cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Miniplate osteosynthesis of mandible fractures

Plate osteosynthesis has become standard treatment for patients with fractures of the mandible by affording anatomic reduction, rigid fixation, and immediate function. Miniplate osteosynthesis offers several advantages over compression osteosynthesis. Intraoral plate placement eliminates facial scars and the potential for injury to the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve. It also allows for simultaneous reduction, fixation, and occlusal adjustment. The results of miniplate osteosynthesis are comparable to compression osteosynthesis, and this technique should be considered standard in the treatment of patients with mandibular fractures.
Benign pulmonary histoplasmosis; a case report with a brief review of the literature.

SUMMARY 1) A brief summary of the pertinent literature on histoplasmosis has been presented. 2) The symptomatology and diagnostic procedures have been discussed. 3) Nineteen recently reported cases of histoplasmosis have been tabulated. 4) A case of benign or mild pulmonary histoplasmosis has been presented.
Synthesis and characterization of bovine serum albumin‐coated nanocapsules loaded with indocyanine green as potential multifunctional nanoconstructs

We have synthesized and characterized bovine serum albumin (BSA)-coated polymeric nanocapsules (NCs) loaded with indocyanine green (ICG), an FDA-approved near infrared chromophore. Poly(allylamine) hydrochloride was electrostatically crosslinked with phosphate anions to form nanoconstructs encapsulating ICG. BSA was conjugated onto the polymeric NCs via glutaraldehyde. BSA-coated ICG-containing nanocapsules (BSA-ICG NCs) were characterized by FTIR and optical spectroscopy, SEM, and zeta-potential measurements. Using normal human endocervical epithelial cells, we demonstrate the effectiveness of BSA-ICG NCs for intracellular optical imaging in vitro. These nanoconstructs may potentially serve as a multifunctional platform for combined optical imaging, phototherapy, and drug delivery.
A Simple Proof of the Stability of Solitary Waves in the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam Model Near the KdV Limit

By combining results of Mizumachi and Pego on the stability of solutions for the Toda lattice with a simple rescaling and a careful control of the KdV limit we give a simple proof that small amplitude, long-wavelength solitary waves in the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU) model are linearly stable and hence by the results of Friesecke and Pego that they are also nonlinearly, asymptotically stable.
Transference patterns in the psychotherapy of personality disorders: empirical investigation.

Background The concept of transference has broadened to a recognition that patients often express enduring relational patterns in the therapeutic relationship. Aims To examine the structure of patient relational patterns in psychotherapy and their relation with DSM–IV personality disorder symptoms. Method A random sample of psychologists and psychiatrists ( n =181) completed a battery of instruments on a randomly selected patient in their care. Results Exploratory factor analysis identified five transference dimensions: angry/entitled, anxious/preoccupied, avoidant/counterdependent, secure/engaged and sexualised. These were associated in predictable ways with Axis II pathology; four mapped on to adult attachment styles. An aggregated portrait of transference patterns in narcissistic patients provided a clinically rich, empirically based description of transference processes that strongly resembled clinical theories. Conclusions The ways patients interact with their therapists can provide important data about their personality, attachment patterns and interpersonal functioning. These processes can be measured in clinically sophisticated and psychometrically sound ways. Such processes are relatively independent of clinicians’theoretical orientation.
trans‐Dimethanolbis(1,1,1‐trifluoro‐5,5‐dimethylhexane‐2,4‐dionato)cobalt(II)

The Co atom of the title compound, [Co(C8H10F3O2)2(CH3OH)2], which is located on a crystallographic inversion center, exhibits a distorted octa­hedral geometry. The bidentate acetyl­acetonate-like ligands are in a trans arrangement. The plane through the acetyl­acetonate unit is tilted with respect to the CoO4 plane by 17.41 (7)°, which is in the same range as observed for similar Co(acac)2OR2 derivatives. Via the methanol hydr­oxy groups, each mol­ecule participates in two pairs of inter­molecular hydrogen bonds that create a network of hydrogen-bonded chains along the direction of the a axis.
IEEE 802.11p performance evaluation and protocol enhancement

The IEEE 802.11p wireless access in vehicular environment (WAVE) protocol providing for vehicle-to-infrastructure and vehicle-to-vehicle radio communication is currently under standardization. We provide an NS-2 simulation study of the proposed IEEE 802.11p MAC protocol focusing on vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. We show that the specified MAC parameters for this protocol can lead to undesired throughput performance because the backoff window sizes are not adaptive to dynamics in the numbers of vehicles attempting to communicate. We propose two solutions to this problem. One is a centralized approach where exact information about the number of concurrent transmitting vehicles is used to calculate the optimal window size, and the other is a distributed approach in which vehicles use local observations to adapt the window size.We show that these schemes can provide significant improvements over the standard MAC protocol under dense and dynamic conditions.
Mapping and Pursuit-Evasion Strategies For a Simple Wall-Following Robot

