cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaporative assembly of ordered microporous films and their hierarchical structures from amphiphilic random copolymers

Ordered microporous films were obtained via evaporative assembly from amphiphilic random copolymers of poly(acryloyl chloride) with self-crosslinked components. The quality and morphology of the porous structures were found to be highly dependent on the ratio of good solvent for the polymer (e.g. acetone) and nonsolvent (e.g. toluene), choice of nonsolvent, and surface chemistry of the supporting substrate. When increasing the polymer concentration in acetone–toluene solution, a morphological evolution from vesicles to microporous films with decreased pore size was observed. Using SU-8 micropillar arrays with spatially controlled surface chemistry to direct the evaporative assembly, we constructed hierarchical microporous structures with tunable pore size and symmetry (e.g. square arrays vs. hexagonal arrays). Finally, we selectively assembled TOPO-stabilized CdSe nanocrystals into the hydrophobic core of the random copolymers dispersed in acetone–toluene, and created fluorescent microporous structures after solvent evaporation.
Recent Fluvial, Volcanic, and Tectonic Activity on the Cerberus Plains of Mars

Athabasca and Marte Valles lie on the Cerberus plains, between the young, lava-covered plains of Elysium Planitia and Amazonis Planitia. To test pre-MGS (Mars Global Surveyor) suggestions of extremely young volcanic and fluvial activity, we present the first crater counts from MGS imagery, at resolutions (∼2–20 m/pixel) much higher than previously available. The most striking result, based on morphologic relations as well as crater counts from different stratigraphic units, is to confirm quantitatively that these channel systems are much younger than most other major outflow channels. The general region has an average model age for lava and fluvial surfaces of ≤200 Myr, and has possibly seen localized water releases, interspersed with lava flows, within the past 20 Myr. The youngest lavas may be no more than a few megayears old. Access of lava and liquid brines to the surface may be favored by openings of the Cerberus Fossae fracture system, but, as shown in the new images, the fractures appear to have continued developing more recently than the most recent lavas or fluvial activity. The Cerberus Fossae system may be an analog to an early stage of Valles Marineris, and its youthful activity raises questions about regional tectonic history. Large-volume water delivery to the surface of young lava flows in recent martian history puts significant boundary conditions on the storage and history of water on Mars.
Effects of Combining Selected Inhibitors of Influenza Virus Replication in Tissue Culture

When certain compounds—mostly antimetabolites inhibitory to influenza virus replication in tissue culture—were combined in various ways, the virus inhibition was enhanced in a synergistic manner with many of the combinations studied. The selectivity of this inhibitory effect also was increased significantly in most cases. In view of these experimental results, further work seems warranted on aerosol inhalation treatment of influenza-infected mice with certain combinations of these compounds.
Optical imaging in vitro provides evidence for the minicolumnar nature of cortical response

The response of rat neocortical slices to electrical stimulation at the layer VI/white matter border was recorded using intrinsic signal optical imaging. The optical response of the slice is column-shaped, extends from layer VI to the pial surface, and is strongly correlated with the amplitude of simultaneously recorded evoked potentials. Spectral analysis revealed radially oriented spatial variations in the intensity of the optical signal with a period of 30-60 microm/cycle. Nissl-stained sections of slices also exhibited a radially oriented periodicity in optical density with the same period. We conclude that the periodic variations in the intrinsic optical signal correspond to stimulus-activated minicolumns.
Effects of Single- and Dual-Task Practice on Acquiring Dual-Task Skill

In two experiments we examined the effects of single- and dual-task training on the acquisition and transfer of dual-task skill. Subjects performed two consistently mapped (CM) visual search tasks (word-category search and spatial-pattern search). Experiment 1 demonstrated benefits in both reaction time and accuracy for dual-task practice over comparable single-task practice when the two search tasks were combined. Experiment 2 examined the effects of task timing under single-task, synchronous dual-task, and asynchronous dual-task conditions. Benefits similar to those found in the first experiment were obtained. These results suggest that dual-task training can be more effective than single-task training when two dissimilar CM search tasks need to be performed together.
Race, Identity, and Belonging: “Blackness” and the Struggle for Solidarity in a Multiethnic Labor Union

This article presents an ethnographic examination of the ways in which a “black” organization—a 15,000 member labor union in New York City—has been altered and transformed by an influx of immigrant members. By appealing to shared racial experiences and promoting an American “minority” identity, the union's leaders and African American members have successfully incorporated immigrant members and, in the process, have altered the cultural practices and structural forms of the organization. The study argues that this occurred, in part, due to the particular organizational history of the union, and the sense of organizational identity built by union leaders and members. By drawing from the cultural legacy forged by the organization's founders, the union's leaders have developed a new identity for the organization that appears to be a continuation of—and improvement upon—the old. This case thus illustrates the importance of culture in organizational transformation, and also illuminates the ways in which native-born minorities expand their definition of what it means to be “black” in order to successfully incorporate newcomers.
Interplay of surface plasmon enhancement, absorption, and emission in Au/silica/dye nanoparticles

