cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generalizing MRI Subcortical Segmentation to Neurodegeneration

Many neurodegenerative diseases like Huntington’s disease (HD) affect the subcortical structures of the brain, especially the caudate and the putamen. Automated segmentation of subcortical structures from MRI scans is thus important in HD studies. LiviaNET [2] is the state-of-the-art deep learning approach for subcortical segmentation. As all learning-based models, this approach requires appropriate training data. While annotated healthy control images are relatively easy to obtain, generating such annotations for each new disease population can be prohibitively expensive. In this work, we explore LiviaNET variants using well-known strategies for improving performance, to make it more generalizable to patients with substantial neurodegeneration. Specifically, we explored Res-blocks in our convolutional neural network, and we also explored manipulating the input to the network as well as random elastic deformations for data augmentation. We tested our method on images from the PREDICT-HD dataset, which includes control and HD subjects. We trained on control subjects and tested on both controls and HD patients. Compared to the original LiviaNET, we improved the accuracy of most structures, both for controls and for HD patients. The caudate has the most pronounced improvement in HD subjects with the proposed modifications to LiviaNET, which is noteworthy since caudate is known to be severely atrophied in HD. This suggests our extensions may improve the generalization ability of LiviaNET to cohorts where significant neurodegeneration is present, without needing to be retrained.
Research with a Transformative Activist Agenda: Creating the Future Through Education for Social Change

A transformative activist stance is a theoretically grounded model for educational research based on a radically revised theory of human development and learning. Its purpose is to advance a transf...
Applying the Identification Model

This chapter further builds on the research about donor motives by applying one specific model to higher education and alumni giving. The identification theory of philanthropy is based on eight variables that influence charitable giving decisions (Schervish in Critical issues in fundraising. Wiley, New York, 1997). Two of these, communities of participation and frameworks of consciousness, provide particular insights and application strategies in relation to the alumni and alma mater dynamic. Examples illustrate the model and an exercise demonstrates its application for fundraising novices. The exercise is also a teaching tool for experienced academic leaders to show other faculty how to engage potential donors empathically, rather than leading with institutional fundraising needs.
Preliminary assessment of the subjective effects of electronic-cigarettes in young-adult low-dose electronic-cigarette users: Effects of nicotine dose and e-liquid flavor.

Objective The present study evaluated the effects of nicotine concentration (0-10 mg/ml) and flavor (gummy bear vs unflavored) on the subjective experiences of vaporized nicotine in young adult low-dose nicotine (3 mg/ml) ECIG users. Participants Eight young adult ECIG users were recruited. Methods A single blinded crossover study was used. Participants were instructed to take ten 1.5 second puffs, each separated by 20 seconds. After self-administration, heart rate was recorded, and participants completed the Drug Effects, Direct Effects of Nicotine, and Direct Effects of ECIG questionnaires. Results ECIG user's standard daily nicotine dose influenced the rewarding and aversive effects of nicotine as the 10 mg/ml dose was found to be aversive in this user group. The combination of flavor and nicotine increased the subjective effects of ECIGs. Conclusions Flavored e-liquids contribute to the reinforcing properties of nicotine by enhancing the subjective effects, which may lead to continued ECIG use.
Online research group supervision: Structure, support and community

This article focuses on online research group supervision in an online doctoral programme. The analysis of interviews with 10 graduates supervised online in research groups of 4–6 students during t...
La genética como discurso político: la escuela primaria rural y la transformación indígena (Tarapacá, 1880-1920).

This article analyzes the Chilean state discourse in relation to the promotion of primary school agency in the province of Tarapaca (1880-1920) as an instrument of cultural reform of indigeneous people, qualified as Peruvian or Bolivian. Concepts of ethnicity and subalternity will be central for this study.
“Unless she gives better satisfaction”: Teachers, ProtestantEducation, and Community in Rural Quebec, Lochaber and GoreDistrict, 1863-1945

