cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modulation by dopamine of population responses and cell membrane properties of hippocampal CA1 neurons in vitro.

Abstract Dopamine (DA) was applied to rat hippocampal slices maintained in vitro. Extracellular and intracellular recording techniques were used to study the effect of DA on population responses, membrane potentials, and membrane responses to hyperpolarizing current pulses in CA1 pyramidal cells. Temporary exposure of hippocampal slices to DA has a dual effect. The initial action of DA is to produce a suppression of the extracellularly recorded population responses. In individual neurons, this initial effect is seen as a membrane hyperpolarization accompanied by a decrease in the amplitude of responses to hyperpolarizing current pulses. The frequency of occurence of spontaneous depolarizations and spikes is reduced. The early action of DA is followed by a profound potentiation of the population responses that can last for hours. This long-lasting potentiation of the population response, induced by DA, is depressed by spiroperidol, a DA antagonist. In individual neurons, the late effect of DA is a long-lasting membrane depolarization associated with an increase in the amplitude of responses to hyperpolarizing current pulses. During this late phase, spontaneous activity is increased, as are single cell responses to stimulation of afferents. The evidence presented here indicates that DA is able to induce a long-lasting modification of the excitability of CA1 hippocampal neurons. This modulation of excitability by DA may be similar in nature to previously described DA-modulatory actions in the peripheral nervous system.
Random walk with restart: fast solutions and applications

How closely related are two nodes in a graph? How to compute this score quickly, on huge, disk-resident, real graphs? Random walk with restart (RWR) provides a good relevance score between two nodes in a weighted graph, and it has been successfully used in numerous settings, like automatic captioning of images, generalizations to the “connection subgraphs”, personalized PageRank, and many more. However, the straightforward implementations of RWR do not scale for large graphs, requiring either quadratic space and cubic pre-computation time, or slow response time on queries. We propose fast solutions to this problem. The heart of our approach is to exploit two important properties shared by many real graphs: (a) linear correlations and (b) block-wise, community-like structure. We exploit the linearity by using low-rank matrix approximation, and the community structure by graph partitioning, followed by the Sherman–Morrison lemma for matrix inversion. Experimental results on the Corel image and the DBLP dabasets demonstrate that our proposed methods achieve significant savings over the straightforward implementations: they can save several orders of magnitude in pre-computation and storage cost, and they achieve up to 150 × speed up with 90%+ quality preservation.
Experimental study of mask line edge roughness transfer in DUV and EUV lithography patterning process

In this paper, the effects of mask line edge roughness (LER) transfer in both deep ultra-violet (DUV) and extreme ultra- violet (EUV) lithography patterning is studied experimentally. In order to understand how the mask LER transfers in the wafer printing process under both DUV and EUV lithography, an optical mask with programmed LER was fabricated. The EUV mask was further fabricated by using the optical mask via optical lithography pattern transfer. The programmed LER on both optical mask, EUV mask, and printed resist images were characterized, measured, and compared. The data analysis showed that the mask LER in both DUV and EUV cases transferred to wafer with a scaling factor much less than one regardless of lithographic k 1 -factors. The LER transfer does not resemble the case of mask CD error transfer, in which scale factors greater than one for small lithographic k 1 -factor occur. The primary reason for the difference is that the amount of mask LER transferred to the wafer strongly depends on the total area of the LER, i.e. depends on both vertical and horizontal dimension of the LER. This case is very similar to that of a single mask defect transfer.
Visual event detection during simulated driving: Identifying the neural correlates with functional neuroimaging

The application of neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to the investigation of driver behaviour represents a promising complimentary approach to traditional research methodologies. In this study, we used whole brain fMRI to identify the neural correlates and key brain systems involved in visual event detection during a limited form of simulated driving. Participants were imaged during several conditions that differed with respect to the task and associated demands on attention. Multiple neural systems including fronto-parietal, cingulate, and cerebellar networks were associated with detecting and responding to the target events. We interpret these findings as reflecting interrelated neural processes associated with visual attention, attention control and allocation, stimulus processing, response selection, execution and timing, all of which are critical during driving. Differences in the simulated driving tasks and associated attention demands indicated a greater role for fronto-parietal and cerebellar networks. This pattern suggests differences related to motor coordination and control, vigilance, preparatory motor processes, and the timing of the motor responses. We conclude that visual event detection performed as part of even a limited simulated driving environment engages multiple interconnected cortical and sub-cortical neural systems working in concert. The newly emerging area of transportation imaging research not only offers exciting research opportunities to investigate driving as a complex human activity, but the findings can also be applied to the design of more efficient and safer vehicle control systems and operator interfaces.
Authority Control in the Online Environment: Celebrating the 20th Anniversary of LITA/ALCTS CCS Authority Control in the Online Environment Interest Group