This paper defines and analyzes a simple robot with local sensors that moves in an unknown polygonal environment. The robot can execute wall-following motions and can traverse the interior of the environment only when following parallel to an edge. The robot has no global sensors that would allow precise mapping or localization. Special information spaces are introduced for this particular model. Using these, strategies are presented to solve several tasks: 1) counting vertices, 2) computing the path winding number, 3) learning a combinatorial map, which is called the cut ordering, that encodes partial geometric information, and 4) solving pursuit-evasion problems.
State, Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East

Introduction Part 1: States and State Building 1. The End of Empires: The Emergence of the Modern Middle Eastern State System 2. The Growth of State Power in the Arab World: The Single-Party Regimes 3. The Growth of State Power in the Arab World under Family Rule and the Libyan Alternative 4. Arab Nationalism, Arab Unity and the Practice of Arab Interstate Relations 5. State and Politics in Israel, Iran and Turkey from the Second World War 6. The Re-Making of the Middle Eastern Political Environment in the 1980s and 1990s: The Arab States 7. The Re-Making of the Middle Eastern Political Environment: Israel, Turkey and Iran Part 2: Themes in Contemporary Middle Eastern Politics Introduction 8. Parties, Elections and the Vexed Question of Democracy in the Arab World 9. The Politics of Economic Restructuring 10. The Politics of Religious Revival 11. The Military In and Out of Politics 12. Civil Society: In Theory and Practice. Conclusion: The Middle East at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century - September 11, the Attack on Iraq and Beyond
Extensive Gut Metabolism Limits the Intestinal Absorption of Excessive Supplemental Dietary Glutamate Loads in Infant Pigs

Glutamate (Glu) is a major intestinal oxidative fuel, key neurotransmitter, and may be a useful dietary supplement to augment health of the infant gut. We quantified the metabolic fate of various supplemental dietary Glu intakes in young pigs surgically implanted with vascular, intraduodenal (ID), or intragastric (IG) catheters and a portal blood flow probe. Piglets were acutely fed a range of dietary Glu intakes using a basal milk formula (100%) supplemented with varying amounts of monosodium Glu (up to 400%) via ID or IG routes. We quantified the gastrointestinal metabolic fate of dietary Glu using [U- 13 C] Glu tracer. The Glu net absorption in the basal 100% group was low in both ID and IG groups, ranging from 13 to 17% of intake. Enteral Glu supplementation significantly increased the absolute absorption rate and arterial concentration of Glu. In both the ID and IG groups, enteral [ 13 C]Glu absorption was limited (,5% tracer input) at the basal Glu intake (100%) but increased nearly 4-fold (;20% input) in the 300% intake group. A substantial fraction (33‐50%) of the enteral [ 13 C]Glu input was oxidized by the gut to 13 CO2 in both the 100 and 300% intake groups. We conclude that extensive gut metabolism limits the absorption of supplemental dietary Glu even at excessive intakes. J. Nutr. 137: 2384‐2390, 2007.
Milk Alkali syndrome: an electrocardiographic masquerader for non-hypothermic Osborn phenomenon

A 46-year-old male with history of gastro-oesopahgeal reflux disease presented to the hospital with complaints of severe heartburn and epigastric pain. He reported to have ingested approximately 120 tablets of tums (calcium carbonate) within the last 24 h, in order to alleviate his symptoms. He had normal vital signs; however, signs of mild dehydration …
Derivatives Use In The Partial Hedging Of Currency Risk: A Firm-Specific Approach To Understanding The Exchange Rate Exposure Puzzle

This study investigates whether firms with significant foreign exchange rate exposure change their future use of foreign exchange rate derivatives (FXDs). Unlike prior research, we employ firm-specific accounting data on hedging strategy and currency risk. Our results indicate that firms with high FXDs use relative to their foreign sales have significant exposure to either firm-specific bilateral exchange rates or a broad exchange rate index. Among such firms with significant foreign exchange rate exposure, we find that partial hedgers change their future use of FXDs, consistent with our expectations for firms that monitor the effectiveness of their hedging strategy. These results are timely in light of the increased scrutiny of derivatives use during the current financial crisis, and contribute to our understanding of extant research on returns-based estimates of foreign exchange rate exposure (aka, the exchange rate exposure puzzle).
An analysis of reflective writing early in the medical curriculum: The relationship between reflective capacity and academic achievement

AbstractObjective: To examine the relationship between reflection, gender, residency choice, word count, and academic achievement among medical students.Methods: A modified version of the Reflection Evaluation for Learners’ Enhanced Competencies Tool (REFLECT) was developed and used for this study (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.86 with an intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] of 0.68). This was applied to writing samples about professionalism in gross anatomy from first-year medical students between 2005 and 2011. Four analysts reviewed and scored written reflections independently. Composite reflection scores were compared with gender, residency choice, length of written reflection, NBME® Gross Anatomy and Embryology Subject Examination scores, and final gross anatomy course.Results: Total of 319 written reflections were evaluated. Female students who pursued medicine specialties had the highest composite reflection scores (87 [27.2%]). Word count frequently correlated with reflection score (p < 0.0001). Stude...
"Wake Up! HIV is at Your Door": African American Faith Leaders in the Rural South and HIV Perceptions: A Qualitative Analysis.

