cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying Delirium Early after Stroke: A New Prediction Tool for the Intensive Care Unit.

Abstract Background Delirium is common after stroke and associated with poor functional outcomes and mortality. It is unknown whether delirium is a modifiable risk factor, or simply an indicator of prognosis, but in order to intervene successfully, those at greatest risk must be identified early. We created a tool to predict the development of delirium in patients admitted to the intensive care unit for stroke, focusing on factors present on hospital admission. Methods Charts of 102 patients admitted to the ICU or IMC after ischemic stroke or intracranial hemorrhage with symptom onset within 72 hours were reviewed. Delirium was identified using the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU). Factors significantly associated with delirium were included in a multivariable logistic regression analysis to create a predictive model. The model was validated in a unique inpatient cohort. Results In regression analyses, the variables present on admission most strongly associated with the development of delirium after stroke included: age greater than 64 years; intraventricular hemorrhage; intubation; presence of either cognitive dysfunction, aphasia, or neglect; and acute kidney injury. Using these variables in our predictive model, an ROC analysis resulted in an area under the curve of 0.90, and 0.82 in our validation cohort. Conclusions Factors available on admission can be used to accurately predict risk of delirium following stroke. Our model can be used to implement more rigorous screening paradigms, allowing for earlier detection and timely treatment. Futures studies will focus on determining if prevention can mitigate the poor outcomes with which delirium is associated.
On Putnam’s Proof of the Impossibility of a Nominalistic Physics

In his book Philosophy of Logic, Putnam (1971) presents a short argument which reads like—and indeed, can be reconstructed as—a formal proof that a nominalistic physics is impossible. The aim of this paper is to examine Putnam’s proof and show that it is not compelling. The precise way in which the proof fails yields insight into the relation that a nominalistic physics should bear to standard physics and into Putnam’s indispensability argument.
Nucleic acid nanofabrication: existential angst and killer applications

Nucleic acid self-assembly is a nanofabrication technology that exists at the intersection between conventional silicon fabrication, enzymes, small molecule synthesis, and polymer manufacturing. While it cannot compete directly with any one of these incumbent technologies, its combination of attributes is unique and opens up space for a host of novel applications. We discuss its strengths, limitations, and applications.
Ethylene oxidation on unpromoted silver catalysts: Reaction pathway and selectivity analysis using DFT calculations

Abstract Chemical conversions in catalytic partial oxidation processes of light hydrocarbons are responsible for the production of numerous industrial chemicals, plastics, and intermediates. These processes are relatively expensive to perform, and are typically operated at high thermodynamic inefficiency, so the development of novel, highly efficient catalysts would prove to be very cost effective. Herein, our study focused on surface catalytic mechanisms of the ethylene oxide (EO) formation process. Periodic plane-wave Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods were used to analyze related reaction mechanisms on the Ag(111) surface facet with low coverage. Energetic changes of related species and pathways were calculated. Key surface species are identified to suggest the factors for the observed selectivity during EO formation. Our results are consistent with previous kinetic modeling efforts in the literature which did not employ DFT analysis. Lastly, our study demonstrates how fundamental theoretical investigations and multi-scale modeling techniques are currently impacting the advancement of rational catalyst design and microkinetic modeling techniques in the light hydrocarbon processing industry.
Family perceptions of quality of end of life in LGBTQ+ individuals: a comparative study:

Background:Members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer community have encountered discrimination and stigmatization related to sexual orientation and/or gender identity both withi...
Congruence of opioid prescriptions and dispensing using electronic records and claims data.

OBJECTIVE To quantify discrepancies between opioid prescribing and dispensing via the percentage of patients with Electronic Medical Record (EMR) prescriptions who subsequently filled the prescription within 90 days, defined as congruence, and compared opioid congruence with related medications. DATA SOURCES Deidentified data from the IBM MarketScan Explorys Claims-EMR Dataset. STUDY DESIGN In this retrospective, observational study, we examined congruence for commonly prescribed controlled substances-opioids, stimulants, and benzodiazepines. Congruence was stratified by age group and sex. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS Continuously enrolled adults aged 18-64 years with an EMR encounter (excluding inpatient settings) and ≥ 1 prescription for selected classes between 1/1/2016 and 10/2/2017. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS During the study period, 1,353,478 adults had ≥1 EMR encounter. Patients with stimulants prescriptions had the highest congruence (83%) corresponding to 7151 claims for 8,635 EMR prescriptions, followed by opioids (66%; 62,766/95,690) and benzodiazepines (64%; 30,181/47,408). Chi-square testing showed congruence differed by age group within opioids (P < .0001) and benzodiazepines (P < .0001) and was higher among females within benzodiazepines (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that relying on claims data alone for opioid prescribing measures might underestimate actual prescribing magnitude by as much as one-third in these data. Combined EMR and claims data can help future research better understand characteristics associated with congruence or incongruence between prescribing and dispensing.
Variation and Early Evolution

