cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mixed Methods not Mixed Messages: Improving LibGuides with Student Usability Data

Abstract Objective – This article describes a mixed methods usability study of research guides created using the LibGuides 2.0 platform conducted in 2016 at an urban, public university library. The goal of the study was to translate user design and learning modality preferences into executable design principles, and ultimately to improve the design and usage of LibGuides at the New York City College of Technology Library. Methods – User-centred design demands that stakeholders participate in each stage of an application’s development and that assumptions about user design preferences are validated through testing. Methods used for this usability study include: a task analysis on paper prototypes with a think aloud protocol (TAP), an advanced scribbling technique modeled on the work of Linek and Tochtermann (2015), and semi-structured interviews. The authors introduce specifics of each protocol in addition to data collection and analysis methods. Results – The authors present quantitative and qualitative student feedback on navigation layouts, terminology, and design elements and discuss concrete institutional and technical measures they will take to implement best practices. Additionally, the authors discuss students’ impressions of multimedia, text-based, and interactive instructional content in relation to specific research scenarios defined during the usability test. Conclusion – The authors translate study findings into best practices that can be incorporated into custom user-centric LibGuide templates and assets. The authors also discuss relevant correlations between students’ learning modality preferences and design feedback, and identify several areas that warrant further research. The authors believe this study will spark a larger discussion about relationships between instructional design, learning modalities, and research guide use contexts.
Effects of alterations of cell size and number on the structure and function of the Xenopus laevis nervous system.

The evolution of the vertebrate central nervous system has involved increasing cell numbers and overall relative size, allometric changes in different brain regions, and quantitative and qualitative alterations in the interactions between different regions of the nervous system. The importance of genetic changes which alter the metrics of interactions between developing organ systems for evolutionary change has been stressed by Gould (1977). Yet relatively little evidence is available from experimental studies to support the idea that allometric changes, such as changes in cell size, cell number or the relative sizes of different organs within the vertebrate nervous system can cause qualitative as well as quantitative changes in structure and function. Recent advances in the genetics of Xenopus laevis have permitted us to investigate some of these effects. The results support the hypothesis that relatively simple alterations in cell size and numbers can cause both qualitative and quantitative changes in morphology and function of the nervous system.
Unternehmenskultur und Organisation

Das Thema der Kulturanpassung sowie das Erzeugen einer Start-Up-Mentalitat gekennzeichnet durch Agilitat und Entrepreneurship als zwingende Voraussetzung fur eine erfolgreiche und durch Digitalisierung getriebene Transformation sind Gegenstande dieses Kapitel. Dazu werden neue Methoden zum Innovations- und Projektmanagement wie beispielsweise Scrum und Design Thinking vorgestellt und Organisationsvorschlage unter dem Aspekt der Digitalisierung erlautert. Der IT Anwendungsbereich sollte aus der IT-Organisation gelost und in die Fachbereiche migriert werden, um der Bedeutung der IT als strategischem Kernelement der Automobilindustrie Rechnung zu tragen und Schwung fur den digitalen Wandel zu gewinnen. Die Rolle des Chief Digital Officer wird ebenso behandelt wie zeitgemase Aspekte der Personalarbeit mit neuen Wegen des Hirings und der Karriereentwicklung sowie ein angemessenes Change Management fur eine erfolgreiche digitale Transformation.
Communication in Frogs and Toads

Anurans rely extensively on acoustic communication to regulate social interactions, especially those involved in reproduction. They have become a model for vertebrate communication because of the extensive integration of knowledge from studies of brain behavior and evolution. The most conspicuous, and the best-studied, signal–receiver interaction is the male’s long-distance mating call and the female’s response to it. Numerous studies have identified the morphological basis of call production, the function of these calls, the influence of sexual selection on their evolution, and how the peripheral auditory tuning and the brain decode these signals.
Understanding Surface Water Flow and Storage Changes Using Satellites: Emerging Opportunities for Bangladesh

This paper overviews the monitoring of surface water flow and storage using satellites. The overview is cast in the context of surface water-related problems of Bangladesh and South Asia. The paper then provides a basic introduction of a planned space-borne mission for surface water called SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography) mission suggested for launch in 2015. The opportunities offered by SWOT for enhancing the capacity for flood hazards monitoring and adaptation to climate change for Bangladesh are also overviewed.
Redescription of Mastigias papua (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae) with designation of a neotype and recognition of two additional species

