cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A correlation between Hammett acidity of catalysts and their activity in temperature-programmed reaction of cumene dealkylation

On the basis of TPR spectra of cumene adsorbed on oxide catalysts, the relationship between Hammett acidity and reciprocal benzene formation temperature (H0 = 32.50 − 18.37 х103/Tm) has been found. Using this relationship, it is possible to estimate a value of H0 for oxide materials in an interval of −5.6 < H0 < −16. The correlation between acidic strength of B-sites and rate constants of heterogeneous catalytic reactions is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF RATE STRUCTURE UPON THE AVAILABILITY OF CREDIT AT CONSUMER FINANCE COMPANIES

s of Doctoral Dissertations 553 200 borrowers and 200 rejected applicants from each office were compared to determine whether Charleston lenders accepted more risk because of their greater rate-earnings protection. As a means of measuring risk, two credit-scoring systems were used-one based on consumer finance company data and the other on commercial bank experiences. The application of both scoring systems suggests there is virtually no difference between applicant personal characteristics in the two cities. An extended analysis of financial characteristics reveals applicants in Charleston have lower incomes and greater instalment debt and monthly payments, implying lenders in Charleston assume greater risks. This lower income and higher debt of applicants exists in spite of the higher income of the general population in Charleston as compared with Albany. It appears that borrowers in Charleston are eligible for approximately $400 more credit. The conclusiveness of the evidence is somewhat mitigated by the larger proportion of applicants living in owner-occupied dwellings and the greater residence stability of applicants in Albany. On balance, lenders in Charleston accept greater risk and offer more credit to their borrowers. The management attitude survey and both quantitative tests confirm the hypothesis of a positive relationship between finance charges and credit availability at consumer finance companies. This finding must be used in a guarded way, however, since the reliability and validity of the conclusions depend on the assumptions that (1) chargeoff rates measure risk acceptance standards, and (2) the "independent" and smaller finance companies adopt credit standards similar to those of the three major finance companies. Chargeoff rates presumably reflect credit quality, but in some instances collection and investigation expenses substitute for chargeoff expense, thereby rendering chargeoff rate a less valid measurement. Previous studies show the credit standards of smaller finance companies are simnilar to those of the larger firms, but further research is needed to confirm or refute this. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.111 on Tue, 09 Aug 2016 05:15:35 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Relation of dry-friction to surface roughness

A formulation of friction force in the interface of a friction pair is developed considering the mechanical components arising from the elastic and plastic deformations of the asperities and the chemical components represented by the adhesive forces between local contact regions. The results relate the normal load and dry-friction force to the relative normal and tangential velocities of a friction pair as a function of asperity deformations and adhesive forces. It is shown that the important parameter in the relationship between normal load and the dry-friction force is the projection of the contact area in normal and tangential directions to the mean planes of contacting surfaces rather than the contact area itself. The two forms of dry-friction force derived from the statements of energy balance at the interface allow alternate approaches to modelling of the friction between interacting rough surfaces.
Natural Killer Cell Subsets and Development

NK cells are large granular lymphocytes that are an important component of the innate immune system. Surface density expression of CD16 and CD56 can be used to classify functionally and developmentally distinct NK cell subsets. This notion has more recently been confirmed by the identification of unique cytokine receptor expression patterns within each NK cell subset. There are substantial data to suggest that NK cells are derived from proliferating bone marrow precursors. Murine studies have also shown that an intact marrow environment is necessary for the development of NK cells from their progenitor populations. Culture of bone marrow cells in IL-2-containing medium gives rise to effectors that are essentially indistinguishable from mature NK cells, and it has also been shown that NK cells can be generated in vitro by culture of CD34(+) bone marrow cells with IL-2. Several lines of evidence suggest that NK cells and T cells may share a common precursor. T cells and NK cells can both be generated from immature thymocytes in vitro, and both CD3(+) lymphocytes with functional TCR and CD3(-)CD16(+) NK cells can be generated from fetal liver cells under the appropriate culture conditions. One might therefore postulate the existence of a common NK/T-cell progenitor within the fetal liver that possesses the ability to differentiate into T lymphocytes under thymic influences. Alternatively, in the absence of these signals, or perhaps in response to other stimuli (i.e., IL-2), the NK/T-cell progenitor differentiates into cytolytic NK effectors. Although IL-2 has been found to be critical to the development of NK cells in vitro, it is important to note that NK cells are present in IL-2 knockout mice. Therefore, other cytokines that bind to components of the IL-2R may be important to the development of NK cells in vivo.
Untersuchungen zur Oxydation von N‐Alkyl‐bis‐(difluorophosphor(III))‐amiden