We have synthesized and studied hybrid Au/silica/dye nanoparticles. We have demonstrated that the reduction of the thickness of silica shell separating gold and dye causes the reduction of nanoparticles’ absorption and strong enhancement of emission intensity.
Parental treatment of hyperactivity in a child with ulcerative colitis

Abstract This paper describes a procedure for conditioning attending behavior in a 6-yr-old hyperactive boy with severe ulcerative colitis. The parents were instructed to ignore all hyperactive behavior and simultaneously to cease serving as models of similar behavior themselves. They were taught the essentials of operant conditioning and were instructed verbally to praise the child when he was observed engaging in attending behavior and at least once an hour. After 2 weeks, frequency of hyperactive episodes decreased approximately 75 per cent and bowel movements from 30 to 5 daily. After 10 more weeks, bowel movements were occuring once a day and hyperactive behavior had ceased to concern the parents. Thirteen months following termination of treatment, hyperactivity remained well controlled and bowel movements were occuring regularly.
Quality Verification of a Riveting Process by Statistical Analysis and Neural Network

The manufacturing integrity and quality of an aircraft structural joint largely rely on an experienced technician with consistent riveting operation. Highly sophisticated airframe structural geometries have made the training cost of an experienced technician very high. Moreover, manufacturing defects are still unavoidable due to human errors. A quality system, consisting of a riveting control device, data acquisition system, and a programmable monitoring laptop, has been established by analyzing impact signals from a riveting process statistically. The purpose of the current study is to verify the riveting process through a neural network (NN) algorithm. Through proper input data deduction, pattern recognition, and learning algorithm, the NN provides an alternative methodology to verify the riveting quality with reassuring confidence.
Time demands on families: Is there a bottom line?

As families continue to adapt to interpersonal and marketplace pressures, time available for household production is becoming scarce. The purpose of the study reported here is to explore the utility of regional economic analyses in determining minimal levels of household production as measured in terms of time. The results provide a minimum family time required in the long term of approximately 35 hours per week and a short term requirement of 2 hours per week. Theoretical frameworks used in family science are integrated in the discussion to explain these findings.
Rural community hospital closure and health policy.

Abstract Closure of rural community hospitals in the U.S.A. is a growing and important trend with serious implications for rural communities and the overall health care system. This study analyzes characteristics of all U.S. rural hospitals that closed between 1980 and 1986. Variables correlated with risk of closure for-profit ownership status, non-government not-for-profit ownership status, number of other hospitals in the county, presence of a nursing or other long-term care unit, few facilities and services offered, lack of accreditation by the Joint Commission of Accreditation of Hospitals, lack of membership in a multihospital system - indicate that a rural hospital's survival depends upon its ability to compete and adapt in a volatile, competitive health care marketplace. Five policy options are discussed: changes in Medicare payments, expansion of the number of hospitals designated as Sole Community Hospitals, the use of swing beds, establishment of state offices of rural health, and short-term federal and state grants. Allowing hospitals the flexibility to adapt and compete, while ensuring adequate quality health care to rural residents, is suggested as the priority in rural health policy.
Fast Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Imaging of Activity in Neural Populations by Objective-Coupled Planar Illumination Microscopy

Unraveling the functions of the diverse neural types in any local circuit ultimately requires methods to record from most or all of its cells simultaneously. One promising approach to this goal is fluorescence imaging, but existing methods using laser-scanning microscopy (LSM) are severely limited in their ability to resolve rapid phenomena, like neuronal action potentials, over wide fields. Here we present a microscope that rapidly sections a three-dimensional volume using a thin illumination sheet whose position is rigidly coupled to the objective and aligned with its focal plane. We demonstrate that this approach allows exceptionally low-noise imaging of large neuronal populations at pixel rates at least 100-fold higher than with LSM. Using this microscope, we studied the pheromone-sensing neurons of the mouse vomeronasal organ and found that responses to dilute urine are largely or exclusively restricted to cells in the apical layer, the location of V1r-family-expressing neurons.
Risk Management Strategies for Privatized Infrastructure Projects: Study of the Build–Operate–Transfer Approach in East Asia and the Pacific