This study explores the complex relationships from 1863 to 1945 between the Board of School Trustees of Lochaber and Gore, its teachers, and parents, to reveal how these different parties influenced, resisted, and consented to changes in local schooling. Thus, the analysis moves away from a social control model which has dominated the literature on schooling in Quebec to reveal the local dynamics at work in the community. The Protestants of Lochaber and Gore were a microcosm of the larger Protestant community in Quebec. All of the problems associated with rural education in poor regions across Quebec, such as teacher transiency, widespread poverty and a modest tax base, the primitive nature of one-room schoolhouses, and conflict between the seasonal demands of agriculture and school time, existed here. This investigation is based on historical documents from the Archives of the Western Quebec School Board in addition to newspaper accounts and local histories.
Evidence on the Usefulness of Capitalizing and Amortizing Research and Development Costs

In this paper, we provide evidence on the potential informational benefits of capitalizing and amortizing R&D costs by comparing the extent to which financial statements that reflect alternative R&D accounting schemes explain the cross-sectional distribution of share prices. We find that adjusting reported earnings and book values to reflect capitalization and amortization of R&D costs according to a one-size-fits-all accounting rule results in a small but statistically significant increase in the extent to which those measures explain the distribution of share prices. This improvement is even greater when the amortization period for R&D costs is allowed to vary across industry groups. However, when the R&D components of earnings and book values are disaggregated in order to permit them to relate to prices differentially, the difference in explanatory power between reported and adjusted accounting numbers is substantially reduced. Finally, we find that slope coefficients relating R&D expense to price do not differ significantly from those relating depreciation to price, and that slope coefficients for the R&D asset do not differ significantly from those for property, plant, and equipment. These results suggest that even simple capitalization and amortization rules for R&D costs that allow little discretion have the potential to increase the usefulness of accounting numbers as a basis for valuation.
Neuronal plasticity in aging: a quantitative immunohistochemical study of GAP-43 distribution in discrete regions of the rat brain

Age-related changes in neuroplasticity have been investigated considering the neuronal growth-associated protein GAP-43 as a marker of nerve cell structural adaptive capabilities. We carried out a quantitative immunohistochemical study on the distribution of GAP-43 in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex, in the inner molecular layer of the hippocampal dentate gyrus, in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 region, in layer 1 of the cingulate cortex and in the nerve fiber layer of the main olfactory bulb of 3-, 18- and 31-month-old Wistar rats. A decrease of GAP-43 immunoreactivity was observed in the old rats in comparison with the adult animals in all the 5 areas analyzed, although these variations were only statistically significant in the dentate gyrus, cingulate cortex and olfactory bulb. In these latter zones, GAP-43 immunolabeling is reduced by 54, 42 and 38%, respectively, in the old versus the adult group. Comparing these data with the age-dependent decrease of neuron density innervating the areas investigated, we support the hypothesis that the decline of GAP-43 observed in old animals documents a consistent reduction of axon plasticity in the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus and in layer 1 of the cingulate cortex. These results suggest an important role of GAP-43 as a marker of age-dependent deterioration of synaptic plasticity, especially in those areas of the brain involved in memory and emotional behavior.
IL-7Rα and E47: independent pathways required for development of multipotent lymphoid progenitors

Mice that lack the transcription factors encoded by the E2A gene or the receptor for interleukin 7 (IL-7R) have severe overlapping defects in lymphocyte development. Here, we show that E2A proteins are required for the survival of early T-lineage cells; however, they function through a pathway that is distinct from the survival pathway initiated by IL-7R signaling. While E2A proteins are required to suppress caspase 3 activation, ectopic expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 is not sufficient to overcome the lymphopoietic defects observed in the absence of E2A. Remarkably, mice that lack both IL-7Rα and E47 display a synergistic decrease in the number of T-cell, NK-cell and multipotent progenitors in the thymus, indicating that these distinct survival pathways converge to promote the development of multipotent lymphoid progenitors.
Preparation of [123I]‐ and [125I]epidepride: A dopamine D‐2 receptor antagonist radioligand

