cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cryopreservation and Storage of Parasitic Protozoa in Liquid Nitrogen

In 1961 I reported the first successful attempt to cryopreserve and store protozoa in liquid nitrogen. In this presentation, drawing on more than 30 years of personal experience, I discuss the factors which I consider to be most critical to the successful preservation and long term storage of several species of parasitic protozoa in liquid nitrogen. I then present my most successful protocol for cryopreservation of these parasites. Finally, I cite some longevity records for a variety of protozoa stored in liquid nitrogen vapor at the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases. The oldest record is for a monoxenic culture of Entamoeba histolytica grown in association with Crithidia fasciculata that was frozen on January 6, 1961. Thirty-two years and 11 months later both parasites were recovered and used to initiate new culture lines.
Cryogenic thermometry: a review of recent progress

Since the early 1960's, a great deal of progress has been made in our ability to accurately measure temperature in the region below 100 K. This period of accomplishment is reviewed in an attempt to present a brief but complete up-to-date status report on cryogenic thermometry. The bibliography contains over 200 references.
Tools for the management and conservation of genetic diversity in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis): tri- and tetranucleotide microsatellite markers for the assessment of genetic diversity, phylogeography, and historical demographics

We document isolation and characterization of 13 tri- and tetranucleotide microsatellite DNA markers in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). These markers displayed moderate to high levels of allelic diversity (averaging 20.5 alleles/locus) and heterozygosity (averaging 53.5%) in a range-wide survey of more than 13,000 fish. A comparison of two geographically proximal populations located on opposite sides of the eastern continental divide in Maryland, USA, found no deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and minimal linkage disequilibrium. Microsatellite markers developed for S. fontinalis yielded sufficient genetic diversity to: (1) produce unique multilocus genotypes; (2) elucidate phylogeographic structure; and (3) provide unique demographic perspectives of population sizes and historical demographics. This suite of markers also provided considerable cross-species amplification utility among related salmonids.
Immunocytological evidence for parathyroid hormone (PTH) in human fetal parathyroid (PT) glands

Immunocytological evidence for parathyroid hormone (PTH) in human fetal parathyroid (PT) glands
Ozone and Carbon Dioxide Effects on Spider Mites in White Clover and Peanut

Effects of O₃ and/or elevated CO₂ on two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch) grown on an O₃-sensitive and an O₃-resistant clone of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) were measured in greenhouse and field experiments. Peanut (Arachis hypogeae L.) ‘NC-9’ was used in one greenhouse study with O₃. In field studies, O₃ treatments were charcoal filtered air (CF), nonfiltered air (NF), and two NF treatments with O₃ added for 12 h d⁻¹ at proportions of ≈ 1.25 and 1.50 times the ambient O₃ concentration. In greenhouse studies, constant amounts of O₃ were added to CF for 6 h d⁻¹ to achieve mean concentrations ranging from 5 to 100 nL L⁻¹. For the greenhouse O₃ × CO₂ experiment, CO₂ concentrations were ambient and approximately twice-ambient for 24 h d⁻¹. Plants were exposed to O₃ and/or CO₂ for ≈7 d before infestation with mites; daily exposures continued for 14 to 28 d to allow reproduction for at least two generations. Leaves were sampled to count eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adults. Ozone caused more chlorosis and necrosis on the O₃-sensitive clover clone (NC-S) than on the O₃-resistant clone (NC-R). Carbon dioxide enrichment increased shoot growth of both clones by ≈33%. Statistical analyses indicated significant O₃ effects in some experiments and nonsignificant O₃ effects in others. A trend toward increased mite populations with increased O₃ occurred, however, on NC-S in all trials. No consistent trends occurred with NC-R. With peanut, a significant linear increase in mite population occurred with increased O₃. Carbon dioxide enrichment increased the rate of population increase on both clover clones, but more so on NC-R. At 22 to 28 d after infestation, the total population in the twice-ambient CO₂ treatment was 65% greater than in the ambient treatment for NC-R and 22% greater than in the ambient treatment for NC-S. There were no statistically significant interactive effects between CO₂ and O₃ on mite population growth. The apparent clone effects on mite population response to O₃ and CO₂ strongly suggest that responses were mediated through the host plants. Cooperative investigations of the USDA-ARS and the North Carolina State University. Funded in part by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service.
MANAGING PATIENTS WHO HAVE SEIZURE DISORDERS: DENTAL AND MEDICAL ISSUES

Some dental professionals may have concerns about treating patients who have seizure disorders. The authors contend that increased knowledge about seizures and how to manage them may make dental professionals more comfortable. This article reviews the various seizure types, discusses commonly used anticonvulsants and their side effects and outlines some special concerns dentists may have in providing care to these patients.
Successive discrimination reversal measures as a function of variation of motivational and incentive levels.

