cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Places Where Audience Studies and Production Studies Meet

Audience studies and production studies have had largely separate trajectories in research, despite their shared grounded theory agendas and research methods. Drawing on a larger ethnography of media audiences and producers, this article shows how the human subjects of audience studies and production studies might be studied together to reveal the power relations involved in mass media production processes. In this particular case study, fans and extras for the television series Treme (2010–2013) shared a discourse around the place of viewing and making which strove to articulate a common culture despite the real hierarchical barriers between audiences and production personnel.
Closing the Deal in Contracts: Introducing Transactional Skills in the First Year

This paper shows how to introduce transactional skills in the standard IL Contracts course without taking a large amount of time and without detracting from a traditional approach to first year doctrinal teaching. By "transactional skills," I mean planning, negotiating, documenting, and closing a commercial deal. I suggest a quick, free, easy approach, with the idea that the less that is necessary to do, the more likely it is that innovation will actually happen. No copyright permissions are necessary; no materials or licenses need to be bought; little class time is given up; grading and feedback are accomplished efficiently. The idea is simply to introduce transactional skills to first year students without requiring a revamp of the course.
Climate as a Cause of Conflict: An Econometric Analysis

In recent decades, there has been assertions that climate change triggers conflict via multiple pathways, including food shortages, pest and disease incidence expansion, and water scarcity. However, broad empirical studies on the link are still lacking. This study aims to quantitatively explore that linkage using a global dataset. This involves development of a model that predicts the probability of conflict incidence given climate variations. We apply both parametric and semiparametric techniques in a rolling window scheme, which allows for a system that evolves over time. Two criteria are employed to evaluate out-of-sample predictive capability of the estimated models. Our investigation suggests that precipitation variation has a statistically significant effect on conflict. Generally we find the more that this year’s precipitation is smaller than last years the more likely is civil conflict.
Anesthesia for laser surgery

SUMMARY The advent of laser airway surgery has enabled surgeons to ablate lesions precisely with little damage to the underlying tissues. The result has been reduced pain and edema as compared with more conventional surgical techniques. However, the possibility of an airway fire necessitates that the anesthesiologist understand the modifications in anesthetic technique and special equipment necessary for patient safety in these cases. The incidence of airway fires can be reduced to zero with the use of proper equipment, an understanding of laser radiation, and cooperation among the operating room staff.
Compositional modeling of enhanced hydrocarbons recovery for fractured shale gas-condensate reservoirs with the effects of capillary pressure and multicomponent mechanisms

Abstract There is considerable and timely interest in oil and condensate production from liquid-rich regions in shale gas reservoirs, placing emphasis on the ability to predict the behavior of gas condensate bank developments and saturation dynamics. As the pressure in the near-wellbore region drops below the dew-point, liquid droplets are formed and tend to be trapped in small pores. It has been suggested that injection of CO2 into shale gas reservoirs can be a feasible option to enhance recovery of natural gas and valuable condensate oil, while at the same time sequestering CO2 underground. This work develops simulation capabilities to understand and predict complex transport processes and phase behavior in these reservoirs for efficient and environmentally friendly production management. Although liquid-rich shale plays are economically producible, existing simulation techniques fail to include many of the production phenomena associated with the fluid system that consists of multiple gas species or phases. In this work, we develop a multicomponent compositional simulator for the modeling of gas-condensate shale reservoirs with complex fractured system. Related storage and transport mechanisms such as multicomponent apparent permeability (MAP), sorption and molecular diffusion are considered. In order to accurately capture the complicated phase behavior of the multiphase fluids, an Equation of State (EOS) based phase package is incorporated into the simulator. Because of the large capillary pressure that exists in the nanopores of ultra-tight shale matrix, the phase package considers the effect of capillary pressure on vapor-liquid equilibrium calculations. A modified negative-flash algorithm that combines Newton's method and successive substitution iteration (SSI) is used for phase stability analysis. We employ the developed simulator to study the combined effects of capillary pressure and multicomponent mechanisms on the phase behavior and hydrocarbon recovery in gas-condensate shale reservoirs. We present preliminary simulation studies to show the applicability of CO2 huff-n-puff for the purpose of enhanced hydrocarbons recovery. Several design components such as the number of cycles and the length of injection period in the huff-and-puff process are also briefly investigated.
Arbitrage‐free XVA

We develop a framework for computing the total valuation adjustment (XVA) of a European claim accounting for funding costs, counterparty credit risk, and collateralization. Based on no-arbitrage arguments, we derive backward stochastic differential equations (BSDEs) associated with the replicating portfolios of long and short positions in the claim. This leads to the definition of buyer's and seller's XVA, which in turn identify a no-arbitrage interval.In the case that borrowing and lending rates coincide, we provide a fully explicit expression for the unique XVA, expressed as a percentage of the price of the traded claim, and for the corresponding replication strategies. In the general case of asymmetric funding, repo and collateral rates, we study the semilinear partial differential equations (PDE) characterizing buyer's and seller's XVA and show the existence of a unique classical solution to it. To illustrate our results, we conduct a numerical study demonstrating how funding costs, repo rates, and counterparty risk contribute to determine the total valuation adjustment.
Lung Epithelial Cell-Specific Expression of Human Lysosomal Acid Lipase Ameliorates Lung Inflammation and Tumor Metastasis in Lipa(-/-) Mice.

Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL), a key enzyme in the metabolic pathway of neutral lipids, has a close connection with inflammation and tumor progression. One major manifestation in LAL-deficient ( Lipa −/− ) mice is an increase of tumor growth and metastasis associated with expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. In the lung, LAL is highly expressed in alveolar type II epithelial cells. To assess how LAL in lung epithelial cells plays a role in this inflammation-related pathogenic process, lung alveolar type II epithelial cell–specific expression of human LAL (hLAL) in Lipa −/− mice was established by crossbreeding of CCSP-driven rtTA transgene and (TetO) 7 -CMV-hLAL transgene into Lipa −/− mice (CCSP-Tg/KO). hLAL expression in lung epithelial cells not only reduced tumor-promoting myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the lung, but also down-regulated the synthesis and secretion of tumor-promoting cytokines and chemokines into the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of Lipa −/− mice. hLAL expression reduced the immunosuppressive functions of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells, inhibited bone marrow cell transendothelial migration, and inhibited endothelial cell proliferation and migration in Lipa −/− mice. As a result, hLAL expression in CCSP-Tg/KO mice corrected pulmonary damage, and inhibited tumor cell proliferation and migration in vitro , and tumor metastasis to the lung in vivo . These results support a concept that LAL is a critical metabolic enzyme in lung epithelial cells that regulates lung homeostasis, immune response, and tumor metastasis.
Dynamic contracts with random monitoring

Abstract In contractual relationships where the agent executes numerous independent tasks over the lifetime of the contract, it is often infeasible to evaluate his performance on all tasks that he is assigned. Incentives under moral hazard are instead provided by randomly determining whether or not to monitor each of these tasks. We characterize optimal contracts implemented with such random monitoring in a stochastic dynamic environment where the agent’s cost type varies over time. We show that the compensation terms the agent is promised for contingencies where monitoring reveals compliance are as good as those for when no monitoring takes place, and for some cost types are better; these latter types receive a monitoring reward. As time passes and the agent becomes richer, the size of the monitoring reward decreases. Compensation on the equilibrium path exhibits downward rigidity, a feature elicited empirically by earlier literature.
Calibrated Acoustic Emission System Records M −3.5 to M −8 Events Generated on a Saw-Cut Granite Sample

Acoustic emission (AE) analyses have been used for decades for rock mechanics testing, but because AE systems are not typically calibrated, the absolute sizes of dynamic microcrack growth and other physical processes responsible for the generation of AEs are poorly constrained. We describe a calibration technique for the AE recording system as a whole (transducers + amplifiers + digitizers + sample + loading frame) that uses the impact of a 4.76-mm free-falling steel ball bearing as a reference source. We demonstrate the technique on a 76-mm diameter cylinder of westerly granite loaded in a triaxial deformation apparatus at 40 MPa confining pressure. The ball bearing is dropped inside a cavity within the sample while inside the pressure vessel. We compare this reference source to conventional AEs generated during loading of a saw-cut fault in a second granite sample. All located AEs occur on the saw-cut surface and have moment magnitudes ranging from M −5.7 down to at least M −8. Dynamic events rupturing the entire simulated fault surface (stick–slip events) have measurable stress drop and macroscopic slip and radiate seismic waves similar to those from a M −3.5 earthquake. The largest AE events that do not rupture the entire fault are M −5.7. For these events, we also estimate the corner frequency (200–300 kHz), and we assume the Brune model to estimate source dimensions of 4–6 mm. These AE sources are larger than the 0.2 mm grain size and smaller than the 76 × 152 mm fault surface.
cis-2,5-Diaminobicyclo[2.2.2]octane, a New Chiral Scaffold for Asymmetric Catalysis.

