cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estuarine distributions of dissolved titanium

Abstract Adsorptive cathodic stripping square wave voltammetry was used to determine dissolved Ti at nanomolar to sub-nanomolar levels in estuarine samples over a range of salinities and dissolved organic matter concentrations. Dissolved Ti concentrations range from 0.2 to 13.7 nM and from 0.2 to 67 nM in the Delaware Bay and Winyah Bay (USA) estuarine systems, respectively. Early and late spring surveys in Delaware Bay show that dissolved Ti is largely removed during estuarine mixing. Dissolved Ti concentrations decrease with decreasing filter size fraction, suggesting that Ti is associated with particles or colloids. Mechanisms of Ti removal in estuaries may be similar to those of other particle-reactive elements, such as Fe. Some coherence between the dissolved Si and Ti distributions during a spring diatom bloom suggests that biological scavenging may also be important. In the organic-rich Winyah Bay system, Ti concentrations are patchy, indicating that both addition and removal occur during the mixing of multiple source waters. As biological productivity is low, a variety of physical and chemical processes probably control Ti behavior. Such processes include interactions between particles, dissolved organic matter, and fluxes from adjacent reservoirs.
ACCUMULATION OF IRON IN HIGHER PLANT CELL WALLS.

Abstract The importance of iron in biological systems has been well established. Much of the interpretation of iron in tissues has rested upon total iron analysis of the tissue without consideration to the distribution and form of iron within the cells. Previous reports 1,2 indicate that not all of the leaf iron in some plants is available for metabolic reactions and chlorophyll production. In tomato leaf tissue, grown under conditions which produce characteristic iron-deficiency chlorosis symptoms, there may be as high a concentration of iron or higher than in the tissue grown under iron sufficient conditions and not exhibiting iron-deficiency symptoms 3,4 . Apparently, there are forms of leaf-iron which are not related to chlorosis or involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll. Information on the distribution of cellular iron may aid in clarifying the role of iron in metabolism. A comprehensive detailed report on the intracellular distribution of iron in tomato tissue as a function of time and iron supply is being prepared. The present paper presents data showing the accumulation of iron in the cell wall fraction of tomato leaf tissues.
Pricing multi-class network services using the Shapley Value

This paper investigates pricing issues in class-based networks. Classes of packets having lower impatience and longer average delay receive monetary compensations. The inter-class price differential is determined by the inter-class compensations. The paper also presents rules for allocating network resource to each class. The corresponding payoff (disutility share) for each class is driven by the Shapley Value of the associated cooperative game.
Complex system governance reference model

Complex system governance (CSG) is an emerging field focused on purposeful development of control, communication, coordination, and integration functions necessary to produce and sustain desirable levels of system performance. In this paper, we develop a CSG reference model. Following an introduction to the CSG field, the paper focuses on three primary objectives to support development of a reference model. First, the conceptual foundations and role of the CSG reference model are established. These conceptual foundations rest in systems theory and management cybernetics and establish the essential philosophical and theoretical underpinnings. Second, we introduce the reference model by first discussing the nature, role, and utility for the model. We then expound each of the nine integrated functions of the model. Third, we conclude the paper by suggesting implications for the model and emerging directions with respect to research and practice. In addition, the position of the reference model in the emerging CSG field as well as related fields (e.g., system of systems engineering) is suggested.
Characterization of the orientation and isometry of Humphrey's ligament

Abstract Objectives/purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of flexion angle on isometry and fiber obliquity of the anterior meniscofemoral ligament (Humphrey's ligament (HL)). Methods Following a medial parapatellar arthrotomy on 7 fresh frozen cadavers, the insertion points of the anterolateral (AL) and posteromedial (PM) bundles of the PCL, and HL were identified. Using a 9 mm circular software tool, virtual fibers were created. Within each virtual graft, a central fiber was calculated and used to generate anisometry profiles for the AL and PM bundles and HL at flexion angles of 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, and 120°. Previously validated computer navigation software was used to re-create three dimensional bundles to measure fiber obliquity in the sagittal, frontal, and axial planes. Results HL length increased with knee flexion from 0 to 120°, and underwent similar length changes as the PCL bundles. In full extension and at 90°, the average length of the PM and AL bundles were not statistically different (p = 0.13 and p = 0.85 respectively). From 0 to 120°, the PM bundle was the most isometric, but the anisometry profile was statistically similar to the AL bundle and HL. In general, HL and the PM bundle had similar graphic trends in terms of fiber obliquity in all planes. Conclusions Using computer navigation, we have demonstrated that HL has similar isometry profiles as the PM and AL bundles of the PCL, and “mirrored” the obliquity of the PM bundle in all planes throughout flexion to 120°.
Identifying Performing and Under Performing Graphic Symbols for Verbs and Prepositions in Animated and Static Formats: A Research Note