Mastigias, the 'golden' or 'spotted' jellyfish, is distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific. Specimens are identified routinely as Mastigias papua, although eight species were described historically, and molecular analyses evince at least three phylogenetic species. Understanding species diversity in Mastigias has become a priority because of its growing relevance in studies of boom-bust dynamics related to environmental change, cryptic species, local adaptation, parallel evolution, and peripatric speciation. However, species delimitation and identification are inhibited by a dearth of type specimens for most species, including M. papua. We address these issues by resampling Mastigias from the type locality in Waigeo, West Papua, as well as in the Philippines, and by comparing cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and up to 34 morphological characters of 268 Mastigias specimens from surrounding regions in the Indo-Pacific. We also gathered data from the historical descriptions of the eight species of Mastigias to estimate the identity of the two other currently revealed clades. Using this integrative taxonomic approach, we re-describe Mastigias papua as endemic to the tropical western Pacific islands (including Papua, Palau, Enewetak) and designate a neotype for the species. Additionally, based on morphological similarity and geographic overlap, we identified a second clade most probably as M. albipunctatus (from Japan, Komodo, Berau and Philippines) and a third clade tentatively as either M. andersoni or M. ocellatus. This study highlights the benefits of combining molecular analyses, samples from type locations, traditional descriptions and statistical analyses of morphological variation in systematic studies, and the concomitant potential of such studies to increase understanding of evolutionary patterns and processes in Scyphozoa.
Muscle fatigue and performance analysis during fundamental laparoscopic surgery tasks

The goal of this study is to detect muscle fatigue and time-to-fatigue in vulnerable muscle groups, before determining whether the former has any effect on surgical performance. In the experiment, surface electromyography (sEMG) was deployed to record the muscle activations of 12 subjects while performing fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) tasks for a total of three hours. In all, 16 muscle groups were tested. The resultant data were then reconstructed using recurrence quantification analysis (RQA). In addition, a subjective fatigue assessment was conducted to draw comparisons with the RQA results. The subjects' performance was also investigated via a FLS task performance analysis, the results demonstrating that RQA can detect muscle fatigue in 12 muscle groups as well as their time-to-fatigue. The results also indicated that RQA and subjective fatigue assessment are very closely correlated (p-value < 0.05). However, the performance analysis results showed that the subjects' performance improved over time.
Case Report of Wernicke's Encephalopathy After Sleeve Gastrectomy.

BACKGROUND We report a case of a patient who was 3 months post-sleeve gastrectomy and presented with acute stroke symptoms ultimately due to Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) after bariatric surgery. A 20-year-old white female presented to an outside hospital 3 months after sleeve gastrectomy complaining of nausea and vomiting. She initially underwent a cholecystectomy and later became less responsive and required intubation. Magnetic resonance imaging changes, presumed to be an acute stroke, prompted her transfer to our facility. Intravenous (IV) thiamin was administered, and the patient's symptoms improved over the course of her hospital stay. RESULTS Thiamin levels were markedly low, and the patient rapidly improved with the administration of IV thiamin. The patient was discharged to inpatient rehabilitation. CONCLUSION Bariatric surgery is a less common cause of WE but can lead to acute WE due to malabsorption of thiamin. In patients undergoing bariatric surgery, clinicians should be vigilant about the potential for WE to occur. In addition, based on history, WE should be considered in the differential diagnosis for symptoms of acute ischemic stroke.
Gizzard Helminths in the Gadwall (Mareca strepera) Wintering Along the Mid-Texas Coast

We examined the gizzards of 80 hunter-shot gadwalls (Mareca strepera) collected November–January during the 2008–2009 (n = 46) and 2009–2010 (n = 34) hunting seasons at the Justin Hurst Wildlife Management Area in Brazoria County, Texas, U.S.A., and the Mad Island Wildlife Management Area in Matagorda County, Texas. Three species of nematodes (Amidostomum acutum, Epomidiostomum uncinatum, and Streptocara crassicauda) were found comprising 237 individuals. Epomidiostomum uncinatum was the most prevalent (55%), followed by A. acutum (53%) and S. crassicauda (1%). Intensity of infection of A. acutum and E. uncinatum averaged 2.8 ± 0.3 (SE) and 2.7 ± 0.3, respectively, and mean abundance averaged 1.5 ± 0.2 and 1.5 ± 0.2, respectively. Differences in prevalence and mean abundance for A. acutum and E. uncinatum were not significant by hunting season, host age, or host sex. Our findings represent new information about gizzard helminth infections in gadwalls wintering along the mid-Texas coast.
Testing BSIM-IMG Model Quality

Abstract A compact model has to fulfill several criteria to qualify as an industry standard model. In addition to accurate modeling of the real device physics, it is equally important for a model to behave reasonably well under different types of simulation environment. In this chapter, we rigorously test the BSIM-IMG model quality by performing several tests.
The ‘I’ in Identity: A White Future Teacher Confronts Race in an Urban School

A central issue teacher education programmes face is adequately preparing a majority White teacher population to address issues of race and diversity while meeting the varying academic needs of rac...
Mathematical model of broadly reactive plasma cell production