AbstractPrivate–public partnerships have been adopted for the development of public infrastructure to meet the growing demand for public services. Many Asian countries have used the build–operate–transfer (BOT) approach to develop public infrastructure projects. However, the potential benefits of undertaking a BOT project are accompanied by corresponding risks from the private sector’s perspective. The objectives of this study are (1) to identify and discuss major risks inherent in the East Asia and Pacific regions, and (2) to propose risk management strategies for future BOT projects to be successful. This paper reports the results of five case study analyses undertaken to review their primary risks and mitigated methods. In addition, this paper proposes some strategies for future BOT projects. Two main categories of risks were analyzed: general risks and project-specific risks. Risk management strategies were suggested for each category of risk. The main finding of this study indicates that the private ...
THE PARADOX OF TIME IN HERMANN BROCH’S DIE SCHLAFWANDLER

Beginning with the contentious question as to whether Hermann Broch’s ‘Die Schlafwandler’ belongs to the genre of the ‘Zeitroman’, i.e. the period novel, this article discusses modes of time representation in the trilogy. Instead of proving or disproving mimetic representation of reality, the article proposes taking the genre literally and asking what ‘Zeit’ is in the novel. Exploring time and representations thereof in Broch’s monumental novel, the reader often encounters instances in which time is obliterated or the general progression of time is interrupted, most notably during the characters’ moments of sleepwalking. These instances, however, are paradoxical in that they are not absolute, but always connected with the time outside these bubbles of timelessness, with universal time, or with the measurable time of clocks. The article proposes a discussion of time or epoch representation, and ultimately probes the question of the ‘Zeitroman’ in light of these paradoxical moments of time obliteration.
Acquiring Electronic Journals

ABSTRACT Electronic journal acquisition is a complex and sometimes difficult process. This paper describes various decisions involved in acquiring electronic journals, addresses the nature of potential problems, and offers possible solutions. The discussion covers investigation and verification of electronic journal titles, complexities of ordering and receiving, and maintenance of ongoing availability of electronic journal titles. Rather than presenting step-by-step instructions, this paper encourages the reader to learn ways of looking at the situation and ways of understanding events, so the reader's decision-making becomes as well informed as possible.
On Domain Monotonicity of the Neumann Heat Kernel

Abstract Some examples are given of convex domains for which domain monotonicity of the Neumann heat kernel does not hold.
A Full-Length Plasmodium falciparum Recombinant Circumsporozoite Protein Expressed by Pseudomonas fluorescens Platform as a Malaria Vaccine Candidate

The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of Plasmodium falciparum is a major surface protein, which forms a dense coat on the sporozoite's surface. Preclinical research on CSP and clinical evaluation of a CSP fragment-based RTS, S/AS01 vaccine have demonstrated a modest degree of protection against P. falciparum, mediated in part by humoral immunity and in part by cell-mediated immunity. Given the partial protective efficacy of the RTS, S/AS01 vaccine in a recent Phase 3 trial, further improvement of CSP-based vaccines is crucial. In this report, we describe the preclinical development of a full-length, recombinant CSP (rCSP)-based vaccine candidate against P. falciparum malaria suitable for current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) production. Utilizing a novel high-throughput Pseudomonas fluorescens expression platform, we demonstrated greater efficacy of full-length rCSP as compared to N-terminally truncated versions, rapidly down-selected a promising lead vaccine candidate, and developed a high-yield purification process to express immunologically active, intact antigen for clinical trial material production. The rCSP, when formulated with various adjuvants, induced antigen-specific antibody responses as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence assay (IFA), as well as CD4+ T-cell responses as determined by ELISpot. The adjuvanted rCSP vaccine conferred protection in mice when challenged with transgenic P. berghei sporozoites containing the P. falciparum repeat region of CSP. Furthermore, heterologous prime/boost regimens with adjuvanted rCSP and an adenovirus type 35-vectored CSP (Ad35CS) showed modest improvements in eliciting CSP-specific T-cell responses and anti-malarial protection, depending on the order of vaccine delivery. Collectively, these data support the importance of further clinical development of adjuvanted rCSP, either as a stand-alone product or as one of the components in a heterologous prime/boost strategy, ultimately acting as an effective vaccine candidate for the mitigation of P. falciparum-induced malaria.
The ability of emergency nurses to detect simulated long bone fractures with portable ultrasound

Fractures are a common emergency department (ED) diagnosis. Ultrasound is a useful tool to evaluate for the presence of long bone fractures and can be performed by minimally trained individuals. We examined the ability of ED nurses to sonographically detect long bone fractures using a recently described training model. The fracture model consisted of a turkey long bone within a firm gelatin matrix. Emergency nurses examined five fracture models with a portable ultrasound machine to determine the presence or absence of a fracture. Overall accuracy was compared via chi-square analysis to the ability of physicians to complete the same assessment. Thirty nurses sonographically assessed the models. An overall sensitivity of 98% (95% confidence interval: 92-99%) and specificity of 93% (95% confidence interval: 76-99%) was observed for the detection of a fractured model. No difference in fracture detection accuracy (p>0.05) was revealed compared to an evaluation by 30 ED physicians. While the clinical impact of this ability remains uncertain, future utilization of nursing ability to detect fractures by ultrasound may improve patient care in ways such as more efficient triaging of radiographs and the mobilization of resources for fracture reduction.
FAKABILITY AND THE ENGINEER PERFORMANCE DESCRIPTION FORM

