cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Voxel Size During Two-Photon Polymerization

Two-photon polymerization combines the concepts of multi-photon absorption with polymerization of a free radical polymerizable monomer. It can be used to fabricate a variety of micro-devices including micro-fluidic, biomedical, micro-optical, and micro-mechanical devices. A critical aspect of two-photon polymerization is the resolution of the process. This paper derives an expression for the voxel (volume element) size produced during two-photon polymerization. The model assumes a Gaussian beam and the effects of beam power, lens parameters, and resin polymerization threshold are investigated. A sensitivity analysis is also performed, and the results show that the voxel formed is more sensitive to changes in beam power and resin threshold than to changes in the incident beam diameter.© 2012 ASME
Combustion of low calorific value gases; Problems and prospects

Abstract Results of fundamental and engineering studies of low calorific value gases (LCVG) combustion are reviewed. The discussion addresses the problems of gas composition, flame chemistry and pollutant emissions, flammability limits, burning velocities, critical velocity gradients, flame stability augmentation by internal heat recirculation and catalytic wall effects, as well as effects of imperfect mixing and intense swirl on combustor operation. Primary emphasis is placed on phenomena treated marginally in the existing literature. A review of a number of combustor designs for burning LCVG is given and general design guidelines are offered for an advanced combustor. The study shows that substantial progress can be anticipated in the development of LCVG combustors, but additional research is needed in low temperature premixed flame stabilization in stirred reactors with swirl, in order to understand fully the effects of imperfect mixing, heat transfer, buoyancy and catalysis by the walls.
A comparison in the composition of recovered meat produced from beef neckbones processed using hand boning, a traditional Advanced Meat Recovery (AMR) system, and a Desinewated Minced Meat system

Abstract Beef neckbones were processed through a traditional Advanced Meat Recovery system (TAMR), a Desinewated Minced Meat machine with/without prior use of Jarvis saw for removal of spinal cord (DMMJ/DMMNJ), or hand boned with/without Jarvis saw (HJ/HNJ). This study investigated the composition of meat recovered by these five methods. Ranking from the most to least total fat percentage was TAMR (22.02%), HNJ (18.37%), HJ (14.69%), DMMNJ (11.14%), and DMMJ (9.76%); higher fat was related to less moisture. Protein was most for HJ (18.32%) and least for TAMR (15.79%). TAMR and HJ were similar ( P > 0.05) in ash content. Calcium was most in DMMJ (79.81 mg); the least was found in the hand boned (HJ, 20.86 mg/100 g and HNJ, 23.66 mg) lean. All samples contained calcium below the required limits set by USDA-FSIS. Total iron was the highest in TAMR (5.28 mg of iron/100 g), followed by DMMJ (3.65 mg), DMMNJ (3.46 mg), HJ (2.77 mg), and HNJ (2.18 mg).
Increased levels of arginine vasotocin and neurophysin during nesting in sea turtles

Arginine vasotocin (AVT) and neurophysin (NP) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in two species of sea turtle, the olive ridley, Lepidochelys olivacea, and the loggerhead, Caretta caretta, during the brief period of nesting and oviposition. In both species, AVT was low in animals which were not reproductively active. AVT was also low at the time animals emerged from the surf to nest, but increased significantly during oviposition and then declined as the animals returned to the water. NP increased in concert with AVT, also reaching highest levels during oviposition. In both species, however, NP levels remained elevated over prenesting levels at the time of return to the water. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that an AVT-neurophysin complex is released from the neurohypophysis during nesting, and that AVT is a physiological regulator of oviducal contractions in sea turtles.
Abrasion resistance of silica-reinforced decorative laminates Part 1 — examination of the standard testing method

Abstract The existing standard test of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association, U.S.A., (NEMA) for determining the abrasion resistance of decorative laminates was critically examined. Special attention was given to the rapid deterioration of the abrasive paper during testing of silica-reinforced decorative laminates and to its effect on the abrasion resistance of the laminates. It was shown that the abrasion resistance of decorative laminates determined by the present testing method is a combined measure of the properties of the material and the abrasive paper, and that the present testing method is probably not suitable for testing some varieties of decorative laminates, especially those laminates which are reinforced with silica particles. It was also shown that under abrasive wear conditions reinforced overlays may or may not be more abrasion-resistant than unreinforced overlays. It was suggested that the abrasive paper should be replaced before major damage occurred, the degree of damage depending on the properties of the material under test. The frictional force, under abrasive or cutting-type wear conditions, was found to depend strongly on the number of cutting grains and possibly on the size of each scratch. The frictional force thus decreases rapidly with deterioration of the abrasive paper.
The negative predictive value of spiral computed tomography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in patients with nondiagnostic ventilation-perfusion scans

