cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drosophila nicotinic receptors: evidence for imidacloprid insecticide and α-bungarotoxin binding to distinct sites

The principal mammalian brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are the alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BGT)-insensitive alpha 4 beta 2 and the alpha-BGT-sensitive alpha 7 subtypes assayed with radiolabeled nicotinoids and alpha-BGT, respectively. Drosophila head membranes bind the insecticide radioligand [(3)H]imidacloprid ([(3)H]IMI) and [(3)H]alpha-BGT with K(D) 5.7 and 2.7 nM and B(max) 980 and 1400 fmol/mg protein, respectively. The hypothesis that [(3)H]IMI at 2.5 or 20 nM and [(3)H]alpha-BGT at 1 or 10 nM bind to distinct sites or subtypes is tested by using these radioligands alone and together in simultaneous dual binding experiments. These studies show no interference by one radioligand in the binding of the other one, i.e., independent binding, and that both unlabeled IMI and alpha-BGT give biphasic displacement curves. The pharmacological profiles of [(3)H]IMI and [(3)H]alpha-BGT suggest distinct binding sites for the two radioligands. These findings are consistent with those obtained with hybrid receptors assembled from Drosophila alpha subunits and a vertebrate beta subunit and with immunological and protein biochemical approaches. This study, therefore, provides direct evidence for distinct IMI- and alpha-BGT-sensitive sites or subtypes in Drosophila brain.
A tool for all places: a web‐based reference statistics system

Purpose – This paper aims to provide a report of the results of an automated system that was developed and implemented for the collection of reference statistics, and to evaluate the system within the context of issues and proposed solutions culled from the literature.Design/methodology/approach – The paper shows that the system discussed has been in operation for the past two years, making it a good candidate for a post‐implementation review.Findings – The paper finds that the system has proved to be effective and efficient in the collection of reference statistics, eliminating manual tabulations and report generation. The ability to access the system from any Library computer has improved the collection of data on reference interactions occurring away from the physical reference desk.Research limitations/implications – This paper does not address the important issue of whether these statistics are the right statistics to be captured given the goals/objectives of the service. These wider management issue...
Privacy as part of the app decision-making process

Smartphones have unprecedented access to sensitive personal information. While users report having privacy concerns, they may not actively consider privacy while downloading apps from smartphone application marketplaces. Currently, Android users have only the Android permissions display, which appears after they have selected an app to download, to help them understand how applications access their information. We investigate how permissions and privacy could play a more active role in app-selection decisions. We designed a short "Privacy Facts' display, which we tested in a 20-participant lab study and a 366-participant online experiment. We found that by bringing privacy information to the user when they were making the decision and by presenting it in a clearer fashion, we could assist users in choosing applications that request fewer permissions.
Design and optimization of the gel solar pond

The gel pond concept is a unique modification of the conventional salt gradient solar pond. It replaces the salinity gradient zone by a transparent polymer gel and thereby eliminates all problems of instability associated with the former. A framework for the preliminary design of a gel pond to serve different purposes has been presented here. Heat extraction at constant pond storage zone temperatures of 40°–80°C at storage zone depths of 2–5 m has been considered and optimum pond dimensions have been predicted depending upon maximum and minimum heat load constraints. The computer simulations are carried out with the meteorological conditions for Albuquerque, New Mexico. For example, the simulations show that the gel pond can provide an average heat load of 107 W/m2, a typical domestic water heating requirement, at a constant pond temperature of 40°C with a storage zone depth of 4.0 m and gel thickness of 0.6 m. For the case of power generation, the pond can provide a minimum of 32 W/m2 at a constant pond temperature of 80°C with a storage zone depth of 4 m and gel thickness of 0.6 m. These factors combined with the easy operation and maintenance of the gel pond seem to make it a better alternative compared with the conventional salt gradient pond. Le concept de bassin avec gel constitue une modification originale de l'etang de saumure conventionnel avec gradient, pour le stockage de l'energie solaire. La zone du gradient de salinite est remplaces par un gel de polymere transparent, ce qui permet d'eliminer l'ensemble des problemes d'instabilite relies au concept conventionnel. Dans ce travail, on propose une methode pour la conception preliminaire d'un bassin avec gel utilisable pour repondre a une variete de problemes. On a pris en consideration l'extraction de chaleur a des temperatures de la zone de stockage en bassin constantes et comprises entre 40 et 80°C et pour des profondeurs de 2 a 5 m, et on a predit les dimensions optimales du bassin en fonction de contraintes de charge thermique minimale et maximale. Les simulations par ordinateur sont effectuees avec les conditions meteorologiques d'Albuquerque, au Nouveau-Mexique. Par exemple, les simulations montrent que le bassin avec gel peut fournir une charge thermique moyenne de 107 W/m2, une valeur typique pour le chauffage de l'eau domestique, a une temperature constante de bassin de 40°C, avec une profondeur de la zone de stockage de 4 m et une epaisseur de bel de 0,6 m. En ce qui concerne la generation d'electricite, le bassin peut fournir un minimum de 32 W/m2 a une temperature de bassin constante de 80°C, avec une profondeur de la zone de stockage de 4 m et une epaisseur de gel de 0,6 m. Ces facteurs, combines a un entretien et un fonctionnement faciles du bassin a gel semble constituer un meilleur choix comparativement au bassin a gradient de sel conventionnel.
Effect of composition and imperfections on ion transport in lithium iodine

