cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
World War I and the Palestine Mandate

On 28 June 1914, the heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was shot by a Serbian nationalist while visiting the city of Sarajevo. With the backing of its ally, Germany, Austria presented an ultimatum to Serbia. The Austrians demanded that the Serbs rein in the nationalist and anti-Austrian movements hatching plots in their territory. When the Serbs responded with a reply the Austrians deemed unsatisfactory, Austria declared war. While Germany was allied with Austria, Russia was allied with Serbia. The Russians feared that they would be at a disadvantage if war broke out and Germany had completed its military preparations before them. The Russian tsar thus ordered a general mobilization. Germany also mobilized and, to avoid fighting Russia and France at the same time, decided to launch a knockout blow against France by striking west through Belgium. Because Britain was committed by treaty to Belgian independence, it declared war on Germany. World War I had started. When we think of World War I, we generally think of trench warfare on the western front in France. It is important to understand, however, that World War I was truly a world war. As a matter of fact, although the British and French referred to the war as the “Great War” until World War II, the Germans coined the phrase “world war” early on to describe the conflict. German strategists understood that the war was being waged among rival empires with worldwide interests. These empires depended on their colonial possessions to maintain their strategic position and economic well-being. Colonies were also indispensable for the French and British military effort, since both powers depended on them for manpower to replenish the depleted ranks of their armies.
The Tragic End

As Ramanujan approached the end of his life, he was surrounded by domestic strife. His wife and mother were constantly arguing with each other over even the most trivial matters. Anything would send one of them, usually the mother, into a tirade against the other. But Janaki was now twenty years old and no longer a child. She had her husband at her side, who would often support her against the unreasonableness of his mother. Ramanujan’s maternal grandmother had also joined the household, and she would frequently add her two cents to the domestic arguments. It was not an environment conducive to healing.
Progressive channel state information for advanced multi-user MIMO in next generation cellular systems

We propose an enhanced precision channel state acquisition scheme for downlink Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO) transmission with a large number of transmit antennas at the base station. The proposed scheme is an attempt to harvest the Channel State Information (CSI) at the transmitter by incrementally improving the precision of the channel knowledge. We show how, in an LTE-Advanced system, CSI harvesting mechanism followed by the conventional Zero-Forcing Beam-Forming (ZFBF) results in improved MU-MIMO performance, relative to the current method for acquiring CSI at the transmitter. The proposed progressive CSI harvesting scheme is also shown to yield significant saving in terms of feedback overhead. The implications of the larger MIMO systems and higher MU-MIMO ranks, and sensitivity to higher mobility are also discussed.
Probing fast ribozyme reactions under biological conditions with rapid quench-flow kinetics

Reaction kinetics on the millisecond timescale pervade the protein and RNA fields. To study such reactions, investigators often perturb the system with abiological solution conditions or substrates in order to slow the rate to timescales accessible by hand mixing; however, such perturbations can change the rate-limiting step and obscure key folding and chemical steps that are found under biological conditions. Mechanical methods for collecting data on the millisecond timescale, which allow these perturbations to be avoided, have been developed over the last few decades. These methods are relatively simple and can be conducted on affordable and commercially available instruments. Here, we focus on using the rapid quench-flow technique to study the fast reaction kinetics of RNA enzymes, or ribozymes, which often react on the millisecond timescale under biological conditions. Rapid quench of ribozymes is completely parallel to the familiar hand-mixing approach, including the use of radiolabeled RNAs and fractionation of reactions on polyacrylamide gels. We provide tips on addressing and preventing common problems that can arise with the rapid-quench technique. Guidance is also offered on ensuring the ribozyme is properly folded and fast-reacting. We hope that this article will facilitate the broader use of rapid-quench instrumentation to study fast-reacting ribozymes under biological reaction conditions.
An Arnoldi-Based Divide and Conquer Algorithm for Discrete Sylvester Equation

Abstract In this paper, we pe a new Divid-and-Conquer type method for the generalized discrete Sylveter equation : AXB + X = C , where the matrices A, B and C are large and sparse, and in addition, B is banded. This matrix equation arises in various applications in science and engineeing. In particular, a special form of the equation, namely, the diete-time Lyapunov equation : AXA T - X + C = 0 arises in important control applications, such as stability analysis, balancing and model reduction. The standard numerical methods, such as the Hessenberg-Schur method, are not suitable for large-scale computing because the sparsity of the data matrices are completely destroyed. In last few years, Arnoldi and Lanczos-based Krylov subspace methods have been developed for large continuous and discrete-time Lyapunov, and continuous-time Sylvester equations. But no such methods have been published yet for the generalized Sylvester equation of the above type. The proposed method is of Divide-and-Conquer type and Arnoldi-basd. Thus it is suitable for both large-scale and parallel computations. The results of our numerical experiments show that the new method gives a satisfactory accuracy on relative residual error norms with several large and sparse test problems. On the other hand, the relative residual errors obtained by the existing Arnoldi-based method for the discrete-Lyapunov equation are not satisfactory at all, even for medium sized problems. More meaningful experiment and analysis with this new method are curntly underway.
A 'Third Way' Out of the Copyright Thicket?