Trilobite fossils provide evidence for elevated morphological variation during the Cambrian Period.
ABO blood group is a predictor of survival in patients undergoing surgery for renal cell carcinoma

Study Type – Prognosis (cohort series) Level of Evidence 3a What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Some evidence suggests that ABO blood type may be a risk factor for cancer incidence and prognosis. For example, a large study recently discovered an increased incidence of pancreatic cancer in patients with non-O blood type; however, it is not known whether blood group correlates with outcomes in patients with RCC. We found a significant and independent association between ABO blood group and overall survival in patients undergoing surgery for locoregional RCC. Specifically, we identified non-O blood type as a predictor of mortality. OBJECTIVE • To determine whether ABO blood group is associated with survival after nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS • We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 900 patients who underwent surgery for locoregional RCC between 1997 and 2008 at a single institution. • Covariates included age, gender, race, American Society of Anesthesiology Physical Status, preoperative anaemia and hypoalbuminemia, tumour characteristics, lymph node status, procedure performed, transfusion status and ABO blood group. • Primary outcomes were overall (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). • Univariable survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan–Meier and log-rank methods. Multivariable analysis was performed using a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS • The 3-year OS estimate was 75% (95%CI 70–79%) for O blood group and 68% (95% CI 63–73%) for non-O blood group (P= 0.072). The 3-year DSS was 81% (95% CI 76–85%) for O blood group and 76% (95%CI 71–80%) for non-O blood group (P= 0.053). • In the multivariable analysis for OS, non-O blood type was significantly associated with decreased OS (HR 1.68, 95%CI 1.18–2.39; P= 0.004) but not DSS (HR 1.53, 95%CI 0.97–2.41; P= 0.065). CONCLUSION • These data suggest that ABO blood group is independently associated with OS in patients undergoing surgery for locoregional RCC. ABO blood group has not been previously recognized as a predictor of survival in RCC.
Kinematics of treadmill galloping by cats: II. Steady-state coordination under positive reinforcement control

This report, the second of three, describes treadmill galloping by cats that were trained solely by food reward. Four young adult animals provided data at various velocities from 2.3 to 4.1 m/sec. Another cat galloped at 2.0 m/sec. The overall speed range was lower than in the first study, probably because the animals were not punished for failure to run and, also, because they were slightly smaller and younger cats. At any one velocity, several successive strides were available whose footfall pattern was steady state, or invariant. The same three galloping patterns were seen that had been found previously in an aversive test situation: rotatory galloping, transverse galloping, and the half bound. The rotatory gallop was most frequently used. In general, the findings for movements of a single limb, and also the interlimb timings (with some exceptions during slow transverse galloping), were similar to those seen in the first study, as were such overall measures as stride length and the percentage of zero support. For one cat that provided a substantial number of test runs at increments between 3.1 and 4.1 m/sec, it was possible to show a linear trend of stride duration as a function of velocity, although the total change was only approximately 30 msec. The low-speed transverse gallop was of special interest, because its footfall patterns showed that a continuum of interlimb coordination could occur from trotting to this type of gallop. It was concluded that the overall similarities of food-reinforced galloping and galloping under aversive control far outweighed the differences, to imply economy of their neural control.
Surface reorganization as an initial inductive event in the differentiation of prothymocytes to thymocytes

For several years my colleagues and I have been studying the question of how the constitution of cell surfaces may be determined by selective gene action, according to the various pathways of cellular differentiation, in the same way that the specialized functions of differentiated cells are evidently governed by the selective expression of particular genes (4, 8). This has involved a great deal of work on membrane components that are expressed exclusively on the surface of mouse thymocytes, because these cells are especially favorable for immunogenetic studies. While elucidating the details of thymocyte differentiation, it has always been uppermost in our minds that similar principles of differentiation may be involved in developmental processes, and that valuable inferences regarding embryonic development may transpire from the study of cellular differentiation in adult systems.
Extubation failure: an outcome to be avoided

Extubation failure is an outcome of increasing importance but nearly all studies have been conducted in academic settings. The article by Seymour and colleagues demonstrates that extubation failure is an outcome to be avoided in the community hospital setting as well. Patients failing extubation experience longer lengths of stay, experience higher intensive care unit mortality, and incur greater hospital costs. Investigators have identified tools for predicting extubated patients at highest risk for reintubation. The predictors focus on detecting upper airway obstruction, inadequate cough, excess respiratory secretions, and abnormal mental status. Systematic application of these predictors has the potential to improve outcome.
d-Cycloserine, A Positive Modulator of the NMDA Receptor, Enhances Acquisition of a Conditioned Taste Aversion

