cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COBALT(III) AMMINE ELECTROREDUCTION REACTIONS AS KINETIC PROBES OF DOUBLE LAYER STRUCTURE. THE REDUCTION OF FLUOROPENTAAMMINE COBALT(III) AT VARYING IONIC STRENGTHS

Abstract The electroreduction rate of fluoropentaammine cobalt(III) was studied in a variety of single electrolytes of varying ionic strengths at the mercury-aqueous interface in order to assess the experimental double layer effects in the presence of anion specific adsorption in comparison with the predictions of the coupled Gouy-Chapman-Stern-Frumkin (GCSF) theory. The net charge densities in the inner layer region determined from the experimental rate data using the GCSF model were usually in good agreement with the corresponding literature values that were determined from equilibrium double layer data over a range of ionic strengths (μ=0.01 to 1.0 M ) and electrode charge densities ( q m∼ 0–15μC cm −2 ) in NaF, KPF 6 , KCl, NaN 3 , KNO 3 and NaClO 4 electrolytes. Large discrepancies between these kinetic and equilibrium results were observed in concentrated Na 2 SO 4 electrolytes which were ascribed to the effects of ion-pairing between Co(NH 3 ) 5 F 2+ and SO 4 2− . The relative success of the simple GCSF model for this and other Co(III) ammine reduction reactions is compared and contrasted with the corresponding behavior of other electrode reactions that have been studied previously, and possible reasons for the behavioral simplicity of the present systems are suggested. The suitability of Co(III) ammine electroreduction reactions as kinetic probes of the double layer structure at solid electrode-aqueous interfaces is noted.
Understanding and Treating Dyslipidemia Associated With Noninsulin‐Dependent Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension

Hypertension and diabetes appear to increase coronary heart disease risk in part by causing an abnormality in lipid metabolism. Most affected are patients with familial dyslipidemic hypertension (FDH) and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). The lipid disorders most often encountered in these patients are increased levels of triglycerides, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, and small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. These abnormalities appear to result from increased hepatic secretion of VLDL particles due to increased concentrations of free fatty acids and glucose, reduced VLDL clearance due to reduced activity of lipoprotein lipase, and reduced LDL clearance due to glycosylation of ligand proteins. Treatment of the dyslipidemia associated with FDH should follow the guidelines from the National Cholesterol Education Program. Treatment in men and women with NIDDM should be considered when LDL cholesterol levels are 130 mg/dl or above, triglyceride levels are 200 mg/dl or above, or non-HDL cholesterol levels are 160 mg/dl or greater. Aggressive lifestyle changes should be initiated first, including weight loss in obese patients, control of glucose levels in those with NIDDM, avoidance of antihypertensive drugs that may worsen lipid levels in patients with FDH, and eating a diet restricting saturated fat and cholesterol. Addition of lipid-altering drugs should be considered if such changes do not achieve effective lipid control. The agent should be tailored to the patient's lipid profile, in general by using bile acid resins, niacin, or reductase inhibitors to lower LDL cholesterol and gemfibrozil or niacin to lower triglycerides. Niacin should be avoided in patients with NIDDM.
Feasibility and efficacy of weekly intraarterial cisplatin in locally advanced (stage III and IV) head and neck cancers

Thirty-five consecutive patients with primary unresectable head and neck cancers were considered eligible for protocol treatment with neoadjuvant intraarterial cisplatin. External carotid artery catheterizations were technically feasible in 29 patients (83%). Twenty-five patients with 28 primary tumors received intraarterial cisplatin, 100 mg/m2, every seven to 14 days for three cycles. The most common toxicity was nausea and vomiting. Ipsilateral hemialopecia, transient VII nerve palsy, and blurring of vision seem to be unique to this route of administration at this dose. A complete response was seen at the primary tumor site in nine of 28 (32%), with 14 of 28 partial responses (50%). In evaluating both primary tumor and nodal disease, five of 25 patients achieved a complete response and 15 of 25 a partial response. In previous reports, one complete response was observed in 74 patients with head and neck cancer treated with neoadjuvant intravenous (IV) cisplatin every 3 weeks. The overall response of 82% reported here is comparable to that reported with combination chemotherapy and suggests an advantage to the arterial administration of cisplatin when possible in the neoadjuvant setting.
Echocardiography for Electrophysiology Procedures

Technological advances have improved the care of patients in many areas of medicine including the electrophysiology (EP) laboratory. The incidence of arrhythmias is increasing, and EP procedures are rapidly evolving to meet these needs. Echocardiography plays an essential role not only in assessment and planning but also in real-time monitoring of these procedures. Echocardiographers have become an important part of the planning and execution of a variety of procedures in the EP lab. Different echocardiography modalities, including TTE, TEE, and ICE, are utilized in the periprocedure settings. The complexity of medical conditions and procedures has led to increasing demands on the care provided by anesthesiologists. This article summarizes the most common EP procedures and the different modalities of echocardiography required for successful outcomes.
Pharmacological modification of shock potentiated amphetamine lethality.