Die Oxydation von RN(PF2)2 mit N2O4 in n-Hexan fuhrt in guten Ausbeuten zu den Bis(difluorophosphoryl)-amiden RN(POF2)2 (R = Me, Et). Mit Phenylazid wird nur ein Phosphoratom oxydiert und es werden 1,3-Diphenyl-2,4-bis(difluorophosphor(III)-N-alkylamido)-2,2,4,4-tetrafluoro-diaza-λ5,λ5-diphosphetidine, [F2PN(R)PF2NPh]2, erhalten. Investigations on the Oxidation of N-Alkyl-bis(difluoro-phosphorus(III))amides Oxidation of RN(PF2)2 by N2O4 in n-hexane leads to bis(difluorophosphoryl)amides, RN(POF2)2 (R = Me, Et), in good yields. Only one phosphorus atom is oxidized by phenylazide resulting in the formation of 1.3-diphenyl-2.4-bis(difluorophosphorus(III)-N-alkyl-amido)-2.2.4.4-tetrafluoro-diaza-λ5,λ5 diphosphetidines, [F2PN(R)PF2NPh]2.
Design and synthesis of [2-(8,9-dioxo-2,6-diazabicyclo[5.2.0]non-1(7)-en-2-yl)-ethyl]phosphonic acid (EAA-090), a potent N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, via the use of 3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione as an achiral α-amino acid bioisostere

The diazabicyclic amino acid phosphonate 15, [2-(8,9-dioxo-2,6-diazabicyclo[5.2.0]non-1(7)-en-2-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid, was identified as a potent NMDA antagonist. It contains the α-amino acid bioisostere 3,4-diamino-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione and an additional ring for conformational rigidity. Compound 15 was as potent as CGS-19755 (5) in the [3H]CPP binding assay, the stimulated [3H]TCP binding assay, and the NMDA-induced lethality model in mice. A single bolus dose of compound 15, administered intravenously following permanent occlusion of middle cerebral artery (MCA) in the rat, reduced the size of infarcted tissue by 57%. Structure−activity relationship (SAR) studies have indicated that the six- and eight-membered ring derivatives had diminished activity and that the two-carbon side chain length was optimum for NMDA receptor affinity. Substitution on the ring was found to be counterproductive in the case of sterically demanding dimethyl groups and of no consequence in the case of an H-bonding hydroxyl...
Dynamics of chromatin, proteins, and bodies within the cell nucleus.

Abstract A new and still evolving paradigm of a highly dynamic nucleus has emerged in recent years. This paradigm includes an inherently high turnover rate of histone and non-histone protein modifications, targeted turnover and/or displacement of ‘stable’ core histone proteins, constant flux of macromolecules through chromosomes and nuclear bodies, including transcription factors and co-activators, and an energy-dependent facilitation of nuclear-protein complex formation and disassembly. Also included are fast, local movements of chromosomes, together with slower but long-range movements of chromosomes and nuclear bodies.
Collective resonances in silver clusters: Role of d electrons and the polarization-free surface layer

Silver microclusters display giant dipole collective resonances with an unusual size dependence of the resonance frequency. This behavior is due to the fact that the clusters contain polarizable atomic-core d electrons in addition to a delocalized electron cloud. We describe a self-consistent field analysis of the response properties of such a system. It is shown that the efficiency of core screening is controlled by the overlap between d-electron and delocalized-electron wave functions. This provides microscopic justification for the two-region model in which core dielectric screening is missing in a layer near the particle surface. The dipole-excitation energies of such particles are calculated, and it is demonstrated that the model can account for the unusual blueshift of ${\mathrm{Ag}}_{\mathit{N}}^{+}$ resonances. The discussion of the polarization-free layer is also applicable to metallic surfaces.
Bronchial response to exercise following beta-adrenergic blockade

Abstract An exercise response test demonstrated that some patients with bronchial asthma respond to exercise with a profound degree of post-exercise bronchospasm (fall in FEV 1 ). A group of 6 normal subjects similarly challenged after beta-adrenergic blockade with 0.1 mg. per kilogram propranolol had no decrease in FEV 1 . This finding is further indication that beta-adrenergic blockade per se is not a satisfactory explanation for the degree of bronchial hypersensitivity demonstrated in human asthma.
Method for Assigning Categorical Rank in Female Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii via the Frequency of Approaches

Establishing the order of a dominance hierarchy among female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) is complicated by the fact that they often forage solitarily, and aggressive interactions between them occur infrequently. Authors of previous studies have typically ranked females via the direction of submissive pant-grunts and the outcome of agonistic interactions. Given that higher rank correlates with higher reproductive success in female chimpanzees, assessing rank is important but may be limited by sparsely populated dominance matrices. I tested the hypothesis that rank predicts the direction of female approaches. There is a significant relationship among Gombe females between the frequency with which a female was approached and her dominance rank. Dominant females approached other females less often than they were approached. Though approached frequencies failed to meet the criteria for formal rank indicators, they may be useful as real indicators of subordination. Because approach interactions occur far more frequently than pant-grunts, they may be useful in assigning categorical rank when traditional dominance metrics are limited.
The Role of Central Nervous System Plasticity in Tinnitus.

