cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estrophilin: Pro and anti

Abstract Antibodies to the estrogen-receptor protein (estrophilin) of calf uterus have been prepared in the rabbit, the goat and two strains of rat. Because these antibodies react with the receptor without preventing or displacing estradiol binding, antibody-antigen interaction is demonstrated and studied conveniently by its effect on the gel filtration and sedimentation properties of estrophilin, using radioactive estradiol as a marker. Antibodies to the nuclear form of calf uterine estrophilin produced in the rabbit and the goat cross react with nuclear as well as extranuclear estradiol-receptor complexes from reproductive tissues of every species tested; antiestrophilin obtained recently in the ACI rat appears similarly cross reactive. In contrast, antiestrophilin generated in the Lewis rat reacted only with receptor from calf uterus. Polyethylene glycol-mediated fusion of spleen cells from the immunized Lewis rat with three different mouse myeloma lines produced viable hybridoma cultures yielding monoclonal hybridoma cell lines secreting either rat IgG or IgM. which react specifically with calf uterine estrophilin. Production and cloning of hybridomas derived from spleen cells of the ACI rat, in an attempt to obtain cross reacting monoclonal antibody, are in progress. This assortment of either cross reacting or species-specific antibodies to estrophilin, especially those produced by monoclonal hybridomas, offers immunochemical approaches to receptor assay and purification as well as novel probes of receptor structure and function, including the question of whether estrophilin is synthesized in target cells by way of a proestrophilin incapable of binding steroid.
Impact of dietary amino acids and polyamines on intestinal carcinogenesis and chemoprevention in mouse models

Colon cancer in humans is influenced by both genetic and dietary risk factors. The majority of colon cancers have somatic mutations in the APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) tumour-suppressor gene. Dietary arginine enhances the risk of APC-dependent colon carcinogenesis in mouse models by a mechanism involving NOS2 (nitric oxide synthase 2), as elimination of NOS2 alleles suppresses this phenotype. DFMO (difluoromethylornithine), a specific inhibitor of polyamine synthesis, also inhibits dietary arginine-induced colon carcinogenesis in C57BL/6J- Apc Min /J mice. The primary consequence of dietary arginine is to increase the adenoma grade in these mice. Either loss of NOS2 alleles or inhibition of polyamine synthesis suppresses the arginine-induced increase in adenoma grade. In addition to promoting intestinal carcinogenesis, polyamines can also reduce the efficacy of certain intestinal cancer chemopreventive agents. The NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) sulindac is a potent inhibitor of intestinal carcinogenesis in the C57BL/6J- Apc Min /J mouse model and is used to treat humans with FAP (familial adenomatous polyposis). Dietary putrescine reduces the ability of sulindac to suppress intestinal tumorigenesis in the mouse model. These data suggest that reducing polyamine metabolism and dietary polyamine levels may enhance strategies for colon cancer chemoprevention.
Driver stress as influenced by driving maneuvers and roadway conditions

Excess stress can influence driving performance and increase crash likelihood. The level of stress can also vary based on different driving conditions. Past research has not differentiated among these conditions, but rather has focused on individual driver differences. The goal of this study is to understand how different driving tasks and roadway conditions may influence the stress perceived by drivers. This was accomplished using data from a survey that assessed drivers' stress under various road, traffic and weather-related scenarios. Factor analytic techniques were used to find groups of driving scenarios that generate similar stress levels in drivers. The results revealed four scenarios that were categorized in terms of (1) weather, (2) visibility, (3) interactions with other drivers, and (4) driving tasks. Ordered logistic regression models were then used to determine the effect of socioeconomic characteristics, trip behavior, and crash history for different stressful driving scenarios. Increases in stress with these four factors were influenced by age and gender, with females being more likely to report higher levels of stress than males. The effect of age varied in that older drivers generally reported higher stress levels, except when interacting with other drivers. Drivers with a history of crashes reported significantly higher stress levels when there was limited visibility, in adverse weather, and while performing common driving tasks. The results revealed that stress depends not only on driver characteristics, but also on the specific driving environment.
Cell-centered particle weighting algorithm for PIC simulations in a non-uniform 2D axisymmetric mesh

Abstract Standard area weighting methods for particle-in-cell simulations result in systematic errors on particle densities for a non-uniform mesh in cylindrical coordinates. These errors can be significantly reduced by using weighted cell volumes for density calculations. A detailed description on the corrected volume calculations and cell-centered weighting algorithm in a non-uniform mesh is provided. The simple formulas for the corrected volume can be used for any type of quadrilateral and/or triangular mesh in cylindrical coordinates. Density errors arising from the cell-centered weighting algorithm are computed for radial density profiles of uniform, linearly decreasing, and Bessel function in an adaptive Cartesian mesh and an unstructured mesh. For all the density profiles, it is shown that the weighting algorithm provides a significant improvement for density calculations. However, relatively large density errors may persist at outermost cells for monotonically decreasing density profiles. A further analysis has been performed to investigate the effect of the density errors in potential calculations, and it is shown that the error at the outermost cell does not propagate into the potential solution for the density profiles investigated.
Kierkegaard on History and Faith