Abstract The ability of the acute application of inescapable footshock to potentiate d- and d,l-amphetamine in rodents has previously been ascertained. The present study confirmed these results and demonstrated a similar interaction with l-amphetamine. Aggregation further enhanced this potentiation. Prior subacute exposure to shock did not prevent the potentiated lethality. Shock potentiated amphetamine lethality was antagonized by pretreatment with agents which indirectly reduce catecholamine release (6-hydroxydopamine, α-methyl-p-tyrosine) and by bilateral adrenalectomy. However antagonism did not result from pretreatment with the adrenergic blocking agents propanolol and phenoxybenzamine. Pretreatment with methoxamine and hydrocortisone likewise did not afford protection. However pretreatment with haloperidol and pentobarbital completely antagonized the potentiated lethality whereas morphine and fenfluramine pretreatment did not provide protection. Shock potentiated amphetamine lethality was enhanced by pretreatment with physostigmine and neostigmine but was antagonized by pretreatment with methylatropine. However atropine pretreatment enhanced lethality. It would appear that the release of norepinephrine from the brain and/or the adrenal medulla either is directly involved in mediating amphetamine lethality or in mediating the effects of acute stress on emphetamine's lethal actions.
Local Capacities for Peace Meets Conflict Resolution Practice

Relief and development workers have not seen themselves as doing peacebuilding until recently, and have noted the negative impact of aid in many cases. This article suggests how the Local Capacities for Peace Project (LCPP) model can be informed by conflict resolution practice to create relief and development interventions leading to peace.
Influence of respiratory network drive on phrenic motor output evoked by activation of cat pre-Botzinger complex.

10.1152/ajpregu.00395.2002. We have previously demonstrated that microinjection of dl-homocysteic acid (DLH), a glutamate analog, into the pre-Botzinger complex (pre-BotC) can produce either phasic...
Panel discussion summary: do we need a revolution in design and process integration to enable sub-100-nm technology nodes?

Dramatically increasing mask set costs, long-loop design-fabrication iterations, and lithography of unprecedented complexity and cost threaten to disrupt time-accepted IC industry progression as described by Moore"s Law. Practical and cost-effective IC manufacturing below the 100nm technology node presents significant and unique new challenges spanning multiple disciplines and overlapping traditionally separable components of the design-through-chip manufacturing flow. Lithographic and other process complexity is compounded by design, mask, and infrastructure technologies, which do not sufficiently account for increasingly stringent and complex manufacturing issues. Deep subwavelength and atomic-scale process and device physics effects increasingly invade and impact the design flow strongly at a time when the pressures for increased design productivity are escalating at a superlinear rate. Productivity gaps, both upstream in design and downstream in fabrication, are anticipated by many to increase due to dramatic increases in inherent complexity of the design-to-chip equation. Furthermore, the cost of lithographic equipment is increasing at an aggressive compound growth rate so large that we can no longer economically derive the benefit of the increased number of circuits per unit area unless we extend the life of lithographic equipment for more generations, and deeper into the subwavelength regime. Do these trends unambiguously lead to the conclusion that we need a revolution in design and design-process integration to enable the sub-100nm nodes? Or is such a premise similar to other well-known predictions of technology brick walls that never came true?© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Field emission energy distribution from adsorbate covered tungsten

Abstract We discuss the effect of various classes of adsorbates on the surface states and resonances known to produce structure in the field emission energy distribution from (100) tungsten. We show that it is the overlayer geometry which is of importance in determining whether or not the resonances and concomittant FEED structure persist in the presence of adsorbates. In particular, a c(2 × 2) krypton overlayer destroys the structure while a (1 × 1) gold overlayer does not.
A redundant metal-polyimide thin film interconnection process for wafer scale dimensions

The expected defect modes, and the predominance of a single mode, for wafer-scale interconnections produced using typical thin-film processing techniques are discussed. A process using redundancy in the vertical direction to eliminate the dominant defect mode is presented with calculations illustrating potential yield improvements. Experimental results of an implementation of the redundancy technique using a lift-off process with polyimide dielectric are presented. The process uses a repeatable elemental step capable of producing signal layers, via studs, or reference planes while maintaining good planarity. The basic precepts of the redundant process are verified. >
An exact analytical solution to the production inventory control problem

Abstract The full set of continuous, differential delay equations describing the inventory and orders for a typical industrial production control system are solved exactly for a step function surge in demand. The replenishment delay is explicitly included. The order rate is tuned with three parameters, which modulate the demand smoothing, the recovery of the inventory deficit, and the desired level of work-in-process. The analytical solutions are validated by comparison with numerical integration and confirm the instabilities and inventory deficits found elsewhere. Useful management strategies can be deduced, and the approach should be widely applicable in supply chains.
Design and synthesis of plasmonic magnetic nanoparticles