Abstract A study of the LiI-H2O system, anhydrous LiI(silica) composites and LiI single-crystals is reported. The LiI-H2O phase diagram and the dependence of the conductivity on water content are discussed. A model, based on enhanced ionic conduction at or near microstructural imperfections such as LiI-particle interfaces and grain boundaries, is proposed and found to be in general agreement with earlier findings on LiI(particle) composites reported in the literature.
Ground‐Water Training in Barcelona, Spain

Water-supply problems in Spain have become acute during the past decade owing to expansion of industry, construction of modern houses and apartments, and development of a tourist industry. A training program in ground-water hydrology and geology was established three years ago in Barcelona to help supply personnel who would be able to cope with these problems. Training is also given to foreign nationals, a total of nine countries having been represented to date. Part of the success of the school rests on the fact that a large variety of ground-water problems exist in the vicinity of Barcelona. Students obtain a firsthand knowledge of sea-water intrusion, aquifer-testing techniques, agricultural and municipal degradation of water quality, and drilling and exploration techniques within a wide variety of rock types.
The “thriving quotient”: A new vision for student success

Instead of focusing on what students lack, higher education should build on what they do well. Laurie Schreiner introduces an assessment tool that measures the complex factors that affect student success and makes practical suggestions for improving students' college experience.
Gallbladder motor function in the intact primate: Autonomic pharmacology

Abstract We conclude from these data that: (1) There are cholinergic receptors in the primate gallbladder that are blocked by atropine. (2) Adrenergic responses are variable and nonreproducible. (3) Histamine receptors are present and are blocked by the H 1 antagonist Benadryl. (4) Cholinergic and H 1 blockade do not decrease intragallbladder pressure, suggesting that factors other than the autonomic nervous system are operative in the maintenance of gallbladder tone.
Changes of phasic pleural pressure in awake dogs during exercise: potential effects on cardiac output

Eighty experiments were performed with nine awake dogs to study the changes of phasic pleural pressure with exercise. The increased minute volume with exercise was obtained by more frequent pleural pressure swings and by a substantial extention of the pressure swings in both directions. The cyclic changes of stroke volume following the pressure swings support the hypothesis that alterations of pleural pressure affect the stroke volume and can act, if necessary, as a secondary pump for the circulation. Mean pleural pressure during exercise fell by 2.5 cm H2O from the rest value of 12.1 cm H2O. The absolute right atrial pressure during exercise (−2.69 mm Hg) was not different from that at rest (−2.39 mm Hg). However, the transmural right atrial pressure of 7.6 mm Hg during exercise was higher than the pressure of 6.2 mm Hg at rest because during exercise the right atrium was perfused by 38% higher blood flow than that at rest. The phasic pattern of right atrial pressure shows that there is good reason to assume that during inspiration the extrathoracic veins are collapsed at their entrance into the chest, but this collapse is removed during expiration. There is no reason to assume an effective, sustained collapse of extrathoracic veins. Rather we can visualize a rythmical change of flow in extrathoracic veins from transient limitation to transient acceleration.
Biochemical transformation of bulbar conjunctiva into corneal epithelium: an electrophoretic analysis.

Abstract When the entire corneal epithelium of the rabbit is mechanically removed, the denuded corneal stroma is completely resurfaced in 5–10 days with cells of conjunctival origin . The conjunctival cells differ from the corneal epithelial cells both morphologically and biochemically: however, within approximately 6 weeks, the conjunctival cells are converted into functional corneal epithelial cells. Using high-resolution agarose-gel electrophoresis, we compared the soluble proteins from functional conjunctiva (CON), functional corneal epithelium (EPI), and ‘regenerating’ corneal epithelium at eight intervals ranging from 24 hr to 6 weeks post-scraping. Comparison of CON and EPI patterns shows nine major mobility classes of proteins that fall into three subgroups: A = anodal, B = intermediate, and C = cathodal. The nine major classes have marked similarity in distribution and mobility, which may account for the apparent ease with which CON can transform into EPI during regeneration. Electrophoretic patterns of soluble proteins from regenerating epithelium suggest that the regeneration process occurs in three distinct phases: 24–72 hr post-scraping is a period of de-differentiation, 72 hr to 1 week is a period of reorganization, and 1–6 weeks is a period of differentiation. Specific protein groups are identified that represent fast-transforming, slow-transforming, conjunctival-specific, and corneal-specific proteins. Certain of these protein groups can be associated with particular stages in the regenerative process.
Taming the ketamine tiger

