cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protecting livestock, protecting livelihoods: the Livestock Emergency Guidelines and Standards (LEGS)

The Livestock Emergency Guidelines and Standards (LEGS) Project is the result of concerns that interventions in emergencies often fail to support the livelihoods and resilience of pastoralists and other livestock keepers. The LEGS Handbook, which has been produced through wide consultation with practitioners and policy makers around the world, sets out standards and guidelines for livestock-based interventions in both rapid and slow-onset emergencies. It provides tools and guidance for participatory design and implementation of timely and appropriate livestock responses, covering key topics such as assessment, response identification, and technical areas including destocking, veterinary services, water, feed, shelter and restocking. Since the publication of the LEGS Handbook in 2009, the LEGS Project has developed training materials and rolled out a series of Training of Trainers courses in six developing regions. The Handbook has also been translated into French, Arabic and Spanish. As a result of the training programme, there are now over 120 LEGS Trainers in Africa and Asia, who are rolling out LEGS Training courses in their own countries. The LEGS Handbook and training programme have been well received and plans have been drawn up to expand the programme to additional regions, including North and Central Africa, the Middle East and China/Mongolia, and to translate the Handbook into three additional languages. The LEGS Project aims to continue to provide practical guidance for both field workers and decision makers to design and implement livelihood-based responses in support of pastoralists and other livestock keepers facing drought and other disasters.
Preschool teachers play materials preferences

Six demographic variables of inservice preschool teachers and other preschool center personnel (244) were investigated to determine the predictive variables for the type of play materials the adult preferred. Multiple regression analysis was used with the demographic variables acting as controls for the variable of interest, personality type. A significance was established for adult education level and geographic location in preference for academic and make believe materials. Adults who indicated a high preference for make‐believe and low preference for academic materials appear, also,; to be of the higher education level. In addition, men more often than women preferred physical type play equipment.
ACP Journal Club. Selenium and vitamin E, alone or together, did not prevent prostate cancer.

Source Citation Lippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, et al. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). ...
Shrinkage estimation of a mean vector in a two-sample problem

Let X 1 X 2 be two p-variate (p ≥ 3) normal random observations and U be a chi-square random variable, where X 1 ∼ N p (μ1,σ 2Σ1)X 2 ∼ N p (μ2,σ 2Σ2), and Assume that X 1 X 2, and U are mutually independent. We wish to estimate the mean vector μ1 based on X 1 X 2, and U when Σ1 is known, but σ 2 and Σ2 are unknown. Two families of minimax estimators are proposed in spite of the fact that independent estimates of σ 2Σ2 are unavailable.
Metabolism of 4-androstene-3, 17β-diol-3-H3-4-C14 in human subjects☆

The in vivo metabolism of 4-androstene-3α, 17β-diol-3β-H3-4-C14 and of 4-androstene-3β, 17β-diol-3α-H3-4-C14 was investigated in normal subjects in order to ascertain the relative importance of two alternative pathways of reduction of ring A of testosterone, namely, reduction via the allylic alcohol versus reduction via the saturated ketone. If the allylic alcohol can be reduced directly to the saturated alcohol, the tritium at G3 will be retained. On the other hand, if the allylic alcohol must be oxidized to testosterone prior to reduction, the tritium at C3 will be eliminated. Analysis showed the latter pathway to be utilized almost exclusively.
Energy cost of twitch and tetanic contractions of rat muscle estimated in situ by gated 31P NMR

The phosphagen cost of maximal isometric twitch and tetanic contractions in rat gastrocnemius muscle was measured in situ by 31P NMR with acquisitions gated to precise time points after a brief (< 10 s) burst of contractions. Alteration of twitch stimulation frequency did not affect the energy cost per contraction. Pooled results of four twitch rates from 1 to 8 Hz produced an average cost of 0.257 +/- 0.012 mumol ATP/g/twitch. This value was compared with the initial twitch cost estimated from the time zero derivative of an exponential fit of averaged scan phosphocreatine (PCr) data from a previous study of 8 min of contraction in situ at 0.75 Hz. Agreement of the two estimates validates the use of the fitting/derivative method to assess energy cost and confirms the monoexponential character of the PCr time course. Evaluation of muscle pH changes demonstrated that all ATP use during the brief twitch contraction bouts could be accounted for by PCr hydrolysis. Results also showed a brief delay in onset of PCr recovery, consistent with the response time of oxidative systems. Tetanic contractions of 100 ms duration at 100 Hz required 2.17 +/- 0.07 mumol ATP/g muscle/contraction, in general agreement with estimates reported using a variety of other methods.
Calcium redistribution in individual cells correlated with ionophore action on motility.

