cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic one-equation-based subgrid model for large-eddy simulation of stratified turbulent flows

The locally dynamic one-equation based subgrid-scale is extended for large-eddy simulation of stably stratified turbulent flows. It is comprehensively assessed by simulating turbulent channel flow for a range of Reynolds and Richardson numbers. It captures all the key flow features, such as suppression of vertical turbulent transport, presence of internal waves and pycnocline, and decrease of the friction coefficient and Nusselt number. The turbulence statistics show good agreement with the reference results thus demonstrating its applicability to stratified flows with variable mean shear.
Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Fuels: Progress and Opportunities

The electrochemical reduction of CO2 remains an appealing option for storing renewable energy in a chemical form. In this review, we assess progress in designing catalysts that convert CO2 to high energy density products. We explain how reaction data can be reported to reflect the intrinsic properties of the catalyst. This analysis shows that limited advances have been made in improving the performance of Cu. We suggest that opportunities remain using bimetallic catalysts that are resistant to dealloying. While aqueous systems are instrumental to developing our understanding of this chemistry, gas-fed systems that operate at high current densities must be developed. Although obstacles remain for practical application of CO2 reduction, advances in fundamental understanding made over the years give reason for optimism.
Fetal and postnatal MRI findings of Blake pouch remnant causing obstructive hydrocephalus

Blake pouch remnant, also known as Blake pouch cyst or persistent Blake pouch, is a posterior fossa embryologic anomaly that is often seen in isolation with most affected patients being asymptomatic. However, even in isolation, Blake pouch remnant can result in obstructive hydrocephalus requiring early neurosurgical intervention making it an important diagnosis for the fetal radiologist to consider. We present a rare case of a patient with prenatally diagnosed "inferior vermian hypoplasia" on fetal MRI that went on to develop progressive obstructive hydrocephalus in infancy secondary to what was determined to be a Blake pouch remnant.
Laparoscopic Repair of a Uterine Isthmocele with Hysteroscopic Guidance

Study Objective Describe an approach to a laparoscopic repair of a uterine isthmocele using hysteroscopic guidance. Design N/A Setting The procedure was performed at a large tertiary care center that is also a teaching hospital. The patient was positioned in dorsal lithotomy in stirrups. Three 5mm ports were placed including an umbilical port and a right and left lower quadrant port placed 10mm from the midline above the level of the anterior superior iliac spine. Hysteroscopy was performed to identify the defect. The defect was then trans-illuminated and visualized on laparoscopy to aid in proper resection and repair. Patients or Participants N/A Interventions The paravesical space was opened. A bladder flap was developed to expose the isthmocele in the lower uterine segment. The defect in the myometrium was excised circumferentially. The defect was then closed in three layers. The endometrium was closed with a running 3-0 monocryl suture. The myometrium and serosa were closed with a running unidirectional barbed suture in two layers. The peritoneum overlying the bladder was re-approximated with the unidirectional barbed suture as well. Measurements and Main Results N/A Conclusion Hysteroscopic guidance should be considered as an aid in the laparoscopic approach to repairing symptomatic uterine scar defects.
NIH in the Post-Doubling Era: Realities and Strategies

Immediate- to long-term approaches are discussed that will minimize the negative impacts of current budget constraints and still preserve the NIH mission.
Diversity in Groups

Diversity has the potential to either disrupt group functioning or, conversely, be the source of collective creativity and insight. These two divergent perspectives pose a paradox that has held the attention of scholars for many years. In response, researchers have marshaled evidence to specify the conditions under which diversity leads to more positive outcomes and explain why it does so under these conditions. After describing these foundational perspectives and more recent work that addresses this paradox, we outline several promising directions for research in this domain. We encourage researchers to develop integrative theoretical explanations, use new technologies to gain insight into group processes, study diversity in the context of virtual interaction, and take advantage of opportunities for cross-disciplinary research. Keywords: diversity; group; group composition; group process; group performance; team; team effectiveness; faultlines
Human organizations as distributed intelligence systems

Abstract Human decision making organizations can serve as a paradigm for distributed intelligence systems. Elements of a mathematical theory of organizations are presented and used to analyze the behavior of organizations that have to meet stringent requirements with constraints on the cognitive and physical resources available. It is shown how the introduction of decision support systems to aid individual decisionmakers can affect in unforeseen ways systen performance
A Single 3′α hs1,2 Enhancer in the Rabbit IgH Locus