Four experiments were conducted to study the fakability of the Engineer Performance Description Form, a forced choice appraisal scale. Two operational definitions of fakability were used in the data analyses which yielded different results. Generally, raters are able to fake or distort their ratings but are unable to estimate even with modest accuracy what rating they gave (faked). Several issues regarding performance appraisals are considered.
Reversible C−F Bond Formation and the Au-Catalyzed Hydrofluorination of Alkynes

The gold(I) fluoride complex [(SIPr)AuF] [SIPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene] reacts reversibly with 3-hexyne to form a (β-fluorovinyl)gold(I) species. The more stable fluorovinyl complex trans-{(SIPr)Au[(Ph)CC(F)CH3]}, formed by addition of [(SIPr)AuF] across 1-phenyl-1-propyne, has been characterized crystallographically. Both the protonolysis of a (fluorovinyl)gold complex and the reaction of a cationic (alkyne)gold(I) complex with the mild HF source Et3N•3HF result in fluoroalkene formation. Electrophilic gold(I) complexes, supported by N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and generated in situ, catalyze the trans-hydrofluorination of internal alkynes at room temperature. This catalysis represents a new, selective, and potentially versatile method for the synthesis of fluoroalkenes.
A Tribute to Carol Weiss and Her Vision

A Tribute to Carol Weiss and Her Vision American Journal of Evaluation a The Author(s) 2013 Reprints and permission: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1098214013490226 aje.sagepub.com Marvin C. Alkin 1 Carol Weiss was an evaluation visionary. Her work helped to set a substantial part of the agenda for research and writings on evaluation for the last four and a half decades. I will not present a full biographical depiction of her numerous accomplishments. Rather, I would like to create a sense of the impact of her work by examining three early chapters that she wrote. When I first started in evaluation in the late 1960s, I was aware of Carol’s work in evaluation. But, when reading her 1972 book, Evaluating Action Programs: Readings in Social Action and Education, I became primarily acquainted with the wisdom of Weiss—the enduring wisdom of Carol Weiss. I was invited to have one of my papers reprinted in this book of readings. While honored to be a part of a Carol Weiss volume, the most significant part of that encounter was that it introduced me to the three chapters written personally by her: Utilization of Evaluation: Toward Comparative Study (1972a); The Politicization of Evaluation Research (1972b); and ‘‘A Treeful of Owls’’ (1972c). I will focus on evaluation utilization in my discussion of these writings and point out only a small portion of Carol’s important observations that helped to shape utilization understandings. (Please note that I view the evaluation world through ‘‘use colored glasses.’’) The first of these chapters, ‘‘Utilization of Evaluation: Toward Comparative Study’’ (reprinted from an earlier article), was a classic that changed the field and set the tone for a research agenda on evaluation utilization in those early years. This chapter helped to define evaluation utilization as a major field of inquiry within evaluation. Carol expressed concern about the extent of nonutili- zation of evaluation and attributed part of the deficiency to a failure on the part of evaluators to recognize the impact of organizational systems on evaluation and its use. She urged that evaluators pay attention to even rudimentary aspects of organizational behavior including the salience of the drive for organizational perpetuation; personnel’s need for status and esteem; fear of the unknown consequences of change; prevailing ideological doctrines; and political feasibility. This focus—the need for understanding program context—has become an increasingly strong element in the evaluator’s portfolio. Carol also identified other evaluation procedures, which she felt held promise for utilization and are worth study. One of these is the ‘‘early identification of potential users of evaluation results and selection of the issues of concern for them as the major focus of study’’ (p. 324). She commented that it was typically not possible for a single study to provide information that could be used by an array of audiences and that maximum payoff may require identification of and gearing the study to University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Population growth and cultural evolution

Brian Spooner, ed. Population Growth: Anthropological Implications. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1972. xxvii + 425 pp. Figures, tables, notes, bibliography, and index. $15.00.
Plasmonic-enhanced Si Schottky barrier solar cells