ConspectusCatalysis of widely used chemical transformations in which the goal is to obtain the product as a pure enantiomer has become a major preoccupation of synthetic organic chemistry over the past three decades. A large number of chiral entities has been deployed to this end, many with considerable success, but one of the simplest and most effective catalytic systems to have emerged from this effort is that based on a chiral diamine, specifically trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane. While there have been attempts to improve upon this scaffold in asymmetric synthesis, few have gained the recognition needed to take their place alongside this classic diamine. The challenge is to design a scaffold that retains the assets of trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane while enhancing its intrinsic chirality and maximizing the scope of its applications. It occurred to us that cis-2,5-diaminobicyclo[2.2.2]octane could be such a scaffold. Synthesis of this diamine in enantiopure form was completed from benzoic acid, and the (1R,2...
PT symmetry breaking in the presence of random, periodic, long-range hopping

Over the past five years, open systems with balanced gain and loss have been investigated for extraordinary properties that are not shared by their closed counterparts. Non-Hermitian, Parity-Time (PT ) symmetric Hamiltonians faithfully model such systems. Such a Hamiltonian typically consists of a reflection-symmetric, Hermitian, nearest-neighbor hopping profile and a PT-symmetric, non-Hermitian, gain and loss potential, and has a robust PT -symmetric phase. Here we investigate the robustness of this phase in the presence of long-range hopping disorder that is not PT-symmetric, but is periodic. We find that the PT-symmetric phase remains robust in the presence of such disorder, and characterize the configurations where that happens. Our results are found using a tight-binding model, and we validate our predictions through the beam-propagation method.
A Gaussian-product stochastic Gent–McWilliams parameterization

Abstract The locally-averaged horizontal buoyancy flux by mesoscale eddies is computed from eddy-resolving quasigeostrophic simulations of ocean-mesoscale eddy dynamics. This flux has a very non-Gaussian distribution peaked at zero, not at the mean value. This non-Gaussian flux distribution arises because the flux is a product of zero-mean random variables: the eddy velocity and buoyancy. A framework for stochastic Gent–McWilliams (GM) parameterization is presented. Gaussian random field models for subgrid-scale velocity and buoyancy are developed. The product of these Gaussian random fields is used to construct a non-Gaussian stochastic parameterization of the horizontal subgrid-scale density flux, which leads to a non-Gaussian stochastic GM parameterization. This new non-Gaussian stochastic GM parameterization is tested in an idealized box ocean model, and compared to a Gaussian approach that simply multiplies the deterministic GM parameterization by a Gaussian random field. The non-Gaussian approach has a significant impact on both the mean and variability of the simulations, more so than the Gaussian approach; for example, the non-Gaussian simulation has a much larger net kinetic energy and a stronger overturning circulation than a comparable Gaussian simulation. Future directions for development of the stochastic GM parameterization and extensions of the Gaussian-product approach are discussed.
Optimal sampling in a noisy genetic algorithm for risk-based remediation design

A groundwater management model has been developed that predicts human health risks and uses a noisy genetic algorithm to identify promising risk-based corrective action (RBCA) designs. Noisy genetic algorithms are simple genetic algorithms that operate in noisy environments. The noisy genetic algorithm uses a type of noisy fitness function (objective function) called the sampling fitness function, which utilises Monte-Carlo-type sampling to find robust designs. Unlike Monte Carlo simulation modelling, however, the noisy genetic algorithm is highly efficient and can identify robust designs with only a few samples per design. For hydroinformatic problems with complex fitness functions, however, it is important that the sampling be as efficient as possible. In this paper, methods for identifying efficient sampling strategies are investigated and their performance evaluated using a case study of a RBCA design problem. Guidelines for setting the parameter values used in these methods are also developed. Applying these guidelines to the case study resulted in highly efficient sampling strategies that found RBCA designs with 98% reliability using as few as 4 samples per design. Moreover, these designs were identified with fewer simulation runs than would likely be required to identify designs using trial-and-error Monte Carlo simulation. These findings show considerable promise for applying these methods to complex hydroinformatic problems where substantial uncertainty exists but extensive sampling cannot feasibly be done.
Battery capacity of deferrable energy demand

We investigate the ability of a homogeneous collection of deferrable energy loads to behave as a battery; that is, to absorb and release energy in a controllable fashion up to fixed and predetermined limits on volume, charge rate and discharge rate. We derive bounds on the battery capacity that can be realized and show that there are fundamental tradeoffs between battery parameters. By characterizing the state trajectories under scheduling policies that emulate two illustrative batteries, we show that the trade-offs occur because the states that allow the loads to absorb and release energy at high aggregate rates are conflicting.
Long-term factorization of affine pricing kernels

This paper constructs and studies the long-term factorization of affine pricing kernels into discounting at the rate of return on the long bond and the martingale component that accomplishes the change of probability measure to the long forward measure. The principal eigenfunction of the affine pricing kernel germane to the long-term factorization is an exponential-affine function of the state vector with the coefficient vector identified with the fixed point of the Riccati ODE. The long bond volatility and the volatility of the martingale component are explicitly identified in terms of this fixed point. A range of examples from the asset pricing literature is provided to illustrate the theory.
Weak Values and Precision Measurements

