3 s − 1 . The material exhibits tensile elongations > 200% in the temperature range 725–950 °C at e ˙ = 3 × 10 − 4 s − 1 . The optimum superplastic forming temperature is 900 °C, which is similar to conventional Ti–6Al–4V. However, a lower flow stress is needed in the case of Ti–6Al–4V–0.1B. The superplastic deformation mechanism is suggested from estimates of activation energy to be grain boundary sliding (GBS) accommodated by dislocation motion along grain boundaries at e ˙ = 10 − 4 s − 1 and is diffusion-controlled dislocation climb at e ˙ = 10 − 3 s − 1 . Microstructural observations also confirm that GBS is the operating deformation mechanism at 900 °C and e ˙ = 3 × 10 − 4 s − 1 .
Selective thiol inhibition of ferricyanide reduction in photosystem II of spinach chloroplasts

Abstract Selective inhibition of ferricyanide reduction in photosystem II by lipophilic thiols indicates a unique pathway of electron transport, which is not involved in reduction of class III acceptors or transfer of electrons to photosystem I. Both aromatic and aliphatic thiols induce the inhibition, but thiol binding reagents such as p-hydroxymercuribenzoate or N-ethylmaleimide do not inhibit. The inhibition can be observed using either dibromothymoquinone or bathophenanthroline to direct electrons away from photosystem I. No pretreatment of chloroplasts with thiols in the light was necessary to inhibit ferricyanide reduction by photosystem II or the O2 evolution associated with ferricyanide reduction.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma modulate gene expression of type I 5'-deiodinase, thyroid peroxidase, and thyroglobulin in FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells.

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) have many effects on a number of cell types, including thyrotrophs. In the present study, we used FRTL5 cells, a cultured rat thyroid follicular cell line, to examine the effects of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha on type I 5'-deiodinase (5'D-I) activity and 5'D-I, thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (Tg) gene expression. Incubation of FRTL5 cells with the highest concentrations of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma tested (1000 ng/ml or 1000 U/ml, respectively) for 72 h in the presence and absence of TSH had no effect on cell viability as assessed by trypan blue exclusion. In TSH-deprived FRTL-5 cells, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma resulted in a small but dose-dependent decrease in 5'D-I activity. TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma blocked the TSH- or cAMP-induced rise in 5'D-I activity. 100 ng/ml TNF-alpha and 100 U/ml IFN-gamma completely blocked the TSH- or cAMP-induced rise in 5' D-I activity. However, when cells were incubated with TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, ...
Wage patterns: An evolutionary perspective

The existence of wage patterns is often cited as evidence that the labor market is affected by institutional forces outside the purview of economic theory. In this paper, it is argued that such patterns can be understood as the result of an information-acquiring activity of labor market participants that enhances their chance of survival. Wage comparisons are selected, sometimes mistakenly, in an effort to cope with the uncertainty of the environment. This evolutionary analysis denies a distinction between market forces and spillovers.
Magnetic field-related heating instabilities in the surface layers of the sun and stars

The stability of a magnetized low-density plasma to current-driven filamentation instabilities is investigated and the results are applied to the surface layers of stars. Unlike previous studies, the initial (i.e., precoronal) state of the stellar surface atmosphere is taken to be a low-density, optically thin magnetized plasma in radiative equilibrium. The linear analysis shows that the surface layers of main-sequence stars (including the sun) which are threaded by magnetic fields are unstable; the instabilities considered lead to structuring perpendicular to the ambient magnetic fields. These results suggest that relatively modest surface motions, in conjunction with the presence of magnetic fields, suffice to account for the presence of inhomogeneous chromospheric and coronal plasma overlying a star's surface.
Teaching CS1 on-line: the good, the bad, and the ugly

Nowadays, many universities and colleges are offering courses at distance. In this paper, I present my experiences and results with the offering of a CS1 course to students in our campus. The course was offered during the last academic year 97-98. I describe our motivation for the on-line course and my observations about student performance. Also, I compare the results of the on-line class with the traditional one.
iPM - A fab preventive maintenance forecasting & downtime management tool

The problem of efficiently planning and coordinating preventive maintenance (PM) activities is one of the most challenging problems to fab manufacturing. At the module level, planning and coordination requires, in addition to the time and usage factors of each maintenance activity, consideration of other aspects such as head-count, training plans and tool upgrades. At the production line segments level, the challenge is in the synchronization of multiple toolsets with material flow in order to achieve fast cycle times. In the past, module specific excel based solutions were used, with no real standard, and without integration across all these multiple modules. Fab28, the Intel factory in Israel, took upon itself to solve this complex problem in preparation for its start-up and ramp and provide Intel a business driven seamless solution.
A probabilistic model for the persistence of early planar fabrics in polydeformed pelitic schists