The purpose of this study was to identify graphic symbols for verbs and prepositions that were performing and underperforming in static and animated formats in a recent experiment on the effects of animation on transparency, name agreement, and identification of graphic symbols. Variable-specific criteria were developed in order to define when a symbol is considered to be performing in terms of its transparency, name agreement, and identification accuracy. Additionally, across-variable heuristic criteria were developed that allowed classification of symbols into four categories: (a) performing exceptionally, (b) performing effectively, (c) performing adequately, and (d) performing inadequately. These criteria were applied to 24 symbols for verbs and 8 symbols for prepositions in both animated and static formats. Results indicated that the vast majority of the symbols performed adequately or better while a few did not. Potential reasons as to why some of the symbols may have underperformed are discussed. Where appropriate, implications for modifying existing symbols and future research are drawn. Although the fact that the heuristic criteria were developed post-hoc is discussed as a limitation, the benefits of the proposed categories bode well for future applications.
ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION OF PHOTONEUTRONS FROM CARBON AND BERYLLIUM

The photoneutron angular distributions from carbon and beryllium have been measured by using bremsstrahlung of maximum energies of 23 Mev and 18 Mev, respectively. The results are $1+(1.35\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.88){sin}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}$ for carbon and $(1.26\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.11)+{sin}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}$ for beryllium.
A Preliminary Investigation of Gas Turbine Combustor Modelling

Abstract analytical model for the design of tubular gas turbine combustors is developed by combining the desirable portions of several models from the literature. A literature survey covering the three major theories of combustor analysis, turbulent flame speed, microvolume burning, and stirred reactors is briefly summarized. Based on the results of the literature survey a combustor model composed of stirred reactors is proposed. A kinetic formulation for the combustion of propane in a single-staged stirred reactor is developed, and limited results are presented.
Influence of bone density on implant stability parameters and implant success: a retrospective clinical study

The aim of the present clinical study was to determine the local bone density in dental implant recipient sites using computerized tomography (CT) and to investigate the influence of local bone density on implant stability parameters and implant success. A total of 300 implants were placed in 111 patients between 2003 and 2005. The bone density in each implant recipient site was determined using CT. Insertion torque and resonance frequency analysis were used as implant stability parameters. The peak insertion torque values were recorded with OsseoCare machine. The resonance frequency analysis measurements were performed with Osstell instrument immediately after implant placement, 6, and 12 months later. Of 300 implants placed, 20 were lost, meaning a survival rate of %. 93.3 after three years (average 3.7 ± 0.7 years). The mean bone density, insertion torque and RFA recordings of all 300 implants were 620 ± 251 HU, 36.1 ± 8 Ncm, and 65.7 ± 9 ISQ at implant placement respectively; which indicated statistically significant correlations between bone density and insertion torque values (p < 0.001), bone density and ISQ values (p < 0.001), and insertion torque and ISQ values (p < 0.001). The mean bone density, insertion torque and RFA values were 645 ± 240 HU, 37.2 ± 7 Ncm, and 67.1 ± 7 ISQ for 280 successful implants at implant placement, while corresponding values were 267 ± 47 HU, 21.8 ± 4 Ncm, and 46.5 ± 4 ISQ for 20 failed implants; which indicated statistically significant differences for each parameter (p < 0.001). CT is a useful tool to determine the bone density in the implant recipient sites, and the local bone density has a prevailing influence on primary implant stability, which is an important determinant for implant success.
Enhanced Susceptibility of Mice Infected with Murine Cytomegalovirus to Intranasal Challenge with Escherichia coli: Pathogenesis and Altered Inflammatory Response

Three-week-old mice inoculated intraperitoneally with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and then challenged intranasally with Escherichia coli strain K1 demonstrated enhanced mortality (70%-90%) as compared with control animals infected with either pathogen alone (0-2007, P < 0.05). Mortality was greatest when animals were challenged with E. coli on days 1 or 3 after MCMV inoculation. On day 3 of infection with MCMV, clearance of E. coli from blood and tissues was impaired, and there was a decreased inflammatory response to an E. coli-inoculated sponge implanted subcutaneously (geometric mean of 830 leukocytes in sponge fluid/mm3 in MCMV-infected animals vs. 8,510 leukocytes/mm3 in controls, P< 0.01). On days 1 and 3 of MCMV infection, decreased leukocyte counts in sponge fluid correlated with increased levels of bacteremia (P < 0.05). These results indicate that MCMV enhances susceptibility to an intranasal challenge with E. coli. A decrease in the inflammatory response may be one mechanism by which MCMV increases susceptibility to bacterial infections. Several observations in humans and experimental animals indicate that infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) enhances susceptibility to secondary infections. An increased frequency of bacterial or fungal infections occurs in transplant recipients with primary CMV infection [1, 2], and bacteremia has been associated with CMV viremia in
Examining e-relationship marketing features on hotel websites.