In Alabama, 70 % of new HIV cases are among African Americans. Because the Black Church plays an important role for many African Americans in the south, we conducted qualitative interviews with 10 African American pastors recruited for an HIV intervention study in rural Alabama. Two main themes emerged: (1) HIV stigma is prevalent and (2) the role of the Black Church in addressing HIV in the African American community. Our data suggest that pastors in rural Alabama are willing to be engaged in HIV prevention solutions; more formalized training is needed to decrease stigma, strengthen HIV prevention and support persons living with HIV/AIDS.
Discussion of “Optimizing Capital Investments in Construction”

Originally published in Journal of the Construction Division , Vol. 103, No. 3, September 1977, pg. 551
Development of a Survey Technique for Larvae of the Grass Webworm and Other Lepidopterous Species in Turfgrass

Sampling techniques for larvae of the grass webworm, Herpetogramma licarsisalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in turfgrass were studied. Sprinkling 1 liter of a 0.0015% aqueous solution of pyrethrins or 0.25% detergent into a 1,860-cm2 frame forced 61 and 55% of the larvae to the surface, respectively, compared with 4 liters of each irritant. The need for a greater volume of water than the commonly used technique of applying 4 liters/0.84 m2 was apparent. Continuous observation was required during the 10 min after application of either irritant to assure an accurate count, since 29% of the surfaced larvae reentered the thatch within 5 min and 38 to 39% reentered within 10 min. The detergent forced >50% of the larve to surface within 2 min. compared with 4 min with pyrethrins. Liquid irritants surfaced ca. 3 times more larvae in 5 to 10 min than plywood set out overnight. Similar responses to the presence of minor populations of the lawn armyworm, the black cutworm, and the fiery skipper indicate that other turf-infesting lepidopterous larvae may be sampled with the same techniques.
Control of Smart Exercise Machines Part II: Self-Optimizing Control

Abstract The control of a one degree of freedom exercise machine is considered. The control objective is to cause the human user to exercise at a rate which optimizes a prescribed weighted power criterion. In this paper we formulate a self-optimizing control strategy for the parameter update and the specification of an optimal reference for the passive dynamic damping controller introduced in (Li and Horowitz, 1996). Experimental results are presented which show the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
The Reliability of Rate of Return Judgment

In the preceding chapters we discussed the regulatory setting, the theoretical bases, the methodology, and the application of rate of return analysis in rate cases. It is apparent from these chapters that we have elaborate theories and sophisticated statistical methodologies that have been, and continue to be, devoted to the determination of rate of return recommendations in rate cases. But it should also be clear that even with elaborate theories and sophisticated statistical methodology, “accurate” determination of the required rate of return for an individual company in a rate case remains problematical.
A Primer on Cloud Computing

Abstract Cloud computing is more prevalent in your personal and professional life than you may realize. If you have checked out an eBook from your local library, opened Office 365 to create documents and spreadsheets, used Google maps to find a location, stored or shared photographs using Flickr, or sent messages with Gmail, you have used cloud computing. In your research, if you have stored files and shared data with collaborators on an article via Dropbox, participated in a seminar via GoToMeeting, utilized ArcGIS Online to create and share maps, delineated a watershed using a geoprocessing service, visualized data using Tableau Public, or worked with a colleague whose climate model is hosted on Amazon Web Services (AWS), you have used some aspect of cloud computing. All of these tools depend upon data storage and computing resources found in “the cloud.” These resources allow you access to virtually unlimited amounts of storage (though more storage will cost more), rapidly scalable computing (so you get your email as quickly at 3 pm as at 3 am), and availability almost anywhere you have connectivity to the Internet (in your office, aboard a ship, or at a research field station). You do not have to buy and install software, specify the computer resource you need, know the size of the files you want to read in your email, or otherwise manage your use of these tools and services. You simply use them.
In Search of Ideal Methods of Research Synthesis Over 30 Years (1977-2006): Comparison of Hunter-Schmidt Meta-Analysis Methods With Other Methods and Recent Improvements