This Essay is an invited submission, reviewing Abraham Drassinower's book "What's Wrong With Copying?"
Motivations for Remittances and Philanthropy – Lessons from a Qualitative Meta-Synthesis of Literature

Why do people send remittances? Also, what are the motivations for diaspora philanthropy? While each of these questions have been addressed by scholars in different way – with the most influential theories suggesting that ‘identification’ is the key theme that explains each of these phenomenon, we contend that there is much more than purely ‘identification’ with the recipients that is at play. In this study, based on synthesis of various theories and some empirical studies, we propose a new ‘mid-range’ theory, that seeks to explain the motivations for giving – both remittances and philanthropy. We explain how the motivations in each can be similar and distinct and offer insights that aim to further the scholarship on philanthropy and remittances. We hope to contribute to the discussion on the motivations for remittances and philanthropy and how it plays out, in the context of international development. With the urgency in fund-raising efforts and the need to accurately identify mechanisms and tools that will address the urgent needs of millions of people around the world, scholars are also coming together with innovative approaches and models to help understand how and why people give money. In addition, there is also the factor of donor fatigue that one has to contend with.
Characteristics of abused immigrant women with children who obtain legal immigrant status: implications for frontline intervention strategies

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to explore the association of the characteristics of abused immigrant women and approval of legal immigrant status. The research is based on 44 month follow-up ...
Spin-Wave Instabilities in Spin-Echo Experiments

The importance of Castaing instabilities in θ−Δt−π spin-echo experiments in spin-polarized normal Fermi fluids is investigated. For small tip angles and very large values of the spin rotation parameter μM, a previous stability analysis is extended to account for angular relaxation, an effect which tends to reduce the growth of unstable modes. The results are compared with computer simulations and are applied to currently planned experiments at NHMFL.
Compressed air tunneling and caisson work decompression procedures: development, problems, and solutions

Multinational experience over many years indicates that all current air decompression schedules for caisson and compressed air tunnel workers are inadequate. All of them, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration tables, produce dysbaric osteonecrosis. The problem is compounded because decompression sickness (DCS) tends to be underreported. Permanent damage in the form of central nervous system or brain damage may occur in compressed air tunnel workers, as seen on magnetic resonance imaging, in addition to dysbaric osteonecrosis. Oxygen decompression seems to be the only viable method for safely decompressing tunnel workers. Oxygen decompression of tunnel workers has been successfully used in Germany, France, and Brazil. In Germany, only oxygen decompression of compressed air workers is permitted. In our experience, U.S. Navy tables 5 and 6 usually prove adequate to treat DCS in caisson workers despite extremely long exposure times, allowing patients to return to work following treatment for DCS. Tables based on empirical data and not on mathematical formulas seem to be reasonably safe. U.S. Navy Exceptional Exposure Air Decompression tables are compared with caisson tables from the United States and Great Britain.
The link between internal velocities in Galactic H II regions and the extragalactic H II regions.

La relation taille-vitesse interne des regions H II extragalactiques est analysee et comparee a celle des regions H II galactiques
Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Studies of Transition-Metal Tetrasulfonated Phthalocyanines.

Abstract Spectroelectrochemical data have been obtained for monomeric, dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric stacked-ring silicon phthalocyanines adsorbed on silver electrodes in aqueous solutions. Reasonant surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy has been used to analyze the molecular structure and orientation of adsorbed silicon phthalocyanines. Cyclic voltammetric data on Pt for the dissolved species in CH2Cl2 have confirmed redox data reported in the literature. Electronic adsorption spectra were also obtained from solution phase silicon phthalocyanines in CH2Cl2.
Predictors of Suicidal Ideation and Attempts among LGBTQ Adolescents: The Roles of Help-seeking Beliefs, Peer Victimization, Depressive Symptoms, and Drug Use

Suicide is a leading causes of death for adolescents, and is a developmental period with the highest rates of suicide attempts. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) youth are a high-risk population for suicidal ideations and behaviors when compared with their non-LGBTQ counterparts. However, a dearth of research exists on the protective factors for suicidal ideation and attempts specifically within the LGBTQ population. The current study proposes a model in which peer victimization, drug use, depressive symptoms, and help-seeking beliefs predict suicidal ideation and attempts among a statewide sample of LGBTQ adolescents. Among 4867 high school students in 20 schools, 713 self-identified as LGBTQ and had higher rates of attempts and ideation than their non-LBGTQ peers. Two logistic regression analyses were used to predict suicidal ideation and attempts among the 713 LGBTQ students (M = age 15 years). Results indicated that intentions to use drugs, peer victimization, and elevated depressive symptoms predicted both suicidal ideation and attempts. Additionally, help-seeking beliefs predicted suicidal attempts but not ideation, while the interaction of help-seeking beliefs and depressive symptoms significantly predicted suicidal ideation. These findings underscore the importance of increasing access to effective treatment services for depression and promoting safe and accepting school and community cultures for LGBTQ youth in particular.
Identifying a potential biomarker for anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in patients with advanced stage, surgically-resectable endometrial cancer.