Pharmacological manipulations using agents that affect the action of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor have been demonstrated to modulate acquisition and retention in experimental animals. Although it is well established that antagonists of this receptor debilitate acquisition of many experimental tasks, the effects of agonists of the receptor site have not been thoroughly examined, except for those of d-cycloserine (DCS), a partial agonist of the NMDA receptor. In the present study, DCS is demonstrated to enhance acquisition of a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in rats, extending the findings of facilitation of learning with this agonist to a CTA paradigm. DCS itself did not cause a taste aversion nor did it summate with lithium chloride, the unconditioned stimulus, to increase avoidance of the conditioned stimulus in experimental animals. It appears that modulation of the NMDA receptor can affect gustatory learning.
Fathering in Northern New England

Abstract This study examined father involvement among non-custodial fathers from divorced families in Maine and New Hampshire. Measures of involvement included days and nights of contact, attendance at children's events, participation in decision-making, and celebration of major holidays with children. Results were commensurate with other studies and highlighted the importance of parental conflict and geographic distance in determining father-child contact. The author makes several recommendations for policy-makers and practitioners.
Fire Resistant Films for Aircraft Applications

Alternative sandwich panel decorative films were investigated as replacements for the polyvinyl fluoride currently used in aircraft interiors. Candidate films were studied for flammability, smoke emission, toxic gas emission, flame spread, and suitability as a printing surface for the decorative acrylic ink system. Several of the candidate films tested were flame modified polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyimide, polyamide, polysulfone, polyphenylsulfone, polyethersulfone, polybenzimidazole, polycarbonate, polyparabanic acid, polyphosphazene, polyetheretherketon, and polyester. The films were evaluated as pure films only, films silk-screened with an acrylic ink, and films adhered to a phenolic fiberglass substrate. Films which exhibited the highest fire resistant properties included PEEK polyetheretherketon, Aramid polyamide, and ISO-BPE polyester.
Perceptual deterrence research: Some additional evidence for designing studies

Recently, serious questions have been raised about the validity of cross-sectional (“one-wave”) assessments of perceptual deterrence. Panel (“multiwave”) designs have, therefore, become the preferred method of conducting perceptual deterrence research. We question whether panel designs are always necessary. Our goal is to encourage renewed examination of cross-sectional designs. The primary method of accomplishing this goal is replication and extension of an earlier one-wave study. Following a review of the design issue, the paper continues with a brief description of the study to be replicated and extended. Presented next are the replication methods and findings. The paper ends with a discussion of the contours of an agenda for future research.
Using Phenomenological Research to Drive Dynamic Modeling

One of the most difficult aspects in mathematical modeling and simulation is developing data to drive models and learning. This is particularly difficult when the subject involves intangible variables and concepts such as stress and perceptions that are difficult to ascribe a quantitative value to. This paper provides a description of how qualitative data collected during in depth phenomenological interviews with subject matter experts can be used to drive models. It also provides a case study of insurgency warfare and coalition and Afghan National Government performance during the last ten years. The U.S. government has spent more than $300 billion on the war in Afghanistan. Despite the employment of these resources, the goal of creating stability in the country has not been achieved. Twenty U.S. Army officers with six or more months of experience in Afghanistan were selected by random choice from a specific group. The participants were then interviewed to determine the meaning of their experiences in fighting an insurgency. Data analysis included organizing responses by question to identify the frequency of trends, patterns, and themes; and development of textural and structural descriptions of resource allocation and stability within the context of this study. Data was then transformed to create look-up tables that can be used to model, calibrate, and ascribe quantitative values to various variables in a dynamic insurgency model. A proof of concept model was then created to demonstrate the potential utility and power behind a model that combines the qualities of quantitative mathematical science and qualitative research methodology.
Reliability and validity of the children's interview for psychiatric syndromes--parent version in autism spectrum disorders.

The Children’s Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes-Parent Version (P-ChIPS) is a structured psychiatric interview designed to assess the presence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. This study examined the reliability and validity of the P-ChIPS in 61 youngsters (6- to 17-years-old) with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Reliability analyses were conducted according to level of functioning and language level. Results indicated that interrater reliability values were largely in the good to excellent range. Concordance between the P-ChIPS and the Child and Adolescent Symptoms Inventory was fair for the majority of disorders. Percent overall agreement for most disorders was good, lending support to the validity of the P-ChIPS. The results of this study suggest that the P-ChIPS is appropriate for this population.
A profile of the rural community mental health center.