To celebrate the 20th anniversary of LITA/ALCTS CCS Authority Control in the Online Environment Interest Group (ACIG), a survey was sent out to its past chairs to identify the major issues concerning authority control during their tenure as chair, ACIG's major accomplishments during the year, and comments the past ACIG chairs had on the current focus and challenges for authority control in the future. The author discovered that since ACIG's creation in 1984 by Barbara Tillett, ACIG has contributed greatly to the field of authority control by addressing timely authority control topics with programs, discussions, and publications for the library community. ACIG meetings have always been well attended. All ACIG chairs were very proud to be part of having contributed to authority control, and quite a few of them have been working very hard to promote authority control issues ever since.
Pareto-optimality is a criterion uniting efficiency and justice

Through analyzing, this paper finds out that Adams' “Equity Theory”, Lorenz Curve, Gini Ratio and Pareto Analysis can be united by Pareto-optimality. Based on the distributive theory and the method of Pareto-optimality, it allows Adams's “Equity Theory” to organically unite the four kinds of justice views on the allocation, and to organically unite the distributive criterion of efficiency and that of justice, which is more scientific significance.
A‐map representations and asymptotically almost periodic responses

It was recently shown that for each member G of a large class of causal time-invariant non-linear input–output maps, with inputs and outputs defined on the non-negative integers, there is a functional A on the input set such that (Gs) (k) has the representation A(Fks) for all k and each input s, in which Fk is a simple linear map that does not depend on G. In this paper, we consider non-linear maps G that have such ‘A-map representations’. We observe that these Gs have extensions to a domain of inputs defined on the set of all integers. We show that these extensions possess some interesting properties including a certain important uniqueness property. As an application, we show that under the (very often satisfied) conditions of time invariance, causality, and approximately finite memory, and under typically mild boundedness and continuity conditions, the response of G to a discrete-time asymptotically almost periodic input is an output that is always an asymptotically almost periodic function, and that the almost periodic part of the output is independent of the transient part of the input. We also give corresponding results for a continuous-time case. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stent angioplasty to relieve left pulmonary artery obstruction caused by patent ductus arteriosus device occlusion: bipartisan teamwork by two interventional devices.

A 7-month-old patient in congestive heart failure due to a moderate sized patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) underwent uncomplicated implantation of an Amplatzer Ductal Occluder (ADO1). Two months after percutaneous device PDA closure, left pulmonary artery (LPA) stenosis was discovered. Rather than spontaneous improvement as reported in previous cases, our patient's LPA stenosis progressed in severity 7 months after ADO1 placement. A catheterization demonstrated a 32 mm Hg peak gradient from her main pulmonary artery to her LPA. She underwent successful stent angioplasty of her LPA with an excellent result and preserved PDA closure. This case demonstrates that stent angioplasty is a feasible an effective method of relieving LPA obstruction caused by a PDA occluder device. Additionally, despite slight deflection by the stent, the ADO1 device continued to provide complete ductal closure. Stent angioplasty should be considered in patients who have LPA stenosis caused by ADO1 occluder device that does not improve over time. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Decreased kidney function in the elderly: clinical and preclinical, neither benign.

In this issue, Shlipak and colleagues show that 2 markers of decreased kidney function, estimated glomerular filtration rate and cystatin C, are strong risk factors for noncardiovascular death as w...
Depressive symptomatology mediates the effect of socioeconomic disadvantage on HbA1c among rural African Americans with type 2 diabetes

Abstract Objective Rural African Americans with diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2D) represent a disadvantaged and understudied group who experience difficulties with maintaining glycemic control. Although mounting evidence has linked socioeconomic disadvantage to chronic disease morbidity, few studies have examined the mediating mechanisms that account for this effect. We hypothesized that rural African Americans' financial distress, community disadvantage, and educational attainment would predict glycemic control, indirectly, via effects on depressive symptoms. Methods Predictions were tested using data from 192 rural African American adults with T2D and data from community support persons the participants nominated. Participants completed an in-home interview and provided a blood sample at a local laboratory. Levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) constituted the criterion variable. Results Structural equation modeling analyses confirmed our hypotheses: financial distress, community disadvantage, and educational attainment demonstrated significant indirect effects on HbA1c via their influence on depressive symptoms. Conclusions The findings underscore the importance of targeting mental health in interventions to support glycemic control as well as tailoring interventions for individuals in difficult socioeconomic circumstances.
Tic-Tac-Toe in n-Dimensions

