cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interstitial ATP and Norepinephrine Concentrations in Active Muscle

Background— Sympathetic nervous system activity increases with exercise in normal subjects. Heightened peripheral sympathetic nervous activity and the resultant increased neurovascular levels of norepinephrine (NE) evoke vasoconstriction and serve to maintain blood pressure and perfusion to vital organs. Previous work demonstrated that the interstitial ATP concentrations ([ATP]i) rise in contracting skeletal muscle, and it is known that sympathetic nerves have purinergic P2X receptors. Thus, in this report we tested the hypothesis that elevated ATP would stimulate these receptors and increase interstitial NE concentrations ([NE]i). Methods and Results— Muscle interstitial samples were collected from microdialysis probes inserted in the skeletal muscle of rats, and dialysate concentrations of ATP and NE were determined by the high-performance liquid chromatography method. Stretch (0.5 kg of tension) increased [ATP]i by 68% (P<0.05) and [NE]i by 45% (P<0.05) in active muscle. The rise in NEi was linearly li...
An x-ray investigation of DL-(ethylvalinate-N,N-diacetato)diaquocopper(II)

Abstract A single-crystal x-ray structure investigation of the DL form of (ethylvalinate-N,N-diacetato)diaquocopper(II) has been carried out. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n, with a = 7.50 ± 0.01, b = 28.60 ± 0.01, c = 7.50 ± 0.01 A β = 91.27 ± 0.01°, and Z = 4. Least-squares refinement on 1252 reflections with |Fo| > 3σ(F) resulted in a final discrepancy factor of 0.130. The stereochemistry around the copper is distorted octahedral, the equatorial co-ordination consisting of the tertiary nitrogen, the two acetate oxygens, and a water molecule. Here, the bonding distances to the metal range from 1.94(1) to 2.04(1) A. The second water molecule occupies an axial position at a greater distance from the metal (2.32(1) A, while the ether oxygen of the ester linkage occupies an opposite axial position, lying at 2.84(2) A from the metal. The ester carbonyl group is not co-ordinated. The ester chain is partially disordered, corresponding to a randomness of the two isomers.
The Leadership Covenant: Essential Factors for Developing Cocreative Relationships Within a Learning Community

Barriers are frequently encountered by leaders when attempting to redirect the collective focus in groups, organizations, and communities. Cocreative relationships occur when leaders and followers work together in a reciprocally responsible relationship based upon a common purpose. A leaming community is one in which members are actively involved in gaining skills and knowledge for contribution to the whole. Covenanting toward a common purpose, translating that intention into reality, and achieving success through the creation of synergistic relationships are foundational to the creation of transformal effects upon systems. Essential factors for developing such outcomes have been identified and can be actualized.
Strategic Planning at Carroll Community College.

Guided by clear planning principles, and under the custodial care of a governance council, the model strategic planning process at Carroll Community College is evidence-driven, connected to budget decisions, and continuously refreshed.
Sodium current-induced release of calcium from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum

The role of sodium-calcium exchange at the sarcolemma in the release of calcium from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum was investigated in voltage-clamped, isolated cardiac myocytes. In the absence of calcium entry through voltage-dependent calcium channels, membrane depolarization elicited release of calcium from ryanodine-sensitive internal stores. This process was dependent on sodium entry through tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels. Calcium release under these conditions was also dependent on extracellular calcium concentration, suggesting a calcium-induced trigger release mechanism that involves calcium entry into the cell by sodium-calcium exchange. This sodium current-induced calcium release mechanism may explain, in part, the positive inotropic effects of cardiac glycosides and the negative inotropic effects of a variety of antiarrhythmic drugs that interact with cardiac sodium channels. In response to a transient rise of intracellular sodium, sodium-calcium exchange may promote calcium entry into cardiac cells and trigger sarcoplasmic calcium release during physiologic action potentials.
Polymorphisms in ion channel genes: emerging roles in pain.

Why does one soldier, after sustaining a missile wound in the radial nerve on the battlefield, experience incapacitating neuropathic pain, while another, with a similar injury, complains of motor and sensory deficits in the absence of pain? Why is one patient with diabetic neuropathy disabled with neuropathic pain, while another patient with diabetic neuropathy of apparently similar severity experiences numbness or paraesthesias that are not painful? Pain is a complex phenomenon, mediated by transductive processes in the periphery, conduction to the spinal cord via first-order spinal sensory (dorsal root ganglion) neurons and processing at multiple higher levels that include the dorsal horn, thalamus and cortex. Multiple processes and molecules undoubtedly shape the perception of pain. Exciting progress, however, has recently been made in linking common variants of genes encoding two different ion channels within first-order sensory neurons along the pain pathway to inter-individual differences in pain. Discovery and characterization of these genetic variants, and of additional variants that will likely be identified in the future, open up the possibility of understanding more fully, at the molecular level, the processes that shape pain, and which may point the way to new therapeutic strategies. Ion channels play major roles in electrical signalling along the pain pathway; their central role in this process is underscored by the preferential expression within dorsal root ganglion neurons of three sodium channels, Nav1.7, Nav1.8 and Nav1.9, that are not expressed at high levels within the CNS (Cummins et al. , 2007). It is now well established that mutations of two ion channel genes can produce pain syndromes. The Nav1.7 sodium channel, which is preferentially expressed within dorsal root ganglion neurons including nocioceptors and sympathetic ganglion neurons (Djouhri et al. , 2003), displays slow inactivation in the closed-state near resting …
Lipid Metabolism in Adipose Tissue of Cows Fed High Fat Diets During Lactation