Intact bovine epididymal spermatozoa were rapidly frozen (but otherwise unfixed) and examined in the cryogenic stage of a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive x-ray analysis system. Distributions of calcium (also of P, S, K and Cl) were determined in 0.1 μm2 areas from the acrosome, nucleus, midpiece and flagella of cells that were subjected to a variety of conditions experimental that altered sperm total calcium content. Spectrophotometric measurements using the metallochromic indicator, murexide, showed that a net accumulation of calcium followed in vitro incubation of sperm in the presence of this cation. Accumulated calcium was distributed homogenously amongst the cell population, but was apparently concentrated in the mitochondria contained within the sperm midpiece as determined by electron microanalysis of individual cells. A net loss of previously accumulated calcium followed treatment of sperm with low levels of the divalent cation ionophore, A23187. Electron microanalysis indicated a corresponding depletion of mitochondrial calcium content. In contrast, subsequent treatment of sperm with high levels of A23187 resulted in net calcium uptake as determined by murexide absorbance changes. Electron microanalysis indicated that this reaccumulated calcium was distributed throughout the intracellular space. No significant changes in the intracellular concentrations or distributions of other elements were observed following ionophore treatment. These results support previous suggestions that the mechanism of motility activation mediated by A23187 involves an action of increased intracellular Ca2+ concentrations upon the contractile apparatus of the sperm flagella.
Electrochemical measurement of carbon monoxide in breath: Interference by hydrogen

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) in blood (COHb) and breath to demonstrate that breath hydrogen (H2) can be a significant interferant. For this purpose, we measured blood COHb with CO-oximetry and breath CO with an electrochemical analyzer. In addition, the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). The concentration of CO in breath, collected with a Priestley tube after a 20 s breath hold, from healthy, nonsmoking adult males (n = 20) and females (n = 10) had a mean ± SD (range) of 2.6 ± 0.4 ppm (2.0–3.9), respectively, when measured by GC. However, these same samples when measured with an electrochemical (EC) analyzer showed elevated CO values of 4.7 ± 2.9 ppm (2.6–17.6). The concentration of H2, a prominent trace gas in breath known to interfere with EC analyzers, correlated strongly with the observed EC analyzer response [EC (ppm CO) = 0.336 H2 (ppm) + 1.93, r2 = 0.98]. The EC analyzer was linear for H2 concentrations up to 40 ppm, with a sensitivity of 0.035 V ppm−1. The analyzer sensitivity to CO was 0.10 V ppm −1. Blood from this population showed COHb concentrations of 0.56 ± 0.11% (0.40–0.97), as measured by GC, but elevated values were found when measured by CO-oximeter (Ciba Corning Diagnostics Corp., Models 2500 and 270), 1.3 ± 0.2% (1.1–1.6) and 1.0 ± 0.3% (0.1–1.6), respectively. When breath CO was compared to blood COHb, only measurements by GC significantly correlated [COHb% = 0.241 CO(ppm) — 0.076, r2 = 0.78]. We conclude that, relative to quantitative analysis by GC, (1) EC analyzers are susceptible to H2 interference that cause falsely elevated CO measurements, and (2) CO-oximeters overestimate COHb concentrations in the range typical for healthy nonsmokers.
Action of selected antibiotics on four common bacteria associated with diseases of fish

. Four bacteria commonly associated with diseases of fish (Aeromonas hydrophila complex, Aeromonas salmonicida, Flexibacter columnaris-like organisms and Pseudomonas fluorescens) were evaluated in a serial dilution system for susceptibility to four antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of bacterial fish diseases (chloramphenicol, erythromycin, furpyrinol and oxytetracycline). Findings were expressed as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Furpyrinol was found to have the lowest MIC and MBC against A. hydrophila complex, A. salmonicida and F. columnaris-like organisms. MIC and MBC's for oxytetracycline were complicated by the presenceof R-plasmids, but were less than 4.0 mcg/ml for those without plasmids. Pseudomonas fluorescens was susceptible only to oxytetracycline. MIC for all groups of organisms using chloramphenicol was generally less than 16.0 mcg/ml. Susceptibility to erythromycin by these groups of organisms was greater than 16 mcg/ml.
Extremal Problems for Operators in Banach Spaces Arising in the Study of Linear Operator Pencils, II

This paper is devoted to the study of operators satisfying the condition $$ ||A||\, = \max \{ \rho (AB):||B||\, = 1\} , $$ where ρ stands for the spectral radius; and Banach spaces in which all operators satisfy this condition. Such spaces are called V−spaces. The present paper contains partial solutions of some of the open problems posed in the first part of the paper. The main results: (1) Each subspace of l p (1 < p < ∞) is a V−space. (2) For each infinite dimensional Banach space X there exists an equivalent norm |||·||| on X such that the space (X, |||·|||) is not a V−space. (3) Let X be a separable infinite dimensional Banach space with a symmetric basis. If X has the V-property, then X is isometric to l p , 1 < p < ∞.
Quantifying tissue hemodynamics by NIRS versus DOT: global versus focal changes in cerebral hemodynamics