Abstract By introducing silver nanoparticles (NPs) and SiO 2 spacer layers on top of Si-based Schottky barrier solar cells, we demonstrated a positive and tunable light trapping effect introduced by metallic NPs. A redshift of the surface plasmon resonant wavelength of Ag NPs from 550 nm to 650 nm, corresponding to the optical absorption peak of the solar cell, was observed with an increased average particle diameter from 19.7 nm to 85 nm. Enhanced light trapping effects at distinct resonance wavelengths were observed in the optical spectra of the plasmonic-enhanced devices. Electrical measurements confirmed the expected photocurrent improvement at these corresponding wavelengths. It was also revealed that the Ag NPs enhance the carrier generation rate inside of the Si active layer without sacrificing carrier collection efficiency of the device. The short-circuit current density of the best cell we obtained in this work was improved from 13.7 mA/cm 2 to 19.7 mA/cm 2 , with an enhancement factor of 43.7%.
The shedding of an anticyclonic eddy from the Alaskan stream as observed by the Geosat altimeter

The evolution of a meander into an anticyclonic eddy which separates from the Alaskan Stream in the vicinity of the central Aleutian Islands is observed in two years of sea surface height anomalies computed from Geosat Exact Repeat Mission altimeter data. The observed region of meander growth and eddy separation agrees with that predicted by theory. Spin down times based on vorticity are much longer than those based on energies. This is consistent with an eddy's ability to maintain its integrity as it decays. Representative height, diameter, and velocity scales of the eddy are characteristic of rings spawned by other current systems. Assuming a ring structure for this eddy, the estimated ring volume represents a 21 percent transport anomaly referred to the mean annual transport into the Bering Sea.
Acute ankle sprains: Keys to diagnosis and return to play

IN BRIEF: The diagnosis and treatment of acute ankle injuries present challenges to both primary care physicians and orthopedic specialists. Determining the position of the ankle when the injury occurred may help distinguish sprains from fractures so that unnecessary x-rays can be avoided. Stepwise rehabilitation restores function and diminishes the risk of reinjury. Physicians can stress functional measures of recovery to objectively assess readiness for return to play and balance the risks of incomplete rehabilitation against the desire for an early return to sports.
Secondary Literacy Coaching: A Macedonian Perspective.

Vocational high schools in the Republic of Macedonia are making efforts to add content literacy and learning strategies to their curricula through Secondary Education Activity (SEA). SEA is a collaboration of the government of Macedonia, the International Reading Association, the American Institutes for Research, and the United States Agency for International Development to provide schools with updated curricula and to enable teachers to move from lecture-style instruction to instruction that included active learning and links between the school, community, and workplace. As part of this project, educators participated in workshops led by international volunteers and 16 Macedonian classroom teachers selected to become literacy coaches. The trained educators have subsequently led training at their own schools. This article focuses on the perceptions of the 16 new literacy coaches about their own professional development and dilemmas they have had to overcome.
The molecular beam epitaxial growth of wide gap II–VI injection lasers and light-emitting diodes

Abstract The successful p doping of ZnSe by substitutional nitrogen using a plasma cell incorporated into a molecular beam epitaxy chamber, when combined with an appropriate quantum well heterostructure based on (Zn,Cd)Se/Zn(S,Se), has led to the development of pn junction electroluminescent devices. We report on the performance of pn junction multiple-quantum-well diode lasers and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) which are grown on both p-type and n-type GaAs substrates and where sulfur is or is not incorporated. For all structures, efforts were made to minimize dislocations by lattice matching the active II–VI region to the GaAs substrate; some designs have dislocation densities below 10 5 cm −2 . In this work we have obtained pulsed high power, high quantum efficiency laser emission up to room temperature conditions and continuous laser operation at liquid nitrogen temperatures. Efficient LED devices are described which operate in the blue (494 nm) at room temperature.
The Likelihood of Use of Social Power Strategies by School Psychologists When Consulting With Teachers

The Interpersonal Power Inventory (IPI) has been applied previously to investigate school psychologists engaged in problem-solving consultation with teachers concerning students having various learning and adjustment problems. Relevant prior findings include (a) consultants and teachers both perceive soft power strategies as more effective than harsh power strategies when consultants are attempting to influence teachers who are described as initially reluctant to comply with requests, and (b) compared with male consultants, female consultants view soft power strategies as more effective. Moving away from judgments of perceived effectiveness, this study investigated the likelihood of use of specific power strategies by school psychologists when consulting with teachers. It was hypothesized that (a) psychologists overall would report a greater likelihood of using soft versus harsh power strategies, (b) female psychologists would report a greater likelihood of using soft power strategies than male psychologi...
Photoelectronic effects in organic materials. II. Variation of photovoltage with pH in chlorophyll-quinone solutions.