5590Background: The FDA approval of pembrolizumab for patients with MSI-H or dMMR tumors has led to the treatment of a select cohort of endometrial cancer (EC) patients. We sought to ascertain tumo...
Schizophrenia, obesity, and obstructive sleep apnea.

Background: This study evaluated the risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in psychiatric patients. Method: The subjects were 364 patients referred to a sleep disorders consultation service from an inpatient psychiatric hospital. Seventy-eight percent underwent polysomnographic testing. Rates of obstructive sleep apnea in different diagnostic groups (established by clinical DSM-III-R diagnosis) were retrospectively assessed. Results: Logistic regression demonstrated significant independent effects of age (p = .046), gender (p = .002), body mass index (p <.001), and chronic neuroleptic use (p =.012) on the presence of obstructive sleep apnea (defined as more than 20 instances of apnea and/or hypopnea per hour of sleep). Patients with schizophrenia were significantly heavier and had higher rates of sleep apnea than did other psychiatric patients. Conclusion: Obesity, male gender, and chronic neuroleptic administration are risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in psychiatric patients. Since patients with schizophrenia are often on long-term neuroleptic treatment, they may have high rates of obstructive sleep apnea, mediated via the weight gain produced by such medications. Overweight psychiatric patients and those on chronic neuroleptic treatment (e.g., patients with schizophrenia) should be evaluated for sleep apnea if signs and symptoms of this disorder are present.
A systematic review of the quality of clinical practice guidelines for lymphedema, as assessed using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II instrument

Abstract Objective We assessed the quality of current clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for lymphedema using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II instrument. CPGs provide recommendations for the management of medical conditions such as lymphedema. However, their evidentiary quality and methodology should determine their reliability. The AGREE II instrument was developed to externally and objectively evaluate the quality of CPGs and has been used to assess other nonvascular CPGs. A systematic review identified four CPGs for lymphedema of varying content: Lymphedema Framework's Best Practice for the Management of Lymphedema (LED F); Japanese Lymphedema Study Group—A Practice Guideline for the Management of Lymphedema (J LED); Clinical Resource Efficiency Support Team (CREST) Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Assessment and Management of Lymphedema; and Guidelines of the American Venous Forum (AVF). The quality of these CPGs appeared to vary. Methods The four CPGs were analyzed using the AGREE II instrument by three independent graders, who were unaware of each other's scores. Six domains with 23 items were graded using a Likert scale (1, strongly disagree; to 7, strongly agree) regarding whether the CPG had satisfied the requirements of each item. The score for each domain was calculated by summing the scores for each item in that domain and scaling the total as a percentage of the maximum possible score for that domain (ie, obtained score − minimum score/maximum possible score − minimum possible score × 100 = percentage). Results CREST had the highest overall score (66.8%), as an average of all domains, and J LED had the lowest (37%). CREST also had five of five domains rated >50%. In contrast, J LED had only one and AVF had only two domains that scored >50%. Although two domains, rigor of development and applicability, scored low, with only one CPG scoring >50%, the editorial independence domain scored the lowest of all six domains. Conclusions In addition to limitations in content and the lack of contemporary references, the four CPGs studied were judged objectively to be of low quality using the AGREE II instrument. A contemporary CPG for lymphedema, guided by the AGREE II requirements, is needed.
Efficacy of general anesthesia combined with ultrasound-guided epidural block for laparoscopic surgery in neonates

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of general anesthesia combined with ultrasound-guided epidural block for laparoscopic surgery in neonates. Methods Sixty American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰor Ⅱ neonates, aged 20-60 days, scheduled for elective radical operation for Hirschsprung′s disease, were divided into 2 groups (n=30 each) using a random number table: general anesthesia group (groupⅠ) and general anesthesia combined with ultrasound-guided epidural block group (groupⅡ). Anesthesia was induced by inhaling 8% sevoflurane.Anesthesia was maintained with IV sufentanil 0.2 μg/kg, cisatracurium 0.1 mg/kg and then with additional sufentanil 0.1 μg/kg and cisatracurium 0.05 mg/kg every hour and 2%-3% sevoflurane was simultaneously inhaled in group Ⅰ.In group Ⅱ, anesthesia was maintained by inhaling 2%-3% sevoflurane, epidural block was performed at L1, 2 interspace, the catheter was caudally advanced into the epidural space under ultrasound guidance, 0.8% lidocaine was injected at a loading dose of 6 mg/kg, the local anesthetic diffusion in the epidural space was observed, and additional 0.8% lidocaine 3 mg/kg was given every 30 min.Heart rate and mean arterial pressure were recorded at 5 min before pneumoperitoneum, during pneumoperitoneum, at extubation and after extubation.The extubation time, duration of recovery room stay and development of assisted ventilation after extubation were recorded.Pain was assessed and scored at 5 min before discharge from recovery room.The development of epidural block-related complications was recorded in group Ⅱ. Results Operation was smoothly completed with stable anesthesia in two groups.Compared with groupⅠ, the mean arterial pressure was significantly decreased during pneumoperitoneum and after extubation, the extubation time and duration of recovery room stay were shortened, and the requirement for assisted ventilation after extubation and pain scores were decreased in groupⅡ (P<0.05 or 0.01). No epidural block-related complications were found in groupⅡ. Conclusion General anesthesia combined with ultrasound-guided epidural block is safe and effective for laparoscopic surgery and is helpful for postoperative recovery in neonates. Key words: Infant; Laparoscopy; Anesthesia, epidural; Anesthesia, general; Ultrasonography
Understanding Risk Statements Within Drug Injury Advertising: An Abstract