Abstract Tinnitus is a vexing disorder of hearing characterized by sound sensations originating in the head without any external stimulation. The specific etiology of these sensations is uncertain but frequently associated with hearing loss. The “neurophysiogical” model of tinnitus has enhanced appreciation of central nervous system (CNS) contributions. The model assumes that plastic changes in the primary and non-primary auditory pathways contribute to tinnitus with the former perhaps sustaining them, and the latter contributing to perceived severity and emotionality. These plastic changes are triggered by peripheral injury, which results in new patterns of brain activity due to anatomic alterations in the connectivity of CNS neurons. These alterations may change the balance between excitatory and inhibitory brain processes, perhaps producing cascades of new neural activity flowing between brainstem and cortex in a self-sustaining manner that produces persistent perceptions of tinnitus. The bases of this model are explored with an attempt to distinguish phenomenological from mechanistic explanations. Learning outcomes: (1) Readers will learn that the variables associated with the behavioral experience of tinnitus are as complex as the biological variables. (2) Readers will understand what the concept of neuroplastic brain change means, and how it is associated with tinnitus. (3) Readers will learn that there may be no one brain location associated with tinnitus, and it may result from interactions between multiple brain areas. (4) Readers will learn how disinhibition, spontaneous activity, neural synchronization, and tonotopic reorganization may contribute to tinnitus.
Production of organically bound selenium yeast by continuous fermentation.

This paper describes a protocol for incorporation of sodium selenite or sodium selenate into Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass by continuous fermentation in a medium with minimal sulfur and methionine concentrations. Selenium incorporation was followed by atomic absorption analysis and methylene blue reduction time (MBRT). Continuous fermentation at 0.2 h-1 dilution rate and sodium selenite addition gradient up to 0.69 g/L of Na2SeO3 yielded 1.89 g/L of biomass with 1904 μg of selenium/g of dry biomass. However, MBRT was 0.1 min, which indicated that the majority of selenium was in the inorganic form. On the other hand, continuous fermentation at 0.2 h-1 dilution rate and sodium selenate gradient up to 0.28 g/L of Na2SeO4 yielded 0.76 g/L of dry biomass with 687 μg of selenium/g of dry biomass, and MBRT was 26 min, which indicated a high concentration of organically bound selenium. Overall, the results indicate a Se/S ratio of 3.9:1 and a dry biomass/Se ratio of 5.5:1 as optimal for continuous production o...
Electron microscopy observation of an in situ CuNb composite

Abstract An in situ composite comprised of niobium filaments in a nearly pure copper matrix, produced by wire drawing a cast Cu-20vol.%Nb ingot, has been examined in the as-drawn and heat-treated conditions using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In the as-drawn state the strength of the composite is dependent on the spacing of the filaments in accord with a Hall-Petch relationship. Heat treatment of the composite at temperatures above 300°C results in a substantial decrease in strength which current models have attributed to a reduction in the dislocation density. However, observation of the microstructure of samples which had been heat treated in the range 300–600°C reveals that the dislocation density remains relatively constant with increasing treatment temperature while the morphology of the niobium filaments changes from being thin and flat in cross-section to coarse cylinders. The temperature at which the morphological change becomes significant correlates with a drop in the electrical resistivity of the composite, the measurement of which has proven to be a sensitive tool for determining temperatures at which microstructural variations occur.
A laboratory atlas of the 5ν1 NH3 absorption band at 6475 Å with applications to Jupiter and Saturn

Abstract The 5 ν 1 absorption band of NH 3 is displayed from 6418 to 6550 A. The total band intensity has been measured: S B = 0.66 cm −1 m −1 amagat −1 . Line intensities and self-broadening coefficients have been measured for some of the prominent lines. Our line intensities are in good agreement with those of Rank et al . (1966) , but are about 2 times greater than those of Mason (1970) . The spectrum displayed was obtained photoelectrically at a pressure of 0.061 atm, and shows many more lines than the spectrum obtained by McBride and Nicholls (1972a) at a pressure of 0.39 atm. Therefore, our new measurements can provide the basis for making a more complete rotational analysis than those of McBride and Nicholls (1972a) . Since the total band absorption has previously been measured by others on moderate resolution photoelectric scans of the spectra of Jupiter and Saturn, we can use the band intensity to derive the NH 3 abundance in the atmospheres of these two planets. The NH 3 abundances in a single vertical path obtained by this method are about 10m amagat for Jupiter and 2m amagat for Saturn. These results are in agreement with previous results obtained from higher resolution photographic spectra.
Criterion for fetal primary spongiform cardiomyopathy: restrictive pathophysiology

Abstract BACKGROUND: Most cardiomyopathies recognizable in utero are the dilated type—with dilated, poorly contractile left ventricle. We propose a diagnostic criterion for the rare spongiform (noncompacted) cardiomyopathy. CASES: Three perinatal cases with echocardiography and autopsy are presented. The apical ventricular myocardium was thickened and markedly trabeculated. The ventricles were not dilated in two, and the atria were enlarged in all. Hydrops and bradycardia were present in all three despite normal or only mildly diminished contractility. Although the cardiomyopathy was familial in two siblings, two of three cases were female, ruling out Barth syndrome (with sex-linked recessive inheritance). Although all three of our cases with hydrops died, rare survivors have been reported in the eighth decade. CONCLUSION: Although spongiform cardiomyopathy may eventually develop into a dilated cardiomyopathy, its early characteristic is relatively diagnostic: a restrictive cardiomyopathy with no enlargement of the ventricles and prominent atria.
Demand-driven register allocation