Meta-analysis is aimed at the generalization of primary research findings that seem to conflict with one another to draw simple yet significant conclusions. The essence ofmeta-analysis is that it is theprocessofcumulatingandsynthesizingeffect sizesof a number of primary studies by the application of research, measurement, and statistical techniques. Thus, meta-analysis not only is averaging of effect sizes by using statistical techniques but also is a form of research that has “such considerations as are normally addressed in conceptualizing, designing, and analyzing empirical research: problem selection, hypothesis formulation, definition and measurement of constructs and variables, sampling, and data-analysis” (Glass, McGaw, & Smith, 1981, pp. 23–24). Gene Glass proposed the term meta-analysis and co-authored the first book on meta-analytic methods. He commented that a meta-analysis should be INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TESTING, 7(1), 89–93 Copyright © 2007, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Educação Emocional, Nova Maneira de Ensinar e de Aprender

O presente artigo discorre sobre o conceito de Educacao Emocional de Mayer e Salovey, de 1990. Trata-se de uma estrategia educacional que, parece surgir como resposta as novas demandas educativas. Discorreremos de maneira breve, sobre conceitos de Educacao, de emocoes, de Educacao Emocional, e por ultimo, sobre os possiveis impactos dessa forma de educar, para a pratica docentes. E possivel que este novo arcabouco teorico-metodologico e pratico promova de alguma forma, mudancas nas relacoes interpessoais no contexto de sala de aula.
Persistence of Indigenous Escherichia coli in Raw Bovine Manure-Amended Soil

The Food Safety Modernization Act attempts to reduce produce-related foodborne illness by using preventive rather than reactive measures. The goal of this research was to determine the persistence of manure-borne generic Escherichia coli under laboratory and field conditions. The population density of naturally occurring E. coli was ∼7.2 and 5.4 log CFU/10 g in pre- and postscreened manures, respectively. Postscreened (i.e. after the liquid manure has passed through a screen) manure was applied at light, medium, and heavy rates to fields in Live Oak and Citra, FL, during the fall and summer. Laboratory microcosms of the manure-amended soils (comparable to the field's heavy application rate of manure) from both locations were maintained at 20 and 30°C. Persistence of E. coli, moisture content, and pH were monitored until E. coli became unrecoverable. The longest E. coli persistence seen in field trails was during the summer and fall trials from Citra (heavy application) that terminated on day 112 and day 280, respectively. The rate of E. coli decay ranged from 0.02 to 0.04 log CFU per day across all manure application rates, seasons, and locations. In the microcosm studies, the E. coli became extinct on day 210 in the 30°C, whereas they became unrecoverable on day 420 in the 20°C microcosms. The relatively prolonged persistence of E. coli in the microcosms suggests that survival under laboratory conditions does not mimic real-world survival rates and may not be adequate for predicting E. coli persistence in the field. The persistence data also suggest that the risk from E. coli associated with new contamination events, such as wild life intrusion, runoff, or other vectors, may be greater than the risk associated with the long-term survival of manure-borne E. coli, although more work is needed to confirm this hypothesis.
Consumer Attitudes towards LGBT Homeless Youth Cause Related Marketing Campaign: Application of Self Schema Theory

The purpose of this study was to explore consumers' attitudes toward a somewhat socially controversial cause in the context of a CRM campaign, specifically the cause of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) homeless youth. It investigated the effects of positive and negative message framing and the use of guilt appeals on consumer attitudes. Self-schema theory and elaboration likelihood model informed the objectives of this study. Experimental design was used alongwith regression and ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The analysis indicated that attitudes toward the brand, and attitudes toward the cause, positively predicted consumers' purchase intentions. Findings provide support for the idea that consumer-cause fit is an important factor in determining consumer response to a CRM campaign. Consumers evaluate the brand more positively in a cause-brand alliance when they feel the cause is relevant to their self-schema.
CIP2A immunosensor comprised of vertically-aligned carbon nanotube interdigitated electrodes towards point-of-care oral cancer screening.

Abstract Vertically aligned carbon nanotube array (VANTA) coatings have recently garnered significant attention due in part to their unique material properties including light absorption, chemical inertness, and electrical conductivity. Herein we report the first use of VANTAs grown via chemical vapor deposition in a 2D interdigitated electrode (IDE) footprint with a high height-to-width aspect ratio (3:1 or 75:25 µm). The VANTA-IDEs were functionalized with an antibody (Ab) specific to the human cancerous inhibitor PP2A (CIP2A)—an oncoprotein that is associated with a variety of malignancies such as oral, breast, and multiple myeloma cancers. The resultant label-free immunosensor was capable of detecting CIP2A across a wide linear sensing range (1−100 pg/mL) with a detection limit of 0.24 pg/mL within saliva supernatant—a range that is more sensitive than the corresponding CIP2A enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These results help pave the way for rapid cancer screening tests at the point-of-care (POC) such as for the early-stage diagnosis of oral cancer at a dentist's office.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG protects the intestinal epithelium from radiation injury through release of lipoteichoic acid, macrophage activation and the migration of mesenchymal stem cells