Televised drug injury ads, sponsored by law firms or legal referral networks, identify injured consumers for lawsuits against pharmaceutical companies. They generally consist of warnings to the public about dangerous side effects associated with a particular drug and conclude with a phone number for consumers to call if they have experienced the side effect. Because the drugs discussed in the ads remain available on the market, drug injury ads have the potential to influence the prospective medical decisions of viewers. This research considers how differences in the content of drug injury ads affect consumer perceptions and intentions toward the featured medications. We report the results of two experiments using modified versions of actual drug injury ads.
Antibiotic Resistance Is Associated With Morbidity and Mortality After Decortication for Empyema.

Background Previous studies of decortication for empyema demonstrated that patient characteristics are associated with mortality, but the relationship of infectious pathogen to outcome has not been described. Our objective was to analyze the association of microbiology and antibiotic resistance with postoperative mortality after decortication for empyema. We hypothesized that bacterial pathogens, antibiotic resistance, and patient characteristics would all contribute to perioperative morbidity and mortality. Methods Patients undergoing pulmonary decortication for empyema from January 1, 2010 to October 1, 2017 were reviewed retrospectively. Cases were matched with microbiology cultures. Outcomes of interest were a composite of death, tracheostomy, initial ventilator support greater than 48 hours, or unexpected intensive care unit readmission. Antibiotic resistance was categorized as present or absent, and the number of antibiotics with resistance was counted for each patient. We describe the relationship of patient characteristics, antibiotic resistance, and microbiology to mortality. Results During the study period, 185 patients underwent decortication, 118 of whom had a diagnosis of primary empyema (63.8%). Positive culture results were present in 79 of 185 patients (43%). The most common isolate was Streptococcus, which was present in 29 of 79 (37%), followed by Staphylococcus in 19 of 79 (24%). Of 79 patients, 11 had fungal infections (13.9%). In addition, 16 of 79 patients had polymicrobial empyema (20%). Of 185 patients, 30 experienced the composite adverse outcome (16.2%). In multivariable regression, the composite adverse outcome was associated with emphysema, Candida in pleural culture, and antibiotic resistance count. Conclusions Perioperative mortality and morbidity after decortication for empyema is considerable. In this cohort, infections with increasing antibiotic resistance are associated with morbidity and mortality among patients with empyema.
Pediatric skeletal diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging: part 1 — technical considerations and optimization strategies

Diffusion-weighted MRI, or DWI, is a fast, quantitative technique that is easily integrated into a morphological MR acquisition. The ability of DWI to aid in detecting multifocal skeletal pathology and in characterizing tissue cellularity to a level beyond that possible with other techniques makes it a niche component of multiparametric MR imaging of the skeleton. Besides its role in disease detection and establishing cellularity and character of osseous lesions, DWI continues to be examined as a surrogate biomarker for therapeutic response of several childhood bone tumors. There is increasing interest in harnessing DWI as a potential substitute to alternative modes of imaging evaluation that involve radiation or administration of intravenous contrast agent or radiopharmaceuticals, for example in early detection and diagnosis of capital femoral epiphyseal ischemia in cases of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, or diagnosis and staging of lymphoma. The expected evolution of skeletal diffusivity characteristics with maturation and the unique disease processes that affect the pediatric skeleton necessitate a pediatric-specific discussion. In this article, the author examines the developmentally appropriate normal appearances, technique, artifacts and pitfalls of pediatric skeletal DWI.
Thinking green: modelling respirator reuse strategies to reduce cost and waste.