A new global register allocation technique, demand-driven register allocation, is described. Demand-driven register allocation quantifies the costs and benefits of allocating variables to registers over live ranges so that high-quality allocations can be made. Local allocation is done first, and then global allocation is done iteratively beginning in the most deeply nested loops. Because local allocation precedes global allocation, demand-driven allocation does not interfere with the use of well-known, high-quality local register allocation and instruction-scheduling techniques.
Sub-Glass-Transition-Temperature Annealing of Polycarbonate Studied by Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy

Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy is used to monitor the sub-glass-transition-temperature (sub-Tg) annealing of a polycarbonate sample. The intensity of ortho-positronium annihilation decreases as a stretched-exponential function of annealing time at Tg − 121 K. The data are successfully fitted to a model applied to free-volume relaxation.
Conserved and divergent expression patterns of the proteolipid protein gene family in the amphibian central nervous system.

The recent discovery of a proteolipid protein gene family has revealed that its members are in fact widely distributed and are not exclusively associated with myelination. To date, three different gene products, DMα/DM-20/PLP, DMβ/M6a, and DMγ/M6b, have been isolated from certain primitive fish species, mouse, and human central nervous system (CNS). We cloned Xenopus laevis orthologues of DMβ/M6a and DMγ/M6b and investigated the expression patterns of these gene transcripts as well as that of PLP in developing Xenopus CNS. As is the case in shark and mouse, the mRNA encoding the major myelin integral protein, PLP, is first detected at stage 42/43 in tadpoles and is exclusively found in morphologically recognizable oligodendrocytes throughout the brain, while DMβ mRNA is solely expressed in young presumptive neurons in the gray matter. There exist two distinct DMγ mRNAs and, in contrast to these evolutionarily conserved expression patterns, DMγ mRNAs distribute uniquely within the ventricular zone in young tadpoles (stage 25) through maturity. Furthermore, both DMβ and DMγ are expressed in the developing retina, and their distributions are different from one other. In Xenopus CNS, therefore, the expression patterns of three proteolipid proteins, PLP, DMβ, and DMγ, are distinct from each other, implying very different roles for their protein products within the cell populations in which they are expressed. J. Neurosci. Res. 57:13–22, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of a Preschool Nutrition Education Program Based on the Theory of Multiple Intelligences

This report describes the evaluation of a preschool nutrition education program based on the theory of multiple intelligences. Forty-six nutrition educators provided a series of 12 lessons to 6102 preschool-age children. The program was evaluated using a pretest/post-test design to assess differences in fruit and vegetable identification, healthy snack choices, willingness to taste foods, and eating behaviors. Subjects showed significant improvement in food identification and recognition, healthy snack identification, willingness to taste foods, and frequency of fruit, vegetable, meat, and dairy consumption. The evaluation indicates that the program was an effective approach for educating preschool children about nutrition.
The Implications of Maternal Overweight and Obesity on the Course of Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes

The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity among women of childbearing age is a growing public health concern in the United States. The average body mass index (BMI) is increasing among all age categories and women enter pregnancy at higher weights. Women are also more likely to retain gestational weight with each pregnancy. Women who are overweight (BMI 25–30) and obese (BMI ≥30) are at greater risk of adverse reproductive health outcomes compared to women of normal weight status (BMI 19.8–25). This article provides an overview of the complications associated with maternal overweight and obesity including diabetes, pre-eclampsia, c-sections, and birth defects. We present updated information on the weight trends among women. Finally, we present an overview of the prevention studies aimed at adolescents and women prior to pregnancy.
Thermoregulation and water requirements in semiarid and montane populations of the least chipmunk,Eutamias minimus—I. Metabolic rate and body temperature

Abstract 1. 1. Oxygen consumption and body temperature were measured at ambient temperatures between 18 and 38°C. 2. 2. Metabolism, body temperature and thermal conductance are significantly lower in the semiarid population than in the montane population. 3. 3. Thermalneutral metabolism (at 30°C) is 13 and 23 per cent lower than predicted by body weight in the montane and semiarid populations, respectively. Thermal conductance below thermal neutrality is equal to predicted values in the montane population and 10 per cent lower than predicted in the semiarid population. 4. 4. Differences between populations are greatest at high ambient temperature and are discussed relative to diurnal activity and habitat.
Empowering the engineering undergraduate in an era of economic globalization

