cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multilingual access: Language hegemony and the need for discoverability in multiple languages

I t is widely accepted that English is the current lingua franca, especially in the scientific community. With approximately 527 million native speakers globally, English ranks as the third most-spoken language (after Chinese and Hindu-Urdu), but there are also an estimated 1.5 billion English-language learners in the world. The preeminence of English reflects the political power of the English-speaking world, carrying privileges for those who can speak, write, and read in English, and disadvantages to those who cannot. This is also the case in scholarly communication. Linguist Nicholas Subtirelu identifies three privileges for native English speakers: 1) easier access to social, political, and educational institutions; 2) access to additional forms of capital; and 3) avoiding negative opinions of one’s speech. For example, we were both born into families that speak American English at home, we were surrounded by English books and media growing up, and our entire education was in English. Even defining who counts as a “native” speaker can be refracted through other social identities. As college-educated white Americans, our English is never questioned, but the same is not true for many equally fluent people around the world.
Defaults and Returns on High Yield Bonds: Analysis Through 1995

Nineteen-ninety five was an excellent year for the high yield market with relatively low defaults combined with returns of almost 20%, the highest since 1991. When viewed in comparative terms with other fixed income securities markets, however, the high yield debt market s performance in 1995 was not exceptional. This report documents the high yield debt market s risk and return performance by presenting default and mortality statistics and providing a matrix of average returns and other performance statistics over the relevant periods of the market s evolution. Our analysis covers the period 1971-1995 for defaults and 1978-1995 for returns.
Halide lead perovskites for ionizing radiation detection

Halide lead perovskites have attracted increasing attention in recent years for ionizing radiation detection due to their strong stopping power, defect-tolerance, large mobility-lifetime (μτ) product, tunable bandgap and simple single crystal growth from low-cost solution processes. In this review, we start with the requirement of material properties for high performance ionizing radiation detection based on direct detection mechanisms for applications in X-ray imaging and γ-ray energy spectroscopy. By comparing the performances of halide perovskites radiation detectors with current state-of-the-art ionizing radiation detectors, we show the promising features and challenges of halide perovskites as promising radiation detectors.
Deep Neural Network-based Speech Separation Combining with MVDR Beamformer for Automatic Speech Recognition System

This paper presents a speech enhancement system based on deep neural network (DNN) combined with a minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamformer for a noise-robust automatic speech recognizer (ASR). Although adaptive beamforming algorithms have been proposed to improve speech recognition performance, they still have problem with performance degradation in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and speech-like noisy environments such as babble, music, and TV noises. Therefore, in this study, we propose a speech enhancement algorithm that combines DNN-based speech separation and MVDR beamforming algorithms to improve the ASR performance. First, DNN-based speech separation algorithm using an ideal ratio mask (IRM) is performed on the signals captured from each microphone. For this, the IRM estimated by the DNN is applied independently for each microphone channel using a mean value of the estimated masks. After that, the output signals of the DNN-based speech separation are processed by an ideal binary mask (IBM)-based MVDR beamformer to reduce the residual noise and reverberation where the IBM is estimated using the DNN. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm, which combines the DNN-based speech separation and MVDR beamforming algorithms, is better than DNN or MVDR alone in the QVoice, LG’s ASR system in G7 smartphone.
Bridging the gap in maritime archaeology: working with professional and public communities

Bridging the Gap in Maritime Archaeology: Working with Professional and Public Communities is an edited volume that grew from a session at the 2014 conference of the Chartered Institute for Archaeo...
Two-Coordinate,Late First-Row Transition Metal Amido Derivatives of the Bulky Ligand-N(SiPr i 3 )Dipp (Dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl):Effects of the Ligand on the Stability of Two-Coordinate Copper(II)Complexes

The synthesis and spectroscopic, structural, and magnetic characterization of the quasi-linear metal(II) bis(amides) M{N(SiPri3)Dipp}2 [Dipp = C6H3-2,6-Pri3; M = Fe (1), Co (2), or Zn (3)] are desc...
Hypothesis: Pulmonary Afferent Activity Patterns During Slow, Deep Breathing Contribute to the Neural Induction of Physiological Relaxation