Abstract This study developed and tested a progressive five-level e-Relationship marketing (e-RM) model. The authors examined e-RM web features of the top 127 hotel companies. The results indicate that the hotel companies in the study did not extensively utilize higher-level (Accountable, Proactive, and Partnership) e-RM features on their websites although they employed many lower-level (Basic and Reactive) features. The study also reveals that the extent to which a hotel company employed e-RM website features was positively associated with the size of the hotel company but negatively associated with the number of brands held by the company. This article provides an in-depth e-RM literature review and discusses practical marketing implications as well.
Determination of serum protein binding affinity of inhibitors from analysis of concentration-response plots in biochemical activity assays.

Serum protein binding is a common problem with synthetic molecules designed as enzyme and receptor inhibitors for in vivo clinical use. The theoretical basis of a simple method is described. In this method, the dissociation constant for serum protein binding may be determined from analysis of the shift in apparent IC(50) (concentration at which 50% inhibition of activity is observed) caused by the presence of varying concentrations of serum (or individual serum proteins) in biochemical activity assays. Knowledge of the serum protein dissociation constant and the serum concentration of the binding protein can be used to predict the amount of free compound available in vivo after dosing to achieve a specific total concentration of compound in the blood stream.
Selection and breeding of urban trees.

(1983). SELECTION AND BREEDING OF URBAN TREES. Arboricultural Journal: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 87-91.
Coherent-medium approximation in the stochastic transport theory of random media

An admittance for localized physical quantities is generally related to a random walk on the basis of linear-response theory. A coherent-medium approximation is introduced to solve a master equation which is assumed to govern the random walk. The general formalism is specialized to ac hopping conduction and applied to the bond-percolation model in one- and three-dimensional systems and to a lattice model for impurity conduction in doped semiconductors. For the one-dimensional bond-percolation model, the ac conductivity obtained by the coherent-medium approximation is in good agreement with exact results for both the frequency dependence and the critical behavior. The present method predicts a percolation transition and several critical behaviors of the ac conductivity at the transition point for the bond-percolation model in a simple cubic lattice. In particular, ${\mathrm{lim}}_{\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0}\frac{\mathrm{Re}[\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega})\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\sigma}(0)]}{{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$ diverges as ${(p\ensuremath{-}{p}_{c})}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{3}{2}}$ when $p={p}_{c}+0$ and ${\mathrm{lim}}_{\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0}\frac{\mathrm{Re}\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega})}{{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}}$ diverges as ${({p}_{c}\ensuremath{-}p)}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ when $p={p}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0$ and in the static limit $\mathrm{Re}\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ vanishes as ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}$ for $pl{p}_{c}$ and as ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ at $p={p}_{c}$. The present approximation also succeeds in reproducing the typical frequency dependence of the ac conductivity of the hopping conduction in doped semiconductors, namely, the transition from the dc behavior through an ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{s}$ dependence to a plateau as the frequency $\ensuremath{\omega}$ is increased. The theoretical results are shown to be in good agreement with experiments.
Representation theory of U1(H) in the symmetric tensors

Abstract The representations of the group of unitary operators which are trace-class perturbations of the identity on an infinite-dimensional separable Hilbert space are classified according to factoriality, quasi-equivalence, and semifiniteness, by relating these representations to the quasi-free representations of the Weyl algebra. This answers the problem posed by S. Strǎtilǎ and D. Voiculescu (Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Vol. 486, Springer-Verlag, Berlin/New York, 1975 ).
Hydrogen sulfide mitigates hyperglycemic remodeling via liver kinase B1-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling

Hyperglycemia (HG) reduces AMPK activation leading to impaired autophagy and matrix accumulation. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) treatment improves HG-induced renovascular remodeling however, its mechanism remains unclear. Activation of LKB1 by the formation of heterotrimeric complex with STRAD and MO25 is known to activate AMPK. We hypothesized that in HG; H2S induces autophagy and modulates matrix synthesis through AMPK-dependent LKB1/STRAD/MO25 complex formation. To address this hypothesis, mouse glomerular endothelial cells were treated with normal and high glucose in the absence or presence of sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS), an H2S donor. HG decreased the expression of H2S regulating enzymes CBS and CSE, and autophagy markers Atg5, Atg7, Atg3 and LC3B/A ratio. HG increased galectin-3 and periostin, markers of matrix accumulation. Treatment with NaHS to HG cells increased LKB1/STRAD/MO25 formation and AMPK phosphorylation. Silencing the encoded genes confirmed complex formation under normoglycemia. H2S-mediated AMPK activation in HG was associated with upregulation of autophagy and diminished matrix accumulation. We conclude that H2S mitigates adverse remodeling in HG by induction of autophagy and regulation of matrix metabolism through LKB1/STRAD/MO25 dependent pathway.
Functional polymers of gene delivery for treatment of myocardial infarct