Abstract The adaptations of fat synthesis in adipose tissue to lactational state, rate of milk production, and dietary fat intake were determined for dairy cows. Lipo-genesis and esterification were determined in cows of average or high genetic merit for milk production and fed either a control TMR of corn silage, alfalfa, and concentrate (2.5% fat; 1.47 Mcal of NE L /kg); a TMR with whole cottonseeds replacing 12% of the concentrate (4.4% fat; 1.49 Mcal NE L /kg); or a TMR with 12% cottonseeds and 2.7% of Ca salts of fatty acids (6/0% fat; 1.53 Mcal of NE L /kg). Dietary treatments began on d 17 of lactation and continued for 288 d. Lipo-genesis and esterification decreased equally from 15 d prepartum to 15 d postpartum in all groups. Cows of high merit had lower rates of lipogenesis and esterification at d 60 than did low merit cows but had higher rates of lipogenesis at d 120. Rates of lipogenesis were decreased by dietary fat treatments. Esterification rates were lowest on the intermediate fat TMR and highest on the highest fat TMR. Lipogenesis was decreased logarithmically by dietary fat intake; this effect was greater as lactation progressed. Adipocyte size and body fat mass decreased during early lactation and then increased for all treatment groups. Supplemental dietary fat reduces de novo synthesis of fatty acid, and this effect increases as lactation progresses.
Vertebral body metastasis of glioblastoma multiforme with epidural mass formation contrast enhanced MRI study

A 35-year-old woman with left frontoparietal glioblastoma was subtotally resected twice and 1 year later demonstrated extracranial metastasis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated metastasis to the first thoracic vertebral body with epidural and paravertebral extension. Bone scintigrams of the spine appeared normal. The mechanisms and radiological findings of the extracranial metastasis of an astrocytic glioma are reviewed.
The notion of context in "Information Interaction in Context"

As a process, information interaction is (fairly) well defined; considerable amount of research is devoted to the topic in various areas, particularly in human information behavior and human-computer interaction. In contrast the notion of "context" in which this interaction takes place is ill or not defined and rarely researched -- mostly it is taken as a primitive term. Paul Watzlawick (1921-2007) facing a similar issue as to the notion of "communication" formulated five axioms in his theory of communication; the most famous is the first axiom: "One Cannot Not Communicate (Man kann nicht nicht kommunizieren)." [1]. Directly following Watzlawick's axioms, this address is an attempt to formulate five axioms related to "context" in information interaction. We start with an assumption that information interaction involves two distinct parties: an information system on the one hand, and an information user (or group of users) on the other hand. Systems and users are partners in interaction. Both have a context, but since there is no interaction without a user (or group), we concentrate here mostly with the user side of the context.Axiom 1: One cannot not have a context in information interaction. Every interaction is conducted within a context. Because context-less information interaction is impossible, it is not possible not to have a context.Axiom 2: Every interaction has a content and relationship aspect -- context is the later and classifies the former. It means that all interactions, apart from information derived from meaning of words or terms describing the content, have more information to be derived from context.Axiom 3: The nature of information interaction is asymmetric; it involves differing processes and interpretation by parties involved. Contexts are asymmetric as well. Systems context is primarily about meanings; user context is primarily about situations.Axiom 4: Context is multilayered. It extends beyond users or systems. In interactions it is customary to consider direct context, but context extends indirectly to broader social context also.Axiom 5: Context is not self-revealing, nor is it self-evident. Context may be difficult to formulate and synthesize. But plenty can go wrong when not taken into consideration in interactions.The problem of context is determining the conditions and circumstances that are relevant to a given information interaction; with this, the notion of information interaction context is connected with the notion of relevance in information science.
Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) by Natural Standard Research Collaboration

(2005). Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) by Natural Standard Research Collaboration. Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 79-93.
Fate of Applied Sulfate in Volcanic Ash-Influenced Forest Soils