Objective Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), a probiotic, given by gavage is radioprotective of the mouse intestine. LGG-induced radioprotection is toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-dependent and is associated with the migration of COX-2+mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from the lamina propria of the villus to the lamina propria near the crypt epithelial stem cells. Our goals were to define the mechanism of LGG radioprotection including identification of the TLR2 agonist, and the mechanism of the MSC migration and to determine the safety and efficacy of this approach in models relevant to clinical radiation therapy. Design Intestinal radioprotection was modelled in vitro with cell lines and enteroids as well as in vivo by assaying clinical outcomes and crypt survival. Fractionated abdominal and single dose radiation were used along with syngeneic CT26 colon tumour grafts to assess tumour radioprotection. Results LGG with a mutation in the processing of lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a TLR2 agonist, was not radioprotective, while LTA agonist and native LGG were. An agonist of CXCR4 blocked LGG-induced MSC migration and LGG-induced radioprotection. LGG given by gavage induced expression of CXCL12, a CXCR4 agonist, in pericryptal macrophages and depletion of macrophages by clodronate liposomes blocked LGG-induced MSC migration and radioprotection. LTA effectively protected the normal intestinal crypt, but not tumours in fractionated radiation regimens. Conclusions LGG acts as a ‘time-release capsule’ releasing radioprotective LTA. LTA then primes the epithelial stem cell niche to protect epithelial stem cells by triggering a multicellular, adaptive immune signalling cascade involving macrophages and PGE2 secreting MSCs. Trial registration number NCT01790035; Pre-results.
Validation of a 2 Percent Lactic Acid Antimicrobial Rinse for Mobile Poultry Slaughter Operations

Poultry processing antimicrobial interventions are critical for pathogen control, and organic, mobile operations in Washington seek alternatives to chlorine. Laboratory and field studies (three replications each) evaluated lactic acid efficacy as a chlorine alternative. For the laboratory study, retail-purchased, conventionally processed chicken wings inoculated with Salmonella were randomly assigned to the following treatments: Salmonella inoculation followed by no treatment (10 wings) or by 3-min rinses of water, 50 to 100 ppm of chlorine, or 2% lactic acid (20 wings for each rinse treatment). Wings were sampled for Salmonella enumeration on xylose lysine desoxycholate agar. During pastured poultry processing at mobile slaughter units for each field study replication, 20 chicken carcasses were randomly assigned to each treatment: untreated control or 3-min immersion in lactic acid or chlorine. Whole-carcass rinses were examined for aerobic plate count (APC) on tryptic soy agar and coliforms on violet red bile agar. Untreated controls were also examined for Salmonella. In the laboratory study, lactic acid produced a significant (P 2-log (P < 0.01) reductions in APC and coliforms, whereas chlorine resulted in slight, but significant 0.4-log reductions (P < 0.01) and 0.21-log reductions (P < 0.05) in APC and coliforms compared with untreated controls. Considering laboratory and field studies, lactic acid produced greater reductions in Salmonella, APC, and coliforms, validating its effectiveness as a chlorine alternative in mobile poultry slaughter operations.
Characterization of the integrin alpha 8 subunit: a new integrin beta 1-associated subunit, which is prominently expressed on axons and on cells in contact with basal laminae in chick embryos.

Abstract In this article, we describe the primary structure, the biochemical characterization and the tissue distribution of a novel integrin alpha subunit, named alpha 8. This subunit associates with the integrin beta 1 subunit to form alpha 8 beta 1 heterodimers. By sequence analysis, alpha 8 is more closely related to the alpha 5 and alpha v subunits than to other characterized integrin alpha subunits, but is clearly distinct from each of these. The alpha 8 subunit is expressed at moderate levels in several epithelial cells where its localization adjacent to basal laminae suggests that alpha 8-containing heterodimers interact with at least one extracellular matrix constituent. In embryos, the highest levels of alpha 8 protein expression are seen in the nervous system where alpha 8 is strongly expressed by several classes of projection neurons. The alpha 8 subunit is concentrated in axon tracts, including major projections in the spinal cord, optic system and auditory system. This tissue specific expression and cellular localization suggest that alpha 8-containing integrin receptors might promote axon outgrowth in the embryonic nervous system.
Experimental evaluation of pressure distribution changes when using clinical support surfaces

The main objective of this study was to perform experimental evaluation of the human body-pad interface pressure distribution changes when using five different clinical support surfaces (pads). The studied pads included the support surfaces for: head, heel, hip, lower back, and multipurpose pad for relevant body segments. For each pad, experimental data from 44 independent trials were obtained using 22 participants (12 male and 10 female) who voluntarily participated in the study. To measure the human body interface pressure, an Advanced ClinSeat pressure measurement system was utilized. For pads of the head, heel, lower back, and shoulder, the participants were positioned on their back, while for the hip pad, the participants were placed on their side. The results showed that in all cases the recorded pressures were significantly lower when the participants used the comfort pads compared to the no-pad condition. Specific recommendations for improvements in the current pad design were provided.
Delayed Myelopathy in Patients with Traumatic Preganglionic Brachial Plexus Avulsion Injuries.