Control of respiration provides a powerful voluntary portal to entrain and modulate central autonomic networks. Slowing and deepening breathing as a relaxation technique has shown promise in a variety of cardiorespiratory and stress-related disorders, but few studies have investigated the physiological mechanisms conferring its benefits. Recent evidence suggests that breathing at a frequency near 0.1 Hz (6 breaths per minute) promotes behavioral relaxation and baroreflex resonance effects that maximize heart rate variability. Breathing around this frequency appears to elicit resonant and coherent features in neuro-mechanical interactions that optimize physiological function. Here we explore the neurophysiology of slow, deep breathing and propose that coincident features of respiratory and baroreceptor afferent activity cycling at 0.1 Hz entrain central autonomic networks. An important role is assigned to the preferential recruitment of slowly-adapting pulmonary afferents (SARs) during prolonged inhalations. These afferents project to discrete areas in the brainstem within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and initiate inhibitory actions on downstream targets. Conversely, deep exhalations terminate SAR activity and activate arterial baroreceptors via increases in blood pressure to stimulate, through NTS projections, parasympathetic outflow to the heart. Reciprocal SAR and baroreceptor afferent-evoked actions combine to enhance sympathetic activity during inhalation and parasympathetic activity during exhalation, respectively. This leads to pronounced heart rate variability in phase with the respiratory cycle (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) and improved ventilation-perfusion matching. NTS relay neurons project extensively to areas of the central autonomic network to encode important features of the breathing pattern that may modulate anxiety, arousal, and attention. In our model, pronounced respiratory rhythms during slow, deep breathing also support expression of slow cortical rhythms to induce a functional state of alert relaxation, and, via nasal respiration-based actions on olfactory signaling, recruit hippocampal pathways to boost memory consolidation. Collectively, we assert that the neurophysiological processes recruited during slow, deep breathing enhance the cognitive and behavioral therapeutic outcomes obtained through various mind-body practices. Future studies are required to better understand the physio-behavioral processes involved, including in animal models that control for confounding factors such as expectancy biases.
Sexually Explicit Media Use Among 14-17-Year-Old Sexual Minority Males in the U.S.

Adolescent sexual minority males (ASMM; < 18 years old) do not typically receive sexual education that addresses male–male relationships from traditional sources (i.e., school, parents). Therefore, many rely on sexually explicit online media (SEOM; i.e., pornography) to find sexual health information. The current study describes SEOM use by ASMM in the U.S. and examined the association between exposure to condomless anal sex (CAS) in SEOM and engagement in CAS. In 2017, ASMM (N = 206; M age = 16, range: 14–17; 51% racial/ethnic minorities) from across the U.S. completed an online sexual health survey, including questions about SEOM use and sexual behaviors. Most (86%) reported that they had viewed SEOM. Engagement with SEOM was frequent (86% reported viewing ≥ one time per week) and lengthy (70% reported viewing for ≥ 15 min per session). Youth perceived that SEOM influenced how they, and other ASMM, think and behave sexually. Further, exposure to risky sexual behavior in SEOM appeared to be associated with youths’ dyadic sexual behavior. To support the healthy sexual development of ASMM, it is important to acknowledge the near-universal use of SEOM by ASMM, to identify ways to maximize its potential value, and to minimize potential harms.
The developmental origins of obesity and related health disorders--prenatal and perinatal factors.

Obesity, and its health-related sequelae (the metabolic syndrome), have recently emerged as a global health crisis. The prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in economically developed and developing countries world-wide has more than doubled over the past decade. While genetic factors, increasingly sedentary lifestyles, and overnutrition have all been cited as important components of the obesity crisis, recent epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests that developmental factors – especially those that occur in utero and during early postnatal life – play a significant role in the pandemic. Research into the 'developmental origins of health and disease’ (DOHaD) has now firmly established that preand perinatal developmental perturbations which predispose to obesity in adult life can result from a variety of factors, including both nutritional surplus and deficiency, and there is growing evidence that these physiological traits can be passed on epigenetically to subsequent generations. Anthropological perspectives regarding the developmental origins of obesity and its related health problems cannot only shed further light on contemporary ethnic human health disparities, but can offer unique insights into the relevance of the developmental origins of disease to community-based public health interventions.
Deciphering the RNA capping process in bacteria.

RNA capping in eukaryotes has been studied since the 1970s, starting with the discovery of 5′ 7-methylguanylate caps in the Shatkin laboratory (1). That capping mechanism involves a pause during transcription elongation that allows the recruitment of specialized capping enzymes to modify the 5′ end of the nascent RNA. In bacteria, however, RNA capping was observed only within the past decade when derivatives of either coenzyme A (CoA) (2) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) (3, 4) were reported at some RNA 5′ ends. The first bacterial capping mechanism was established convincingly in 2016 when it was observed that RNA polymerase (RNAP) could incorporate caps into RNA by using NAD and CoA as noncanonical initiating nucleotides (5). Last year, the Belasco laboratory at New York University demonstrated that a different type of cap, namely nucleoside tetraphosphate (Np4), is found at the 5′ end of RNAs in Escherichia coli (6) under conditions where dinucleoside tetraphosphates (Np4N) are increased. In PNAS, Luciano and Belasco (7) demonstrate the ability of E. coli RNAP to use Np4N as the initiating nucleotide and its dependence on promoter sequence. In some cases, incorporation of an Np4N is strongly favored over initiation … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: rgourse{at}bact.wisc.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
A dietary compound Psoralidin act as a potent “Akt inhibitor” in prostate cancer cells