Abstract Although early planar fabrics are commonly preserved within microlithons in low-grade pelites, in higher-grade (amphibolite facies) pelitic schists fabric regeneration often appears complete. Evidence for early fabrics may be preserved within porphyroblasts but, within the matrix, later deformation often appears to totally obliterate or reorient earlier fabrics. However, examination of several hundred Dalradian pelites from Connemara, western Ireland, reveals that preservation of early fabrics is by no means uncommon; relict matrix domains, although volumetrically insignificant, are remarkably persistent even when inferred later strains are very large and fabric regeneration appears, at first sight, complete. Deterministic plasticity theories are ill-suited to the analysis of such an inhomogeneous material response, and a probabilistic model is proposed instead. It assumes that ductile polycrystal deformation is controlled by elementary flow units which can be activated once their associated stress barrier is overcome. Bulk flow propensity is related to the proportion of simultaneous activations, and a measure of this is derived from the probabilistic interaction between a stress-barrier spectrum and an internal stress spectrum (the latter determined by the external loading and the details of internal stress transfer). The spectra are modelled as Gaussian distributions although the treatment is very general and could be adapted for other distributions. Using the time rate of change of activation probability it is predicted that, initially, fabric development will be rapid but will then slow down dramatically even though stress increases at a constant rate. This highly non-linear response suggests that early fabrics persist because they comprise unfavourable distributions of stress-barriers which remain unregenerated at the time bulk stress is stabilized by steady-state flow. Relict domains will, however, bear the highest stress and are potential upper-bound palaeostress estimators. Some factors relevant to the micromechanical explanation of relict matrix domains are discussed.
Energy dissipation in electrosprays and the geometric scaling of the transition region of cone–jets

The characterization of electrosprayed droplets by means of retarding potential and time-of-flight techniques yields relevant information on the physics of the cone–jet itself. The experimental data reveal that a significant fraction of the electric power injected in the cone–jet is degraded by ohmic and viscous dissipations, as well as converted into surface energy. The degradation of energy can be cast in the form of a measurable voltage deficit that depends on the fluid's viscosity, electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, but is independent of its flow rate. These experimental facts require an identical scaling rt for both the characteristic radial and axial lengths of the cone-to-jet transition, the region where conduction current is transformed into convected surface charge. This fundamental scale is the geometric mean of the electrical relaxation length and the distance from the Taylor cone apex where the dynamic and capillary pressures become comparable. These two lengths are of the same order in a wide range of operational conditions, which further confirms the importance of the role played by electrical relaxation phenomena in the physics of cone–jets. The validity of rt is further supported by the numerical results of Higuera (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 484, 2003, pp. 303–327), whose profiles of the transition region non-dimensionalized with rt remain unchanged when the flow rate is varied. Finally, the dissipation of energy significantly increases the temperature of fluids with high conductivities, and future models for the cone–jets of these liquids will need to account for thermal effects.
Modeling of an interplanetary disturbance event tracked by the interplanetary scintillation method

The interplanetary disturbance event of August 25-29, 1978 was modeled in an attempt to reproduce the corresponding interplanetary scintillation observations and simultaneous ISEE-3 satellite data. A shock wave generated from the region of a disappearing filament on August 23 is shown to account for the observed shock wave structure, but not the broad high-speed stream behind the shock wave. A shock wave generated by the sudden activation of the coronal hole on the same day is able to account for the high-speed stream.
Splenic lymphoid subsets with less well-recognized phenotypes mimic aberrant antigen expression.

Objectives: Flow cytometry can assist in the diagnosis of lymphoma by identifying aberrant antigen expression. Recognition of aberrancy requires knowledge of the
Analysis of Clonotype Distribution and Persistence for an Influenza Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cell Response

The spectrum of TCR V beta usage is compared for primary and recall CD8(+)D(b)PA(224)(+) T cell responses in mice with influenza pneumonia. Single-cell RT-PCR established that the same clonotypes were present in the lymphoid tissue and in the virus-infected lung. Longitudinal analysis indicated that the memory TCR repertoire reflects the primary response, with no decrease in diversity prior to (or after) secondary challenge. The re-engagement of memory T cells looked to be stochastic in this localized, transient infection. Analysis of clonotypes from the blood, spleen, regional lymph nodes, bone marrow, lung, and liver over a 200 day interval showed no evidence of selective localization or loss. The long-term distribution of memory T cells seemed to be essentially random.
Value of peak exercise oxygen consumption for optimal timing of cardiac transplantation in ambulatory patients with heart failure.

BACKGROUNDOptimal timing of cardiac transplantation in ambulatory patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction is often difficult. To determine whether measurement of peak oxygen consumption (VO2) during maximal exercise testing can be used to identify patients in whom transplantation can be safely deferred, we prospectively performed exercise testing on all ambulatory patients referred for transplant between October 1986 and December 1989.METHODS AND RESULTSPatients were assigned into one of three groups on the basis of exercise data: Group 1 (n = 35) comprised patients accepted for transplant (VO2 less than or equal to 14 ml/kg/min); group 2 (n = 52) comprised patients considered too well for transplant (VO2 greater than 14 ml/kg/min); and group 3 (n = 27) comprised patients with low VO2 rejected for transplant due to noncardiac problems. All three groups were comparable in New York Heart Association functional class, ejection fraction, and cardiac index (p = NS). Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure...
Effects of adrenergic blockade on the vasoconstrictor action of angiotensin in the perfused hind limb.