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is used to quantify changes in oxy-hemoglobin (HbO) and deoxyhemoglobin (Hb) concentrations in tissue. The analysis uses the modified Beer-Lambert law, which is generally valid for quantifying global concentration changes. We examine the errors that result from analyzing focal changes in HbO and Hb concentrations. We find that the measured focal change in HbO and Hb are linearly proportional to the actual focal changes but that the proportionality constants are different. Thus relative changes in HbO and Hb cannot, in general, be quantified. However, we show that under certain circumstances it is possible to quantify these relative changes. This builds the case for diffuse optical tomography (DOT) which in general should be able to quantify focal changes in HbO and Hb through the use of image reconstruction algorithms that deconvolve the photon diffusion point-spread-function. We demonstrate the differences between NIRS and DOT using a rat model of somatosensory stimulation.
Consistent tariffs with dynamic supply response

Abstract This paper models a large importer of a competitively produced good for which there are nonlinear adjustment costs in production. If producers have rational expectations and the importer is unable to make a credible commitment regarding future tariffs, market power may be disadvantageous. This is more likely to occur when the difference between short- and long-run elasticities of supply are large. This result depends on the particular subgame perfect equilibrium that is chosen. If producers were capable of strategic behavior, other equilibria, which rely on trigger strategies, would be reasonable and market power could no longer be disadvantageous.
Negative-Ion Enhancements in Electron-Stimulated Desorption of CF 2 Cl 2 Coadsorbed with Nonpolar and Polar Gases on Ru(0001)

Electron-stimulated desorption of ${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and $\mathrm{Cl}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ from submonolayer $\mathrm{CF}{}_{2}\mathrm{Cl}{}_{2}$-covered Ru(0001) is strongly affected by coadsorption of polar molecules ( ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ and $\mathrm{NH}{}_{3}$) and nonpolar rare-gas atoms (Xe, Kr, and Ar). Giant anionic enhancements (up to ${10}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{10}^{4}$) are observed for polar molecules, which are several orders of magnitude higher than by nonpolar atoms. The giant enhancements are attributed to enhanced dissociation of $\mathrm{CF}{}_{2}\mathrm{Cl}{}_{2}$ by attachment of self-trapped electrons in polar molecules.
Limited Redundancy of Survival Signals from the Type 1 Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptor1

The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) is effective in protecting cells from a variety of apoptotic injuries. In 32D murine hemopoietic cells, the IGF-IR sends three separate survival signals, through insulin receptor substrate-1, Shc, and mitochondrial Raf translocation. We report here that these three pathways for survival have a limited redundancy. If one of these pathways is blocked, the IGF-IR can still protect 32D cells from apoptosis induced by interleukin-3 withdrawal. However, when two of the three pathways are inactivated, the receptor is no longer capable to protect cells from apoptosis. The survival signal can use any two pathway combinations.
Adjunctive behavior induced by different conditions of wheel running.

Abstract Adjunctive behaviors such as licking, nose poking, rearing, grooming and locomotion induced by intermittent wheel running were observed in 12 female hooded rats. Animals were studied both under scheduled and free wheel conditions. Although all of the observed behaviors were emitted at high frequencies during scheduled wheel turning activity, only revolutions and rearings-locomotion increased significantly when compared to the free wheel condition when animals scheduled themselves. These data demonstrate again that adjunctive behavior can be produced in animals which are not deprived of food or water and support an explanation in terms of a nonspecific increase in motor excitability induced by the intermittance of schedule associated stimulation.
Automated testing of pointcuts in AspectJ programs

Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) is a methodology that provides new modularization of software systems by dealing explicitly with separation of concerns in software development. AspectJ, a language designed to support AOP uses abstractions like pointcuts, advice, and aspects to achieve AOP's primary functionality. Pointcuts are constructs modeled using expressions that identify events during the execution of a program called join points. It is likely that developers tend to write expressions with incorrect strength thereby selecting additional events than intended to or leaving out necessary events. This causes aspects, the set cross-cutting concerns, to fail. Our framework automatically tests pointcuts to identify their strength and determines variants of the expression with different strengths which the developer can inspect to choose an expression with the correct strength. The framework selects and ranks the list of variants based on a similarity measure. The framework eases the task for developers to inspect variants that resemble closely to the original expression.
Defects in hot-wire deposited amorphous silicon: results from electron spin resonance

A series of hot-wire deposited amorphous silicon films with hydrogen content varying between 0.5 and 17 at.% has been studied systematically with different experimental techniques. Steady-state photocarrier grating measurements on the samples indicate excellent ambipolar diffusion lengths even for films with smaller hydrogen contents. Sub-bandgap absorption indicates low defect densities for samples with a hydrogen content larger than 1 at.%. Electron spin resonance measurements on these samples, however, yield larger volume average spin densities than expected for the intermediate range of hydrogen content, 1 at.%<CH<8 at.%. A series of samples with different thicknesses indicates a defective layer at one or both of the interfaces and a bulk spin density which agrees well with the optical absorption measurements. We believe that the defective layer is due to outdiffusion of hydrogen at the substrate interface during growth at temperatures, as indicated by secondary ion mass spectroscopy measurements on the same samples.
PRECISION RADAR SURVEILLANCE AND MAPPING WITH DISCOVERER II

