cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maintenance scheduling and staffing policies in a wafer fabrication facility

We examine how to reduce the adverse effects of machine down time by prioritizing production equipment for attention by a limited number of maintenance personnel. The maintenance scheduling policies use system information to determine which machines are the most critical at a given time. This information includes repair times, queue lengths, due dates, available capacity, and steady-state utilizations. The effects of different staffing levels are also considered. A discrete-event simulation model of a wafer fabrication facility is used to examine the performance of the different policies. Results indicate that the choice of maintenance scheduling policy can significantly affect system performance under restrictive staffing-levels. Moreover, factory performance is shown to be sensitive to small changes in staffing level.
A transistor-circuit chassis for high reliability in missile-guidance systems

In recognition of the special needs of the situation, a unique team was organized to develop this computer. Early in the development program, the usual project organization was augmented with engineers trained in quality control, specifications, production engineering and mechanical design, plus mathematicians and statisticians skilled in the use of computers. Organizational lines were bypassed, and a closely-knit working group was established. As development progressed, a special manufacturing department was organized to work directly with the design group so that manufacturing processes would be consistent with the reliability requirements. Much of the success of the program resulted from the close working relationships between the design and manufacturing groups.
Quasi-Destructive Graph Unification

Graph unification is the most expensive part of unification-based grammar parsing. It often takes over 90% of the total parsing time of a sentence. We focus on two speed-up elements in the design of unification algorithms: 1) elimination of excessive copying by only copying successful unifications, 2) Finding unification failures as soon as possible. We have developed a scheme to attain these two elements without expensive overhead through temporarily modifying graphs during unification to eliminate copying during unification. We found that parsing relatively long sentences (requiring about 500 top-level unifications during a parse) using our algorithm is approximately twice as fast as parsing the same sentences using Wroblewski's algorithm.
Mental health patterns and consequences : results from survey data in five developing countries

The social and economic consequences of poor mental health in the developing world are presumed to be significant, yet are largely under-researched. The authors argue that mental health modules can be meaningfully added to multi-purpose household surveys in developing countries, and used to investigate this relationship. Data from nationally representative surveys in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Indonesia, and Mexico, along with special surveys from India and Tonga, show similar patterns of association between mental health and socioeconomic characteristics across countries. Individuals who are older, female, widowed, and report poor physical health are more likely to report worse mental health outcomes. Individuals living with others with poor mental health are also significantly more likely to report worse mental health themselves. In contrast, there is little observed relationship between mental health and poverty or education, common measures of socio-economic status. The results instead suggest that economic and multi-dimensional shocks such as illness or crisis can have a greater impact on mental health than overall levels of poverty. This may have important implications for social protection policy. The authors also find significant associations between poor mental health and lowered labor force participation (especially for women) and higher frequency visits to health centers, suggesting that poor mental health can have significant economic consequences for households and the health system. Finally, the paper discusses how measures of mental health are distinct from general subjective welfare measures such as happiness and indicate useful directions of future research.
Highlights of aeroacoustics research in the U.S.-1998

Abstract Highlights of aeroacoustics research in the United States of America during 1998 are reported in a summary compiled from information provided by members of the Aeroacoustics Technical Committee of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and other leading research groups in industry, national laboratories, and academia. The past few years have seen significant progress in aeroacoustics. Research has steadily progressed toward enhanced safety, noise benefits, and lower costs. Since industrial progress is generally not published in the archival literature, it is particularly important to highlight these accomplishments. This year we chose to report on five topics of great interest to the aerospace industry including a synopsis of fundamental research at universities and national laboratories. The topics chosen are: (1) advanced subsonic technology (AST), (2) high-speed research (HSR), (3) rotorcraft, (4) weapons bay aeroacoustics control and (5) academic research including computational aeroacoustics (CAA). Although the information presented in this review is not all encompassing, we hope that the topics covered will provide some insights into aeroacoustics activity in the U.S.
Relativistic Effects in Nuclear Physics

Relativistic effects in nuclear physics are discussed. Very important effects stem from the lowering of the nucleon effective mass m* by the attractive scalar mean field. Spontaneous symmetry breaking by this field in the vacuum was originally responsible for the nucleon mass. Implications implied by the quark/gluon phase transition for this scalar mean field is discussed.
Dynamics of a 3D elastic string pendulum

This paper presents an analytical model and a geometric numerical integrator for a rigid body connected to an elastic string, acting under a gravitational potential. Since the point where the string is attached to the rigid body is displaced from the center of mass of the rigid body, there exist nonlinear coupling effects between the string deformation and the rigid body dynamics. A geometric numerical integrator, referred to as a Lie group variational integrator, is developed to numerically preserve the Hamiltonian structure of the presented model and its Lie group configuration manifold. These properties are illustrated by a numerical simulation.
COMPOSED ERROR MODEL FOR INSECT DAMAGE FUCNTIONS: YIELD IMPACT OF ROTATION RESISTANT WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM IN ILLINOIS