There are several three dimensional tic-tactoe games currently being marketed. Most of those games are played on a cubical board having 4 cells on a side, which we shall call a 4 x 4 x 4 game. Two players alternately choose a cell in the , / / / / 4 x 4 x 4 cube, the winner being the first player to / /> </ / the 24 diagonal rows, or the 4 main diagonals of / / / / the cube (see FIGURE 1), making 76 winning sets altogether. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ In going from the traditional two dimensional 3 x 3 game of tic-tac-toe to a three dimensional Z/ / game, there is good reason to add a fourth cell on L each side, since it is easy to see that the first player has an easy win in the 3 x 3 x 3 game if he Three typical winning sets in the 4 x 4 x 4 game. takes the center cubical on his first move. Moreover, two players cannot play tic-tac-toe to FIGURE 1. a tie in the 3 x 3 x 3 game even if they try! More precisely, whenever the cells in the 3 x 3 x 3 cube are divided arbitrarily into two sets, then at least one of the two sets will contain 3 cells in a row. We shall prove this fact below. Generalizing to n dimensions, it will be notationally convenient to consider an m x m x ... x m (n times) hypercube as having its cells centered at the points of an n-dimensional hypercube Cn(m) of lattice points in euclidean n-space having m points on a side, e.g., Cn(m) = {(xl, , Xn) E Zn: 1 < xi -' m}, where Z denotes the set of integers. A winning set in Cn(m) then consists of m points of Cn(Mi) lying along a straight line. Tic-tac-toe is played in Cn (m ) by two players alternately selecting a point in Cn (m), the winner being the first player to obtain a winning set. A tie partition of Cn(mi) is a partition of Cn(M) into two sets which differ in cardinality by at most one, and neither of which contains a winning set. We discuss in this note the question of determining the values of n and m for which tie partitions of Cn (m) exist. We shall not consider the question of when winning strategies exist, except to mention the fact that whenever tie partitions do not exist, then a well-known theorem in game theory implies that the first
Cognitive Responses in Advice Planning: An Examination of Thought Content and Its Impact on Message Features Under High Versus Low Effortful Thinking Modes

This study reports a cognitive-response-based analysis of advice planning. Through an examination of full-time employees’ thought generation pattern when they plan to offer suggestions to their supervisor (Study I), this study identifies five distinct types of thoughts involved in advice planning and provides evidence of the association between thoughts (e.g., assessment, goal-oriented, and caution) and message qualities. These results are replicated in Study II when the same data collection procedure is used to examine advice planning in a friendship context. While advice message qualities are determined to a certain extent by advice givers’ thought content, results from Studies I and II also suggest that such a process is further moderated by people’s cognitive elaboration. That is, heightened degree of effortful thinking in deciding how to give advice, as compared with low effortful thinking, results in a greater number of caution thoughts and advice messages that contain a larger number and more diver...
Messenger molecules derived from membrane lipids

Significant advances have been made recently concerning mechanisms involved in the regulation of cell calcium levels. The mechanisms and physiological significance of agonist-induced phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis are also becoming clearer.
The concept of critical level and impulse noise

Abstract Current noise standards are based on the assumption that predictable relationships exist between noise exposure (presented as either continuous or impulse noise) and hearing loss. These studies were conducted to expand on previous evidence that noise presentation above a critical level may disproportionately damage the cochlea. Chinchillas were exposed to noise conditions in which impact and impulse noise were presented at different peak amplitude levels and in different temporal patterns of presentation. While the amount of total acoustic energy was kept equal within each experiment, significant differences in hearing loss were seen with different peak amplitude levels of noise. Impact noise generated disproportionately greater hearing loss at amplitude levels above 119 dB peak SPL; impulse noise caused greater permanent threshold shift at 150 dB peak SPL than at 135 dB. The results suggest that a critical level of noise exposure may exist, partially dependent on the rate of noise presentation.
Spinal motor neuron excitability during the silent period after cortical stimulation.

Abstract During tonic voluntary muscle contraction, a period of electromyographic silence follows the motor evoked potential produced by transcranial stimulation of the contralateral motor cortex. We studied the silent period in the wrist flexors of 3 normal volunteers and a deafferented patient during 20% of maximal contraction. To test the excitability of the spinal motor neuron pool during the period of silence, the H-reflex was evoked in the normal subjects at different intervals after cortical stimulation. The amplitude of the H-reflex in the silent period was expressed as a percentage of the amplitude during complete muscle relaxation. The H-reflex was profoundly depressed at the beginning of the silent period (13.5–27% of the control measurement), but showed a clear tendency to recover toward the end of the silent period despite continued absence of muscle activation (71–84% of the control). Moreover, the silent period in the deafferented patient was of longer duration that can be accounted for by segmental mechanisms. These findings imply, at least in the late part of the silent period, that a reduction in the excitability of the spinal motor neuron pool plays only a minor role in determining the phenomenon and that it is probably caused by lack of cortical drive.
Impaired Glucose Tolerance and the Likelihood of Nonfatal Stroke and Myocardial Infarction The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Background and Purpose—Although diabetes mellitus (DM) is known to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the effect of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) on the risk remains unclear. We determined whether IGT was associated with an increased likelihood for stroke and myocardial infarction in a nationally representative sample of US adults. Methods—We evaluated the association between IGT (defined as a fasting glucose level of 140 mg/dL, or a plasma glucose level of >200 mg/dL 2 hours after administration of an oral glucose load) with a self-reported physician diagnosis of stroke and myocardial infarction in 6547 adults aged 40 to 74 years participating in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multivariate logistic regression an...
Neuronal common input strength is unidentifiable from average firing rates and synchrony