This paper-part of a national study of community mental health worker role activism-compares community mental health centers with their counterparts in other geographic areas. Rural workers were most likely to view their centers as being most like social agencies. Their encorsement of community mental health ideology was also significantly higher. Role was measured from two perspectives: organizational and personal. Again, staff at rural community mental health centers were significantly different: They endorsed the highest levels of both organizational and personal activism and showed the least discrepancy between the two. It is concluded that rural community mental health centers and their staff represent an important and unique response to the problem of community mental health services delivery.
In vitro release of selected nonsteroidal antiinflammatory analgesics [NSAIA] from reservoir-type transdermal formulations

AbstractIndomethacin [I], Ketoprofen [II] and Sulindac [III] were evaluated for in vitro percutaneous uptake from various ointment bases. Three doses for each NSAIA were employed for evaluation. Each reservoir system was evaluated for drug release across composite skin (semipermeable membrane) using a modified FDC assembly over a 12 h period. The drug release profiles were examined for mechanism of drug release and developing recommendations for designing a dermal product for a NSAIA.For all NSAIAs: This study demonstrated that I, II and III can penetrate the composite skin barrier with differing efficiencies. II penetrated with maximal ease while I with minimal ease. The drug release rate increased with increasing drug load. 0/W and water soluble system compositions yielded superior drug release rates when compared to other reservoir systems. The drug release characteristics indicated adherence to diffusional pathways borne out of Q versus square-root-of-time relationship. The Qmax:Drug Load (Dose) ratio...
Interactive communication technologies in organizations

(1991). Interactive communication technologies in organizations. Communication Education: Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 202-212.
Improvements in lung function outcomes in children with cystic fibrosis are associated with better nutrition, fewer chronic pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, and dornase alfa use.

Objective To compare lung function and nutritional outcomes in cystic fibrosis (CF) for 2 birth cohorts in our CF center. Study design Patients with CF born between 1985 and 2000 treated in our CF center before age 5 years were included. The patients were divided into 2 equal birth cohorts for comparison: birth cohort 1 (born between 1985 and 1992) and birth cohort 2 (born between 1993 and 2000). To compare lung function, we used forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV 1 )% predicted and FEV 1 % predicted slope from age 6 to 12 years. We hypothesized that we would find significant improvements in lung function and nutritional outcomes in our patients with CF. Results The patients born between 1993 and 2000 (birth cohort 2) had better lung function, a slower rate of decline in lung function, and better nutritional outcomes compared with those born between 1985 and 1992 (birth cohort 1). Factors associated with a slower rate of decline in lung function in both groups were a higher baseline body mass index (BMI)%, a slower BMI% rate of decline, absence of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa respiratory infection, and initiation of dornase alfa (Pulmozyme) therapy before age 9 years. Conclusion Our results demonstrate dramatically improved lung function and nutritional outcomes in the children with CF in our center. The improvements in lung function outcomes are associated with better nutrition, fewer chronic P aeruginosa infections, and dornase alfa therapy.
Obstacles in Implementing Exposure Therapy for PTSD: Case Discussions and Practical Solutions

Despite the proven efficacy of exposure techniques for the treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, some obstacles can arise that interfere with successful implementation of exposure-based therapy. In this paper, the theory behind exposure therapy for PTSD is reviewed and basic implementation procedures are detailed. The ways in which three obstacles to treatment (extreme anger, emotional numbing, and overwhelming anxiety) can impede progress in therapy are discussed in terms of theory and case examples. Specific suggestions for circumventing these obstacles are offered, including modifying the exposure techniques and augmenting exposure by using stress inoculation techniques or cognitive therapy.
A survey investigating school psychologists' measurement of treatment integrity in school‐based interventions and their beliefs about its importance

A survey of individuals holding the Nationally Certified School Psychologist (NCSP) credential was conducted via the Internet to gather information regarding their measurement of treatment integrity in school-based interventions and their beliefs about its importance. A sample of 806 self-selected professionals holding the NCSP credential provided data about the extent to which they measure treatment integrity and the methods they used to measure it when developing interventions via one-to-one and group/team consultation. Results showed that 97.6% agreed that measurement of treatment integrity was a key factor to consider and to include when evaluating interventions and when using intervention data for special education eligibility decisions. Few, however, reported regularly documenting it in one-to-one (only 11.3%) or group/team consultation (only 1.9%). Recommendations for how school psychologists and other school staff can increase their measurement of treatment integrity in school-based interventions are offered. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular Symmetry and Two-Photon Spectroscopy

Two-photon polarization spectroscopy is an established method for making excited state symmetry assignments in randomly oriented samples. The relationship between the two-photon absorption process and the symmetry of the excited state, as established by previous theoretical developments, is illustrated in terms of the principles of the interaction between polarized light and oriented symmetric molecules. A description of the experimental methodology is presented and several applications for which this method has been used in vibronic coupling studies are discussed.
Three-valued logic

Let us make up a logic in which there are three truth-values, T, F, and “M,” instead of the two truth-values T and F. And, instead of the usual rules, let us adopt the following: (a) If either component in a disjunction is true (“T”), the disjunction is true; if both components are false, the disjunction is false (“F”); and in all other cases (both components middle, or one component middle and one false) the disjunction is middle (“M”). (b) If either component in a conjunction is false (“F”), the conjunction is false; if both components are true, the conjunction is true (“T”); and in all other cases (both components middle, or one component middle and one true) the conjunction is middle (“M”). (c) A conditional with true antecedent has the same truth-value as its consequent; one with false consequent has the same truth-value as the denial of its antecedent; one with true consequent or false antecedent is true; and one with both components middle (“M”) is true. (d) The denial of a true statement is false; of a false one true; of a middle one middle.
Effects of ethylamine catalyst concentration in the precipitation of reinforcing silica filler in an elastomeric network