3384 A protein kinase, Akt plays an important role in cancer cell proliferation andsurvival in many cancers, including prostate cancer. It serves asa nexus in this pathway as a consequence of its ability to inhibit apoptosis and promote angiogenesis in most cell types. In nearly 50% of prostate tumors,Akt signaling is constitutively activated due to the deletionof the tumor suppressor PTEN, which negatively regulates PI3K through (in part) lipid phosphataseactivity. Recently, we have identified a dietary compound, psoralidin, which binds to Akt and inhibits its phosphorylation and kinase activation in androgen independent prostate cancer (AIPC) cells (PC-3 and DU-145). Further, ectopic expression of Akt renders resistant to AIPC cells; however, psoralidin overcomes Akt-mediated resistance and induced apoptosis in AIPC cells. While dissecting the downstream events of Akt, we found that psoralidin transcriptionally repress NFkB activation, and other pro-survival genes (Bcl-2, Survivin and Bcl-XL etc) which results in the inhibition of cell viability and induction of apoptosis in PC-3 and DU-145 cells. Subsequent studies suggest that psoralidin also arrested the cell at G2/M phase of cell cycle by negatively regulating cell cycle regulators Cdc-25B, cyclin D1 and cyclin B1 in AIPC cells. Additionally, in vivo xenograft assays substantiated these in vitro findings and showed that psoralidin inhibits prostate tumor growth in nude mice. Interestingly, our results demonstrate that psoralidin, specifically targets cancer cells without causing significant toxicity to normal prostate epithelial cells. Currently, we are focusing on chemopreventive effect of psoralidin in TRAMP in vivo models. Our studies may advance our understanding of novel strategies in the treatment of AIPC cells, which is still in need for more effective treatment strategies in patients presenting with advanced or metastatic disease.
Reweighing Medical Civil Rights

Civil rights law is at a crossroads. It’s tough to find vindication for injustice claims in the courts. Scholars and advocates are looking elsewhere for legal paradigms that will help provide relief. Disability law is one of the possibilities. Disability law seems seductive. Despite the general parsimoniousness of U.S. welfare benefits, disabled people can receive tax breaks, financial payments, and health care. Disability accommodations and modifications oblige employers, government programs, and purveyors of public accommodations to provide remedies to the mismatch between people’s disabilities and their services and programs. Disabled people may escape the weight of victim-blaming and fault attributed to others who ask for recognition and benefits from the government and from law. Social science research has found that in industrialized Western countries, people with disabilities are considered highly deserving of social protection (an identity category second only to that of older people). Craig Konnoth’s Article, using “medical civil rights” as an angle onto disability, captures the ostensible benefits of disability legal claiming. His Article provides voluminous coverage of examples of individuals and communities framing their grievances and difficulties in medical terms within the law. He also charts out how this strategy may offer benefits that other non-medical framing does not. We partially agree with him on this, but we also believe that he does not fully account for the weight on the other side of the negative aspects of medical framing. The remainder of our Response notes some of these negative aspects. Our Response unfolds as follows. We first discuss the benefits and recognition granted to medicalized individuals. We then contextualize these benefits by noting the drawbacks to medicalization. Finally, we conclude by proposing a new way forward for disability justice.
The Abbasid Caliphate: A History

The period of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) has long been recognized as the formative period of Islamic civilization with its various achievements in the areas of science, literature, and culture. This history of the Abbasid Caliphate from its foundation in 750 and golden age under Harun al-Rashid to the conquest of Baghdad by the Mongols in 1258 examines the Caliphate as an empire and institution, and probes its influence over Islamic culture and society. Ranging widely to survey the entire five-century history of the Abbasid dynasty, Tayeb El-Hibri examines the resilience of the Caliphate as an institution, as a focal point of religious definitions, and as a source of legitimacy to various contemporary Islamic monarchies. The study revisits ideas of 'golden age' and 'decline' with a new reading, tries to separate Abbasid history from the myths of the Arabian Nights, and shows how the legacy of the caliphs continues to resonate in the modern world in direct and indirect ways.
Debating Vietnam: Fulbright, Stennis, and Their Senate Hearings. By Joseph A. Fry. (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006. Pp. xi, 198. $24.95.)

A narrowly focused study can yield rich interpretive dividends. So it proves in this author's examination of a pair of Senate hearings challenging Lyndon Johnson's handling of the Vietnam War. In F...
“But, He’s So Serious”: Framing of Masculinity Among Western Hemisphere Indigenous Peoples in Disney Animated Films:

Few studies to date have examined Indigenous characters in children’s media. Stereotyping or omission of underrepresented groups contributes to symbolic annihilation of underrepresented groups, suc...
A microtubule-localizing activity-based sensing fluorescent probe for imaging hydrogen peroxide in living cells.