Background Cervical and upper thoracic nerve root avulsions are preganglionic lesions that occur after extreme traction of the brachial plexus. The tearing of the roots from the spinal cord pia leads, not only to immediate and permanent deficits, but also to delayed neurologic complications. Symptomatic myelopathy can present in a late fashion owing to chronic sequelae from the inciting traumatic event. No unifying theory has yet been provided that can explain the causes of delayed spinal cord dysfunction after preganglionic brachial plexus injury. We have proposed a collective mechanism for the development of delayed spinal cord injury. Methods An institutional database search and a literature review were performed to find patients who had presented with delayed myelopathy after brachial plexus injury. Results We found 454 adult patients with traumatic brachial plexus injury and spinal cord injury from 1997 to 2018 in the institutional search. Of these patients, 74 had a delayed presentation of new myelopathic findings on physical examination that had developed ≥6 months after the initial presentation. In these 74 patients with delayed myelopathic symptoms, radiologic findings of spinal cord herniation, syringomyelia, superficial siderosis, or pathologic intradural or extradural cerebrospinal fluid collections from traumatic dural tears were present. Each of these pathologic entities was present in isolation or combination in our patient population. Conclusions Four overlapping etiologies appeared to compose the primary foundation for delayed spinal cord dysfunction after brachial plexus injury. We have highlighted this continuum by providing institutional case examples and a review of the reported data.
In vivo X-Nuclear MRS Imaging Methods for Quantitative Assessment of Neuroenergetic Biomarkers in Studying Brain Function and Aging

Brain relies on glucose and oxygen metabolisms to generate biochemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for supporting electrophysiological activities and neural signaling under resting or working state. Aging is associated with declined mitochondrial functionality and decreased cerebral energy metabolism, and thus, is a major risk factor in developing neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, there is an unmet need in the development of novel neuroimaging tools and sensitive biomarkers for detecting abnormal energy metabolism and impaired mitochondrial function, especially in an early stage of the neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advancements in developing multimodal high-field in vivo X-nuclear (e.g., 2H, 17O and 31P) MRS imaging techniques have shown promise for quantitative and noninvasive measurement of fundamental cerebral metabolic rates of glucose and oxygen consumption, ATP production as well as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) redox state in preclinical animal and human brains. These metabolic neuroimaging measurements could provide new insights and quantitative bioenergetic markers associated with aging processing and neurodegeneration and can therefore be employed to monitor disease progression and/or determine effectiveness of therapeutic intervention.
Classification of Ellipsoids by Shape and Surface Gravity

Abstract It has long been known that the gravitational potential on the surface of a non-rotating, homogeneous tri-axial ellipsoid is lowest at the ends of its short axis, and highest at the ends of its long axis. More recently, it also has been shown that its surface gravity is strongest at the ends of its short axis, and weakest at the ends of its long axis. Here I show that the latter result is rather robust, and still holds for freely rotating homogenous ellipsoids, and for those which are tidally locked satellites, as well as for a wide range of layered structures. However, the former fact does not apply to rapidly rotating homogeneous ellipsoids and tidally locked satellites; the extrema and saddle points of their effective gravitational potential and surface slope depend on the shape and rotation rate of the ellipsoid in complicated ways. Both of the above results are illustrated herein by sample maps of the surface potential, gravity, and slope of freely rotating homogeneous elllipsoids, as well as those which are tidally locked satellites. The ends of the principal axes of an ellipsoid are equilibrium points, but their stability or instability to small displacements also depends on the shape of the ellipsoid, its rotation rate, and surface friction in complicated and unexpected ways, also illustrated herein. I use the above results to classify ellipsoids by shape alone (assuming constant densities). I classify free rotators into three classes and two one-parameter families, and use this system to classify 99 asteroids with known shapes. I also classify locked satellites into four classes and three one-parameter families; then I use this system to classify 20 small moonlets with known shapes, with a particular application to Mars’ satellite Phobos. The results of this study have implications for the geology and geodesy of small bodies throughout the Solar system.
Resilience and Governance

After understanding the definitions and fundamentals of resilience, a natural extension includes how resilience is applied within the theory and practice of governance. As with any philosophy or analytical practice, resilience does not exist in a vacuum, and instead is applied alongside complementary practices of industry requirements and best practices of analyzing and managing risk. In this chapter, we unpack the critical questions of (a) what does resilience governance entail and (b) how has resilience been discussed and onboarded in various governing paradigms and practices in the United States and internationally? While current scholarly discussion in this area is limited, we can deduce governing procedures and priorities from various government agency policy documents and statements, as well as similar guiding principles laid out by industry, to indicate where resilience governance might be headed in the near-term future.
Estimates of the Percentage of US Adults With Diabetes Who Could Be Screened for Diabetic Retinopathy in Primary Care Settings.