Multiple cis -acting elements including the intronic enhancer and the 3′α enhancer (3′αE) regulate expression of the Ig heavy chain genes during B cell development. A 3′αE is composed of DNase I-hypersensitive sites, hs1,2, hs3a,b, and hs4, found 3′ of the murine Cα gene as well as 3′ of both human Cα genes, Cα1 and Cα2. Rabbits have 13 Cα genes, and we tested whether a 3′αE is associated with each of these genes. To identify 3′αE regions we developed a rabbit hs1,2 probe and used this to search for enhancer homologues of human hs1,2 in a genomic fosmid library. We identified a single hs1,2 fragment 8-kb downstream of Cα13, the presumed 3′-most Cα gene. We also identified and partially sequenced a new Cα gene, Cα14, located 6 kb upstream of Cα13. Genomic Southern blot analysis confirmed that the rabbit genome contains only one hs1,2 enhancer region. We tested the enhancer activity of the hs1,2 with the SV40, V H , and Iα promoters using the luciferase reporter gene in transient transfection assays and found that it significantly enhanced the activity of SV40 and V H promoters and slightly enhanced an Iα promoter. We conclude that the rabbit has a single hs1,2 enhancer that resides at the 3′ end of the IgH gene cluster and may constitute one of the cis -elements regulating the expression of IgH genes.
The global population of large craters on Mercury and comparison with the Moon

[1] We have compiled a near-global catalog of impact craters on Mercury for diameters ≥20 km from images obtained during the flybys of the Mariner 10 and MESSENGER spacecraft. The observed variations in crater density suggest that the smooth plains within and around the Caloris basin are the most prominent contiguous, comparatively young regions on Mercury; no other comparably large area appears as young. In more heavily cratered terrain, even the most densely cratered regions on Mercury are deficient in craters between 20 km and ∼100 km in diameter compared with the Moon, a result that extends an observation made from Mariner 10 images of a smaller fraction of Mercury's surface. This deficit is interpreted to reflect crustal resurfacing of Mercury early in its history, most likely by volcanic processes. For craters larger than ∼100 km in diameter, the density of craters on Mercury in a given size range is similar to that of the Moon. Because such larger craters are less easily removed by volcanic resurfacing, we interpret this similarity to be the result of impact saturation effects on both bodies.
Standardized Tests Predict Graduate Students' Success

Standardized admissions tests are valid predictors of many aspects of student success across academic and applied fields.
Clinical significance: History, application, and current practice

The meaningfulness of psychotherapy outcome as measured in therapy research is a persistent and important issue. Following a period of emphasis on statistically significant findings for treated versus control groups, many researchers are renewing efforts to investigate the meaningfulness of individual change. Several statistical methods are available to evaluate the meaningfulness of client's changes occurring as a result of treatment. This article reviews the history of the clinical significance concept; describes the various methods for defining improvement, recovery, and clinically significant change; examines current criticisms of the methods; and describes the current use of the methods in practice.
Belaya Smert: The White Death

In the late autumn of 1939, shortly after Second World War had commenced, the Soviet Union invaded Finland. This act of military aggression, henceforth known to history as the Winter War, was ostensibly carried out to secure a buffer state and better protect major urban areas such as St. Petersburg (then known as Leningrad). The Red Army's attack through the forests of northern Finland was a poorly calculated operation—in the little more than 3 months that the conflict lasted, the Soviets suffered extensive losses. The hit-and-run tactics of the small, winter-savvy Finnish Army resulted in a not significant number of Red Army casualties. But from the Soviet perspective, the Finnish soldiers were merely an annoyance compared with the real enemy—the environment. Cold injury reached epidemic proportions in the Red Army during this short conflict, apparently caused in large part by ignorance of environmental realities by the Soviet high command. Paradoxically, the Soviets arguably possessed the most extensive and sophisticated body of knowledge about cold injury prevention and treatment on earth by the late 1930s. There were significant lessons learned by the Soviets during the Winter War, however. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, the Red Army very successfully applied these lessons during 4 years of vicious winter battles on the Eastern Front.
The formation of isocyanate on preoxidized Ru/Al2O3

Abstract The reaction of CO and NH 3 over preoxidized Ru/Al 2 O 3 has been investigated using infrared spectroscopy. An isocyanate (NCO) surface intermediate providing an infrared band in the range 2246–2256 cm −1 was detected. The NCO species formed on Ru and then migrated to the A1 2 O 3 support. The species was detected in the temperature ranges 298–340 K and 383–500 K, but disappeared between 340 and 383 K, indicating that two different mechanisms of formation were operable. Studies of the decomposition of formamide over preoxidized Ru/Al 2 O 3 indicated that the low temperature formation of NCO in the CO/NH 3 reaction probably involved an amide intermediate.
Protection in a Changing and Volatile World A Study of Political Risk Insurance Providers

A widely used strategy to cope with the dangers of foreign investment by hedging against potential losses is political risk insurance. All multinational corporations are subject to political risk perils. Political risk is defined as the adverse effect on the value of a business arising out of direct or indirect actions by a foreign government. Broadly speaking, there are six different types of political risk: confiscation, expropriation and nationalization; contract repudiation and frustration; unfair regulatory environment; currency inconvertibility; contingency; and war risk. Similarly, policies available can be defined according to these six categories. In summary, political risk insurance addresses losses which occur because of politically motivated decisions.
Intention awareness in human-machine interaction: Sensemaking in joint-cognitive systems