— The photovoltaic effect in ethanolic solutions of chlorophyll a with benzoquinone or hydroquinone has been measured as a function of pH. In acidic media, stable, fast-rising photovoltaic signals of positive sign are obtained. In neutral and basic media, less stable, slower rising photovoltaic signals of negative sign are found. The results in acid media are explained in terms of a photochemical interaction between chlorophyll and either the benzoquinone or hydroquinone producing protons which can then act as the electrode active agent. In basic media, negatively charged radical species, such as the benzoquinone radical-anion, are considered to be the most likely electrode-active species.
The Effects Trauma and DMSO on Rat Skin Nutritive Blood Flow

A radioisotopic method utilizing rubidium-86 was used to determine the exchangeable blood flow (EBF) in rat skin. Dorsal skin pedicle flaps were used as a standard model for traumatized skin. Forty-eight hours following the surgical formation of the pedicle flaps. EBF was found to be more than double the normal value in the area of traumatized skin surrounding the pedicle flaps. Topical application of a 10% solution of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) did not affect EBF, but 70% DMSO significantly increased ERF of normal untraumatized back skin. Abdominal skin from the same animal showed no alteration in EBF. Thus, DMSO increased EBF only in the area of topical application. By contrast, 70% DMSO did not affect EBF in traumatized skin, and 10% DMSO actually decreased EBF to both the flap and surrounding skin. Although topical application of 10% or 70% DMSO is known to inhibit necrosis of skin pedicle flaps in rats, the present data indicate that such inhibition is not mediated by a DMSO-induced increase in nutritive blood flow.
Feminist Theory Confronts US Supreme Court Rhetoric: The Case of Abortion Rights

The research presented below analyses the rhetoric of abortion jurisprudence from the perspective of fundamental principles of feminist theory. While focused primarily on the American experience, it addresses and raises questions that are on the political agenda in a significant number of contemporary societies. The feminist principles identified, and against which judicial rhetoric is assessed, include: the importance of actual life experience over abstract principles, the significance of the distinction between the public and private realms and the understanding of society as a web of relationships. Demonstrated by the relevant data is that the decisions of the judiciary restrictive of reproductive choice are characterized by a distinctly non-feminist rhetoric.
Coumadin aspirin reinfarction study: Rationale and design of the CARS study

Acute myocardial infarction remains the leading cause of death in the United States. Following increased recognition of the role of thrombosis in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction, both antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy have been proven effective in preventing recurrent infarction. However, the optimal antithrombotic regimen remains undetermined. In particular, the role of combination antithrombotic therapy has not been studied. The Coumadin Aspirin Reinfarction Study (CARS) will compare the safety and efficacy of fixed-dose combination Coumadin plus aspirin versus aspirin alone among 8000 survivors of acute myocardial infarction. Patients will be followed for up to 4 years. CARS will provide important information regarding the optimal antithrombotic regimen for myocardial infarct survivors.
AN EMPIRICAL BAYES METHOD FOR STUDYING VARIATION IN KNEE REPLACEMENT RATES

Knee replacement is the most commonly used surgical treatment for knee arthritis. It has been reported that knee replacement rates vary across both regions and counties. This paper used data from Medicare patients to develop explanations for the variation. One problem with our data is that we do not have patient level information for Medicare patients who did not have a knee replacement during the study period. Therefore, even though our data have a natural hierarchical structure (region, county, patient), we cannot use a typical hierarchical model for the analysis due to missing patient level information. In this paper, we used a two-stage approach to analyse our data. In the first stage, we used an extra Poisson regression to model within-region variation of knee replacement rates while adjusting for the type of patient demographic information we had, and in the second stage, we used an empirical Bayes method to model between-region variation of knee replacement rates.
Stability analysis for three-dimensional Rayleigh–Bénard convection with radiatively participating medium using spectral methods

Abstract In this study, a fluid subject to combined natural convection and radiation is studied by employing the Boussinesq approximation of the Navier–Stokes equations. The solution for the flow field within a three-dimensional rectangular enclosure is found numerically using a spectral method. The equation of radiation transfer for the participating medium is analyzed by the exact integral formulation. Black boundaries and a gray medium are prescribed. Linear stability analysis and weakly nonlinear analysis are used to determine the critical Rayleigh number for the onset of convection in the combined mode. For the system with flow, a modified second-order time splitting method and a spectral collocation method are introduced to minimize the errors in the computation. From numerical simulation and stability analysis, insight into the effect of radiation on this classical problem can be accomplished. The results show that the presence of a radiative source changes the static temperature gradient of the fluid, and generally results in increasing the flow critical values. The influences of the conduction–radiation parameter, Rayleigh number, and optical thickness on flow instabilities and bifurcations are discussed.
Toward a Rural Health Corps Concept: Lessons from the Dominican Republic*