Ethylamine is found to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of tetraethylorthosilicate in the in-situ filling of a polymer network. The silica filler thus precipitated strongly reinforces the elastomer, increasing its modulus, ultimate strength, and rupture energy. Increase in ethylamine concentration increases the rate of filler precipitation, and also increases the ultimate properties at constant weight % filler.
The presence of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the human pituitary gland

The presence of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was studied in human pituitary glands with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method. Positive reaction was observed in cells and processes of the neurohypophysis, in occasional cells lining the Rathke's cysts of the pars intermedia, and in scattered star-shaped cells and small follicles of the pars distalis. GFAP immunoreactivity was sparse and variable in amount from case to case. An increase in GFAP-immunoreactivity was observed as a reaction to injury. GFAP-positive cells were seen within and around pituitary adenomas regardless of their secretory cell type. Evidence is presented to indicate that these cells do not contain conventional pituitary hormones. It is postulated that the GFAP-positive cells of the pars distalis are nonsecretory elements, identical to the folliculostellate cells. They may become visible by immunostaining following increased synthesis of GFAP. The latter may be a response to cell injury or metabolic changes in adjacent secretory elements. A similar reaction in pituicytes may explain the appearance of immunoreactive GFAP in the neural lobe. The presence of GFAP in the adenohypophysis suggests that some of their cells are neuroectodermal in origin.
The successful use of regional anesthesia to prevent involuntary movements in a patient undergoing awake craniotomy.

Implications The authors demonstrate that the combination of single and continuous peripheral nerve blocks allows the control of involuntary movements in patients undergoing awake craniotomy.
Behavioral contrast in pigeons learning an auditory discrimination

After an initial period of nondifferential training, 14 pigeons were trained on a go/no-go discrimination between different click frequencies. Keypeck responses during the positive stimulus were reinforced with food on a 1-min variable interval schedule, whereas responses during the negative stimulus were extinguished and prolonged the negative stimulus for 30 sec (correction procedure). Response rates in the positive stimulus increased during discrimination training in all subjects. A control group given extended nondifferential training had significantly lower response rates and contrast ratios. The results are inconsistent with a simple autoshaping theory of behavioral contrast.
Of optimal views and other anxieties of attending to the beautiful and sublime

A meditation on how intrusions of self-consciousness alter, upset, or interrupt aesthetic experiences. The focus is on the impulse to identify optimum moments in sunsets, fall foliage, etc., and possible explanations for this urge to identify the optimum. Then follow, by various associations of ideas, discussions of the anxieties of the expert who fears he is no longer moved by great works, to the general anxieties of properly attending to great art in museums, primarily the anxiety of when you can declare yourself ‘released’ from further homage. The large theme is how full immersion into the aesthetic experience is threatened to be undone by some aspects of the aesthetic experience itself, and then if not by that, by other anxieties about playing our roles of appreciators of beauty properly.
Acute response of social functioning in dysthymic patients with desipramine

Abstract Despite some evidence that short-term antidepressant treatment improves social dysfunction in depressed patients, little is known about the response of specific social impairments in dysthymic patients to antidepressant medication. We examined the effect of acute (10 weeks), open-label desipramine (DMI) treatment on social functioning in subjects with DSM-III-R dysthymia. Social functioning was assessed with the social adjustment scale self-report (SAS-SR) at baseline and at week 10. Compared with DMI nonresponders, DMI responders showed significantly greater improvement in overall social functioning ( F 2,45 = 5.46, P F 2,45 = 14.38, P
Primary payer status affects mortality for major surgical operations.

Objectives:Medicaid and Uninsured populations are a significant focus of current healthcare reform. We hypothesized that outcomes following major surgical operations in the United States is dependent on primary payer status.Methods:From 2003 to 2007, 893,658 major surgical operations were evaluated
Molecular dynamics simulations of keV particle bombardment. Correlation of intact molecular ejection with adsorbate size

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations employing a reactive many-body potential of the keV particle bombardment of small hydrocarbon molecules adsorbed on a metal surface have been performed. The simulations predict the occurrence of considerable lateral motion of particles in the region right above the surface. For adsorbates such as CH x , dominant ejected species are an H atom or the intact adsorbate as there are only two unique bonds to sever. Molecules that extend further above the surfaces are exposed to more collisions from laterally moving particles and consequently there is more fragmentation and the dominant ejected species is usually not the original adsorbate.
Influence of vertical transport on free tropospheric aerosols over the central USA in springtime