This paper describes a composed error model for estimating the conditional distribution of yield loss to serve as an insect damage function. The two-part error separates yield variability due to pest damage from other non-pest factors such as soil heterogeneity, non-uniform application of agronomic practices, and measurement errors. Various common functional forms (linear, quadratic, Cobb-Douglas, negative exponential, hyperbolic, sigmoid) for the pest damage function are presented and parameter estimation is described. As an empirical illustration, the model is used to estimate a damage function for corn rootworm, the most damaging insect pest of corn in the United States. The estimated damage function gives expected proportional yield loss as a function of the root rating difference and is used to estimate yield loss due to rotation resistant western corn rootworm in east-central Illinois. The estimated average yield loss is 11.6%, more than enough to cover the cost of a soil insecticide application. However, tremendous variability in actual loss exists, so that the probability that actual loss is less than the cost of a soil insecticide ranges 32-45%, depending on the assumed yield and price. As a result, IPM methods potentially have great value, since they can eliminate uneconomical soil insecticide applications.
A brief user's guide to single-chain nanoparticles

In this review we outline the various methods that have been explored to synthesize architecturally defined nanoparticles from discrete polymer chains, summarize the methods of characterization that are required to prove their formation and probe their morphology, and introduce a number of potential applications that are being explored currently. Given the small size of the nanostructures produced by these methods and the relative ease with which they can be tailored to specific end use applications it is likely such efforts will intensify in the coming years. So far, simple chemistry has been utilized and high-level characterization and modeling studies have been applied to understand the process by which these particles form and how they behave, both in the bulk and in solution. Although impossible to predict where this work will lead, we hope this “user's guide” will prove useful to the community as research on single-chain nanoparticles continues to evolve.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Alkyl–Alkyl Cross‐Couplings of Fluorinated Secondary Electrophiles: A General Approach to the Synthesis of Compounds having a Perfluoroalkyl Substituent

Fluorinated organic molecules are of interest in fields ranging from medicinal chemistry to polymer science. Described herein is a mild, convenient, and versatile method for the synthesis of compounds bearing a perfluoroalkyl group attached to a tertiary carbon atom by using an alkyl–alkyl cross-coupling. A nickel catalyst derived from NiCl_2⋅glyme and a pybox ligand achieves the coupling of a wide range of fluorinated alkyl halides with alkylzinc reagents at room temperature. A broad array of functional groups is compatible with the reaction conditions, and highly selective couplings can be achieved on the basis of differing levels of fluorination. A mechanistic investigation has established that the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) inhibits cross-coupling under these conditions and that a TEMPO–electrophile adduct can be isolated.
Effect of Intracoronary Shunt on Right Ventricular Function During Off-pump Grafting of Dominant Right Coronary Artery with Poor Collateral

Although numerous studies have validated the efficacy of intracoronary shunt on reducing left ventricular dysfunction during off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB), there is lack of evidence supporting its role on right ventricular (RV) function during right coronary artery (RCA) revascularization. Therefore, we studied the effect of intracoronary shunt during grafting of dominant RCA without visible collateral supply on global RV function using thermodilution method. Forty patients scheduled for multivessel OPCAB with right dominant coronary circulation without collateral supply confirmed by angiography were randomized to RCA revascularization either with a shunt (n=20) or soft snare occlusion (n=20). RV ejection fraction (RVEF) was recorded at baseline, during RCA grafting, and 15 min after reperfusion. Corresponding RV stroke work index (RVSWI) was calculated. RVEF and RVSWI decreased significantly during RCA grafting and returned to baseline values after reperfusion in both groups without any significant differences between the groups. Intracoronary shunt did not exert any beneficial effect on global RV function during RCA grafting, even in the absence of visible collateral supply. Regarding the possibility of graft failure by intracoronary shunt-induced endothelial damage, routine use of intracoronary shunt during RCA grafting is not recommended in patients with preserved biventricular function.
Monolithic Supports with Unique Geometries and Enhanced Mass Transfer