This paper examines various observations of sensemaking within joint-cognitive systems, particularly symbiotic systems that incorporate human and associate systems. It also highlights the effects of synchronized sensemaking processes in enabling associate systems to recognize the state of human activity. Specifically, studying the sensemaking phenomenon has direct applications for the development of more tightly-coupled a human reasoned/associate system interface pairs. We examine military doctrine as a family of relevant case studies to demonstrate the role and potential applications of these joint-cognitive systems.
The origin of breast tumor heterogeneity

How breast diversity is generated is a fascinating and fundamental question with important clinical implications. It is clear that the diversity of phenotypes displayed by breast cancer cells reflects the array of cell types present in the disease-free breast epithelium, including luminal, basal and stem cells. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the molecular regulators governing normal development of the breast epithelium may double as engines of breast tumor diversity. In the past few years, a deepened understanding of the mammary epithelial hierarchy has prompted the search for the cellular precursors of breast tumors. At the same time, the use of novel experimental strategies including the new technology of massively parallel sequencing has provided insight into the origin and evolution of breast tumors. Here, we review the current understanding of the basis of the intrinsic subtypes and the sources of inter-tumor heterogeneity.
Surface Optomechanics: Analytic Solution of Detection Limits of Surface Acoustic Waves in Various Fluids

We derive the detection limits of SAW resulting from Brillouin scattering in a WGR. We calculate the absolute concentration limits for detection of chemicals in fluids surrounding the WGR. Give general equations for velocity, linewidth, and detectability.
Strain-Based Temperature Memory Effect for Nafion and Its Molecular Origins

A shape memory polymer traditionally refers to a polymer that can memorize one temporary shape and recover to its permanent shape upon exposure to an external stimulus. Although this basic concept has been known for at least half a century, recent advances have led to the discoveriy of previously uncovered memory properties that challenge the traditional concept of shape memory polymers. In particular, a temperature memory effect refers to the capability of a polymer to memorize temperatures instead of shapes. Thus far, the reported temperature memory effect has been established under iso-strain stress recovery conditions, in which the maximum recovery stress appears at a temperature roughly identical to the deformation temperature. This effect can be called recovery stress based temperature memory effect. In this work, experiments were designed in an attempt to establish a temperature memory effect based on the stress free strain recovery behaviors of Nafion. The results show that, under carefully selected conditions, the temperature at which a maximum strain recovery rate is observed can indeed be quantitatively related to the deformation temperature. In addition, indications that the polymer is capable of memorizing more than one deformation temperature (i.e., multi-temperature memory effect) are shown. The molecular origin of Nafion’s temperature memory effect is elucidated through small angle neutron scattering study.
Relative extremal projectors

Abstract This paper proves the existence of relative extremal projectors. An infinite factorization is given as well as a summation formula.
Verification of the model of biofilm on activated carbon.

Application et correction du modele BFAC apres experimentation a l'echelle d'un laboratoire
Threshold selection for CT angiography shaded surface display of the renal arteries

The purpose of this study was to define objective criteria to calculate a tissue segmentation threshold for shaded surface display (SSD) rendering of the renal arteries with computed tomography angiography. Contrast-enhanced spiral CT scans were obtained through the renal arteries of nine patients. Six sets of SSD images were rendered for each patient with lower threshold values ranging from 80 to 130 Hounsfield units (HU) by increments of 10 HU. Visceral organ enhancement was measured in the aorta, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidney. The segmentation threshold for each patient was determined by evaluation of the SSD images alone as well as by comparison with conventional arteriograms. The ideal threshold, as shown by comparison with conventional arteriography, was better correlated with a threshold value selected by qualitative evaluation of SSD images alone (rs = .42), than with measured enhancement in visceral organs (rs = -.289 to .009). The degree of stenosis was overestimated in a single renal artery (1 of 18) because of an inappropriate threshold selected by evaluation of the SSD images alone. In comparison with a segmentation threshold calculated from measured enhancement of visceral organs, a segmentation threshold selected by qualitative evaluation of the resulting SSD images is more likely to approximate the ideal threshold. Given the subjective nature of such threshold selection, further evaluation is warranted to determine whether threshold selection may result in inaccurate grading of stenosis.
Databrary: Enabling Sharing and Reuse of Research Video

Video and audio recordings serve as a primary data source in many fields, especially in the social and behavioral sciences. Recordings present unique opportunities for reuse and reanalysis for novel scientific purposes, but also present challenges related to respecting the privacy of individuals depicted. Databrary is a web-based service for sharing and reusing the video data created by researchers in the developmental and learning sciences. By investigating how researchers organize, analyze, and mine their own recordings, we have implemented a system that empowers researchers to capture, store, and share recordings in a standardized way. This demo will provide a tour through the Databrary service, highlighting how it promotes storage, management, sharing, and reuse of research data, controls access privileges to restricted human subject data, and facilitates browsing and discoverability of datasets.
Light scattering dissymmetry studies of systems containing fibrinogen and thrombin or bothrops atrox venom