The successive habit reversal performances of pigeons under two levels of drive and two levels of incentive magnitude were examined on a spatial task. While the fewest total errors and sessions per problem were produced by the high incentive group, the high drive group produced the greatest initial errors. However, significant asymptotic differences were found only for the incentive conditions.
Thresholds for starch and Polycose® are lower than for sucrose in rats

Detection thresholds for corn starch, Polycose and sucrose in water were assessed by a new technique. Rats were trained to avoid these carbohydrates by giving them fluid containing carbohydrate mixed with lithium chloride on some days, and fluid containing sodium chloride with no carbohydrate on other days. Rats trained by this procedure avoided the substance that they were trained to avoid, but did not avoid other substances. Thus rats trained to avoid starch avoided mixtures containing as little as 0.025% starch, but did not avoid Polycose, sucrose or sodium chloride. Rats trained to avoid Polycose avoided fluids containing as little as 0.01% Polycose, but did not avoid fluids containing starch or sucrose. Finally, rats trained to avoid sucrose avoided fluids containing as little as 0.05% sucrose, but did not avoid fluids containing starch or Polycose. Therefore, rats possess a keen sensitivity for starch, a substance that is commonly thought to be tasteless. Furthermore, starch, Polycose and sucrose are discriminable from each other.
Assessment of presence of isolated periodic and aperiodic bands in laser electrophotographic printer output

Laser electrophotographic printers are complex systems with many rotating components that are used to advance the media, and facilitate the charging, exposure, development, transfer, fusing, and cleaning steps. Irregularities that are constant along the axial direction of a roller or drum, but which are localized in circumference can give rise to distinct isolated bands in the output print that are constant in the scan direction, and which may or may not be observed to repeat at an interval in the process direction that corresponds to the circumference of the roller or drum that is responsible for the artifact. In this paper, we describe an image processing and analysis pipeline that can effectively assess the presence of isolated periodic and aperiodic bands in the output from laser electrophotographic printers. In our paper, we will discuss in detail the algorithms that comprise the image processing and analysis pipeline, and will illustrate the efficacy of the pipeline with an example.
Arctic lithospheric structure from delays of teleseismic P-wave reflections

Abstract Differential (PP-P) travel-time residuals can indicate anomalous structure near the PP reflection points. Published teleseismic data are used here to cover parts of the Arctic Ocean, northern Eurasia and Greenland. Reflection residuals can be correlated with known lithospheric structure, and the interpretation may be extended to regions which are less well understood, especially the Arctic Ocean. Late reflections (several seconds two-way delay) occur along parts of the Alpha and Lomonosov Ridges, and under much of the East Siberian Shelf. These could be due to hotter regions of the lithosphere, and a mantle hot spot may exist on the Lomonosov Ridge near the North Pole. The Nansen Ridge (spreading center) does not give the expected late reflections, and may be displaced from the convection cell boundary in the upper mantle. The onshore shield areas give early reflections, and negative residuals also tend to occur for reflections under part of the Paleozoic Ural Geosyncline. A hot spot may have been located under Baffin Bay, and is probably not connected with Tertiary vulcanism in east Greenland.
WE-E-18A-07: MAGIC: Multi-Acquisition Gain Image Correction for Mobile X-Ray Systems with Intrinsic Localization Crosshairs

Purpose: Gain calibration for X-ray imaging systems with movable flat panel detectors (FPD) and intrinsic crosshairs is a challenge due to the geometry dependence of the heel effect and crosshair artifact. This study aims to develop a gain correction method for such systems by implementing the multi-acquisition gain image correction (MAGIC) technique. Methods: Raw flat-field images containing crosshair shadows and heel effect were acquired in 4 different FPD positions with fixed exposure parameters. The crosshair region was automatically detected and substituted with interpolated values from nearby exposed regions, generating a conventional single-image gain-map for each FPD position. Large kernel-based correction was applied to these images to correct the heel effect. A mask filter was used to invalidate the original cross-hair regions previously filled with the interpolated values. A final, seamless gain-map was created from the processed images by either the sequential filling (SF) or selective averaging (SA) techniques developed in this study. Quantitative evaluation was performed based on detective quantum efficiency improvement factor (DQEIF) for gain-corrected images using the conventional and proposed techniques. Results: Qualitatively, the MAGIC technique was found to be more effective in eliminating crosshair artifacts compared to the conventional single-image method. The mean DQEIF over the range of frequencies from 0.5 to 3.5 mm-1 were 1.09±0.06, 2.46±0.32, and 3.34±0.36 in the crosshair-artifact region and 2.35±0.31, 2.33±0.31, and 3.09±0.34 in the normal region, for the conventional, MAGIC-SF, and MAGIC-SA techniques, respectively. Conclusion: The introduced MAGIC technique is appropriate for gain calibration of an imaging system associated with a moving FPD and an intrinsic crosshair. The technique showed advantages over a conventional single image-based technique by successfully reducing residual crosshair artifacts, and higher image quality with respect to DQE.
Intraoperative life-threatening emphysema associated with endotracheal intubation and air insufflation devices: Report of two cases