Measurements of the atmospheric aerosol chemical composition during the Subsonic Aircraft: Contrail and Cloud Effects Special Study (SUCCESS) indicate substantial vertical transport of boundary layer aerosol to the free troposphere over the south-central United States during springtime. Mixing ratios of water-soluble aerosol Ca2+ at 6–12 km altitude exhibited a median mixing ratio of 20 pptv, with 15% of the measurements ≥ 100 pptv and a maximum of 1235 pptv. In air parcels with enhanced Ca2+, the ratios K+/Ca2+, Mg2+/Ca2+, and Na+/Ca2+ in the bulk aerosol were distinctly characteristic of those in limestone and/or cement. Significantly enhanced mixing ratios of aerosol SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+ were also concomitant with the elevated Ca2+, suggesting transport of both crustal and anthropogenic aerosols to the upper troposphere. The mass concentration of water-soluble aerosol material was in the range 0.1–6 µg m−3 STP, and estimated crustal dust levels were 7–160 µg m−3 STP.
Product graphs for given subgroups of the wreath product of two groups, II

Abstract Frucht [1] gave a method for constructing for each arbitrarily given group a graph whose automorphism group is isomorphic to the prescribed group. Constructions of “product” graphs whose automorphism groups are given subgroups of the wreath product of two groups are given. For S 2 wr G , comprehensive results are given for all subgroups of S 2 wr G containing 1 × G . A concept of graph product which is a generalization of Imrich's definition [2] is employed.
A prospective randomized clinical trial comparing 2.0-mm locking plates to 2.0-mm standard plates in treatment of mandible fractures

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare standard 2.0-mm monocortical plates to 2.0-mm locking plates in the treatment of mandible fractures. Patients and methods A prospective randomized clinical trial was conducted at Harborview Medical Center in Seattle, WA, from January 1, 2002, to February 1, 2003, to compare 2.0-mm locking plates to 2.0-mm standard plates in treating consecutive mandible fractures. Patients were randomly assigned to receive locking 2.0-mm plates (group A) or nonlocking 2.0-mm plates (group B). Complications were divided into major and minor categories. Each complication was analyzed according to which plate was used and where the fracture occurred. The number of days from injury to operation, average age, gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists’ (ASA) classification,compliance, and social habits were all reviewed. Results Ninety patients with 122 fractures met the inclusion criteria. Sixty-four fracture sites were treated with locking plates and 58 with standard plates. A total of 6 complications occurred: 2 occurred at the angle, 3 at the parasymphysis, and 1 at the body. Three complications occurred in the locking group and 3 in the standard group with complication rates equaling 4.6% and 5.2%, respectively. When comparing the overall complication rates according to plates used, the Fisher exact test showed no statistically significant difference between the locking and standard plates ( P = .90). The 95% confidence interval for the odds ratio is from 0.1 to 7. Conclusion Mandible fractures treated with 2.0-mm locking plates and standard 2.0-mm plates present similar short-term complication rates.
Characterization of chlorosis-inducing toxins from a plant pathogenic pseudomonas SP

Abstract 1. 1. An extracellular, chlorosis-inducing agent and several related, but inactive, products of a Pseudomonas sp. attacking timothy (Phleum pratense L.) were prepared by chromatographic means. 2. 2. The chlorosis-inducing agent was identified by spectroscopic and chromatographic methods and shown to be a mixture of two dipeptides, which contain a tabtoxinine-β-lactam residue linked to the amino group of either threonine or serine. These compounds are identical to those previously described from Pseudomonas tabaci. 3. 3. Inactive isomers of the above dipeptides were also characterized. These products contained a tabtoxinine-δ-lactam residue linked to the amino group of either threonine or serine. 4. 4. The last product, a previously unidentified amino acid, was characterized as tabtoxinine-δ-lactam or 3-aminomethyl-6-aminomethyl-6-carboxyl-3-hydroxy-2-piperidone. 5. 5. The amino acid tabtoxinine (5-amino-2-aminomethyl-2-hydroxyapidic acid) was isolated from acid hydrolysates of the above natural products. It was partially converted to tabtoxinine-δ-lactam by heating at 100°C for the 60 min at pH 3.1. 6. 6. The trivial name tabtoxin is proposed for the threonine-containing, chlorosis-inducing dipeptide. The less abundant analog would be designated [2-serine]-tabtoxin. Similarly, the inactive isomers would be designated isotabtoxin and [2-serine]-isotabtoxin. 7. 7. Using mass spectrometry the structure of tabtoxin as proposed by W.W. Stewart (Nature, 229 (1971) 172) was confirmed.
Seasonal and Spatial Water Quality Changes in the Outflow Plume of the Atchafalaya River, Louisiana, USA