Abstract Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a major reactive oxygen species (ROS) in living systems with broad roles spanning both oxidative stress and redox signaling. Indeed, owing to its potent redox activity, regulating local sites of H2O2 generation and trafficking is critical to determining downstream physiological and/or pathological consequences. We now report the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of Microtubule Peroxy Yellow 1 (MT-PY1), an activity-based sensing fluorescent probe bearing a microtubule-targeting moiety for detection of H2O2 in living cells. MT-PY1 utilizes a boronate trigger to show a selective and robust turn-on response to H2O2 in aqueous solution and in living cells. Live-cell microscopy experiments establish that the probe co-localizes with microtubules and retains its localization after responding to changes in levels of H2O2, including detection of endogenous H2O2 fluxes produced upon growth factor stimulation. This work adds to the arsenal of activity-based sensing probes for biological analytes that enable selective molecular imaging with subcellular resolution.
Comparison of Litz Wire and PCB Inductor Designs for Bidirectional Transformerless EV Charger with High Efficiency

Inductor design can be a process of repetitive core searching and iterative turn and airgap calculation, where every decision to be made involves a trade-off in terms of power loss, cost and power density. This paper deeply discusses the inductor design for a transformerless DC EV battery charger where inductance and operating DC bias are required to be high ( $\mathrm{500}\ \ \mu \mathrm{H}$ and 32 A). The design of the charger's filter is discussed to provide the values of the passive components and to motivate the inductor design. Two commonly used but seldom compared winding options, Litz wire and printed circuit board, are both designed and examined with respect to power loss and difficulty of the fabrication. Through tuning of the trace width and copper weight, the PCB design can provide similar performance to the Litz wire configuration, at higher cost and increased manufacturing complexity. In order to verify the text-colorblacktheoretical calculations, high-fidelity 3D finite element analysis is performed for both inductor types. After comparison, the Litz wire implementation was chosen for its reduction in power losses, cost and manufacturing complexity. The Litz wire inductor is assembled and tested on a transformerless DC charger platform with ≥ 99% efficiency at 11 kW and ≥98% efficiency at up to 22 kW.
Effect of antibiotic treatment on Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae detection and infectious potential.

Abstract Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) causes significant economic losses in the swine industry. Antibiotics with activity against Mycoplasma spp. are employed for disease mitigation and pathogen elimination. However, veterinarians are often challenged with the detection of M. hyopneumoniae by PCR after antibiotic treatment, thus raising the question whether the bacterium is still infectious. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of tulathromycin treatment on M. hyopneumoniae detection and infectious potential during the acute and chronic phases of infection. For each infection phase, one age-matched naive gilt was placed in contact with one M. hyopneumoniae infected gilt that was either treated with tulathromycin, treated and vaccinated, or non-treated, for 14 days. Four replicates per treatment group were performed for each infection phase. A numerical reduction in relative bacterial load was observed in acutely treated gilts compared to non-treated gilts. The rate at which naive gilts became infected with M. hyopneumoniae was numerically reduced when co-housed with treated, acutely infected gilts compared to those housed with non-treated, infected gilts. During the chronic infection phase, M. hyopneumoniae was detected by PCR in more than 50 % of treated infected gilts and persisted for up to three months post-treatment. Transmission was not detected in all treatment groups however, the possibility that the pathogen was infectious could not be completely ruled out. Further research focused on assessing M. hyopneumoniae detection and viability post-treatment is necessary to guide control and elimination efforts.
Health anxiety and attentional control interact to predict uncertainty-related attentional biases.

Abstract Background and objectives Current theories of health anxiety and a growing body of empirical literature suggest that those high in health anxiety symptoms might find uncertainty itself threatening and demonstrate attentional biases for uncertainty-related information (ABU). Moreover, a dual processes model of attention would suggest that individual differences in attentional control might modify such a relationship. The present study was designed to explore this proposed health anxiety-ABU relationship and also to consider attentional control as a moderator of theoretical and clinical relevance. Methods Undergraduate participants (N = 148) completed a self-report measure of health anxiety symptoms and two performance-based tasks to assess ABU and attentional control. Results Hierarchical regression analyses showed a significant interaction between health anxiety and attention control in predicting attentional disengagement from, but not engagement with, uncertainty-related words. Specifically, results of the simple slopes analysis suggested that those with elevated health anxiety symptoms and better attentional control may use top-down attentional control processes to disengage their attention from distressing uncertainty-related stimuli faster than those with worse attentional control. Limitations The analogue sample is a study limitation. Conclusions Results provide new insights into the nature of attentional biases within health anxiety. Results are discussed in light of recent work on attentional control and avoidance-based psychopathology.
A Study of Contact and Contiguity of Dispersions in Opaque Samples

This study is concerned with the estimate of the degree of continuity of a particulate phase dispersed in an opaque matrix.
The Rise and Fall of Professional Soccer in Holyoke Massachusetts, USA

During the first half of the twentieth century, the city of Holyoke Massachusetts and surrounding communities had a strong tradition of playing soccer, so much so that in 1921 one club was convinced to try and make it in the country's first major professional league. I argue that the experiment failed mainly due to financial reasons brought on by an inability to draw fans to watch the team play. The cause of this failure was not necessarily because soccer was seen as un-American but rather because it was too closely identified with a single ethnic group – British Protestants.
Aid, accountability and institution building in Ethiopia: the self-limiting nature of technocratic aid