SummaryThe ability of angiotensin to cause release of catecholamines from adrenergic nerve endings was studied in anesthetized dogs in which the femoral vascular bed was perfused at constant flow and in which reflexly induced changes in perfusion pressure were abolished by epidural blockade. Magnitude and rate of development of the pressor response to angiotensin were examined prior to blockade and after alpha adrenergic blockade with phenoxybenzamine or beta adrenergic blockade with propranolol. No significant alterations in the pressor response were observed following adrenergic receptor blockade. As no evidence was obtained for release of catecholamines by angiotensin in this preparation, any effects of angiotensin on reuptake of catecholamines would not be tested.The author thanks Dr. W. B. Youmans for his continued encouragement and for his many helpful suggestions during the preparation of this manuscript.
42.2: A New Conductor Structure for Plastic LCD Applications Utilizing “All Dry” Digital Laser Patterning

A new conductor material has been developed for plastic film LCD applications. This highly durable conductor has very low sheet resistance (under 10 ohms/square), high optical transmission (over 83%), low birefringence (less than 10 nm), good chemical resistance, very low oxygen & moisture permeability, and excellent thermal and environmental stability. An “all dry” digital laser ablation process was also developed for patterning the conductors.
Distribution, habitat and behavior of grasshopper sparrows, Ammodramus savannarum (Passeriformes: Emberizidae) in northeastern Nicaragua.

During March and April of 1996, I made field observations of the sedentary subspecies of grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum cracens), in 600 points of the pine savannas of northeastern Nicaragua. Isolated individuals were found in the humid depressions, but breeding populations were located exclusively in areas that had suffered a recent fire. Territorial behavior varied in intensity apparently as a function of territory size: the most aggressive males were those trying to defend smaller territories in populations close to Miskito villages, where most of the fires occur. In contrast to what is happening in other parts of Central America, the Nicaraguan grasshopper sparrow may be indirectly protected from extinction by the Miskito’s traditional fire practices.
Why Did Empirical Dream Researchers Reject Freud? A Critique of Historical Claims by Mark Solms.

Neuropsychologist and psychoanalyst Mark Solms (1997) made a major contribution to dream research through his clinico-anatomical studies, which reveal the outlines of the neural network that underlies dreaming. However, in more recent work he misunderstands the history of the rapid eye movement (REM)/non-REM (NREM) controversy in a Freudian-serving way and ignores the considerable systematic empirical evidence that contradicts the key claims of the Freudian dream theory he is trying to revive. After summarizing Solms’s claims about the history of laboratory dream research, this article suggests a different version of that history and summarizes the empirical findings that explain why Freudian theory is not considered viable by most dream researchers.
LEARNING MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS FROM MIXTURES OF AUDIO WITH WEAK LABELS

We are interested in developing a system that learns to recognize individual sound sources in an auditory scene where multiple sources may be occurring simultaneously. We focus here on sound source recognition in music audio mixtures. Many researchers have made progress by using isolated training examples or very strongly labeled training data. We consider an alternative approach: the learner is presented with a variety of weaky-labeled mixtures. Positive examples include the target instrument at some point in a mixture of sounds, and negative examples are mixtures that do not contain the target. We show that it not only possible to learn from weakly-labeled mixtures of instruments, but that it works significantly better (78% correct labeling compared to 55%) than learning from isolated examples when the task is identification of an instrument in novel mixtures.
Human clinical trails in antiepileptogenesis

Blocking the development of epilepsy (epileptogenesis) is a fundamental research area with the potential to provide large benefits to patients by avoiding the medical and social consequences that occur with epilepsy and lifelong therapy. Human clinical trials attempting to prevent epilepsy (antiepileptogenesis) have been few and universally unsuccessful to date. In this article, we review data about possible pathophysiological mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis, discuss potential interventions, and summarize prior antiepileptogenesis trials. Elements of ideal trials designs for successful antiepileptogenic intervention are suggested.
Examination of genotype and phenotype relationships in 14 patients with apparent mineralocorticoid excess.

Apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) is a genetic disorder causing pre- and postnatal growth failure, juvenile hypertension, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, and hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism due to a deficiency of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 enzyme activity (11βHSD2). The 11βHSD2 enzyme is responsible for the conversion of cortisol to the inactive metabolite cortisone and therefore protects the mineralocorticoid receptors from cortisol intoxication. Several homozygous mutations are associated with this potentially fatal disease. We have examined the phenotype, biochemical features, and genotype of 14 patients with AME. All of the patients had characteristic signs of a severe 11βHSD2 defect. Birth weights were significantly lower than those of their unaffected sibs. The patients were short, underweight, and hypertensive for age. Variable damage of one or more organs (kidneys, retina, heart, and central nervous system) was found in all of the patients except one. The follow-up studies of e...
Acetylcholinesterase and Its Inhibition

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (3.1.1.7) belongs to the very large group of enzymes called hydrolases, defined as enzymes which split substrates by the introduction of the elements of water. The hydrolases which split acetylcholine are called cholinesterases; they catalyze the reaction $$ \begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {C{{H}_{3}}COOC{{H}_{2}}C{{H}_{2}}\mathop{N}\limits^{ + } {{{(C{{H}_{3}})}}_{3}}\mathop{ \to }\limits^{{{{H}_{2}}O}} C{{H}_{3}}CO{{O}^{ - }} + {{H}^{ + }} + HOC{{H}_{2}}C{{H}_{2}}\mathop{N}\limits^{ + } {{{(C{{H}_{3}})}}_{3}}} \\ {{\text{acetylcholine acetate choline}}} \\ \end{array} $$ (1) The reaction is reversible, but under usual conditions it lies far to the right.
Instant tactile-audio map: enabling access to digital maps for people with visual impairment