Christianity, as everyone knows, is a historical religion — historical because belief in Christianity involves belief in various claims about what happened in the past. This seems simple enough, but it really is not. For the more that one thinks about it, the more complex this ‘historical’ aspect of Christianity becomes. One's faith in Christianity involves beliefs about the man Jesus, to be sure; yet how can one's beliefs about the past save anyone? Does God judge people on the basis of the opinions that they hold, and only choose for his kingdom those who hold correct opinions about the historical Jesus? If that were the case, one would expect tremendous interest in historical research on the life of Jesus; people would be desperate to find out all that they could know.
Ultrafast Imaging of Wakefields

We report holographic "snapshots" of laser-generated wakefields that capture transverse and longitudinal structure of multiple wake periods, detect structure variations as laser-plasma parameters change, and resolve wavefront curvature, features never previously observed.
Dynamic displacements and stresses in the vicinity of a cylindrical cavity embedded in a half‐space

The two-dimensional response of a viscoelastic half-space containing a buried, unlined, infinitely long cylindrical cavity of circular cross-section subjected to harmonic plane SH, P, SV and Rayleigh waves is obtained by an indirect boundary integral method based on the two-dimensional Green's functions for a viscoelastic half-space. An extensive critical review of the existing numerical results obtained by other techniques is presented together with some new numerical results describing the motion on the ground surface and the motion and stresses on the wall of the cavity for P, SV, SH and Rayleigh waves.
Short‐period variations of oceanographic characteristics in the western North Atlantic

The existence of short-period variations of oceanographic characteristics at fixed levels in the oceanic basins has been demonstrated by various investigators (Bjorn Helland-Hansen and Fridtjof Nansen, The eastern North Atlantic, Geofysiske Publikasjoner, v. 4, No. 2, 1926, 71 pages; Bjorn Helland-Hansen, Report of the scientific results of the Michael Sars North Atlantic deep-sea expedition 1910—Physical oceanography and meteorology, Part 1 (text), 1930, 115 pages; Albert Defant, Die Gezeiten und inneren Gezeitenwellen des Atlantischen Ozeans, Wiss. Ergeb. Deutschen Atlant. Exped. Meteor 1925–1927, v. 7, Part 1, 1932, 318 pages). But since such information is scanty, a study of the question in the western North Atlantic was begun with the establishment of Station 2639 (66° 25′ west, 35° 07′ north) by the Atlantis July 9 to 13, 1936. (For details of the operation of this Station and complete discussion of the results, see H. R. Seiwell, Short-period vertical oscillations in the western basin of the North Atlantic, Papers Phys. Oceahogr. and Met., v. 5, No. 2, in press.)
Spontaneous anastomosis between surgically closed intestinal loops.

Nach atypisch durchgefuhrter Darmresektion wurden an 6 Patienten Spontan-Anastomosen beobachtet. Die Darmenden wurden vernaht oder abgebunden und die geschlossenen Segmente an den Enden angenahert. Eine beginnende Einschmelzung der Trennungswande wurde zwischen dem 9. und 51. Tag beobachtet. Sehr ahnliche Resultate wurden an nachThiry-Vella isolierten Darmschlingen erzielt. Die Bedingungen fur das Auftreten von Spontan-Anastomosen werden diskutiert.
Modeling of high-density plasma sources

The two-dimensional, axisymmetric model of a bounded, partially ionized, magnetized glow discharge plasma is presented. The model treats positive ions as particles and electrons as a fluid in a hybrid configuration. The results reported here are directed towards simulating an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR), microwave-sustained plasma. Results include predictions of plasma density and potential, electron temperature and ion flux and energy. Models such as the one presented here have the potential to be used by plasma process engineers and plasma tool designers.
Grazing and assimilation rate estimates of hydromedusae from a temperate tidal creek system

Previous research implicates gelatinous zooplankton grazing for reducing microzooplankton populations and influencing pelagic carbon fluxes. The principal objective of this study was to determine in situ ingestion rates and assimilation efficiencies for seasonal hydromedusae populations in North Inlet, SC, USA. Hydromedusae collected during July 2005, 2006 and January 2006 were exposed to natural plankton communities that were previously radiolabeled with 14C. Ingestion rates and assimilation efficiencies were calculated from measurements of hydromedusae tissue radioactivity after ingestion and egestion, respectively. Net tows determined that the numerically dominant gelatinous predators in this system were Bougainvillia muscus (July 2005, 2006) and Nemopsis bachei (January 2006). Summer ingestion rates for B. muscus significantly increased with increased temperature, but there was no effect of temperature on winter ingestion rates for N. bachei, suggesting temperature responses are species specific. Moreover, there was a significant species effect on ingestion rates for July 2006. Hydromedusae assimilation efficiencies are relatively constant throughout the year and are not significantly affected by temperature, species, or season. Seasonal differences in grazing are likely a function of the pelagic community and temperature-dependent metabolism. These results coupled with seasonal hydromedusae abundance data imply summer populations of hydromedusae graze more heavily on prey than winter populations, while also assimilating more carbon into predator tissue. Effects of hydromedusae predation may include modification of trophic structure, shifts in algal community composition, and decline in ecosystem stability, leading to impacts on sustainable commercial fisheries.
Monitoring shared virtual memory performance on a Myrinet-based PC cluster