Abstract Core–shell nanoparticles containing both iron oxide and gold are proposed for bioseparation applications. The surface plasmon resonance of gold makes it possible to track the positions of individual particles, even when they are smaller than the optical diffraction limit. The synthesis of water-dispersible iron oxide-gold nanoparticles is described. Absorption spectra show the plasmon peaks for Au shells on silica particles, suggesting that thin shells may be sufficient to impart a strong surface plasmon resonance to iron oxide-gold nanoparticles. Dark field optical microscopy illustrates the feasibility of single-particle detection. Calculations of magnetophoretic and drag forces for particles of different sizes reveal design requirements for effective separation of these small particles.
Morphology and Ultrastructure of Maternal Seed Tissues of Soybean in Relation to the Import of Photosynthate

Cytological observations were made on developing seeds of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. "Amsoy 71") using scanning and transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy. Attention was focused on the maternal tissues of the seed coat and embryo sac. An hypothesis of photosynthate import, unloading, and movement to the embryo is presented based on the results of these studies.
Textural and pore size analysis of carbonates from integrated core and nuclear magnetic resonance logging: An Arbuckle study

AbstractThe T2 relaxation times recorded by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging are measures of the ratio of the internal surface area to volume of the formation pore system. Although standard porosity logs are restricted to estimating the volume, the NMR log partitions the pore space as a spectrum of pore sizes. These logs have great potential to elucidate carbonate sequences, which can have single, double, or triple porosity systems and whose pores have a wide variety of sizes and shapes. Continuous coring and NMR logging was made of the Cambro-Ordovician Arbuckle saline aquifer in a proposed CO2 injection well in southern Kansas. The large data set gave a rare opportunity to compare the core textural descriptions to NMR T2 relaxation time signatures over an extensive interval. Geochemical logs provided useful elemental information to assess the potential role of paramagnetic components that affect surface relaxivity. Principal component analysis of the T2 relaxation time subdivided the spectrum in...
On the southernmost extension of the Peru-Chile undercurrent

Abstract The Peru-Chile undercurrent can now be traced from its origin at about 10°S off Peru to 48°S off Chile. The criterion for continuity is the association of a subsurface maximum in the southward geostrophic flow profile with the salinity maximum and oxygen minimum properties characteristic of Equatorial Subsurface Water.
The role of raw material differences in stone tool shape variation: an experimental assessment

Lithic raw material differences are widely assumed to be a major determining factor of differences in stone tool morphology seen across archaeological sites, but the security of this assumption remains largely untested. Two different sets of raw material properties are thought to influence artifact form. The first set is internal, and related to mechanical flaking properties. The second set is external, namely the form (size, shape, presence of cortex) of the initial nodule or blank from which flakes are struck. We conducted a replication experiment designed to determine whether handaxe morphology was influenced by raw materials of demonstrably different internal and external properties: flint, basalt, and obsidian. The knapper was instructed to copy a “target” model handaxe, produced by a different knapper, 35 times in each toolstone type (n = 105 handaxes). On each experimental handaxe, 29 size-adjusted (scale-free) morphometric variables were recorded to capture the overall shape of each handaxe in order to compare them statistically to the model. Both Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and a Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) were used to determine if raw material properties were a primary determinate of patterns of overall shape differences across the toolstone groups. The PCA results demonstrated that variation in all three toolstones was distributed evenly around the model target form. The MANOVA of all 29 size-adjusted variables, using two different tests, showed no statistically significant differences in overall shape patterns between the three groups of raw material. In sum, our results show that assuming the primacy of raw material differences as the predominant explanatory factor in stone tool morphology, or variation between assemblages, is unwarranted.
Changing demographics of cervical cancer in the United States (1973-2008).

Abstract Objective To describe changes in the cervical cancer population. Methods The SEER database 9 registries from 1973 to 2008 were queried to perform a retrospective cohort study of women with invasive cervical cancer. Estimated annual percent change (EAPC) in incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) over the entire study period were compared according to age, stage, race, and cell type (squamous [SCC] and adenocarcinoma [ACA]). Proportions and odds ratios (OR) were calculated for patients diagnosed during the second half (1990–2008) compared to first half (1973–89) of the study period. Results 40,363 women with cervical cancer were entered into SEER. The EAPC are falling fastest among those with localized disease (−2.5%; 95% CI −2.8 to −2.1), age≥50 (−3.0%; 95% CI=−3.2 to −2.8), and black women (−3.8%; 95% CI=−4.1 to −3.6). The odds of a newly diagnosed cervical cancer patient having advanced disease are 10% higher, being less than age 50 are 37% higher, and being Asian or Pacific Islander are 68% higher in the second time period as compared to the first. Conclusions In the US, the population with cervical cancer is changing. Patients are presently significantly more likely to be pre-menopausal, Asian or Pacific Islander, and more frequently have non-squamous histology than previously. These progressive and cumulative changes could be due to the disparate impact of current population based screening and prevention strategies. Understanding the implications of these evolving population characteristics may facilitate planning targeted studies and interventions for cervical cancer prevention, screening and treatment in the future.
The use of analytical sedimentation velocity to extract thermodynamic linkage