In this paper, we propose an automatic approach, complete with a prototype system, for supporting instant access to maps for local navigation by people with visual impairment. The approach first detects and segments texts from a map image and recreates the remaining graphical parts in a tactile form which can be reproduced immediately through a tactile printer. Then, it generates an SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) file, which integrates both text and graphical information. The tactile hardcopy and the SVG file together are used to provide a user with interactive access to the map image through a touchpad, resulting in a tactile-audio representation of the original input image. This supports real-time access to the map without tedious conversion by a sighted professional. Evaluations with six users who are blind show that the created tactile-audio maps from our prototype system convey the most important map information and are deemed as potentially useful for local navigation.
COPPER SORPTION AND RELEASE BY CYCLOTELLA MENEGHINIANA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) AND CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1

Initial Cu++ sorption by Cyclotella meneghiniana Kutz. (Cu++-sensitive) and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard (Cu++-resistant) was rapid in the first 5 min of Cu++ incubation with little sorption after 2 h. On a cell to cell basis, Cyclotella sorbed ca. five times more Cu++ from the medium than Chlamydomonas. In MBL medium with EDTA Cyclotella and Chlamydomonas cells sorbed 21.0 and 4.41 nM Cu++/106 cells respectively in 6 h with 0.3 mg Cu++/l in the medium. Proportionally similar quantities of Cu++ were sorbed when the cells were Cu++ incubated in MBL + citrate or filtered lake water. Cleaned cell walls of Cyclotella sorbed little Cu++ (1.7 nM/106 cells) as compared to living cells (17.5 nM Cu++/106 cells) in 3 h. Therefore, in living Cyclotella most of the Cu++ taken up must be absorbed by the protoplasm or perhaps by the organic layer surrounding the silica wall. Cleaned cell walls of Chlamydomonas sorbed 3.5 nM Cu++/106 cells and living Chlamydomonas cells sorbed 2.6 nM Cu++/106 cells. This indicates that most of the Cu++ sorbed by Chlamydomonas cells remained bound to the cell wall and probably did not readily enter into the protoplasm: When placed in Cu++ free medium after Cu++ incubation, Cyclotella and Chlamydomonas cells released 46 and 59% respectively of the Cu++ sorbed.
Perceptual Multistability as Markov Chain Monte Carlo Inference

While many perceptual and cognitive phenomena are well described in terms of Bayesian inference, the necessary computations are intractable at the scale of real-world tasks, and it remains unclear how the human mind approximates Bayesian computations algorithmically. We explore the proposal that for some tasks, humans use a form of Markov Chain Monte Carlo to approximate the posterior distribution over hidden variables. As a case study, we show how several phenomena of perceptual multistability can be explained as MCMC inference in simple graphical models for low-level vision.
Accurately clustering moving objects with adaptive history filtering

This paper addresses the problem of detecting and tracking clusters of moving objects in spatio-temporal data sets. Spatio-temporal data sets contain data objects that move in space over time. Traditional data clustering algorithms work well on static data sets that contain well separated clusters. Traditional techniques breakdown when they are applied to spatio-temporal data sets. They are not capable of tracking clusters when the moving objects intersect the space occupied by objects from another cluster. This work aims to improve the accuracy of traditional data clustering algorithms on spatio-temporal data sets. Many clustering algorithms create clusters based on the distance between the objects. We extend this distance measure to be a function of the position history of the objects. We show through a series of experiments that the use of the history based distance measures greatly improves the accuracy of existing data clustering algorithms on spatio-temporal data sets. In random data sets we achieve up to a 90% improvement in cluster accuracy. To evaluate the clustering algorithms we created 100 spatio-temporal data sets. We also defined a set of metrics that are used to evaluate the performance of the clustering algorithms on the spatio-temporal data sets.
Structure-Composition-Property Relationships in Polymeric Amorphous Calcium Phosphate-Based Dental Composites

Our studies of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP)-based materials over the last decade have yielded bioactive polymeric composites capable of protecting teeth from demineralization or even regenerating lost tooth mineral. The anti-cariogenic/remineralizing potential of these ACP composites originates from their propensity, when exposed to the oral environment, to release in a sustained manner sufficient levels of mineral-forming calcium and phosphate ions to promote formation of stable apatitic tooth mineral. However, the less than optimal ACP filler/resin matrix cohesion, excessive polymerization shrinkage and water sorption of these experimental materials can adversely affect their physicochemical and mechanical properties, and, ultimately, limit their lifespan. This study demonstrates the effects of chemical structure and composition of the methacrylate monomers used to form the matrix phase of composites on degree of vinyl conversion (DVC) and water sorption of both copolymers and composites and the release of mineral ions from the composites. Modification of ACP surface via introducing cations and/or polymers ab initio during filler synthesis failed to yield mechanically improved composites. However, moderate improvement in composite’s mechanical stability without compromising its remineralization potential was achieved by silanization and/or milling of ACP filler. Using ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate or urethane dimethacrylate as base monomers and adding moderate amounts of hydrophilic 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate or its isomer ethyl-α-hydroxymethacrylate appears to be a promising route to maximize the remineralizing ability of the filler while maintaining high DVC. Exploration of the structure/composition/property relationships of ACP fillers and polymer matrices is complex but essential for achieving a better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that govern dissolution/re-precipitation of bioactive ACP fillers, and, ultimately, the suitability of the composites for clinical evaluation.
Pain Sensitivity Subgroups in Individuals With Spine Pain: Potential Relevance to Short-Term Clinical Outcome