Empowered engineers in an inherently unstable workforce are better able to remain internally stable in an externally unstable work environment. These engineers are likely to be more creative and productive, enhancing their net contribution to engineering through their careers. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the perceptions which engineering students bring with them to an introductory electrical engineering course before they embark on their technical degree pathway. This study examines how empowered the student feels at the start of the course and how their self-perceptions may affect their performance in the class. This study is part of a larger investigation, evaluating the impact of shifting the defining metrics for success from external to internal factors on the engineering student's performance and sense of fulfillment in the classroom
BIOSYNTHETIC ORIGIN OF CONJUGATED DOUBLE BONDS: PRODUCTION OF FATTY ACID COMPONENTS OF HIGH-VALUE DRYING OILS IN TRANSGENIC SOYBEAN EMBRYOS

Vegetable oils that contain fatty acids with conjugated double bonds, such as tung oil, are valuable drying agents in paints, varnishes, and inks. Although several reaction mechanisms have been proposed, little is known of the biosynthetic origin of conjugated double bonds in plant fatty acids. An expressed sequence tag (EST) approach was undertaken to characterize the enzymatic basis for the formation of the conjugated double bonds of α-eleostearic (18:3Δ9cis,11trans,13trans) and α-parinaric (18:4Δ9cis,11trans,13trans,15cis) acids. Approximately 3,000 ESTs were generated from cDNA libraries prepared from developing seeds of Momordica charantia and Impatiens balsamina, tissues that accumulate large amounts of α-eleostearic and α-parinaric acids, respectively. From ESTs of both species, a class of cDNAs encoding a diverged form of the Δ12-oleic acid desaturase was identified. Expression of full-length cDNAs for the Momordica (MomoFadX) and Impatiens (ImpFadX) enzymes in somatic soybean embryos resulted in the accumulation of α-eleostearic and α-parinaric acids, neither of which is present in untransformed soybean embryos. α-Eleostearic and α-parinaric acids together accounted for as much as 17% (wt/wt) of the total fatty acids of embryos expressing MomoFadX. These results demonstrate the ability to produce fatty acid components of high-value drying oils in transgenic plants. These findings also demonstrate a previously uncharacterized activity for Δ12-oleic acid desaturase-type enzymes that we have termed “conjugase.”
CHANGING OPTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF DECIDUOUS FRUIT TREE DISEASES

▪ Abstract The evolution of disease management programs for deciduous fruit trees in the United States over the past 50 years has been influenced by factors that include public concern over pesticide residues on fruit and in the environment, the development of resistance of many important tree pathogens to fungicides and bactericides, the loss of fungicide registrations and restrictions on their use due to concern for human health and the environment and/or marketing decisions by the manufacturers, and changes in cultural practices and marketing objectives. These factors have led to wider use of forecasting models and cultural controls, the development of resistance management strategies, and the introduction of new equipment and methods for pesticide application. These same factors will most likely continue to drive the fruit industry to adopt disease management programs that rely less on pesticides in the future.
Modulation of Alzheimer-Like Synaptic and Cholinergic Deficits in Transgenic Mice by Human Apolipoprotein E Depends on Isoform , Aging, and Overexpression of Amyloid β Peptides But Not on Plaque Formation

The most frequent human apolipoprotein (apo) E isoforms, E3 and E4, differentially affect Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk (E4 > E3) and age of onset (E4 < E3). Compared with apoE3, apoE4 promotes the cerebral deposition of amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides, which are derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and play a central role in AD. However, it is uncertain whether Abeta deposition into plaques is the main mechanism by which apoE isoforms affect AD. We analyzed murine apoE-deficient transgenic mice expressing in their brains human APP (hAPP) and Abeta together with apoE3 or apoE4. Because cognitive decline in AD correlates better with decreases in synaptophysin-immunoreactive presynaptic terminals, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, and ChAT-positive fibers than with plaque load, we compared these parameters in hAPP/apoE3 and hAPP/apoE4 mice and singly transgenic controls at 6-7, 12-15, and 19-24 months of age. Brain aging in the context of high levels of nondeposited human Abeta resulted in progressive synaptic/cholinergic deficits. ApoE3 delayed the synaptic deficits until old age, whereas apoE4 was not protective at any of the ages analyzed. Old hAPP/apoE4 mice had more plaques than old hAPP/apoE3 mice, but synaptic/cholinergic deficits preceded plaque formation in hAPP/apoE4 mice. Moreover, despite their different plaque loads, old hAPP/apoE4 and hAPP/apoE3 mice had comparable synaptic/cholinergic deficits, and these deficits were found not only in the hippocampus but also in the neocortex, which in most mice contained no plaques. Thus, apoE3, but not apoE4, delays age- and Abeta-dependent synaptic deficits through a plaque-independent mechanism. This difference could contribute to the differential effects of apoE isoforms on the risk and onset of AD.
The N Terminus of the Transmembrane Protein BP180 Interacts with the N-terminal Domain of BP230, Thereby Mediating Keratin Cytoskeleton Anchorage to the Cell Surface at the Site of the Hemidesmosome

In epidermal cells, the keratin cytoskeleton interacts with the elements in the basement membrane via a multimolecular junction called the hemidesmosome. A major component of the hemidesmosome plaq...
Simultaneously estimating azimuth and elevation angles along with the wavelength of the incoming signals by using matrix pencil method