Strain-specific plasma cells are capable of producing neutralizing antibodies that are essential for clearance of challenging pathogens. These neutralizing antibodies also function as a main defense against disease establishment in a host. However, when a rapidly mutating pathogen infects a host, successful control of the invasion requires shifting the production of plasma cells from strain-specific to broadly reactive. In this study, we develop a mathematical model of germinal center dynamics and use it to predict the events that lead to improved breadth of the plasma cell response. We examine scenarios that lead to germinal centers that are composed of B-cells that come from a single strain-specific clone, a single broadly reactive clone or both clones. We find that the initial B-cell clonal composition, T-follicular helper cell signaling, increased rounds of productive somatic hypermutation, and B-cell selection strength are among the mechanisms differentiating between strain-specific and broadly reactive plasma cell production during infections. Understanding the contribution of these factors to emergence of breadth may assist in boosting broadly reactive plasma cells production.
The Material of Race: Caribbean Jews, Clothing, and Manhood in the Age of Emancipation and Liberal Revolution

By revealing the visual code of nineteenth-century men’s dress, Leibman exposes how wealthy Jewish men used and manipulated fashion to broker an emerging liberal idea of masculine citizens. In so doing, Leibman challenges prior perceptions about clothing and portraits. Where previous scholars have found nothing particularly “Jewish” about portraits commissioned by early American Jewish men, Leibman argues Jewish equality was highly contentious in the Caribbean, thus sameness carried great political weight. Leibman’s argument showcases the limits of liberalism in a colonial context. Within Jewish Caribbean communities, tensions between liberal minded Jews and opponents of change often broke down along class rather than religious lines, as poor Jews recognized that property requirements for enfranchisement would keep them from obtaining civil rights regardless of religious equality.
Merlin deficiency alters the redox management program in breast cancer.

The expression of Merlin tumor suppressor protein encoded by Neurofibromin 2 (NF2) gene is remarkably decreased in metastatic breast cancer tissues. In order to recapitulate clinical evidence, we generated a unique, conditional Nf2-knockout (Nf2-/- ) mouse mammary tumor model. Merlin-deficient breast tumor cells and Nf2-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) displayed a robustly invasive phenotype. Moreover, Nf2-/- MEFs presented with notable alterations in redox management networks, implicating a role for Merlin in redox homeostasis. This programmatic alteration resonated with pathways that emerged from breast tumor cells engineered for Merlin deficiency. Further investigations revealed that NF2-silenced cells supported reduced activity of the Nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 antioxidant transcription factor, concomitant with elevated expression of NADPH oxidase enzymes. Importantly, mammary-specific Nf2-/- in an Mouse mammary tumor virus Neu + murine breast cancer model demonstrated accelerated mammary carcinogenesis in vivo. Tumor-derived primary organoids and cell lines were characteristically invasive with evidence of a dysregulated cellular redox management system. As such, Merlin deficiency programmatically influences redox imbalance that orchestrates malignant attributes of mammary/breast cancer.
Optimal Use Of The TCP/IP Stack in User-space Storage Applications with ADQ feature in NIC

For storage applications based on TCP/IP, performance of the TCP/IP stack is often the dominant driver of the application's overall performance. In this paper, we introduce Tbooster, which is a library designed for TCP/IP based storage applications that optimally leverages the Linux kernel's TCP/IP stack and the socket interface to improve performance. This library allows for efficient grouping of connections onto threads and asynchronous, poll-mode operation, scaling to a massive number of TCP connections on each thread. Tbooster is designed to avoid making expensive system calls by batching and merging operations into a single operation per connection for each poll loop. Further, Tbooster leverages the Application Device Queues (ADQ) feature available in some Network Interface Cards to steer incoming data to the correct NIC receive queue. This avoids expensive coordination and message passing within the kernel when handling incoming data and especially improves outlier tail latencies of requests. Compared with a more standard usage of the Linux kernel TCP/IP stack, Tbooster improves storage I/O per second significantly (e.g., 9% to 22.7% IOPS improvement for an iSCSI target at 4KiB I/O size, 36.3% to 59.4% IOPS improvement for NVMe-oF TCP target on 8KiB I/O size). Moreover, when using the ADQ feature from Intel's 100GbE NIC, it demonstrates 30% average time reduction of 99.99% long tail latency under heavy workloads for NVMe-oF TCP.
Ficciones del origen y orígenes de la ficción en la obra de Juan José Nieto

This essay approaches the ways in which Afro-Colombian intellectual, president and novelist, Juan Jose Nieto (1805–1866), represents Colombia as a new republic where education and personal merit, i...
Exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at gas stations: a probabilistic analysis