The objective of this study was to examine the interaction between the Atchafalaya River and the Atchafalaya Delta estuarine complex. Measurements of suspended sediments, inorganic nutrients (NO3 −, NH4 +, PO4 3−), chlorophylla (chla), and-salinity were taken monthly from December 1996 to January 1998. These data were compiled by season, and the Atchafalaya River plume data were also analyzed using the Generalized Additive Model technique. There were significant decreases in NO3 − concentrations during summer, fall, and winter as river water passed through the estuary, that were attributable to chemical and biological processes rather than dilution with ambient water. In some regions there were higher chla concentrations during summer and fall compared to winter and spring, when river discharge and the introduction of inorganic nutrients were highest, suggesting biological processes were active during this study. The presence of NH4 +, as a percentage of available dissolved inorganic nitrogen, increased with distance from the Atchafalaya River, indicative of remineralization processes and NO3 − reduction. Mean PO4 3− concentrations were often higher in the estuarine regions compared to the Atchafalaya River. During summer total suspended solid (TSS) concentrations increased with distance from the river mouth, suggesting a turbidity maximum. Highest chla concentrations were found in the bayous and shallow water bodies of the Terrebonne marshes, as were the lowest TSS concentrations. The low chla concentrations found in other areas of this study, despite high inorganic nutrient concentrations, suggest light limitation as the major control of phytoplankton growth. Salinity reached near seawater concentrations at the outer edge of the Atchafalaya River plume, but much lower salinities (<10 psu) were observed at all other regions. The Atchafalaya Delta estuarine complex buffers the impact of the Atchafalaya River on the Louisiana coastal shelf zone, with a 41% of 47% decrease in Atchafalaya River NO3 − concentrations before reaching Gulf waters.
The Effects of Brand Name Structure on Brand Extension Evaluations and Parent Brand Dilution

Abstract Three laboratory experiments explore how alternative brand name structures (i.e., family branded or subbranded) and varying degrees of category similarity (i.e., similar or dissimilar) influence extension evaluations and parent brand dilution. The results indicate that subbranded extensions (e.g., Quencher by Tropicana cola) evoke a slower, more thoughtful subtyping processing strategy than family branded extensions (e.g., Tropicana cola), which evoke a faster, category-based processing strategy. As a result, category similarity affects extension evaluations when the extension is family branded but not when it is subbranded. In addition, dilution effects are only evident when consumers have a negative experience with a similar family branded extension. Subbranding thus offers two key benefits to marketers: It both enhances extension evaluations and protects the parent brand from any unwanted negative feedback.
Lifetime and reactivity of singlet oxygen in an aqueous micellar system: A pulsed nitrogen laser study

Abstract Pulsed nitrogen laser photolysis of 2-acetonaphthone solubilized in air-saturated sodium dodecyl sulphate micelles in D2O or H2O results in the triplet sensitized production of singlet oxygen. This species reacts with micelle-solubilized substrates with rate constants typical of such reactions in homogeneous solutions in organic solvents. The lifetime of singlet oxygen in this sytem is essentially that for the pure aqueous medium, 30 μs for D2O, 3 μs for H2O.
Social enhancement of foraging on an ephemeral food source in juvenile walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma

The foraging effectiveness of walleye pollock juveniles, Theragra chalcogramma, was determined experimentally to test the hypothesis that social cues may facilitate the ability of individuals to exploit ephemeral food patches. Fish were tested when isolated, paired with one other fish, and in a group of six fish. Test fish exploited more food patches while in a group of six than when they were isolated. Patch exploitation by paired fish was intermediate to but not statistically different than isolate or grouped treatments. The number of pellets eaten by test fish in a group and a pair was more than 3.5 times that of when they were isolated, although the overall relationship between the amount of food eaten and group size was not statistically significant. Results support the hypothesis that juvenile walleye pollock exploit ephemeral food patches more effectively in the presence of conspecifics. In planktivores such as walleye pollock, social cues may enhance foraging on transient food sources either by facilitating detection of food patches (local enhancement) or by stimulating foraging activity when a food patch is located (social facilitation).
The effects of manufacturing lead time and process quality in a multi-process production system

Abstract Shortened manufacturing lead times (MLT) and high process quality (PQ) are two important basic rules required for the implementation of just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing. By considering three direct cost items related to the MLT and PQ—the cost of the work-in-process (WIP) inventories, the non-operation cost, and the cost of quality—in the lot size computation, we examine the effects of the MLT and PQ on the optimal lot size and the corresponding total relevant cost (TRC). We analyse those effects by reducing the MLT and by improving PQ and find that applying these two basic rules can reduce inventory levels, produce high-quality products, and increase production flexibility.
Breaking Through Assumptions About Low-Income, Minority Gifted Students

This article describes Project Breakthrough, federally funded as a demonstration through the Javits Gifted and Talented Education Act. Project staff worked for 3 years with three elementary schools...
Information Management for Map-Based Visualizations of Robot Teams