Abstract The changes in the dissymmetry of light-scattering which occur during the coagulation of fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin are described. The data are interpreted with regard to polymerization and gelation of the coagulation process and presented, in part, in a novel tabular fashion. In light scattering experiments, in which the conversion of purified fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin is performed with different additives, characteristics dissymmetry curves are obtained. At pH 8.4, as well as in the presence of 0.2 M LiBr, μ=0.34, pH 7.4, three breaks and three slopes can be seen. The second slope represents a fast increase in particle size, whereas the third slope is a negative one, leading to a steady dissymetry value. The use of a coagulant enzyme preparation from Bothrops atrox venom, instead of thrombin, produces two distinct breaks and two slopes. The second slope, brought about at pH∼7 by fibrinogen, thrombin and Ca++, is decreased by heparin, depending on its concentration, and is increased by the addition of the BaSO4 plasma. This addition also produces a larger particle size within 2 min, leading to a gel. This gel is only partially insoluble after 20 min and is completely insoluble after 40 min in urea solution. Thus, the gelation-promoting or geloplastic effect appears to be independent of transamidase present in the same plasma.
Distribution of free and conjugated dopamine in rats and mice

Free and conjugated dopamine occurs in many tissues and fluids of mammals. We have used reversed phase liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection in sequence with an alumina adsorption procedure to separate and then detect amounts of free and conjugated dopamine in the major visceral organs and brain of the rat and mouse. We report those results here. Values for free and conjugated dopamine are given for all tissues studied. Conjugated DA was found in the rat kidney, liver and adrenal gland and in the kidney of the mouse. Those tissues which have a significant amount of conjugated dopamine will be studied further for the presence of dopamine sulfate.
Stigma and coercion in the context of outpatient treatment for people with mental illnesses

The policies and institutional practices developed to care for people with mental illnesses have critical relevance to the production of stigma as they can induce it, minimize it or even block it. This manuscript addresses two prominent and competing perspectives on the consequences for stigma of using coercion to insure compliance with outpatient mental health services. The Coercion to Beneficial Treatment perspective (Torrey, E. F., & Zdanowicz, M. (2001). Outpatient commitment: what, why, and for whom. Psychiatric Services, 52(3), 337–341) holds that the judicious use of coercion facilitates treatment engagement, aides in symptom reduction, and, in the long run, reduces stigma. The Coercion to Detrimental Stigma perspective (Pollack, D. A. (2004). Moving from Coercion to Collaboration in Mental Health Sevices DHHS (SMA) 04-3869. In Rockville, MD: Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration) claims that coercion increases stigmatization resulting in low self-esteem, a compromised quality of life, and increased symptoms. We examine these differing perspectives in a longitudinal study of 184 people with serious mental illness, 76 of whom were court ordered to outpatient treatment and 108 who were not. They were recruited from treatment facilities in the New York boroughs of the Bronx and Queens. We measure coercion in two ways: by assignment to mandated outpatient treatment and with a measure of self-reported coercion. The longitudinal analysis allows stringent tests of predictions derived from each perspective and finds evidence to support certain aspects of each. Consistent with the Coercion to Beneficial Treatment perspective, we found that improvements in symptoms lead to improvements in social functioning. Also consistent with this perspective, assignment to mandated outpatient treatment is associated with better functioning and, at a trend level, to improvements in quality of life. At the same time the Coercion to Detrimental Stigma perspective is supported by findings showing that self-reported coercion increases felt stigma (perceived devaluation–discrimination), erodes quality of life and through stigma leads to lower self-esteem. Future policy needs not only to find ways to insure that people who need treatment receive it, but to achieve such an outcome in a manner that minimizes circumstances that induce perceptions of coercion.
Electronic and Structural Properties of Si10 Cluster

Possible structures for Si10 cluster are considered using a tight-binding model and drawing on significant work done in the past. It is shown that the tight-binding parametrization, fitted to the bulk, is also valid for smaller systems. This model is found to essentially reproduce other published results, but requires much less effort thanab initio techniques—thus, allowing the study of a wide variety of structures and their ions. However, unlike classical force-field calculations, it yields information about the electronic structure of clusters. A new geometric structure for Si10 is found, which is not only of lowest energy, but which also matches the experimental photoelectron band gap and explains the experimental reactivity data. Because of the Jahn-Teller effect, the photoelectron spectrum is very sensitive to geometry. Also, ionization of the cluster alters the geometry slightly.
Analysis of proteins synthesized by 9.5 day mouse embryos: determination of cardiac and noncardiac proteins.