Two cases of life-threatening body emphysema with decompensating pneumothoraces, pneumomediastinum, and pneumopericardium intraoperatively have been presented. The most likely cause was tracheal perforation combined with high pressure ventilation. Although subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum are self-limiting conditions with rapid recovery with conservative treatment, life-threatening complications may arise requiring prompt recognition and specific surgical management in order to save the patient's life.
Keeping the Epidermal Stem Cell Niche in Shape

Recently in Nature Cell Biology, Connelly et al. (2010) identified biomechanical sensing mechanisms that link the physical shape of the stem cell microenvironment to epithelial stem cell fate decisions. Ultimately, the integration of extrinsic and intrinsic signals controls stem cell self-renewal or differentiation.
The Morphogenetic Effects of Two Juvenile Hormone Analogues on Larvae of Imported Fire Ants

This is the 1st report of the morphogenetic effects of 2 juvenile hormone analogues on larvae of Solenopsis richteri Forel and S. invicta Buren. Both analogues were capable of preventing pupation but isopropyl 11-methoxy-3, 7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate proved consistently effective when administered topically, orally, or by trophallaxis. Anomalous prepupae, pupae, and workers occurred when developing larvae came in contact with concentrations of 5 parts per million or more. Ethyl 3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate proved less effective when administered by trophallaxis.
Hepatic Oxygen Consumption, Lactate Uptake, and Glucose Production in Neonatal Lambs

ABSTRACT: Previous studies have evaluated neonatal hepatic metabolism in vitro, and neonatal hepatic oxygen consumption has been measured in vivo, but direct measurements of neonatal hepatic metabolism have not been reported. We studied seven neonatal lambs at age 7-10 days after placing catheters chronically in the hepatic vein, portal vein, descending aorta, left ventricle, and inferior vena cava. Hepatic blood flow was measured by the radioactive microsphere technique. Oxygen consumption and glucose and lactate fluxes were measured using the Fick principle. 14C-lactate was infused intravenously and lactate and glucose specific activities were measured and used to calculate hepatic gluconeogenesis from lactate. Neonatal hepatic blood flow was 254.5 ± 50.3 ml/min/100 g (mean ± SD) with 5.4 ± 4.6% from the hepatic artery and 94.6 ± 4.6% from the portal vein. Hepatic oxygen consumption was 7.2 ± 2.4 ml/min/100 g and oxygen extraction was 44.9 ± 15.4%. Oxygen extraction correlated inversely with oxygen delivery. In the seven Iambs, there was net hepatic lactate uptake of 10.2 ± 5.0 mg/min/100g (1.13 ± 0.56 mM) and hepatic glucose production of 30.8 ± 1 1 .3 mg/min/100 g (1.71 ± 0.62 mM). In the five lambs in which hepatic gluconeogenesis was measured, 12.4 ± 5 mg (1.37 ± 0.56 mM) of lactate was converted to glucose per 100 g liver, accounting for 38.4% of the hepatic glucose production in these lambs. Blood flow and oxygen and substrate delivery to the neonatal liver are lower than those to the fetal liver but the neonatal liver extracts more oxygen and substrates and is able to produce glucose by gluconeogenesis from lactate.
Acute cardiotoxic effects of cocaine and a hyperadrenergic state in anesthetized dogs

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether a subthreshold dose of cocaine (one that is well-tolerated in a resting state with no significant hemodynamic changes) causes cardiotoxic responses when superimposed upon a subthreshold infusion of norepinephrine. Adult mongrel dogs were anesthetized, instrumented and assigned to one of five treatment groups: saline control, norepinephrine infusion (0.75 μg/kg/min, i.v. for 60 min); cocaine (5.0 mg/kg, i.v. bolus); combination of cocaine (0.5 mg/kg) or (5.0 mg/kg) with the last 45 min of norepinephrine infusion. The combination groups exhibited increased blood pressure and contracility (dPdt), and a greater variety and frequency of arrhythmias. Cocaine did not increase plasma catecholamine levels beyond norepinephrine alone. There were significantly more contraction band lesions/mm 2 with cocaine in combination with norepinephrine than in any of the individual treatment groups. These data indicate that, even in anesthetized animals, a well-tolerated dose of cocaine may become toxic when superimposed on an excited or hyperadrenergic state with elevated levels of norepinephrine.
Review of Liquid Desiccant Technology for HVAC Applications

A thermally driven air conditioner that uses liquid desiccants as the working fluid may be an attractive alternative to the compressor-based technology that is now used in most HVAC applications. The operation of a liquid-desiccant air conditioner is first explained and several basic concepts are reviewed. This review focuses on the development of liquid-desiccant conditioners and regenerators that are better suited to comfort conditioning (as opposed to industrial dehumidification). This includes work on conditioners and regenerators that use low flow rates of desiccants and have internal heat exchange. These conditioners and regenerators will have lower pump and fan power than packed-bed units, and will be much less likely to introduce desiccant droplets into the process air. Work to identify and develop regenerators that have COPs over 1.0 and research on alternative liquid desiccants is also reviewed.
Admission Predictors for Pre-Physical Therapy Majors