The catalytic combustion of natural gas has been the topic of much research over the past decade. Interest in this technology results from a desire to decrease or eliminate the emissions of harmful nitrogen oxides (NOX) from gas turbine power plants. A low-pressure drop catalyst support, such as a ceramic monolith, is ideal for this high-temperature, high-flow application. A drawback to the traditional honeycomb monoliths under these operating conditions is poor mass transfer to the catalyst surface in the straight-through channels. 'Robocasting' is a unique process developed at Sandia National Laboratories that can be used to manufacture ceramic monoliths with alternative 3-dimensional geometries, providing tortuous pathways to increase mass transfer while maintaining low pressure drops. This report details the mass transfer effects for novel 3-dimensional robocast monoliths, traditional honeycomb-type monoliths, and ceramic foams. The mass transfer limit is experimentally determined using the probe reaction of CO oxidation over a Pt / {gamma}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} catalyst, and the pressure drop is measured for each monolith sample. Conversion versus temperature data is analyzed quantitatively using well-known dimensionless mass transfer parameters. The results show that, relative to the honeycomb monolith support, considerable improvement in mass transfer efficiency is observed for robocast samples synthesized using an FCC-like geometry of alternating rods. Also, there is clearly a trade-off between enhanced mass transfer and increased pressure drop, which can be optimized depending on the particular demands of a given application.
Numerical and experimental study of gas flows in 2D and 3D microchannels

In the experiments conducted at Purdue, the air flow in rectangular cross-section microchannels was investigated using pressure sensitive paint. The high resolution pressure measurements were obtained for inlet-to-outlet pressure ratios from 1.76 to 20 with the outlet Knudsen numbers in the range from 0.003 to 0.4 based on the hydraulic diameter of 151.7 ?m and the length-to-height ratio of about 50. In the slip flow regime, the air flow was simulated by the 2D and 3D Navier?Stokes equations with no-slip and slip boundary conditions. For various pressure ratios, the entrance flow development, compressibility and rarefaction effects were observed in both experiments and numerical simulations. It was found that the accurate modeling of gas flows in finite-length channels requires the inlet and outlet reservoirs to be included in computations. Effects of entrance geometry on the friction factor were studied for 3D cases. In both experiments and numerical modeling, significant pressure drop was found starting at the inlet chamber. The numerical modeling also predicted an apparent temperature drop at the channel exit.
Active galactic nuclei with candidate intermediate-mass black holes

We present an initial sample of 19 intermediate-mass black hole candidates in active galactic nuclei culled from the first data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Using the line width-luminosity mass scaling relation established for broad-line active nuclei, we estimate black hole masses in the range of MBH ≈ 8 × M☉, a regime in which only two objects are currently known. The absolute magnitudes are faint for active galactic nuclei, ranging from Mg ≈ -15 to -18 mag, while the bolometric luminosities are all close to the Eddington limit. The entire sample formally satisfies the line width criterion for so-called narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies; however, they display a wider range of Fe II and [O III] λ5007 line strengths than is typically observed in this class of objects. Although the available imaging data are of insufficient quality to ascertain the detailed morphologies of the host galaxies, it is likely that the majority of the hosts are relatively late-type systems. The host galaxies have estimated g-band luminosities ~1 mag fainter than M* for the general galaxy population at z ≈ 0.1. Beyond simply extending the known mass range of central black holes in galactic nuclei, these objects provide unique observational constraints on the progenitors of supermassive black holes. They are also expected to contribute significantly to the integrated signal for future gravitational wave experiments.
Dynamic instabilities and stabilization methods in distributed real-time scheduling of manufacturing systems

The paper concerns policies for sequencing material through a flexible manufacturing system to meet desired production goals for each part type. The authors demonstrate by examples that cyclic material flow and certain distributed scheduling policies can lead to instability in the sense that the required buffer levels are unbounded. This can be the case even when the set-up times for changing part types are zero. Sufficient conditions are then derived under which a class of distributed policies is stable. Finally, a general supervisory mechanism is presented which will stabilize any scheduling policy (i.e. maintain bounded buffer sizes at all machines) while satisfying the desired production rates. >
On using CAD models to compute the pose of curved 3D objects

Abstract A new approach is presented for explicitly relating image observables to models of curved three-dimensional objects. This relationship is used for object recognition and positioning. Object models consist of collections of parametric surface patches. The image observables considered are raw range data, surface normal and Gaussian curvature, raw image intensity and intensity gradient, raw image contours, and contour orientation and curvature. Elimination theory provides a method for constructing an implicit equation that relates these observables to the three-dimensional position and orientation of object models. Determining the unknown pose parameters is reduced to a fitting problem between the implicit equation and the observed data points. By considering translation-independent observables such as surface normal and curvature, this process is further decomposed into first determining orientation and then determining translation. Applications to object recognition are described, and an implementation is presented.
Interaction of Mercury with the Solar Wind