Abstract For 25 years, the Gibbs Conference on Biothermodynamics has focused on the use of thermodynamics to extract information about the mechanism and regulation of biological processes. This includes the determination of equilibrium constants for macromolecular interactions by high precision physical measurements. These approaches further reveal thermodynamic linkages to ligand binding events. Analytical ultracentrifugation has been a fundamental technique in the determination of macromolecular reaction stoichiometry and energetics for 85 years. This approach is highly amenable to the extraction of thermodynamic couplings to small molecule binding in the overall reaction pathway. In the 1980s this approach was extended to the use of sedimentation velocity techniques, primarily by the analysis of tubulin–drug interactions by Na and Timasheff. This transport method necessarily incorporates the complexity of both hydrodynamic and thermodynamic nonideality. The advent of modern computational methods in the last 20 years has subsequently made the analysis of sedimentation velocity data for interacting systems more robust and rigorous. Here we review three examples where sedimentation velocity has been useful at extracting thermodynamic information about reaction stoichiometry and energetics. Approaches to extract linkage to small molecule binding and the influence of hydrodynamic nonideality are emphasized. These methods are shown to also apply to the collection of fluorescence data with the new Aviv FDS.
Signal Enhancement by Data Domain Averaging

A technique has been described which minimizes the effects of random noise on quantitative spectroscopic measurements. It is applicable to cases in which a reference spectrum of the analyte compound is available and consists of repeated comparisons of sections of the reference spectrum with corresponding segments of the unknown. It has been demonstrated that the average of these replicate measurements is less affected by noise than is a measurement based on peak height, area, cross correlation, or least-squares fitting. Application to infrared measurements has been demonstrated.
Theory of trapped ion motion in the non-quadrupolar electrostatic potential of a cubic ion cyclotron resonance cell

Abstract Perturbation theory is employed to analytically investigate the dynamics of a single ion trapped in a cubic ion cyclotron resonance cell. The trapping potential is expanded in a Taylor series with terms which are quadratic, powers of four and powers of six in coordinates treated as zero-, first-, and second-order perturbations, respectively. Frequencies are calculated to second order while the mode amplitudes and coordinates are solved to first order. The frequency shifts derived by this method agree very well with numerically evaluated frequency shifts obtained using the exact cubic cell trapping potential. For low m/z, the cyclotron frequency shift is shown to be due to just the cylindrically symmetric part of the cubic cell potential. An internal resonance involving energy exchange between the mode amplitudes is predicted to occur for an ion in a cubic cell when m ≈ mc/3, where mc is the high mass limit.
Pulsating of the generalized ion and neutral polar winds

Abstract A three-dimensional, time-dependent model of the ion and neutral polar winds was used to study their dynamic evolution during the May 4, 1998 magnetic storm. The simulation tracked the dynamics of five species (O+, H+, Hs, Os, and electrons) and covered a 9-h period. During the storm, Dst decreased to −210 nT, Ap reached 300, and Kp was elevated. The IMF Bz component was southward at the start of the storm and for several hours thereafter and then turned northward. However, the magnetospheric energy input to the ionosphere exhibited a 50-min oscillation, with the plasma convection and particle precipitation patterns expanding and contracting in a periodic manner. As a consequence, the ion and neutral polar winds pulsated with an approximate 50-min period. The H+ and O+ ions displayed cyclic upflows and downflows in the topside ionosphere as well as a highly structured spatial distribution that varied with time. The vertical flux of the neutral Hs atoms was upward at the top of the ionosphere, but the magnitude varied in a cyclic manner in response to the oscillating stormtime energy input. The vertical flux of neutral Os atoms was downward at the top of the ionosphere and varied significantly with the stormtime energy input. For H+, O+, and Hs, the maximum total (integrated) vertical flux during the storm was upward at the top of the ionosphere, with values of 8–9×1025 particles/s for H+, 2–4×1026 particles/s for O+, and 2–3×1027 particles/s for Hs. The corresponding total vertical Os flux was predominately downward, with only localized areas with positive fluxes.
Effects of surface chromium depletion on localized corrosion of alloy 825 as a high-level nuclear waste container material

Abstract Effects of the chromium-depleted, mill-finished surface on the localized corrosion resistance of alloy 825 (UNS N08825) were investigated. Tests were conducted in solutions based on the ground water at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, but with a higher concentration of chloride (Cl−). Results indicated that breakdown (Ep) and repassivation (Erp) potentials for mill-finished surfaces were more active than those for polished surfaces. Potentiodynamic polarization tests indicated pits could be initiated on the chromium-depleted surface at potentials of 220 mVSCE in a solution containing 1,000 ppm Cl− at 95°C. Potentiostatic tests identified a similar pit initiation potential for the mill-finished surface. However, under long-term potentiostatic tests, a higher potential of 300 mVSCE was needed to sustain stable pit growth beyond the chromium-depleted layer. An increase in surface roughness also was observed to decrease localized corrosion resistance of the material.
Effects of acid and alkaline based surface preparations on spray deposited cerium based conversion coatings on Al 2024-T3