Background. Cluster analysis can be used to identify individuals similar in profile based on response to multiple pain sensitivity measures. There are limited investigations into how empirically derived pain sensitivity subgroups influence clinical outcomes for individuals with spine pain. Objective. The purposes of this study were: (1) to investigate empirically derived subgroups based on pressure and thermal pain sensitivity in individuals with spine pain and (2) to examine subgroup influence on 2-week clinical pain intensity and disability outcomes. Design. A secondary analysis of data from 2 randomized trials was conducted. Methods. Baseline and 2-week outcome data from 157 participants with low back pain (n110) and neck pain (n47) were examined. Participants completed demographic, psychological, and clinical information and were assessed using pain sensitivity protocols, including pressure (suprathreshold pressure pain) and thermal pain sensitivity (thermal heat threshold and tolerance, suprathreshold heat pain, temporal summation). A hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis was used to create subgroups based on pain sensitivity responses. Differences in data for baseline variables, clinical pain intensity, and disability were examined. Results. Three pain sensitivity cluster groups were derived: low pain sensitivity, high thermal static sensitivity, and high pressure and thermal dynamic sensitivity. There were differences in the proportion of individuals meeting a 30% change in pain intensity, where fewer individuals within the high pressure and thermal dynamic sensitivity group (adjusted odds ratio0.3; 95% confidence interval0.1, 0.8) achieved successful outcomes. Limitations. Only 2-week outcomes are reported. Conclusions. Distinct pain sensitivity cluster groups for individuals with spine pain were identified, with the high pressure and thermal dynamic sensitivity group showing worse clinical outcome for pain intensity. Future studies should aim to confirm these findings.
“No One Yet Knows What the Ultimate Consequences May Be”: How Rachel Carson Transformed Scientific Uncertainty Into a Site for Public Participation in Silent Spring

This article examines Rachel Carson’s assimilation and revision of scientific uncertainty in her sources, annotations, and drafts for Silent Spring. It argues that Carson’s emphasis on the special ...
Genome characterization of Long Island tick rhabdovirus, a new virus identified in Amblyomma americanum ticks

Ticks are implicated as hosts to a wide range of animal and human pathogens. The full range of microbes harbored by ticks has not yet been fully explored. As part of a viral surveillance and discovery project in arthropods, we used unbiased high-throughput sequencing to examine viromes of ticks collected on Long Island, New York in 2013. We detected and sequenced the complete genome of a novel rhabdovirus originating from a pool of Amblyomma americanum ticks. This virus, which we provisionally name Long Island tick rhabdovirus, is distantly related to Moussa virus from Africa. The Long Island tick rhabdovirus may represent a novel species within family Rhabdoviridae.
Cooperation among Ugandan Farmers: Cultivating Social Capital

A survey was administered to 183 Ugandan farmers in August 2014 to assess the factors that influence their willingness to become members of a proposed new agricultural cooperative. In particular, we were interested in a better understanding of how farmers viewed the social benefits associated with cooperation. These social benefits have the potential to become valuable sources of social capital. Four valid and reliable measures of social benefits were identified. Social benefits that farmers may use to get by (bonding networks) had two dimensions: emotional support and social support. Social benefits that farmers may use to get ahead (bridging networks) also had two dimensions: tangible and intangible resource sharing. The desire to gain these social benefits from cooperation (except for emotional support) emerged as strong predictors of farmers’ willingness to cooperate in a proposed new agricultural cooperative. Surprisingly, the expected economic benefits of cooperation did not have a significant effec...
세라믹 브라켓 부착 시 레이저를 이용한 포세린 표면처리 효과