Network-connected clusters of PCs or workstations are becoming a widespread parallel computing platform. Performance methodologies that use either simulation or high-level software instrumentation cannot adequately measure the detailed behavior of such systems. The availability of new network technologies based on programmable network interfaces opens a new avenue of research in analyzing and improving the performance of software shared memory protocols. We have developed monitoring firmware embedded in the programmable network interfaces of a Myrinet-based PC cluster. Timestamps on network packets facilitate the collection of low-level statistics on, e.g., network latencies, interrupt handler times and inter-node synchronization. This paper describes our use of the low-level software performance monitor to measure and understand the performance of a Shared Virtual Memory (SVM) system implemented on a Myrinetbased cluster, running the SPLASH-2 benchmarks. We measured time spent in various communication stages during the main protocol operations: remote page fetch, remote lock synchronization, and barriers. These data show that remote request contention in the network interface and hosts can serialize their handling and artificially increase the page miss time. This increase then dilates the critical section within which it occurs, increasing lock contention and causing lock serialization. Furthermore, lock serialization is reflected in the waiting time at barriers. These results of our study sharpen and deepen similar but higher-level speculations in previous simulation-based SVM performance research. Moreover, the insights about different layers, including communication architecture, SVM protocol, and applications, on real systems provide guidelines for better designs in those layers.
Apparel Sizing As it Relates to Women Age Sixty-five Plus

The purposes of this study were (a) to compare body measurements of women 65 years of age or older to body measurements listed for commercial basic patterns and Voluntary Product Standard PS 42-70 and (b) to produce computerized basic patterns from these 65-plus measurements and to compare them with commercial basic patterns. Participants were 104 volunteer, ambulatory women, age 65 years or older, residing in residential housing or life-care communities in Texas. Vertical and horizontal body measurements were taken from a computerized Body Graph Measuring Device placed on the participant. Sample computerized patterns were drafted for sizes in which five or more participants were included. Findings showed differences between the measurements of the sample and the measurements ofPS 42-70 and commercial basic apparel patterns. Due to the variation of the body measurements and diversity ofposture of the 65-plus woman, needed adjustments were not confined to vertical and horizontal measurements but included a...
Mesoscopic fluorescence tomography of a photosensitizer (HPPH) 3D biodistribution in skin cancer.

Rationale and Objectives Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising strategy for treating cancer. PDT involves three components: a photosensitizer (PS) drug, a specific wavelength of drug-activating light, and oxygen. A challenge in PDT is the unknown biodistribution of the PS in the target tissue. In this preliminary study, we report the development of a new approach to image in three dimensions the PS biodistribution in a noninvasive and fast manner. Materials and Methods A mesoscopic fluorescence tomography imaging platform was used to image noninvasively the biodistribution of 2-[1-hexyloxyethyl]-2 devinyl pyropheophorbide-a (HPPH) in preclinical skin cancer models. Seven tumors were imaged and optical reconstructions were compared to nonconcurrent ultrasound data. Results Successful imaging of the HPPH biodistribution was achieved on seven skin cancer tumors in preclinical models with a typical acquisition time of 1 minute. Two-dimensional fluorescence signals and estimated three-dimensional PS distributions were located within the lesions. However, HPPH distribution was highly heterogeneous with the tumors. Moreover, HPPH distribution volume and tumor volume as estimated by ultrasound did not match. Conclusions The results of this proof-of-concept study demonstrate the potential of MFMT to image rapidly the HPPH three-dimensional biodistribution in skin cancers. In addition, these preliminary data indicate that the PS biodistribution in skin cancer tumors is heterogeneous and does not match anatomical data. Mesoscopic fluorescence molecular tomography, by imaging fluorescence signals over large areas with high spatial sampling and at fast acquisition speeds, may be a new imaging modality of choice for planning and optimizing of PDT treatment.
Dynamic price formation in a futures market via double auctions

We report an exploratory study of the process of price formation in a speculative market in the absence of liquidity traders. Traders exchange a futures contract because they interpret information differently. We formulate trading as a sequence of anonymous double auctions and introduce a notion of bounded rationality in which traders use approximate models of market response in forming their bids. We prove existence of a perfect equilibrium in the sequential anonymous auctions game, and show that the equilibrium has a “no-regret” property. After learning the market price, a trader regrets neither the bid that he made nor the position that he holds. We show that trading volume is related to changes in the distribution of information in the economy. We also show that volume and expected change in price are related to two different attributes of the pattern of private information flow. Fundamentally, no particular relationship between the time series of these variables is always valid for all futures contracts. This point is emphasized by an example.
The nature of woman and the development of American folklore