An affordable space-based radar system for surveillance and precision geolocation support to military forces will be developed and demonstrated in the Discoverer II program. Approaches for meeting the system performance goals within cost constraints in high range resolution ground moving target indication (HRR-GMTI), agile antenna beam pointing, and high resolution digital terrain elevation data (DTED) at Levels 3 to 5 are presented. Moving target detection performance is obtained by increased bandwidth, increased integration time, and space-time adaptive processing (STAP). An active electronically scanned array antenna with moderate field-of-view plus mechanical steering for large excursions can provide the beam agility needed for desired performance within cost constraints. Stereo SAR or interferometric SAR (IFSAR) processing can produce a high degree of DTED accuracy, if geometric collection conditions are met and the image pair is mutually coherent. Three types of orbital configurations, and combinations thereof, have been examined for their suitability for single-pass IFSAR paired orbits. Four possible collection strategies for the DTED mode are reviewed in the context of accuracy, coherence between collections, access opportunities, approximate coverage rates, and precise orbit determination. Baseline determination is an added IFSAR challenge that can be addressed with precision differential GPS or ground control points.
Solvation and Solvatochromism in CO2-Expanded Liquids. 3. The Dynamics of Nonspecific Preferential Solvation

Subpicosecond time-resolved fluorescence of trans-4-dimethylamino-4′-cyanostilbene (DCS) is used to measure solvation dynamics in the gas-expanded liquid (GXL) system CH3CN + CO2 at 25 °C along the liquid−vapor coexistence curve. These measurements are supplemented by measurements of the steady-state solvatochromism of DCS and of its rotation and isomerization times. Molecular dynamics computer simulations and a semiempirical spectral model that reproduces the observed solvatochromism in this system are used to interpret the experimental results. Simulations indicate that at compositions of xCO2 > 0.5, the cybotactic region surrounding DCS is enriched in CH3CN molecules, and the extent of this enrichment is greater in S1 than that in S0. Solvation dynamics are dominated by the CH3CN component. These dynamics are biphasic, consisting of a subpicosecond inertial component, followed by a slower picosecond component, related to the redistribution of CH3CN molecules between the cybotactic region and the bulk s...
Left-ventricular-to-right-atrial shunt: an unusual ventricular septal defect.

A 23-YEAR-OLD MAN was admitted to the hospital for cardiac surgery. The patient had been recovering over the previous 4 months after a motor vehicle accident in which he suffered a cervical spine fracture and a ruptured diaphragm. During this initial hospitalization at an outside institution, a new cardiac murmur was noted. The patient had a normal childhood development and no history of congenital heart disease. Furthermore, there was no history of a murmur noted during a hospital admission 3 years ago after a previous motor vehicle accident. Despite aggressive diuretic therapy, the patient had become progressively more symptomatic from right-sided heart failure over the previous several weeks, and urgent surgical correction of the lesion was recommended. After anesthetic induction, an intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography examination demonstrated the abnormality marked as GD in Figure 1. What is the diagnosis? What is the origin and pathophysiology associated with this problem?
A Comparison of Moment Closures for Linear Kinetic Transport Equations: The Line Source Benchmark

We discuss several moment closure models for linear kinetic equations that have been developed over the past few years as alternatives to classical spectral and collocation methods. We then present numerical simulation results for a challenging benchmark problem known as the line source and observe the relative strengths and weaknesses of each closure. The results should prove useful for application scientists in making decisions about which methods are best suited to a given problem. They also provide a guide to help numerical experts who are interested in developing new, improved methods.
Remote sensing ancient Maya rural populations using QuickBird satellite imagery