Forests in the Inland. Northwest, USA, commonly show SO 4 deficiency, suggesting limited SO 4 availability in the soils. Regional soils, which lie between the east slopes of the northern Cascade Range and the west slopesof the northern Rocky Mountains, are influenced to varying degrees by poorly crystalline aluminosilicates and ferrihydrite, and are often classified as Andisols (Andosols). Research has shown that SO 4 retention is greatly influenced by Fe and Al oxides. However, little is known of the sorption behavior exhibited by poorly crystalline andic soils of the region. In this study we investigated the mineralogy and SO 4 sorption capacity of ash-influenced soils found in the Inland Northwest. Batch SO, adsorption experiments showed that up to 40% of added SO 4 was adsorbed. Furthermore, there were positive correlations between soil SO 4 adsorption capacity and increasing ash influence as measured by (i) the andic soil parameter %Al o + 0.5%Fe o (R 2 = 0.89), (ii) P retention (R 2 = 0.91), and (iii) NaF pH (R 2 = 0.48). Soil pH, total organic C (TOC), and percentage of clay showed insignificant or inconclusive relationships with SO, adsorption. Release of adsorbed SO 4 was significantly lower in volcanic ash-influenced soils as compared with non-ash soils, indicating a greater affinity for SO 4 . These results indicate that poorly crystalline aluminosilicates and Fe oxides significantly influence the amount of SO 4 present in forest soil solutions. Successful nutrient management plans must recognize the sorption behavior of these andic soils.
Biemsderfer plotter for field recording of structural measurements on equal area nets

Abstract The Biemsderfer plotter is a pie-shaped template anchored by a thumb-tack at the center of an equal area net. A 90° angle between its two arms allows one side to be laid parallel to the strike of a plane while the pole is plotted as a dot along the other arm. Variations for use with lineations are equally simple. Its chief virtue is field-friendly ease of producing hard-copy equal area plots while the geologist is still able to make further observations on the outcrop about each data class. These plotters may be low-tech tools but their use with some of the strategies described commonly produces a quantum leap in the quality of recognition and recording of field structural data.
Visible Reflectance Hyperspectral Imaging: Characterization of a Noninvasive, in Vivo System for Determining Tissue Perfusion

We characterize a visible reflectance hyperspectral imaging system for noninvasive, in vivo, quantitative analysis of human tissue in a clinical environment. The subject area is illuminated with a quartz-tungsten-halogen light source, and the reflected light is spectrally discriminated by a liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF) and imaged onto a silicon charge-coupled device detector. The LCTF is continuously tunable within its useful visible spectral range (525-725 nm) with an average spectral full width at half-height bandwidth of 0.38 nm and an average transmittance of 10.0%. A standard resolution target placed 5.5 ft from the system results in a field of view with a 17-cm diameter and an optimal spatial resolution of 0.45 mm. The measured reflectance spectra are quantified in terms of apparent absorbance and formatted as a hyperspectral image cube. As a clinical example, we examine a model of vascular dysfunction involving both ischemia and reactive hyperemia during tissue reperfusion. In this model, spectral images, based upon oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoblobin signals in the 525-645-nm region, are deconvoluted using a multivariate least-squares regression analysis to visualize the spatial distribution of the percentages of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin in specific skin tissue areas.
Development of a global cloud model for simulating earth-viewing space missions.

Existing global cloud models are improved and expanded so that they might be more effectively used in planning and evaluating potential earth-viewing space missions. A relationship is developed between the ground and satellite-derived cloud-amount frequency distributions. This relationship is used to improve internal consistency between the ground-observed unconditional statistics and the satellite-derived conditional statistics as tabulated in previous models. A statistical technique is developed which permits the scaling of the conditional statistics to time and distance separations other than those for which the data base is tabulated. A new technique to increase or decrease the representative area size of the statistical data base is developed. Both the scaling and area adjustment techniques are shown to represent significant improvements over the techniques previously employed.
Materials performance in coal gasification environments

Two exposures were carried out in the gasifier of the Westinghouse Process Development Unit to evaluate the performance of a wide variety of candidate construction materials for hostile high temperature, high pressure coal gasification environments. The test materials included highly alloyed iron-, cobalt-, and nickelbase alloys as well as packaluminized iron-base alloxs. The corrosion damage was assessed, and the corrosion processes taking place were investigated in order to interpret the data obtained from the surveillance tests. In addition, corrosion rates and mechanisms were compared between the two pilot plant exposures and a laboratory simulation test, to determine if laboratory data can be extrapolated to predict materials life in pilot plant environments. The results showed that although consistent kinetic data cannot be obtained by combining all three tests, materials performance can be evaluated qualitatively. Also, the corrosion mechanisms operating during the pilot plant exposures and the laboratory experiments were found to be similar.
Optical Absorption Enhancement in Freestanding GaAs Thin Film Nanopyramid Arrays