Abstract Background: There is no noninvasive method to rule out pulmonary embolism when the clinical suspicion for pulmonary embolism is high. We did a prospective observational study to determine the negative predictive value of spiral computed tomography (CT) in this situation. Methods: We performed spiral CT scans of the thorax in consecutive patients with high clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism with intermediate or low probability ventilation-perfusion scans. Patients with negative or indeterminate spiral CT results had conventional angiography at the discretion of the attending physician. Only patients with positive spiral CT results or positive conventional angiograms were treated. All patients were observed for 6 months for evidence of venous thromboembolic disease. Clinical outcome without treatment or the results of conventional angiography were used as reference standards. False-negative results were defined as a negative spiral CT with a positive conventional angiogram or any diagnosis of venous thromboembolism within 6 months. Results: Among the 103 patients who were studied, spiral CT scans were positive in 22 patients, indeterminate in 10 patients, and negative in 71 patients. Twenty-seven (26%) patients had pulmonary embolism by clinical outcome, including 3 of the 71 patients with negative spiral CT scans and 2 of the 10 patients with indeterminate scans. A negative spiral CT result had a likelihood ratio of 0.12 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.04 to 0.35) with a negative predictive value of 96% (95% CI: 88% to 99%). Using conventional angiography only as the reference standard, a negative spiral CT result had a likelihood ratio of 0.08 (95% CI: 0.02 to 0.31) and a negative predictive value of 93% (95% CI: 77% to 98%). Conclusions: Spiral CT has a high negative predictive value for pulmonary embolism and may replace conventional angiography in the workup of pulmonary embolism. Patients with indeterminate spiral CT results should be considered for conventional angiography.
Transposition asymmetry in immediate serial recall.

When participants confuse the position of items in immediate serial recall, they tend to recall transposed items too early rather than too late. This asymmetry of transposition errors was observed in four experiments. It increased as a function of list length, but was independent of report order, output position, cueing condition, and recall mode. The transposition asymmetry is consistent with error patterns in free recall and in regular speech production where transpositions are usually forward‐looking. The asymmetry of transposition errors is discussed in terms of models of serial memory.
Snowshoe Hare Optimal Foraging and Its Implications for Population Dynamics

The results of an optimal foraging model using linear programming with constraints for feeding time, digestive capacity, sodium requirements, and energy requirements indicate that snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) may forage as energy maximizers. The solution provides the quantities of major food classes (leaves, herbs, fungus, twigs) included in the diet. The species composition of each diet class also is determined using a simultaneous search model based upon the probability of encounter, the probability of sufficient item size, and the probability of suffkient quality. The results also indicate that hare life history parameters (weaning size, size at first reproduction, average adult size) and potential demographic changes in hare populations may be controlled by foraging considerations.
Sample Sizes for Approximate Independence of Largest and Smallest Order Statistics

Abstract Let Xn and X 1 be the largest and smallest order statistics, respectively, of a random sample of size n. Quite generally, Xn and X 1 are approximately independent for n sufficiently large. Minimum n for attaining at least specified levels of independence are developed. Level of independence is measured by the maximum difference between the true values of P(X 1 ≤x 1, Xn ≤xn ) and the corresponding values assuming independence of Xn and X 1. The results apply to all possible distributions for the population sampled. The value of minimum n is the smallest allowable n for the continuous case but can be too large otherwise. Minimum n is finite for all nonzero differences.
Coupled reactive mass transport and fluid flow: Issues in model verification

Abstract Model verification and validation are both important steps in the development of reactive transport models. In this paper, a distinction is made between verification and validation, and the focus is on codifying the issues of verification for a numerical, reactive transport flow model. First, the conceptual basis of model verification is reviewed, which shows that verification should be understood as a first step in model development, and be followed by a protocol that assures that the model accurately represents system behavior. Second, commonly used procedures and methods of model verification are presented. In the third part of this paper, an intercomparison of models is used to demonstrate that model verification can be performed despite differences in hydrogeochemical transport code formulations. Results of an example simulation of transport are presented in which the numerical model is tested against other hydrogeochemical codes. Different kinetic formulations between solid and aqueous phases used among numerical models complicates model verification. This test problem involves uranium transport under conditions of varying pH and oxidation potential, with reversible precipitation of calcium uranate and coffinite. Results between the different hydrogeochemical transport codes show differences in oxidation potentials, but similarities in mineral assemblages and aqueous transport patterns. Because model verification can be further complicated by differences in the approach for solving redox problems, a comparison of a fugacity approach (based on O 2 partial pressure) to both the external approach (based on hypothetical electron activity) and effective internal approach (based on conservation of electrons) is performed. The comparison demonstrates that the oxygen fugacity approach produces different redox potentials and mineral assemblages than both the effective internal and external approaches.
Time sequence and morphological evaluations of cells fused by polyethylene glycol 6000(1).