Observing firing rates of neurons and the level of synchrony between them is a common technique to draw conclusions on the micro-circuitry of the neuronal network they are embedded in, and on the input they receive from other stages of the nervous system. These questions are obviously of great importance for understanding the nature of neural coding. Using a very simple model network of leaky integrate and fire neurons that receive a mixture of common and independent inputs, we show that separating a synchrony code from a firing rate code from measurements of average spike counts and spike-spike synchrony is mathematically impossible.
Characterization of AtSEC12 and AtSAR1 (Proteins Likely Involved in Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Transport)

Transport of cargo proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cis-Golgi network is mediated by protein-coated vesicles. The coat, called COPII coat, consists of proteins that are recruited from the cytosol and interact with integral membrane proteins of the ER. In yeast, both cytosolic proteins (Sec13/31, Sec23/24, and Sar1) and ER-associated proteins (Sec12 and others) have been purified and characterized and it has been possible to demonstrate transport vesicle formation in vitro. Arabidopsis thaliana homologs of Sar1 and Sec12 have recently been identified, but little is known about the properties of the proteins or their subcellular distribution. Here we demonstrate that AtSAR1, a 22-kD protein that binds GTP, and AtSEC12, a 43-kD GTP-exchange protein, are both associated with the ER. However, about one-half of the cellular AtSAR1 is present in the cytosol. When AtSAR1 is overexpressed in transgenic plants, the additional protein is also cytosolic. When tissue-culture cells are cold-shocked (12 h at 8[deg]C), AtSAR1 levels appeared to decline and a larger proportion of the total protein was found in the cytosol. Given the known function of AtSAR1 in yeast, we propose that the amount of ER-associated AtSAR1 is an indication of the intensity of the secretory process. Thus, we expect that such a cold shock will adversely affect ER-to-Golgi transport of proteins.
The Effects of Aging on Information-Processing Channels in the Sense of Touch: II. Temporal Summation in the P Channel

Thresholds for detecting 250-Hz vibrotactile signals of variable duration applied to the thenar eminence of the hand were measured in 16 subjects ranging in age from 19 to 81 years. Detection thresholds were higher in older than in younger subjects. Correlation coefficients for the relation between threshold and age ranged from 0.94 to 0.96, depending on signal duration. In addition, the amount of temporal summation was negatively correlated with age. Both the elevated detection thresholds and the reduced amount of temporal summation in elderly subjects may be partially due to the decrease in the number of Pacinian corpuscles in the hand that occurs with aging. Another factor that could be responsible for reduced temporal summation in older as compared to younger subjects is impairment of the temporal integrator.
Bobcat Population Status and Management in North America: Evidence of Large-Scale Population Increase

Abstract Bobcat Lynx rufus populations are thought to be increasing in North America; however, little information exists on their current population status. In the United States, management and mon...
Magnetic desulfurization of coal

This work is probably the first systematic attempt at using high gradient magnetic separation techniques in coal slurries. The rationale for magnetic desulfurization of coal resides in the paramagnetism of pyrites and their liberation from the coal substance. Principles of magnetic separation are discussed. A model based on the balance of forces acting on a particle in the vicinity of a magnetized strand is developed. The experimental separator consisted of a laboratory column, packed with either steel wool or screens, inserted in the bore of a solenoid magnet. Experimental results, confirmed the effects of coal particle size and slurry velocity as predicted by the model. Evidence of magnetic action was obtained from the magnetization curves of the coal minerals in the products of separation. Preliminary economic analysis shows promise for the commercial application of the process. Directions for future research are indicated.
Migraine as a cause of benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood.

T ~ E S Y N D R O Z a E OF "benign paroxysmal vert igo of chi ldhood" was described in 1964 as a var ie ty of ves t ibular neuronitis. 1 In essence the d isorder is character ized by paroxysms of ver t igo as an almost isolated symptom dur ing the first three or four years of life. The at tacks are of sudden onset and grea t severity, bu t brief in durat ion. Nystagmus and pal lor are common, while vomit ing is less often associated. T h e child is l imp dur ing the episode bu t suffers no loss of consciousness or headache. At tacks recur for six months to a year and then cease spontaneously. L a b o r a t o r y studies are not contr ibutory wi th the except ion of caloric testing, which general ly demonst ra tes a mild to moderate canal paresis. The roentgenograms of the skull and the e lec t roencephalogram are character is t ica l ly normal . This pape r reports two siblings who display the syndrome of benign paroxysmal vert igo and in whom the attacks progressively conver ted into classical migraine. The relat ionship between recurrent vert igo and migraine in chi ldhood is considered.
Low-dose intraocular tissue plasminogen activator treatment for traumatic total hyphema, postcataract, and penetrating keratoplasty fibrinous membranes

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has been used to treat severe postcataract and vitrectomy fibrinous membranes, but intraocular bleeding has occurred with doses of 25 micrograms or higher. We report three patients, one with nonclearing total hyphema and uncontrollable intraocular pressure and two with severe fibrinous membrane formation, who had treatment with low-dose (4 micrograms to 6 micrograms) intraocular tPA. Although the fibrinous membranes or hyphema resolved in all three patients, they recurred and bleeding that required additional treatment occurred in one patient. Intraocular low-dose tPA may minimize the risk of corneal and retinal toxicity and may be considered an alternative treatment in intractable cases. However, secondary intraocular hemorrhage can occur, and the timing between the initial vascular injury, treatment with tPA, and subsequent bleeding may reduce the risk of further hemorrhaging.
Lithium and Cesium Ion-Pair Acidities of Some Terminal Acetylenes and Aggregation in Tetrahydrofuran(1).