본 연구는 포세린 표면에 $CO_2$ 레이저를 조사하여 세라믹 브라켓을 부착 후 전단결합강도를 측정하고, 산부식처리 및 샌드블라스트 등의 일반적인 방법을 시행하여 그 결과를 비교 분석하여 레이저 표면처리의 효과를 연구하고자 시행되었다. 90개의 포세린( $8\;{\times}\;8\;{\times}\;4\;mm$ ) 시편을 제작하여 각각 10개씩 9개군으로 나누었다. 대조군(C)으로 아무런 표면처리를 하지 않은 글레이즈 표면을 사용하였으며, 실험군은 인산 처리군(OFA), 인산과 silane 처리군(OFA + S), 샌드블라스팅 처리군(SB), 샌드블라스팅과 silane 처리군(SB + S), 레이저 처리군(L), 레이저와 silane 처리군(L + S), 불산 처리군(HFA), 불산과 silane 처리군(HFA + S)으로 분류하였다. 만능시험기를 이용하여 전단결합강도를 측정하고 그 파절양상을 비교 분석한 결과 불산과 silane을 동시에 처리한 군에서 가장 높은 값( $13.92\;{\pm}\;1.92\;MPa$ )을 보였으며, 측정값은 SB + S ( $10.16\;{\pm}\;1.27\;MPa$ ), HFA ( 10.09\;{\pm}\;1.07\;MPa$ ), L + S ( $8.25\;{\pm}\;1.24\;MPa$ ), L ( $7.86\;{\pm}\;0.96\;MPa$ ), OFA + S ( $7.22\;{\pm}\;1.09\;MPa$ ), SB ( $3.41\;{\pm}\;0.37\;MPa$ ), OFA ( $2.81\;{\pm}\;0.37\;MPa$ ), 대조군( $2.46\;{\pm}\;1.36\;MPa$ ) 순이었다. 브라켓 부착 시 치과용 레이저를 이용한 포세린의 표면처리 결과 전단결합강도의 값은 임상적으로 받아들여질 만한 수치를 보였으며 레이저와 silane을 동시에 처리한 군과는 통계적으로 유의할 만한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p > 0.05). 이상의 연구결과는 포세린 표면에 세라믹 브라켓 부착 시 2-watt의 $CO_2$ 레이저를 사용하여 전처리를 하는 방법은 시간절약의 관점에서 임상적으로 표면 전처리의 적절한 치료 대안이 될 수 있음을 보여주었다. 【Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of using laser for ceramic bracket bonding of porcelain surfaces and to compare it with conventional treatment of porcelain surfaces. Methods: Ninety feldspathic porcelain specimens were divided into 9 groups of 10, with each group having different surface treatments performed. Surface treatment groups were orthophosphoric acid, orthophosphoric acid with silane, hydrofluoric acid, hydrofluoric acid with silane, sandblasted, sandblasted with silane, laser etched, laser etched with silane, and glazed surface served as a control group. In the laser etched groups, the specimens were irradiated with 2-watt superpulse carbon dioxide ( $CO_2$ ) laser for 20 seconds. Ceramic brackets were bonded with light-cure composite resin and all specimens were stored in water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. Shear bond strength was determined in megapascals (MPa) by shear test at 1 mm/minute crosshead speed and the failure pattern was assessed. For statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA and tukey test were used. Results: Statistical analysis showed significant differences between the groups. The HFA + S group showed the highest mean shear bond strength ( $13.92{\pm}1.94\;MPa$ ). This was followed by SB + S ( $10.16\;{\pm}\;1.27\;MPa$ ), HFA ( $10.09\;{\pm}\;1.07\;MPa$ ), L + S ( $8.25\;{\pm}\;1.24\;MPa$ ), L ( $7.86\;{\pm}\;0.96\;MPa$ ), OFA + S ( $7.22\;{\pm}\;1.09\;MPa$ ), SB ( $3.41\;{\pm}\;0.37\;MPa$ ), OFA ( $2.81\;{\pm}\;0.37\;MPa$ ), G ( $2.46\;{\pm}\;1.36\;MPa$ ), Bond failure patterns of HFA and silane groups, except L + S, were cohesive modes in porcelain while adhesive failure was observed in the control group and the rest of the groups. Conclusions : A 2-watt superpulse $CO_2$ laser etching of porcelain surfaces can provide a satisfactory result for porcelain surface treatment for ceramic bracket bonding. Laser irradiation may be an alternative conditioning method for the treatment of porcelain surfaces.】
Free vibration of eccentrically stiffened laminated plates

The free vibration characteristics of laminated plates with discrete stiffeners are analyzed by the finite element method. The analysis takes into consideration transverse shear deformation effects and rotary inertias in the plate and stiffeners. The stiffeners are modeled as laminated beams and are placed along plate nodal lines. A C0 stiffened plate element is developed using a nine noded isoparametric plate element and a three noded isoparametric beam element. Natural frequencies and mode shapes of eccentrically-stiffened laminated plates are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the methodology. The influences of stiffeners such as depth, number, location and ply orientation on the natural frequencies are examined.
Do renal nerves chronically influence renal function and arterial pressure in spinal rats

Previous studies have demonstrated that renal nerve activity has acute effects on renal function in rats with cervical spinal cord transection (CST). The present study tested the hypothesis that renal nerves chronically influence renal and cardiovascular function in CST rats. Three groups of conscious Sprague-Dawley rats were studied: renal denervated plus CST (RDNX + CST), sham RDNX plus CST (sham + CST), and sham RDNX plus sham CST (intact). CST or sham CST surgeries were performed 8 days after RDNX or sham RDNX. Sodium and water intakes were fixed by intravenous infusion. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and plasma renin activity (PRA) were measured before and for 9 days after CST/sham CST. In addition, urine flow, urinary sodium excretion, and urine pH were measured in the two groups of CST rats. One day after CST, MAP decreased approximately 25 mmHg in both RDNX + CST and sham + CST groups. PRA had fallen approximately 50% 1 day after CST and was not different between CST groups. PRA remained depressed throughout the study. There were no differences between sham + CST and RDNX + CST rats in any of the renal or cardiovascular variables measured after CST. In summary, we found no evidence for a chronic effect of renal nerves on renal function or arterial pressure in CST rats.
Damage Identification Using Acoustic Emission Data Obtained from Large Composite Structures