To catalog polypeptides that were specific to developing hearts, we separated 35S-methio- nine-labeled 9.5 day mouse embryos into cardiac and noncardiac (carcass) components. Two-dimensional gels were then used to analyze the polypeptides synthesized in these two fractions. As a result, we were able to distinguish polypeptides that were specific to or increased in the heart as well as those polypeptides that were specific to or increased in the embryo minus the dissected heart. Using this analysis, there were two polypeptides that were cardiac-specific and 17 that were expressed at increased levels by at least twofold in the heart. The cardiac-specific polypeptides may be used in further studies to identify early cardiac tissue. Conversely, there were 26 polypep- tides unique to noncardiac structures and an additional 15 that were increased in the carcass more than twofold relative to the heart. The noncardiac-specific polypeptides may be used to define contamination of putative cardiac tissue with noncardiac material. Two of the polypeptides expressed more abundantly in the carcass appeared to correspond to known proteins in the mouse fibroblast database, cyclin and tropomyosin 4. Thus the heart at 9.5 days of murine development can be distinguished readily from the remainder of the embryonic mouse both macro- scopically and on two-dimensional gels.
Effect of thickness on the large elastic deformation behavior of laminated shells

Abstract A serendipity type surface-parallel cubic (24-node) isoparametric element for analysis of thick deep imperfect laminated shells is developed. The element is capable of accurately modeling the curved geometry of a laminated shell by taking advantage of general tensorial formulation and using the surface-parallel curvilinear coordinates of non-Euclidean geometry. The present nonlinear finite element solution methodology is based on the hypothesis of layerwise linear displacement distribution through thickness (LLDT) and the total Lagrangian formulation, which accounts for fully nonlinear kinematic relations so that stable equilibrium paths in the advanced nonlinear regime can be accurately computed. An important computational feature is the successful implementation of the BFGS (Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno) iterative scheme, used to solve the resulting nonlinear equations. First, the large strain behavior of a two-dimensional rubber sheet, made of Mooney-Rivlin type hyperelastic material, under tension is evaluated for the purpose of comparison with available experimental results. Then, thin/shallow clamped cylindrical cross-ply [ 0 ° 90 ° ] panels, subjected to radial pressure loading, are investigated to test the convergence of the present element. A new concept of relative(-to-linear) nonlinear membrane-to-shear factor, defined to be the ratio of normalized deflections computed using the nonlinear and linear analyses, is introduced to determine the relative roles of interlaminar shear/normal deformation and surface parallel membrane effects in thin to thick laminated perfect shell regimes, subjected to radial pressure loading.
A C-reactive protein promoter polymorphism is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians

Abstract Linkage analysis has identified a susceptibility locus for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on chromosome 1q21–q23 in several populations. Results from recent prospective studies indicate that increased levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of immune system activation, are predictive of diabetes, independent of adiposity. Because CRP is located on 1q21, we considered it a potential positional candidate gene for T2DM. We therefore evaluated CRP and the nearby serum amyloid P-component, APCS , which is structurally similar to CRP, as candidate diabetes susceptibility genes. Approximately 10.9 kb of the CRP-APCS locus was screened for polymorphisms using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography and direct sequencing. We identified 27 informative polymorphisms, including 26 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 1 insertion/deletion, which were divided into 7 linkage disequilibrium clusters. We genotyped representative SNPs in ∼1300 Pima samples and found a single variant in the CRP promoter (SNP 133552) that was associated with T2DM ( P =0.014), as well as a common haplotype (CGCG) that was associated with both T2DM ( P =0.029) and corrected insulin response, a surrogate measure of insulin secretion in non-diabetic subjects ( P =0.050). Linkage analyses that adjusted for the effect of these polymorphisms indicated that they do not in themselves account for the observed linkage with T2DM on chromosome 1q. However, these findings suggest that variation within the CRP locus may play a role in diabetes susceptibility in Pima Indians.
Gastrointestinal Helminths of the Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) in South-Central Connecticut, U.S.A

Abstract Examination of 30 Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) from south-central Connecticut revealed the presence of 7 species of gastrointestinal helminths: the nematodes Capillaria sp., Cruzia americana, and Physaloptera turgida; the trematodes Brachylaima virginiana, Brachylaima didelphis, and Didelphodiplostomum variabile; and the cestode Mesocestoides sp. All represent geographic distribution records for Connecticut.
Parental Ethnotheories and Family Language Policy in Transnational Adoptive Families.