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate the connection between women and folklore in America on ideological, social, metaphoric, and disciplinary levels. Initial observations tie women into American folklore studies in three major ways: as a study of women, a study by women, and a womanly study. It goes on to investigate the intellectual climate of the late 19th century, with its focus on sex and gender, and the scientific doctrines, which prescribed social and organizational behavior, which brought this into being. Through analogies and ‘congruities,’ the methodology of late Victorian science, women became connected with others on the lower end of the evolutionary scale: plants, animals, children—and the folk. This resonance between women and the folk explains the numbers of women drawn to the American Folklore Society; it also proposes a feminized identity for the study of Folklore itself. Implications of these connections at the formative stage of the Society are explored.
CCFA Microbial–Host Interactions Workshop: Highlights and key observations

This article provides a summary of the proceedings of the CCFA Microbial-Host Interactions Workshop that was held in St. Petersburg, Florida, on March 16-19, 2006. Approximately 75 senior and junior investigators from around the world shared their most current research findings through oral presentations, poster sessions, and active discussion. Because intestinal microbiota are significant contributors in the development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), understanding the body's responses to and interactions with microbes, especially in the colon and distal small intestine, is critical to elucidating the etiology and pathogenesis of IBD and developing effective therapeutic interventions. Major advances have occurred recently in molecular detection of luminal bacterial species, identifying dominant microbial antigens that drive intestinal inflammation, the mechanisms of innate immune and epithelial responses to bacteria, and regulation of inflammation by innate and acquired immune cells.
Deuterium isotope effects on toluene metabolism. Product release as a rate-limiting step in cytochrome P-450 catalysis.

Abstract Liver microsomes from phenobarbital-induced rats oxidize toluene to a mixture of benzyl alcohol plus o-, m- and p-cresol (ca. 69:31). Stepwise deuteration of the methyl group causes stepwise decreases in the yield of benzyl alcohol relative to cresols (ca. 24:76 for toluene-d3). For benzyl alcohol formation from toluene-d3DV = 1.92 and D(V/K)= 3.53. Surprisingly, however, stepwise deuteration induces stepwise increases in total oxidation, giving rise to an inverse isotope effect overall (DV = 0.67 for toluene-d 3). Throughout the series (i.e. d0, d1, d2, d3) the ratios of cresol isomers remain constant. These results are interpreted in terms of product release for benzyl alcohol being slower than release of cresols (or their epoxide precursors), and slow enough to be partially rate-limiting in turnover. Thus metabolic switching to cresol formation causes a net acceleration of turnover.
Computer Assisted Multicrossvalidation in Regression Analysis

The technique of multicrossvalidation, an extension of the method of double crossvalidation was discussed and compared with analytical "formulae" methods for estimation of shrinkage of the multiple coefficient of correlation. The computer implementation of the suggested multicrossvalidation algorithm was described. The validity of analytical estimates was evaluated jointly with multicrossvalidated R's within the framework of amorphous and prestructured data sets.
The determinants of US foreign investment in India: implications and policy issues

Traces the growth of US foreign direct investment (FDI) in India and the changing attitude of the Indian government towards it as part of its liberalization programme. Reviews previous research on the determinants of FDI and uses regression analysis on 1962‐1994 data to identify the factors affecting US FDI in India, current trends and the impact on the Indian economy. Finds that only the relatively weak exchange rate appears to be a significant factor and that US FDI has been increasing in dollar amounts and relative percentage growth, especially since the economic reforms of the 1990s. Calls for improvements in infrastructure and reductions in red tape and protectionism to encourage further growth.
Aluminum nitride/silicon carbide multilayer heterostructure produced by plasma‐assisted, gas‐source molecular beam epitaxy

Pseudomorphic structures containing β(3C)‐SiC and 2H‐AlN have been grown on vicinal α(6H)‐SiC(0001) at 1050 °C by plasma‐assisted, gas‐source molecular beam epitaxy. Reflection‐high energy electron diffraction and cross‐sectional high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy showed all layers to be monocrystalline. The AlN layers were uniform in thickness. Defects in these layers initiated at steps on the 6H‐SiC film. The 3C‐SiC layers contained a high density of stacking faults and microtwins caused primarily by the interfacial stresses generated by the mismatch in lattice parameters between AlN and β‐SiC coupled with the very low stacking fault energy of SiC. This is the first report of the deposition of single crystal SiC/AlN/SiC thin film heterostructures on any substrate as well as the first report of the epitaxial growth of single crystal layers of binary materials with three different crystal structures.
Reconsideration of the classification of the neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses.

Neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCL) represent diseases of different types. Each variety of NCL may have its own clinical course, genetics, pathogenesis, and treatment. Four disorders are presently accepted as examples of NCL. These include the chronic juvenile or Batten type, the acute late infantile or Bielschowsky type, the chronic or subacute adult Kufs type, and the acute infantile or Santavuori-Haltia type. Seventy patients with clinical and pathological features of NCL have been studied over 20 years; 62 of these fit into one of the above categories, but 8 are atypical and present nosologic problems. Recognized as examples of atypical NCL are 1) chronic congenital or Norman-Wood type, 2) acute adult or Zeman-Dyken type, 3) acute childhood or Bielschowsky variant, 4) chronic childhood (Edathodu-Dyken) type, with pervasiveness, 5) chronic infantile (Dyken) type with autism, and 6) chronic juvenile (Dyken) type with ataxia. It is proposed that our present classification of NCL be based on differentiating clinical dynamics and characteristics age-of-onset, and morphological and pathological criteria. Although genetic characteristics are now recognized, these are of autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant type. No differentiating biochemical difference have been established to aid in the nosology of these diseases.
Exploitation of hyperspectral data for infrastructures status assessment: Preliminary results of the istimes test bed

The paper presents the preliminary results of the experimental campaign conducted within the FP7 ISTIMES project. In particular the present paper deals with the exploitation of the ground based hyperspectral potentialities for detecting the conservation status of infrastructures, such as reinforced cement structures, roads, buildings, and architectural heritage. To exploit the effectiveness of hyperspectral technology, in situ measurements were carried out at the Montagnole (French Alpes) test site using the HySpex hyperspectral scanner (VNIR-SWIR) on a reinforced concrete beam solicited with different loading factors just to force the formation of a clear cracking structure within the concrete beam. The preliminary results obtained by the application of standard processing techniques, such as RX, MNF and change detection methods showed that suitable information are obtainable by processing hyperspectral data.
A genome-wide siRNA screen reveals multiple mTORC1 independent signaling pathways regulating autophagy under normal nutritional conditions

Autophagy is a cellular catabolic mechanism that plays an essential function in protecting multicellular eukaryotes from neurodegeneration, cancer, and other diseases. However, we still know very little about mechanisms regulating autophagy under normal homeostatic conditions when nutrients are not limiting. In a genome-wide human siRNA screen, we demonstrate that under normal nutrient conditions upregulation of autophagy requires the type III PI3 kinase, but not inhibition of mTORC1, the essential negative regulator of starvation-induced autophagy. We show that a group of growth factors and cytokines inhibit the type III PI3 kinase through multiple pathways, including the MAPK-ERK1/2, Stat3, Akt/Foxo3, and CXCR4/GPCR, which are all known to positively regulate cell growth and proliferation. Our study suggests that the type III PI3 kinase integrates diverse signals to regulate cellular levels of autophagy, and that autophagy and cell proliferation may represent two alternative cell fates that are regulated in a mutually exclusive manner.
Characterization of mesozoan DNA.

Abstract 1. 1. Bimodal optical melting profiles and the presence of two bands in equilibrium density centrifugations of DNA isolated from individuals of the mesozoan genus Dicyemennea were shown to result from mixtures of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. The mitochondrial component frequently accounted for the majority of DNA isolated from whole organisms. This reflected the high proportion of mitochondria to nuclei in these organisms and resulted, in part, from a poor release of DNA from the nuclear chromatin. 2. 2. The diploid Dicyemennea nucleus was shown by microspectrophotometry to contain 1.7 pg of DNA. Base compositions of 23, 31.5, and 40% G + C were observed for nuclear, mitochondrial, and ribosomal DNA, respectively. The G + C content of the nuclear DNA is extraordinarily low and is suggestive of a relationship between the ciliate Protozoa and the dicyemid Mesozoa.
The photovoltaic effect and its utilization

Abstract The growth of the photovoltaic effect from an interesting scientific phenomenon into one of the most efficient methods yet devised for converting solar energy directly into electrical energy is described. Attention is given to considerations of the optimum semiconductor material for solar energy conversion and how it changes with operating temperature. Experimental results are presented showing operating characteristics and conversion efficiencies of such materials as silicon, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, cadmium sulfide, and others. The high voltage (∼100-v) photovoltaic effect from evaporated CdTe films is described. Included is a discussion of the major problems yet to be solved.
The validity paradox in modal S 5

Etude du paradoxe de la validite (ou paradoxe du pseudo-Duns Scot) qui remet en cause la definition classique de la validite deductive dans le systeme logique S5. Examinant l'alternative non-modale de l'invalidite du paradoxe du pseudo-Duns Scot, l'A. montre qu'une solution est possible pour les systemes normaux plus faibles que S5
High Efficiency Electromagnetic Energy Harvester for Railroad Application