Abstract Cerium based conversion coatings were spray deposited on Al 2024-T3 and characterized to determine the effect of surface preparation on the deposition rate and surface morphology. It was found that activation of the panel using a 1-wt.% sulfuric acid solution increased the coating deposition rate compared to alkaline cleaning alone. Analysis of the surface morphology of the coatings showed that the coatings deposited on the acid treated panels exhibited fewer visible cracks compared to coatings on alkaline cleaned panels. Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiling showed that the acid activation decreased the thickness of the aluminum oxide layer and the concentration of magnesium on the surface of the panels compared to the alkaline treatment. Additionally, acid activation increased the copper concentration at the surface of the aluminum substrate. Based on the results, the acid based surface treatment appeared to expose copper rich intermetallics, thus increasing the number of cathodic sites on the surface, which led to an overall increase in the deposition rate.
The Effect of Smoking on the Diet and Health Affitudes, Awareness, and Knowledge of Low-income Parents

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To examine the effect of smoking on the diet and health attitudes, awareness, and knowledge of low-income parents. Low-income children of smokers have diets that are farther away from contemporary dietary recommendations than the low-income children of parents who are nonsmokers. This study was designed to examine the effect of smoking on diet and health attitudes, awareness, and knowledge among the parents of these low-income children. Diet and health attitudes, awareness, and knowledge were assessed among 302 low-income parents who participated in the 1989–1990 United States Department of Agriculture Continuing Survey of Food Intakes of Individuals Diet and Health Knowledge Survey (CSFII-DHKS). Four scales (Attitude 1, Attitude 2, Awareness, and Knowledge) were used to measure these factors. Smoking status was categorized into four groups (non-smoker, 1–10, 11–20, 21+) based on the average number of cigarettes smoked per day by the parents. Analysis of covariance and least-squares means comparisons were employed to examine the relationship between smoking status and the four scale scores, adjusting for female occupation and race. Those who smoked 21 + cigarettes per day had significantly lower Attitude 2 scores than those who smoked 1–10 cigarettes per day (p
On Schrödinger operators with discrete spectrum

On etudie le caractere discret des equations de Schrodinger a valeur operateur. On considere l'operateur differentiel τ:=−∂ x 2 +q avec un potentiel localement integrable q agissant sur C 0 ∞ (R*), R*:=(0,∞)
Analysis of ESR spectra of radicals having large hyperfine interactions

Abstract Methods of analysis of isotropic ESR spectra are presented along with examples for S = 1 2 systems where one of the hyperfine interactions is very large. Simple algebraic expressions derived from the Breit-Rabi equations are of great value in assigning the observed transitions or in predicting the appearance of a spectrum, and in many instances they may be used to obtain quite accurate magnetic parameters. Due to the effects of strong spin-spin coupling, the superhyperfine structure of transitions detected at low magnetic fields may take on an unexpected appearance. Such effects can often be used to advantage in determining the relative signs of the hyperfine interactions.
Photoaffinity labeling of the indole sites on the Escherichia coli tryptophan synthase α-subunit☆

Abstract The α subunit of the Escherichia coli tryptophan synthase catalyzes the reversible aldolytic reaction: Indole-3-glycerol phosphate ⇌ indole + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The use of 5-azidoindole as a photoaffinity label has made the generation of a number of enzyme-substrate complexes possible, each with a given degree of saturation of the two postulated indole sites. When assayed in the reverse reaction (indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthesis), samples of α subunit treated at concentrations of 5-azidoindole less than or equal to 2 m m show a progressive 30–40% activation. A gradual inactivation occurs only in samples irradiated at concentrations in excess of 2 m m 5-azidoindole, and this inactivation is complete at 8–10 m m . A quantitatively similar activation occurs in the forward reaction (indole synthesis), however inactivation in this case is incomplete, with complexes treated at 8–12 m m 5-azidoindole retaining 30–40% relative activity in this reaction. When treated α subunits were assayed for their abilities to complement the β2-subunit in the reactions indole + l -serine → l -tryptophan + H2O and indole-3-glycerol phosphate + l -serine → l -tryptophan + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, quantitatively lesser amounts of activation followed by total inactivation are observed over a similar range of 5-azidoindole concentrations.
Liver aspartate aminotransferase activity as a power function of body weight.

Abstract Total liver enzyme activity (E) for aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT; EC 2.6.1.1) per gram body weight (W) decreases in six species as body weight increases from mice to cattle according to the equation E W 0.85 = c , where c is a constant. The 0.85 power of body weight thereby provides a reference standard for the direct arithmetic comparison of liver ASAT activities in six species with different body weights. The use of W0.85 should provide a tool in clinical studies in which data from experimental animals must be related to humans, e.g., in establishing the relationship between drug dosage (or toxicity) and body weight.
Relationship of rapid eye movement density to the prior accumulation of sleep and wakefulness.