Gasoline evaporation and spills may cause high air pollution at gas stations. This study aimed to assess exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at gas stations among customers. Ambient air samples were collected in the fuel dispensing area of 51 gas stations in the Greater Memphis Area, USA, in summer 2017. For the comparison purpose, samples were collected in the ambient air at 20 community sites and in the indoor air of 30 homes, 11 offices, and 15 running vehicles in the same region. Air sampling used Tenax TA thermal desorption (TD) tubes and samples were analyzed by TD-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for 70 target compounds. Gasoline-related VOCs were identified using factor analysis, and exposure at gas stations was evaluated using Monte Carlo analysis. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) showed the highest concentrations ranging from 2 to 15 μg/m3, ten times higher than those in the community air. Factor analysis confirmed gasoline as the common source of aromatic compounds. VOC concentrations had no association with the number of cars present or environmental parameters. Exposure to aromatic compounds at gas stations represented 2% of the total exposure (i.e., the sum of indoor and outdoor exposures) but 38% of the outdoor exposure among customers. The exposure levels were below the acute health thresholds and presented 0.3 × 10−6 lifetime excess cancer risk. In conclusion, customers’ exposure to VOCs at gas stations has negligible non-cancer and cancer risks. It is also suggested that customers stand away from the nozzle to avoid high personal exposures during refueling.
Elastic moduli of transversely isotropic graphite fibers and their composites

This paper demonstrates that it is possible to calculate the complete set of elastic mechanical properties for graphite-epoxy fiber-reinforced materials at any fiber-volume fraction by modifying equations previously developed to include transversely isotropic graphite-fiber properties. Experimental verification of the modified equations is demonstrated by using these equations to curve fit elastic-property data obtained ultrasonically over a range of fiber-volume fractions. Material systems under consideration are T300/5208, AS-3501 and Modomor II/LY558 graphite epoxy. Using the modified equations it is possible to extrapolate for fiber properties. From Modomor II/LY558 ultrasonic data, it is shown that five out of seven extrapolated graphite-fiber properties are consistent with the assumption that graphite fibers are transversely isotropic. Elastic properties for T300/5208 and AS-3501 are ultrasonically evaluated by propagating stress waves through six individual specimens but at various angles from a block of unidirectional material. Particular attention is devoted to specimen dimensions. To demonstrate the need for accurately calculating or experimentally measuring all lamina elastic properties, a brief discussion is included on the effect that variations in lamina elastic properties have on calculating interlaminar stresses.
Laboratory Maintenance of Moraxella catarrhalis.

Moraxella catarrhalis is a Gram-negative bacterium that has recently emerged as the third leading cause of bacterial ear infections in children. This organism is also responsible for a variety of upper respiratory tract illnesses in adults, including ∼10% of all cases of respiratory exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There is interest in studying M. catarrhalis for vaccine development, and this unit provides guidelines for the laboratory maintenance of the organism. The three Basic Protocols presented in this unit describe how to culture and prepare M. catarrhalis cells for use in experiments pertaining to various biological aspects of this important respiratory pathogen. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 11:6B.1.1-6B.1.11. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: Moraxella catarrhalis; growth; laboratory; biological assays; phase variation; viability
Does resource availability modulate shade avoidance responses to the ratio of red to far-red irradiation? An assessment of radiation quantity and soil volume

summary We conducted two experiments to investigate the expression of shade avoidance in response to low ratios of red to far-red irradiation (R:FR) in the C % perennial grass Schizachyrium scoparium at two levels of above-ground (photosynthetic photon flux density (PFD) 400‐700 nm) and below-ground (soil volume) resource availability and in plants of two ages. Young plants showed greater sheath and ramet height in response to low R:FR and old plants showed reduced ramet initiation in experiments one and two, respectively, but both responses were not expressed simultaneously in either group. Growth of all ramet variables, including ramet initiation, was suppressed in small as opposed to large soil volumes. By contrast, architectural variables, but not ramet initiation, were greater for plants grown in low as opposed to ambient PFD. However, expression of shade avoidance to low R:FR was not significantly aected by either level of PFD or soil volume. We must conclude that the levels of resource availability provided do not modulate shade avoidance in this perennial grass. These results demonstrate that S. scoparium is capable of expressing shade avoidance in response to low R:FR, but inconsistent juvenile ramet initiation and architectural responses in plants of dierent ages and phenological stages of development indicate that the shade avoidance response might not be expressed consistently throughout the life of plants.
Konventionell zementierte Keramikkronen

Jacketkronen, also metallfreie Vollkeramikkronen, waren die ersten Kronen zur Versorgung von Einzelzahnen mit einem asthetischen Anspruch. Ihre Entwicklung nahm bereits im 19. Jahrhundert ihren Anfang und geht vor allem auf Charles Land, den Pionier der Jacketkrone, zuruck.
Refining the criterion for an abnormal Integrated Relaxation Pressure in esophageal pressure topography based on the pattern of esophageal contractility using a classification and regression tree model

Background The Integrated Relaxation Pressure (IRP) is the esophageal pressure topography (EPT) metric used for assessing the adequacy of esophagogastric junction (EGJ) relaxation in the Chicago Classification of motility disorders. However, because the IRP value is also influenced by distal esophageal contractility, we hypothesized that its normal limits should vary with different patterns of contractility.
Automatic program restructuring for high-speed computation