In this paper we describe a method for simultaneously estimating the direction of arrival (DOA) of the signal along with its unknown frequency. In a typical DOA estimation problem it is often assumed that all the signals are arriving at the antenna array at the same frequency, which assumed to be known. The antenna elements in the array are then placed half wavelength apart at the frequency of operation. However, in practice seldom all the signals arrive at the antenna array at a single pre-specified frequency, but at different frequencies. The question then is what to do when there are signals at multiple frequencies, which are unknown. This paper presents an extension of the matrix pencil method to simultaneously estimate the DOA along with the operating frequency of each of the signals. This novel approach involves approximating the voltages that are induced in a three-dimensional antenna array, by a sum of complex exponentials by jointly estimating the direction of arrival (both azimuth and elevation angles) along with the carrier frequencies of multiple far-field sources impinging on the array by using the 3-dimensional matrix pencil method. The variances of the estimates computed by the matrix pencil method are quite close to the Cramer-Rao bound. Finally, we illustrate how to carry out the broadband DOA estimation procedure using realistic antenna elements located in a conformal array. Some numerical examples are presented to illustrate the applicability of this methodology in the presence of noise. The Cramer-Rao bound for the estimators are also provided to illustrate the accuracy and the computational efficiency of this new methodology.
Hot hole induced interface state generation and annihilation in SOI MOSFETs

The effects of pure hot hole injection in SOI MOSFET's are investigated. Pure hot hole injection is achieved by exploiting the opposite channel based carrier injection phenomenon. It is found that significant amounts of interface states are generated, some of which are annihilated by a subsequent hot electron injection pulse. A power law of the form D/sub it/(t)=Kt/sup n/ with n close to 0.25 was obtained, indicating a more complex, diffusion limited, electrochemical reaction at the interface than previously reported.
Interpreting coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectra measured with multimode Nd:YAG pump lasers

We report comparisons of coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) measurements using single-axial-and multiaxial-mode Nd:YAG lasers. Our results demonstrate the validity of a recently proposed convolution expression for unresolved CARS spectra. The results also support the use of a relative delay of several coherence lengths between pump-beam paths for reducing the effects of pump-field statistics on the CARS spectral profile.
Visual System Screening in Infants and Young Children

Many abnormalities of the visual system in infants and young children respond to treatment when instituted at an early age. Ocular abnormalities that require early recognition and therapy include congenital cataracts, congenital glaucoma, intraocular tumors, intraocular inflammation, large errors of refraction, strabismus, and corneal opacities (Figs 1 to 6). The visual prognosis for children with these problems is often directly related to early detection and treatment of the visual disorder. Visual deprivation of young laboratory animals can permanently damage their developing central nervous system. Diseases once believed hopeless, such as monocular congenital cataracts, can now be treated.1 Technologic advances, such as extended-wear contact lenses which are useful for infants who have had cataract surgery during the first few weeks of life, have facilitated visual rehabilitation of young eyes. Corneal opacities, complete ptosis, prolonged patching, and eyelid or orbit abnormalities such as large hemangiomas can cause amblyopia if the vision is obstructed. Even brief occlusion can result in irreversible amblyopia during the early months of life.2 Unilateral disruptions of vision are generally more damaging to the eye than are bilateral ocular abnormalities. Each of the young child9s eyes must enjoy a clear, focused retinal image for visual development to progress normally. Early diagnosis and treatment of congenital glaucoma is important so that intraocular pressure can be lowered, thereby, avoiding irreversible anatomic damage to the eye.
A comparative analysis of two models of colitis in rats.

Abstract Two models of colitis produced in rats that have received significant attention over the past few years are the acetic acid and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) models. The objective of this study was to quantify and compare the temporal relationship among mucosal permeability, epithelial injury, and inflammation induced by acetic acid, ethanol (vehicle), ethanol plus TNBS (unbuffered, pH 1.0), and ethanol plus TNBS (pH 7.4). Data obtained show that the inflammation induced by these four irritants results from caustic injury to the colonic epithelium and interstitium as measured by the rapid and dramatic increases in mucosal permeability and tissue water content as well as by histological analysis. The injurious nature of TNBS was confirmed in a separate series of studies showing that buffered TNBS (pH 7.4), in the absence of ethanol, is toxic to cultured rat intestinal epithelial cell monolayers. Only after 1–2 days of the initial insult, were signs of classical inflammation observed, including increases in colonic myeloper-oxidase activity (neutrophil infiltration) and colon weight as well as hyperemia and mucosal ulcerations. Although ethanol plus TNBS (pH 1.0 or 7.4) tended to produce higher mucosal permeabilities (epithelial cell injury) at 1–2 weeks after the enemas than acetic acid or ethanol groups, only the ethanol plus TNBS (pH 7.4) permeabilities were found to be significantly enhanced. In addition, all four groups showed significant elevations in colonic myeloperoxidase activity and colon weight at 1–2 weeks after enema. It is suggested that these models of colitis are useful to study events that occur at the time of inflammation and repair. However, these models may have significant limitations in understanding events that initiate inflammation of the intestine in human inflammatory bowel disease.
ODK tables: data organization and information services on a smartphone