(S)-(−)-N-[(1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-5-[123I]iodo-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide (TDP 517) (proposed generic name, [123I]epidepride) is the iodine-123 substituted analogue of isoremoxipride (FLB 457), both of which are very potent dopamine D-2 antagonists (epidepride KD 0.024 nM). [123I]Epidepride was radioiodinated in 60–70% radiochemical yields in 35 min from the corresponding 5-(tributyltin) derivative using Na123I with a specific radioactivity of 3000 Ci/mmol, and oxidized in situ with chloramine-T. The aryltin precursor was prepared from non-labelled epidepride by palladium-catalyzed stannylation using bis(tri-n-butyltin) in triethylamine. Alternatively, using no carrier-added Na125I as the radioisotope, [125I]epidepride at 2000 Ci/mmol specific radioactivity was prepared in 86% radiochemical yield and 99% radiochemical purity after purification by reverse phase HPLC in ethanolic phosphate buffer.
Aberrant Cortical Morphometry in the 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome

Abstract Background There is increased risk of developing psychosis in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). Although this condition is associated with morphologic brain abnormalities, simultaneous examination of multiple high-resolution measures of cortical structure has not been performed. Methods Fifty-three patients with 22q11DS, 30 with psychotic symptoms, were compared with demographically matched nondeleted youths: 53 typically developing and 53 with psychotic symptoms. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging measures of cerebral volume, cortical thickness, surface area, and an index of local gyrification were obtained and compared between groups. Results Patients with 22q11DS demonstrated global increases in cortical thickness associated with reductions in surface area, reduced index of local gyrification, and lower cerebral volumes relative to typically developing controls. Findings were principally in the frontal lobe, superior parietal lobes, and in the paramedian cerebral cortex. Focally decreased thickness was seen in the superior temporal gyrus and posterior cingulate cortex in 22q11DS relative to nondeleted groups. Patterns between nondeleted participants with psychotic symptoms and 22q11DS were similar but with important differences in several regions implicated in schizophrenia. Post hoc analysis suggested that like the 22q11DS group, cortical thickness in nondeleted individuals with psychotic symptoms differed from typically developing controls in the superior frontal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus, regions previously linked to schizophrenia. Conclusions Simultaneous examination of multiple measures of cerebral architecture demonstrates that differences in 22q11DS localize to regions of the frontal, superior parietal, superior temporal, and paramidline cerebral cortex. The overlapping patterns between nondeleted participants with psychotic symptoms and 22q11DS suggest partially shared neuroanatomic substrates.
Amelioration of cancer anorexia resides in the hypothalamus

†p , 0.05 air vs CO2 ,‡p , 0.001 air vs CO2 & He (Bonferroni-Multiple Comparisons test) Changes in gene expression following exposure to a CO2 pneumoperitoneum MMP CC531s SW480 PSN-1 T3M4
β-Casomorphins: Analysis in Cheese and Susceptibility to Proteolytic Enzymes from Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris

Abstract Commercial cheese products were surveyed for β -casomorphin peptides. Two extraction methods were compared: 1) water and 2) chloroform and methanol. Peptide profiles were determined using reverse=phase HPLC and multiple wavelength detection. β -Casomorphin standards were used for comparison with cheese peptide profiles. Results indicated that peptides were present in cheeses with HPLC elution times that were similar to those for β -casomorphins. However, comparison of absorbancies of the peaks at multiple wavelength did not indicate peptides similar to β -casomorphins. Therefore, β -casomorphins were absent, or concentrations were below the HPLC detection threshold for β -casomorphins of 2μg/ml of cheese extract. The susceptibility of β -casomorphins to the proteolytic systems of a commercial strain of Lactococcus lactic ssp. cremoris was investigated. β -Casomorphin standards were incubated at 4°C with bacterial cell lysate at pH 5.0, 5.2, 5.4, and 5.7. Salt concentrations varied among 0, 1.5, and 5%. The concentration of added β -casomorphins and the degradation products were monitored over 15 wk using HPLC. Enzymatic degradation of β -casomorphins was influenced by the combination of pH and salt concentrations at cheese ripening temperatures. Therefore, if formed in cheese, β -casomorphins may be degraded under conditions common for Cheddar cheese.
Sidemarkers and teddy bears: An application of winnicott's ideas in paediatric radiography

Abstract This paper outlines an application of psychoanalysis in the tradition of Donald Winnicott in the clinical practice of paediatric diagnostic radiography. A practical way in which psychoanalytic theory may be employed in the care of essentially ‘normal’ children and their parents in the ‘abnormal’ setting of a district general hospital is demonstrated. The themes of holding and the effect of impingements, transitional phenomena and creative apperception and experiencing are addressed. A brief case study of one 15-month-old child is presented.
L'interminable départ : topos de l'évanescence rimbaldienne