Forty billion dollars of ODA over the past two decades has reduced destitution in post-socialist and post-conflict Ethiopia. It has also boosted the technocratic capacity of exclusionary state institutions, while doubly enfeebling the fledgling private sector and independent political and civic organisations. This aid–institution paradox is a product of an alignment of donor–recipient strategic interests. The five major donors pursued geopolitical and poverty reduction objectives; and the narrowly based ruling elite sought total capture of the state, ownership of the development agenda and use of pro-poor growth to leverage large aid inflows and to seek domestic political legitimacy. By coupling poverty reduction with adequate space for inclusive market, civic and political engagement, a farsighted coalition of donors could have complemented capacity building with the promotion of state resilience. Scaled-up aid can still be delivered, as in Eastern Europe, conditional on meaningful mutual accountability ...
Adaptive dynamic load-balancing through evolutionary formation of coalitions

We study coalition formation for adaptive dynamic processor load-balancing in distributed systems. The compute nodes are rational agents that are constantly trying to minimize the difference of their CPU loads from the average load of nodes in the vicinity. Each agent uses a game-like evolutionary process to adjust its load by distributing jobs to neighboring nodes and by joining or forming a coalition. Since agents only communicate with their neighbors, the communication cost involved in sharing the load-information with others is greatly reduced while optimal load-balancing is achieved.
Maturity-associated variation in total and depot-specific body fat in children and adolescents.

Objectives This study considered the association between sexual maturation and adiposity in children and adolescents, and examined the contribution of sexual maturation to ethnic differences in total and depot-specific body fat. Methods The sample included 382 White and African American 5–18-year-olds. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and sexual maturity status (breast/genital and pubic hair stage) were assessed in a clinical setting. Total body fat (TBF) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and abdominal subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Analysis of covariance adjusted for age was used to examine the association between sexual maturity status and adiposity, and linear regression adjusted for age was used to examine the influence of sexual maturation on ethnic differences in adiposity. Analysis of VAT also controlled for TBF. Significance was accepted at P < 0.05. Results Breast/genital stage was significantly associated with BMI, WC, TBF, and SAT in girls of both ethnic groups and in White boys. Breast stage was associated with VAT. Stage of pubic hair was significantly associated with TBF and VAT in White girls only. In girls, sexual maturation attenuated the ethnic effects on BMI and WC, but the ethnic effect in VAT persisted. In boys, sexual maturation did not attenuate ethnic differences on VAT and did not predict WC or SAT. Sexual maturity status independently explained variance in adiposity in girls only. Conclusions Sexual maturity status is an important determinant of pediatric adiposity and attenuates ethnic differences in girls' adiposity. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 25:473–479, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Properties of a 3H-adenine prelabeled vesicular preparation from guinea pig cerebral cortex. Optimization of incubation conditions for basal- and histamine-stimulated 3H-cyclic AMP levels.

The effects of several variables related to incubation conditions were studied on both the basal and the histamine-stimulated 3H-cyclic AMP levels in a 3H-adenine prelabeled vesicular preparation of guinea pig cerebral cortex. Varying the preincubation time (i.e., the duration of incubation before labeling) caused pronounced differences in the postlabeling time course of 3H-cyclic AMP levels. A preincubation time of 45 min was found to minimize time-related postlabeling declines in 3H-cyclic AMP basal activity. Labeling of the homogenate for an entire experiment in one vessel ("bulk labeling") also contributed to time-related declines in activity; these changes were minimized by labeling aliquots of homogenate individually. Rapid sample mixing during incubation was found to be necessary to ensure adequate suspension of the preparation and to achieve a stable basal activity. Such mixing altered the pH of the samples; maintenance of the pH at 7.4 required a decrease in the bicarbonate concentration and/or use of supplementary buffers. Several parameters related to histamine concentration-response curves were found to be affected by various combinations of buffers and labeling methods. Individual labeling in Krebs-ringer-bicarbonate (15 mM) buffer gave the most stable and reproducible responses to histamine. This method permits detailed pharmacological characterization of transmitter-stimulated cyclic AMP changes in a cell-free system that retains many characteristics of brain slices.
A 500MS/s 5b ADC in 65nm CMOS

A 1.2V 6mW 500MS/s 5-bit ADC for use in a UWB receiver has been fabricated in a pure digital 65nm CMOS technology. The ADC uses a 6-channel time-interleaved successive approximation register architecture. Each of the channels has a split capacitor array to reduce switching energy and sensitivity to digital timing skew. A variable delay line is used to optimize the instant of latch strobing to reduce preamplifier currents
Irradiation and Humidity Effects on the Leakage Current in SiO x ( CH 3 ) y -Based Intermetal Dielectric Films

The influence of X-irradiation on leakage currents in SiO x (CH 3 ) y -based dielectric films has been studied. In both unirradiated and irradiated samples, the natural logarithm of the leakage current density (J) varies as the (applied electric field) 1/2 at high electric fields consistent with the bulk-limited Poole-Frenkel mechanism although the measured slope of the curve is smaller than expected by a factor of 1.5. Radiation induces a shift of the In(J) vs. E 1/2 to lower voltages in samples exposed in the presence of zero and 1.5 MV cm -1 bias indicating significant charge trapping. We find clear evidence for uptake of moisture in the films leading to enhanced conductivity.
Transport of glucose and cellobiose by Candida wickerhamii and Clavispora lusitaniae.