Ischemic heart disease is rapidly growing as the common cause of death in the world. It is a disease that occurs as a result of coronary artery stenosis and is caused by the lack of oxygen within cardiac muscles due to an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand. The conventional medical therapy is focused on the use of drug eluting stents, coronary-artery bypass graft surgery and anti-thrombosis. Gene therapy provides great opportunities for treatment of cardiovascular disease. In order for gene therapy to be successful, the development of proper gene delivery systems and hypoxia-regulated gene expression vectors is the most important factors. Several non-viral gene transfer methods have been developed to overcome the safety problems of viral transduction. Some of which include plasmids that regulate gene expression that is controlled by environment specific promoters in the transcriptional or the translational level. This review explores polymeric gene carriers that target the myocardium and hypoxia-inducible vectors, which regulate gene expression in response to hypoxia, and their application in animal myocardial infarction models.
Special issues in the treatment of paediatric bipolar disorder.

Paediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) is an increasingly diagnosed disorder affecting an estimated 1% of children and adolescents. Pharmacological treatment studies in PBD have lagged far behind those in adults. Children are currently treated with pharmacological agents, most of which have proven efficacy in adults. However, PBD is distinct from adult forms of bipolar disorder (BD) and may present unique treatment challenges. PBD often presents with rapid cycling and mixed manic states and a high co-morbidity with behavioural and attention disorders. Early onset depression may also be an early sign of PBD. Due to developmental considerations, the diagnosis of BD may be difficult to make in children without semi-structured interviews. This report discusses the special issues that should be considered when treating PBD and reviews the current literature regarding pharmacotherapy of this population. Mood stabilisers have been studied mostly in an open, uncontrolled fashion but there is growing evidence that lith...
Obesity is not associated with increased knee joint torque and power during level walking

While it is widely speculated that obesity causes increased loads on the knee leading to joint degeneration, this concept is untested. The purpose of the study was to identify the effects of obesity on lower extremity joint kinetics and energetics during walking. Twenty-one obese adults were tested at self-selected (1.29m/s) and standard speeds (1.50m/s) and 18 lean adults were tested at the standard speed. Motion analysis and force platform data were combined to calculate joint torques and powers during the stance phase of walking. Obese participants were more erect with 12% less knee flexion and 11% more ankle plantarflexion in self-selected compared to standard speeds (both p<0.02). Obese participants were still more erect than lean adults with approximately 6 degrees more extension at all joints (p<0.05, for each joint) at the standard speed. Knee and ankle torques were 17% and 11% higher (p<0.034 and p<0.041) and negative knee work and positive ankle work were 68% and 11% higher (p<0.000 and p<0.048) in obese participants at the standard speed compared to the slower speed. Joint torques and powers were statistically identical at the hip and knee but were 88% and 61% higher (both p<0.000) at the ankle in obese compared to lean participants at the standard speed. Obese participants used altered gait biomechanics and despite their greater weight, they had less knee torque and power at their self-selected walking speed and equal knee torque and power while walking at the same speed as lean individuals. We propose that the ability to reorganize neuromuscular function during gait may enable some obese individuals to maintain skeletal health of the knee joint and this ability may also be a more accurate risk indicator for knee osteoarthritis than body weight.
Rule-based image interpretation with models of expected structure

Abstract Consider the problem of localizing and identifying cell organelle in a transmission electron micrograph. Opera..tions on regions constitute the key tasks in segmenting such images. The construction of meaningful entities froman initial fine partitioning of such an image poses problems that are generally linked to the type of objects to beidentified. Restraining region manipulation algorithms to a particular class of images may simplify the process.However, the loss of retargetability for the segmentation process is a serious handicap of such a solution.Segmentation must be based on a formal mechanism for reasoning about scenes (cells), their images (trans..mission electron micrographs), objects in the scene (organelle) and their representation (image regions) if thesystem is to be suitable for a wide variety of domains. Mathematical morphology offers such a mechanism but thedrawbacks of point set topology limit its success to low-level vision tasks. A modification based on expected mor-phological properties of point sets and not their fixed structure is useful for intermediate vision. This modificationmakes it possible to develop a theory for region manipulation.The main goal of growing and shrinking is to obtain regions with a given expected structure. The operationsinvolve a search in the region space for candidates satisfying specified conditions and capable of producing finalregions that fit the desired goal, subject to given constraints.In this paper we describe an algebra for region manipulation and show how it is used in planning segmentation.We report experiments on segmenting scenes of images of electron micrographs of hemocytes.Keywords: Segmentation, Image Algebra, Data Driven Region Growing, Model Driven Segmentation, ModelMatching, Stratified Knowledge Use.
Comparison of System- and User-Optimal Stochastic Dynamic Network Design Models Using Monte Carlo Bounding Techniques