This paper discusses program transformations to allow traditional programming languages to be used on a variety of architectures. A uniform framework is presented in which various array and multiple-scalar machines are all special cases. The methods are implemented in the Parafrase system, which can be used for machine design as well as compiler design studies.
Structure and chromosomal location of the gene for endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1

Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 is a cell surface glycoprotein expressed by cytokine-activated endothelium that mediates the adhesion of blood neutrophils. Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 is a member of the selectin family of cell adhesion molecules each of which contain an amino-terminal lectin-like domain, followed by an epidermal growth factor-like domain and a variable number of short consensus repeats similar to those found in complement binding proteins. Genomic clones encoding the ELAM gene were isolated and the organization of the ELAM gene was determined. The gene, which is present in a single copy in the human genome, contains 14 exons spanning about 13 kilobases of DNA. The positions of exon-intron boundaries correlate with the putative functional subdivisions of the protein. Introns are found at similar positions in all of the six complement regulatory repeats, suggesting that these elements arose by internal gene duplication. A consensus TATAA element is located upstream of the transcriptional start site. The ELAM promoter contains an inverted CCAAT box and consensus NF-kappa B- and AP-1-binding sites. The ELAM gene was assigned to the q12 greater than qter region of human chromosome 1 by analysis of human-mouse hybrid cell lines. Two other members of the selectin gene family, the leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (LAM-1, TQ1, LEC-CAM 1, or Leu-8) and the granule membrane protein 140 (GMP-140, PADGEM, or CD62) have been localized to the long arm of chromosome 1, as have the structurally related complement binding proteins, suggesting that these genes may share a common evolutionary history.
Der Compass-Gelenkfixateur bei akuter und chronischer Instabilität des Ellenbogens

Nach Versorgung komplexer Ellenbogenverletzungen halt der Gelenkfixateur das Ellenbogengelenk in anatomischer Reposition und ermoglicht gleichzeitig eine fruhe funktionelle Nachbehandlung im operierten Gelenk. Instabilitat oder Subluxation des Ellenbogengelenks nach Rekonstruktion der knochernen Strukturen, der Kapsel-Band-Strukturen oder der muskularen Stabilisatoren. Ungenugende Fixation nach Rekonstruktion des Processus coronoideus aufgrund einer komplexen Fraktur oder Osteopenie. Stabilisierung des Gelenks nach Arthroplastie mit Faszieninterposition oder nach ausgedehntem Infektdebridement, das den Ellenbogen instabil werden lasst. Eingeschrankte Indikation bei Kapsulotomie oder Release von Kontrakturen im Ellenbogengelenk. Mangelnde Mitarbeit des Patienten. Wenig Erfahrung des Operateurs mit dem Instrumentarium. Zugang uber einen dorsomedian gelegten Hautschnitt. Positionierung eines Achsenstifts im Rotationszentrum des Gelenks am distalen Humerus. Ausrichten des Fixateurs uber den Achsenstift. Fixation mit Schanz-Schrauben in Humerus und Ulna unter Schonung des Nervus radialis und Nervus ulnaris. Entfernung des Achsenstifts. Uberprufen der Festigkeit und Positionierung des Fixateurrahmens. Nach Erfahrung der Autoren ist der Compass-Gelenkfixateur bei chronischen, einfachen Ellenbogendislokationen sowie akuten oder chronischen Ellenbogeninstabilitaten nach Trauma gut indiziert. Stabilitat und Beweglichkeit konnten im so ausbehandelten Gelenk wiedererlangt werden. Zur Wiedergewinnung der Beweglichkeit bei schweren Kontrakturen im Ellenbogen zeigte sich nur eine geringe Verbesserung des postoperativen Bewegungsmusters im Vergleich zu herkommlichen Methoden.
Alexithymia, Gender, and Responses to Depressive Symptoms

Difficulty in labeling and communicating emotions (commonly known as alexithymia) may play a role in how women and men respond to a depressed mood. In the current study, we hypothesized that alexithymia would be associated with a lower probability of seeking support from close others or health care professionals. We also tested the hypothesis that gender differences in response to depressive symptoms could be accounted for by alexithymia. One hundred and seventy-two employees of a small urban university completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20, the Beck Depression Inventory, and a Responses to Depression Analogue Questionnaire. This sample was 67% women, 90% Caucasian, and was highly educated overall. Difficulties in communicating emotion were associated with a lower self-reported probability of seeking social support from friends or family, or thinking about the reasons for problems. No relationship was found between alexithymia and the probability of seeking help from a professional. Partial support was found for alexithymia as a mediator of gender differences in response to depressive symptoms. Overall, the results are consistent with the idea that the abilities to recognize, label, and communicate affective experiences are related to the ways in which people cope with depression, and that these relationships differ according to gender.
Prospective study of intake of fruit, vegetables, and carotenoids and the risk of adult glioma