This study was designed to determine whether a criterion exists for advisors to give students some indication early in their academic careers of their ultimate chances for admission to professional schools of physical therapy. Biographical questionnaires completed by pre-physical therapy students at Northern Illinois University provided materials for a descriptive study. Data obtained from files of successful and unsuccessful student applicants provided variables for a multiple-regression analysis. Results indicate that biographical data cannot be used to differentiate successful from unsuccessful applicants to professional programs. The only statistically significant variable tested that might be considered in advising students whether to remain in the major is their grade-point average at the end of the freshman year.
Bacterially Expressed Raf-1 Catalytic Domain is Highly Associated with GroEL

Raf-1 is a key protein kinase in the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. We have subcloned the catalytic domain of Raf-1 into the bacterial expression vectors, pTrcHisB and pGEX-6P-1, denoted as His6-ΔNRaf and GST-RafBXB, respectively. Chromatography of the recombinant proteins using Ni-NTA agarose, Sephacryl S-300, and glutathione-sepharose revealed association of Raf-1 catalytic domain in a high molecular weight complex with a 57 kDa protein. Microsequencing of this 57 kDa protein identified it as GroEL, a heat shock protein in E. coli important for protein folding. GroEL association with the Raf-1 catalytic domain is specific, as evidenced by its association with both Raf-1 constructs. Native-PAGE gels and Western analysis of gel filtration fractions revealed association of the catalytic domain with a large molecular weight complex consistent with the tetradecameric complex of GroEL. A peptide library of 384 do-decapeptides corresponding to the entire catalytic domain of Raf-1 was constructed by the spot synthesis method. Binding of GroEL and ELISA analysis revealed a preferential GroEL binding site in the β1 sheet region of the Raf-1 kinase domain.
Improving Solubility of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and Clostridium thermocellum JW-20 Proteins Expressed into Esherichia coli

Low solubility of proteins overexpressed in E. coli is a frequent problem in high-throughput structural genomics. To improve solubility of proteins from mesophilic Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and th...
The Use of Polyoxometalates in Reactions with Hydrogen Peroxide

The development of selective catalytic methods to oxidize organic substrates is often a nontrivial exercise. Few classes of organic reactions are as mechanistically complex and often as difficult to control and render selective as metal catalyzed oxidations [1, 2]. The inherent kinetic behavior of oxidants and substrates as well as other factors can give rise to formidable obstacles in this area. A fact of more than passing significance in all organic oxidation processes, and one often overlooked in research and development efforts is that both the reactants (substrates) and the products are thermodynamically unstable with respect to further oxidation to CO2 and H2O. Within this inherent limitation, it is the systematic control of a number of kinetic processes that dictate the observed chemistry. The title subject is of very recent vintage and as a consequence most of the literature cited in this chapter is quite recent. In order to review this subject properly, the fundamental and pertinent chemical and physical features of both hydrogen peroxide reactions and polyoxometalates must be presented. Before we turn to an elaboration of these subjects in the appropriately designated sections of the chapter below, we first discuss several points relevant to the development of oxidation and/or catalytic processes in general.
Temperature distribution in selective laser-tissue interaction

Selective photothermal interaction using dye enhancement has proven to be effective in minimizing surrounding tissue damage and delivering energy to target tissue. During laser irradiation, the process of photon absorption and thermal energy diffusion in the target tissue and its surrounding tissue are crucial. Such information allows the selection of proper operating parameters such as dye concentrations, laser power, and exposure time for optimal therapeutic effect. Combining the Monte Carlo method for energy absorption and the finite difference method for heat diffusion, the temperature distributions in target tissue and surrounding tissue in dye enhanced laser photothermal interaction are obtained. Different tissue configurations and dye enhancement are used in the simulation, and different incident beam sizes are also used to determine optimum beam sizes for various tissue configurations. Our results show that the algorithm developed in this study could predict the thermal outcome of laser irradiation. Our simulation indicates that with appropriate absorption enhancement of the target tissue, the temperature in the target tissue and in the surrounding tissue can be effectively controlled. This method can be used for optimization of lesion treatment using laser photothermal interactions. It may also provide guidance for laser immunotherapy in cancer treatment, since the immunological responses are believed to be related to tissue temperature changes.
The convergence of vulnerable characteristics and health insurance in the US

This study defines vulnerability as a multi-dimensional construct, reflected in the convergence of predisposing, enabling, and need attributes of risk. Using race, income, and self-perceived health status as indicators and based on eight rounds of the US 1996 panel of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, the study examined how the interactions of these vulnerable characteristics affect insurance coverage, a critical measure of health care access. The results of the study demonstrate insurance coverage does vary with the extent of vulnerability. While race and income significantly influence insurance coverage, respectively, there was relatively little disparity in insurance due to health status. Between race and income, income was a more significant predictor of lack of insurance coverage since low-income people regardless of race and health were significantly more likely to be uninsured or partially insured. However, it is important to note that minorities were disproportionately over-represented in the low-income or bad health groups so that any adverse association between income, bad health, and insurance status would affect minorities significantly more than whites. Among those with insurance, the most vulnerable group, the minority-low-income-bad health group or those with all the three vulnerability indicators, were most likely to be publicly insured. A policy implication is to target limited resources on insurance coverage for the more vulnerable groups, those with a convergence or cluster of predisposing, enabling, and need attributes of risk.
A wide-band microwave photonic phase and frequency shifter