Abstract We present the structure of the hermean magnetosphere obtained by a global three-dimensional MHD simulation. The magnetic field of Mercury is strong enough to form a permanent magnetosphere under typical solar wind conditions. Mercury does not have a substantial atmosphere or ionosphere which makes the magnetosphere unique in the solar system. We study in detail the hermean magnetosphere for the typical solar wind parameters at perihelion and the nominal Parker spiral interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Although the magnetosphere of Mercury is qualitatively similar to Earth's magnetosphere, its much smaller size results in many quantitative differences. For example, the magnetic field lines of Mercury are closed only for latitudes less than ≈50°, while for Earth the similar latitude will be ≈75°. We find that a direct interaction of the solar wind with the surface of the planet and the formation of a “bald” subsolar spot become possible if the solar wind speed is increased by a factor of 2.5 of if density is increased by a factor of 9 as compared with the nominal values. We present the results of our simulation for this case a well, although our conclusion is that direct interaction of Mercury with the solar wind is a rare phenomenon.
Coupling of a nonlinear finite element structural method with a Navier–Stokes solver

Abstract A new three-dimensional viscous aeroelastic solver is developed in the present work. A well validated full Navier–Stokes code is coupled with a nonlinear finite element plate model. Implicit coupling between the computational fluid dynamics and structural solvers is achieved using a subiteration approach. Computations of several benchmark static and dynamic plate problems are used to validate the finite element portion of the code. This coupled aeroelastic scheme is then applied to the problem of three-dimensional panel flutter. Inviscid and viscous supersonic results match previous computations using the same aerodynamic method coupled with a finite difference structural solver. For the case of subsonic flow, multiple solutions consisting of static, upward and downward deflections of the panel are discussed. The particular solution obtained is shown to be sensitive to the cavity pressure specified underneath the panel.
Quantitative Predictions of Substituent and Solvent Effects on the Regioselectivities of Nitrile Oxide Cycloadditions to Electron-Deficient Alkynes

Abstract Hybrid density functional theory calculations with the B3LYP/6-31G ∗ method were used to calculate the activation barriers of nitrile oxide cycloadditions to the unsymmetrical alkynes cyanoacetylene and methyl propiolate. Inherent electronic effects and solvent polarity both influence regioselectivity.
A New PWM ZVS Full-Bridge Converter

A soft-switched full-bridge (FB) converter that features zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) of the bridge switches over a wide output-load range is introduced. The proposed converter achieves ZVS with substantially reduced duty-cycle loss and circulating current. The control of the proposed converter can be implemented either with the phase-shift or pulsewidth modulated (PWM) technique. The performance of the proposed topology was verified on a 2-kW (48-V/40-A) experimental PWM FB converter prototype operating at 120 kHz from a 380-V dc input
A green and selective reduction of aldehydes

Abstract Aldehydes are reduced to alcohols with sodium formate in subcritical water at temperatures and pressures below those required to reduce cyclic ketones. Acyclic ketones afford only minor amounts of alcohol with sodium formate even under more forcing conditions.
Economic Determinants of Participation in Physical Activity and Sport

This paper examines the economic determinants of participation in physical activity by developing and analyzing a consumer choice model of participation and by testing the predictions of this model using data drawn from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS). Both emphasize that individuals face two distinct decisions: (1) should I participate in sport?; and (2) how much time should I spend participating in sport? The evidence highlights the importance of selectivity. The economic factors that affect these two decisions work in opposite directions; factors that increase the likelihood of participation generally decrease the amount of time spent participating.
Free radical ring expansion and rearrangement of large carbocyclic rings

Abstract Free radical initiated ring expansion of twelve-, thirtheen-, and fourteen-membered carbocyclic rings is described together with a new synthesis of (R)-(−)-muscone.
Counting fermionic zero modes on M5 with fluxes

We study the Dirac equation on an M5 brane wrapped on a divisor in a Calabi-Yau fourfold in the presence of background flux. We reduce the computation of the normal bundle U(1) anomaly to counting the solutions of a finite-dimensional linear system on cohomology. This system depends on the choice of flux. In an example, we find that the presence of flux changes the anomaly and allows instanton corrections to the superpotential which would otherwise be absent.
Spray‐Drying Ceramic Powders

Spray-drying is a convenient process for producing a granulated, flowable powder of uniform bulk density. In this review the effect of feed slurry solids content, viscosity, binder type, and atomization technique on the granule character are discussed. Also, mechanisms of hollow granule formation and binder migration are reviewed.
Algorithmic Construction of Efficient Fractional Factorial Designs With Large Run Sizes