Mouse L cells (clone 1D) were fused with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The fusion sequence was determined by using sequential light microscopy of the same group of cells, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy, and freeze-etching. The cells were found to fuse only 1 min after PEG had been washed off at small localized areas. Larger fusion images were found after 3 min. Intramembrane particles were observed to have a tendency to aggregate after PEG treatment, but a direct correlation of this activity with the fusion process could not be made. No pathological changes were noted at longer times after PEG removal, except for the extensive widening of the rough-surface endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in some cells. It is proposed that fusion does not occur if apposing cells have many microvilli at the area of apparent contact.
Reconfigurable multi-function logic based on graphene P-N junctions

In this paper, we introduce a novel reconfigurable graphene logic based on graphene p-n junctions. In this logic device, switching is accomplished by using co-planar split gates that modulate the properties that are unique to graphene, including ambipolar conduction, electrostatic doping, and angular dependent carrier reflection. In addition, the use of these control gates can dynamically change the operation of the device, leading to reconfigurable multi-functional logic. A device model is derived from carrier transmission probability across the p-n junction for allowing quantitative comparison to CMOS logic. Based on this model, we show that the proposed graphene logic has significant advantages over CMOS gate in terms of delay-power product and signal restoration, while maintaining a similar footprint. Furthermore, the device utilizes a large graphene sheet with minimal patterning, allowing feasible integration with CMOS circuits, for potential CMOS-graphene hybrid circuits.
Metallothionein-mediated neuroprotection in genetically engineered mouse models of Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease is characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra zona compacta, and in other sub-cortical nuclei associated with a widespread occurrence of Lewy bodies. The cause of cell death in Parkinson's disease is still poorly understood, but a defect in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and enhanced oxidative and nitrative stresses have been proposed. We have studied control(wt) (C57B1/6), metallothionein transgenic (MTtrans), metallothionein double gene knock (MTdko), alpha-synuclein knock out (alpha-syn(ko)), alpha-synuclein-metallothionein triple knock out (alpha-syn-MTtko), weaver mutant (wv/wv) mice, and Ames dwarf mice to examine the role of peroxynitrite in the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and aging. Although MTdko mice were genetically susceptible to 1, methyl, 4-phenyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) Parkinsonism, they did not exhibit any overt clinical symptoms of neurodegeneration and gross neuropathological changes as observed in wv/wv mice. Progressive neurodegenerative changes were associated with typical Parkinsonism in wv/wv mice. Neurodegenerative changes in wv/wv mice were observed primarily in the striatum, hippocampus and cerebellum. Various hallmarks of apoptosis including caspase-3, TNFalpha, NFkappaB, metallothioneins (MT-1, 2) and complex-1 nitration were increased; whereas glutathione, complex-1, ATP, and Ser(40)-phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase, and striatal 18F-DOPA uptake were reduced in wv/wv mice as compared to other experimental genotypes. Striatal neurons of wv/wv mice exhibited age-dependent increase in dense cored intra-neuronal inclusions, cellular aggregation, proto-oncogenes (c-fos, c-jun, caspase-3, and GAPDH) induction, inter-nucleosomal DNA fragmentation, and neuro-apoptosis. MTtrans and alpha-Syn(ko) mice were genetically resistant to MPTP-Parkinsonism and Ames dwarf mice possessed significantly higher concentrations of striatal coenzyme Q10 and metallothioneins (MT 1, 2) and lived almost 2.5 times longer as compared to control(wt) mice. A potent peroxynitrite ion generator, 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1)-induced apoptosis was significantly attenuated in MTtrans fetal stem cells. These data are interpreted to suggest that peroxynitrite ions are involved in the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, and metallothionein-mediated coenzyme Q10 synthesis may provide neuroprotection.
PHOTOACTIVATION OF ORGANOMETALLIC CATALYSTS

Abstract : Photochemistry offers a technique to synthesize unique catalysts, control catalytic reactions, and perturb and better understand conventional catalytic cycles. Recent studies in the author's laboratory concerning photoinduced catalysis using mono-, di-, and trinuclear organometallic catalyst precursors are summarized. Specific systems considered here are (M(CO)nL5-n) (M = Fe, Ru; L = PPh; n = 5,4,3), (M3(CO)12) (M = Fe, Ru, Os), (Ru3(CO)g(PPh3)3), and (Co2(CO)6L2) (L = P(n-Bu)3, P(OPh)3) used to effect catalytic chemistry of 1-pentene including isomerization, hydrogenation, and hydrosilation. (Author)
Reprise and lyrics for another chorus.