Pharmacologic actions of CI-581, a chemical derivative of phencyclidine, were determined in 20 volunteers from a prison population. The results indicate that this drug is an effective analgesic and anesthetic agent in doses of 1.0 to 2.0 mg per kilogram. With intravenous administration the onset of action is within 1 min and the effects last for about 5 to 10 min, depending on dosage level and individual variation. No tachyphylaxis was evident on repeat doses. Respiratory depression was slight and transient. Hypertension, tachycardia, and psychic changes are undesirable characteristics of the drug. Whether these can be modified by preanesthetic medication was not determined in this study. Recovery from analgesia and coma usually took place within 10 min, although from electroencephalographic evidence it may be assumed that subjects were not completely normal until after 1 to 2 h. No evidence of liver or kidney toxicity was obtained. CI-581 produces pharmacologic effects similar to those reported for phencyclidine, but of shorter duration. The drug deserves further pharmacologic and clinical trials. It is proposed that the words "dissociative anesthetic" be used to describe the mental state produced by this drug.
Analysis of human class II antigen α chain genes: a summary

Abstract A cDNA clone corresponding to the HLA-DRα chain has been isolated following immunoprecipitation of polysomes with a monoclonal antibody against the denatured DRα chain. This cDNA clone has been used to isolate and solve the complete structure of the DRα chain gene and a cDNA clone corresponding to the DCα chain. The DRα and the DCα chains bear remarkable homology to each other and have one domain (α2) which is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. The DCα chain gene has been demonstrated to be the homologue of the murine I-Aα chain gene, and it has been localized on chromosome 6 using deletion mutants. A restriction enzyme polymorphism of the DCα chain gene has been detected in HLA-DR homozygous typing cells. This report is a summary of a presentation made at the HLA-DR meeting held in Marseille, France.
Health care access, sexually transmitted diseases, and adolescents: Identifying barriers and creating solutions

If you are a reader of this journal, it is likely that you face constant frustrations about access and insurance coverage for your patients, both sick and well. As pediatric practitioners, the bulk of the patients most of us see are young children. In this article, Chuck Oberg and colleagues focus on children at the other end of the age spectrum: adolescents. Both the public and (unfortunately) many health care providers assume that most adolescents are healthy and that their need for good, comprehensive coverage is limited. Not so. Many adolescents have chronic health care needs, and many more evolving health care needs related to their developmental stage: counseling regarding sexuality, drug, and tobacco use; mental health care; and screening for STDs, to name a few. In this issue, the authors outline the barriers to care faced by adolescent patients, with a particular focus on STDs. They discuss a variety of approaches to these barriers, including ways to organize care and care for special populations of teens, and end with some ideas for future research and policy planning. I hope that you will find this a stimulating discussion and will use this information as you continue to encourage policymakers to provide appropriate, developmentally sensitive coverage to this special group of patients.
Social Support Networks of Incarcerated Women: Types of Support, Sources of Support, and Implications for Reentry

We examined types and sources of support received by 60 incarcerated women. Women discussed emotional support from family members as integral to their well-being. Family members were also substantial providers of instrumental support, such as caring for the women's children during incarceration, sending money, and helping navigate personal and legal barriers. Support from other prisoners was also mentioned, with emotional support being common. Other prisoners also provided a great deal of informational support, helping guide newcomers through adjustment to incarceration. Support from professionals, partners, friends, and peer groups were also noted. Implications for women's transition back into communities are discussed.
Influence of Cyclic Hydrostatic Pressure on Fibrocartilaginous Metaplasia of Achilles Tendon Fibroblasts

The goal of this study was to demonstrate whether cyclically imposed hydrostatic pressure, compressive in nature, could induce fibrocartilaginous metaplasia in a purely tendinous cell source in vitro. The effect of short-duration cyclic hydrostatic pressure on tendon fibroblasts (tenocytes) expanded from rat Achilles tendon was studied. Total RNA was isolated either immediately after loading or 24 h later. The mRNA expression of tendon and cartilage specific markers – Collagen types I and II, Sox9, and Aggrecan was quantified by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction over multiple biological samples (n=6). For immediately isolated RNA samples, there were statistically significant increases in mRNA expression of Aggrecan and Collagen type II, while Collagen type I significantly decreased. Noticeably, for RNA samples isolated 24 h later, there were further increases in mRNA expression of Aggrecan and Collagen type II, whereas Collagen type I increased roughly three-fold relative to the non-loaded control. These findings support the hypothesis that cyclic hydrostatic pressurization can induce fibrocartilaginous metaplasia in tenocytes by upregulation of cartilaginous gene expression. Also, it was demonstrated that changes in mRNA expression as a result of single 2 h pressurization persist even up to 24 h.
Acute Hydrocephalus following a Chiari I Decompression

Complications of posterior cranial fossa decompression for Chiari malformations are uncommon. We present three patients who developed infratentorial supracerebellar hygromas causing acute hydrocephalus after posterior cranial fossa decompression.
Survival of reproductive behaviors in estrogen receptor β gene-deficient (βERKO) male and female mice