A mechanical motion rectifier (MMR) based energy harvester is designed to harness the vibrational power from railroad track deflections due to passing trains. Whereas typical existing vibration energy harvester technologies are built for low power applications of milliwatts range, the proposed harvester will be designed for higher power applications such as major track-side equipment. This includes warning signals, switches, and health monitoring systems, which typically require a power supply of 10–100 Watts. To achieve this goal we implement the MMR, a newly patented motion conversion mechanism which efficiently transforms irregular pulse-like bidirectional linear vibration into regulated unidirectional rotational motion. The single-shaft MMR design improves previously developed motion conversion technologies, increasing energy harvester efficiency and power harvesting potential. Features of the MMR include bidirectional to unidirectional motion conversion and flywheel speed regulation. Its advantages include improved reliability, efficiency, and steadier output power. Harvester prototype testing results illustrate features and benefits of the MMR based harvester, showing reduction of continual system loading, regulation of generator speed, and capability for continuous DC power generation.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Historic preservation and tax incentives: The US experience

ffAB~~A~~~~~. Vol. Y, No. I. pp. 1%24.1985 In recent years, the US Government has enacted several major legislative programmes to stimulate the preservation of historic structures and to encourage community revitalisation activity. The legislation, following years of neglect of our historic resources, aimed to reverse the imbalance in the US tax codes that had previously favoured new construction over rehabilitation efforts. The first major legislative initiative involved the enactment of the ~~tjo~~Z ~istor~cu~ ~reserv~t~o~ Act in 1966. The act established a decentralised structure of State Historic Preservation Offices (SHPOs) to promote the retention and reuse of historic structure under the purview of the Federal Department of the Interior. SHPO programmes, involving primarily review and technical assistance activities, included survey and inventory of historic structures, public info~ation and education, environmental review, and administrative activities. Although the programmes were helpful, they lacked sufficient financial incentives to have a significant effect on historic preservation efforts. The US Congress has attempted to remedy this situation by including historic preservation provisions in both the Tax Reform Acts of 1976 and the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981. Although both acts contain significant tax incentives to promote preservation, there has been little systematic investigation of their overall effects. The few national studies that have been conducted (Department of the Interior, 1982) have contained insufficient detail to adequately evaluate the land use, construction and community effects of the legislation. The purpose of this article, therefore, is to examine the overall impacts of the two major US tax initiatives to promote historic preservation in the hope that other nations may benefit from our experiences. Although both acts share the overall goal of promoting preservation, their specific provisions have resulted in significantly different community impacts. This article, therefore, examines the impacts by using national data and also case studies from the state of Georgia. The case study approach allows us to take advantage of such micro-data as floor area, original and new use of structures and extent of federal and state financial involvement in projects, that is not systematically available on a national basis. The study is organised into four parts. First, the provisions of the two major tax acts are reviewed and their known impacts evaluated. Second, the effects of the Tax Reform Act of 1976 are analysed based on a random sample of projects submitted for SHPO review in the state of Georgia from 1977 to 1982. Third, a similar investigation of projects and their effects under the Economic Recovery Tax of 1982 is undertaken. Conclusions and recommendations are presented in the final section.
Reconstruction of 3D angiography data using the algebraic reconstruction technique (ART)

Three-dimensional angiographic reconstrcution has emerged as an alternative to the traditional depiction of aneurysm angioarchitecture provided by 2-D perspective projections acquired by digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and fluoroscopy. One clinical application of research involving 3-D angiographic reconstruction is intraoperative localization and visualization during aneurysm embolization procedures. For this procedure, reconstruction quality is important for the 3-D reconstruction of anatomy as well as for the reconstrucution of intraaneurysm coils imaged endovascularly and subsequently rendered within an existing 3-D anatomic representation. Rotational angiography involves the acquisition of a series of 2-D, cone-beam projections of intracranial anatomy by a rotating x-ray gantry following a single injection of contrast media. Our investigation focuses on the practicality of using methods that employ algebraic reconstruction techniques (ART) to reconstruct 3-D data from 2-D cone-beam projections acquired using rotational angiography during embolization procedures. Important to our investigation are issues that arise within the implementation of the projection, correction and backprojection steps of the reconstruction algorithm that affect reconstruction quality. Several methods are discussed to perform accurate voxel grid projection and backprojection. Various parameters of the reconstruction algorithm implementation are also investigated. Preliminary results indicating that quality 3-D reconstructions from 2-D projections of synthetic volumes are presented. Further modifications to our implementation hold the promise of achieving accurate reconstruction results with a lower computation cost than the algorithm implemention used for this study. We have concluded that methods to extend the traditional ART algorithm for cone-beam projection acquisition produce quality 3-D reconstructions.
Computerized echocardiographic analysis to detect abnormal systolic and diastolic left ventricular function in children with aortic stenosis