The equilibrium lithium acidities in THF have been determined for 4-ethynylbiphenyl, EB (pK 21.5−22.3), 3,3,3-triphenylpropyne, TPP (pK 22.3−22.7), and 1-ethynyladamantane, EA (pK 23.7). Ion pairs ...
Nonconvulsive status epilepticus following cerebral angiography

A 64-year-old man developed lethargy and aphasia immediately following cerebral arteriography with iothalamate meglumine. An electroencephalogram showed continuous epileptiform activity. The patient was treated with intravenous phenytoin with complete resolution of clinical symptoms and electroencephalographic epileptiform abnormalities. The diagnosis of nonconvulsive status epilepticus should be considered in cases of altered consciousness following cerebral arteriography.
Addressing challenges in lithography using sub-millisecond post exposure bake of chemically amplified resists

Chemically amplified photoresists require a post exposure bake (PEB), typically on a hot plate at 90-150°C for 30-120 seconds, to catalytically deprotect the polymer backbone. During PEB, excessive diffusion of the photo-generated acid results in loss of line edge definition, blurring of latent images and changes in the line edge roughness. Both acid diffusion and deprotection are thermally activated processes, with the relative rates affected by the time/temperature profile of the PEB. In this work, we introduce an alternate PEB method involving millisecond time frame heating over a temperature range of 300°C to 420°C using a continuous wave CO 2 laser. A methodology is developed for characterizing the resist deprotection and acid diffusion kinetics under laser PEB (l-PEB) and comparing the behavior with conventional hot plate PEB. Results show that the deprotection rate sensitivity with temperature is smaller for l-PEB compared to that of hot plate PEB, suggesting a possible change in the deprotection mechanism. Acid diffusivity under l-PEB is reduced by a factor of 10 2 -10 3 compared to values extrapolated from the hot plate PEB data. Under EUV exposure, patterns formed using l -PEB show significantly smoother surface roughness while requiring less than half the dose required for hot plate PEB - a direct consequence of enhanced deprotection at high PEB temperature and reduced acid diffusion in the millisecond time frame.
Creep-fatigue behavior of NiCoCrAlY coated PWA 1480 superalloy single crystals

Single crystal specimens of a Ni base superalloy, PWA 1480, with a low pressure plasma sprayed NiCoCrAlY coating were tested in various 0.1 Hz fatigue and creep fatigue cycles both at 1015 and 1050 C. Creep fatigue tests of the cp, pc, and cc types were conducted with various constant total strain ranges employing creep dwells at various constant stresses. Considerable cyclic softening occurred as was evidenced particularly by rapidly increasing creep rates in the creep fatigue tests. The cycle time in the creep fatigue tests typically decreased by more than 80 percent at 0.5 N sub f. Though cyclic life did correlate with delta epsilon sub in a better correlation existed with sub f for both the fatigue and creep fatigue tests, and poor correlations were observed with either sigma sub max or the average cycle time. A model containing both delta sigma and delta sigma (sub in), N sub f = alpha delta sigma (sub in) beta delta sigma gamma, with best fit values of sigma for each cycle type, but the same values of beta and gamam, was found to provide good correlations. Life lines were not greatly different among the cycle types, differing only by a factor of about three. The cp cycle life line was lowest for both test temperatures, however among the other three cycle types there was no consistent ranking. For all test types failure occurred predominately by multiple internal cracking originating at pores. The strong correlation of life with delta sigma may reflect a significant crack growth period in the life of the specimens.
Physical and chemical properties of a bacterial virus as related to its inhibition by streptomycin