Although III–V compound semiconductor multi-junction cells show the highest effi ciency among all types of solar cells, their cost is quite high due to expensive substrates, long epitaxial growth and complex balance of system components. To reduce the cost, ultra-thin fi lms with advanced light management are desired. Here effective light trapping in freestanding thin fi lm nanopyramid arrays is demonstrated and multiple-times light path enhancement is realized, where only 160 nm thick GaAs with nanopyramid structures is equivalent to a 1 μ m thick planar fi lm. The GaAs nanopyramids are fabricated using a combination of nanosphere lithography, nanopyramid metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth, and gas-phase substrate removal processes. Excellent optical absorption is demonstrated over a broad range of wavelengths, at various incident angles and at large-curvature bending. Compared to an equally thick planar control fi lm, the overall number of photons absorbed is increased by about 100% at various incident angles due to signifi cant antirefl ection and light trapping effects. By implementing these nanopyramid structures, III–V material usage and deposition time can be signifi cantly reduced to produce high-effi ciency, low-cost thin fi lm III–V solar cells.
Quinn on punishment and using persons as means

In “The Right to Threaten and the Right to Punish,” Warren Quinn justifies punishment on the ground that it can be derived from the rights of persons to protect themselves against crime. Quinn, however, denies that a right of self-protection justifies the punishment of an aggressor solely on the ground that such punishment deters others from harming the victim of that aggression or others. He believes that punishment so justified would constitute a morally objectionable instance of using the punished individual as a means. Contrary to Quinn, I argue that (1) an individual can, on the very ground of a right to self-protection that Quinn ultimately relies upon to justify punishment, justify the punishment of an individual as a means of deterring others from committing crimes; and that (2) an individual or individuals (including state officials) can, on the ground of vindicating the right of protection that others possess, justify the punishment of an individual as a means of deterring others from committing crimes.
Hyperbaric oxygen and ovarian follicular stimulation for in vitro fertilization: a pilot study

Our objective was to assess the safety and tolerability of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) as an adjunct to IVF therapy in women with a poor prognosis for pregnancy in a prospective observational pilot study. We conclude that HBO is well tolerated by women undergoing IVF treatment and that further study is required to determine whether this is an efficacious adjuvant therapy for women being treated by IVF.
Thermal Ionization and Capture of Electrons Trapped in Semiconductors

The use of Coulombic wave functions rather than plane waves for the free electron states is found to increase the calculated rate of capture of electrons by a factor of about 200 at liquid helium temperatures. Results calculated for shallow traps in Ge and Si are now found to be consistent with the upper limit set on the photoconductive lifetime by the experiment of Burstein, Overly, and Davisson. The Born-Oppenheimer and Hartree approximations used in our calculations were found to yield identical results at low temperatures in these materials.
Glycemic control and intensive insulin protocols for neurologically injured patients.

Abstract Hyperglycemia is a common complication that many critically ill patients experience. The increase in serum glucose is known to result in higher mortality and morbidity rates. Recent research has established that there is a benefit in using tight glycemic control protocols for critically ill patients. However, whether treatment guidelines benefit all patient populations remains unclear. Specifically, neurological injuries are known to require adequate glucose to repair cerebral metabolism, making the idea of tight glycemic control controversial. This article will analyze current research relevant to the use of strict glycemic control protocols for the neurologically injured patient by comparing population characteristics, methods, and outcomes to determine whether there is enough evidence to support its implementation in advanced nursing practice.
Building uncommon community with a common book: The role of librarians as collaborators and contributors to campus reading programs

Abstract Library involvement with Campus Reading Experiences (CRE) at two community colleges and two 4-year institutions are described. Each chosen case study reflects a strong library presence in institutional level program planning and instructional development for deeper student learning related to the CRE. In particular, the case studies highlight the connections among librarians, student affairs professionals, and academic affairs administrators. Practical suggestions for how librarians can initiate this type of collaboration on their campus as well as advice for how librarians can take a more active role in already existing reading programs are provided.
Children's Activity Rating Scale (CARS): Description and Calibration

Abstract A five-level Children's Activity Rating Scale (CARS) was designed to categorize the intensity of physical activities and discriminate between levels of energy expenditure in young children. The CARS was used by trained observers over a 12-month period to assess physical activities of 3-4 year-old children during field observations. Agreement among observers using the CARS was 84.1% for 389 paired observation periods. The energy expenditure for each level was assessed by measuring VO2s and heart rates of 5-6 year-old children (12 boys, 13 girls) while they performed eight activities representing the CARS levels. Mean VO2s for the eight activities in Levels 1-5 ranged from 7.1 to 37.5 ml kg BW−1 min−1 (1 to 5.42 METS; 145% to 80.6% of VO2max). Mean heart rates ranged from 89 to 183 b min−1 for activities in Levels 1-5. VO2s and heart rates at each level were significantly different from all other levels. These data demonstrate that the CARS encompasses a wide range of energy expenditures, discrimin...
Beneficial effect of indomethacin on acid-induced esophagitis in cats.