Importance Prior studies found that screening for diabetic retinopathy (DR) in primary care settings using telemedicine increased screening rates among individuals with diabetes. This finding has led to interest in expanding the use of primary care–based screening for DR. Objective To estimate the percentages of US adults with diabetes and high-risk US adults with diabetes who have regular contact with primary care physicians and therefore could potentially receive timely screening for DR in primary care settings. Design, Setting, and Participants The empirical analyses used data from the cross-sectional population-based 2016 National Health Interview Survey on US adults 18 years or older with self-reported diabetes (n = 3229). Based on previous research, individuals who had lower income, lower educational levels, or type 2 diabetes; who were African American or Hispanic, uninsured, or not using insulin or oral medication for diabetes; or who did not have DR were defined as being at high risk of missing recommended eye examinations. Data were collected throughout 2016 and analyzed from July 17 through November 5, 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Outcomes were whether an individual visited a primary care physician and whether an individual missed having a dilated eye examination in the past year. Results The survey sample included 3229 participants. Using weighted percentages of the full sample, 15.3% (95% CI, 13.8%-17.0%) had lower income, 19.7% (95% CI, 17.8%-21.6%) had lower educational levels, 15.4% (95% CI, 13.5%-17.4%) were African American, 16.0% (95% CI, 13.7%-18.6%) were Hispanic, 6.1% (95% CI, 4.9%-7.5%) were uninsured, and 50.1% (95% CI, 47.7%-52.4%) were female; the mean age was 60.1 years (95% CI, 59.4-60.8 years). In addition, 87.7% (95% CI, 85.9%-89.3%) visited a primary care physician in the past year. Of those who did not receive a dilated eye examination in the past year, 82.2% (95% CI, 78.4%-85.4%) visited a primary care physician during the year. Except for the uninsured subgroup, more than 78% of each high-risk subgroup had visited a primary care physician in the past year. Conclusions and Relevance Screening for DR in primary care settings has the potential to provide timely screening to a large portion of US adults with diabetes because most US adults with diabetes, including those at high-risk of missing recommended eye examinations, have regular contact with primary care physicians.
Design and analysis for quantitative research in music education

Miksza and Elpus present a substantive resource, comprising 16 chapters, focused on educating the reader about quantitative research design specific to music education research. They start with a P...
The Multiple Ways Nuclei Scale on a Multinucleated Muscle Cell Scale.

In mononucleated cells, nuclear size scales with cell size, but does this relationship extend to multinucleated cells? In this issue of Developmental Cell, Windner et al. (2019) examine scaling of nuclei in multinucleated Drosophila muscle fibers and identify global and local cellular inputs that contribute to nuclear size regulation.
International Weather Highlights 2018: Winter Storms, Blistering Heat Waves, Japan's Summer of Extremes

The year started off with a wild variety of weather extremes, from bitter cold and snow in Asia to blistering heat in Australia. Summer saw record heat waves from North America to Asia, along with ...
Hepatic Stress Response in HCV Infection Promotes STAT3-Mediated Inhibition of HNF4A-miR-122 Feedback Loop in Liver Fibrosis and Cancer Progression

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection compromises the natural defense mechanisms of the liver leading to a progressive end stage disease such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The hepatic stress response generated due to viral replication in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) undergoes a stepwise transition from adaptive to pro-survival signaling to improve host cell survival and liver disease progression. The minute details of hepatic pro-survival unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling that contribute to HCC development in cirrhosis are unknown. This study shows that the UPR sensor, the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), mediates the pro-survival signaling through nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation in a persistent HCV infection model of Huh-7.5 liver cells. The NRF2-mediated STAT3 activation in persistently infected HCV cell culture model resulted in the decreased expression of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4A), a major liver-specific transcription factor. The stress-induced inhibition of HNF4A expression resulted in a significant reduction of liver-specific microRNA-122 (miR-122) transcription. It was found that the reversal of hepatic adaptive pro-survival signaling and restoration of miR-122 level was more efficient by interferon (IFN)-based antiviral treatment than direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). To test whether miR-122 levels could be utilized as a biomarker of hepatic adaptive stress response in HCV infection, serum miR-122 level was measured among healthy controls, and chronic HCV patients with or without cirrhosis. Our data show that serum miR-122 expression level remained undetectable in most of the patients with cirrhosis (stage IV fibrosis), suggesting that the pro-survival UPR signaling increases the risk of HCC through STAT3-mediated suppression of miR-122. In conclusion, our data indicate that hepatic pro-survival UPR signaling suppresses the liver-specific HNF4A and its downstream target miR-122 in cirrhosis. These results provide an explanation as to why cirrhosis is a risk factor for the development of HCC in chronic HCV infection.
Optimizing nitroxide biradicals for cross-effect MAS-DNP: the role of g-tensors' distance.