Streptomycin specifically and reversibly inhibits the injection mechanism of a bacterial virus (P9) which attacks Streptococcus faecium. Dihydrostreptomycin does not inhibit injection, but reverses the inhibition brought about by streptomycin. Another virus of this same host (P3) is resistant to inhibition, and it is also possible to isolate mutants of P9 which are partially resistant. Streptomycin, but not dihydrostreptomycin, is able to cross-link and precipitate polyanions, and it is likely that the cross-linking function of the antibiotic is involved in the inhibitory process. Evidence is presented that there is no marked difference in the DNA characteristics of the streptomycin-sensitive and streptomycin-resistant viruses. Indirect evidence from methylene blue-mediated photodynamic inactivation studies suggests that neither SM or DHSM penetrates to the DNA of the virus. Evidence from dark inactivation of the viruses by dyes or protamine sulfate, and its reversal by the antibiotics, suggests that the antibiotics combine in some way with the protein coat of both P3 and P9. Therefore resistance to SM4 is not a consequence of inability to bind antibiotic. SM precipitates P3, probably by cross-linking between adjacent phage particles. SM does not precipitate P9, showing that the antiviral effect is not a consequence of interparticle precipitation. However, SM, but not DHSM, causes a marked increase in the sedimentation constant of P9 under conditions in which SM is biologically active. Under the same conditions SM, but not DHSM, causes a shrinkage of the head and tail of the phage particle as viewed under the electron microscope. It is postulated that SM causes a shrinkage of the phage particle by cross-linking between adjacent protein subunits of a single phage particle, and thus pulling the protein subunits closer together. Since SM, but not DHSM, causes both the shrinkage of the phage particle and the inhibition of injection, it is postulated that the inhibition of injection is a consequence of the ability of the antibiotic to cross-link the protein subunits of the virus particle. Neomycin, which is structurally unrelated to SM, but is an effective cross-linking agent, behaves in a manner similar to SM.
Analysis of messenger ribonucleic acid and protein for the ligands and receptors of the platelet-derived growth factor signaling pathway in the placenta, extraembryonic membranes, and uterus during the latter half of murine gestation

Previous investigation of ligand and receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) expression implicated the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) pathway as a participant in the maintenance of pregnancy and fetal development during the first half of murine gestation. We extended these studies using Northern and in situ RNA hybridization and immunohistochemical detection of protein to evaluate the expression kinetics and cell-specific localization of PDGF-A, PDGF-B, PDGF alpha-receptor, and PDGF beta-receptor in mouse placenta, extraembryonic membranes, and uterus during the second half of gestation (days 9.5-18.5). Northern blotting experiments reveal that mRNAs for the PDGF signaling components exhibit unique time-dependent and tissue-specific expression in the placenta and uterus, being progressively and coordinately up-regulated as gestation proceeds. Cell-specific localization of mRNA and protein by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry demonstrates widespread expression in multiple cell types of the placen...
Metabolite regulation of nucleo-cytosolic trafficking of carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP): role of ketone bodies

The carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) is a glucose-responsive transcription factor that plays a critical role in converting excess carbohydrate to storage fat in liver. In response to changing glucose levels, ChREBP activity is regulated by nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of ChREBP via interactions with 14-3-3 proteins and importins. The nuclear/cytosol trafficking is regulated partly by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of serine 196 mediated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase and protein phosphatase. We show here that protein-free extracts of starved and high fat-fed livers contain metabolites that activate interaction of ChREBP·14-3-3 and inhibit the ChREBP/importin α interaction, resulting in cytosolic localization. These metabolites were identified as β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate. Nuclear localization of GFP-ChREBP is rapidly inhibited in hepatocytes incubated in β-hydroxybutyrate or fatty acids, and the observed inhibition is closely correlated with the production of ketone bodies. These observations show that ketone bodies play an important role in the regulation of ChREBP activity by restricting ChREBP localization to the cytoplasm, thus inhibiting fat synthesis during periods of ketosis.
Luminescence that lasts from Pt(trpy)Cl+ derivatives (trpy=2,2′;6′,2″-terpyridine)

Abstract This report outlines progress to date in preparing Pt(trpy)Cl+ derivatives that exhibit long-lived photoluminescence in solution (trpy=2,2′;6′,2″-terpyridine). The trpy complex itself is a versatile binding agent/reporter probe for biological macromolecules but is non-emissive, except in solids or low-temperature glasses. Derivatives investigated are of the type Pt(4′-R-T)Y+, where 4′-R-T denotes a 4′-substituted form of the trpy ligand and Y is a pseudohalide co-ligand. Simple halide replacement yields the Pt(trpy)OH+ derivative which has facilitated luminescence-based DNA-binding studies. Other complexes with long-lived excited states in fluid solution include Pt(4′-NMe2-T)Cl+ and Pt(4′-Pyre1-T)Cl+, where Pyre1 designates a 1-pyrenyl substituent. Due to intra-ligand charge-transfer character, Pt(4′-NMe2-T)Cl+ and Pt(4′-Pyre1-T)Cl+ each exhibit relatively low energy absorption maxima. Open coordination sites support quenching by Lewis bases, however, the effect is less evident with increased intra-ligand orbital parentage in the excited state.
Induction and regulation of DNA nucleotidyltransferase activity in fish cells infected with frog virus 3.