Fractional factorial (FF) designs are widely used in practice and typically are chosen according to the minimum aberration criterion. A sequential algorithm is developed for constructing efficient FF designs. A construction procedure is proposed that allows a design to be constructed only from its minimum aberration projection in the sequential buildup process. To efficiently identify nonisomorphic designs, designs are categorized according to moment projection pattern. A fast isomorphism checking procedure is developed by matching the factors using their delete-one-factor projections. This algorithm is used to completely enumerate all 128-run designs of resolution 4, all 256-run designs of resolution 4 up to 17 factors, all 512-run designs of resolution 5, all 1024-run designs of resolution 6, and all 2048- and 4,096-run designs of resolution 7. A method is proposed for constructing minimum aberration (MA) designs using only a partial catalog of some good designs. Three approaches to constructing good de...
Self-magnetically insulated electron flow in vacuum transmission lines☆

Abstract The properties of the electron flow in self magnetically-insulated vacuum transmission lines are investigated. Experiments and analysis of three basic types of transitions in magnetically insulated lines indicate that beam effects dominate the power transport and electron stability. Faraday cup measurements of the loss current density to the anode show the usual electron component during the rise of the voltage and also a residual loss from negative ions. This low level loss current persists over a small fraction of the total electrode area after the electrons are insulated. The characteristics of the loss are strongly affected by how the plasma is formed.
A Spatial Model of Animal Disease Control in Livestock: Empirical Analysis of Foot and Mouth Disease in the Southern Cone

This paper presents a multi-market model of animal disease control that extends the current literature by accounting for spatial and inter-temporal relations in both epidemiological and economic variables. The model is applied to Foot and Mouth Disease control in Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay, but it is broadly generalizable.
Stagnant stunting rate despite rapid economic growth in Papua New Guinea—factors correlated with malnutrition among children under five

Maternal and child undernutrition is a pervasive and detrimental condition in Papua New Guinea. Despite rapid economic growth during the past decade, the stunting rate for children under 5, one of the primary indicators for child undernutrition, was estimated at 46 percent in Papua New Guinea in 2010, stagnant from 44 percent in 2005. This paper analyzes the association between the demographic, socioeconomic, environmental, and health-related factors on nutritional status for children under age 5 years, using the 2009–10 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey. Stunting and underweight rates sharply rise in the first 24 months. Even in the better-off quintiles, children suffer from suboptimal breastfeeding and complementary food in the first 24 months. In general, the regression results showed that household wealth and geographic location are crucial factors that contribute to children’s malnutrition. More importantly, food quality, measured by protein intake, has significant predicting power on child malnutrition. Broadly increasing socioeconomic status and improving the quantity and quality of caloric intake are general steps to improving health outcomes in Papua New Guinea. In addition, three key areas were identified as critical to alleviating the persistent and detrimental stunting rate in the country: (1) exclusive breastfeeding and complementary food; (2) interventions by health workers; and (3) nutrition education.
IC reliability simulation

The motivation and challenges of IC reliability simulation are discussed. The reliability simulator BERT is used to illustrate the physical models and approaches used to simulate the hot-electron effect, oxide time-dependent breakdown, electromigration, and bipolar transistor gain degradation. >
A structural SVM approach for reference parsing.

Background Automated extraction of bibliographic data, such as article titles, author names, abstracts, and references is essential to the affordable creation of large citation databases. References, typically appearing at the end of journal articles, can also provide valuable information for extracting other bibliographic data. Therefore, parsing individual reference to extract author, title, journal, year, etc. is sometimes a necessary preprocessing step in building citation-indexing systems. The regular structure in references enables us to consider reference parsing a sequence learning problem and to study structural Support Vector Machine (structural SVM), a newly developed structured learning algorithm on parsing references.
Tariff wars in the Ricardian Model with a continuum of goods

This paper describes strategic tarichoices within the Ricardian framework of Dorn- busch, Fischer, and Samuelson (1977) using CES preferences. The optimum tarischedule is uniform across goods and inversely related to the import demand elasticity of the other country. In the Nash equilibrium of taris, larger economies apply higher tarirates. Pro- ductivity adjusted relative size (� GDP ratio) is a su¢ cient statistic for absolute produc- tivity advantage and the size of the labor force. Both countries apply higher tarirates if specialization gains from comparative advantage are high and transportation cost are low. A su¢ ciently large economy prefers the ine¢ cient Nash equilibrium in taris over free trade due to its quasi-monopolistic power on world markets. The required threshold size is increasing in comparative advantage and decreasing in transportation cost. I discuss the implications of the static Nash equilibrium analysis for the sustainability and structure of trade agreements.
Rat strain differences in brain structure and neurochemistry in response to binge alcohol

Rationale Ventricular enlargement is a robust phenotype of the chronically dependent alcoholic human brain, yet the mechanism of ventriculomegaly is unestablished. Heterogeneous stock Wistar rats administered binge EtOH (3 g/kg intragastrically every 8 h for 4 days to average blood alcohol levels (BALs) of 250 mg/dL) demonstrate profound but reversible ventricular enlargement and changes in brain metabolites (e.g., N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and choline-containing compounds (Cho)).
Human Capital, Population Growth and Economic Development: Beyond Correlations