Ocular activity during the REM stage of sleep was studied for the purpose of determining what effect previous sleep and waking would have on the intensity of that activity. Eleven Ss slept to satiation during a 54-hr session and then, after a day of waking, slept for another night. REM density (i.e., number of eye mvts per min of REM period) rose progressively during the first night and morning, and then remained at a high level for the remainder of the 54 hrs; the mean REM density for Night 2 and also for Night 3 was about double the REM density of Night 1. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the amount of prior sleep was positively correlated with REM density whereas the amount of waking was negatively correlated. Peak REM density occurred after a mean of 9.88 hrs of sleep. Thereafter, periods of waking alternated with periods of sleep while the REM density oscillated at its peak level. It was concluded that REM density reflects the output of a sleep-waking negative feedback circuit.
Species sensitivity distributions for engineered nanomaterials.

Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are a relatively new strain of materials for which little is understood about their impacts. A species sensitivity distribution (SSDs) is a cumulative probability distribution of a chemical’s toxicity measurements obtained from single-species bioassays of various species that can be used to estimate the ecotoxicological impacts of a chemical. The recent increase in the availability of acute toxicity data for ENMs enabled the construction of 10 ENM-specific SSDs, with which we analyzed (1) the range of toxic concentrations, (2) whether ENMs cause greater hazard to an ecosystem than the ionic or bulk form, and (3) the key parameters that affect variability in toxicity. The resulting estimates for hazardous concentrations at which 5% of species will be harmed ranged from 3.5 mg/L for CNTs. The results indicated that size, formulation, and the presence of a coating can alter toxicity, and thereby corresponding SSDs. Few statistical differences we...
The Carbon Dioxide Exchange Between the North Atlantic Ocean and the Atmosphere

An approximate distribution of carbon dioxide exchange rates between the atmosphere and the North Atlantic Ocean is obtained for each month of the year on the basis of oceanographic data from Bohnecke's Atlas and the assumption that atmospheric carbon dioxide maintains uniformly the volume percentage of .03. The results indicate the direction in which such an even volume percentage must be changed to approach equilibrium. Aside from other influences, the ocean-atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide and the trajectories of tropospheric air masses combine to produce high carbon dioxide content in m T and c P air and low carbon dioxide content in m P air. Since water vapor is at a minimum in the continental polar anticyclones during the polar night, the carbon dioxide probably serves as an effective inhibitor of the outgoing infrared radiation. This inhibiting effect may well serve to limit the intensity of cooling during an ice age; it probably has much less significance during inter-glacial periods. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1954.tb01129.x
Effect of relative alkali content on absorption linewidth in erbium-doped tellurite glasses

Er 3+ doped tellurite glasses with various Na 2 O/Li 2 O, Na 2 O/K 2 O and K 2 O/Li 2 O ratios (0-4.5) were prepared at 850°C using a platinum crucible. The effect of relative alkali content on absorption linewidth in erbium-doped tellurite glasses was investigated. The highest effective linewidth was obtained from glass samples with mixed alkali molar ratio of Na 2 O/Li 2 O=1, Na 2 O/K 2 O=1 and K 2 O/Li 2 O=1. Glass transition temperature, crystallization temperature, density, refractive index, Judd-Ofelt parameters and emission cross-section of Er 3+ doped tellurite glasses are also reported.
717-1 Elevated Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Pressure in Mitral Stenosis: Reduction After Valvuloplasty

Traditionally, an elevated LVEDP in mitral stenosis has implied coexistent aortic valve disease, coronary artery disease, or myocardial disease and has been a predictor of poor outcome after mitral valvuloplasty (BMV). We first examined our local population of BMV (n = 77) and found that aortic and coronary disease did not account for the elevated LVEDP in the majority of patients. Secondly, we examined the Inoue BMV database. Group I (n = 844) had pre-BMV LVEDP ∼ 15 mmHg while group II (n = 200) had an LVEDP g 15 mmHg. After BMV a rise in LVEDP occurred in group I (pre: 9.9 ± 3.3 mmHg vs post: 12.5 ± 8.6 mmHg, p l 0.05) as well as a decrease in mean LAP from 23 mmHg to 17 mmHg, p l 0.05). In contrast, group II had a fait in LVEDP (pre: 22.7 ± 15.2 mmHg vs post: 19.8 ± 11.4 mmHg, p l 0.05) as well as a decrease in LAP (28 mmHg to 24 mmHg, p l 0.01). A subgroup studied at six months post-BMV revealed no change in group I (n ∼ 105) LVEDP (post: 11.5 ± 5.4 mmHg vs 11.8 ± 4.7 mmHg, p = NS) while group II (n = 22) had a progressive fall (post: 19.9 ± 4.8 mmHg vs 13.8 ± 3.8 mmHg, p l 0.01). There was no correlation between NYHA class at six months and the pre or post BMV LVEDP. Conclusion An increased baseline LVEDP in mitral stenosis is not a predictor of poor outcome after mitral valvuloplasty. The fait of LVEDP supports the claim that BMV improves LV chamber compliance perhaps by untethering the restricted LV
Drift chamber in 100 kG field