Previously, it was shown that the lack of a functional estrogen receptor (ER) α gene (ERα) greatly affects reproduction-related behaviors in both female and male mice. However, widespread expression of a novel second ER gene, ERβ, demanded that we examine the possible participation of ERβ in regulation of these behaviors. In dramatic contrast to our results with ERα knockout (αERKO) males, βERKO males performed at least as well as wild-type controls in sexual behavior tests. Moreover, not only did βERKO males exhibit normal male-typical aggressive behavior, including offensive attacks, but they also showed higher levels of aggression than wild-type mice under certain conditions of social experience. These data revealed a significant interaction between genotype and social experience with respect to aggressive behavior. Finally, females lacking a functional β isoform of the ER gene showed normal lordosis and courtship behaviors, extending in some cases beyond the day of behavioral estrus. These results highlight the importance of ERα for the normal expression of natural reproductive behaviors in both sexes and also provide a background for future studies evaluating ERβ gene contributions to other, nonreproductive behaviors.
Multiple variants aggregate in the neuregulin signaling pathway in a subset of schizophrenia patients

Despite the strongly held view that schizophrenia (SZ) shows substantial genetic heterogeneity, pathway heterogeneity, as seen in cancer where different pathways are affected in similar tumors, has not been explored. We explore this possibility in a case-only study of the neuregulin signaling pathway (NSP), which has been prominently implicated in SZ and for which there is detailed knowledge on the ligand- and receptor-processing steps through β- and γ-secretase cleavage. We hypothesize that more than one damaging variants in the NSP genes might be necessary to cause disease, leading to an apparent clustering of such variants in only the few patients with affected NSP. We analyze linkage and next-generation sequencing results for the genes encoding components of the pathway, including NRG1, NRG3, ERBB4, β-secretase and the γ-secretase complex. We find multiple independent examples of supporting evidence for this hypothesis: (i) increased linkage scores over NSP genes, (ii) multiple positive interlocus correlations of linkage scores across families suggesting each family is linked to either many or none of the genes, (iii) aggregation of predicted damaging variants in a subset of individuals and (iv) significant phenotypic differences of the subset of patients carrying such variants. Collectively, our data strongly support the hypothesis that the NSP is affected by multiple damaging variants in a subset of phenotypically distinct patients. On the basis of this, we propose a general model of pathway heterogeneity in SZ, which, in part, may explain its phenotypic variability and genetic complexity.
Perturbations in Mitochondrial Dynamics Induced by Human Mutant PINK1 Can Be Rescued by the Mitochondrial Division Inhibitor mdivi-1

Mutations in the mitochondrial encoded protein PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) cause autosomal recessive Parkinson disease (PD). In mammalian cells, mutant PINK1 has been reported to promote fission or inhibit fusion in mitochondria; however, the mechanism by which this process occurs remains elusive. Using an ecdysone-inducible expression system in mammalian dopaminergic neuronal cells, we report here that human mutant PINK1 (L347P and W437X) mediates an overall fission effect by increasing the ratio of mitochondrial fission over fusion proteins, leading to excessive dysfunctional fragmented mitochondria. Knocking down endogenous Pink1 produces similar effects. In contrast, overexpressing human wild type PINK1 produces a pro-fusion effect by increasing the ratio of mitochondrial fusion/fission proteins without resulting in functionally compromised mitochondria. Parkin knockdown blocks the imbalance in fission/fusion proteins. Furthermore, overexpressing parkin and ubiquitin increases degradation of the mitochondrial fission hFis1 protein, suggesting PINK1 and parkin maintain proper mitochondrial function and integrity via the fission/fusion machinery. Through genetic manipulations and treatment with the small molecule mitochondrial division inhibitor (mdivi-1), which inhibits DLP1/Drp1, both structural and functional mitochondrial defects induced by mutant PINK1 were attenuated, highlighting a potential novel therapeutic avenue for Parkinson disease.
Analytical Model for Cryogenic Stratification in a Rotating and Reduced-Gravity Environment

Modeling the thermal behavior of cryogenic propellants within the upper stages of a launch vehicle is necessary for successful mission planning. During orbital transfer, the upper stage may coast for several hours, during which the propellants are heated by solar radiation and undergo thermal stratification. At the end of a coast, the propellant temperature and pressure must be within a narrowly defined range to ensure engine restart. This work develops a thermal stratificationmodel that includes the thermal conditioning spin of the stage. Themodelmay be used to assess the impact of thermal stratificationwithin propellant tanks over a range of axial accelerations, spin rates, heat fluxes, and tank geometries. The parabolic dishing effect from spinning the tank results in an increased stratum thickness, due to the larger length of the free-convection boundary layer along the tank wall. However, due to the balance between the increased wall-heating area and increased free-surface area, stratum temperatures may be cooler or warmer, depending on the spin rate.
Shame in Sexual Minorities: Stigma, Internal Cognitions, and Counseling Considerations