Acid-induced esophageal injury in the cat, produced by infusion of 0.1 N HCl (1 ml/min for 30 min) on 4 consecutive days, has been shown previously to adversely affect lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure. We studied the role of prostaglandins in acid-induced esophagitis and the associated LES hypotension by simultaneous treatment of some animals with indomethacin (150 μg/kg intravenous), a specific inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, either during production of esophagitis or during recovery. LES pressures and esophageal histology were compared to control groups which received acid alone. Indomethacin treatment resulted in more rapid healing of the esophageal inflammation and prevented or promptly corrected the esophagitis-associated LES hypotension. These studies provide further evidence that prostaglandins play an important role in the pathogenesis of acid-induced esophagitis and LES hypotension and raise the possibility that indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, may be of benefit in prevention or therapy of esophagitis.
ANTONIO GRAMSCI'S MARXISM: CLASS, STATE AND WORK*

Three things are attempted in this paper: to locate (briefly) Gramsci's Marxism in its historical context; to describe Gramsci's Marxism as an attempt at the creation of a theory of advanced capitalist society, especially in his treatment of the central concepts and/or realities of class, state and work; and to evaluate the limitations of his Marxism as a critical theory of society, specifically his discussion of work, sexuality and technology. The paper develops Gramsci's concepts of the historical bloc, his use of historicism, the importance of organic intellectuals and his concept of hegemony and its relation to the modalities of class rule, and suggests that these are aspects of a stunning and new critical theory of society. His analysis of work, however, was ultimately based on a Taylorist conception of productive technology and of the social relations and organization which necessitated the “regulation” of human (sexual) instincts in the divorce of mind from body, object from subject and, ultimately, theory from practice. This reintroduced through the back door the Hegelian duality between thought and being. I stress the conservative implications of these formulations and conclude that Gramsci's analysis lacked both an holistic discussion of work and a critical analysis of production-as-technique. The totality is the territory of the dialectic Georg Lukacs
Arsenic- and selenium-induced changes in spectral reflectance and morphology of soybean plants

Abstract Soybean (Glycine max) plants were grown in hydroponic solutions treated with high concentrations of either arsenic or selenium. Spectral reflectance changes in arsenic-dosed plants included a shift to shorter wavelengths in the long-wavelength edge of the chlorophyll absorption band centered at 680 nm (the red edge) and higher reflectance in the 550–650 nm region. These results are consistent with vegetation reflectance anomalies observed in previous greenhouse experiments and in airborne radiometer studies. The selenium-dosed plants contrast, exhibited a shift to longer wavelengths of the red edge and lower reflectance between 550 nm and 650 wh when compared with control plants. Morphological effects of arsenic uptake included lower overall biomass, stunted and discolored roots, and smaller leaves oriented more vertically than leaves of control plants. Selenium-dosed plants also displayed morphological changes, but root and leaf biomass were less affected than were those of arsenic-dosed plants when compared to control plants.
Living with mental illness: A personal experience

Having lived with a bipolar disorder for nearly 20 years, I discuss my personal struggles with the discrimination, blame, and guilt frequently associated with having a mental illness. I have experienced failed aspirations, feelings of self-depreciation, depression, and denial—all associated with stigma. Stigma has contributed to loss of jobs, loss of status in the community, and loss of health insurance. I have found that one way to cope with stigma is to fully disclose my illness to family, friends, and my employer. I have also found satisfaction in opposing stigma through mental health advocacy.
Debittering Casein Hydrolysates with Octadecyl‐Siloxane (C18) Columns

Three casein hydrolysates (degree of hydrolysis (DH) of 23, 47, and 65.5 (%)) were debittered using three different hydrophobic adsorption columns, C18, C8, and phenolic resin (PR). Higher DH hydrolysates resulted in higher total nitrogen yields through the debittering process. The C18 and PR columns had more effective debittering than the C8 column, which had the highest processing yield. The PR column had much lower processing yield than the C18 column. Q-value correlated with bitterness in the hydrolysates. Antigenicity of treated hydrolysates was reduced by the debittering process.
Thermionic cathodes for Kaufman thrusters.