Abstract Empirical evidence on three assertions commonly made by population policy advocates about the relationships among population growth, human capital formation, and economic development is discussed and evaluated in the light of economic-biological models of household behavior and of its relevance to population policy. The three assertions are that (a) population growth and human capital investments jointly reflect and respond to changes in the economic environment, (b) larger families directly impede human capital formation, and (c) the inability of couples to control fertility is an important determinant of investment in human capital. The evidence suggests that widely observed correlations among population growth, human capital, and economic variables, which admit to alternative interpretations, are far stronger than are the estimates from studies whose objective is to quantify the causal mechanisms underlying the three assertions; however, there is empirical support for each.
Carbon nanotube electronics – moving forward

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) possess fascinating electrical properties and offer new entries into a wide range of novel electronic applications that are unattainable with conventional Si-based devices. The field initially focused on the use of individual or parallel arrays of nanotubes as the channel material for ultra-scaled nanoelectronic devices. However, the challenge in the deterministic assembly has proven to be a major technological barrier. In recent years, solution deposition of semiconductor-enriched SWNT networks has been actively explored for high performance and uniform thin-film transistors (TFTs) on mechanically rigid and flexible substrates. This presents a unique niche for nanotube electronics by overcoming their limitations and taking full advantage of their superb chemical and physical properties. This review focuses on the large-area processing and electronic properties of SWNT TFTs. A wide range of applications in conformal integrated circuits, radio-frequency electronics, artificial skin sensors, and displays are discussed – with emphasis on large-area systems where nm-scale accuracy in the assembly of nanotubes is not required. The demonstrations show SWNTs' immense promise as a low-cost and scalable TFT technology for nonconventional electronic systems with excellent device performances.
Trade, Tastes and Nutrition in India

This paper introduces habit formation into an otherwise standard model of international trade. Household tastes evolve over time to favor foods consumed as a child. The opening of trade causes preferred goods to rise in price, as these were relatively inexpensive in autarky. Neglecting the correlation between tastes and agro-climatic endowments overstates the short-run nutritional gains from agricultural trade liberalization and masks potential caloric losses for laborers. I examine the predictions of this model of trade with habit formation using household survey data from India, both by looking across Indian regions and by examining the consumption patterns of inter-state migrants.
Basal Ganglia Disorders Associated with Imbalances in the Striatal Striosome and Matrix Compartments

The striatum is composed principally of GABAergic, medium spiny striatal projection neurons (MSNs) that can be categorized based on their gene expression, electrophysiological profiles, and input–output circuits. Major subdivisions of MSN populations include (1) those in ventromedial and dorsolateral striatal regions, (2) those giving rise to the direct and indirect pathways, and (3) those that lie in the striosome and matrix compartments. The first two classificatory schemes have enabled advances in understanding of how basal ganglia circuits contribute to disease. However, despite the large number of molecules that are differentially expressed in the striosomes or the extra-striosomal matrix, and the evidence that these compartments have different input–output connections, our understanding of how this compartmentalization contributes to striatal function is still not clear. A broad view is that the matrix contains the direct and indirect pathway MSNs that form parts of sensorimotor and associative circuits, whereas striosomes contain MSNs that receive input from parts of limbic cortex and project directly or indirectly to the dopamine-containing neurons of the substantia nigra, pars compacta. Striosomes are widely distributed within the striatum and are thought to exert global, as well as local, influences on striatal processing by exchanging information with the surrounding matrix, including through interneurons that send processes into both compartments. It has been suggested that striosomes exert and maintain limbic control over behaviors driven by surrounding sensorimotor and associative parts of the striatal matrix. Consistent with this possibility, imbalances between striosome and matrix functions have been reported in relation to neurological disorders, including Huntington’s disease, L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias, dystonia, and drug addiction. Here, we consider how signaling imbalances between the striosomes and matrix might relate to symptomatology in these disorders.
Rack aware scheduling in HPC data centers: an energy conservation strategy