Family language policy refers to explicit and overt decisions parents make about language use and language learning as well as implicit processes that legitimize certain language and literacy practices over others in the home. Studies in family language policy have emphasized the ways in which family-internal processes are shaped by and shape societal level realities. By examining the interview discourse of 11 transnational adoptive parents about their language and education decisions for older, native Russian-speaking adoptees, this article shows how parents draw on categorizations and descriptions of their children to explain their language and education policies. The parental ethnotheories embedded in these categorizations represent a mediating link between societal level discourses on adoptive parenting and adoptees and parents’ individual language planning decisions. The data from transnational adoptive parents presented here indicate that, although adoptive parents’ language policy decisions were reflective of larger discourse processes in society such as monolingual normativity, parents themselves saw their FLP decisions in relation to their children’s particular cognitive and emotional capacities, educational needs, and desire to form a family bond.
Rapid Indirect Trajectory Optimization for Conceptual Design of Hypersonic Missions

During conceptual design, trajectory optimization is often performed using direct methods. This investigation illustrates that trajectory optimization and vehicle performance characterization can be rapidly performed by coupling indirect optimization, continuation, and symbolic manipulation. Examples illustrate that the historical challenges associated with indirect optimization methods can be overcome, enabling the rapid construction of high-quality solutions. In this design methodology, highly constrained optimal trajectories are rapidly constructed by traversing optimal manifolds of varying design problems throughout the continuation process.
CHARACTERIZATION OF A FACTOR FORMED IN THE COURSE OF ADENOVIRUS INFECTION OF TISSUE CULTURES CAUSING DETACHMENT OF CELLS FROM GLASS

Infectious tissue culture fluids of the majority of serotypes of adenovirus at low dilutions detach HeLa or KB cells from glass surfaces within a few hours after inoculation. A reproducible method for testing cell detachment was devised. The factor present in infectious tissue culture fluids and responsible for cell detachment is trypsin-sensitive and non-dialyzable; it is smaller and more resistant to the effect of heat or ultraviolet light than the infectious virus particle. Cell detachment activity was found to be temperature-dependent, and the cell-detaching titer of infectious tissue culture fluids was not affected by repeated exposure to HeLa cells. Inhibition of cell detachment by human or rabbit sera was observed only when other antibodies to adenovirus antigens were also present, but the antibody inhibiting cell detachment could not be correlated quantitatively with complement-fixing or homologous neutralizing antibody.
Altered regulation of pituitary gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor number and pituitary responsiveness to GnRH in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-treated male rats

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) increases the potency of androgens as feedback inhibitors of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. Our objectives were to determine if this increase is due to pituitary or hypothalamic dysfunction (or both), and to investigate the mechanism by which TCDD produces this effect. Seven days after dosing, TCDD inhibited the compensatory increases in (i) pituitary gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor number, (ii) LH secretory responsiveness of the pituitary to GnRH, and (iii) plasma LH concentrations which should have occurred in response to TCDD-induced decreases in plasma testosterone concentrations. TCDD did not inhibit these compensatory responses in the absence of testicular hormones, while treatment of castrated rats with testosterone restored the ability of TCDD to prevent these increases. These findings demonstrate that TCDD alters the androgenic regulation of pituitary GnRH receptor number and pituitary responsiveness to GnRH stimulation. The pituitary is therefore a target organ for TCDD; whether a hypothalamic defect is also involved in the altered regulation of LH secretion was not resolved. The compensatory increases in pituitary GnRH receptor number and plasma LH concentration elicited by low plasma testosterone concentrations were inhibited by similar doses of TCDD (ED50 20 micrograms TCDD/kg for both responses). We concluded that TCDD increases the potency of androgens as feedback inhibitors of LH secretion by increasing their potency as regulators of both pituitary GnRH receptor number and GnRH responsiveness. This is the first demonstration that TCDD treatment (i) affects pituitary responsiveness to a hormone secreted by a peripheral organ (testosterone), and (ii) alters the regulation of pituitary responsiveness to a hypothalamic hormone (GnRH).
Cis-element/cytoplasmic protein interaction within the 3'-untranslated region of the GLUT1 glucose transporter mRNA.

: The posttranscriptional regulation of glucose transporter GLUT1 gene expression may be mediated by specific interactions of cytosolic proteins and regulatory cis-elements within the untranslated regions (UTRs) of the GLUT1 mRNA. These putative cis/trans interactions were examined in the present studies with RNase T1 protection assays using 32P-labeled GLUT1 3′-UTR prepared from transcription plasmids and cytosolic proteins from C6 rat glioma cells. RNase T1 mapping studies localized a cis-element to nucleotides 2,170–2,207 on the bovine GLUT1 mRNA 3′-UTR. Ultraviolet cross-linking of RNA/protein complexes identified two complexes having molecular masses of 88 and 44 kDa. Competition studies with synthetic RNA and oligodeoxynucleotides showed the 88-kDa complex reacted with nucleotides 2,180–2,197 and that the 44-kDa complex reacted with sequences within nucleotides 1,717–2,132 of the bovine GLUT1 mRNA. The GLUT1 3′-UTR between nucleotides 2,100 and 2,300 was generated by polymerase chain reaction and subcloned at a unique Pf/MI site within the 3′-UTR of a luciferase gene within the mammalian expression vector pGL2. Transfection of C6 rat glioma cells with the luciferase expression vector containing this portion of the GLUT1 3′-UTR resulted in a sixfold increase in luciferase gene expression in C6 cells. The identification of these cis/trans mechanisms provides support for the hypothesis that the posttranscriptional regulation of GLUT1 gene expression may be mediated by the interaction of specific cytosolic proteins with the GLUT1 mRNA 3′-UTR.
The Hume-Edwards Principle