ACCORDING to our experience with Kaufman thrusters, •£*• use of thermionic cathodes is conducive to high efficiency in the ion production process of the thruster discharge. At this Laboratory, a 15-cm Kaufman thruster was recently operated with an energy expenditure of only 170 ev per expelled ion at 85% mass utilization. Oxide cathodes, therefore, would seem very desirable as discharge electron sources, except that their durability has been in doubt until now. This Note describes some recent progress with reliable thermionic cathodes with long life for use in Kaufman thrusters. Mercury discharges affect oxide cathodes primarily through sputter erosion.' The active BaO coating is removed at rates on the order of monolayers every few seconds. Hence, ordinary coatings (about 10 ~ cm thick) will be consumed in several hundred hours. More durable oxide cathodes with a life expectancy on the order of 10,000 hr require coatings ^0.5 cm thick. Unfortunately, such layers heat up under emission-current passage because of their considerable electrical impedance. The rising temperature leads to an increase in emission current, which in turn produces more heat. This constitutes thermal runaway and ultimately leads to destruction of the emissive layer. One approach to reconcile the conflicting demands for a large storage of BaO and a layer with low resistivity is to use a ribbon-shaped emitter folded into a compact unit and exposed to the discharge with its sharp edge. Ions arriving in front of the cathode can be expected to penetrate the cathode folds and hit the cathode ribbon distributed over the entire surface. With a ribbon surface that is about ten times as large as the front surface, the erosion rates will be reduced by approximately an order of magnitude. Accordingly, the coating thickness can be smaller by the same factor. "Flower cathodes" using this principle have operated for 1000 hr with no signs of thermal runaway and with a major portion of their BaO coating left intact; however, their ultimate life expectancy falls short of 10,000 hr. A second approach pursued earlier utilizes a thick slab of BaO rendered less resistive with threads of conductive material. The emission currents can be expected to follow the conductive paths up to the emitting surface, where they branch out into the individual BaO grains and are emitted. This concept led to the "disk cathode/' which utilizes conducting disks between layers of BaO. The disks must be extremely thin (<10~~ cm) so that they wear down uniformly with the BaO under ion impact, and they must be extremely closely spaced (<10~ cm) to provide the necessary electrical and heat conductivities. In practice, such small dimensions are difficult to achieve, and test cathodes with a coarser disk arrangement encountered heat-conduction problems.
Phase contrast microscopy. Diagnosis of ghost cell glaucoma following cataract extraction

Ghost cell glaucoma may be suspected when intraocular pressure remains elevated following vitreous hemorrhage. Vitrectomy provides relief of the glaucoma and an improvement in vision. The vitrectomy specimen offers confirmation of the clinical diagnosis when examined by phase contrast microscopy.
Radiotherapy alone or combined with surgery for salivary gland carcinoma

BACKGROUND The authors analyzed the outcomes of patients treated with radiotherapy (RT) alone or combined with surgery for carcinoma of the salivary glands. METHODS Between October 1964 and June 2003, 224 previously untreated patients were treated with curative intent with RT alone (n = 64) or combined with surgery (n = 160) at the University of Florida College of Medicine (Gainesville, FL). The median follow-up period was 5.0 years (range, 0.4–31.6 years). RESULTS The 10-year local control rate was 75%. Multivariate analysis of local control revealed that T classification (P < 0.0001) and treatment group (P < 0.0001) impacted this end point. Patients treated with surgery and adjuvant RT had improved local control compared with patients treated with RT alone. The 10-year locoregional control rate was 68%. Multivariate analysis of locoregional control revealed that overall stage (P < 0.0001) and treatment group (P = 0.0002) significantly influenced this end point. The 10-year distant metastasis-free survival rate was 68%. Multivariate analysis of distant metastasis-free survival revealed that overall stage (P < 0.0001) significantly influenced this end point. The 10-year cause-specific and overall survival rates were 57% and 44%, respectively. Multivariate analysis of cause-specific survival revealed that overall stage (P < 0.0001) significantly impacted this end point. Twenty-three patients (10%) experienced severe complications. CONCLUSIONS A substantial proportion of patients with salivary gland carcinoma were cured with surgery combined with adjuvant RT. RT alone was used for patients with unresectable tumors and cured approximately 20% of those with advanced-stage disease. The probability of cure was influenced by the extent of disease and treatment group. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Review of Concepts and Approaches to Complexity

The objective of this paper is to review research dealing with the role of complexity in functions and tasks commonly allocated to the operators/users. This topic is complex and not well-structured. We have reviewed principal approaches to provide better structure for the psychological domain of complexity. The research reviewed is partitioned into three categories: procedural, cognitive, and conceptual complexity. What we were after in the review was to find quantifiable attributes of complexity in cognitive tasks and skills and how to use these attributes to manage complexity during system design.
Automated Configuration of Component-based Distributed Real-time and Embedded Systems from Feature Models

Abstract Component-based distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) systems facilitate the reuse of software artifacts across applications. To achieve a high-level of reuse, component-based DRE systems leverage late binding to allow dynamic system assembly at deployment time ( e.g. , via configuration scripts) rather than statically at compile-time. The complexity of deriving a correct manual configuration of an arbitrary set of components, however, is a key source of system failures, downtime, and missed deadlines. This paper presents a model-driven engineering tool called Fresh that uses (1) feature models to codify the configuration rules of components, (2) a constraint solver to derive a correct application configuration, and (3) an XML annotation engine to inject configuration decisions from the constraint solver directly into an application configuration. We use an avionics mission computing case study based on the Lightweight CORBA Component Model (CCM) to (1) demonstrate the complexities of configuring components in/out of a component-based application and (2) motivate the reduction in the configuration complexity when Fresh is used. The results show that Fresh achieves ~80-90% reduction in manual configuration effort, while also ensuring that the derived configuration is correct with respect to application configuration constraints and QoS requirements.
From Kuiper Belt Object to Cometary Nucleus: The Missing Ultrared Matter