The cellular location of beta-1,4-glucosidase activity from, as well as the transport of glucose and cellobiose into, cells of Clavispora lusitaniae NRRL Y-5394 and Candida wickerhamii NRRL Y-2563 was investigated. The beta-glucosidase from Cl. lusitaniae appeared to be a soluble cytoplasmic enzyme. This yeast transported both glucose and cellobiose when grown in medium containing cellobiose as the sole carbon source. Glucose, but not cellobiose, uptake was observed for cells grown on glucose. The Ks and Vmax values for cellobiose transport were different when Cl. lusitaniae was cultured either aerobically (0.11 mM, 6.28 nmol.min-1.mg-1) or anaerobically (0.25 mM, 3.88 nmol-1.min-1.mg-1). The Ks and Vmax values for glucose transport (0.23-1.10 mM and 17.2-33.9 nmol.min-1.mg-1) also differed with the various growth conditions. The beta-glucosidase from C. wickerhamii was extracytoplasmically located. This yeast transported glucose, but not cellobiose, under all growth conditions tested. The Ks for glucose uptake was 0.13-0.28 mM when C. wickerhamii was cultured on cellobiose and 0.25-0.30 mM when cultured on glucose. The Vmax values for glucose uptake were greater for cells cultured on cellobiose (35.0-37.9 nmol.min-1.mg-1) than for cells cultured on glucose (15.6-21.4 nmol.min-1.mg-1). Cellobiose did not inhibit glucose uptake in either yeast. Glucose partially inhibited cellobiose transport in C. lusitaniae, but only if the yeast was grown aerobically. In both yeasts, sugar transport was sensitive to carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone and 1799, but insensitive to valinomycin.
Pseudopotentials and Total Energy Calculations: Applications to Crystal Stability, Vibrational Properties, Phase Transformations, and Surface Structures

A review of the applications of the pseudopotential method and total energy techniques to the electronic and structural properties of solids is presented. With this approach, it has recently become possible to determine with accuracy crystal structures, lattice constants, bulk moduli, shear moduli, cohesive energies, phonon spectra, solid-solid phase transformations, and other static and dynamical properties of solids. The only inputs to these calculations, which are performed either with plane wave or LCAO bases, are the atomic numbers and masses of the constituent atoms. Calculations have also been carried out to study the atomic and electronic structure of surfaces, chemisorption systems, and interfaces. Results for several selected systems including the covalent semiconductors and insulators and the transition metals are discussed. The review is not exhaustive but focuses on specific prototype systems to illustrate recent progress.
A user's insight into radiated emission testing with GTEM cells

The effectiveness and limitations of the GTEM cell as a tool for measuring radiated emissions from computer systems is discussed. A description of the GTEM cell, the theory, and operation are detailed. Comparison to existing tools, procurement, and GTEM methodology/procedures are discussed. GTEM versus open-air test site (OATS) test data comparisons are given, and GTEM cell error sources are detailed. >
New Heterobinuclear μ-Oxo-Bridged Dimer Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization and Structural Studies of a Macrocyclic Titanyl Complex and its Adducts

The titanyl complex, TiO(C22H22N4), a complex of the ligand (I) obtained by the hydrolysis of the corresponding dichloride, has a reactive Ti=O function which readily interacts with other metal species forming μ-oxo heterobinuclear dimers. In these adducts, the Ti=O functions as a base toward oxophilic metal centres such as Fe(lII) and as a π-acid, analogous to the carbonyl group, forming an adduct with a low valent species such as the Mo(CO)5 group, yielding a Ti(IV)-O-Mo linkage. Crystals of the titanyl complex, TiO(C22H22N4).C2O2H6, are monoclinic, P21/C with a = 23.083(3), b = 7.740(7), c = 23.208(5) A, β = 96.54. (2) and d(calcd) = 1.443 g cm −3 for Z = 4. The Ti=O distance is 1.653(3) A with a large displacement of 0.754(3) A for the Ti atom from the N4 macrocyclic coordination plane. The adduct of the titanyl complex with Fe(SALEN)Cl, SALEN = (salicylaldimine)ethylenediamine, in the presence of NaB(C6H5)4 yields a μ-oxo-heterobinuclear complex_of stoichiometry (C22H22N4)Ti-O-Fe- (SALEN)B(C6H5)4. Cr...
Growth of AlN, GaN and AlxGa1 − xN thin films on vicinal and on-axis 6HSiC(0001) substrates