In such a chain too, or succession of objects, each part is caused by that which preceded it, and causes that which succeeds it. Where then is the difficulty? But the WHOLE, you say, wants a cause. I answer, that the uniting of these parts into a whole, like the uniting of several distinct counties into one kingdom, or several distinct members into one body, is performed merely by an arbitrary act of the mind, and has no influence on the nature of things. Did I show you the particular causes of each individual in a collection of twenty particles of matter, I should think it very unreasonable, should you afterwards ask me, what was the cause of the whole twenty. This is sufficiently explained in explaining the cause of the parts. (David Hume)
Sequence dependence of the helical repeat of DNA in solution

Considerable progress has recently been made on the fine structure of DNA. X-ray diffraction studies of crystals of oligonucleotides of defined sequences have already provided several structures at atomic resolution1–8. Whereas all the crystals studied so far show bihelical structures with antiparallel chains and Watson–Crick-type base pairing, there is a striking range of structural variability, from the right-handed B-type to the left-handed Z-type helices. In contrast to the well developed methology for crystal structure determination, few methods of high precision and low ambiguity are available for studies of DNA in solution. Here we report the application of the band-shift method previously developed in this laboratory9 to the determination of the dependence of the DNA helical repeat in solution on its nucleotide sequence.
Stage IV ovarian cancer: Disease site-specific rationale for postoperative treatment

Abstract Objectives We aimed to define the site-specific patterns of treatment failure in stage IV ovarian cancer. Methods Data from all consecutive Mayo Clinic patients with stage IV epithelial ovarian cancer, from 1994 through 2003, were collected and analyzed. Statistical analyses included the χ 2 test and Kaplan–Meier curves with log-rank tests. Results Review of our patient database identified 109 patients with stage IV ovarian cancer: mean age, 62 years (range, 36–83 years); 5-year overall survival, 15%. Most patients (74%) had intraperitoneal disease at the time of relapse, 36% had pleural effusion, and 49% had extraperitoneal metastases. At the time of death 75% had intraperitoneal localizations, 51% had pleural effusion, and 46% had extraperitoneal metastases. Patients with pleural effusion were more likely to have pleural disease at relapse and at last follow-up. Extrapleural disease at the time of diagnosis predicted extrapleural disease at relapse and at last follow-up. Most patients classified as having stage IV disease by pleural cytology only, as opposed to all other patients, had intraperitoneal disease at relapse (88% vs 58.7%, P =.001) and last follow-up (88.5% vs 59.6%, P =.001). Patients having stage IV disease by pleural cytology only had survival benefit when disease was optimally debulked in the abdomen and pelvis (median survival, 3.1 years vs 1.3 years; P =.001). Patients with multiple unresectable liver metastases had poor prognosis (median survival, 1.2 years) owing to progression of liver disease. Conclusions Clinical trials for stage IV ovarian cancer should reflect the site-specific risks for recurrence according to disease location at diagnosis.
Family Members' Experiences Living with Members with Depression

Using interview datafrom 11 family members and grounded theory methods, this study describes family members'experiences in living with a member with depression. Findings suggest that this process can be described as family transformations. In the first stage of this processacknowledging the strangers within-family members described observing the metamorphosis of the person and other family members, finding socially acceptable explanations, living two lives, searchingfor reasons and solutions, and hopingforwhatwas. In the second stage-fighting the battle-family members alternated between the strategies of holding our ground (protective) and of movingforward (coercive) to counteract the metamorphosis, and the strategy of working the system to get help for their ill member. In the third and final stage, family members described gaining a new perspective and identified preserving oneself refocusing on others, redesigning the relationship, and becoming hopeful as strategies used in this stage.
High-pressure synthesis of nitride glasses

Abstract Studies of oxynitride glasses have been encouraged by the interesting changes in physical properties, such as hardness and refractive index, observed when nitrogen is incorporated in glasses. However, despite attempts involving many combinations of different cations, only one of four oxygen atoms has been successfully replaced by nitrogen in phosphate and silicate systems. In the present paper, glass formation in Li3N-Ca3N2-P3N5 is reported. Some attempts to chemically substitute Ca3N2 and Li3N in these glasses are also described. The nitride glasses were obtained by melt quenching in a high-pressure, high-temperature piston cylinder device. The high-pressure experiments oppose thermal decomposition to gaseous nitrogen which previously has limited the nitrogen content in oxynitride glasses. The present examples of this new class of glass have interesting properties, particularly remarkably high refractive index and hardness.
Local Landscape Predictors of Maximum Stream Temperature and Thermal Sensitivity in the Columbia River Basin, USA