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Retrusive endurance, fatigue and recovery of human jaw muscles at various isometric force levels

The effect of a sustained isometric retrusive contraction on maximum voluntary retrusive force levels was measured in normal jaw function. Surface electromyographic recordings of the suprahyoids, masseter and posterior temporalis were taken and force was measured with a force transducer. Subjects sustained isometric force at the 25, 50, 75 and 100 per cent level, and measurements made before, during and after these sustained isometric tasks. There was no change in the brief maximum voluntary contraction levels of the retruder muscles during or after such tasks, which suggests a lack of contractile or electrical failure in these muscles. Pain intolerance, rather than demonstrable neuromuscular fatigue, was the limiting factor for sustained submaximal or even maximal contraction effort.
A novel numerical-experimental approach for predicting delamination in high temperature polymer matrix composites

Abstract In this paper, a novel numerical–experimental methodology is outlined to determine cohesive stress and damage evolution parameters for pristine as well as isothermally aged (in air) polymer matrix composites. A rate-dependent viscoelastic cohesive layer model was implemented in an in-house test-bed finite element analysis (FEA) code to simulate the delamination initiation and propagation in unidirectional polymer composites before and after aging. To determine the model parameters, double cantilever beam (DCB) experiments were conducted on both pristine and isothermally aged IM-7/bismaleimide (BMI) composite specimens. The J-integral approach was adapted to extract cohesive stresses near the crack tip. A principal-stretch dependent internal damage state variable defines the damage in the cohesive layer. Within the cohesive layer, pristine and cohesive stresses were compared to estimate the damage parameters. Once the damage parameters had been characterized, the test-bed FEA code employed a micromechanics based viscoelastic cohesive layer model to simulate interlaminar delamination. The present cohesive-layer based FEA model was able to accurately predict not only the macro-level load–displacement curve, but also the micro-level crack growth history in IM-7/BMI laminate before and after thermal aging.
The dimensions of the renal tubules of Necturus maculosus

The method of micro-injection was used in the study of a large number of tubules. The limits of the several parts of the tubule were determined with a high degree of accuracy without sectioning; the error of the measurements was small. Of 137 tubules studied the measurements of forty-nine comprised the entire length from renal corpuscle to collecting duct or ureter. The proximal tubule was found to be about twice as long as the distal. While the longest proximal tubule was nearly six times the length of the shortest, the great majority of tubules fell within a much shorter range. There was little or no correlation between proximal tubule length and weight of the animal. The proximal tubule is larger in diameter than the distal tubule. Calculations indicate that the area of exposed cell surface in the proximal tubule is nearly four times as great as in the distal; however, compared to tubule volume, a relatively greater cell surface is exposed in the distal tubule.
Lepidium latifolium: plant nutrient competition-soil interactions

Exotic weeds are invading rangelands of the western United States at unprecedented rates. Under- standing plant-soil relationships and competitive interac- tions of invasive weeds is crucial in long-term control strategies. In a greenhouse experiment, we investigated the influence of soil nutrient depletion on plant growth and plant competition between the exotic invasive weeds, Lepidium latifolium(invading wetlands) and Bro- mus tectorum (invading a multitude of habitats). Plants were grown individually and in combination until L. lati- folium flowered, then roots and aboveground mass were harvested. Soil in individual pots was homogenized, sub- samples collected for nutrient analyses, and the soil was re-planted to the same species, grown, and harvested twice more for a total of three growth cycles. As nutrient supplying capacity of the soil declined through growth cycles, aboveground mass of L. latifolium decreased sig- nificantly (P≤0.05) and growth potential of B. tectorum surpassed that of L. latifolium. Only bicarbonate-extract- able soil ortho-P positively correlated with plant mass of L. latifolium. A separate experiment demonstrated that L. latifolium has a narrow window of soil water potentials for optimal growth; greatest growth at -20 kPa with sig- nificantly declining growth at saturation and -400 kPa. Our data suggest that L. latifolium primarily invades wetlands because the high soil water content reduces tortuosity and allows efficient transport of nutrients to this sparsely rooted species. When soil moisture and/or the nutrient supplying capacity of the soil declines, plants with greater root density can out-compete L. lati- folium. Monocultural stands of L. latifolium may be self- limiting in time as available nutrients, particularly P, are biocycled to drier upper soil layers.
Spatial Visualization in Physics Problem Solving

Three studies were conducted to examine the relation of spatial visualization to solving kinematics problems that involved either predicting the two-dimensional motion of an object, translating from one frame of reference to another, or interpreting kinematics graphs. In Study 1, 60 physics-naive students were administered kinematics problems and spatial visualization ability tests. In Study 2, 17 (8 high- and 9 low-spatial ability) additional students completed think-aloud protocols while they solved the kinematics problems. In Study 3, the eye movements of fifteen (9 high- and 6 low-spatial ability) students were recorded while the students solved kinematics problems. In contrast to high-spatial students, most low-spatial students did not combine two motion vectors, were unable to switch frames of reference, and tended to interpret graphs literally. The results of the study suggest an important relationship between spatial visualization ability and solving kinematics problems with multiple spatial parameters.
Analytical solutions for non-equilibrium solute transport in three-dimensional porous media