: In recent years, primary health care services have expanded rapidly in rural Latin America. However, these services are characterized in many countries of the region by inefficiency and low quality. Research on rural health services in the Dominican Republic identifies the compulsory year of rural service required of graduating medical students (known as pasantia in some countries and medicatura rural in others) as one of the main causes for these problems. Conflicting roles assigned to rural health promoters by the ministry of health and by rural residents are another contributing factor. The manner in which these characteristics of the rural health system reduce the productivity of health resources and the quality of care is discussed. The authors suggest that the organization of a rural health corps could resolve the main flaws inherent in the use of the pasantia and strengthen the work of the promoters.
FMIT Prototype Linac Tank

The prototype linac tank (PLT) is an assembly of many components. This paper is limited to a discussion of the shell, and not the attaching components. Basically, the shell consists of an 8-ft-diam by 12-ft-long copper-lined tube. Despite the simplicity of this description, many special features not used nor needed in pulsed accelerators have been incorporated into this design, to handle the continuous duty cycle and high radiation levels expected for the Fusion Materials Irradiation (FMIT) Facility. The shell has been made a part of the development hardware package, not because the shell needed design development, but to allow testing and proving of other attaching hardware.
A Hierarchical Modeling Approach to Data Analysis and Study Design in a Multi-site Experimental fMRI Study

We propose a hierarchical Bayesian model for analyzing multi-site experimental fMRI studies. Our method takes the hierarchical structure of the data (subjects are nested within sites, and there are multiple observations per subject) into account and allows for modeling between-site variation. Using posterior predictive model checking and model selection based on the deviance information criterion (DIC), we show that our model provides a good fit to the observed data by sharing information across the sites. We also propose a simple approach for evaluating the efficacy of the multi-site experiment by comparing the results to those that would be expected in hypothetical single-site experiments with the same sample size.
Viewpoint: observations on scaled average bioequivalence

The two one-sided test procedure (TOST) has been used for average bioequivalence testing since 1992 and is required when marketing new formulations of an approved drug. TOST is known to require comparatively large numbers of subjects to demonstrate bioequivalence for highly variable drugs, defined as those drugs having intra-subject coefficients of variation greater than 30%. However, TOST has been shown to protect public health when multiple generic formulations enter the marketplace following patent expiration. Recently, scaled average bioequivalence (SABE) has been proposed as an alternative statistical analysis procedure for such products by multiple regulatory agencies. SABE testing requires that a three-period partial replicate cross-over or full replicate cross-over design be used. Following a brief summary of SABE analysis methods applied to existing data, we will consider three statistical ramifications of the proposed additional decision rules and the potential impact of implementation of scaled average bioequivalence in the marketplace using simulation. It is found that a constraint being applied is biased, that bias may also result from the common problem of missing data and that the SABE methods allow for much greater changes in exposure when generic-generic switching occurs in the marketplace.
Regional differences in duration of the planktonic larval stage of reef fishes in the eastern Pacific Ocean

Regional variation in the duration of the planktonic larval phase of three species of reef fishes, Thalassoma lucasanum (Labridae), Stegastes flavilatus, and Microspathodon dorsalis (Pomacentridae) was investigated between 1982 and 1991 at several sites in the tropical eastern Pacific over a distance of 3500 km, encompassing virtually their entire range of distribution. Durations of the larval phase, determined from counts of daily otolith increments, were significantly different (1.3 to 1.6 x) between sites. Populations of all three species had a consistently shorter larval life at the most northern site, Cabo San Lucas (Mexico) compared to Panama and the offshore islands of Galapagos and Cocos. Analyses of otolith increment width over the precompetent period revealed that this disparity in larval duration primarily reflected differences in larval growth rates: faster growing fish spent less time in the plankton. In T. lucasanum, some of the variation in larval duration between Panama and offshore sites (Galapagos Islands and Cocos Island) may be accounted for by a higher frequency of individuals delaying metamorphosis at the offshore sites. These data indicate that conditions in the planktonic environment are not homogeneous throughout the tropical eastern Pacific and may have a profound effect on aspects of the larval ecology of reef fishes in this region.
Molecular dynamics analysis of the AOT/water/isooctane system: Effect of simulation time, initial configuration, and model salts

Abstract We present preliminary molecular dynamics results showing the effect of simulation time, initial configuration, and presence of model salts for the AOT/water/ isooctane system. Reverse micelles, in particular the ones formed by this system, are commonly used as nanoreactors for nanoparticle synthesis. We are interested in the synthesis of ZrO2 or similar, and how these particles affect the dynamics and structure of the reverse micelles. At first, we explore the structure and dynamics of regular reverse micelles formed in the AOT–water system in isooctane, without the presence of nanoparticle precursors. The morphological characteristics of reverse micelles at different water/surfactant ratios is still not well understood. We find that there are significant variations in the morphology as a function of the water/surfactant ratio. The most significant geometrical variability is found in the low end of the water/surfactant ratio. Additional preliminary results are presented showing the effect of nanoparticle precursors in the core of the reverse micelles by incorporating metal-salt ions into the system. We find that the behavior within the water/surfactant ratios studied is similar to the regular reverse micelles with an increase in micellar size and slightly improved stability of the geometrical structures. Also, our findings show that longer simulation times than previously done are required to understand the dynamics of these systems. We suggest simulation times in order of hundreds of nanoseconds.
Prostaglandin synthetase and prostaglandin e2 levels in human breast carcinoma