I will discuss the use of weak values for performing precision deflection, spectral, velocity and gravimetric measurements. I will show that the concepts behind weak values can lead to technical noise suppression. Article not available.
Transmitter Cooperation Under Finite Precision CSIT: A GDoF Perspective

The benefits of partial and full transmitter cooperation are evaluated for a two user interference channel under finite precision channel state information at the transmitters (CSITs), using the generalized degrees of freedom (GDoFs) metric. Under finite precision CSIT, the benefits of interference alignment are completely lost, so that the $X$ channel obtained by partial transmitter cooperation does no better than the underlying interference channels. Full transmitter cooperation produces a vector broadcast channel, which has a strict GDoF advantage over partial cooperation ( $X$ channel) and whose GDoF is fully achieved by interference enhancement.
Carving Metacognition at Its Joints: Protracted Development of Component Processes

Two experiments investigated the development of metacognitive monitoring and control, and conditions under which children engage these processes. In Experiment 1, 5-year-olds (N = 30) and 7-year-olds (N = 30), unlike adults (N = 30), showed little evidence of either monitoring or control. In Experiment 2, 5-year-olds (N = 90) were given performance feedback (aimed at improving monitoring), instruction to follow a particular strategy (aimed at improving control), or both. Across conditions, feedback improved children's monitoring, and instruction improved both monitoring and control. Thus, children's poor metacognitive performance likely reflects a difficulty engaging the component processes spontaneously rather than a lack of metacognitive ability. These findings also suggest that the component processes are distinct, with both undergoing protracted development.
Biquasiles and dual graph diagrams

We introduce dual graph diagrams representing oriented knots and links. We use these combinatorial structures to define corresponding algebraic structures which we call biquasiles whose axioms are motivated by dual graph Reidemeister moves, generalizing the Dehn presentation of the knot group analogously to the way quandles and biquandles generalize the Wirtinger presentation. We use these structures to define invariants of oriented knots and links and provide examples.
Einstein gravity 3-point functions from conformal field theory

We study stress tensor correlation functions in four-dimensional conformal field theories with large N and a sparse spectrum. Theories in this class are expected to have local holographic duals, so effective field theory in anti-de Sitter suggests that the stress tensor sector should exhibit universal, gravity-like behavior. At the linearized level, the hallmark of locality in the emergent geometry is that stress tensor three-point functions 〈T T T 〉, normally specified by three constants, should approach a universal structure controlled by a single parameter as the gap to higher spin operators is increased. We demonstrate this phenomenon by a direct CFT calculation. Stress tensor exchange, by itself, violates causality and unitarity unless the three-point functions are carefully tuned, and the unique consistent choice exactly matches the prediction of Einstein gravity. Under some assumptions about the other potential contributions, we conclude that this structure is universal, and in particular, that the anomaly coefficients satisfy a ≈ c as conjectured by Camanho et al. The argument is based on causality of a four-point function, with kinematics designed to probe bulk locality, and invokes the chaos bound of Maldacena, Shenker, and Stanford.
Analysis and design of impedance transformed balun integrated microwave probe for differential circuit measurement

This paper presents an integrated broadband balun probe for differential circuit measurements. The balun consists of the two broadside coupled coplanar strips with a finite ground plane. A new analysis method for the Marchand balun is developed for optimizing design parameters. The design parameters are calculated from newly developed conformal mapping analytic expressions. This method verifies the serious effects of the ground plane width variation in a broadside coupled CPS. Final balun design shows a very wide bandwidth (20∼100GHz) with small phase difference (≪5°).
Parental Refusal of Childhood Vaccines and Medical Neglect Laws.

Objectives. To examine the relation of vaccine refusal and medical neglect under child welfare laws.Methods. We used the Westlaw legal database to search court opinions from 1905 to 2016 and identified cases in which vaccine refusal was the sole or a primary reason in a neglect proceeding. We also delineated if religious or philosophical exemptions from required school immunizations were available at the time of adjudication.Results. Our search yielded 9 cases from 5 states. Most courts (7 of 9) considered vaccine refusal to constitute neglect. In the 4 cases decided in jurisdictions that permitted religious exemptions, courts either found that vaccine refusal did not constitute neglect or considered it neglect only in the absence of a sincere religious objection to vaccination.Conclusions. Some states have a legal precedent for considering parental vaccine refusal as medical neglect, but this is based on a small number of cases. Each state should clarify whether, under its laws, vaccine refusal constitut...
Convection Destroys the Core/Mantle Structure in Hybrid C/O/Ne White Dwarfs