Background Nutrients in dietary fruit and vegetables have been hypothesized to lower the risk of glioma by reducing the endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds. Studies examining fruit and vegetable consumption and brain tumors have relied on case-control study designs, with one exception, and results have been inconsistent. Objective We prospectively examined the relation between consumption of fruit and vegetables (and specifically carotenoids) and the risk of glioma among men and women in 3 large US cohort studies: the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS), the Nurses' Health Study I (NHS I), and NHS II. Design Dietary intake was assessed by food-frequency questionnaires obtained at baseline and updated every 4 y through 2002 (HPFS and NHS I) or 2003 (NHS II). We identified 296 incident adult gliomas during 3 669 589 person-years of follow-up. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (RR) and 95% CIs between intake of fruit, vegetables, and carotenoids and glioma risk, with adjustment for age and total caloric intake. Results Updated average consumption of total fruit and vegetables was not significantly associated with glioma risk in the men and women (pooled multivariate RR in a comparison of the highest with the lowest quintile: 1.12; 95% CI: 0.74, 1.69). Other fruit and vegetable subgroups, individual fruit and vegetables, and 5 major carotenoids were not significantly associated with risk of glioma. Conclusion Our findings suggest that fruit, vegetable, and carotenoid consumption is not likely associated strongly with the risk of adult glioma.
Organization of Enzymes in the Common Aromatic Synthetic Pathway: Evidence for Aggregation in Fungi

Centrifugation in sucrose density gradients of partially purified extracts from six species of fungi, i.e., Rhizopus stolonifer, Phycomyces nitens, Absidia glauca (Phycomycetes), Aspergillus nidulans (Ascomycetes), Coprinus lagopus, and Ustilago maydis (Basidiomycetes), indicate that the five enzymes catalyzing steps two to six in the prechorismic acid part of the polyaromatic synthetic pathway sediment together. The sedimentation coefficients for these enzymes are very similar in the six species and are comparable to those previously observed for the multienzyme complexes (arom aggregates) of Neurospora crassa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These results are interpreted as indicating the presence in each of these fungi of arom aggregates, presumably encoded by arom gene clusters similar to those in N. crassa and S. cerevisiae. Evidence has also been obtained for the presence in two species (A. nidulans and U. maydis) and the absence in the other four species of a second dehydroquinase isozyme which is distinguishable from the synthetic activity on the basis of both thermostability tests and S values. This second dehydroquinase, which is apparently involved in the catabolism of quinic acid via a pathway similar to that in N. crassa, is inducible in A. nidulans (as it is in N. crassa), but constitutive in U. maydis. These comparative findings are discussed in relation to the organization, evolution, and possible functional relationships of synthetic and catabolic aromatic pathways in fungi.
Multi‐level metallization: Future prospects

Chemical vapour deposition of tungsten and aluminium films is discussed as alternative to sputtering of aluminium in future multilevel metallization schemes. Because CVD generally offers a very good step coverage it is an attractive technology for filling sub-micron via's and contact holes. In this paper three CVD-based metallization scenaria are discussed. The first one is filling of via's with selective (CVD) W followed by sputtering of A1 on the planarized surface. Secondly, blanket deposition of W is discussed and thirdly blanket deposition of (CVD) aluminium. The many problems plaguing selective W such as selectivity loss, encroachment, creep up, etc. are discussed. Selectivity loss is shown to be linked with the presence of reaction by-products. Aluminium CVD, carried out in a novel type multi-chamber reactor system is presented as a potentially attractive alternative to tungsten.
Using micro-patterned sensors and cell self-assembly for measuring the oxygen consumption rate of single cells

We present a method for self-assembling arrays of live single cells on a glass chip using a photopatternable polymer to form micro-traps. We have studied the single-cell self-assembly method and optimized the process to obtain a 52% yield of single-trapped cells. We also report a method to measure the oxygen consumption rate of a single cell using micro-patterned sensors. These molecular oxygen sensors were fabricated around each micro-trap allowing optical interrogation of oxygen concentration in the immediate environment of the trapped cell. Micromachined micro-wells were then used to seal the trap, sensor and cell in order to determine the oxygen consumption rate of single cells. These techniques reported here add to the collection of tools for performing 'singe-cell' biology. An oxygen consumption rate of 1.05 ± 0.28 fmol min−1 was found for a data set consisting of 25 single A549 cells.
Fluoxetine for Hypochondriacal Patients Without Major Depression

Hypochondriasis without concomitant depression is often considered to be unresponsive to pharmacotherapy. Given marked similarities between hypochondriasis and obsessive-compulsive disorder, we decided to conduct an open trial of high-dose fluoxetine for patients with DSM-III-R hypochondriasis who did not meet criteria for major depression. Ten of 16 patients were much improved at the end of 12 weeks. A comparison of baseline and week 12 scores by the use of a paired-samples t-test revealed a statistically significant reduction in hypochondriacal concerns, as measured by the Heightened Illness Concern Clinical Global Impression Severity scale, the Whiteley Index of Hypochondriasis, and the Heightened Illness Concern Questionnaire. These results suggest that fluoxetine may be a useful therapy for hypochondriacal patients without marked depressive features--a group previously considered to be treatment refractory.
A Quantitative Investigation of the Open‐Circuit Photovoltage at the Semiconductor/Liquid Interface