Nitroxide biradicals are common polarizing agents used to enhance the sensitivity of solid-state NMR experiments via Magic Angle Spinning Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (MAS-DNP). These biradicals are used to increase the polarization of protons through the cross-effect mechanism, which requires two unpaired electrons with a Larmor frequency difference greater than that of the protons. From their early conception, the relative orientation of the nitroxide rings has been identified as a critical factor determining their MAS-DNP performance. However, the MAS leads to a complex DNP mechanism with time dependent energy level anti-crossings making it difficult to pinpoint the role of relative g-tensor orientation. In this article, a single parameter called “g-tensors’ distance” is introduced to characterize the relative orientation's impact on the MAS-DNP field profiles. It is demonstrated for the first time how the g-tensors’ distance determines the nuclear hyperpolarization and depolarization properties of a given biradical. This provides a new critical parameter that paves the way for more efficient bis-nitroxides for MAS-DNP.
Editorial: Technologization of Global Citizenship Education as Response to Challenges of Globalization

Cultural, linguistic, and economic exchanges between communities, including nations, are as old as civilization itself, but only recently did such exchanges receive an appropriate and universally recognized name: globalization. Naming the process caused a significant shift in how globalization came to be perceived, and it has become an important issue in political agendas, economic policies, and cultural aspirations. In other words, globalization helped shape and refine debates about global interconnections and interdependence, universality of human rights, and the importance of economic and social justice.
Repurposing Design Process

The fashion industry has innumerable damaging impacts to the environment (Zaffalon, Text World 16:34, 2010). Presently, the vast majority of all textile-based products, including clothing and home good fashions, end up in landfills (Kozlowski et al. J Clean Prod 183:197-207, 2018). Consumers often purchase new clothing because the style is outdated rather than because of lack of functionality. In other words, what consumers discard can still be functional and valuable in another form. The current phenomenon of fast fashion and increased turnover of merchandise has led to an abundant quantity of functional production-level textile waste and secondhand clothing (Fletcher, Sustainable fashion and textiles design journeys. Earthscan, London, 2008). It has been suggested that the greatest opportunity for reclaimed fashion goods is to repurpose them into new products (Hawley, Recycling in textiles. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, 2006a; Hawley, Cloth Text Res J 24: 262, 2006b). Design efforts that employ reuse, repurposing, or upcycling techniques could assist in assigning renewed value from unwanted yet still functional, discarded clothing.
Finitarily Splitting Skew Products

Skew products with ergodic automorphisms of compact abelian groups arise naturally in several contexts. For example, suppose S is an automorphism of the compact group G, and H is an S-invariant closed subgroup. By taking a measurable cross section to the quotient map G → G/H, the transformation S can be regarded as a skew product of the quotient automorphism SG/H with the restriction SH of S to H. We can study S by studying the simpler components, SG/H and SH, and how they are joined in a skew product. This method was used in proving that ergodic automorphisms of compact groups are measure theoretically isomorphic to Bernoulli shifts [3]. Crucial to this method is the result that if SH is ergodic, then the skew product S measure theoretically splits into the direct product SG/H × SH.
Characterizing the Surgeon Learning Curve in Instrumented Minimally Invasive Spinal Surgery: Does the Evidence Account for Training and Experience? A Systematic Literature Review.

STUDY DESIGN This was a systematic literature review. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this systematic literature review was to aggregate all evidence characterizing the learning curve of instrumented minimally invasive surgery (MIS) techniques in spinal surgery and summarize what, if any, consideration has been given to surgeon training and experience. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA MIS techniques have become prevalent in spine surgery given the ability to diminish the intraoperative footprint, translating to quicker patient recovery, and improved long-term outcomes. However, technical demand on the surgeon can be significant, particularly during the procedural adoption (learning curve) phase. Many studies have sought to quantify the duration and severity of these learning curve phases, with the intent to characterize MIS procedural appropriateness and safety. However, while these studies are robust regarding outcome metrics, it is not well understood whether they adequately characterize surgeon training and experience. METHODS A systematic literature review was performed in the PubMed and MEDLINE databases in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. All inclusion articles were screened for statements regarding surgeon experience/training. Statements were further classified by the types of metrics/variables utilized to establish a contextual history of experience/training. Descriptive statistics were reported. RESULTS Initial search criteria yielded 458 articles, 12 met final inclusion. Seven articles (58.3%) attempted a summary statement of experience which acknowledged at least one of the following metrics: total years in practice (41.7%), years/number of cases performed using the traditional/gold-standard technique (16.7%), specification of residency/fellowship training (16.7%), use/nonuse of cadaveric or course/lab training (16.7%), and/or design of operating team (8.3%). No articles considered experience as a quantitative variable in their study analyses. CONCLUSIONS Spine MIS learning curve studies for instrumented fusion procedures provide inadequate context/characterization of surgeon experience and training. Future efforts leveraging learning curve methodology utilized in other surgical specialties would be beneficial.