Acoustic emission was implemented to monitor damage initiation and its progression in a full-scale Pultruded Rod Stitched Efficient Unitized Structure (PRSEUS) carbon/epoxy fuselage panel subjected to combined loading of internal pressure and axial load. Prior to panel fracture, emission was generated at a very high rate, with a significant amount of emission apparently generated by fretting among the nearly infinite newly formed fracture surfaces. The separation of burst type waveforms (i.e., which are caused by actual new damage) and emission caused from extraneous sources is demonstrated. The effect of high rate of emission on the corresponding AE signal features is demonstrated. It is shown that the high rate of failure in composites is an added difficulty for damage source identification, which the current AE methodology needs to address. doi: 10.12783/SHM2015/191
Volatilization of low vapor pressure--volatile organic compounds (LVP-VOCs) during three cleaning products-associated activities: Potential contributions to ozone formation

There have been many studies to reduce ozone formation mostly from volatile organic compound (VOC) sources. However, the role of low vapor pressure (LVP)-VOCs from consumer products remains mostly unexplored and unaddressed. This study explores the impact of high production volume LVP-VOCs on ozone formation from three cleaning products-associated activities (dishwashing, clothes washing, and surface cleaning). We develop a model framework to account for the portion available for ozone formation during the use phase and from the down-the-drain disposal. We apply experimental studies that measured emission rates or models that were developed for estimating emission rates of organic compounds during the use phase. Then, the fraction volatilized (fvolatilized) and the fraction disposed down the drain (fdown-the-drain) are multiplied by the portion available for ozone formation for releases to the outdoor air (fO3|volatilized) and down-the-drain (fO3|down-the-drain), respectively. Overall, for chemicals used in three specific cleaning-product uses, fvolatilized is less than 0.6% for all studied LVP-VOCs. Because greater than 99.4% of compounds are disposed of down the drain during the use phase, when combined with fO3|volatilized and fO3|down-the-drain, the portion available for ozone formation from the direct releases to outdoor air and the down-the-drain disposal is less than 0.4% and 0.2%, respectively. The results from this study indicate that the impact of the studied LVP-VOCs on ozone formation is very sensitive to what occurs during the use phase and suggest the need for future research on experimental work at the point of use.
Acceptance by Males of Feminine Products

Consumers as members of a common culture decide which products are appropriately used by men and which by women. If consumers of one sex desire a functionally useful product, but are inhibited from buying it by important psychological factors and cultural norms relating to sex role, then it becomes important for marketers to understand these restrictions so that culturally acceptable conditions for purchase can be developed. Since a male's sex role identification and anxiety level are significant variables in his behavior, this study analyzed the relationship of sex role identification (psychological femininity) and anxiety (manifest anxiety) to American men's attitudes toward products with a defined feminine appeal.
The Difference That Women Make: Government Performance and Women-Led Agencies

Empirical research on the difference that gender makes is sparse. This study is the first step toward providing evidence that agencies led by women perform better than those led by men. Using the Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey (FEVS) data, this study examines the research question: Are women improving federal government agency performance? Preliminary results indicate that they do. The broader goal of social justice frames the discussion of findings.
An in vitro study of fatty acid absorption.

SummaryAn in vitro procedure has been adapted for study of fatty acid absorption. Free palmitic acid enters the intestinal mucosa and is transformed into a glyceride, which is subsequently transferred to the serosal side. The resulting activity on the serosal side is present as 90% or more in the form of glycerides. Transfer of activity to the serosal side and incorporation of activity in the intestine, is inhibited 20- and 16-fold, respectively, under anaerobic conditions. The relationships of the reported findings to fatty acid absorption are discussed.
DIETARY BILE ACIDS AND LIPID METABOLISM. IV. DIETARY LEVEL OF LITHOCHOLIC ACID FOR CHICKS.

SummaryData are presented demonstrating that a dietary lithocholic acid level of 0.1% is sufficient to induce bile ductule proliferation in the livers of chicks and associated elevations in plasma cholesterol, lipid phosphorus and β-lipoprotein levels. The effects of dietary lithocholic acid were more severe with dietary levels above 0.10%. Body weight was decreased in chicks fed 0.15% or higher levels of lithocholic acid.
Computerized documentation of activities of Pharm.D. clerkship students.