Objectives To compare the impact of respirator extended use and reuse strategies with regard to cost and sustainability during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design Cost analysis. Setting USA. Participants All healthcare workers within the USA. Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measures A model was developed to estimate usage, costs and waste incurred by several respirator usage strategies over the first 6 months of the pandemic in the USA. This model assumed universal masking of all healthcare workers. Estimates were taken from the literature, government databases and commercially available data from approved vendors. Results A new N95 respirator per patient encounter would require 7.41 billion respirators, cost $6.38 billion and generate 84.0 million kg of waste in the USA over 6 months. One respirator per day per healthcare worker would require 3.29 billion respirators, cost $2.83 billion and generate 37.22 million kg of waste. Decontamination by ultraviolet germicidal irradiation would require 1.64 billion respirators, cost $1.41 billion and accumulate 18.61 million kg of waste. H2O2 vapour decontamination would require 1.15 billion respirators, cost $1.65 billion and produce 13.03 million kg of waste. One reusable respirator with daily disposable filters would require 18 million respirators, cost $1.24 billion and generate 15.73 million kg of waste. Pairing a reusable respirator with H2O2 vapour-decontaminated filters would reduce cost to $831 million and generate 1.58 million kg of waste. The use of one surgical mask per healthcare worker per day would require 3.29 billion masks, cost $460 million and generate 27.92 million kg of waste. Conclusions Decontamination and reusable respirator-based strategies decreased the number of respirators used, costs and waste generated compared with single-use or daily extended-use of disposable respirators. Future development of low-cost,simple technologies to enable respirator and/or filter decontamination is needed to further minimise the economic and environmental costs of masks.
Effects of tank cleaning frequency and sea cucumber co-culture on larval sablefish growth and survival, water quality, and microbial communities

Abstract The larval period is the most labor-intensive and highest-mortality stage in marine fish aquaculture, due in part to the need to maintain good water quality. Organic matter from feed, fish waste, and algae (greenwater) can promote bacterial proliferation, including pathogens, and deteriorate water quality. Frequent cleaning methods are often employed to mitigate these effects, but cleaning is labor intensive and may have negative effects such as stress and physical damage to larvae, and disruption of potentially probiotic biofilm communities. In this study, we compared three tank cleaning methods: high cleaning frequency, low cleaning frequency, and low cleaning frequency with sea cucumbers (Parastichopus californicus). We assessed water quality, microbial community composition and abundance, and growth and survival of larval sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria). Sea cucumbers have been shown to extract organic content in other aquaculture systems, but co-culture with sea cucumbers caused 98% larval mortality and is not recommended for sablefish larviculture. High and low cleaning frequencies did not differ in the types or numbers of bacteria present in tank seawater, or dissolved oxygen, ammonia, and nitrite levels. Further, high and low cleaning frequencies did not differ in larval sablefish growth or survival, indicating that low cleaning frequencies can be used to reduce labor costs without negative effects on larvae.
A practical approach to the attestation of computational integrity in hybrid cloud

In the context of a heterogeneous trust environment, such as a hybrid cloud (consisting of public and private cloud), it is possible for an untrusted component to create a Byzantine fault intentionally. For example, a public cloud service provider may only do a partial (instead of a complete) database search just to save its computation. These malicious events can be particularly dangerous because the system does not crash but an incorrect and actionable result will be produced. Although there are ways to provide malicious Byzantine Fault-Tolerance in classical distributed systems, their computation and communication properties make them infeasible to be used in the hybrid cloud environment. In this paper, we present an efficient method for attestation of computational integrity in hybrid cloud.
CpG immunization protects against a lethal influenza challenge and generates antigen specific memory T cells (VAC2P.932)

Despite extensive research, influenza A virus (IAV) remains a major cause of mortality and healthcare expenditure. Emerging pandemics from highly pathogenic IAV strains such as H5N1 and H1N1 highlight the need for universal, cross protective IAV vaccines. Current vaccine formulations generate strain-specific neutralizing antibodies primarily against the outer coat proteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. In contrast to these highly mutable proteins, internal proteins of IAV are more conserved and are therefore a favorable target for developing vaccines that induce strong T cell responses in the absence of humoral immunity. Here, we found that intranasal administration of a TLR 9 agonist (CpG) and inactivated x31 (H3N2) protects mice from a heterosubtypic challenge with a lethal dose of PR8 virus (H1N1). Vaccinated mice also showed less weight loss and lower viral titers compared to control mice following a lethal PR8 challenge. Both CD4 and CD8 effector functions were measured five days post challenge with significant increases in the number of Granzyme B positive cells as well as antigen specific IFN-γ cells. Additionally, vaccinated mice had higher memory recall responses following ex vivo restimulation with NP specific peptides as measured by IL-2 and IFN-γ production. Thus, CpG is a potent inducer of antiviral immunity highlighted by robust T cell responses underscoring the potential of this vaccination strategy as a prophylactic measure against pandemic IAV strains.
γδ T Cells in Anterior Chamber-Induced Tolerance in CD8+ CTL Responses