This paper compares the continuous network design problem formulations using system-optimal (SO) and user-optimal (UO) dynamic traffic assignment when the following independent stochastic parameters with known discrete probability distributions are considered: time-dependent origin-destination demands, time-varying saturation flow rates and jam density, and network improvement unit costs. These models propagate traffic according to Daganzo's cell transmission model. Two Monte Carlo bounding techniques, common random numbers (CRN) and independent random numbers (IRN) strategies, are used to solve the stochastic models. The results show that the CRN strategy outperforms IRN on a simple test network resembling a freeway corridor. The network size is sacrificed to gain higher confidence probabilistic behavior and to understand intuitively the effects of different network improvement policies. Although the findings may not necessarily be generalized, they provide interesting and insightful information. First, ...
Programmed instruction and interteaching applications to teaching Java TM : A systematic replication

Students in a Java computer programming course completed a programmed instruction tutor and an interteaching session to learn a Java computer program as the first technical training exercise. The program presented a text string in a browser window. Prior to the interteaching session, students completed a tutorial that included exemplars of a test of rule-governed performance that was administered on three different occasions during this initial learning. Students showed progressive improvements in test performance and software self confidence, although the gains observed during interteaching did not always transfer to a subsequent quiz. The reported backgrounds of the students were found to relate to the knowledge acquired from the several instructional tactics. The replication shows the value of using several different instructional media successively to help students achieve skill and confidence.
Identification of thoracic interneurons that mediate giant interneuron-to-motor pathways in the cockroach.

1. Paired intracellular recordings were made to identify thoracic interneurons that receive stable short latency excitation from giant interneurons (GIs). 2. Eight metathoracic interneurons were identified in which EPSPs were correlated with GI activity which was evoked either by wind or intracellular electrical stimulation or occurred spontaneously. In all cases EPSPs in the thoracic interneurons followed GI action potentials faithfully at short latencies. 3. EPSPs associated with GI action potentials consistently represented the upper range of amplitudes of a large sample of EPSPs recorded in the thoracic interneurons. 4. Seven of the interneurons were correlated with activity in ventral GIs but were not correlated with activity in dorsal GIs. Four of these interneurons were part of a discrete population of interneurons whose somata are located in the dorsal posterior region of the ganglion. The eighth interneuron (designated the T cell) was positively correlated with activity in dorsal GIs. 5. The four dorsal posterior group interneurons and the T cell were depolarized intracellularly to establish their potential for generating motor activity. In all cases evoked activity was stronger in leg motor neurons (primarily Ds and the common inhibitor) located on the side contralateral to the interneuron's soma. 6. The results indicate that significant polysynaptic pathways exist by which GI activity can evoke motor activity. The implications of this conclusion to investigations on the cockroach escape system are discussed.
Control and data acquisition with an infrared Michelson interferometer

In this second paper on IRMA (Infrared Michelson Array) the control and data acquisition system for the instrument are described. This paper will concentrate on a description of the computer-siderostat control system. Three personal computer based systems perform the high level control such as star catalog maintenance, current coordinate computations and siderostat/delay line position and rate computations, control of the analog to digital conversion, data storage and quick look data reduction. Low level control, such as generating the pulses that are sent to various drive micro-steppers are performed by seperate Motorola 68000 based microprocessor boards. Command words are passed between the control computers and the various microprocessor boards through a multichannel parallel-to-serial interface. These hardware systems and the software responsible for pointing and tracking with the siderostats, will be described in the text of this paper.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A flexible client/server application for robotic control

Flexibility is essential during the research, development and testing of multi-robot systems. This paper describes a flexible client/server application and presents examples of how this flexibility is being used. A software architecture is presented that allows multiple analysis tools the ability to control robotic platforms that have different hardware control systems but use similar locomotion control commands and feedback. Two different robotic platform specifications, one for a wheeled robot and one for a boat, are given along with a description of how both are controlled. An example of how both platforms are being used to conduct research is illustrated in order to show some of the advantages of having flexible robotic configuration and control. Various aspects of the application's evolution while supporting Unmanned Underwater Vessel (UUV) team research are presented along with a discussion of future work to be done.
Investigation of basic imaging properties in digital radiography. 4. Effect of unsharp masking on the detectability of simple patterns.

The signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNRs) of simple radiologic patterns processed by the unsharp‐masking technique were calculated on the basis of a statistical decision theory model that includes both the observer’s visual transfer function and a noise component internal to his eye–brain system. For a variety of processing parameters, the contrast‐detail diagrams predicted from this SNR agreed qualitatively with experimental results obtained in observer performance studies. Unsharp masking with a large mask and a large weighting factor improved the detection of square objects to a level comparable with that achieved by the overall contrast enhancement technique using a factor of 4. However, unsharp masking with a small mask and a large weighting factor can substantially degrade the detectability of these objects. The potential practical utility of the unsharp‐masking technique is discussed.
The structure of noise in crossed-field amplifiers

Summary form only given, as follows. The results of a series of detailed tests on a pulsed forward wave CFA show that its noise output is highly structured in the frequency domain. The noise structure results from the CFA acting as a delay-line oscillator while it is amplifying the normal drive signal. The CFA oscillations occur at frequencies that are multiples of the reciprocal group delay through the tube. Typical spectrograms of the structured noise are shown as plots of spectral amplitudes as a function of time and frequency. They illustrate the following features. The noise is concentrated in a series of lines evenly spaced around the drive frequency. The lines are noisy in amplitude and phase. The locations of noise lines as the drive frequency is tuned over a few hundred megahertz is shown. The locations of the lines are constant as the drive frequency is changed. A diagram of a CFA model is shown. To achieve a low noise CFA, the conditions necessary for causing delay line oscillations must be removed. This requires that the electronic (active) and electric feedback (passive) paths have sufficient attenuation to prevent oscillation over the entire band where the CFA has small signal gain. The parameters of these feedback paths require considerable attention during the initial design of the CFA.
Scenario Discovery Using Nonnegative Tensor Factorization

In the relatively new field of visual analytics there is a great need for automated approaches to both verify and discover the intentions and schemes of primary actors through time. Data mining and knowledge discovery play critical roles in facilitating the ability to extract meaningful information from large and complex textual-based (digital) collections. In this study, we develop a mathematical strategy based on nonnegative tensor factorization (NTF) to extract and sequence important activities and specific events from sources such as news articles. The ability to automatically reconstruct a plot or confirm involvement in a questionable activity is greatly facilitated by our approach. As a variant of the PARAFAC multidimensional data model, we apply our NTF algorithm to the terrorism-based scenarios of the VAST 2007 Contest data set to demonstrate how term-by-entity associations can be used for scenario/plot discovery and evaluation.
Pyroglutamyl dipeptides in mushroom, Agaricus campestris.

SUMMARY: A small fraction, containing evidence for the presence of pyroglutamyl dipeptides and an N-pyroglutamylhexosamine. was isolated from the edible, commercial mushroom. Agaricus campestris. Upon hydrolysis, this isolate liberated a copious amount of glutamic acid, together with smaller quantities of other amino acids and a hexosamine. Analyses of the unhydrolyzed and hydrolyzed portions of the fraction by an automatic amino acid analyzer revealed the identities and quantities of the compounds released. Additional chemical and physical methods of analysis gave supporting evidence for the presence in the mushroom in addition to proline and pyroglutamic acid of the pyroglutamyl dipeptides of threonine, aspartic acid, valine, leucine, citrulline, phenylalanine, glycine, alanine, glutamic acid and proline and also of the amino acid sugar, N-pyroglutamylglucosamine. Pyroglutamylcitrulline and N-pyroglutamylglucosamine were tentatively identified. The first 6 dipeptides are reported for the first time. A mechanism is proposed for the enzymic biosynthesis of the pyroglutamyl dipeptides in the mushroom. Results of the present work shed additional light on the complex nature of the higher basidiomycetes.
Surface Layer Temperature Balance in the Equatorial Pacific during the 1997-98 El Nino and 1998-99 La Nina *

Abstract The surface layer temperature balance in the equatorial Pacific has been examined for the period of 1996–99 by using data obtained from Tropical Atmosphere–Ocean buoy array at four locations along the equator, namely, 165°E, 170°W, 140°W, and 110°W. Time rate change of SST, horizontal temperature advection, and heat fluxes at the sea surface are estimated directly from the data. Vertical fluxes of heat out of the base of the mixed layer, related to changes in vertical mixing and upwelling, are calculated as a residual. Results indicate that all terms in the temperature balance contributed to SST variations during different stages of the 1997–98 El Nino and the 1998–99 La Nina. Zonal advection was particularly important during the onset of the El Nino in the central Pacific. The inferred vertical heat flux out of the base of the mixed layer was important most of the time, and was especially pronounced in the eastern Pacific during the termination phase of the El Nino. Meridional advection due to e...
STIRPAT, IPAT and ImPACT: analytic tools for unpacking the driving forces of environmental impacts