Abstract Infection of fathead minnow (FHM) cells with frog virus 3 (FV 3) at 28° induced synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase and viral DNA in the cell cytoplasm starting between 1 and 2 hours after infection. By 4 hours, increase in DNA polymerase synthesis terminated and enzyme activity in infected cells was 4–15 times greater than in uninfected cells. Viral DNA synthesis was completed by 10–12 hours which corresponded to a single cycle of virus growth. Induction and “swith-off” of enzyme synthesis were not affected by treatment of the infected cells with 1-β- d -arabinofuranosylcytosine, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis and FV 3 growth. Increase of DNA polymerase activity ceased immediately after addition of cycloheximide or actinomycin D during enzyme synthesis, suggesting that enzyme formation required de novo protein synthesis and continuing messenger ribonucleic acid synthesis. It is concluded that synthesis of DNA polymerase is an “early” function of the parental viral genome. Replication of viral DNA is not required to initiate or “switch-off” formation of this early enzyme.
A least squares solution for paired comparisons with incomplete data

A precise and rapid procedure has been devised for dealing with a matrix of incomplete data in paired comparisons. This method should increase the general applicability of paired comparisons since experiments involving large numbers of stimuli may now be shortened to feasible experimental proportions. Also, we may now use sets of stimuli which cover a wide range, resulting in a considerable number of 100 per cent vs. 0 per cent judgments, and still give a precise solution depending equally on each of the observations.
Hyperlipidemia and noise in the chinchilla.

Chinchillas were maintained on a 1% cholesterol diet for 6 months. Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) measurements were obtained before and at 1, 3, 5, and 6 months after initiation of diet. Compound Action Potential (AP) measurements were obtained at sacrifice at 6 months. A significant reduction in ABR was seen at 5 months-on-diet. At 5 months, the animals were exposed to a 2 octave bandpass noise centered at 1 kHz at 105 dB for 220 min. One month following noise exposure, the cholesterol-fed animals exhibited a greater ABR latency shift at low intensities, and an elevated AP threshold at higher frequencies, vis-a-vis a control group.
Storm impacts on potential pathogens in estuaries

Estuarine and coastal environments are susceptible to a variety of changes driven by tropical storms and hurricanes. The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season impressed upon the public the devastating impacts of storms on coastal populations and the possible social and public health costs. Storm surges and subsequent flooding have the potential to redistribute water and associated contaminants, including a wide range of chemicals and microorganisms. While this impact is difficult to observe through monitoring during larger storms, smaller storms provide opportunities to observe the mechanisms responsible for contaminant and microbial transport.
Wavelength predictions for transitions in heavier neonlike ions

Wavelengths for the pairs of lines 2p53p(1S0 → 2p53s(3,1P1) emitted by heavier neonlike ions are calculated by Grant’s relativistic multiconfiguration Dirac–Hartree–Fock program. The comparison with the experimental results indicates agreement.
Effects of Ultrasonic Nano-Crystal Surface Modification on the Microstructure and Properties of 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel

In this study, the effects of Ultrasonic Nano-crystal Surface Modification (UNSM) on the microstructure changes and the mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steel 304 were studied. Due to the dynamic impacts induced by the multiple strikes during UNSM, surface nanocrystallization and transformation to martensite has been achieved. The work-hardened surface layers (3.5 times the original hardness) lead to significant improvement in the mechanical properties as measured by nano-indentation and tensile test. The results demonstrate that UNSM is a powerful surface processing technique that can improve component mechanical properties and performance.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Molecular characterization of the rbcS multi-gene family of Petunia (Mitchell)

The small subunit (RbcS) of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) is encoded by eight genes in Petunia (Mitchell). These genes can be divided into three subfamilies (51, 117 and 71) based upon hybridization to three petunia rbcS cDNA clones. The nucleotide sequence of six of the eight petunia rbcS genes is presented here and the structure of the genes is discussed with respect to their genomic linkage and their expression levels in petunia leaf tissue. The rbcS genes belonging to the same subfamily encode an identical mature RbcS polypeptide, however the different subfamilies encode distinguishable polypeptides. All the genes, except one, contian two introns within the mature subunit coding region; one gene contains one extra intron within the coding region. There are large regions of nucleotide sequence homology within the introns of genes within a subfamily, but significantly less homology between the introns of genes of different subfamilies. A complex pattern of homology within the multiple genes of the 51 subfamily is observed. There are regions within these genes which share high levels of sequence homology; this homology does not extend throughout the whole gene and the regions of homology do not always occur in adjacent genes. Two 3′ rbcS gene fragments which we isolated from the petunia genome show high levels of homology to two of the intact rbcS genes.
Pitfalls in the treatment of the Pierre Robin Syndrome.

Abstract Five possibly preventable deaths occurred in a series of 28 children with the Pierre Robin Syndrome. The primary goal in management is to move the base of the tongue from the pharynx. If this cannot be done easily, the reason, such as a tight lingular frenulum, should be found. A tongue traction stitch may be adequate to relieve the obstruction, but depending upon it for long periods of time is dangerous. The most adequate tongue-lip adhesion includes a mattress suture from the base of the tongue to beneath the chin. Patients with severe micrognathia who can be maintained in a prone position should have tongue-lip adhesion before discharge from the hospital to prevent acute airway obstruction subsequently. The Pierre Robin Syndrome is not incompatible with life, but does require good clinical judgement and careful attention to detail if treatment is to be successful.
Chronic ICV infusion of morphine and NPFF down-regulate mu opioid receptors in rat brain: A quantitative autoradiographic study