Complex human machine systems, including remotely deployed mobile robots and sensors can generate an overwhelming amount of data. Filtering the available geospatial information is necessary to make the most time critical information salient to the system operators. The General Visualization and Abstraction (GVA) algorithm abstracts the presented information in order to reduce visual clutter and has been shown to reduce the cognitive demands and perceived workload of a single operator tasked when supervising teams of multiple robots with high levels of autonomy [1, 2]. My research focuses on significantly extending the GVA algorithm to support multiple human operators who share a common high level goal, but have role specific subgoals for their designated human-robot teams.
Modeling of CO2 gasification of carbon for integration with solid oxide fuel cells

This modeling study focuses on gasification of carbon by CO2 in a minimally fluidized bed containing a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). Kinetic parameters for a five-step reaction mechanism characterizing the Boudouard reaction (C + CO2 2CO) were determined thermogravimetrically at 1 atm from 973 to 1273 K. Experimentally determined kinetic parameters are employed in a transport model that predicts velocities and gas concentration profiles established in the carbon bed as a consequence of convection, diffusion, and heterogeneous reaction. The model is used to simulate the effect of an imbedded SOFC, in contact with the carbon bed. Although the model does not assume particular I-V characteristics for the fuel cell, it indicates that current densities in the practical range of 100–1000 mA/cm2 can be supported. Results show that temperature strongly affects the current density, whereas CO2 flow rate has only a weak effect. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Acute gamma irradiation of the soybean plant: effects of exposure, exposure rate and developmental stage on growth and yield

Soybean plants (Glycine max (L.) Merrill “Kent”) were exposed to 60Co gamma radiation and grown to maturity in containers under outdoor conditions. The effects of developmental stage of the plant when irradiated, exposure, and exposure rate on growth (stem length) and yield were investigated. Yield showed a greater degree of sensitivity to gamma irradiation than did stem length. Stem length was reduced to approximately 50 per cent of the non-irradiated population when plants in the early log phase of growth (2- to 4-trifoliolate leaf stage) were exposed to 2·5 kR at 50 R/min. Stem length reduction was 10 per cent when plants were exposed during the lag phase (unifoliolate to 1-trifoliolate leaf stage), and ranged from 40 per cent to less than 10 per cent when the plants were exposed during mid-log and decreasing phases of growth (5- to 13-trifoliolate leaf stage), respectively. Yield was zero when plants in the log phase of stem growth were exposed to 2·5 kR at 50 R/min. Flower bud development and gametogenesis occurred during this period. Exposure of the soybean plant during the lag phase to 2·5 kR caused a 60 per cent reduction in yield, whereas the same exposure during the decreasing phase (late embryogenesis) caused a 20 per cent reduction in yield. Plants exposed during the lag and log phases of growth showed a 50 per cent reduction in yield at 1·3–2·1 kR, respectively, and their yield was reduced by 80 per cent at an exposure of 4·0 kR at 50 R/min. Exposure rate did not affect stem length at 2·5 kR, whereas at 5·0 kR the damage became independent of rate at 25 R/min. Exposure rate affected yield at both 2·5 and 5·0 kR when plants were irradiated in the log phase of stem growth and damage became independent of rate at 12·5 R/min.
High-pressure optical studies of doped alkali halides. I. Peak shifts and peak shape changes

An apparatus has been developed which permits optical emission measurements to 150 kbar using a quasihydrostatic medium or to 12 kbar using a hydrostatic medium. Using this apparatus and the absorpion rig already available, a series of high-pressure studies have been made on alkali-halide crystals doped with ${\mathrm{T}1}^{+}$ or ${\mathrm{In}}^{+}$. In this paper we present data on the peak shifts and changes of shape and bandwidth. The following papers discuss Jahn-Teller effects, photothermally induced electron transfer, and mixed crystals. We discuss the shifts and shape changes in terms of a simple configuration coordinate model showing its possibilities and limitations. In spite of the fact that these systems are clearly too complex for such a simple description, one observes certain regularities. For several systems the decrease in volume upon electronic excitation is \ensuremath{\sim} 10% of the molecular volume. The ratio of force constants $R$ of the excited state compared with the ground state is less than one. We demonstrate that several different methods for calculating $R$ give consistent results.
Developmental changes of parental-reported sleep disturbance symptoms in children with attention deficit disorder.

The primary goal of this retrospective study was to assess parental report of current sleep disorders in school-aged attention deficit disorder (ADD) children, as well as recalled sleep problems from when the children were infants (0–12 months) and toddlers (1–3 years). Results of a sleep questionnaire completed by mothers of 48 ADD children and a comparison group of 30 patients with school problems indicate that ADD children were perceived to have significantly more sleep problems and that these problems had onset in infancy. Specific items in the questionnaire which were increased included latency to sleep onset of more than 30 min at least 3 nights per week, fatigue upon awakening, and recall of nightmares. Pediatric clinicians should be alert to possible sleep disorders in children suspected of attention disorders and should consider “sleep hygiene” measures as a component of treatment.