Abstract Despite the scientific consensus that humans have dramatically altered the global environment, we have a limited knowledge of the specific forces driving those impacts. One key limitation to a precise understanding of anthropogenic impacts is the absence of a set of refined analytic tools. Here we assess the analytic utility of the well-known IPAT identity, the newly developed ImPACT identity, and their stochastic cousin, the STIRPAT model. We discuss the relationship between these three formulations, their similar conceptual underpinnings and their divergent uses. We then refine the STIRPAT model by developing the concept of ecological elasticity (EE). To illustrate the application of STIRPAT and EE, we compute the ecological elasticities of population, affluence and other factors for cross-national emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from fossil fuel combustion and for the energy footprint, a composite measure comprising impacts from fossil fuel combustion, fuel wood, hydropower and nuclear power. Our findings suggest that population has a proportional effect (unitary elasticity) on CO2 emissions and the energy footprint. Affluence monotonically increases both CO2 emissions and the energy footprint. However, for the energy footprint the relationship between affluence and impact changes from inelastic to elastic as affluence increases, while for CO2 emissions the relationship changes from elastic to inelastic. Climate appears to affect both measures of impact, with tropical nations having considerably lower impact than non-tropical nations, controlling for other factors. Finally, indicators of modernization (urbanization and industrialization) are associated with high impacts. We conclude that the STIRPAT model, augmented with measures of ecological elasticity, allows for a more precise specification of the sensitivity of environmental impacts to the forces driving them. Such specifications not only inform the basic science of environmental change, but also point to the factors that may be most responsive to policy.
Robust control of nonlinear systems with parametric uncertainty

A method of designing robust controllers for nonlinear systems with uncertain parameters is presented. The method produces a controller with feedback linearization structure that minimizes a weighted combination of the probabilities of instability and having unsatisfactory performance. The method is demonstrated for a simple nonlinear system consisting of two masses connected by a linear-cubic spring.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadotropic Dysfunction in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Almost all women with the polycystic ovary syndrome exhibit increased luteinizing-hormone (LH) secretion and decreased levels of serum follicle-stimulating hormone. By inference, hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) activity is increased, although other factors appear to affect the relationship between GnRH and LH interaction. The precise mechanism(s) responsible for inappropriate gonadotropin release are not known, but they appear to involve the effects of abnormal ovarian steroidogenesis, including androgen excess. Other factors may include abnormal insulin secretion and possibly extrahypothalamic neurotransmitters.
Investigating Habitat Use, Prey Consumption, and Dispersal Response as Potential Coexistence Mechanisms Using Morphologically Similar Species of Predaceous Diving Beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)

ABSTRACT Differences in habitat use and dispersal responses among competing species are mechanisms that may influence patterns of coexistence. Predaceous diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) are a model group for testing these potential coexistence mechanisms because they are abundant, interact in finite habitats, and are mobile among habitats. We focused on two morphologically similar species, Laccophilus fasciatus rufus (Aube) and Laccophilus proximus (Say), to determine if mechanisms exist that help to explain patterns of their coexistence. Behavioral observations and feeding trials in the laboratory, a field experiment, and a mesocosm experiment were used to determine if habitat use, prey consumption, or dispersal rates of these two species were inherently different or changed when in the presence of intra- or interspecific competitors. We found no difference between habitat use or prey consumption between species in constant depth aquaria, and no effect of intra- or interspecifics on their behavio...
Sexual exclusivity versus openness in gay male couples

Forty gay male couples participated in a questionnaire study comparing relationships that partners agreed were sexually open (N =23) and relationships that partners agreed were sexually closed (N =17). No significant differences were found in the quality of open versus closed relationships. Almost all men (93%) said they were in love with their partner. On scales assessing degree of love and liking for the partner, men in open and closed relationships were indistinguishable. Nor did the two types of relationships differ in measures of satisfaction and commitment. It appears that sexually open and closed relationships can be equally satisfying. It has been suggested that gay male relationships typically go through predictable stages in which an initial “honeymoon” of sexual exclusivity is inevitably followed by a change to openness. Only 20% of our couples followed this pattern, however. The remaining 80% showed diverse patterns such as continued exclusivity throughout the relationship or a change from initial openness to sexual exclusivity. Men's reasons for having an open or closed relationship were diverse. Personal attitudes and values about the merits of exclusivity were an important factor. Men in open relationships also emphasized the benefits of sexual variety and personal independence. Men in closed relationships stressed their desire to avoid jealousy. Although partners' agreements about whether their relationship should be open or closed had a significant effect on their actual sexual behavior, some discrepancies were found. Most men in closed relationships had had at least one outside sexual liaison, although they reported having many fewer sex partners than men in open relationships.
Scalable video transcaling for the wireless internet