A hybrid C/O/Ne white dwarf (WD)—an unburned C/O core surrounded by an O/Ne/Na mantle—can be formed if the carbon flame is quenched in a super-AGB star or white dwarf merger remnant. We show that this segregated hybrid structure becomes unstable to rapid mixing within 2000 years of the onset of WD cooling. Carbon burning includes a weak reaction that removes electrons, resulting in a lower electron-to-baryon ratio () in the regions processed by carbon burning compared to the unburned C/O core, making the O/Ne mantle denser than the C/O core as the WD cools. This is unstable to efficient mixing. We use the results of models with different size C/O cores to quantify the rate at which the cores mix with the mantle as they cool. In all cases, we find that the WDs undergo significant core/mantle mixing on timescales shorter than the time available to grow the WD to the Chandrasekhar mass (MCh) by accretion. As a result, hybrid WDs that reach MCh due to later accretion will have lower central carbon fractions than assumed thus far. We briefly discuss the implications of these results for the possibility of SNe Ia from hybrid WDs.
Suspended-Sediment Impacts on Light-Limited Productivity in the Delaware Estuary

The Delaware Estuary has a history of high anthropogenic nutrient loadings but has been classified as a high-nutrient, low-growth system due to persistent light limitation caused by turbidity. While the biogeochemical implications of light limitation in turbid estuaries have been well-studied, there has been minimal effort focused on the connectivity between hydrodynamics, sediment dynamics, and light limitation. Our understanding of sediment dynamics in the Delaware Estuary has advanced significantly in the last decade, and this study describes the impact of spatiotemporal variability of the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) on light-limited productivity. This analysis uses data from eight along-estuary cruises from March, June, September, and December 2010 and 2011 to evaluate the impact of the turbidity maximum on production. Whereas the movement of the ETM is controlled primarily by river discharge, the structure of the ETM is modulated by stratification, which varies with both river discharge and spring-neap conditions. We observe that the ETM’s location and structure control spatial patterns of light availability. To evaluate the relative contributions of river discharge and spring-neap variability to the location of phytoplankton blooms, we develop an idealized two-dimensional Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) numerical model. We conclude that high river flows and neap tides can drive stratification that is strong enough to prevent sediment from being resuspended into the surface layer, thus providing light conditions favorable for primary production. This study sheds light on the role of stratification in controlling sediment resuspension and promoting production, highlighting the potential limitations of biogeochemical models that neglect sediment processes.
Flight awareness collaboration tool development

NASA is developing the Flight Awareness Collaboration Tool (FACT) to support airline and airport operations during winter storms. The goal is to reduce flight delays and cancellations due to winter weather. FACT concentrates relevant information from the Internet and Federal Aviation Administration on one screen for easy access. It provides collaboration tools for those managing the winter weather event including the airline operations center, airport authority, the air traffic control tower, and de-icing operators. We have formed a user team from an affected airport to guide the design and evaluate the web-based prototype. Future work includes adding predictive capabilities, conducting a simulation to test FACT in a realistic environment, and evaluating the tool in an operational environment.
The bright-display electron gun, a high-resolution scanning system

The Large-Area Electronic Display equipment developed for the U. S. Army Electronics Research and Development Laboratory by the Electronics Laboratory of the General Electric Company had design objectives that required the development of a high-performance electron-beam scanning system. The recording sensitivity of the thermoplastic tape, coupled with the 20 megahertz maximum signal-frequency, required a high beam-current-density, 4 kv, electron beam. Electron-optical focus-aberrations and deflection-distortions are key factors of this 3000-line raster-scan system. An aberration balance condition is used to remove deflection-distortions. To achieve a satisfactory recording-sensitivity over the entire 50 mm-square writing-format, it is necessary to maintain a uniform spot-shape no greater than two-thirds the 16µ line-to-line spacing.
Rumble Strip Gaps for High-Speed Bicycles

Shoulder rumble strips (SRSs) are a proven safety countermeasure that reduces motor vehicle lane departures; however, they may be seen as an impediment to bicycle travel because they decrease comfort for bicyclists and can affect riders’ control while bicycling. Existing literature provides recommendations for the placement of regular gaps in SRSs, but the supporting research is limited to low and moderate bicycle speeds. Roads with SRSs along long, steep grades present a unique set of risks for cyclists because of the possibility of higher bicycle speeds. This study evaluated how variations in SRS gap lengths and shoulder widths affected bicyclists’ ability to maneuver through these gaps when riding at higher than average speeds. The findings suggest that as gap length increases, bicyclists may increase downhill speed while reporting fewer instances of discomfort when attempting to cross larger gaps. The likelihood of a bicyclist hitting a simulated rumble strip while crossing a gap decreases modestly as...
Effect of anatomical variability in brain on transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation is a non-invasive clinical therapy used to treat depression and migraine, and shows further promise as treatment for Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and other neurological disorders. However, it is yet unclear as to how anatomical differences may affect stimulation from this treatment. We use finite element analysis to model and analyze the results of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in various head models. A number of heterogeneous head models have been developed using MRI data of real patients, including healthy individuals as well as patients of Parkinson’s disease. Simulations of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation performed on 22 anatomically different models highlight the differences in induced stimulation. A standard Figure of 8 coil is used with frequency 2.5 kHz, placed 5 mm above the head. We compare cortical stimulation, volume of brain tissue stimulated, specificity, and maximum E-field induced in the brain for models ranging from ages 20 to 60. Resul...
ASSESSING GLENOID VERSION USING 3-D CT: RUBIK'S CUBE