Abstract Monocrystalline GaN(0001) thin films were grown at 950 °Con AlN(0001) buffer layers previously deposited at 1100 °C on α(6H)-SiC(0001) si substrates via metallorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Films of Al x Ga 1 − x N (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) were grown directly on the same SiC surface at 1100 °C. X-ray rocking curves for the GaN(0004) reflection for 1.4 μm films revealed FWHM values of 58 and 151 arc sec for materials grown on on-axis and offaxis substrates, respectively. Cathodoluminescence exhibited strong near band-edge emission for all materials. Controlled n- type Si-doping in GaN and Al x Ga 1 − x N (for x ≤ 0.4) was achieved with net carrier concentrations ranging from approximately 2 × 10 17 cm − 3 to 2 × 10 19 (Al x Ga 1 − x N) or to 1 × 10 20 (GaN) cm − 3 . Mg-doped, p-type GaN and Al x Ga 1 − x N (for x ≤ 0.13) was achieved with n A − n D ≈ 3 × 10 17 cm − 3 .
The relationship between age, blood serum cholesterol level and aortic calcification in the turtle

Abstract 1. 1. Determination by spectrophotometric methods of blood serum cholesterol level and aortic calcium in an age series of the Suwannee terrapin, Pseudemys concinna suwanniensis, yielded total cholesterol values ranging from 210 to 300 mg/100 ml serum, and calcium values ranging from 27 to 62 mg/100 g dry wt. aorta. 2. 2. There appears to be a definite increase in blood serum cholesterol level with increase in age (size), whereas there is no apparent correlation between the relative amount of aortic calcium and the size of the animal.
Technology Insight: therapeutic RNA interference—how far from the neurology clinic?

As an evolutionarily conserved cellular pathway to regulate endogenous gene expression, RNA interference (RNAi) has been implicated in diverse biological processes. Biologists now routinely exploit this cellular pathway to suppress virtually any target gene in a sequence-specific manner, including dominantly acting genes that cause incurable neurodegenerative disorders. The development of RNAi as potential therapy for such diseases has generated considerable interest, partly because of the success of early studies of therapeutic RNAi in rodent models for a range of neurodegenerative diseases. In this article, we review the progress of RNAi therapy to date, and assess the challenges ahead for the application of such therapy to neurodegenerative diseases. We discuss the various strategies that might be used to achieve this goal, outline the preclinical studies that have already been completed, and highlight the experimental questions that need to be answered before human clinical trials can begin.
Low temperature gettering of Cu, Ag, and Au across a wafer of Si by Al

A set of sandwich structures consisting of a noble metal film of Cu, Ag, or Au on one side of a Si wafer (200 μm thick) and an Al film on the other side was annealed at 540 °C for 100 h to study the gettering of these noble metals across the wafer by Al. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy was used to analyze the amount of these metals in the Al. A very large quantity of Cu(∼1021 atom/cm3) in the Al film was detected after the annealing but neither Ag nor Au could be found in the Al. The solubility of Cu in Si at 540 °C has been calculated to be 1.7×1014 atom/cm3.
Risk factors for squamous cell skin cancer in HIV

Squamous cell skin cancer (SCSC) risk is increased in the setting of HIV making it one of the most common non-AIDS defining cancers. However, very few studies have examined individual level risk factors for SCSC in the setting of HIV.
Combined removal of SO2 and NO using sol-gel-derived copper oxide coated alumina sorbents/catalysts.

Abstract The present paper reports experimental results on the removal of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide from simulated flue gas using a copper oxide coated on alumina sorbent/catalyst prepared by the sol‐gel method. Selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide by ammonia over sol‐gel derived CuO/y‐Al2O3 sorbents/catalysts with different degrees of sulfation was studied in a fixed‐bed packed reactor. The optimum temperature for NO reduction was found at 350°C for both fresh and sulfated catalysts. The properties for simultaneous removal of SO2 and NO by the sol‐gel‐derived CuO/γ‐Al2O3 sorbents were studied using simulated dry flue gas. The optimum operating temperature for the combined deSO2/deNO operations was identified at 350°C. At the space velocity of 5200 h‐1 and 350°C, a fixed‐bed reactor packed with the 7.9 wt% CuO/γ‐Al2O3 sorbent prepared by the sol‐gel method offers SO2 Sorption capacity of 2.3 mmol g‐1 and NO conversion of 92% with a dry simulated flue gas as the feed. Under these experimen...
Potassium–Argon Dating of Plio-Pleistocene Intrusive Rocks

THE potential of the potassium–argon technique in the dating of young rocks can be evaluated by applying it to intrusive igneous rocks which are well dated by conventional geological methods. Because of their possible interest, we are reporting the dating of two such igneous rocks. They occur at Sutter Buttes in the Sacramento Valley, forty miles north of Sacramento, California. Rhyolite plugs of Plio-Pleistocene age intrude and upturn sedimentary formations of late Cretaceous to early Pliocene age. Erosion uncovered the rhyolite plugs before the ensuing period of andesitic intrusions and extrusions, suggesting that the entire igneous cycle covered many thousands of years. Canyons 1,500 ft. deep have since been incised in the sedimentary complex, and much of the volcanic debris which once covered the area to a depth of 500 ft. or more has been stripped by erosion during the time since igneous activity ceased. One of the rhyolite plugs and the youngest andesite block-lava flow were dated. Biotite was used for the age determinations, essentially pure concentrates being obtained by bromoform and diiodomethane methods. Tyler mesh sizes were −35 + 150. A branching ratio of 0.110 and a decay constant of 0.558 × 10−9 gm. were used. The pertinent age data are given in Table. 1.
Effect of hypothalamic stimulation in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats

This study was undertaken to determine if central nervous system differences in blood pressure regulation exist between spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) controls. Central control mechanisms were examined by observing the effects of posterior hypothalamic (PH) stimulation upon preganglionic sympathetic activity in 14--18 week old SHR and WKY rats. A bipolar, concentric electrode was stereotaxically placed in the PH. Stimulation was delivered at 20, 60 and 100 Hz (3-sec duration, 0.1 msec pulse width) at a voltage twice that producing an increase in blood pressure (less than 5 mm Hg) at 60 Hz. Sympathetic activity was recorded from a portion of the splanchnic nerve just distal to the diaphragm. Blood pressure was measured from a femoral artery catheter. SHR responded with greater increases in sympathetic activity than WKY; the differences were statistically significant at 60 and 100 Hz. SHR also responded with significantly greater increases in blood pressure at all frequencies of stimulation. To determine if the enhanced sympathetic response to PH stimulation seen in adult SHR is an intrinsic difference rather than secondary to sustained hypertension, we maintained SHR normotensive from four weeks of age with antihypertensive drug therapy (clonidine or hydralazine). Chronically treated animals were then tested at 14--18 weeks of age while on antihypertensives or four days after drug discontinuance. Sympathetic and blood pressure responses to PH stimulation were significantly greater in SHR maintained normotensive than untreated or chronically treated WKY. These data support the concept that a central factor is involved in the etiology of hypertension in the SHR.
Consumer Discrimination and Black Firm Entry Deterrence: Some Reparable Damage Estimates:

The Theory of Restitution presumes that it is possible in principle to account for and measure deviations from racial fairness principles, that would serve as a benchmark for making restitution to black Americans, a group aggrieved and harmed by racial discrimination in the market place.To the extent that the number of black-owned rms in the market re ects, and is conditioned by consumer discrimination that redistributes surplus from black-owned rms to white-owned rms, a policy of set-asides that facilitates entry opportunities for black-owned rms can be defended as just and fair reparations. This paper estimates a limit pro t model of black rm entry utilizing data from the Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises. As observations on rm entry are integer-valued, parameter estimates are obtained from Poisson and Negative Binomial regressions. Consumer discrimination by white consumers is treated as an entry barrier, and estimates of the lost producers' surplus due to consumer discrimination are obtained to benchmark the potential restitution due to black Americans. JEL Classi cation: D6, J7, L1 Associate Professor, Department of Economics, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, e-mail price@ncat.edu Tel #: (336) 334-7744 Fax: (336) 334-7093.
Analysis of fluctuations in the activity of rat pineal tyrosine hydroxylase

Abstract Tyrosine hydroxylase was measured in pineals removed from light-adapted and dark-adapted rats. The animals were adapted to the appropriate light situation for approximately 5 h before removal of the pineals. Bilateral ganglionectomy confirmed that all detectable enzyme activity in the pineal appears present in sympathetic fibers originating in the superior cervical ganglia. An analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase at subsaturating cofactor concentrations in dark-adapted rats revealed activity which was 60% higher than in appropriate light control animals. Further kinetic analysis showed that the K m for the synthetic cofactor, 6-methyltetrahydropterin, for dark-adapted animals was 0.8 ± 0.1 mM which was significantly lower than a K m value of 1.4 ± 0.2 mM for light adapted animals. Thus the rate of norepinephrine synthesis in vivo could increase due to an alteration in the enzyme molecule, which affects its interaction with substrate. These findings support previously documented results which show both an increased turnover and an increase in the concentration of norepinephrine in the pineals of dark-adapted rats.
Successive element correction algorithms for sparse unconstrained optimization

This paper presents a successive element correction algorithm and a secant modification of this algorithm. The new algorithms are designed to use the gradient evaluations as efficiently as possible in forming the approximate Hessian. The estimates of theq-convergence andr-convergence rates show that the new algorithms may have good local convergence properties. Some restricted numerical results and comparisons with some previously established algorithms suggest that the new algorithms may be efficient in practice.
Efimov states of fermionic species

When three particles interact via zero-range potentials it is possible to find some exact solutions of the three-body Schrodinger equation for infinite scattering lengths. For s-wave interactions the exact solutions correspond to the famous Efimov states. Similar exact solutions for two-body zero-range potentials with l = 1 are considered in this manuscript. Efimov states emerge in the limit as a 1 → ∞ . We also report exact solutions for l = 0 with a 0 ≠ 0 .