The rapid and unprecedented increase in the heterogeneity of multimedia networks and devices emphasizes the need for scalable and adaptive video solutions for both coding and transmission purposes. However, in general, there is an inherent trade-off between the level of scalability and the quality of scalable video streams. In other words, the higher the bandwidth variation, the lower the overall video quality of the scalable stream that is needed to support the desired bandwidth range. In this paper, we introduce the notion of wireless video transcaling (TS), which is a generalization of (nonscalable) transcoding. With TS, a scalable video stream, that covers a given bandwidth range, is mapped into one or more scalable video streams covering different bandwidth ranges. Our proposed TS framework exploits the fact that the level of heterogeneity changes at different points of the video distribution tree over wireless and mobile Internet networks. This provides the opportunity to improve the video quality by performing the appropriate TS process. We argue that an Internet/wireless network gateway represents a good candidate for performing TS. Moreover, we describe hierarchical TS (HTS), which provides a "transcaler" with the option of choosing among different levels of TS processes with different complexities. We illustrate the benefits of TS by considering the recently developed MPEG-4 fine granularity scalability (FGS) video coding. Extensive simulation results of video TS over bit rate ranges supported by emerging wireless LANs are presented.
Student Motivation, Parental Attitudes, and Involvement in the Learning of Asian Languages in Elementary and Secondary Schools.

This study examined the motivation held by 140 elementary- and 451 secondary-level students toward the learning of Chinese, Japanese, or Korean in formal classroom settings in public schools. Information was also gathered from 847 parents concerning their attitudes toward foreign language (FL) learning and involvement in their child's language study. The findings revealed that elementary students were more motivated overall toward Asian language study than were older students. Younger students also perceived their parents as more involved in their language study than did high school students. A factor labeled “Ethnic Heritage-Related Motivation” emerged as a major contributory influence in students' learning an Asian language. This was especially true at the elementary school level and also in the Korean and Chinese programs. The findings further revealed that female students, regardless of grade level or language program type, reported significantly higher motivation to learn an Asian language. Finally, elementary school parents had more positive attitudes toward FL learning and were more involved in the child's language study than were parents of high school students. However, there was no parental gender difference in attitudes or involvement.
I/O subsystem architecture

The primary concerns of I/O subsystem architecture include the coordination of central processor and I/O subsystem activities, the mapping of external I/O processing requirements into the basic functionality of the I/O subsystem, and the management of concurrent processing activities within the I/O subsystem itself. Architectural developments such as data and command chaining, channel program interfaces, automatic key searching, rotational portion sensing, and block multiplexing are evaluated in terms of these underlying concerns. A number of new arguments are presented to demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of current designs, and several projections are made concerning the future evolution of this area.
Identifying Relations for Open Information Extraction

Open Information Extraction (IE) is the task of extracting assertions from massive corpora without requiring a pre-specified vocabulary. This paper shows that the output of state-of-the-art Open IE systems is rife with uninformative and incoherent extractions. To overcome these problems, we introduce two simple syntactic and lexical constraints on binary relations expressed by verbs. We implemented the constraints in the ReVerb Open IE system, which more than doubles the area under the precision-recall curve relative to previous extractors such as TextRunner and woepos. More than 30% of ReVerb's extractions are at precision 0.8 or higher---compared to virtually none for earlier systems. The paper concludes with a detailed analysis of ReVerb's errors, suggesting directions for future work.
War in Christ's World: Bonhoeffer and Just Peacemaking on War and Christology

: In this paper, I apply Dietrich Bonhoeffer's exposition of the nature of war as found in his unfinished magnum opus, Ethics, to the contemporary peacemaking movement known as “just peacemaking.” Using Bonhoeffer, I argue that the just-peacemaking approach accomplishes tactical peace, but only by undermining its stated purposes of bringing theology to bear on war. By assuming theological reasoning as secondary to historical conditions, just peacemaking has, by Bonhoeffer's logic, already abandoned the world to itself and severed it from theological resources.
Carotid atherosclerosis and magnetic resonance imaging.

In this issue of JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging , Raman et al. ([1][1]) illustrate the utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the noninvasive evaluation of carotid atherosclerosis. The authors evaluate plaque T2* values from a single-vessel location where the lesion is of maximum size. They
Mothers with HIV: A Case for a Human Rights Approach to HIV/AIDS Care in Northeastern Brazil

How do Brazilian health care policies, designed to support human rights, affect mothers with HIV? Drawing on semi-structured in-depth interviews with a group of urban poor mothers in Northeastern Brazil, this chapter examines the broader social and political contexts within which these women live their lives with HIV. The chapter looks specifically at women’s attitudes toward HIV diagnosis, their motivations for accepting HIV treatment and care, and their experiences with medical caregivers. It argues that strong social and institutional networks as well as a universal HIV treatment program provide Northeastern Brazilian mothers with forms of support that may be absent in other countries. It further suggests that particular forms of health care, such as the human rights-based approach Brazil has taken to HIV/AIDS, may improve patient-provider relationships.