Assessing glenoid version is important for a successful total shoulder arthroplasty. Glenoid version is defined as the orientation of the glenoid cavity in relation to a plane perpendicular to the scapula body. Glenoid revision averages between 1 to 2 degrees of retroversion and varies between race and sex. In general glenoid retroversion is overestimated by 6.5 degrees on plain radiographs. Furthermore standard axial 2D CT is aligned to the patient9s body and not aligned to the scapula. Therefore 3D reconstructions generated from standard CT allows for analysis of the scapula as a free body and correct version measurements can be made unaffected by positioning. If you add a computer modeling coordinate system in which implants can be added, then computer simulation surgery can be performed. This is important because implanting a glenoid component in excessive retroversion leads to increased stress at the glenoid component and cement mantle and decreased contact with the humeral component. Also excessive reaming of the glenoid surface to neutral retroversion can lead to excessive bone loss and penetration of the glenoid vault by either the pegs or the keel of the glenoid component.
Quadratic voting and the public good: introduction

This introduction to the Public Choice special issue on “quadratic voting (QV) and the public good” provides an opinionated narrative summary of the contents and surveys the broader literature related to QV. QV is a voting rule, proposed by one of us Weyl (Quadratic vote buying. http://goo.gl/8YEO73, 2012), Lalley and Weyl (Quadratic voting. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id=2003531, 2016) building off earlier work by Groves and Ledyard (Econometrica 45(4):783–810 1977a), Hylland and Zeckhauser (A mechanism for selecting public goods when preferences must be elicited, Kennedy School of Government Discussion Paper D, 70, 1980), where individuals buy as many votes as they wish by paying the square of the votes they buy using some currency. An appreciation of the history of research in the field suggests that QV is uniquely practically relevant compared to the other approximately Pareto-efficient mechanisms economists have proposed for collective decisions on public goods. However, it faces a number of sociological and ethical concerns regarding how a political system organized around QV would achieve the efficiency aims stated in abstract theory and whether the pure aggregate income-maximizing definition of efficiency QV optimizes in its simplest form is desirable. The papers in this volume flesh out and formalize these concerns, but also provide important responses in two ways: by suggesting domains where they are unlikely to be applicable (primarily related to survey research of various kinds) and versions of QV (using an artificial currency) that maintain many of QV’s benefits while diffusing the most important critiques. Together this work suggests both a practical path for applying QV in the near-term and a series of research questions that would have to be addressed to broaden its application.
Performance of Bootstrap Embedding for long-range interactions and 2D systems

ABSTRACTFragment embedding approaches offer the possibility of accurate description of strongly correlated systems with low-scaling computational expense. In particular, wave function embedding approaches have demonstrated the ability to subdivide systems across highly entangled regions, promising wide applicability for a number of challenging systems. In this paper, we focus on the wave function embedding method Bootstrap Embedding, extending it to the Pariser–Parr–Pople and 2D Hubbard models in order to evaluate the behaviour of the method in systems that are less amenable to local fragment embedding. We find that Bootstrap Embedding remains accurate for these systems, and we investigate how fragment size, shape, and choice of matching conditions affect the results. We also evaluate the properties of Bootstrap Embedding that lead to the method's favourable convergence properties.
The prohibition of wearing veil in public schools in Egypt: an analysis of the Egyptian Supreme Constitutional Court jurisprudence

Case No.8 of 1996 is a landmark decision of the Egyptian Supreme Constitutional Court (“SCC”) and represents one of the most significant judicial rulings of a structural remedy for the interpretation of Article 2 of Egypt 2014 Constitution. The jurisprudence of the SCC is essential to advance a moderate (liberal), rights-protecting interpretation of Sharie ‘ a . In this case, the SCC held that a rule on face-veiling in public schools is compatible not only with Islamic law, but with certain human rights guaranteed by the Constitution:, as freedom of expression and freedom of religion. This decision dealt with the SCC’s view on Islamic ijtihad (legal reasoning), and, gives insight into the Court’s views on civil and political rights context.
Turning lemons into lemonade: Making Georgia v. Ashcroft the mobile v. bolden of 2007