Many information services require the transfer of only small amounts of information between a client and server. Furthermore, their deployment often requires an ecosystem of cloud services rarely present in developing world contexts. ODK Tables (a component of the Open Data Kit) provides a way of organizing data into database tables hosted directly by a smartphone. Clients can make new entries into the tables (under an extensible access control model) and make queries of existing information. ODK Tables supports SMS-based interactions and allows import/export of tables to other storage whether in the cloud or on another local computing device. The objective of ODK Tables is to lower barriers experienced by entrepreneurs or other information providers in the developing world to field their own information services. This paper describes ODK Tables' capabilities, user interface, performance characteristics, and some example use cases.
Renal Pelvis, Ureter, and Urethra

This chapter reviews the clinical, macroscopic, and microscopic features, as well as the differential diagnosis of the most common lesions and tumors seen in a routine surgical pathology. It begins with common congenital anomalies. Benign lesions and mimics of cancer follow including entities such as fibroepithelial polyp, endometriosis, urethral inflammatory polyp, caruncle, urethral diverticulum, ectopic prostatic tissue, and idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. This is followed by a review of neoplasms of the renal pelvis and ureter including benign urothelial neoplasms, flat urothelial lesions with atypia, urothelial carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. A review of common neoplasms of the urethra also includes benign epithelial tumors of the urethra, carcinoma of the urethra, squamous cell carcinoma of the urethra, and adenocarcinoma of the urethra. Applicable ancillary testing modalities including immunohistochemistry and other molecular findings are discussed.
The distribution of methylamine in the Jovian atmosphere

An estimate has been made of the methylamine concentration in the Jupiter atmosphere on the basis of the possible overlap between the regions of hydrocarbon and ammonia photochemistry. It was found that the maximum production rate of 6 x 10 to the 4th/cu cm/Jovian day occurs in the vicinity of 60 km above the ammonia cloud layer. The volumetric mixing ratio is 3 x 10 to the -11th, if the downward transport of methylamine equals the production rate.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy: predictors of failure and strategies to overcome

Evaluation of: Macias A, Garcia-Bolao I, Diaz-Infante E et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy: predictive factors of unsuccessful left ventricular lead implant. Eur. Heart J. 28, 450–456 (2007).Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a leading cause of morbidity, mortality and hospitalization in the elderly of industrialized nations. In CHF patients with moderate-to-severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction and significant dyssynchrony, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been shown to improve functional status and decrease heart failure mortality and hospitalizations. Inability to transvenously implant a lead within a desired branch of the coronary sinus for CRT occurs in 5–10% of cases. The article under evaluation identifies two independent predictors of failed transvenous left ventricular lead implantation – the presence of permanent atrial fibrillation and an increased anteroposterior left atrial diameter.
Duration of influenza A virus shedding in hospitalized patients and implications for infection control.

Objective. To assess the duration of shedding of influenza A virus detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cell culture among patients hospitalized with influenza A virus infection. Setting. Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minnesota) hospitals that cater to both the community and referral populations. Methods. Patients 18 years old and older who were hospitalized between December 1, 2004, and March 15, 2005, with a laboratory‐confirmed (ie, PCR‐based) diagnosis of influenza A virus infection were consecutively enrolled. Additional throat swab specimens were collected at 2, 3, 5, and 7 days after the initial specimen (if the patient was still hospitalized). All specimens were tested by PCR and culture (both conventional tube culture and shell vial assay). Information on demographic characteristics, date of symptom onset, comorbidities, immunosuppression, influenza vaccination status, and receipt of antiviral treatment was obtained by interview and medical record review. Patients were excluded if informed c...
Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus—like drug eruption due to combination diuretic hydrochlorothiazide and triamterene

Three patients taking a frequently prescribed diuretic combination of hydrochlorothiazide and triamterene developed eruptions resembling subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Histopathology of the skin biopsies of all three patients was consistent with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. On discontinuation of the diuretic drug, the cutaneous eruptions cleared.
A Vest Reinvested in The Gift

They held the universe to be a large suit of clothes, which invests everything: that the earth is invested by the air; the air is invested by the stars; and the stars are invested by the primum mobile. Look on this globe of earth, you will find it to be a very complete and fashionable dress. What is that which some call land, but a fine coat faced with green? or the sea, but a waistcoat of watertabby? Proceed to the particular works of the creation, you will find how curious Journeyman Nature hath been, to trim up the vegetable beaux; observe how sparkish a periwig adorns the head of a beech, and what a fine doublet of white satin is worn by the birch. To conclude from all, what is man himself but a microcoat, or rather a complete suit of clothes with all its trimmings?
Theoretical effects of fully ductile versus fully brittle behaviors of bone tissue on the strength of the human proximal femur and vertebral body