Energy consumption in high performance computing data centers has become a long standing issue. With rising costs of operating the data center, various techniques need to be employed to reduce the overall energy consumption. Currently, among others there are techniques that guarantee reduced energy consumption by powering on/off the idle nodes. However, most of them do not consider the energy consumed by other components in a rack. Our study addresses this aspect of the data center. We show that we can gain considerable energy savings by reducing the energy consumed by these rack components. In this regard, we propose a scheduling technique that will help schedule jobs with the above mentioned goal. We claim that by our scheduling technique we can reduce the energy consumption considerably without affecting other performance metrics of a job. We implement this technique as an enhancement to the well-known Maui scheduler and present our results. We propose three different algorithms as part of this technique. The algorithms evaluate the various trade-offs that could be possibly made with respect to overall cluster performance. We compare our technique with various currently available Maui scheduler configurations. We simulate a wide variety of workloads from real cluster deployments using the simulation mode of Maui. Our results consistently show about 7 to 14 % savings over the currently available Maui scheduler configurations. We shall also see that our technique can be applied in tandem with most of the existing energy aware scheduling techniques to achieve enhanced energy savings. We also consider the side effects of power losses due to the network switches as a result of deploying our technique. We compare our technique with the existing techniques in terms of the power losses due to these switches based on the results in Sharma and Ranganathan, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5550, 2009 and account for the power losses. We there on provide a best fit scheme with the rack considerations. We then propose an enhanced technique that merges the two extremes of node allocation based on rack information. We see that we can provide a way to configure the scheduler based on the kind of workload that it schedules and reduce the effect of job splitting across multiple racks. We further discuss how the enhancement can be utilized to build a learning model which can be used to adaptively adjust the scheduling parameters based on the workload experienced.
The correlation confocal microscope

A new type of confocal microscope is described which makes use of intensity correlations between spatially correlated beams of light. It is shown that this apparatus leads to significantly improved transverse resolution.
Entrepreneurial Climate and U.S. State Foreign Trade Offices as Predictors of Export Success

American state governments sponsor numerous foreign trade offices (FTOs) throughout the world. Although these offices constitute one of the most expensive export promotion activities, almost no research examining their effectiveness has been undertaken. Based on data from 114 state-sponsored FTOs, we hypothesize and find a positive relationship between expenditures for trade offices and exports. In addition, findings suggest that state export levels are conditioned by an interaction between FTO expenditures and variations in state entrepreneurial climate. Implications of these findings for managers and policy-makers are explored.
The Disclosure of Material Weaknesses in Internal Control after the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act

This paper focuses on a sample of 261 companies that disclosed at least one material weakness in internal control in their SEC filings after the effective date of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act of 2002. Based on the descriptive material weakness disclosures provided by management, we find that poor internal control is usually related to an insufficient commitment of resources for accounting controls. Material weaknesses in internal control tend to be related to deficient revenue‐recognition policies, lack of segregation of duties, deficiencies in the period‐end reporting process and accounting policies, and inappropriate account reconciliation. The most common account‐specific material weaknesses occur in the current accrual accounts, such as the accounts receivable and inventory accounts. Material weakness disclosures by management also frequently describe internal control problems in complex accounts, such as the derivative and income tax accounts. In our statistical analysis, we find that disclosing a material...
Do Value-Added Estimates Add Value? Accounting for Learning Dynamics

Evaluations of educational programs commonly assume that what children learn persists over time. The authors compare learning in Pakistani public and private schools using dynamic panel methods that account for three key empirical challenges to widely used value-added models: imperfect persistence, unobserved student heterogeneity, and measurement error. Their estimates suggest that only a fifth to a half of learning persists between grades and that private schools increase average achievement by 0.25 standard deviations each year. In contrast, estimates from commonly used value-added models significantly understate the impact of private schools on student achievement and/or overstate persistence. These results have implications for program evaluation and value-added accountability system design.
Synthesis of diethynyltriptycene-linked dipyridyl ligands.

An efficient route to a new family of dinucleating ligands has been developed. A convergent strategy to these ligands involved dual Sonogashira cross-coupling of 2,3-diethynyltriptycene with a variety of functionally diverse 5-bromopyridines. The resultant ligands were accessed in four steps and 40−50% overall yield from 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene. Synthesis of an imidazole and a quinoline derivative by this method is also described.
Measurement of the muon anomalous magnetic moment to 0.7 ppm

Abstract The experimental method together with the analysis method and results of the data taken in 2000 and prospects of the muon anomalous magnetic and electric dipole moment experiments are presented here.
Distribution‐Utilization Interactions: A Race‐to‐the‐Bottom Among Oecd Countries

We explore four decades of short- and long-run interactions between income distribution and real economic activity for a panel of OECD countries. Our regressions suggest that the dynamic interaction of these two variables is rather complicated. Estimating the long-run point, we argue that this equilibrium has been shifting as a matter of public policy. We hypothesize that a race-to-the-bottom arises from a need to be competitive in globalized markets. We report evidence that globalization does have a negative long-run effect on the wage share. We also find that other factors may have been important: unionization appears to be pro-wage share, while contractionary monetary policy, financialization, and a lower relative price of investment goods tend to be anti-wage share.
Polynomial Maps over p -Adics and Residual Properties of Mapping Tori of Group Endomorphisms