Abstract Stream temperature regimes are important determinants of the health of lotic ecosystems, and a proper understanding of the landscape factors affecting stream temperatures is needed for water managers to make informed decisions. We analyzed spatial patterns of thermal sensitivity (response of stream temperature to changes in air temperature) and maximum stream temperature for 74 stations in the Columbia River basin, to identify landscape factors affecting these two indices of stream temperature regimes. Thermal sensitivity (TS) is largely controlled by distance to the Pacific Coast, base flow index, and contributing area. Maximum stream temperature (Tmax) is mainly controlled by base flow index, percent forest land cover, and stream order. The analysis of four different spatial scales – relative contributing area (RCA) scale, RCA buffered scale, 1 km upstream RCA scale, and 1 km upstream buffer scale – yield different significant factors, with topographic factors such as slope becoming more important at the buffer scale analysis for TS. Geographically weighted regression (GWR), which takes into account spatial non-stationary processes, better predicts the spatial variations of TS and Tmax with higher R2 and lower residual values than ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates. With different coefficient values over space, GWR models explain approximately up to 62% of the variation in TS and Tmax. Percent forest land cover coefficients had both positive and negative values, suggesting that the relative importance of forest changes over space. Such spatially varying GWR coefficients are associated with land cover, hydroclimate, and topographic variables. OLS estimated regression residuals are positively autocorrelated over space at the RCA scale, while the GWR residuals exhibit no spatial autocorrelation at all scales. GWR models provide useful additional information on the spatial processes generating the variations of TS and Tmax, potentially serving as a useful tool for managing stream temperature across multiple scales.
Differential effects of alcohol consumption on eukaryotic elongation factors in heart, skeletal muscle, and liver.

Background Acute and chronic alcohol administration diminishes rates of protein synthesis in a variety of tissues including skeletal muscle, heart, and liver, through a diminished translational efficiency rather than a reduction in the number of ribosomes. Methods The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of chronic alcohol exposure (8, 12, or 16 weeks) on elongation factors (eEF) as a potential mechanism for controlling mRNA translation in psoas, soleus, heart, and liver. The cellular content of eEF1A and eEF2 and the phosphorylation state of eEF2 in each tissue was measured using immunoblot techniques. Results The protein content of eEF1A was reduced in psoas, heart, and liver (but not soleus) from rats fed a diet containing alcohol for 16 weeks, but not for 8 or 12 weeks, compared with time-matched pair-fed controls. eEF2 content was only reduced in myocardium after feeding rats an alcohol-containing diet for 16 weeks. In other tissues, no change in eEF2 content was observed. The decreases in eEF protein content were not associated with a concomitant reduction in the mRNA abundance for eEF1A or eEF2. The phosphorylation state of eEF2 was not affected by chronic alcohol consumption in the skeletal muscle or heart. In contrast, the level of eEF2 phosphorylation in the liver was reduced after 8, 12, and 16 weeks of feeding rats an alcohol-containing diet. In contrast, acute alcohol intoxication failed to modulate the content of eEF1A or eEF2 in any of the tissues examined. The phosphorylation state of eEF2 was reduced in psoas following acute alcohol intoxication. Conclusions A decreased eEF1A protein content could account, in part, for the inhibition of translational efficiency following chronic (16 weeks) alcohol feeding but not the response to acute alcohol intoxication.
The making of an antibiotic

This paper summarizes the exciting events and hard work that took place in conjunction with the discovery and development of penicillin. Scientific discovery is often the result of chance occurrences waiting to be seized upon by an astute, keen mind. The discovery and implementation of penicillin consisted of a number of such chance happenings that helped to bring it to fruition. However, were it not for Fleming's observation and the courage, persistence and wisdom of Florey and his team of co-workers, penicillin might not have become a reality.
First Report of Curvularia inaequalis and Bipolaris spicifera Causing Leaf Blight of Buffalograss in Nebraska

During the summer of 2011, foliar blight was observed on buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.) lawns in Lincoln and Waverly, Nebraska. Disease symptoms were common when buffalograss was growing above 30°C and in drought conditions. Disease symptoms began as dark brown oblong leaf spots, followed by leaf tip dieback and eventual blighting of entire tillers. Leaf infections would progress into patches of thinning turf. Diseased leaf pieces were rinsed in distilled water and placed on 1.5% water agar. Two mitosporic fungal species having conidial morphology of Curvularia and Bipolaris were isolated. Colonies of Curvularia isolates grown on ¼× PDA at 25°C appeared velvety and dark greenish to grayish black after 1 week while Bipolaris cultures were brownish gray with olive green margins. The two species were identified as Curvularia inaequalis (Shear) Boedijn (1) and Bipolaris spicifera (Bainier) Subram. (2). Conidia of C. inaequalis were mostly straight to slightly curved, 17.4 to 37.1 × 7.2 to ...