Abstract Experience with computer analysis of M mode echocardiograms for the evaluation of left ventricular function in patients with left ventricular pressure overload is reported. In order to study systolic and diastolic left ventricular function, endocardial surfaces of the septum and posterior wall were digitized and analyzed by minicomputer. The subjects included 52 normal children and 30 children with catheterization-proved aortic stenosis with (13) and without (17) coarctation. Compared with the normal children, the patients with aortic stenosis had a statistically smaller and thicker walled left ventricle and increased fractional shortening of the left ventricular minor axis. Continuous tracings of minor axis dimension and the first derivative of these tracings were plotted. The tracings allowed measurement of the maximal velocity of shortening and lengthening. Maximal velocity of shortening (normal = 96.8 ± 3 mm/sec [mean ± standard error of the mean]) was depressed to 80.8 ± 4.7 mm/sec) in the group with pressure overload. Maximal velocity of lengthening (normal = 116.4 ± 3 mm/sec) was also depressed (88.4 ± 5.2 mm/sec) in this group. Although the velocity measurements allowed separation of the normal from the abnormal group, they did not correlate closely with either left ventricular wall thickness or left ventricular systolic pressure and therefore they cannot be used to assess the severity of the left ventricular pressure overload or the need for surgical correction. Nonetheless, the study provides a method for analyzing left ventricular diastolic and systolic dynamic function from a ventricular M mode echo alone and suggests abnormal systolic and diastolic left ventricular performance in some children with aortic stenosis and left ventricular hypertrophy.
Defective thymocyte apoptosis and accelerated autoimmune diseases in TRAIL −/− mice

TRAIL, the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, selectively induces apoptosis of tumor cells, but not most normal cells. Its role in normal, nontransformed tissues is not clear. We report here that mice deficient in TRAIL have a severe defect in thymocyte apoptosis-thus, thymic deletion induced by T cell receptor ligation is severely impaired. TRAIL-deficient mice are also hypersensitive to collagen-induced arthritis and streptozotocin-induced diabetes and develop heightened autoimmune responses. Thus, TRAIL mediates thymocyte apoptosis and is important in the induction of autoimmune diseases.
The modification of human erythrocyte membrane structure by membrane stabilizers: An electron spin resonance study

Membrane structure in intact human erythrocytes was analyzed by electron-spin-resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The spin probes 5-doxyl stearate and 5-doxyl stearate methyl ester revealed thermally-induced structural transitions in the membrane at 37 degree C and 15 degree C. The addition of propranolol, diazepam, chlorpromazine, or Pluronic F68 all caused a decrease in the temperature of the upper transition, but did not markedly alter the temperature of the lower transition. In addition, diazepam caused a significant decrease in the ordering or packing of the membrane-lipid acyl chains. It is proposed here that the protection from hypotonic hemolysis that has been reported in the presence of these drugs is mediated by a structural rearrangement in the erythrocyte membrane involving a change in protein-lipid interactions.
High pyridoxine diet in the rate: Implications for clinical megavitamin therapy

Megavitamin therapy has found increased clinical application. Although the toxicity of fat soluble vitamins is well established, little has been learned of the actions and fate of massive doses of the water soluble vitamins. Current interest in the use of vitamin B6 in the treatment of homocystinuria due to cystathionine synthase deficiency prompted us to explore its mode of action and metabolic side effects in the rat. Large amounts of pyridoxine in the diet had no effect on appetite but resulted in a 20% increase in body weight and 40% in liver weight of pair-fed controls. The fat/protein ratio and the percentage of each in liver was unchanged despite the increased liver weight. The weights of brain, pancreas and kidney were unaffected. There appeared to be an increase in peritoneal fat, however, the epiyimal fat pads were significantly smaller in the high-pyridoxine group becuase of smaller cell size. Concentrations of free amino acids were unchanged as were the activities of cystathionine synthase and cystathionase. Incorporation of 35S from both methionine and cystine into the proteins of various organs were also unchanged. In the rats on high-pyridoxine diets there was greater incorporation of 35S from cystine into reduced glutathione and less into oxidized glutathione. Since the amounts of pyridoxine consumed by the experimental group was of the order of magnitude as that currently used in the treatment of homocystinuria, further studies are needed before it can be assumed that massive doses of water soluble vitamins can be used with impunity.
Radiographic study of condylar position in centric relation and centric occlusion

The present study was conducted to compare the spatial relationship of the condyles to their fossae in the centric occlusion and centric relation positions. Right and left TMJ radiographs were obtained on 40 young adults in the two positions. Direct measurments of the anterior, posterior, and superior spaces between the condyles and their fossae were made on the radiographs. Results were statistically analyzed; the following findings and conclusions were derived: (1) In the centric relation position, both condyles were placed more posteriorly and superiorly in their fossae than in the centric occlusion position. (2) In the centric occlusion position, both condyles were symmetrically placed in their fossae with equal spatial distances anteriorly and posteriorly. (3) Greater spatial differences existed between the centric occlusion and centric relation positions on the left side, which was the orbiting (balancing)side in most subjects. (4) Further studies are needed to develop a more physiologic approach for correctly relating the mandible to the maxillae when reconstructing the occlusion in both dentulous and edentulous patients.
Shear-weakening of the transitional regime for granular flow