We continue our study of residual properties of mapping tori of free group endomorphisms. In this paper, we prove that each of these groups are virtually residually (finite p)-groups for all but finitely many primes p. The method involves further studies of polynomial maps over finite fields and p-adic completions of number fields.
Efficient measurement of total tumor microvascularity ex vivo using a mathematical model to optimize volume subsampling

We introduce immunofluorescence and automated image processing protocols for serial tumor sections to objectively and efficiently quantify tumor microvasculature following antivascular therapy. To determine the trade-off between tumor subsampling and throughput versus microvessel quantification accuracy, we provide a mathematical model that accounts for tumor-specific vascular heterogeneity. This mathematical model can be applied broadly to define tumor volume samplings needed to reach statistical significance, depending on the biomarker in question and the number of subjects. Here, we demonstrate these concepts for tumor microvessel density and total microvascularity (TMV) quantification in whole pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tumors ex vivo . The results suggest that TMV is a more sensitive biomarker for detecting reductions in tumor vasculature following antivascular treatment. TMV imaging is a broadly accessible technique that offers robust assessment of antivascular therapies, and it offers promise as a tool for developing high-throughput assays to quantify treatment-induced microvascular alterations for therapeutic screening and development.
Stability and chaos in an inertial two-neuron system

Abstract Inertia is added to a continuous-time, Hopfield (1984) effective-neuron system. We explore the effects on the stability of the fixed points of the system. A two-neuron system with one or two inertial terms added is shown to exhibit chaos. The chaos is confirmed by Lyapunov exponents, power spectra, and phase space plots.
Phase noise in coherent analog AM-WIRNA optical links

Coherent analog amplitude modulated-wideband rectifier narrowband (AM-WIRNA) systems have been the focus of many recent studies because of their high performance and relative immunity to phase noise compared to angle modulated systems. Despite their natural advantages over angle modulated systems, AM-WIRNA receivers are still vulnerable to phase noise because of distortion of their phase broadened signals in a finite bandwidth system. We present the first numerical analysis of the effects of this distortion on the performance of AM-WIRNA systems. The analysis accurately models the power spectral density of the phase-to-intensity noise with a root-mean-square deviation from the averaged experimental noise spectrum of 1.2 dB and a maximum deviation of 3.8 dB in the modulation range of <2 GHz. The accuracy of the analysis is limited primarily by nonidealities in the AM-WIRNA receiver and the accuracy of the analytical intermediate frequency (IF) filter model. Optimal link designs are presented which minimize the impact of phase-to-distortion noise in AM-WIRNA systems. We present experimental data from AM-WIRNA links which use both external cavity and distributed feedback lasers for the signal and local oscillator sources. The numerical analysis predicts the link signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for different signal laser powers to within 1.4 dB of experiment. We find that systems requiring high SNR such as phased array antennas and AM-CATV are significantly affected by this noise.
Dynamical System Modeling to Simulate Donor T Cell Response to Whole Exome Sequencing-Derived Recipient Peptides Demonstrates Different Alloreactivity Potential in HLA-Matched and -Mismatched Donor–Recipient Pairs

Abstract Immune reconstitution kinetics and subsequent clinical outcomes in HLA-matched recipients of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) are variable and difficult to predict. Considering SCT as a dynamical system may allow sequence differences across the exomes of the transplant donors and recipients to be used to simulate an alloreactive T cell response, which may allow better clinical outcome prediction. To accomplish this, whole exome sequencing was performed on 34 HLA-matched SCT donor–recipient pairs (DRPs) and the nucleotide sequence differences translated to peptides. The binding affinity of the peptides to the relevant HLA in each DRP was determined. The resulting array of peptide-HLA binding affinity values in each patient was considered as an operator modifying a hypothetical T cell repertoire vector, in which each T cell clone proliferates in accordance with the logistic equation of growth. Using an iterating system of matrices, each simulated T cell clone's growth was calculated with the steady-state population being proportional to the magnitude of the binding affinity of the driving HLA–peptide complex. Incorporating competition between T cell clones responding to different HLA–peptide complexes reproduces a number of features of clinically observed T cell clonal repertoire in the simulated repertoire, including sigmoidal growth kinetics of individual T cell clones and overall repertoire, Power Law clonal frequency distribution, increase in repertoire complexity over time with increasing clonal diversity, and alteration of clonal dominance when a different antigen array is encountered, such as in SCT. The simulated, alloreactive T cell repertoire was markedly different in HLA-matched DRPs. The patterns were differentiated by rate of growth and steady-state magnitude of the simulated T cell repertoire and demonstrate a possible correlation with survival. In conclusion, exome wide sequence differences in DRPs may allow simulation of donor alloreactive T cell response to recipient antigens and may provide a quantitative basis for refining donor selection and titration of immunosuppression after SCT.