Abstract Prostaglandin synthetase activity and tissue prostaglandin E levels were measured in 53 human breast carcinoma specimens. Each set of data is lognormally distributed. There is a weak but statistically significant correlation between prostaglandin synthetase activity and tissue prostaglandin E2 levels of individual specimens. In addition, in a series of four rat mammary tumors, a rough correlation between prostaglandin synthetase activity and tissue prostaglandin E2 levels was observed. The data suggest a multifactorial explanation for abnormalities of prostaglandin metabolism in human breast cancer.
Reducing disruption of circadian temperature rhythm following surgery.

Temperature and other circadian rhythms are disrupted following surgery and other traumatic events. During recovery, coordination between temperature rhythms and other rhythmic physiologic processes is reduced. Studies of animals and humans have shown that return of synchrony is not immediate, but that it is important in the recovery process. The purpose of this study was to test a combination of cues that have been shown to adjust the timing of circadian temperature rhythm. The combined cues consisted of timed ingestion of caffeine and protein foods and adjustment of the sleep/wake cycle. The intervention was tested in 26 age-and gender-matched maxillofacial surgery patients. Patients were randomly assigned to control or experimental groups. Circadian temperature rhythm was measured by continuous monitoring with axillary probes and miniature recorders before and after surgery. Following surgery, both experimental and control subjects displayed 24-hour circadian temperature rhythms; however, the peak-to-t...
The effect of isonicotinic acid hydrazide on the development of tumors

Isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) was administered as a 0.1% solution in the drinking water for the life span of adult AKR inbred mice. The treatment resulted in no significant inhibitory effect on the development of malignant lymphomas which are characteristic of these animals, nor did it induce other tumors. Similar administration of INH as 0.05 and 0.15% solutions to adult randomly bred Swiss mice enhanced the formation of pulmonary adenomas, while it had no apparent inhibitory influence on the progression of other types of tumors. Single doses of 500, 400, 300, 250, 200 and 100 μg of INH were injected subcutane-ously on the day of birth to Swiss mice, without significant tumorigenic effect. The problem of tumor induction versus inhibition is discussed.
Smart Service-Awareness Based Multi-Agent QoS Control Model for Distribution Communication Network

There are plenty of services on distribution communication network. Service classification and characteristics are given in details. Based on the proposed smart service-awareness model multi-agent Qos control model is analyzed. All of these are helpful to meet user requirements on distribution communication network.
Elevated spermidine and spermine levels in the blood of psoriasis patients.

Samples of blood, anticoagulated with EDTA, from 11 patients with psoriasis and 11 individuals without psoriasis were analyzed for their polyamine content. The average spermidine level in patients with psoriasis was approximately twice that of the controls and the average spermine level was three times that of the controls. The levels of spermidine and spermine in the skin of two patients with psoriasis were significantly depressed as compared to those of controls.
Relationships between culture density and the composition of three floating aquatic macrophytes

Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, Pistia stratiotes (L.), and Lemna minor (L.) were cultured at four different densities each and analyzed for cell-wall fraction, crude protein, total available carbohydrate and ash. Cell-wall fraction increased and crude protein content decreased as density increased in Eichhornia and Pistia cultures. The cell-wall and crude protein content of Lemna did not change with increasing culture density. Differences in the trends of cell-wall and crude protein content of the three plants at increasing culture densities appear to be related to differences in growth form. There was no difference in the total available carbohydrate or ash content of the three species at different culture densities.
Fluid-liquid equilibria of anhydrous milk fat with supercritical carbon dioxide

Abstract The composition distribution of anhydrous milk fat (AMF) in supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO 2 ) was studied at 313.15 and 333.15 K and at 10, 21, and 31 MPa. The compositions of triglycerides, total fatty acids, and cholesterol in the fluid and liquid phases were measured at different temperatures and pressures. The distribution coefficients of triglycerides and cholesterol were studied at different extraction conditions. The highest relative weight and the greatest quantity of low-melting triglycerides and short-chain fatty acids were obtained at 333.15 K and 10 MPa and at 313.15 K and 31 MPa, respectively. The optimum selectivity of SC-CO 2 for cholesterol over triglycerides was obtained between 8 and 12 MPa at 313.15 and 333.15 K.