It is markedly paradoxical that the problematics of departure, metonymy of the relentless pursuit of otherness, adopts in the Rimbaldian universe a topological significance. As a discursive figure (an awkwardly intoned topos) that pervades and overtakes the poetic field, the privileged act of movement, of escape, of physical displacement no less than the the semiotic conversion and versified transcription of this quest for else and elsewhere - compellingly overdetermines the structuration of the text and all co-extensive resonances it yields. A curious dynamic is thus birthed and sustained, forging, in large measure, the "slippage" of coordinates and the work's oft cited imperviousness.
Dynamic multi-component covalent assembly for the reversible binding of secondary alcohols and chirality sensing.

Reversible covalent bonding is often used for the creation of novel supramolecular structures, multi-component assemblies and sensing ensembles. Despite the remarkable success of dynamic covalent systems, the reversible binding of a mono-alcohol with high strength is challenging. Here, we show that a strategy of carbonyl activation and hemiaminal ether stabilization can be embodied in a four-component reversible assembly that creates a tetradentate ligand and incorporates secondary alcohols with exceptionally high affinity. Evidence is presented that the intermediate leading to binding and exchange of alcohols is an iminium ion. To demonstrate the use of this assembly process we also explored chirality sensing and enantiomeric excess determinations. An induced twist in the ligand by a chiral mono-ol results in large Cotton effects in the circular dichroism spectra indicative of the handedness of the alcohol. The strategy revealed in this study should prove broadly applicable for the incorporation of alcohols into supramolecular architecture construction. The reversible covalent binding of mono-alcohols with high affinity is challenging because of their poor nucleophilicity. A multi-component assembly has now been used to achieve reversible binding of secondary alcohols through iminium activation and product stabilization. Moreover, such assemblies can be used to determine alcohol chirality and enantiomeric excess.
The diagnosis and management of ocular lymphoma.

ABSTRACTPurposeLymphoma is the most common malignancy of the ocular adnexa. Most of the ocular adnexa lymphomas are non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas. The most common type of ocular adnexa lymphoma is primary extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of the MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue). Most o
Small cell carcinoma of the bladder. Report of five cases with immunohistochemistry and review of the literature with evaluation of prognosis according to stage

Five cases of small cell carcinoma (SCC) of the bladder are reported with pathologic and immunohistochemical findings and clinical follow-up. Sixteen additional cases reported in the literature are studied and staged according to depth of tumor infiltration of the bladder wall. In our series of five cases and those reviewed from the literature, survival appeared to be dependent on stage of the tumor, analogous to the more common transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). We report two of five patients with the longest recorded follow-up times in the literature who are alive with no evidence of disease at 4 and 6 years. Contrary to the belief that SCC of the bladder is an aggressive, rapidly disseminating tumor similar to SCC of the lung, our findings support the notion that this is a potentially curable neoplasm with a prognosis that appears to be dependent on stage and surgical resectability.
Oxygen insufficiency during hypoxic hypoxia in rat brain cortex

To relate cerebral oxygen sufficiency and insufficiency with arterial tension, reduction/oxidation responses of the initial and terminal members of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (NADH and cytochrome c oxidase) were recorded in situ by optical techniques when increased cerebral energy use was provoked by direct electrical stimulation. Small decreases in paO2, produced by forced ventilation of hypoxic gas mixtures, resulted in decreased amplitude of the characteristic negative shift in extracellular potential which accompanies such stimulation and smaller oxidative response of NADH and cytochrome oxidase. When paO2 fell below 40–50 Torr, stimulation produced reductive rather than oxidative shifts of the mitochondrial respiratory chain components. The data suggest that hen arterial oxygen tension is slightly decreased, compensating mechanisms allow brain function to continue with minimal changes in cortical metabolites and high energy phosphate compounds. When arterial oxygen falls below 40–50 Torr, however, compensation can no longer prevent tissue hypoxia during times of increased energy demand. Thus, hypoxemia is not necessarily synonymous with oxygen insufficiency, but oxygen sufficiency must be defined with due regard to the degree of energy demand.
Effects of prolonged exposure to alkaline pH on Enterococcus faecalis survival and specific gene transcripts.