The movement of water and chemicals in soils is generally better described with multidimensiona l nonequilibrium models than with more commonly used one-dimensional and/or equilibrium models. This paper presents analytical solutions for non-equilibrium solute transport in semi-infinite porous media during steady unidirectional flow. The solutions can be used to model transport in porous media where the liquid phase consists of a mobile and an immobile region (physical non-equilibrium) or where solute sorption is governed by either an equilibrium or a first-order rate process (chemical non-equilibrium). The transport equation incorporates terms accounting for advection, dispersion, zero-order production, and first-order decay. General solutions were derived for the boundary, initial, and production value problems with the help of Laplace and Fourier transforms. A comprehensive set of specific solutions is presented using Dirac functions for the input and initial distribution, and/or Heaviside or exponential functions for the input, initial, and production profiles. A rectangular or circular inflow area was specified for the boundary value problem while for the initial and production value problems the respective initial and production profiles were located in parallelepipedal, cylindrical, or spherical regions of the soil. Solutions are given for both the volume-averaged or resident concentration as well as the flux-averaged or flowing concentration. Examples of concentration profiles versus time and position are presented for selected problems. Results show that the effects of non-equilibrium on three-dimensional transport are very similar to those for one-dimensional transport.
The Relative Performance of Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimators

There is an active debate in the literature on censored data about the relative performance of model based maximum likelihood estimators, IPCW-estimators, and a variety of double robust semiparametric efficient estimators. Kang and Schafer (2007) demonstrate the fragility of double robust and IPCW-estimators in a simulation study with positivity violations. They focus on a simple missing data problem with covariates where one desires to estimate the mean of an outcome that is subject to missingness. Responses by Robins, et al. (2007), Tsiatis and Davidian (2007), Tan (2007) and Ridgeway and McCaffrey (2007) further explore the challenges faced by double robust estimators and offer suggestions for improving their stability. In this article, we join the debate by presenting targeted maximum likelihood estimators (TMLEs). We demonstrate that TMLEs that guarantee that the parametric submodel employed by the TMLE procedure respects the global bounds on the continuous outcomes, are especially suitable for dealing with positivity violations because in addition to being double robust and semiparametric efficient, they are substitution estimators. We demonstrate the practical performance of TMLEs relative to other estimators in the simulations designed by Kang and Schafer (2007) and in modified simulations with even greater estimation challenges.
Capturing cancer cells using aptamer-immobilized square capillary channels.

We report a simple square capillary-based cell affinity chromatography device that utilizes a coating of aptamers for selective capture of target cancer cells from a flowing suspension. The device consists of a square capillary with an inner diameter of roughly five cell diameters, connected via Teflon tubing to a syringe. Aptamers are immobilized on the inner surface of the capillary through biotin–avidin chemistry, the extent of which can be controlled by adjusting the aptamer concentration. Introduction of different cell types into separate devices, as well as mixtures of target and non-target cells, demonstrated that aptamer-target cells can be captured in significantly higher concentrations compared to non-target cells. Once optimized, 91.1 ± 3.5% capture efficiency of target leukemia cells was reported, as well as 97.2 ± 2.8% and 83.6 ± 5.8% for two different colon cancer cell lines. In addition, cells captured in the device were imaged, and the square capillary exhibited better optical properties than standard cylindrical capillaries, leading to the detection of leukemia cells in blood samples. Compared to current microfluidic cell affinity devices, this capture device requires no complicated design or fabrication steps. By providing a simple means of detecting and imaging cancer cells in the blood, this work has potential to directly assist clinicians in determining disease prognosis and measuring therapeutic response.
Parallel ICA methods for EEG neuroimaging

HiPerSAT, a C++ library and tools, processes EEG data sets with ICA (independent component analysis) methods. HiPerSAT uses BLAS, LAPACK, MPI and OpenMP to achieve a high performance solution that exploits parallel hardware. ICA is a class of methods for analyzing a large set of data samples and extracting independent components that explain the observed data. ICA is used in EEG research for data cleaning and separation of spatiotemporal patterns that may reflect different underlying neural processes. We present two ICA implementations (FastICA and Info-max) that exploit parallelism to provide an EEG component decomposition solution of higher performance and data capacity than current MATLAB-based implementations. Experimental results and the methodology used to obtain them are presented. Integrating HiPerSAT with EEGLAB (A. Delorme and S. Makeig, 2004) is described, as well as future plans for this research.
Small scale socio‐cultural thematic maps for development and administrative planning

Because of the domination of development and administrative planning by economists there has in the past been a concentration on variables that are mostly economic and measurable and a tendency to give insufficient attention to socio-cultural and socio-political variables. Now perspectives are changing and there is an awareness of the need to use more accurate and complete data on social and cultural phenomena. There is as a result a need to appreciate the contribution that geographers and cartographers can make. This article reviews the small scale socio-cultural mapping of third world countries. It considers the available range of such maps and carto-bibliographical guides, and proceeds to consider how socio-cultural mapping could be extended in a way that would be useful for development planners and administrators.
RESTRUCTURED PORK WITH TEXTURE VARIATION