We combine new and published data to show that the optical color distributions of cometary nuclei and Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) are significantly different. The nuclei are, as a group, bluer than the KBOs, indicating that the surface chemical and/or physical properties of the two types of bodies are different. Objects in the dynamically intermediate Centaur class have optical colors like those of KBOs, while the color distribution of candidate dead comets is indistinguishable from that of the cometary nuclei. We infer that the surfaces of KBOs are modified upon entry to the inner solar system. We consider several mechanisms and conclude that the color change is most likely caused by the rapid burial of ancient surface materials exposed in the Kuiper belt. The distinctive, ultrared material that is present on the surfaces of some KBOs is absent on the cometary nuclei.
Swellable Coatings for Hearing Aid Applications

The problem of acoustic feedback in hearing aids could be solved potentially by applying a compliant hydrogel to the outer surface that would conform to the ear canal and block feedback. With this objective, several formulations of hydrogels were developed and their swelling and mechanical properties investigated. Hydrogel formulations were polymerized from hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and N-vinyl-pyrrolidone (NVP), with various photo-initiators, crosslinkers, and swelling agents. The hydrogel that swelled most rapidly and yet remained undissolved in water had a monomer composition of 40 mol% HEMA, 60 mol% NVP, with 1 wt% polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a crosslinker, and 0.5 wt% 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl-acetophenone as the photo-initiator. The tensile modulus, strength, hardness, and durability of the dry hydrogels were not a strong function of composition. In the swollen state, the mechanical properties were much reduced. The potential use of these materials on hearing aids has been discussed in this article.
Finite fuel Wiener-Poisson control

This control problem has a one-dimensional Wiener plus independent Poisson noise with bounds on the control, as well as finite fuel (bounded variation of control). The object is to minimize the distance from the origin in accord with a specified symmetric function. Sufficient conditions are given so that the Bellman equations have a modified bang-bang solution for the optimal control. Fuel is used in accord with this control until either the time runs out, or the fuel is exhausted. The finite and infinite horizon cases are treated separately.
Seasonal variation in the molt status of an oceanic copepod

Abstract The timing of diapause, or suppressed development, in the dominant California Current copepod Calanus pacificus was examined in two ways. Diapause timing was inferred from changes in the abundance of deep, diapausing C. pacificus over a full year at a station off southern California, USA. Jaw phase and ecdysteroid content, indicators of molt cycle status in C. pacificus, were also examined to determine if shifts toward early molt phases, as are observed in diapausing Calanus, were also found among surface C. pacificus during periods when the abundance of deep, diapausing C. pacificus was increasing. The abundance of diapausing C. pacificus in deep water increased from June to mid-October, then declined from October to March. The percentage of surface-living C. pacificus CV with postmolt jaws, the earliest jaw phase, was significantly higher from June to mid-October than at other times. The ecdysteroid content of surface-living C. pacificus CV was also significantly lower during June to mid-October than during late October to May. Both of these changes indicate a shift to earlier molt phases in surface-living C. pacificus CV during periods of onset of diapause. However, the molt status of surface CV was variable from June to mid-October, suggesting that preparation for diapause was spatially or temporally heterogeneous. Hypotheses about environmental cues that induce diapause were evaluated, although the effect of cues on possibly sensitive stages could not be considered. The abundance of diapausing C. pacificus increased during a period of warm upper water column temperature and generally high and declining photoperiod; however, evaluation of the cues inducing diapause was inconclusive.
Disassembly of the zonula occludens during amphibian neurulation.

Thin-section and freeze-fracture experiments conducted on Rana pipiens embryos reveal that the zonula occludens disassembles in an orderly fashion during neurulation. Early features of tight junction dedifferentiation include an attenuation of junctional elements and the appearance of intramembrane particles in the normally, particle-free, furrowed aspect of the E face. Quickly, the junction then fragments into domains leading to a breakdown in the permeability barrier. These domains are composed of short, fibrillar remnants and particulate arrays in P-face profile. E-Face images disclose fewer particulated furrows. Ultimately, junctional components associated with both faces of the membrane disappear leaving randomly scattered gap junctions in their wake. Although the mechanism(s) regulating disassembly are unknown, changes in the interactions between tight junction subunits are suspected to be involved. A redistribution of intramembrane particles between the apical and lateral cell surfaces of the developing neuroepithelium also accompanies tight junction disassembly. The embryonic surface, which displays a uniform population of 120 A particles, is transformed into the neuroepithelial surface comprised of a heterogeneous class (80–120 A) of particles that is indistinguishable from the intramembrane particles in the lateral cell membranes. It is believed that changes in membrane polarity occur as the zonula occludens disassembles.
The effect of conformation on the solution stability of linear vs. cyclic RGD peptides.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between conformational flexibility and solution stability of a linear RGD peptide (Arg-Gly-Asp-Phe-OH; 1) and a cyclic RGD peptide (cyclo-(1, 6)-Ac-Cys-Arg-Gly-Asp-Phe-Pen-NH2; 2); as a function of pH. Previously, it was found that cyclic peptide 2 was 30-fold more stable than linear peptide 1. Therefore, this study was performed to explain the increase in chemical stability based on the preferred conformation of the peptides. Molecular dynamics simulations and energy minimizations were conducted to evaluate the backbone flexibility of both peptides under simulated pH conditions of 3, 7 and 10 in the presence of water. The reactive sites for degradation for both molecules were also followed during the simulations. The backbone of linear peptide 1 exhibited more flexibility than that of cyclic peptide 2, which was reflected in the rotation about the phi and psi dihedral angles. This was further supported by the low r.m.s. deviations of the backbone atoms for peptide 2 compared with those of peptide 1 that were observed among structures sampled during the molecular dynamics simulations. The presence of a salt bridge between the side chain groups of the Arg and Asp residues was also indicated for the cyclic peptide under simulated conditions of neutral pH. The increase in stability of the cyclic peptide 2 compared with the linear peptide 1, especially at neutral pH, is due to decreased structural flexibility imposed by the ring, as well as salt bridge formation between the side chains of the Arg and Asp residues in cyclic peptide 2. This rigidity would prevent the Asp side chain carboxylic acid from orienting itself in the appropriate position for attack on the peptide backbone.
Functional Comorbidity Index in Sleep Apnea