Introduction The persistence of Enterococcus faecalis in treated root canals has been attributed to its resistance to the high pH of antimicrobial agents used during treatment, but the specific mechanisms are not clear. We investigated the survival and gene expression of E. faecalis maintained in alkaline media. Methods E. faecalis JH2-2 was maintained in media at pH 7, 10, 11 and 12 at either 25 degrees C or 37 degrees C for 1 week (168 h). At 24, 48, 72, 120 and 168 h, cell viability was determined in parallel with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses of stress response genes (dnaK, fba, ftsZ, GroEL, napA, pbp5, tsf and tuf). Results After 1 week the E. faecalis showed survival levels of 100% in pH 7, 1% in pH 10, 0.001% in pH 11 and 0.00001% in pH 12 media. At 37 degrees C increased levels of gene transcripts occurred between 72 and 120 h in pH 7 media for ftsZ and dnaK, and in pH 10 media for ftsZ, pbp5, dnaK, napA, tsf, fba and GroEL. No increase in transcripts was observed at 37 degrees C in media at pH 11 or pH 12, nor at 25 degrees C in any media. Conclusion Transcripts of ftsZ, a gene involved in cell division, increased by 37-fold after 120 h at pH 10 at 37 degrees C. Overall, the greatest increase in levels of gene transcripts occurred in cultures maintained in pH 10 media at 37 degrees C. These data may assist in understanding the survival strategies of E. faecalis following prolonged exposure to alkaline pH levels.
Contentious Public Religion: Two Conceptions of Islam in Revolutionary Iran Ali Shari`ati and Abdolkarim Soroush

Theorists of secularization considered modernity an irreversible process of differentiation between mutually exclusive spheres of private vs public life. In contrast, proponents of a new paradigm argue that differentiation has strengthened religion in modern society through the establishment of religious market economies. Contrary to both views, the resurgence of religious movements in the last 20 years, particularly Islamist movements, has introduced a new form of contentious public religion that calls into question the interconnectedness of modernity with the privatization of religion. This article shows how the reintroduction of religion in the public sphere contributed to a new understanding of Islam and its relation to contemporary social life. Two distinct articulations of Islam before and after the Iranian revolution of 1979 are examined, those of Ali Shari`ati and Abdolkarim Soroush. Whereas Shari`ati transformed Islam into an ideology of social change, in his ideology critique, Soroush reinstated...
Infection control policies and hospital-associated infections among surgical patients: variability and associations in a multicenter pediatric setting.

Background. Hospital-associated infections are an important cause of patient morbidity and death. Little is known about the variability of infection rates and infection control practices among pediatric hospitals. Methods. This cross-sectional study was performed with the Pediatric Health Information System database, which includes demographic and diagnostic data for 35 freestanding, noncompeting, children's hospitals, and with data from a survey of the hospitals, which yielded additional information on infection control policies and practices. Patients undergoing elective surgical procedures were included in this study. Results. Of the 35 eligible hospitals, 31 (89%) chose to participate in the survey component of this study. A total of 48278 patients met the inclusion criteria for the study; 2.3% of these patients had respiratory infections and 0.8% had gastrointestinal infections. The frequency of patients diagnosed with respiratory or gastrointestinal infections varied considerably among the hospitals and ranged from <1% to 6%. Certain infection control processes also varied among the hospitals during the study period. For instance, of the 31 hospitals, 12 monitored hand hygiene, 19 had administrative support of hand hygiene, and 16 had alcohol hand gel present for the entire study period. The presence of alcohol hand gel for the entire study was strongly and independently associated with lower odds of gastrointestinal infections (adjusted odds ratio: 0.64; 95% confidence interval: 0.49-0.85). Conclusions. Hospitals should support the use of alcohol hand gel, with the aim of decreasing hospital-associated infection rates.
Calcium carbonate dissolution rates in deep-sea bivalve shells on the East Pacific Rise at 21°N: results of an 8-year in-situ experiment