A quantitative analysis of the theoretical value for the open‐circuit photovoltage, , of a semiconductor/liquid junction reveals that control of bulk carrier transport properties is crucial to interpreting the observables at the semiconductor/liquid interface. Use of characterized semiconductor samples yields quantitative agreement between the maximum theoretical and experimentally observed values for both n‐Si and p‐Si surfaces in nonaqueous solvents. This accord between theory and experiment rules out deleterious effects of charged surface states on the of these interfaces. Lower than ideal values in other systems might reflect poor diffusion lengths in the semiconductor, classical tunneling over the barrier, or the effects of surface states. The observation of large photovoltages from n‐ and p‐type‐based semiconductor interfaces (n‐Si, p‐Si, , ) in the same solvent is used to rule out a fixed density of charged surface states as the mechanism for obtaining constant photovoltages at these junctions. Direct support for this interpretation is obtained by techniques which verify the presence of mobile surface charge on p‐type Si cathode surfaces in the inversion condition. Thus, control and investigation of bulk semiconductor properties that has been eminently significant to the understanding of p‐n junction solar cells is also crucial to developing a rational understanding of the observables at the semiconductor/liquid interface.
Ising type models applied to Geophysics and high frequency market data

Abstract The classical Ising model was used to re-create the ferromagnetic phenomenon in statistical mechanics. The model describes the behavior of atoms in a lattice. Each atom may interact only with its neighbors, and has two states called spins. When the atoms polarize their spins, the resulting material exhibits a net magnetization. A similar model has been used before in financial math: the spins correspond to the buy/sell position of a trader and the polarization is equivalent with all the traders in the market wanting to sell. This leads to a market crash. In this work, we present extensions and applications to geophysics and high frequency market data.
A diploid epithelial cell line from normal adult rat liver with phenotypic properties of ‘oval’ cells

A diploid epithelial cell line (termed WB-F344) was isolated from the liver of an adult male Fischer-344 rat and the phenotypic characteristics of the cells were studied. These cells measure approximately two-fifths the volume of freshly isolated hepatocytes. They are histochemically negative for glucose-6-phosphatase and weakly positive for gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. They produce extensive intercellular reticulin fibers which stain immunocytochemically for fibronectin, and they synthesize both alpha-fetoprotein and albumin, but they do not accumulate glycogen particles. Ultrastructurally, they are polygonal cells with numerous intercellular desmosomes and nexus junctions, and they are partially surrounded by basement membrane-like material. Cytoplasmic organelles include few, but sometimes dilated profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, abundant free ribosomes, sparse smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membranes, microbodies, and small, pleomorphic mitochondria. They express A and C isozymes of aldolase, K isozyme of pyruvate kinase, LDH2 to LDH5 isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase, and 'fetal liver'-type alkaline phosphatase isozyme. When compared with the phenotypes of isolated and purified normal hepatocytes, biliary epithelial (ductular) cells and 'oval' cells isolated from livers treated with chemical carcinogens, the phenotypic properties of the liver epithelial cell line in culture most resemble those of the 'oval' cells.
Moderate deviations for time-varying dynamic systems driven by non-homogeneous Markov chains with Two-time Scales

Motivated by problems arising in time-dependent queues and dynamic systems with random environment, this work develops moderate deviations principles for dynamic systems driven by a fast-varying non-homogeneous Markov chain in continuous time. A distinct feature is that the Markov chain is time dependent or inhomogeneous, so are the dynamic systems. Under irreducibility of the non-homogeneous Markov chain, moderate deviations of a non-homogeneous functional are established first. With the help of a martingale problem formulation and a functional central limit theorem for the two timescale system, both upper and lower bounds of moderate deviations are obtained for the rapidly fluctuating Markovian systems. Then applications to queueing systems and dynamic systems modulated by a fast-varying Markov chain are examined.
Accommodating Linkage Disequilibrium in Genetic-Association Analyses via Ridge Regression

Large-scale genetic-association studies that take advantage of an extremely dense set of genetic markers have begun to produce very compelling statistical associations between multiple makers exhibiting strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) in a single genomic region and a phenotype of interest. However, the ultimate biological or “functional” significance of these multiple associations has been difficult to discern. In fact, the LD relationships between not only the markers found to be associated with the phenotype but also potential functionally or causally relevant genetic variations that reside near those markers have been exploited in such studies. Unfortunately, LD, especially strong LD, between variations at neighboring loci can make it difficult to distinguish the functionally relevant variations from nonfunctional variations. Although there are (rare) situations in which it is impossible to determine the independent phenotypic effects of variations in LD, there are strategies for accommodating LD between variations at different loci, and they can be used to tease out their independent effects on a phenotype. These strategies make it possible to differentiate potentially causative from noncausative variations. We describe one such approach involving ridge regression. We showcase the method by using both simulated and real data. Our results suggest that ridge regression and related techniques have the potential to distinguish causative from noncausative variations in association studies.
A cost model for the evaluation of alternative cellular manufacturing configurations