Advanced radar deception systems require wide-band devices which perform microwave processing of frequency and phase information. A wide-band microwave photonic phase shifter was constructed which is capable of imposing greater than 2/spl pi/ phase shift to microwave signals in the 2-18-GHz frequency range. The maximum standard deviation from the phase setting was 10/spl deg/ (7/spl deg/ typical). The phase shifter was then incorporated into a frequency translation architecture. The carrier suppression obtained was 50 dB with a spurious harmonic suppression of 23 dB.
The oligomeric structure of human granzyme A is a determinant of its extended substrate specificity

The cell death–inducing serine protease granzyme A (GzmA) has a unique disulfide-linked quaternary structure. The structure of human GzmA bound to a tripeptide CMK inhibitor, determined at a resolution of 2.4 A, reveals that the oligomeric state contributes to substrate selection by limiting access to the active site for potential macromolecular substrates and inhibitors. Unlike other serine proteases, tetrapeptide substrate preferences do not correlate well with natural substrate cleavage sequences. This suggests that the context of the cleavage sequence within a macromolecular substrate imposes another level of selection not observed with the peptide substrates. Modeling of inhibitors bound to the GzmA active site shows that the dimer also contributes to substrate specificity in a unique manner by extending the active-site cleft. The crystal structure, along with substrate library profiling and mutagenesis, has allowed us to identify and rationally manipulate key components involved in GzmA substrate specificity.
Pulsed laser technique application to liquid and gaseous flows and the scattering power of seed materials

Mie scattering computations have been performed for light scattered by small particles from a pulsed sheet of laser illumination and collected and imaged by a camera lens. From these computations the smallest particles that can be photographed in various fluid measurement situations, including air and water, have been determined in terms of system parameters such as laser power, light sheet geometry, f/No., and photographic film properties. The particle scattering requirements of the individual particle image mode and the speckle mode are compared.
Non‐traditional biomarkers of atherosclerosis in stable and unstable coronary artery disease, do they differ?

Background: Biomarkers of atherosclerosis are emerging as a potential tool for assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. As acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and stable CAD are distinguished in their pathophysiology it is conceivable that they are also characterized by different biomarkers of atherosclerosis. Methods: We systematically reviewed the literature for clinical studies of several non‐traditional biomarkers of atherosclerosis reflecting various pathophysiological processes, namely macrophage‐activity, oxidative‐stress, tissue remodeling, and thrombosis in ACS and stable CAD to determine whether circulating biomarkers are differently expressed/predict outcome in these two clinical conditions. Results: Macrophage‐activity (monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, neopterin), tissue‐remodeling (matrix metalloproteinase‐9) and thrombosis (tissue‐factor) related biomarkers were consistently elevated in ACS compared to stable CAD, in accordance with the pathophysiological role of these mediators i...
Assessment of Heterosocial Skills in Male College Students Empirical Development of a Behavioral Role-Playing Test

Deficiencies in heterosocial skills constitute significant psychological concerns for many young adults; yet, no adequate assessment procedure has been available for the behavioral measurement of heterosocial difficulties. In the present investigation, an empirical research strategy was employed to develop such an instrument. Construction and evaluation of the instrument was carried out following the five-stage test development strategy suggested by Goldfried and D'Zurilla's (1969) behavioral-analytic assessment model. Samples of potential responses to hetero-social situations were obtained, and five male and five female students were carefully selected to judge the effectiveness of potential responses. Psychometric evaluation of the final set of 22 test items revealed good interrater reliability (r =.85) and excellent criterion-related validity, as evidenced by the instrument's ability to discriminate between groups of heterosocially adequate and inadequate males (p<.OOOI). It was concluded that the scal...
Complexation of Theophylline with Sodium Benzoate: An NMR Study

The interaction of theophylline with sodium benzoate was examined by NMR to understand the mode of interaction. Chemical shifts of theophylline protons were determined as a function of sodium benzoate concentration in D2O at 30°. Several different concentrations of theophylline were used. Signals of both methyl groups undergo significant upfield shifts, indicating vertical or plane-to-plane stacking.
Best practices for teaching in a synchronous virtual classroom

One of the major challenges that distance educators still face today in designing effective online courses is including interactivity. One of the ways this challenge has been addressed is through the use of synchronous virtual classroom technology. In this session, we will discuss some of the best practices for teaching in a synchronous virtual classroom. The practices are categorized in different topics on how instructors who teach using synchronous virtual classrooms can make it more effective: (1) Before the Virtual Class session, (2) Introduction, (3) Limiting Access/Guest Access, (4) Network Connection, (5) Archiving, (6) PowerPoint Slides, (7) Interaction, and (8) Setting Class Rules. The participants will also be given a demo of the Horizon Wimba Virtual Classroom at the session (depending on the availability of the internet access).
Life-History Tradeoffs in Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis): Implications for Assessment of Territory Quality