Theorists, clinicians, and researchers have suggested that shame is a central concern in the lives of sexual minority individuals. Cognitive theorists believe that shame occurs when a person fails to achieve his or her standards, which are often based on social, cultural, and spiritual values. Although it is asserted that stigma causes shame among members of a sexual minority, the empirical evidence suggests that negative internal cognitions are partly responsible. By targeting negative beliefs, counselors can help sexual minorities reduce their sense of shame, particularly around issues related to sexual identity. The authors offer counseling strategies for reducing shame in sexual minority clients.
The rotational spectrum, internal rotation, and structure of NH3–CO2

The radio frequency and microwave spectra of NH3–CO2 have been measured using the molecular beam electric resonance technique. The spectrum is characteristic of an asymmetric top in which the NH3 subunit exhibits effectively free internal rotation. The spectroscopic constants obtained for the ground internal rotor state are presented below: (B+C/2) (MHz) 3756.178(3), (B−C/2) (MHz) 597.4(2), A−(B+C/2) (MHz) 8035.(8), ΔJ (MHz) 0.0240(4), δK (MHz) 0.20(2), ΔJK (MHz) 0.23(5), δJ (MHz) 0.007(1), eQqaa (MHz) −3.175(4), eQqbb (MHz) 1.557(9), eQqcc (MHz) 1.617(11), μ(D) 1.7684(14). The N–CO2 framework of the complex has C2v symmetry with a N–C weak bond length of 2.9875(4) A. The average bending angle of the NH3 subunit is 22.71(5)° with a difference in amplitude of 1.0(4)° between the in plane and out of plane excursions. The weak bond stretching force constant is 0.070(1) mdyn/A and the induced dipole moment is 0.411(2) D. (B+C)/2 for the first excited internal rotor state (‖m‖=1) is 3753.008(...
Surface plasmon enhancement of two- and three-photon absorption of Hoechst 33 258 dye in activated gold colloid solution.

Herein we present experimental evidence of the strong surface plasmon enhancement of two- and three-photon absorption of Hoechst 33 258 (2‘-(4-hydrophenyl)-5-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-2,5‘-bis(1H-benzimidazole)) pentahydrate in an aqueous solution containing activated gold colloid. The 480-fold enhancement in two-photon absorption and 30-fold in three-photon absorption are predominantly attributed to the electric-field enhancement via surface plasmon resonance. The greater enhancement observed in two-photon absorption is due to the characteristic two- and three-photon absorption cross-sections of the dye.
THE ADZE AND THE UNGROOVED AXE OF THE NEW ENGLAND INDIANS

Under the unsatisfactory term celt are included two distinct classes of stone implements adze blades and ungrooved axe or hatchet blades. In the former class the cutting edge was at right angles to the haft, while in the latter class the edge was parallel to the haft. The ungrooved axe, as a rule, is readily distinguished from the adze by its symmetrical form (compare pl. xi and xii). Ungrooved axes are distributed throughout a large portion of America, and are found also in many other sections of the world. So far as known the methods of hafting were similar in the various regions. In central Europe the smaller stone blades were usually inserted into a fore-haft of antler which was fitted to a hole or perforation in the wooden haft. Antler fore-hafts were sometimes used
Structural and Photophysical Properties of a Water-Soluble Porphyrin Associated with Polycations in Solution and Electrostatically-Assembled Ultrathin Films

A water-soluble porphyrin, meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TSPP), has been associated with two different polycations, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI), to investigate the effects of polymer binding upon the TSPP structure and excited-state dynamics both in solution and in ultrathin (∼10−30 A) films deposited on glass slides by electrostatic assembly. Association of the porphyrin with PEI intrinsically quenches the singlet state dynamics of TSPP, both in solution and in films, while quenching is observed upon association with PDDA only for high concentrations of porphyrins or in films where TSPP aggregates are observed. For PDDA:TSPP films without significant aggregate content, the fluorescence decay time (τ1/e ∼ 5−6 ns) approaches that observed for monomeric or polymer-bound porphyrins in dilute solution (τ1/e = 10.2 and 11.3 ns, respectively). However, rapid (<1 ns) deactivation of the singlet states can be observed whenever appreciable aggregates are pr...
Genetic Epidemiology of Tuberculosis Susceptibility: Impact of Study Design

Several candidate gene studies have provided evidence for a role of host genetics in susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB). However, the results of these studies have been very inconsistent, even within a study population. Here, we review the design of these studies from a genetic epidemiological perspective, illustrating important differences in phenotype definition in both cases and controls, consideration of latent M. tuberculosis infection versus active TB disease, population genetic factors such as population substructure and linkage disequilibrium, polymorphism selection, and potential global differences in M. tuberculosis strain. These considerable differences between studies should be accounted for when examining the current literature. Recommendations are made for future studies to further clarify the host genetics of TB.
Abscisic acid enhancement of lipid vesicle aggregation