The influence of the ductility of bone tissue on whole-bone strength represents a fundamental issue of multi-scale biomechanics. To gain insight, we performed a computational study of 16 human proximal femurs and 12 T9 vertebral bodies, comparing the whole-bone strength for the two hypothetical bounding cases of fully brittle versus fully ductile tissue-level failure behaviors, all other factors, including tissue-level elastic modulus and yield stress, held fixed. For each bone, a finite element model was generated (60-82 μm element size; up to 120 million elements) and was virtually loaded in habitual (stance for femur, compression for vertebra) and non-habitual (sideways fall, only for femur) loading modes. Using a geometrically and materially non-linear model, the tissue was assumed to be either fully brittle or fully ductile. We found that, under habitual loading, changing the tissue behavior from fully ductile to fully brittle reduced whole-bone strength by 38.3±2.4% (mean±SD) and 39.4±1.9% for the femur and vertebra, respectively (p=0.39 for site difference). These reductions were remarkably uniform across bones, but (for the femur) were greater for non-habitual (57.1±4.7%) than habitual loading (p<0.001). At overall structural failure, there was 5-10-fold less failed tissue for the fully brittle than fully ductile cases. These theoretical results suggest that the whole-bone strength of the proximal femur and vertebra can vary substantially between fully brittle and fully ductile tissue-level behaviors, an effect that is relatively insensitive to bone morphology but greater for non-habitual loading.
Overcoming Allelic Specificity by Immunization with Five Allelic Forms of Plasmodium falciparum Apical Membrane Antigen 1

Apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) is a leading vaccine candidate, but the allelic polymorphism is a stumbling block for vaccine development. We previously showed that a global set of AMA1 haplotypes could be grouped into six genetic populations. Using this information, six recombinant AMA1 proteins representing each population were produced. Rabbits were immunized with either a single recombinant AMA1 protein or mixtures of recombinant AMA1 proteins (mixtures of 4, 5, or 6 AMA1 proteins). Antibody levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and purified IgG from each rabbit was used for growth inhibition assay (GIA) with 12 different clones of parasites (a total of 108 immunogen-parasite combinations). Levels of antibodies to all six AMA1 proteins were similar when the antibodies were tested against homologous antigens. When the percent inhibitions in GIA were plotted against the number of ELISA units measured with homologous AMA1, all data points followed a sigmoid curve, regardless of the immunogen. In homologous combinations, there were no differences in the percent inhibition between the single-allele and allele mixture groups. However, all allele mixture groups showed significantly higher percent inhibition than the single-allele groups in heterologous combinations. The 5-allele-mixture group showed significantly higher inhibition to heterologous parasites than the 4-allele-mixture group. On the other hand, there was no difference between the 5- and 6-allele-mixture groups. These data indicate that mixtures with a limited number of alleles may cover a majority of the parasite population. In addition, using the data from 72 immunogen-parasite combinations, we mathematically identified 13 amino acid polymorphic sites which significantly impact GIA activities. These results could be a foundation for the rational design of a future AMA1 vaccine.
PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR PUBLIC MANAGEMENT: AN OBJECT RELATIONS APPROACH

The use of object relations theory is introduced to examine the assumption of personal responsibility by public managers. This orientation to examining administrative behaviour enhances our appreciation of the psychological dimensions of personal experience, and the influence of that experience on the public administrator's ability to take responsibility for the consequences of his actions. This approach provides a set of clear guideposts that will help organizational observers to differentiate responsible administrative tendencies from irresponsible ones. the paper presents two divergent administrative sets of roles to illustrate the psychological and social characteristics of personal responsibility, the ‘as if performer’ and the ‘participant observer’. the ‘as if performer’ is found to be more congruent with bureaucratic organizational demands, while the ‘participant observer’ is more congruent with democratic essentials.
Targeted reduction of oxytocin expression provides insights into its physiological roles.

Oxytocin is a nonapeptide hormone that participates in the regulation of parturition and lactation. It has also been implicated in various behaviors, such as mating and maternal, and memory. To investigate whether or not oxytocin (OT) is essential for any of thesefunctions, we eliminated, by homologous recombination, most of the first intron and the last two exons of the OT gene in mice. Those exons encode the neurophysin portion of the oxytocin preprohormone which is hypothesized to help in the packaging and transport of OT. The homozygous mutant mice have no detectable neurophysin or processed oxytocin in the paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus or posterior pituitary. Interestingly, homozygous mutant males and females are fertile and the homozygous mutant females are able to deliver their litters. However, the pups do not successfully suckle and die within 24 hours without milk in their stomachs. OT injection into the dams or rescue with the rat OT gene restores the milk ejection in response to suckling. OT is also needed for post-partum alveolar proliferation. These results indicate an absolute requirement for oxytocin for successful milk ejection, but not for mating, parturition and milk production, in mice. Furthermore, homozygous mutant mice show reduced aggression in some tests.
Optimal spacing of quantiles for the estimation of the mixing parameters in a mixture of two exponential distributions

Methods for estimating the mixing parameters in a mixture of two exponential distributions are proposed. The estimators proposed are consistent and BAN(best asymptotically normal). The optimal spacings for estimating these mixture parameters are calculated.