(Received 6 September 2006 and in revised form 11 May 2007) This paper experimentally investigates the rheology of dense granular flow through its solid-like to fluid-like transition. Between the well-established flow regimes ‐ quasi-static and grain-inertial ‐ the physical description of the transition remains elusive. Our experiment uses a top-rotating torsional shear cell capable of ±1µm accuracy in height and 5 decades (10 "3 " 100rads "1 ) in rotation rate. The data on beach sand shows that shear and normal stresses exhibit an inverse rate-dependence under a controlled volume environment in the transitional regime, while in the limiting regimes the results are in agreement with previous work. The shear-weakening stresses illustrate a previously unknown ‘dip’ with increasing shear rate. Under a controlledpressure environment, however, the shear-compacting volume-fraction ‘peaks’ with increasing shear-rate. We combine these results from both configurations to infer a constitutive law based on a rate-invariant granular fluid compressibility. The formulation provides an equation-of-state for dynamic granular systems, with state variables of pressure, strain rate and free-volume-fraction. Fitting parameters from independent constant-volume and constant-pressure data shows good agreement in validating our model. Moreover, the degree of grain jaggedness is essential to the ratedependence within the transitional regime. The results on the solid‐fluid transition may elucidate the evolution of granular flow anisotropies.
Ideology in Policy Debates: Congress and the S&Ls in the 1980s

Is a national value such as free enterprise relevant to congressional debates of important economic policy bills? This question was examined using debates of three reform bills that dealt with savings and loan industry problems in the 1980s. To employ free enterprise concepts in justifying policy stands challenged legislators because industry problems contrasted sharply in the early 1980s (overregulation) and later (excesses under deregulation). Research demonstrated, however, that free enterprise concepts dominated the earlier discussions and, intriguingly, were at the center of the 1989 debate about bailing out the industry and reforming it. The conclusion elaborates free enterprise's role and speculates about the influence of another national value on the S & L discussions. Enactment of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery Enforcement Act of 19891 capped a decade of congressional struggle with the question of how to treat the problems of federal savings and loan institutions. Popularly known as “thrifts” or “S & Ls,” their status became a matter of increasing concern to Congress as the 1980s unfolded and public indignation over a prospective government bailout of unprecedented proportions mounted. This article focuses on an aspect of this struggle that has a larger significance, namely, the place of national values2 in the genesis of important economic policy statutes. Given the predilections of American society, the value that tends to loom largest in major economic policy debates is popularly know as “free enterprise” or “the market economy.” One may reasonably object that U.S. capitalism operates under a “mixed economy” whose features include enterprises owned or sponsored by the federal government as well as government subsidies and regulation of private businesses. The short answer to this objection is that the term free enterprise is used here in a mythic sense and “myths are an essential starting place for insights into how values shape policy…” (de Neufville and Barton, 1987). In essence, this article examines the following questions: (1) Did congressional debates on proposed statutes relate provisions of the 1980, 1982, and 1989 bills to free enterprise concepts? (2) If so, what adjustments were made in these concepts for the sharply contrasting circumstances encountered by S & Ls in the course of the decade? and (3) How was the peculiar relationship of government deposit insurance of S & L accounts to free enterprise treated in the bills? Two background sections introduce the discussion.
Moving the O-glycoproteome from form to function

Life scientists who study carbohydrate structures are all too accustomed to hearing, “So, what are those things good for anyway?” In PNAS, Schjoldager et al. (1) provide an elegant comeback by using a unique strategy for mapping the location of O-GalNAc–linked carbohydrate structures to show how the addition of GalNAc to specific Ser and Thr residues by one of 20 polypeptide GalNAc-transferases (ppGalNAc-Ts) can modulate the biologic activity of the modified glycoprotein. The consequences can be dramatic, for example, altering cholesterol or triglyceride metabolism and thus exerting a significant effect on human health parameters.
β Sheet Structure in Amyloid β Fibrils and Vibrational Dipolar Coupling

Fibrils formed by amyloid β proteins were labeled with 13C at various positions and examined by infrared spectroscopy to detect vibrational dipolar coupling, implying close physical proximity. The results support key features of several recently proposed models for amyloid fibril structure, but they also add some important caveats. For instance, they support the conclusion that the β structure is parallel; however, the coupling is not as strong as expected when residues are in register. This may be explained by out-of-register alignment of adjacent strands, or nonstandard parallel sheet structure that yields suboptimal alignment of labeled dipole moments. The data also point to a significant structural difference between fibrils formed by the 40-residue amyloid β protein and fibrils formed by residues 10−35.
Simulation study of phase separation caused by polymerization

Abstract We study phase separation in a polymerizing system by means of Monte Carlo simulation on a triangular lattice. This serves as a model for the processes occurring in the formation of polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs). The resulting structures are dependent not only on temperature and concentration but also on the relative rates of polymerization and diffusion. The effective phase diagrams observed in the simulations can be approximated by Flory—Huggins theory when the degree of polymerization is treated as an adjustable parameter. The time-resolved structure factor is less well approximated by an expression of the Lifshitz—Slyozov type.