A method for documenting the contributions of entry-level Pharm.D. clerkship students at a teaching hospital is described. Between mid-September 1995 and April 1996, students were asked to use a cost-accounting software program to document time spent on various activities associated with inpatient pharmacy services. The system was already being used for documenting the clinical activities of staff pharmacists; pharmacists entered activities in the same way that they entered medication orders, using a mnemonic for a clinical activity in place of a drug name and time spent on the activity in place of a dosage. Pharmacist preceptors verified the students' entries. Eleven students reported 3,466 clinical events. Thirty-five pharmacists reported 54,299 clinical events during the same period. Students were responsible for 42.5% of the initial patient work-ups reported, 34.0% of the patient information and education episodes, and 24.6% of the inservice programs for physicians. On the basis of documented student contributions to the clinical workload, the pharmacy department requested additional clerkship students. The following year, 16 clerkship students were assigned to the department and the program was expanded to year-round clerkships. Pharmacy clerkship students contributed to the productivity data of a teaching hospital. Documentation of the students' contributions led to an expansion of the clerkship program.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s Contribution to U.S. Preparedness for Nuclear and Radiological Threats

This talk highlights a few of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s many contributions to U.S. nuclear and radiological threat preparedness. The Laboratory is part of a larger partnership between the DOE/NNSA, the national laboratories, and other agencies of the U.S. government to support emergency response and consequence management for nuclear and radiological incidents. Lawrence Livermore has many decades of experience in understanding the threat posed by the full range of weapons of mass destruction worldwide, including chemical, biological, nuclear, and radiological. At the other end of the preparedness spectrum, the Laboratory has a long-standing role in support of U.S. nuclear and radiological incident response including atmospheric transport and dispersion modeling and nuclear forensics assessments and laboratory analyses of special nuclear and other radiological materials. We staff incident response teams, support planning and preparedness, and provide first responder training and proficiency assessments.
Multimeric Near IR-MR Contrast Agent for Multimodal in Vivo Imaging

Multiple imaging modalities are often required for in vivo imaging applications that require both high probe sensitivity and excellent spatial and temporal resolution. In particular, MR and optical imaging are an attractive combination that can be used to determine both molecular and anatomical information. Herein, we describe the synthesis and in vivo testing of two multimeric NIR–MR contrast agents that contain three Gd(III) chelates and an IR-783 dye moiety. One agent contains a PEG linker and the other a short alkyl linker. These agents label cells with extraordinary efficacy and can be detected in vivo using both imaging modalities. Biodistribution of the PEGylated agent shows observable fluorescence in xenograft MCF7 tumors and renal clearance by MR imaging.
Intercalation Compounds of Molybdenum Disulfide

The transition metal dichalcogenides of groups IVB, VB, and VIB exhibit considerable diversity in their physical properties, spanning the fields of metals, semiconductors, insulators, and superconductors [1]. An important feature of these materials is that they crystallize in a quasi two-dimensional type of layered structure which imparts substantial anisotrophy to many of their properties. In addition, the layered structure facilitates the process of intercalation, or insertion of foreign atoms and molecules into these process of intercalation, or insertion of foreign atoms and molecules into these materials, thus allowing a convenient method for altering the structure and electronic behavior.
Microbiota-based treatments in alcoholic liver disease

Gut microbiota plays a key role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Consumption of alcohol leads to increased gut permeability, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and enteric dysbiosis. These factors contribute to the increased translocation of microbial products to the liver via the portal tract. Subsequently, bacterial endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharide, in association with the Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway, induce a gamut of damaging immune responses in the hepatic milieu. Because of the close association between deleterious inflammation and ALD-induced microbiota imbalance, therapeutic approaches that seek to reestablish gut homeostasis should be considered in the treatment of alcoholic patients. To this end, a number of preliminary studies on probiotics have confirmed their effectiveness in suppressing proinflammatory cytokines and improving liver function in the context of ALD. In addition, there have been few studies linking the administration of prebiotics and antibiotics with reduction of alcohol-induced liver damage. Because these preliminary results are promising, large-scale randomized studies are warranted to elucidate the impact of these microbiota-based treatments on the gut flora and associated immune responses, in addition to exploring questions about optimal delivery. Finally, fecal microbiota transplant has been shown to be an effective method of modulating gut microbiota and deserve further investigation as a potential therapeutic option for ALD.
An Application of Activity-Based Costing to Intercollegiate Athletics: A Response to the Call for Accounting Reform

Data on financial challenges in intercollegiate athletics consistently show that expenses are outpacing new revenues. Since 2004, National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) institutions’ median revenues increased 94 percent while expenses increased 120 percent during the same time period (Fulks, 2015). As such, institutions face tough decisions about the possible elimination of sport teams to control costs. Current accounting methods in intercollegiate athletics, however, make it difficult for leaders to deliver informed decisions concerning sport sponsorship, Title IX compliance, and overall program operations. Institutional leaders, the NCAA, reform groups such as the Knight Commission, and the federal government, are calling for athletic departments to report more consistent and accurate financial data. The purpose of this paper is to respond to the call for accounting reform in intercollegiate athletics; specifically, to create a better representation of the costs associated with each sport and to show how accurate costing provides insight for Title IX compliance. By applying activity-based costing (ABC) to a budget from one NCAA FBS university, this research revealed the accurate cost of sport sponsorship varied greatly in comparison with institutional reporting. ABC application eliminated the expense category of unallocated (i.e., marketing, compliance, general administration, etc.) and distributed expenses back to each sport. Results showed women’s sports increased from 24 percent of total costs to 32 percent of total costs within the activity-based costing application (data relevant to prong three of Title IX). Institutional leaders should be encouraged to use ABC to better understand department operational costs.