ABSTRACT. Tradeoffs among life-history traits have long provided material for evolutionary studies of life-history strategies but can also have practical implications for assessments of habitat and territory quality in species of conservation concern. Here, we characterize tradeoffs between parental reproductive output and offspring fitness in a closed population of California Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) using multistratum mark-recapture models and evaluate how potential tradeoffs influenced measures of territory quality. We detected heterogeneity in offspring survival associated with parental reproductive output; individuals that fledged in pairs had a greater probability of surviving than individuals that fledged either as singletons or in triplets, an advantage that was evident in juvenile, subadult, and adult life stages. Thus, the survivorship of offspring that fledged in pairs was high despite costs associated with producing a second fledgling, but the demands of producing a third...
The association of smoking and subclinical atherosclerosis in Type 2 diabetes: modification by duration of diabetes

Background Diabetes is a relatively common disease in the United States, and cardiovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality among persons with diabetes. While smoking is one of the most well-established risk factors for heart disease and atherosclerosis, the effect of smoking on atherosclerosis among diabetic patients has not been thoroughly investigated. The primary objective of this paper was to evaluate the impact of smoking on atherosclerosis among Type 2 diabetic patients and to evaluate whether smoking associations with atherosclerosis are modified by diabetes-related variables. Methods We used cross-sectional baseline data from a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the associations between smoking and common carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) in 299 subjects with Type 2 diabetes. There were 34 (11%) current cigarette smokers, 73 (24%) former cigarette smokers, and 192 (64%) subjects who had never smoked regularly. Results There was an increasing trend in mean carotid IMT with both longer duration and increased frequency of smoking (adjusted P for trend 0.04 and 0.02, respectively). The mean ± SE carotid IMT was non-significantly thicker (0.872 ± 0.01 mm) in diabetic patients who had ever smoked than never smokers (0.842 ± 0.01 mm) after controlling for age, gender and other potential confounders (P = 0.08). The negative effects of ever smoking (P = 0.01 for interaction), number of cigarettes smoked daily (P = 0.003 for interaction) and duration of smoking (P = 0.03 for interaction) on carotid IMT were accentuated with longer duration of diabetes. Conclusion Smoking is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in diabetic persons and interacts with duration of diabetes to accentuate atherosclerosis. The association between carotid IMT and duration of diabetes increases with both the frequency and duration of smoking.
Surface elastic-wave propagation and amplification

Surface elastic-wave propagation, transduction, and amplification (in a piezoelectric semiconductor) are discussed with emphasis on characteristics useful in electronic devices. Computed curves show the dependence on distance from the surface of the elastic and the electric fields associated with surface elastic-wave propagation in cadmium sulfide. The interaction impedance, relating the external electric field to power flow, is computed for propagation on the basal plane of CdS and found to be low in comparison with values characteristic of electromagnetic slow-wave circuits. Amplification with a continuous drift field in cadmium sulfide is reported, and differences between surface- and bulk-wave amplifiers are discussed. Some operating characteristics and fabrication techniques for making electrode transducers on piezoelectric crystals are given, together with experimental results on several passive surface-wave devices.
Scale-dependent changes in the importance of larval supply and habitat to abundance of a reef fish.

While there is great interest in the degree to which local interactions ''scale-up'' to predict regional patterns of abundance, few studies in marine systems have simultaneously examined patterns of abundance at both the large scale (tens of kilometers) typical of larval movement and the small scale (meters) typical of post-settlement interactions. We addressed this gap by monitoring larval supply, adult survivorship, and giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera, a primary habitat-forming species) abundance for 13 populations of kelp bass (Paralabrax clathratus) spread over ;200 km in the Santa Barbara Channel, California, USA. At the small, within-site scale, both recruitment and adult survivorship of kelp bass were density- dependent and positively related to kelp abundance. At the larger, among-site scale, the spatial pattern of adult kelp bass abundance was predicted well by the pattern of kelp bass larval supply, but there was a consistent negative spatial relationship between kelp abundance and kelp bass larval supply despite the positive effects of kelp on kelp bass at the smaller spatial scale. This large-scale negative relationship was likely a product of a channel-wide spatial mismatch between oceanographic conditions that favor kelp survival and those that concentrate and distribute fish larvae. These results generally support the recruit-adult hypothesis: kelp bass populations are limited by recruitment at low recruit densities but by density-dependent competition for food resources and/or predator refuges at high recruit densities. At the same time, spatial variation in kelp abundance produced substantial spatiotemporal heterogeneity in kelp bass demographics, which argues for a multispecies, metacommunity approach to predicting kelp bass dynamics.
A multilayer nanostructure for linear zone-plate applications