Objectives(1) Measure the association between the Functional Comorbidity Index (range, 0-18) and physical function health status (SF-36 Physical Function domain), general physical health status (SF...
Rotor blade aeroelasticity in forward flight with an implicit aerodynamic formulation

This paper describes a new methodology for formulating the aeroelastic stability and response problem for helicopter rotor blades. The mathematical expressions for the aerodynamic loads heed not be explicit functions of the blade displacement quantities. The methodology is combined with a finite-element model of the blade and a quasilinearization solution technique. The resulting computer program is used to study the behavior of blades with noncoincident elastic axis, aerodynamic centers, and centers of mass.
Plant extracts containing caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid inhibit zoospore germination of Phytophthora spp. pathogenic to Theobroma cacao

The three most important species of Phytophthora worldwide causing black pod disease of cacao are P. palmivora, P. megakarya, and P. capsici. Chemicals are effective in controlling this disease but more natural methods would be preferred. One alternative is to use natural plant extracts. Rosemary and lavender leaf extracts were found to be effective in reducing germination of P. capsici, P. megakarya, and P. palmivora zoospores when supplemented to agar plates at different dilutions. The extracts displayed the biggest impact on P. megakarya zoospores where it completely inhibited germination at a 25% dilution of the prepared extract. When applied to cacao leaf disks, rosemary extract reduced necrosis caused by P. megakarya zoospores. In a bioassay, pears first treated with lavender extract showed no symptoms of P. megakarya infection compared with the non-treated controls. Based upon HPLC analyses, the active compound in these extracts was determined to be caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid or some simple derivative thereof. When added to agar plates, synthetic caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid completely inhibited germination of P. capsici, P. megakarya, and P. palmivora zoospores at concentrations of 3 and 6 g l−1, respectively. In addition, sage and rice bran extracts, which both contain caffeic acid, were also effective in reducing zoospore germination. In contrast, inhibition of Botrytis cinerea or Trichoderma asperellum conidia germination did not occur, displaying some level of specificity. These extracts could provide an economically safe method for reducing damage caused by black pod disease on cacao until resistant varieties are developed and released.
Reviews of Science for Science Librarians: Hydraulic Fracturing: Geological, Engineering, and Environmental Literature

Hydraulic fracturing, an engineering process used to access previously unreachable reservoirs of oil and natural gas, is currently the subject of much interest and debate in local and national media. This article examines the literature of hydraulic fracturing from geological, engineering, and environmental perspectives. This growing body of literature includes academic journals, trade publications, newspaper and magazine articles, and websites.
The Golden Pathway to Thiolate-Stabilized Nanoparticles: Following the Formation of Gold (I) Thiolate from Gold (III) Chloride

Pathways for the formation of gold thiolate complexes from gold(III) chloride precursors AuCl4– and AuCl3 are examined. This work demonstrates that two distinct reaction pathways are possible; which pathway is accessible in a given reaction may depend on factors such as the residue group R on the incoming thiol. Density functional theory calculations using the BP86 functional and a polarized triple-ζ basis set show that the pathway resulting in gold(III) reduction is favored for R = methyl. A two-to-one ratio of thiol or thiolate to gold can reduce Au(III) to Au(I), and a three-to-one ratio can lead to polymeric Au(SR) species, which was first suggested by Schaaff et al. J. Phys. Chem. B, 1997, 101, 7885 and later confirmed by Goulet and Lennox J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132, 9582. Most transition states in the pathways examined here have reasonable barrier heights around 0.3 eV; we find two barrier heights that differ substantially from this which suggest the potential for kinetic control in the first step...