Muscles were excised from the shoulders of U.S. No. 1 pork carcasses within 1h postmortem. Samples were flaked as; small (head opening = 3.0mm), medium (head opening = 6.1mm) and large (head opening = 9.9mm) with an Urschel Comitrol 3600. Samples were formulated with 1.0 NaCl and 0.25% sodium tripolyphosphate (STP), converted into 19 mm thick restructured chops and packaged. Subjective evaluations were conducted after 5 and 56 days of frozen storage for color, cohesiveness, muscle cut resemblance, overall appearance, tenderness, juiciness, connective tissue amount and flavor. Objective measurements included Hunter Color values, shear force, percentage cooking loss and Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) values. Results suggested that large flaked particles contributed to improved color and reduced cooking loss. Particle size had no effect on muscle cut resemblance, overall appearance, juiciness and flavor. Increased particle size was responsible for decreased tenderness, cohesiveness and TBA values but increased connective tissue amount.
Retinol kinetics in unsupplemented and vitamin A-retinoic acid supplemented neonatal rats: a preliminary model

Vitamin A (VA) metabolism in neonates is virtually uncharacterized. Our objective was to develop a compartmental model of VA metabolism in unsupplemented and VA-supplemented neonatal rats. On postnatal day 4, pups (n = 3/time) received 11,12-[3H]retinol orally, in either oil (control) or VA combined with retinoic acid (VARA) [VA (∼6 mg/kg body weight) + 10% retinoic acid]. Plasma and tissues were collected at 14 time points up to 14 days after dose administration. VARA supplementation rapidly, but transiently, increased total retinol mass in plasma, liver, and lung. It decreased the peak fraction of the dose in plasma. A multi-compartmental model developed to fit plasma [3H]retinol data predicted more extensive recycling of retinol between plasma and tissues in neonates compared with that reported in adults (144 vs. 12–13 times). In VARA pups, the recycling number for retinol between plasma and tissues (100 times) and the time that retinol spent in plasma were both lower compared with controls; VARA also stimulated the uptake of plasma VA into extravascular tissues. A VARA perturbation model indicated that the effect of VARA in stimulating VA uptake into tissues in neonates is both dramatic and transient.
A family of cuts for production systems

A family of three-cut operations for forward-chaining production systems is defined. These cut operations are specified in terms of their semantics from the expert systems developer point of view and as modifications to the abstract machine underlying forward-chaining systems. Although the presentation utilizes the OPS5 system as a typical forward-chaining system, the definitions are applicable also to other forward-chaining systems. The three-cut operations are cut, supercut, and semantic cut. All three cuts have the potential, if used properly, to increase the efficiency of expert systems implemented as production systems. >
Brief paper: Adaptive boundary control for unstable parabolic PDEs-Part III: Output feedback examples with swapping identifiers

We develop output-feedback adaptive controllers for two benchmark parabolic PDEs motivated by a model of thermal instability in solid propellant rockets. Both benchmark plants are unstable, have infinite relative degree, and are controlled from the boundary. One plant has an unknown parameter in the PDE and the other in the boundary condition. In both cases the unknown parameter multiplies the measured output of the system, which is obtained with a boundary sensor located on the ''opposite side'' of the domain from the actuator. In comparison with the Lyapunov output-feedback adaptive controllers in Krstic and Smyshlyaev [(2005). Adaptive boundary control for unstable parabolic PDEs-Part I: Lyapunov design. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, submitted for publication], the controllers presented here employ much simpler update laws and do not require a priori knowledge about the unknown parameters. We show how our two benchmarks examples can be combined and illustrate the adaptive stabilization design by simulation.
The genus Enderleina (Plecoptera: Perlidae)

Three new species of Enderleina Jewett, 1960, are described from Venezuela and several additional generic characters are suggested for this rarely collected group. E. flimi sp. n. and E. yano sp. n. are known from Cerro de la Neblina in southwestern Venezuela, and E. bonita sp. n. is known from the Rancho Grande area of Venezuela.
All-electric peristaltic vacuum pump utilizing electromagnetic and hydraulic actuation with a highly flexible latex membrane

This paper reports the development of the first, within our knowledge, all-electric pneumatic-less miniature vacuum mechanical roughing pump that operates in atmosphere and creates a sub-atmospheric absolute pressure down to a few 100's torr. The developed vacuum pump achieves high force and large deflection actuation that is critically needed for efficient vacuum generation, by utilizing large-force electromagnetic actuation and hydraulic micro-spot focusing, as well as a large-deflection latex polymer as a membrane material. The fabricated vacuum pump sequentially actuated multiple pump membranes in an actuation force of >616mN over a distance of >2mm; and achieved an absolute pressure of 424 torr (212 torr differential pressure from atmosphere) by evacuating a chamber volume of 1ml in 7 minutes. It operated at a frequency of 1Hz, consumed 3.6W of power, and its packaged dimension was 18×27×5.5mm3.
Working memory capacity and fluid abilities: Examining the correlation between Operation Span and Raven