A multilayer nanostructure of 728 alternating WSi{sub 2} and Si layers with thicknesses gradually increasing from 10 to {approx}58 nm according to the Fresnel zone-plate formula has been fabricated using dc magnetron sputtering. This structure was analyzed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and tested with 19.5-keV synchrotron X-rays after sectioning and polishing. Line focus sizes as small as 30.6 nm have been achieved using a sectioned multilayer in transmission diffraction geometry.
On the scaling property of trench isolation capacitance for advanced high-performance ECL circuits

A detailed study on the scaling property of trench isolation capacitance for advanced high-performance bipolar applications is presented. Using two-dimensional numerical simulations, it is shown that depending on the particular trench used, the trench isolation capacitance has a distinct dependence on the trench width. The impact on the scaled-down high-performance ECL circuits is examined. It is concluded that the design and optimization of scaled-down devices and circuits would require an in-depth understanding of the trench isolation parasitics to realize the full potential of advanced technology. >
Overwhelming opportunistic histoplasmosis

A patient with chronic granulocytic leukemia developed overwhelming histoplasmosis. During massive fungemia, 59% of peripheral blood neutrophils contained yeast forms. Disseminated intravascular coagulation occurred. Histoplasma capsulatum was isolated not only from the patient's tissues and urine, but also from a serum sample submitted to a reference laboratory for serological testing. The microorganism was demonstrated by specific immunofluorescent staining of peripheral blood films. We suggest that histoplasmosis deserves a definite place on the roster of “opportunistic fungi”.
ISHLT pathology antibody mediated rejection score correlates with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality: A retrospective validation analysis

Background Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in cardiac transplant recipients is a serious form of rejection with adverse patient outcomes. The International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) has published a consensus schema for the pathologic diagnosis of various grades of antibody-mediated rejection (pathology antibody-mediated rejection [pAMR]). We sought to determine whether the ISHLT pAMR grading schema correlates with patient outcomes. Methods Using our database, which contains a semi-quantitative scoring of all pathologic descriptors of pAMR, we retrospectively used these descriptors to convert the previous AMR categories to the current ISHLT pAMR categories. Cox proportional hazard models were fit with cardiovascular (CV) death or retransplant as the outcome. The pAMR value was included as a categorical variable, and cellular rejection (CR) values were included in a separate model. Results There were 13,812 biopsies from 1,014 patients analyzed. The pAMR grades of pAMR1h, pAMR1i, and pAMR2 conferred comparable increased risk for CV mortality. Significantly increased risk of CV mortality was conferred by biopsies graded as severe AMR (pAMR3). Conclusions The new ISHLT pAMR grading schema identifies patients at increased risk of CV mortality, consistent with risks published from several programs before 2011. The current schema is validated by this analysis in a large biopsy database. Because pAMR1h, pAMR1i, and pAMR2 have similar CV risks associated with them, the threshold for a positive diagnosis of pAMR should be re-evaluated in future iterations of the ISHLT schema.
Detection of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient heterozygotes.

Abstract Heterozygotes for the Mediterranean type of severe G-6-PD deficiency were investigated by a variety of tests. The methemoglobin reduction test was most successful in detecting heterozygotes (about 80 per cent). Enumeration of methemoglobin containing cells on blood films (Kleihauer-Betke technic) did not improve these results. Quantitation of enzyme level was less successful (65 per cent), and determination of decolorization time by the BCB technic was least sensitive in heterozygote detection. Methemoglobin reduction technics reflect a more indirect effect of the mutant gene than enzyme assay. The superiority of these technics in heterozygote detection is probably caused by the genetically determined presence of both normal and enzyme-deficient cells in G-6-PD deficient heterozygotes. Since methemoglobin reduction is carried out by individual cells, the population of enzyme deficient cells does not reduce methemoglobin, and therefore even a minority of deficient cells leads to abnormal test results. In contrast, enzyme assay is less successful for heterozygote detection, since measurement of enzyme level is carried out on hemolyzed red cells, where cellular mosaicism no longer exists. An additional source of variation of enzyme levels in heterozygotes is caused by the existence of genetically determined control of normal enzyme level. Possession of a high capacity allele for G-6-PD activity may place a heterozygote in the normal range of enzyme activity. The various tests were also applied to subjects with the mild Greek type of G-6-PD deficiency. Males with this mutation had enzyme levels varying between 12–45 per cent of the mean of normal males. Methemoglobin reduction test results were considerably less abnormal in hemizygotes with the mild type of Mediterranean deficiency than in heterozygotes with the severe deficiency. Fewer heterozygotes with the mild deficiency were detected.
Teaching Math to Deaf/Hard-of-Hearing DHH Children Using Mobile Games: Outcomes with Student and Teacher Perspectives

Leveraging the use of mobile devices for education, such as instructional games, is an area of increasing interest for targeted subpopulations of students including those who are deaf/hard-of-hearing DHH. This paper outlines the perspectives of Deaf Education teachers and DHH children who participated in the GeePerS*Math project. Interviews and surveys provide data from the primary implementation of the technology in an ecologically valid setting. Findings included similar results from both teachers and students with regard to attitudes and transfer of skills within the game to those in traditional curriculum. Unintended outcomes, such as gaining orienteering skills and peer-tutoring, were also noted. The results helped to inform the designers of educational technology with ways to relate with classroom instructors and children when creating advanced mobile applications.
Treatment of focal articular cartilage lesions of the knee with autogenous osteochondral graftsA 2- to 4-year follow-up study.