Abstract Abscisic acid (ABA) is shown to enhance the rate of aggregation of sonicated phospholipid vesicles as measured by a change in light scattering. Bilayers consisting of pure phosphatidylcholine (PC) remain stable in the presence of ABA as do bilayers of mixed components above their phase transition temperatures. ABA-induced aggregation was measured for phosphatidylcholine vesicles below the phase transition temperature when a second membrane component (phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidic acid (PA) or stearylamine (SE)) was added. Aggregation is dependent upon the concentration of ABA, the concentration of the second membrane component, and pH of the surrounding solution. These findings further support the hypothesis that ABA is causing membrane instability by interacting with bilayers at the interface between different phospholipids.
LUNA I MOON COLONY: AN ADAPTED FORMAT FOR ANALYSIS OF GROUP DECISION-MAKING IN A COMPETITIVE SETTING

Sunzmury.-An experimental simulation is described as a method for measuring and training decision-making by groups under complex conditions and intergroup competirion. The method employs a simulation-game including selection of goals, relevance of strategy, risk-taking, consistency, competition, and other potential components. Similarities to a previously described simulation as well as the additional dimensions of the adapted simulation-game are discussed. Considerable progress has been made in the development formats for the analysis of information processing, group process and integrated decisionmaking in simulated environments (cf. Streufert, Clardy, Driver, Karlins, Schroder, & Suedfeld, 1965; Sueufert & Sueufert, 1968, 1970; Higbee & Sueufert, 1969; Hunsaker, 1970). One such novel and complex environment, the simulated administration of a lunar scientific colony (LUNA I) has been developed by Driver and Hunsaker (1972).l This simulation has proven itself a valuable tool in the analysis of complexity of information processing in decisions,? quality and efficiency of decision processes in groups (Hunsaker, 1970), perception of risk and preference for risk (Hunsaker, 1973), and ~reativity.~ As originally designed, LWA I permitted E to vary structure, prtxedures, and forms to allow for adaptation to various research or teaching objectives. This report describes two additional modifications of this simulation which recently have been developed to provide for greater flexibility, both as a research tool and as a classroom training device in decision-making by small groups. The modifications consist of (1) a schemata for providing direct and responsive feedback ro Ss during the course of the game and (2) the added dimension of intergroup competition within the structure of the game. The earlier version of the simulation employed a sequence of preprogrammed feedback and crises which provided a standard set of feedback responses for players regardless of the decisions they made. This methodology was utilized to maintain experimental control of the external environment and provide
Distributions of queue lengths and waiting times in a loop with two-way traffic

A loop transmission system consisting of a central station, N input terminals with infinite buffer, and a multiplexed channel is considered. Data flows from the terminals to the central station and from the central station to the terminals. The first type of data transfer is accorded priority over the second type. This necessitates intermediate buffering of data from the central station to the terminals. The distributions of the queue lengths at all terminals and of the virtual waiting times of data units are calculated. Two numerical examples are given.
Temperature management of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in three locations in the United States

A new simulation model was used to quantify the effect of eight common stored maize management practices on dry matter loss and Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. development using ambient weather conditions for Indianapolis, Indiana; Columbia, South Carolina; and Amarillo, Texas. For each location, good, normal, and poor storage years were identified and evaluated. No aeration was found to be ineffective and undesirable for control of dry matter loss and S. zeamais development in all situations. Fall-chilled aeration proved to be the most effective aeration strategy for all locations and years. However, Indianapolis showed the least benefit compared to ambient fall aeration, while Columbia benefited most. Although only continuous ambient fall aeration was investigated, the results showed that controlling the aeration process holds promise in optimizing this technique. The use of spring warm-up aeration increased the rate of quality deterioration while summer rechilling improved insect control with little increase in dry matter loss. A combination of controlled ambient aeration in the fall and chilled aeration during summer storage has significant potential as a non-chemical preventative pest management technique for all locations and years. Residual pesticides and fumigation of properly cooled maize storages should not be necessary in the United States.
Racial differences in affirmation of personal habit change to prevent HIV infection.

Methods. In the context of an epidemiological investigation of AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices, 2,006 employees of the Tennessee Mental Health and Mental Retardation residential facilities were surveyed to test the hypothesis that blacks have been differentially sensitized to their disproportionate level of HIV vulnerability. Results. We found that blacks were significantly more likely than whites to affirm personal habit changes to prevent HIV infection (P < 0.00001) and significantly more likely to reject the notion that AIDS is not a threat to rural areas of the United States (P < 0.00001). Conclusion. These data were interpreted to be suggestive evidence that blacks have been effectively sensitized to the disproportionate threat of AIDS to the black community and may represent an increased receptivity of blacks to the adoption of HIV preventive practices.
Stress Myocardial Perfusion Imaging— The Beginning…

“There are no problems—only opportunities to be creative.”Dorye Roettger ([1][1]) Myocardial perfusion imaging was developed to meet the need to noninvasively detect the presence and extent of coronary disease. In 1971, the diagnosis of coronary disease was made by coronary angiography, a
ON THE MEASUREMENT OF NATURAL AND SEXUAL SELECTION: THEORY.