Abstract We have measured the deflection of electrons drifting through transverse magnetic fields of up to 105 kG provided by the M.I.T. Frances Bitter National Magnet Laboratory. The measurements were carried out in 1 atm argon-isobutane gas with drift fields of 0.5–10.0 kV/cm.
The in vitro serum protein-binding characteristics of bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its principal metabolite, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

The metabolism and toxicity of the ubiquitous plasticizer, bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and its principal metabolite, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), have been extensively investigated. In an attempt to understand their disposition in man, we studied the in vitro serum protein-binding characteristics of these compounds, using ultracentrifugation and agarose gel electrophoresis. The association of DEHP and lipoproteins was shown to be highly dependent upon, and proportional to, the lipid concentration of the serum. It appears that more than half of the serum DEHP is bound to proteins with density greater than 1.21 g/mL when the concentration of cholesterol is below 300 mg/dL or the cholesterol and triglyceride total concentration is less than 600 mg/dL. As the cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations increase, the percent DEHP bound to VLDL, IDL, and LDL increases. MEHP is bound principally to nonlipoprotein constituents in the serum, and this binding distribution is unaffected by lipid concentration. The percent binding of DEHP and MEHP to individual proteins was also found to be unaffected by their concentrations in serum. These data indicate that the protein-binding characteristics of these compounds, in vitro, is somewhat more complex than previously reported.
Dollars and Sense: A Budget-Building Framework of Transparency for Superintendent Leadership.

School superintendents annually need to gain affirmative votes from their governing bodies to approve their district budgets. This paper proposes a framework through which the superintendent can ex...
Ion exchange in water-alcohol mixtures

Abstract Ion exchange of a series of quaternary ammonium salts against cesium on BioRad AG 50 W-XI was carried out in methanol-water and 2-propanol-water systems at 25°C. Alkali metal ion exchange against cesium in 2-propanol-water systems were carried out for comparison. For the quaternary ammonium ion exchanges a reversal of the usual order of selectivity based on ion size was noted at high water content which may be due to expulsion of the large ions by the solvent phase. At lower water contents the normal order of exchange was noted and the log of the selectivity coefficients appeared to vary nearly linearly with the reciprocal of the dielectric constant of the solvent media. For the alkali metal exchanges, no similar inversion of normal order was noted but the logs of selectivity coefficients were not generally a linear function of 1 D . Swelling data were obtained for all systems but no direct relationship between swelling and selectivity could be determined. Solvent distribution data indicated, generally, little selective solvation of the resin phase.
Strong coupling versus large N in σ-models

We show that the lattice CP(N−1) model does not have a phase transition at N = ∞, of the type proposed for SU(N) gauge theories, despite having instantons. It does, however, have non-commuting large-N and strong coupling expansions. This rather unique situation is associated with the screening properties of the model.
Open framework supporting multimedia Web services

With the rapid emergence of Web services, more and more Web services are published on the Internet as resources for Web application development. There may exist some relationships among different Web services, such as exact match, plug-in match, and irrelevant. We discuss the issues related to multimedia Web services, and propose a three-tier framework in order to establish an open environment supporting multimedia Web services. With the description of the architecture and its implementation, we can make a multimedia Web services oriented system more transparent, interoperable, and fault-tolerate.
Dispersion by atmospheric water vapor at frequencies less than 1 THz

The refractivity of atmospheric water vapor at frequencies less than 1 THz is expressed as the sum of (1) the empirical radio refractivity, (2) a simple approximation to the line-by-line summation of dispersion contributions by resonances above 1 THz, and (3) a line-by-line summation over resonances below 1 THz. This simple approximation, which is valid in the temperature range -40 degrees C to 40 degrees C, reduces labor and computer time required to calculate dispersion. A similar approximation for absorption predicted by three different line shapes is also given. Measured and calculated radio refractivity data are compared, revealing discrepancies in temperature dependence. The three different dispersion line shapes are then compared and shown to be in good agreement with both. >
Vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity.

Vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity is a not uncommon consideration in the treatment of bacterial infections. The recent review and analysis by van Hal et al. was appreciated and raises important points about this adverse effect ([1][1]). We offer two additional comments for discussion. van Hal et al
The Relationship of Antipsychotic Medication Class and Adherence with Treatment Outcomes and Costs for Florida Medicaid Beneficiaries with Schizophrenia

While some studies show a significant advantage in adherence rates with use of atypical versus typical antipsychotic medication, others show no advantage or mixed results (Jones et al. (2006). Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 1079–1087; Rosenheck, (2006). Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 1074–1076). This study examined treatment outcomes and costs associated with adherence rates by antipsychotic medication class for adult Medicaid beneficiaries in Florida diagnosed with schizophrenia. Outcomes examined include arrests, involuntary commitments, and physical and behavioral healthcare costs. Study findings demonstrate that medication adherence for persons with schizophrenia may be as important to treatment costs and benefits as the class of medication used.
The effects of glycosaminoglycan degradation on the mechanical behavior of the posterior porcine sclera.