A retrospective study of 15 patients with 16 knees who underwent osteochondral autografts for focal full thickness articular cartilage defects of the knee with 2- to 4-year follow-up showed 80% good or excellent clinical results. There was no correlation of the clinical results with the underlying diagnoses, including osteonecrosis, osteochondritis dessicans and traumatic cartilage defect, or a size of the lesion smaller than 600 mm2. However, cartilage lesions larger than 600 mm2 were associated with increasing fibrous tissue formation and fissuring between the grafts and the host tissues and poor results. The improvement in symptoms appeared time-dependent, ranging from 6 to 16 weeks, suggesting that postoperative protection of the graft is warranted. There was no radiographic progression of degenerative changes of the knee on the medium-term follow-up. Therefore, an autogenous osteochondral graft is considered a good method in the treatment of knees with moderately sized articular cartilage defects.
Renal artery stenosis surgery: aorto-renal by-pass.

Les techniques operatoires de revascularisations renales sont diversifiees. La presente discussion resume mes indications, techniques et resultats du pontage direct aortorenal. J'utilise habituellement le pontage aortorenal pour toutes les revascularisations distales de l'artere renale ou de ses branches, qu'il s'agisse d'atherome ou de fibrodysplasie. Le bon resultat chirurgical precoce represente 97% des cas. Un bon resultat a long terme sans stenose ni degradation du pontage est documente pour 88% des cas. Dans mon experience, le pontage aortorenal represente la methode preferee de revascularisation renale pour plus de la moitie des patients
Experimental Design and Sampling Strategies for Mixed-Stock Analysis

Publisher Summary Commercial fisheries management relies on formal quantitative assessments that assume fishery statistics derived from catches or landings are representative of a unit stock. If the harvest is obtained from a population comprising a mixture of stocks, the relative contribution of each stock must be determined so that estimates of exploitation, mortality, and harvest rates can be apportioned correctly in a stock assessment. Additionally, population models used to estimate recruitment, production, and growth are predicated on the treatment of a single stock. Stock recruitment analyses based on observations from overexploited, mixed-stock populations result in erroneous conclusions about “stock” size and productivity. This chapter explores the sampling issues affecting the precision and accuracy of composition estimates for stock mixtures. The experimental design and sampling strategy critically affect the reliability of a mixed-stock analysis. Because most of the observed variation in genotypic or phenotypic characters is common to all stocks, resolution is based on a small amount of detectable variation. Sampling adequacy is acutely important. Factors such as representativeness of the samples, sample size, and underlying biological and statistical assumptions must be thoroughly investigated before reliable stock analyses can be obtained. source stock samples may be more reliable for classification when population characteristics of the mixture fish are closely reflected by the source stocks. Simulation studies can provide insights on the sensitivity of the mixture model to sampling decisions and characteristics of the stocks.
Stability of a disc-shaped geothermal reservoir subjected to hydraulic and thermal loadings

Description of a disc-shaped geothermal reservoir, pressurized and subject to thermal stresses, is given in terms of notions employed in mechanics of ductile fracture. The reservoir is assumed to extend in an infinite isotropic and impermeable medium. Range of the analysis, however, is extended to include a possibility of quasi-static stable cracking occurring along the reservoir circumference prior to spontaneous fracture. Extensive microcracking occuring in the region adjacent to the crack front prior to the onset of crack growth (and in the presence of high tectonic pressure encountered in a geothermal system) provides a stabilizing effect, similar in its nature to ductility exhibited in metal fracture. Numerical example given here shows that the theoretical estimate of the upper critical flow rate of the fluid pumped through the reservoir, at which fracture becomes spontaneous, can be considerably increased (as compared with the values obtained within the LEFM framework) when the nonlinear inelastic behavior of rocks containing the reservoir is accounted for. Available data indicate that the rate of crack extension during the early stage of crack growth can be reduced by several orders of magnitude depending on physical and geometrical factors controlling the microcracking, process. Such result implies widening of the safety margin for a hot dry rock geothermal system. The results given here may also be of use in designing the hydraulic fracturing experiments and in testing various fracturing concepts.
Approaches for Generating Mesoscale Patterns of Semiconductor Nanoclusters

In this review, existing approaches for the manipulation and/or construction of isolated semiconductor nanoclusters into deliberate, patterned arrays are described. Diverse examples of different strategies from solid state, solution, and hybrid combinations are described as well as successes achieved to date. The approaches to be discussed include conventional solid state lithography, volumetric constriction of monodisperse nanoclusters deposited from solution, and the use of anchored macromolecular templates to direct semiconductor nanocluster assembly.