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 forever changed the face of electoral equality in the United States. Today, almost forty years later, the Act is considered one of the most pivotal pieces of federal legislation in our country’s history and the “most successful piece of civil rights legislation ever enacted.” Congress has revisited various segments of the Act ave times since its enactment. A key 1982 amendment to Section 5 will expire in 2007, setting the stage for an upcoming battle over its renewal. Since 1982, Supreme Court decisions have chipped away at the strength of the Voting Rights Act (VRA) in general, and Section 5 in particular. This Note argues that any effort to reauthorize the VRA must explicitly overturn limitations on its most effective provisions. It also examines the success of the 1982 reauthorization process as a guide to reaching similar results in 2007. The objective of this Note is to provide a framework for
Continuation of copper and levonorgestrel intrauterine devices: a retrospective cohort study

Background Studies conflict on whether the duration of use of the copper intrauterine device is longer than that of the levonorgestrel intrauterine device, and whether women who continue using intrauterine devices differ from those who discontinue. Objective We sought to assess continuation rates and performance of levonorgestrel intrauterine devices compared with copper intrauterine devices over a 5-year period. Study Design We performed a retrospective cohort study of 1164 individuals who underwent intrauterine device placement at an urban academic medical center. The analysis focused on a comparison of continuation rates between those using levonorgestrel intrauterine device and copper intrauterine device, factors associated with discontinuation, and intrauterine device performance. We assessed the differences in continuation at discrete time points, pregnancy, and expulsion rates using χ 2 tests and calculated hazard ratios using a multivariable Cox model. Results Of 1164 women who underwent contraceptive intrauterine device insertion, 956 had follow-up data available. At 2 years, 64.9% of levonorgestrel intrauterine device users continued their device, compared with 57.7% of copper intrauterine device users ( P = .11). At 4 years, continuation rates were 45.1% for levonorgestrel intrauterine device and 32.6% for copper intrauterine device ( P P = .33). Black race, primiparity, and age were positively associated with discontinuation; education was not. The hazard ratio for discontinuation of levonorgestrel intrauterine device compared with copper intrauterine device >4 years was 0.71 (95% confidence interval, 0.55–0.93) and >5 years was 0.82 (95% confidence interval, 0.64–1.05) after adjusting for race, age, parity, and education. Copper intrauterine device users were more likely to experience expulsion (10.2% copper intrauterine device vs 4.9% levonorgestrel intrauterine device, P P Conclusion We found a difference in continuation rates between levonorgestrel and copper intrauterine device users at 4 years but not at 5 years. Copper intrauterine device users were more likely to experience expulsion and pregnancy.
Dynamic real-time microscopy of the urinary tract using confocal laser endomicroscopy

OBJECTIVES To develop the diagnostic criteria for benign and neoplastic conditions of the urinary tract using probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE), a new technology for dynamic, in vivo imaging with micron-scale resolution. The suggested diagnostic criteria will formulate a guide for pCLE image interpretation in urology. METHODS Patients scheduled for transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) or nephrectomy were recruited. After white-light cystoscopy (WLC), fluorescein was administered as contrast. Different areas of the urinary tract were imaged with pCLE via direct contact between the confocal probe and the area of interest. Confocal images were subsequently compared with standard hematoxylin and eosin analysis. RESULTS pCLE images were collected from 66 participants, including 2 patients who underwent nephrectomy. We identified key features associated with different anatomic landmarks of the urinary tract, including the kidney, ureter, bladder, prostate, and urethra. In vivo pCLE of the bladder demonstrated distinct differences between normal mucosa and neoplastic tissue. Using mosaicing, a post hoc image-processing algorithm, individual image frames were juxtaposed to form wide-angle views to better evaluate tissue microarchitecture. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to standard pathologic analysis of fixed tissue with hematoxylin and eosin, pCLE provides real time microscopy of the urinary tract to enable dynamic interrogation of benign and neoplastic tissues in vivo. The diagnostic criteria developed in this study will facilitate adaptation of pCLE for use in conjunction with WLC to expedite diagnosis of urinary tract pathology, particularly bladder cancer.
Master limited partnerships: Is it a smart investment vehicle?

Abstract Master limited partnerships (MLPs) in the energy sector offer positive alpha and a beta lower than one in more recent period of 2001–2016 as oil prices experience a big upward swing. Further analyses confirm a negative relation between MLPs' alphas and their betas, consistent with the pattern documented by Frazzini and Pedersen (2013). MLPs provide no hedge against inflation risk or against a volatile stock market. Simulations show that these MLPs provide investors with higher returns, lower risk, and thus a higher Sharpe ratio than the traditional strategy of buy-and-hold the S&P 500 index fund.
Potential energy landscapes identify the information-theoretic nature of the epigenome