The research presented in this article tests a methodology for estimating ancient Maya populations through the use of an ISODATA unsupervised classification of QuickBird imagery. The aim of this research was to expand the results of ground surveys in jungle environments in a cost-effective manner. The lowland jungle of Guatemala is composed of a mosaic of vegetation classes and geomorphological catenas. The ancient Maya exploited the ecological niches present in the landscape but chose to build their residences predominantly on well-drained uplands. Upland terrain and vegetation can be accurately isolated from the rest of the landscape using an unsupervised classification of aggregated multispectral QuickBird data. By testing a 25 km2 research area near San Bartolo, Guatemala, the study found that this methodology presented similar results to archaeological surveys conducted elsewhere in the Maya area at a much greater cost and allowed for comparable population estimates.
Antenatal dexamethasone enhances endothelin-1 synthesis and gene expression in the heart in congenital diaphragmatic hernia in rats.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Although high levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in plasma may be relevant in certain pathophysiologic states, such as pulmonary hypertension accompanying congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), experimental evidence favors a local, paracrine, or autocrine role for ET-1 in most tissues. Evidence of ET-1 production has been documented in fetal heart tissue where it exerts growth-enhancing and mitogenic effects. ET-1 also has a potent positive inotrope action on cardiac muscle. ET-1 −/− homozygous mice display a wide variety of cardiac anomalies, which also are features of the human and of the experimental CDH. Autopsy reports have shown that total heart weight is reduced significantly in the presence of CDH, and animal models have documented the presence of cardiac hypoplasia associated with CDH. Experimental and clinical studies have shown that prenatal exposure to corticosteroids improves cardiovascular function in the immediate newborn period. The aim of this study was to determine cardiac gene expression of ET-1 and of its receptor ET A and the cardiac ET-1 content in the heart of nitrofen-induced CDH in rats and to evaluate the effect of antenatal Dexamethasone (Dex) treatment. Methods: A CDH model was induced in pregnant rats after administration of 100 mg of nitrofen on day 9.5 of gestation (term, 22 days). Dex (0.25 mg/kg) was given by intraperitoneal injection on days 18.5 and 19.5 of gestation. Cesarean section was performed on day 21 of gestation. The fetuses were divided into 3 groups: group I, control (n = 8); group II, nitrofen-induced CDH (n = 8); group III, nitrofen-induced CDH with antenatal Dex treatment (n = 8). ET-1 protein was measured using ELISA. RT-PCR was performed to evaluate the relative amount of ET-1 and ET A mRNA expression. Results: There was a reduction in ET-1 mRNA ( P A mRNA ( P P P Conclusions: The reduced cardiac ET-1 gene expression and ET-1 synthesis may be responsible for the heart hypoplasia associated with CDH. Prenatal corticosteroids increase the cardiac production of ET-1, and this may enhance heart growth and cardiac inotropism at birth. J Pediatr Surg 37:1563-1567. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Confirmation of biosynthesis and partial structural characterization of the ether-linked ethanolamine phosphoglycerides of Heliothis

Abstract Tritium incorporation in vivo in the larval and pupal tobacco budworm from 3H-1-octadecanol resulted in high specific activities of ether-linked lipids but very low labeling of acyl moieties. These observations are confirmatory evidence for the biosynthesis of alkyl and alk-1-enyl glyceryl ethers in this insect. Analysis of the labeled ethers on arsenite- and borate-impregnated thin-layer chromatography plates, and derivatives confirms their identity and shows that the ether bond is attached only to the sn-1 position of glycerol.
Neoplasms of the fallopian tube and broad ligament: a selective survey including historical perspective and emphasising recent developments

Summary Recent contributions on selected aspects of the pathology of tubal and paratubal neoplasms are reviewed after a brief historical perspective. The most important, considering both frequency and clinical importance, are those pertaining to tubal carcinoma. These can be grouped as follows: (1) recognition that endometrioid carcinoma is the second most common carcinoma of the tube, after serous, and other variants of mullerian carcinoma are rare; (2) expansion of knowledge about the morphological spectrum of tubal endometrioid carcinoma; (3) modifications of the FIGO staging system; (4) heightened appreciation of the occasional origin of tubal carcinomas from the tubal fimbriae; (5) increased awareness of early carcinoma arising in patients with the BRCA mutation; (6) greater recognition of the propensity for non-tuberculous salpingitis with reactive atypia to mimic carcinoma. Brief consideration then follows of certain other tubal and paratubal neoplasms including those of the broad ligament, emphasising issues in differential diagnosis.
Cystic artery pseudoaneurysm as a complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy

A 39-year-old man presented with a subhepatic fluid collection 3 weeks after undergoing a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This was mistakenly thought to represent an abscess, and a drainage catheter was placed at an outside institution. Upon transfer, the collection was diagnosed as a pseudoaneurysm by spiral computed tomography (CT) and angiography. This is the first report of a pseudoaneurysm complicating laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Intrachromosomal rearrangements mediated by hobo transposons in Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract The recurring intrachromosomal rearrangements observed in an unstable X chromosome, designated Uc, of Drosophila melanogaster are shown to be mediated by hobo transposable elements. Each of 29 chromosome rearrangement breakpoints in 16 gross aberrations detected in the Uc-derived X chromosomes had a hobo element. In one particular unstable X chromosome line selected for detailed studies, a hobo element was found in each of the five hot spots for rearrangements. Furthermore, hobo elements at deletion hot spots were found to lie in the same orientation, whereas those hobo elements at inversion hot spots were in the opposite orientation. The restriction maps of two phage lambda clones containing rearrangement breakpoints indicated that a hobo element was inserted exactly at the breakpoints. Pairing of hobo elements in the same chromosome followed by recombination between the paired hobo elements is suggested as the explanation for the intrachromosomal aberrations observed in the Uc X chromosomes. A clear qualitative difference among the hobo elements in their ability to participate in rearrangement formation was noted. It was also found that each of the 11 recessive lethal mutations mapped in the 6F1-2 doublet had a hobo element in the doublet, whereas none of the 16 independent revertants of the mutation had a hobo element in the site. This observation indicates that hobo movement is responsible for production and subsequent instability of recessive lethal mutations in the 6F region of the Uc X chromosomes.
Acoustic plasmons in a two-dimensional, two-component electron liquid.