The correlation between a measure of working memory capacity (WMC) (Operation Span) and a measure of fluid abilities (Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices) was examined. Specifically, performance on Raven problems was decomposed by difficulty, memory load, and rule type. The results suggest that the relation between Operation Span and Raven is fairly constant across levels of difficulty, memory load, and rule type. Thus, it appears something other than the number of things that can be held memory is important for the shared variance between these two tasks. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of attention control as a possible link between working memory capacity and fluid abilities.
Crisis Counselors’ Perceptions and Assessment of Suicidal Behavior Among Hurricane Survivors Receiving Crisis Counseling Services

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to assess the awareness of risk for suicidal behaviors and perspectives of Project Recovery counselors who provided crisis counseling services to hurricane survivors. METHODS: The Short Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Rating Interview-Extended, a quantitative disaster mental health measure, was used to assess distress and dysfunction to the recent hurricanes. Project Recovery counselor data were collected through a 22-item qualitative interview. RESULTS: Seven out of 207 clients (3.4%) endorsed the quantitative item measuring suicidal ideation. Clients who reported suicidal ideation had significantly higher scores on items indicating a loss of enjoyment, feelings of depression, feeling less able to handle stress, and other mental health items. Counselor responses fell into 5 major themes: Assessment and Action, Client Characteristics, Services, Counselor Training and Preparedness, and Future Directions. CONCLUSIONS: Suicidal behavior is a serious mental health emergency, yet it remains a challenging issue as suicidal behaviors are complex and disaster survivors with suicidal ideation may experience intense psychological reactions to the event. In order to provide competent care to survivors experiencing suicidal thoughts or behaviors, the need for counselors to receive adequate training in suicide assessment and management is essential. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;0:1-10). Language: en
Nanofiber-mediated inhibition of focal adhesion kinase sensitizes glioma stemlike cells to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition

Background. Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common glioma in adults and carries a poor prognosis, due to tumor recurrence despite aggressive treatment. Such relapse has been attributed to the persistence of glioma stemlike cells (GSCs), a subpopulation of glioma cells with stem cell properties. Thus, targeting these cells will be critical to achieving meaningful improvement in glioblastoma multiforme survival. We investigated the role of b1-integrin signaling as one such potential target. Methods. We used GSCs isolated from primary human gliomas and maintained in stem cell conditions. We manipulated b1-integrin signaling using a self-assembling peptide amphiphile (PA) displaying the IKVAV (isoleucine-lysine-valine-alanine-valine) epitope as well as lentiviral overexpression, and we assayed the effects on downstream effectors and apoptosis using immunofluorescence. Results. We show that b1-integrin expression correlates with decreased survival in glioma patients and that b1integrin is highly expressed by GSCs. The IKVAV PA potently increases immobilized b1-integrin at the GSC membrane, activating integrin-linked kinase while inhibiting focal adhesion kinase (FAK). The IKVAV PA induces striking apoptosis in GSCs via this FAK inhibition, which is enhanced in combination with inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Conversely, lentiviral overexpression of b1-integrin renders GSCs resistant to EGFR inhibition, which was overcome by FAK inhibition. Conclusions. These observations reveal a role for b1-integrin signaling through FAK in GSC treatment resistance and introduce self-assembling PAs as a novel new therapeutic approach for overcoming this resistance.
School Climate and Adolescent Drug Use: Mediating Effects of Violence Victimization in the Urban High School Context

This study tested the mediating effects of violence victimization in the relationship between school climate and adolescent drug use. The hypothesized path model fit data collected from a probability sample of urban high school students (N=586) participating in an evaluation of a violence prevention program funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Findings indicated that the lack of enforcement of school rules and the presence of unsafe places in and around the school influenced adolescent drug use directly and indirectly through their effects on violence victimization.Editors' Strategic Implications: This research confirms the importance of the environment as a contributor to violence victimization. Violence victimization is obviously of concern in its own right, but in addition, these data indicate that it also contributes to adolescent drug use. School administrators should be aware that unsafe places in schools and the failure to enforce school rules may affect such victimization and drug use. Language: en
Optimizing human oocyte cryopreservation for fertility preservation patients: should we mature then freeze or freeze then mature?