The aim of this paper is to illustrate an approach to the empirical measurement of selection that is directly related to formal evolutionary theory. Recent field studies have demonstrated that it is feasible to measure fitness in natural populations. The most successful studies have yielded accurate tallies of survivorship, mating success and fertility (e.g., Tinkle, 1965; Howard, 1979; Downhower and Brown, 1980; Lennington, 1980; Kluge, 1981; Clutton-Brock et al., 1982). Despite this success, no concensus has been reached on how to analyze the data and relate them to evolutionary theory. We present here a mode of data analysis that describes selection in useful, theoretical terms, so that field or experimental results will have a tangible relationship to equations for evolutionary change. Multivariate, polygenic theory (Lande, 1979, 1980, 1981; Bulmer, 1980) is particularly useful as a conceptual framework because it is concerned with the evolution of continuously distributed traits such as those commonly studied in laboratory and field situations. Multivariate equations have been used for many years by plant and animal breeders in order to impose selection and predict its impact (Smith, 1936; Hazel, 1943; Dickerson et al., 1954, 1974; Yamada, 1977), but this quantitative genetic theory has only recently been applied to evolutionary problems. Definitions and Aims. -It is critical to distinguish between selection and evolutionary response to selection (Fisher, 1930; Haldane, 1954). Selection causes observable changes within a generation in the means, variances and covariances of phenotypic distributions. Thus selection can be described in purely phenotypic terms without recourse to the inheritance of characters. In contrast, evolutionary response to selection, for example, the change in phenotypic mean from one generation to the next, certainly does depend on inheritance. In the following sections we show how knowledge of inheritance can be combined with purely phenotypic measures of selection to predict evolutionary response to selection. By distinguishing between selection and response to selection we can measure selection on characters whose mode of inheritance may be unknown and make prediction of evolutionary response a separate issue. Thus knowledge of inheritance is essential for complete
Monolithic MgO:LiNbO(3) doubly resonant optical parametric oscillator pumped by a frequency-doubled diode-laser-pumped Nd:YAG laser.

We have demonstrated a monolithic MgO:LiNbO3 doubly resonant optical parametric oscillator (OPO) using an all-solid-state pump. The pump laser was a single-axial-mode monolithic Nd:YAG nonplanar ring oscillator whose diode-laser pump was modulated at 325 kHz to produce relaxation oscillation spikes to higher peak powers at 1.06 μm that were frequency doubled in a resonant cavity to 532 nm. Pump depletions for the OPO of greater than 60% were observed when pumping six times above the calculated 40-mW threshold. The OPO output was temperature tuned from 1.01 to 1.13 μm, producing single-axial-mode output over much of the range. By changing the voltage applied across the OPO, the output wavelength was scanned as much as 11 nm in 310 V.
Measuring Public Service: Assessment and Accountability—To Ourselves and Others

During the past twenty years, two themes have emerged in higher education. One theme has been an increased attention to the service mission of universities, a matter of special importance to planning programs. The other has been an increased emphasis on accountability and performance assessment, an emphasis that has attracted much attention in ACSP in recent years. This article offers some starting points for grappling with the difficult task of assessing performance in the area of public service. The article reviews the history of these converging themes—nationally and within the planning academy—and draws upon the assessment literature to offer a framework and tool for conducting performance assessment of service activities at both the individual and program level.
Phase separation in polystyrene latex interpenetrating polymer networks

Polystyrene/polystyrene latex interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) were prepared by seeded emulsion polymerzation of styrene–divinylbenzene mixtures in crosslinked monodisperse polystyrene seed latexes. The resulting latexes comprised uniform nonspherical particles, which were formed by separation of the second-stage monomer from the crosslinked seed network during swelling and polymerization. The kinetics of phase separation were investigated by examining the changes in particle morphology using optical microscopy, which revealed that the phase separation was induced by the relaxation of the polymer chains before polymerization began and was enhanced by increased conversion. The thermodynamics of phase separation were investigated by analysis of the free-energy changes during swelling and polymerization, and the phase separation was described by a nucleation-and-growth mechanism. The results of this study have been applied to the design and synthesis of a series of uniform nonspherical particles of different morphology.
Embryosonology in the First Trimester of Pregnancy

In the early days of ultrasound, documentation of developmental milestones in the first trimester was limited by the transabdominal approach through a distended urinary bladder. Depiction of the rapid growth and development of the embryo only became possible with the advent of transvaginal sonography in the early 1980s. With better resolution came a clearer correlation between normal embryologic events and ultrasound image displays. Sonographers and sonologists need a clear understanding of the normal sequence of events to distinguish them from abnormal findings. Avoiding pitfalls in diagnosis is necessary to guide management decisions in a patient who presents with first trimester complications.
UAV video coverage quality maps and prioritized indexing for wilderness search and rescue