PURPOSE. Delivery of antigen to the anterior chamber (AC) of the eye induces a systemic form of tolerance, referred to as anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACRID). ACAID is characterized by decreases in delayed-type hypersensitivity responses and complement-fixing antibodies on subsequent challenge with an immunogenic form of the antigen. The current study was designed to test whether priming of antigen-specific CD 8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) are inhibited by injection of soluble antigen into the AC and whether γδ T cells play a role in the inhibition of such responses. METHODS. Antigen was administered through the AC to normal γδ T-cell-deficient or reconstituted γδ T-cell-deficient mice. Seven days after the AC injection, the mice were primed with antigen in adjuvant and 10 days later, their spleen cells were cultured for 5 to 7 days and the CTL responses measured. RESULTS. CTL responses were inhibited by antigen delivered through the AC in normal but not γδ T-cell-deficient mice. Tolerance was reconstituted in δ-chain knockout mice by the adoptive transfer of γδ T cells from normal mice. Moreover, spleen cells and splenic γδ + T cells, but not γδ T cells, from mice injected with antigen through the AC inhibited development of CTL responses when cultured together with primed effector T cells. CONCLUSIONS. These data show, for the first time that administration of soluble antigen in the AC inhibits development of CD8 + cytotoxic T-cell responses and that γδ T cells play a critical role in inhibition of CTL responses.
Foreword: Official Wrongdoing and the Civil Liability of the Federal Government and Officers

During the past several decades, Congress has progressively relaxed the protection of sovereign immunity for the federal government and has granted consent for individuals to seek relief in a judicial forum for most categories of claims against the federal government. In this symposium, the participants addressed the question of how and where to draw the line between those kinds of harm caused by government that are properly the subject for a judicial remedy by a damages judgment against the United States or its officers and those collateral, but sometimes substantial, consequences of vital or policy-oriented government operations that should be shielded from judicial review. Together with introductory words about each contribution to the symposium, this Foreword offers an overview of the law governing governing common-law (Federal Tort Claims Act) and constitutional tort (Bivens) liability for the federal government itself or individual federal government officials.
Dissociative excitation of H2, HD, and D2 by electron impact

Time-of-flight techniques have been used to investigate the electron-impact dissociation of H2, HD, and D2 in order to determine the effect of isotopic mass variation in the target molecule on the dissociative excitation process. At incident electron energies near 100 eV, the time-of-flight spectrum produced from each molecule consists of atoms in the metastable 2s state and in high-lying long-lived Rydberg levels. The individual time-of-flight distributions, kinetic-energy spectra, and relative differential cross sections for these two species resulting from each molecule have been measured. The kinetic-energy spectrum of the Rydberg atoms produced from dissociative excitation of H2 was notably dissimilar in shape from the corresponding distributions produced from HD and D2. Also the 2s and Rydberg production cross sections differed between the three molecules. In the dissociation of the heteronuclear HD molecule, the ratio of fast H(2s) atoms to D(2s) atoms was about 1 to 1, while the same ratio comparing the Rydberg atoms was nearly 2 to 1. These differences indicate the influence of the mass variation on the position of the Franck-Condon region in the production of 2s atoms and on the competition between autoionization and dissociation in the formation of Rydberg fragments.
History of Fatty Acids

In the early years of the 20th century the major causes of death were infectious disease, however with introduction of better sanitation, cleaner food preparation and antibacterial drugs the major killers have become degenerative diseases such as heart disease and cancer. Investigating the metabolic role of fat (from synthesis to utilization) may be central to our understanding of the two major causes of death in the developed world, namely, heart disease and cancer. Keywords: fatty acids; cholesterol; heart disease
The American South and the Atlantic World

Perhaps no analytical framework is more in scholarly vogue than the Atlantic World. The American South and the Atlantic World includes 11 essays predominately marked by an interdisciplinary approac...
Review of "Parental Alienation: The Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professionals," edited by Demosthenes Lorandos, William Bernet, and S. Richard Sauber

Parental Alienation: The Handbook for Mental Health and Legal Professionals describes in depth the history and development of the concept of parental alienation. The book begins by defining parenta...
A brief inquiry into deviant answers to selected Grayson items of The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

L'auteur expose les resultats de plusieurs annees d'experience clinique et d'utilisation de routine du MMPI. Etude des reponses atypiques
Implementation of an APL—based spreadsheet manager

This paper describes the implementation of the STSC Spreadsheet Manager for users of STSC's APL*PLUS® PC System. The discussion is primarily from the standpoint of the product's internal workings. Important aspects are selection and interfacing of the languages to be used in the implementation (APL, C, and assembler), compatibility with Lotus® data structures, mappings between data in the APL and Lotus environments, manipulation of data in a spreadsheet context, and separation of function between APL and C environments.
Protein synthesis as a basis for chloramphenicol-resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.