Pathological changes in scleral glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and in scleral mechanical properties have been observed in eyes with glaucoma and myopia. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of GAG removal on the scleral mechanical properties to better understand the impact of GAG content variations in the pathophysiology of glaucoma and myopia. We measured how the removal of sulphated GAG (s-GAG) affected the hydration, thickness and mechanical properties of the posterior sclera in enucleated eyes of 6–9 month-old pigs. Measurements were made in 4 regions centered on the optic nerve head (ONH) and evaluated under 3 conditions: no treatment (control), after treatment in buffer solution alone, and after treatment in buffer containing chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) to remove s-GAGs. The specimens were mechanically tested by pressure-controlled inflation with full-field deformation mapping using digital image correlation (DIC). The mechanical outcomes described the tissue tensile and viscoelastic behavior. Treatment with buffer alone increased the hydration of the posterior sclera compared to controls, while s-GAG removal caused a further increase in hydration compared to buffer-treated scleras. Buffer-treatment significantly changed the scleral mechanical behavior compared to the control condition, in a manner consistent with an increase in hydration. Specifically, buffer-treatment led to an increase in low-pressure stiffness, hysteresis, and creep rate, and a decrease in high-pressure stiffness. ChABC-treatment on buffer-treated scleras had opposite mechanical effects than buffer-treatment on controls, leading to a decrease in low-pressure stiffness, hysteresis, and creep rate, and an increase in high-pressure stiffness and transition strain. Furthermore, s-GAG digestion dramatically reduced the differences in the mechanical behavior among the 4 quadrants surrounding the ONH as well as the differences between the circumferential and meridional responses compared to the buffer-treated condition. These findings demonstrate a significant effect of s-GAGs on both the stiffness and time-dependent behavior of the sclera. Alterations in s-GAG content may contribute to the altered creep and stiffness of the sclera of myopic and glaucoma eyes.
An introduction to data mining and predictive analytics

The process of discovering meaningful new correlations, patterns and trends by sifting through large amounts of data stored in repositories, using pattern recognition technologies as well as statistical and mathematical techniques. -- Gartner Group
Lower rates of emergency department injury visits among Latino children in the USA: no association with health insurance

Background and objective: Latino children have lower rates of injury visits to emergency departments (EDs) than non-Latino white and African American children. This study tests the hypothesis that this difference reflects health insurance status. Design: Secondary analysis. Patients/setting: Children under 19 years of age visiting EDs in the USA, sampled in the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey of EDs (NHAMCS-ED) from 1997 to 2001. Main outcome measures: Rates of ED injury visits; ED injury visit rates by race/ethnicity stratified by health insurance and adjusted for other covariates; subtypes of injury visits; and procedures and hospital admissions by race/ethnicity. Results: Injuries accounted for >56 million, or 40.5%, of total ED visits among pediatric patients. Injury visits occurred at lower rates for Latino children (9.9 per 100 person years) than non-Latino white and African American children (16.2 and 18.3, respectively), although total ED visit rates were similar. Regardless of health insurance status, Latino children had lower rates of injury visits than non-Latino white and African American children. Latino children had lower rates of the three major subtypes of injury visits (sports, accidental falls, struck by/between objects). Latino children had similar rates of procedures and hospital admissions to non-Latino white children. Conclusions: Irrespective of their insurance status, Latino children have lower rates of ED injury visits in the USA than non-Latino white children. Possible reasons for this difference include different healthcare seeking behavior or different injury patterns by race/ethnicity, but not differences in health insurance status or barriers to accessing ED care.
Evolution of Hypoxic–Ischemic Injury

A 21-year-old man had pulseless electrical activity (PEA) arrest after cocaine overdose. Resuscitation initiated 40 minutes after the arrest led to a perfusing rhythm after 20 minutes. He remained comatose. Hypothermia was not instituted. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed symmetric reduced diffusivity and abnormal T2 hyperintensity in the cortex and deep gray matter structures, stigmata of hypoxic–ischemic injury portending poor prognosis (Figure 1A–C).1 After 28 months in a persistent vegetative state, he was reevaluated for tremulous activity, ultimately found to be rigors caused by urosepsis. Computed tomography of the head at that time demonstrated the dramatic evolution of his severe hypoxic–ischemic injury, a rarely seen phenomenon (Figure 1D–F). Figure 1. Axial diffusion weighted (A), apparent diffusion coefficient (B), and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (C) magnetic resonance images demonstrate diffuse cytotoxic edema. Axial (D, E) and coronal (F) computed tomography reveal widespread parenchymal ...