Video-equipped mini unmanned aerial vehicles (mini-UAVs) are becoming increasingly popular for surveillance, remote sensing, law enforcement, and search and rescue operations, all of which rely on thorough coverage of a target observation area. However, coverage is not simply a matter of seeing the area (visibility) but of seeing it well enough to allow detection of targets of interest, a quality we here call "see-ability". Video flashlights, mosaics, or other geospatial compositions of the video may help place the video in context and convey that an area was observed, but not necessarily how well or how often. This paper presents a method for using UAV-acquired video georegistered to terrain and aerial reference imagery to create geospatial video coverage quality maps and indices that indicate relative video quality based on detection factors such as image resolution, number of observations, and variety of viewing angles. When used for offline post-analysis of the video, or for online review, these maps also enable geospatial quality-filtered or prioritized non-sequential access to the video. We present examples of static and dynamic see-ability coverage maps in wilderness search-and-rescue scenarios, along with examples of prioritized non-sequential video access. We also present the results of a user study demonstrating the correlation between see-ability computation and human detection performance.
The MIT-LL/IBM 2006 Speaker Recognition System: High-Performance Reduced-Complexity Recognition

Many powerful methods for speaker recognition have been introduced in recent years - high-level features, novel classifiers, and channel compensation methods. A common arena for evaluating these methods has been the NIST speaker recognition evaluation (SRE). In the NIST SRE from 2002-2005, a popular approach was to fuse multiple systems based upon cepstral features and different linguistic tiers of high-level features. With enough enrollment data, this approach produced dramatic error rate reductions and showed conceptually that better performance was attainable. A drawback in this approach is that many high-level systems were being run independently requiring significant computational complexity and resources. In 2006, MIT Lincoln Laboratory focused on a new system architecture which emphasized reduced complexity. This system was a carefully selected mixture of high-level techniques, new classifier methods, and novel channel compensation techniques. This new system has excellent accuracy and has substantially reduced complexity. The performance and computational aspects of the system are detailed on a NIST 2006 SRE task.
Inpatient management of hyperglycemia: the Northwestern experience.

Objective: To describe a novel method of safe and effective intensive management of inpatient hyperglycemia with use of cost-effective protocols directed by a glucose management service (GMS). Methods: An intravenous insulin protocol was designed to achieve a glycemic target of 80 to 110 mg/dL. When stable inpatients were transferred from the intravenous protocol to a subcutaneous insulin protocol, which consisted of basal long-acting and prandial and supplemental rapid-acting insulins, the blood glucose target was 80 to 150 mg/dL. Glucose levels were reviewed by the GMS at least daily for protocol adjustments, when necessary. Results: The intravenous insulin protocol was used in 276 patients, and 4,058 capillary blood glucose levels were recorded. Glycemic target levels (80 to 110 mg/dL) were achieved, on average, 10.6 ± 5.2 hours after initiation of insulin drip therapy. The mean capillary blood glucose level during the study interval was 135.3 ± 49.9 mg/dL. Hypoglycemia (″60 mg/dL) was recorded in 1.5% of glucose values, and hyperglycemia (≥400 mg/dL) was recorded in only 0.06%. The subcutaneous insulin protocol was used in 922 patients, and 18,067 capillary glucose levels were documented. The mean blood glucose level was 145.6 ± 55.8 mg/dL during the study period. The blood glucose target of 80 to 150 mg/dL was achieved in 58.6%, whereas 74.3% of glycemic values were in the clinically acceptable range (80 to 180 mg/dL). Hypoglycemia (″60 mg/dL) occurred in 1.3% of capillary blood glucose values, and hyperglycemia (≥400 mg/dL) occurred in 0.4% of values. Conclusion: Validated protocols dedicated to the achievement of strict glycemic goals were implemented by a GMS and resulted in substantial improvements in glycemic control on the surgical inpatient services, with a reduced frequency of hypoglycemia. The protocols and the GMS have been well received by the inpatient nursing and surgical staff members, and all of this has been done in a cost-effective manner. (Endocr Pract. 2006;12:491505)
Real-time three-dimensional dobutamine stress echocardiography in assessment of ischemia: comparison with two-dimensional dobutamine stress echocardiography

Abstract OBJECTIVES This study was designed to test the feasibility and efficacy of using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT-3D) to detect ischemia during dobutamine-induced stress (DSE) and compares the results with conventional two-dimensional echocardiography (2D). BACKGROUND Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography, a novel imaging technique, offers rapid acquisition with multiple simultaneous views of the left ventricle (LV). These features make it attractive for application during stress. METHODS Of 279 consecutive patients screened for image quality by 2D, 253 patients with adequate images underwent RT-3D and 2D within 30 s of each other at baseline and at peak DSE. RESULTS Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography and 2D showed good concordance in detection of abnormal LV wall motion at baseline (84%: Kappa = 0.59) and at peak DSE (88.9%: Kappa = 0.72). Left ventricular wall motion scores were similar at baseline and peak DSE using both techniques. Interobserver agreements for detection of ischemia at peak DSE were superior for RT-3D, 92.7% compared with 84.6% for 2D (p CONCLUSIONS Real-time three-dimensional dobutamine stress echocardiography is feasible and sensitive in the detection of CAD. The procedure offers shorter scanning time, superior interobserver agreements and unique new views of the LV.