We derive analytical formulas for the dispersion and damping of acoustic plasmons (i.e., plasmons with linear dispersion at small wave vectors) in a two-dimensional, two-component electron liquid. Our formulas include the effect of short-range correlations by means of local-field corrections, and reduce to the random-phase approximation when these corrections are neglected. Explicit calculations, using a Hubbard-like approximation for the local-field corrections, show that the acoustic plasmon exists only at comparatively small wave vectors. Strong short-range correlations may even suppress it.
Raman spectra of gases. XV: Hydrazine and hydrazine-d4†

The Raman spectra of gaseous hydrazine and hydrazine-d4 have been recorded from 40 to 3500 cm−1. For the ‘light’ molecule, strongly polarized lines at 3398, 3329 and 1076 cm−1 have been assigned to the NH antisymmetric stretch, NH symmetric stretch, and NN stretch, respectively. For the hydrazine-d4 molecule, strongly polarized lines at 2442, 2422, 1031, 930 and 749 cm−1 have been assigned to the ND antisymmetric stretch, ND symmetric stretch, NN stretch, ND2 was and ND2 rock, respectively. The Raman spectra of both solid hydrazine and hydrazine-d4 have been recorded and the splitting in the intramolecular fundamental region indicates that there are at least four molecules per primitie cell. In the lattice region of the spectra the optical translations and librations are assigned and the number of lattice modes rules out both of the space groups previously proposed for hydrazine from scattering studies.
Unexpected Opposition: Independence and the 1809 Leva de Vagos in the Province of Caracas

In late 1809 and early 1810, die city of Caracas witnessed an extraordinary spectacle as over 350 men were marched into its prisons. Local provincialauthorities had apprehended these men as part of a leva de vagos, a campaign to coercively recruit vagrants into the army. Such recruitment campaigns were neither novel nor particularly controversial in the late Bourbon period. However, Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1808 had unhinged the Spanish world, inspiring a profound re-examination of values and traditions. In this context, this new leva generated an unexpected opposition tliat stunned the new captain general of Venezuela, field marshal Vicente Emparan y Orbe. The opposition, which was led by the Caracas audiencia—the province's highest court—ostensibly questioned the legality of die procedures being used to validate charges of vagrancy, but beneath the surface, the resistance reflected a broadbased coalition dedicated to the defense of a status quo that was unraveling under the twin forces of Napoleon and the Junta Central. In this essay, I argue that the Leva de Vagos of 1809 contributed decisively to the overthrow of Emparan, paving the way for the creation of the Junta of Caracas in April 1810.
Characteristics of HIV patients who attempt suicide.

Objective: To examine the risk factors for suicidal behaviour in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients. Method: HIV substance dependent positive patients who had attempted suicide were compared with HIV substance dependent positive patients who had never attempted suicide for suicide risk factors. Results: Among the 149 HIV positive patients examined almost half had attempted suicide. Significantly more HIV positive patients who had attempted suicide were female. Attempters were significantly younger than non-attempters. Significantly more of the attempters had a family history of suicidal behaviour. Attempters also reported significantly more childhood trauma, scored significantly higher for neuroticism, had experienced significantly more comorbidity with depression, and more of them had received antidepressant medication. Conclusion: These data suggest that both distal and proximal risk factors are involved in suicidal behaviour in HIV positive substance dependent patients.
The nature of the ionizing background at z 2.5-5

Using radiative transfer calculations and cosmological simulations of structure formation, we study constraints that can be placed on the nature of the cosmic ultraviolet (UV) background in the redshift interval 2.5 ≲z≲ 5. Our approach makes use of observational estimates of the opacities of hydrogen and singly ionized helium in the intergalactic medium during this epoch. In particular, we model the reionization of He ii by sources of hard ultraviolet radiation, i.e. quasars, and infer values for our parametrization of this population from observational estimates of the opacity of the He ii Lyman-α forest. Next, we estimate the photoionization rate of H i from these sources and find that their contribution to the ionizing background is insufficient to account for the measured opacity of the H i Lyman-α forest at a redshift z∼ 3. This motivates us to include a soft, stellar component to the ionizing background to boost the hydrogen photoionization rate, but which has a negligible impact on the He ii opacity. In order to simultaneously match observational estimates of the H i and He ii opacities, we find that galaxies and quasars must contribute approximately equally to the ionizing background in H i at z≃ 3. Moreover, our analysis requires the stellar component to rise for z > 3 to compensate for the declining contribution from bright quasars at higher redshift. This inference is consistent with some observational and theoretical estimates of the evolution of the cosmic star formation rate. The increasing dominance of the stellar component towards high redshift leads to a progressive softening of the UV background, as suggested by observations of metal line absorption. In the absence of additional sources of ionizing radiation, such as mini-quasars or weak active galactic nuclei, our results, extrapolated to z > 5, suggest that hydrogen reionization at z∼ 6 mostly probably occurred through the action of stellar radiation.
Alterations in the nuclear cycle, mitotic index and chromosomes of vicia as affected by diethyl sulfate