Objective To evaluate the maturation and post-thaw survival rates of immature oocytes to determine whether in vitro maturation (IVM) should be attempted prior to or after cryopreservation. Design Nonrandomized observational study. Setting Private academic and clinical reproductive center. Patient(s) Patients (n = 71) who donated immature unusable oocytes after vaginal oocyte retrieval (VOR) after undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation using a standard GnRH antagonist protocol. Intervention(s) Germinal vesicle (GV), metaphase I (MI), and metaphase II (MII) oocytes (n = 175) were obtained from consenting IVF patients for fresh IVM, post-thaw IVM, or control group. In the fresh IVM group, GV- and MI- stage oocytes (n = 69) were cultured for 24 hours, matured in vitro (IVM-MII), cryopreserved, thawed, and evaluated for survival. In the post-thaw IVM group, GV- and MI- stage oocytes (n = 27) were frozen on day 0, thawed, evaluated for survival, and cultured for 24-hour IVM. MII donor oocytes (n = 79) were cryopreserved and thawed as a control. Main Outcome Measure(s) Survival postfreeze and oocyte development to the MII stage was analyzed using a χ 2 analysis. Result(s) Fresh IVM had a significantly higher maturation rate than post-thaw IVM. Conclusion(s) Oocyte cryopreservation is important for patients at risk of ovarian cancer, elective fertility preservation, and, potentially, for ovum donation. The superior maturation rate of GV and MI oocytes in the fresh versus post-thaw groups provides strong evidence for maturing oocytes to the MII stage before cryopreservation.
Cardiac disease recognition in echocardiograms using spatio-temporal statistical models

In this paper we present a method of automatic disease recognition by using statistical spatio-temporal disease models in cardiac echo videos. Starting from echo videos of known viewpoints as training data, we form a statistical model of shape and motion information within a cardiac cycle for each disease. Specifically, an active shape model (ASM) is used to model shape and texture information in an echo frame. The motion information derived by tracking ASMs through a heart cycle is then represented compactly using eigen-motion features to constitute a joint spatio-temporal statistical model per disease class and observation viewpoint. Each of these models is then fit to a new cardiac echo video of an unknown disease, and the best fitting model is used to label the disease class. Results are presented that show the method can discriminate patients with hypokinesia from normal patients.
Ethical Theories and Metaethics

Let us examine various aspects of ethics. Ethics grant us the knowledge to synthesise, analyse, defend, explain, recommend or reject a thought or create a plan of action to follow the right path and avoid the wrong path. It differs from religion and law in some ways. While religions and laws give absolute, final and definitive dictates, ethics focus on issues attempting to clarify dilemmas and puzzles, providing answers and options to resolve a situation.
Turning performance in squid and cuttlefish: unique dual-mode, muscular hydrostatic systems.

Although steady swimming has received considerable attention in prior studies, unsteady swimming movements represent a larger portion of many aquatic animals' locomotive repertoire and have not been examined extensively. Squids and cuttlefishes are cephalopods with unique muscular hydrostat-driven, dual-mode propulsive systems involving paired fins and a pulsed jet. These animals exhibit a wide range of swimming behavior, but turning performance has not been examined quantitatively. Brief squid, Lolliguncula brevis, and dwarf cuttlefish, Sepia bandensis, were filmed during turns using high-speed cameras. Kinematic features were tracked, including the length-specific radius of the turn (R/L), a measure of maneuverability, and angular velocity (ω), a measure of agility. Both L. brevis and S. bandensis demonstrated high maneuverability, with (R/L)min values of 3.4×10(-3)±5.9×10(-4) and 1.2×10(-3)±4.7×10(-4) (mean±s.e.m.), respectively, which are the lowest measures of R/L reported for any aquatic taxa. Lolliguncula brevis exhibited higher agility than S. bandensis (ωa,max=725.8 versus 485.0 deg s(-1)), and both cephalopods have intermediate agility when compared with flexible-bodied and rigid-bodied nekton of similar size, reflecting their hybrid body architecture. In L. brevis, jet flows were the principal driver of angular velocity. Asymmetric fin motions played a reduced role, and arm wrapping increased turning performance to varying degrees depending on the species. This study indicates that coordination between the jet and fins is important for turning performance, with L. brevis achieving faster turns than S. bandensis and S. bandensis achieving tighter, more controlled turns than L. brevis.
Lane pricing via decision-theoretic lane changing model of driver behavior

We propose a new macroscopic model of traffic flow that incorporates multiple lanes, multiple populations of drivers, and local decision theoretic lane changing behavior. We show that the resulting nonlinear system of PDEs is weakly hyperbolic. We then use this model and an adjoint method to design tolling schemes to improve traffic flow on a two lane road example.
Terminal Guidance for Complex Drop Zones Using Massively Parallel Processing

Existing precision airdrop strategies almost exclusively use impact error in a flat target plane as the criterion for optimality. Practical airdrop systems must also include other criteria such as constraints imposed by terrain and challenging drop zones. Designing robust guidance strategies for drop zones with complex terrain is further complicated by the probabilistic nature of winds. The work described here develops a guidance strategy that uses massively parallel Monte Carlo simulations performed on a graphics processing unit to rank candidate trajectories through minimization of a flexible cost function that penalizes impact error based on a provided terrain map. Strengths of the proposed algorithm include: flexibility in designing mission optimality conditions, statistically robust trajectory solutions, and the ability to accommodate complex digital terrain data in terminal guidance solutions. Through simulation it is shown that the proposed massively parallel algorithm can provide robust terminal guidance even in severe terrain.