This paper describes the use of a cost model to aid a design team in selecting a configuration of parts and machines for manufacturing cells. Given a set of proposed solutions ranging from a pure job shop to a pure cellular configuration, the total cost of each solution is evaluated. This calculation includes machine investment, machine setup, and material move costs. The model is illustrated with a simple example. In addition to the cost model, other pertinent factors which are not included in the model are discussed and used to aid in the final cell configuration decision. Finally, the work is illustrated with an actual data set from a local manufacturer that recently implemented manufacturing cells.
EFFICIENT SEMIPARAMETRIC ESTIMATION VIA MOMENT RESTRICTIONS

Conditional moment restrictions can be combined through GMM estimation to construct more efficient semiparametric estimators. This paper is about attainable efficiency for such estimators. We define and use a moment tangent set, the directions of departure from the truth allowed by the moments, to characterize when the semiparametric efficiency bound can be attained. The efficiency condition is that the moment tangent set equals the model tangent set. We apply these results to transformed, censored, and truncated regression models, e.g., finding that the conditional moment restrictions from Powell's (1986) censored regression quantile estimators can be combined to approximate efficiency when the disturbance is independent of regressors.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER FROM A MOVING PLATE COOLED BY AN ARRAY OF SUBMERGED PLANAR JETS

A numerical model is developed to determine convective heat transfer distributions for an array of submerged planar jets impinging on a uniform heat flux or constant temperature moving surface where the surface motion is directed perpendicular to the jet planes. Unlike prior related work, the model accounts for the interaction between neighboring jets in the array without imposition of an imposed cross flow. The effects of surface speed, nozzle separation distance within an array, nozzle height, and Reynolds number on the flow field, coefficient of friction, and Nusselt number are investigated. Results suggest that neglecting surface motion effects can lead to overestimates of heat transfer.
Late occurrence of chronic immune-mediated axonal polyneuropathy following bone marrow transplant for juvenile-onset α -mannosidosis

Late occurrence of chronic immune-mediated axonal polyneuropathy following bone marrow transplant for juvenile-onset α -mannosidosis
Invited Review: Nutrition for Adult Burn Patients: A Review

Adequate nutritional support is an important aspect of burn therapy. To accomplish this goal, nutrition assessment must be conducted, with particular attention given to the determination of energy and macronutrient needs. Providing these nutrients by the enteral route is recommended.
Potent inhibition of human Hepatitis B virus replication by a host factor Vps4

Vps4 is a host factor known to be involved in cellular vacuolar protein sorting. We report here that HBV replication and secretion can be significantly inhibited by Vps4 dominant negative, ATPase-defective, mutants K173Q and E228Q. In contrast, wild-type Vps4 at low dose can inhibit HBV replication more effectively in human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2, than in human hepatoma cell line Huh7. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an anti-HBV potential of dominant negative mutants of a protein sorting host factor Vps4.
Nitrogen Availability and Old-Field Succession in a Shortgrass Steppe

The relationship between soil nitrogen (N) availability and plant community structure was investigated in old-fields in the shortgrass steppe of Colorado. Nitrogen availability was manipulated by N or sucrose additions for 4 years at three old-fields (early-seral, mid-seral, and late-seral) and at an uncultivated control site. The addition of N generally resulted in increased abundance of annual forbs and grasses relative to perennials at all of the previously cultivated sites. Conversely, experimental reduction of N availability generally increased the relative abundance of perennials. Despite a lack of detectable differences in N mineralization between sites and treatments, ion-exchange resin bags confirmed that sucrose additions reduced plant-available N and that N additions increased plant-available N. This was evidenced further by similar observations for plant tissue N content. The degree to which N additions increased N availability at the various sites supported the idea that late-seral plant communities are less effective at N capture relative to earlier-seral communities. The mid-seral old-field had the lowest rates of litter decomposition and a relatively large accumulation of litter on the soil surface. This mid-seral old-field was dominated by an exotic annual grass (Bromus tectorum), which appears to be a major hindrance to redevelopment of the plant-soil system. By experimentally reducing N availability at this stage, we were able, in 4 years, to change the plant community into one that more closely resembled the late-seral community. We also observed that the natural recruitment of weedy annual species on the uncultivated site during an unusually wet year was suppressed by reducing N availability. Our results suggest that available N is an important factor controlling the rate and course of plant and soil community redevelopment on abandoned croplands in the shortgrass steppe, and that manipulation of N availability might be useful in restoration of rangeland vegetation.