Abstract Changes in the nuclear cycle were detected when roots were treated in an aqueous solution of diethyl sulfate and tritiated thymidine. The mutagen caused a blockage of DNA synthesis which in turn induced a substantial mitotic delay. The severity of the delay was associated closely with the dose of the mutagen. Diethyl sulfate induced chromosome abnormalities in very low frequencies; however, of the aberrations that were induced, practically all were of the chromatid type. In addition, the data show that chromatid breaks are initiated during the DNA synthesis phase of the nuclear cycle. In order to assess clearly the chromosome-breaking ability of a mutagen, treated roots should be sampled over a wide range of collection times to insure detection of the abnormalities.
Lymphatic drainage patterns of head and neck cutaneous melanoma observed on lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel lymph node biopsy.

Background. The purpose of this study was to evaluate lymphatic drainage patterns of head and neck cutaneous melanoma observed on preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and determine discordancy from clinically predicted lymphatic drainage patterns. Methods. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 114 patients with head and neck cutaneous melanomas evaluated with preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and SLNB from January 2001 through July 2004. Results. At least one sentinel lymph node (SLN) was identified in 97% of cases. On preoperative lymphoscintigraphy, an SLN was identified in an area not clinically predicted in 49 cases (43%). The most common sites of discordancy were in areas not typically dissected in standard neck dissections, such as the postauricular region, or in areas of more distant drainage than described previously, such as the inferior or posterior neck. Their percentages of discordant cases were 51%, 27%, and 22%, respectively. The sites of regional recurrence occurred in two cases not predicted on preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and in two cases of failed SLNB. Conclusions. On the basis of preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and the results of SLNB, head and neck cutaneous melanomas do have expected lymphatic drainage patterns despite perceived discordancy with previously clinically predicted drainage patterns that are based on standard neck dissection specimens. These “discordant” sites can still harbor melanoma, and all sites predicted on preoperative lymphoscintigraphy still need to be explored. The four cases of recurrences underscore the importance of close follow-up for all patients regardless of the SLNB result. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck28: 249–255, 2006
Computation of stress intensity factors for a 2-D body from displacements at an arbitrary location

An approach to stress intensity factor computation is presented which allows accurate estimation using a simple finite element program and a coarse mesh of elements. The stress intensity factor is obtained from what we term the Crack-Displacement (C-D) Factor. This involves the rate of change of displacements with crack length at the same location remote from the crack due to two loading conditions. One loading condition is merely that applied to the cracked body. The other loading condition is a virtual line force applied at the location at which the displacement rates are computed. The accuracy of the procedure is demonstrated for uniform tensile stresses applied to a center-cracked panel and an edge-cracked strip.
Why the Operation I Prefer is Vertical Banded Gastroplasty 5.0.

Vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) is easy for the patient, requiring no nasal gastric tube, gastrostomy, feeding enterostomy, or central venous line. Clear liquids are begun the first morning and pureed foods the second day. VBG with a 5.0 cm collar and a 13 ml pouch provides sufficient weight control with minimal risk and side effects. Splenectomy risk is 0.3%, peritonitis from leak 0.6% and operative mortality 0.24%, VBG causes no malabsorption or bacterial overgrowth because there are no blind segments. VBG does not predispose to difficult to diagnose, lethal, closed segment obstruction because of the absence of exclusion. VBG minimizes risk of acid peptic disease by preserving normal feedback control of acid secretion. Revisions have been less than 2% per year. The first 250 patients to be followed for 5 years with VBG-5.0 showed an 80% success in achieving 25% of excess weight loss without revision. For these successful patients the average percentage excess weight loss was 60% for the morbid obese (MO 160 to 225% of ideal) and 52% for the super obese (SO over 225% of ideal). Absolute weight averages changed from 122 to 86 kg for MO and from 159 to 110 kg for SO.
Shyness and Defensive Style

The Stanford Shyness Survey, the Defense Mechanism Inventory and the Activity Preference Questionnaire were administered to 92 college students to examine the relationship among shyness, reactivity to anxiety, and defensive style. As hypothesized, shy persons experienced greater ego threat and social anxiety. They turned aggressive impulses inwardly against the self more frequently than not so shy people. Shy subjects also used significantly less repression and denial defenses, increasing their vulnerability to the experience of internalized subjective distress. Although there were also no differences between shy and nor shy students on defenses that turn unacceptable impulses outward (e.g., projection and displacement), it was speculated that shy persons engage in such defenses in ways that do not represent a threat to self-esteem.
Deconvoluting the Obesity and Breast Cancer Link: Secretome, Soil and Seed Interactions