Abstract Regulation of the opioid μ receptor by pharmacological manipulation has been extensively investigated using various radioreceptor binding techniques. However, unlike most receptor systems, where chronic agonist administration induces a characteristic down-regulation in receptor density, prolonged morphine treatment has shown conflicting results. Both up- and down-regulation of μ receptors by morphine have been reported (for review see (1)). Our lab recently demonstrated that morphine modulating peptide, NPFF (Phe-Leu-Phe-Gln-Pro-Gln-Arg-Phe-NH 2 ), down-regulates opioid μ receptors (2). The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of chronic ICV infusion of morphine and NPFF on μ opioid binding sites using the in vitro techniques of whole brain homogenate receptor binding and autoradiography.
UV PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF THIN FILM AND MATRIX-ISOLATED ACETYL CHLORIDE BY POLARIZED FTIR

A concerted HCl elimination reaction is observed following ultraviolet photoexcitation of neat and matrix-isolated samples of acetyl chloride. The photoreaction of condensed-phase acetyl chloride forms HCl·ketene complexes exclusively, in sharp contrast to the gas-phase photoreaction that produces Cl atoms, CH3CO, CH3, and CO. The reaction mechanism involves photoexcitation followed by S1 → S0 interconversion and a four-centered elimination on the ground electronic surface. The HCl·ketene complexes are the only primary photoproduct observed and are found to be aligned with the polarization axis of the irradiating laser. The polarization specific FTIR probe indicates that the HCl·ketene complexes form a T-shaped structure quite similar to the transition state structure recently calculated for HCl elimination from CH3COCl.
Body weight change and nutritional adequacy in the parenterally alimented rat

Abstract Positive nitrogen balance and normal weight gain are possible in a parenterally nourished rat model, but changes in liver histology, protein content, and disintegrations per minute per microgram of DNA indicate persistently abnormal nutrition despite adequate calorie and nitrogen intake. Increasing the nitrogen content and decreasing the caloric load of the iv fluids reduces, but does not eliminate, the abnormalities relative to orally alimented controls if similar weight gain patterns are desired. The nutritional abnormalities appear to be related to ineffective utilization of substrate. All comparisons between iv and orally fed animals are suspect unless careful controls of nutritional equivalence are included.
The role of U2AF35 and U2AF65 in enhancer-dependent splicing

Splicing enhancers are RNA sequence elements that promote the splicing of nearby introns. The mechanism by which these elements act is still unclear. Some experiments support a model in which serine-arginine (SR)-rich proteins function as splicing activators by binding to enhancers and recruiting the splicing factor U2AF to an adjacent weak 39 splice site. In this model, recruitment requires interactions between the SR proteins and the 35-kDa subunit of U2AF (U2AF 35 ). However, more recent experiments have not supported the U2AF recruitment model. Here we provide additional evidence for the recruitment model. First, we confirm that base substitutions that convert weak 39 splice sites to a consensus sequence, and therefore increase U2AF binding, relieve the requirement for a splicing activator. Second, we confirm that splicing activators are required for the formation of early spliceosomal complexes on substrates containing weak 39 splice sites. Most importantly, we find that splicing activators promote the binding of both U2AF 65 and U2AF 35 to weak 39 splice sites under splicing conditions. Finally, we show that U2AF 35 is required for maximum levels of activator-dependent splicing. We conclude that a critical function of splicing activators is to recruit U2AF to the weak 39 splice sites of enhancer-dependent introns, and that efficient enhancer-dependent splicing requires U2AF 35 .
Sexual Selection, Epistasis and Species Boundaries in Sympatric Hawaiian Picture-winged Drosophila

The Hawaiian picture-winged flies in the genus Drosophila are a spectacular example of rapid evolutionary diversification in which sexual selection is considered an important mechanism for reproductive isolation and speciation. We investigated the behavioral reproductive isolation of two closely related and sympatric Hawaiian picture-winged Drosophila species, D. silvestris and D. heteroneura, which are known to hybridize in nature and produce viable and fertile hybrids. We compared the mating success of parental, F1 and backcross males in pairings with D. heteroneura females. The F1 males were produced by mating D. heteroneura males with D. silvestris females, and the backcross males were produced by mating F1 females with D. heteroneura males. The mating success of backcross males paired with D. heteroneura females were significantly reduced relative to that of parental and F1 males. This reduced mating success occurred primarily at a late stage of courtship where female choice of mate may be important. Two- and three-gene models demonstrate that epistasis involving a few genes could account for the observed variation in male mating success. These results are consistent with negative epistasis in the backcross generation and support the importance of sexual selection and negative epistasis in the evolution and maintenance of these species.
Reed-Solomon encoder/decoder application using a neural network

Reed-Solomon codes are widely used in deep-space communication, compact disc audio systems, and frequency-hopped systems. However, the VLSI implementation of these codes is still very complex, and encoding/decoding by using these chips is very time consuming. Neural network implementation of these codes has resulted in reduced complexity, enhanced error correction capability, fast processing, and improved signal-to-noise ratio. The proposed scheme requires less bandwidth, utilizes soft decision decoding, and exploits the redundancy in the English language.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.