Epigenetics is the study of biochemical modifications carrying information independent of DNA sequence, which are heritable through cell division. In 1940, Waddington coined the term "epigenetic landscape" as a metaphor for pluripotency and differentiation, but methylation landscapes have not yet been rigorously computed. Using principles from statistical physics and information theory, we derive epigenetic energy landscapes from whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) data that enable us to quantify methylation stochasticity genome-wide using Shannon's entropy, associating it with chromatin structure. Moreover, we consider the Jensen-Shannon distance between sample-specific energy landscapes as a measure of epigenetic dissimilarity and demonstrate its effectiveness for discerning epigenetic differences. By viewing methylation maintenance as a communications system, we introduce methylation channels and show that higher-order chromatin organization can be predicted from their informational properties. Our results provide a fundamental understanding of the information-theoretic nature of the epigenome that leads to a powerful approach for studying its role in disease and aging.
Temporal Information Extraction for Question Answering Using Syntactic Dependencies in an LSTM-based Architecture

In this paper, we propose to use a set of simple, uniform in architecture LSTM-based models to recover different kinds of temporal relations from text. Using the shortest dependency path between entities as input, the same architecture is used to extract intra-sentence, cross-sentence, and document creation time relations. A “double-checking” technique reverses entity pairs in classification, boosting the recall of positive cases and reducing misclassifications between opposite classes. An efficient pruning algorithm resolves conflicts globally. Evaluated on QA-TempEval (SemEval2015 Task 5), our proposed technique outperforms state-of-the-art methods by a large margin. We also conduct intrinsic evaluation and post state-of-the-art results on Timebank-Dense.
Fine-root growth in a forested bog is seasonally dynamic, but shallowly distributed in nutrient-poor peat

Fine roots contribute to ecosystem carbon, water, and nutrient fluxes through resource acquisition, respiration, exudation, and turnover, but are understudied in peatlands. We aimed to determine how the amount and timing of fine-root growth in a forested, ombrotrophic bog varied across gradients of vegetation density, peat microtopography, and changes in environmental conditions across the growing season and throughout the peat profile. We quantified fine-root peak standing crop and growth using non-destructive minirhizotron technology over a two-year period, focusing on the dominant woody species in the bog: Picea mariana, Larix laricina, Rhododendron groenlandicum, and Chamaedaphne calyculata. The fine roots of trees and shrubs were concentrated in raised hummock microtopography, with more tree roots associated with greater tree densities and a unimodal peak in shrub roots at intermediate tree densities. Fine-root growth tended to be seasonally dynamic, but shallowly distributed, in a thin layer of nutrient-poor, aerobic peat above the growing season water table level. The dynamics and distribution of fine roots in this forested ombrotrophic bog varied across space and time in response to biological, edaphic, and climatic conditions, and we expect these relationships to be sensitive to projected environmental changes in northern peatlands.
GAIN SHARING IN BUNDLED PAYMENT TJA: THE REQUISITE OF SURGEON LEADERSHIP

The high and ever increasing cost of medical care worldwide has driven a trend toward new payment models. Event based models (such as bundled payment for surgical events) have shown a greater potential for care and cost improvement than population-based models (such as accountable care organizations). Since joint replacement is among the most frequent and costly surgical events in medicine, bundled payments for joint replacement episodes have been at the forefront of evolution from fee-for-service to value-based care models and episode-based healthcare reform in general. Our education as surgeons in medical school, residency, fellowship, and in continuing education has been almost entirely non-economic in focus. Yet, we surgeons are now evolving from being primarily responsive for our patients' medical care to being also responsible for all expenditures associated with our patients' care. Similarly, while the cost of our patients' care was not even available to us, every dollar of expenditure for a patient's episode of care is now available to us in some circumstances. For example, a typical primary joint replacement episode may cost $30,000 for a patient insured by Medicare in the US. A surgeon performing 400 joint replacements per year is therefore authorizing upwards of $12M a year in health care spending by making the decisions to perform reconstructive procedures on those patients. The risk for value-based surgical episodes of care can be born by various entities including hospital systems or the surgeons themselves. Recent evidence demonstrates that quality improves and cost decreases more rapidly when surgeons take primary responsibility and risk for episodes of care as compared to when a hospital system or third party takes primary responsibility and risk. Yet, as surgeons, our education in the field of medical economics, value-based episodes of care, and payment reform is only just beginning. The more we understand about the cost and value of the services that we order for our patients, the more leadership can provide as healthcare evolves. The current presentation will describe the specific cost of care for the primary joint replacement patient preliminary experience with accepting risk and responsibility for these patients. It is likely that our patients will be best served if we surgeons provide as much leadership as possible in their care, both medically and economically.
On the local times of stationary processes with conditional local limit theorems

Abstract We investigate the connection between conditional local limit theorems and the local time of integer-valued stationary processes. We show that a conditional local limit theorem (at 0) implies the convergence of local times to Mittag-Leffler distributions, both in the weak topology of distributions and a.s. in the space of distributions.