IT has been established that chloramphenicol is a specific inhibitor of inducible enzyme formation and of protein synthesis in general1. The antibiotic does not exert its effect on protein synthesis by inhibition of amino-acid activation, by inhibition of peptide bond formation, or by inhibition of incorporation of amino-acids into cell-wall2. Pardee, Paigen and Prestidge3 reported that ribonucleic acid synthesized in the presence of chloramphenicol possessed an electrophoretic mobility which differed from that of normal ribonucleic acid synthesized in the absence of the antibiotic. It was later found by Neidhardt and Gros4 that this altered ribonucleic acid was unstable and was rapidly degraded in the absence of chloramphenicol. These observations have prompted the suggestion by Gale5 that “chloramphenicol alters, or in some way interferes with the function of the ribonucleic acid component concerned in amino-acid incorporation”.
Algebras Defined from Ordered Sets and the Varieties they Generate

We investigate ways of representing ordered sets as algebras and how the order relation is reflected in the algebraic properties of the variety (equational class) generated by these algebras. In particular we consider two different but related methods for constructing an algebra with one binary operation from an arbitrary ordered set with a top element. The two varieties generated by all these algebras are shown to be well-behaved in that they are locally finite, finitely based, and have an equationally definable order relation. We exhibit a bijection between the subdirectly irreducible algebras in each variety and the class of all ordered sets with top element. We determine the structure and cardinality of the free algebra on n-free generators and provide sharp bounds on the number of n-generated algebras in each variety. These enumeration results involve the number of quasi-orders on an n-element set.
Evaluation of treatment with defined and undefined mixtures of gut microorganisms for preventing Salmonella colonization in chicks and turkey poults

A defined mixture of 48 bacteria isolated from the chicken caecum and undefined, anaerobic cultures of the contents of the caecum of both chicken and turkey have been compared for their ability to prevent intestinal colonization of newly hatched chicks and turkey poults by Salmonella kedougou or S. typhimurium. Although treatment with undefined cultures from either type of bird confirmed previous observations that reciprocal protection against Salmonella can be obtained, the defined bacterial mixture protected chicks but not poults, even when a further 17 strains of different caecal bacteria were incorporated in the treatment mixture. The undefined culture from chicken was less protective for poults than the corresponding turkey culture.
Resiliency or Change? The Contemporary Canada—US Border

The developed states of North America have not experienced transnational integration to the same degree as those of the European Union. Indeed, some scholars have argued that North American States and the border functions which define their territorial limits, are essentially unchanged in the face of globalisation, hardening rather than softening, and remaining unabashedly archaic and state-centred. This article suggests that although there has been considerable change in the border functions and geopolitical discourses which mediate transnationalism among the highly developed North American states – namely Canada and the United States – the nature and structure of transnational integration has remained more limited than that of the EU. It argues that the reasons for this more limited international integration agenda lie in the specific geopolitical discourses which sustain cross-border institutions and national identity before and after 11 September 2001 (‘9/11’). The Canadian state, for example, has dem...
Amorphous germanium III. Optical properties

Abstract The optical properties of thick sputtered films (∼30μ) of amorphous Ge, grown with different substrate temperatures (0ˇ-T sˇ-350°C), were obtained between 0·05 and 4·5 eV by a combination of reflectance, transmittance and ellipsometric measurements. The refractive index at 0·15 eV decreases monotonically with increasing T s, or equivalently, with increasing density, and is 4·13±0·05 eV in the highest density films. The absorption edge is approximately exponential (102⪅α⪅104 cm−1) but shifts monotonically to higher energy and increases in slope with increasing T s. Similarly, the peak in e2 grows by about 10% and shifts by about 0·15 eV to higher energies, reaching a maximum of about 23 at 2·90±0·05 eV in the high density films. The peak in the transition strength ω2e2 occurs at 4·2±0·2 eV in all films, but increases in magnitude with increasing T s. The sum rules for n eff(ω) and e0,eff(ω) are evaluated for ▄ω⪅5 eV and vary monotonically with T s. These trends are neither compatible with Galeener...
Strange Bedfellows: How Spanish Labor Union Leaders and Employers Find Common Ground on Immigration

The increasing international mobility of labor and the inability of the state to control immigration flows completely have forced labor union leaders to reconsider their attitudes toward immigration from a more global perspective. The result is a tacit alliance between labor leaders and employers in favor of moderately open immigration policies. In Spain, this unusual alliance manifested itself in the 1996 Spanish immigration reform.
Rapid Onset of Lung Involvement in Progressive Systemic Sclerosis

Lung involvement in progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) is common but usually is of chronic onset late in the course. Skin changes usually antedate pulmonary findings. Presentation of PSS with rapid development of pulmonary interstitial fibrosis, without skin changes, has not previously been described. Such a case is discussed here and the radiologic and pathologic findings and course of pulmonary PSS are reviewed.
Inhibition of monoamine oxidase B in the brains of smokers