Obesity is associated with increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women and is linked with poor prognosis in pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer patients. The mechanisms underlying the obesity-breast cancer connection are becoming increasingly clear and provide multiple opportunities for primary to tertiary prevention. Several obesity-related host factors can influence breast tumor initiation, progression and/or response to therapy, and these have been implicated as key contributors to the complex effects of obesity on cancer incidence and outcomes. These host factors include components of the secretome, including insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, leptin, adiponectin, steroid hormones, cytokines, vascular regulators, and inflammation-related molecules, as well as the cellular and structural components of the tumor microenvironment. These secreted and structural host factors are extrinsic to, and interact with, the intrinsic molecular characteristics of breast cancer cells (including breast cancer stem cells), and each will be considered in the context of energy balance and as potential targets for cancer prevention.
The Need for Investigating Fish Conditions in Winter

(1935). The Need for Investigating Fish Conditions in Winter. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society: Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 51-56.
Triflic acid-catalyzed highly stereoselective friedel-crafts aminoalkylation of indoles and pyrroles.

A simple and efficient synthesis to both enantiomers of highly enantiomerically enriched α-trifluoromethyl-α-(heteroaryl)-glycine derivatives via highly stereoselective aminoalkylation of indoles and pyrroles is described. The triflic acid-catalyzed reaction of enantiomeric 3,3,3-trifluoro-pyruvate-α-methylbenzyl imines with indoles and pyrroles and the subsequent Pd-catalyzed hydrogenolysis of the methylbenzyl group provided the products in high yields and excellent enantioselectivities.
Effect of Temperature, Solute and pH on the Tolerance of Clostridium perfringens to Reduced Water Activities

Two strains of C. perfringens type A (FDI and S45) were grown in Thioglycolate medium adjusted to aws of 0.995, 0.975, or 0.965 by the addition of NaCl, KCL or LiCl. Combinations of controlled and uncontrolled pHs (7.0, 6.5 and 6.0) and incubation temperatures of 45°C, 37°C, or 30°C were observed at each aw. Maximal numbers of cells and shortest lag times occurred at aw of 0.995, 45°C and pH 7.0. No growth occurred at aw of 0.965. At 0.985, growth did not occur when KCl was used as the solute and the temperature and pH were 30°C and 6.0, respectively. NaCl was less inhibiting than KCl. LiCl inhibited growth completely.
Characterization of the release of cholecystokinin from a murine neuroendocrine tumor cell line, STC-1

Abstract The murine neuroendocrine cell line, STC-1, was found to contain 296.8 ± 1.8 fmol of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity (CCK-LI) per mg cell protein. Immunocytochemical stain of STC-1 cells maintained in monolayer culture indicated that CCK-LI activity was present in 93% of the cells. Analysis by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography indicated that STC-1 cells contained CCK-8 and an unidentified form as the predominant storage form. However, only CCK-8 was released into the culture medium upon stimulation by various secretagogues. The release of CCK-LI from STC-1 cells was stimulated by dibutyryl cAMP, forskolin, KCl, A23187, 4β-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and luminal stimulants, e.g., sodium oleate, l -tryptophan, camostat and plaunotol. The release of CCK-LI from STC-1 cells was also stimulated by a neuropeptide, bombesin. The stimulatory effects of most of these agents were dose dependent. The stimulatory effects of dibutyryl cAMP, forskolin, and plaunotol were potentiated by 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine, while that of camostat was not. The results obtained in this study indicate that the release of CCK from STC-1 cells shares the same characteristics of CCK release as from the CCK-secreting cells of the intestinal mucosa observed both in the dog and the rat in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the cellular mechanism of CCK release which appears to be cAMP- and Ca2+-dependent may be modulated by cellular protein kinase C activity. The STC-1 cell appears to be a suitable model for studying the mechanism of CCK release.
Modeling the impact of formal and informal supports for young children with disabilities and their families

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to examine factors related to perceived impact of early intervention on children with disabilities and their families. METHODS. A nationally representative sample of ∼2100 parents completed a 40-minute telephone interview near their child9s third birthday. Structural equation modeling examined the relationships between 3 support variables (quality of child services, quality of family services, and family/community support) and 2 outcomes at 36 months (impact on child and impact on family) and determined whether these relationships were mediated by 2 perceptual variables (optimism and confidence in parenting) or moderated by 5 demographic variables (poverty, maternal education, ethnicity, age of initial Individual Family Service Plan, and health at 36 months). RESULTS. Perceived impact of early intervention on both child and family were significantly related to each other. The quality of child services was related to impact on the child but not on the family. The quality of family services was related to both child and family impact. Informal support was not related to perceived impact on children or families but was strongly related to confidence in parenting and optimism. Neither optimism nor confidence in parenting mediated the relationships between services or supports and perceived impact. Minority families and families of children with poor health reported lower quality of services, but these characteristics did not moderate the relationships between services and perceived impact on the child. However, both poverty status and minority status were associated with perceptions of impact on the family. CONCLUSIONS. Findings reinforce the role of high-quality services in maximizing perceived impact. They also highlight the important role of informal support in promoting optimism and confidence in parenting. Poverty status, minority status, and poor health of the child are salient factors in predicting lower perceived quality of and benefit from services.