The massive health problem associated with cigarette smoking is exacerbated by the addictive properties of tobacco smoke and the limited success of current approaches to cessation of smoking. Yet little is known about the neuropharmacological actions of cigarette smoke that contribute to smoking behaviour, or why smoking is so prevalent in psychiatric disorders and is associated with a decreased risk of Parkinson's disease. Here we report that brains of living smokers show a 40% decrease in the level of monoamine oxidase B (MAO B; EC 1.4.3.4) relative to non-smokers or former smokers. MAO B is involved in the breakdown of dopamine, a neurotransmitter implicated in reinforcing and motivating behaviours as well as movement. MAO B inhibition is therefore associated with enhanced activity of dopamine, as well as with decreased production of hydrogen peroxide, a source of reactive oxygen species. We propose that reduction of MAO B activity may synergize with nicotine to produce the diverse behavioural and epidemiological effects of smoking.
Comparison of polar formatting and back-projection algorithms for spotlight-mode SAR image formation

The convolution/back-projection (CBP) algorithm has recently once again been touted as the "gold standard" for spotlight-mode SAR image formation, as it is proclaimed to achieve better image quality than the well-known and often employed polar formatting algorithm (PFA). In addition, it has been suggested that PFA is less flexible than CBP in that PFA can only compute the SAR image on one grid and PFA cannot add or subtract pulses from the imaging process. The argument for CBP acknowledges the computational burden of CBP compared to PFA, but asserts that the increased image accuracy and flexibility of the formation process is warranted, at least in some imaging scenarios. Because CBP can now be sped up by the proper algorithm design, it becomes, according to this line of analysis, the clear algorithm of choice for SAR image formation. In this paper we reject the above conclusion by showing that PFA and CBP achieve the same image quality, and that PFA has complete flexibility, including choice of imaging plane, size of illuminated beam area to be imaged, resolution of the image, and others. We demonstrate these claims via formation of both simulated and real SAR imagery using both algorithms.
Resistance to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 of a deoxycytidine kinase-deficient variant of human leukemia HL60 cells.

Abstract A deoxycytidine kinase-deficient variant of HL60 cells (HL60-araC), isolated by its resistance to 1-α- d -arabinofuranosyl cytosine (ara-C), shows cross-resistance to the differentiation-inducing and growth-inhibitory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1,25 (OH) 2 D 3 ). This is not due to the lack of uptake of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 by HL60-araC cells, shown by an increased rate of intracellular accumulation of [ 3 H]-1,25(OH) 2 D 3 , or to the lack of expression of the gene for the vitamin D 3 receptor. However, down-modulation of the expression of this gene by 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 is markedly delayed in HL60-araC cells and the down-regulation of the expression of the c-myc gene is also delayed. In contrast, the expression of the constitutively expressed 16S mitochondrial rRNA gene is unchanged by 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 treatment of either cell subline. These findings suggest that some cases of drug resistance may be associated with defective functioning of a differentiation pathway.
The pseudoguaianolide peruvin

The title compound, (3aR,4aS,7aR,8S,9aR)-deca­hydro-7a-hydroxy-4a,8-di­methyl-3-methyl­eneazuleno­[6,5-b]­furan-2,5-dione, C15H20O4, from Ambrosia artemisiifolia, has its seven-membered ring in a twist conformation. Molecules form intermolecular O⋯O hydrogen bonds of length 2.920 (2) A.
Effect of Nitrogen Dioxide on Influenza Virus Infection in Hamster Trachea Organ Culture

Pretreatment of hamster tracheal organ cultures with 2 ppM NO/sub 2/ for intermittent 1.5-hr periods prior to influenza A/PR/8 virus infection decreased ciliary activity, without significant changes in morphology, when compared to infected explants exposed to filtered air. Tracheal organ cultures exposed to NO/sub 2/ permitted a more rapid production of virus than tracheas held in filtered air. A mechanism for dissociation between morphological and functional events is suggested.
Small airways disease in asthma

A mounting body of physiologic and pathologic evidence indicates that asthma involves the central and the more distal airways. In patients with asthma, the peripheral lung accounts for a significant portion of airway resistance and, similar to the large airways, the small airways have been shown to be hyperresponsive to nonspecific stimuli, such as methacholine. Cellular inflammation, consisting of an infiltrate rich with lymphocytes and eosinophils, is present in the small airways of patients with asthma and may be more intense than that observed in the large airways. Clinical assessment of the peripheral airways continues to be a challenge, and new techniques, such as quantitative analysis of chest CT images, have proven to be useful research tools. The recognition of small airways involvement in asthma has clinical relevance, as new formulations of inhaled corticosteroids with smaller particle aerosols may be more effective in addressing this component of asthma.
Measurement of the Heat Transfer Coefficient for Mercury Flowing in a Narrow Channel

The heat transfer coefficient is inferred from measurements for mercury flowing in a channel of cross-section 2 mm X40 mm with flow velocities from 1 m/s to 4 m/s and heat fluxes from 192 kW/m 2 to 1.14 MW/m 2 . Mercury bulk temperatures vary from 67°C to 143°C. Inferred heat transfer coefficients agree with open literature tube data when compared on a Nusselt versus. Peclet number plot, with Nusselt numbers examined from 8 to 17 and Peclet numbers examined from 790 to 3070