Abstract Analysis of shell fragments of two common deep-sea hydrothermal vent bivalves, the vesicomyid clam Calyptogena magnifica and the mytilid Bathymodiolus thermophilus, deployed more than 100 m from any active hydrothermal vent location at 20°50′N, 109°06′W on the East Pacific Rise indicates significant variation of calcium carbonate dissolution in in-situ exposures of more than 8 years. Shell fragments embedded in epoxy blocks, mounted on a buoyed and anchored polypropylene line, and deployed by DSV Alvin (depth = 2615 m) were continuously exposed to ambient seawater (∼2°C) conditions immediately above the seafloor. The mean dissolution rate for the aragonitic shell of C. magnifica amounted to 27.7 μm/yr. Dissolution rates varied significantly among different shell layers of the clam, with the middle fine to irregular complex crossed lamellar shell layer exhibiting the lowest rates (mean = 22.2 μm/yr) and the irregular prismatic shell layer the highest rates (mean = 36.9 μm/yr). In the mytilid B. thermophilus, the dissolution rate of the aragonitic shell layer averaged 41.6 μm/yr, while that of the calcitic shell layer was immeasurable. The rates of calcium carbonate dissolution reported here for a ridge-crest site remote from any active hydrothermal vent are much lower than those previously documented for active vent sites at 21°N, the Guaymas Basin (Southern Trough), and Galapagos Rift (Rose Garden). Assuming a constant rate of dissolution, we estimate that empty adult shell valves of C. magnifica at the experimental site would dissolve completely in a period of ∼300 years, which has important implications for determining the longevity of hydrothermal vent activity along the rise axis.
Long-acting injectable antipsychotics in the elderly: guidelines for effective use.

The elderly are at increased risk for psychosis because of age-related deterioration of cortical areas and neurochemical changes, comorbid physical illnesses, social isolation, sensory deficits and polypharmacy. The prevalence of psychiatric and neuropsychiatric disorders requiring treatment with an antipsychotic agent is expected to increase dramatically among people aged >64 years. Antipsychotic agents are effective in the treatment of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, behavioural symptoms in patients with dementia, and mood disorders with psychosis. However, failure to adhere to a prescribed medication regimen by patients with psychosis is one of the most frustrating problems faced by mental healthcare providers, because of the high risk of relapse associated with partial compliance. For patients with psychosis who will not or cannot take oral medications on a regular daily basis or have other characteristics, such as memory, vision or auditory impairment, which contribute to partial compliance, long-acting injectable antipsychotic medication offers a solution. Older patients are especially at risk of adverse effects associated with traditional antipsychotic agents, such as motor effects, postural hypotension, excessive sedation, and anticholinergic effects because of age-related pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors, coexisting medical illnesses and concomitant medications. Therefore, drug dosage recommendations in the elderly are much more conservative than in younger patients. The appropriate starting dose of an antipsychotic in older individuals is 25% of the usual adult dose; total daily maintenance doses ranges from 25–50% of the adult dose. There are few studies regarding the use of depot antipsychotics in elderly patients. Studies that are available indicate that traditional antipsychotic agents given as depot injections are associated with positive outcomes in the elderly. Because the risks for extrapyramidal symptoms and tardive dyskinesia are reduced dramatically with atypical antipsychotics compared with traditional agents, the development of long-acting atypical antipsychotic formulations has been pursued. Of the atypical antipsychotics, risperidone is the first agent to be approved in a long-acting injectable formulation. Unpublished clinical data have revealed that patients treated with long-acting injectable risperidone (25mg, 50mg or 75mg) are more likely to show significant clinical improvement than placebo. In addition, hospitalisation rates decreased continuously and significantly during 1 year of treatment for patients who received long-acting injectable risperidone. Long-acting injectable antipsychotic medication should be considered for older patients for whom long-term treatment is indicated. The choice of which drug to use should be based on patients’ history of response and personal preference, clinician’s previous experience and pharmacokinetic properties.
Predicting Parental Home and School Involvement in High School African American Adolescents.

Predictors of parental home and school involvement for high school adolescents were examined within two groups of urban African American parents from various socioeconomic levels. Home involvement was defined as parent-adolescent communication about school and learning, while school involvement was defined in terms of parent attendance and participation in school events. Parental demographic variables, educational aspirations for their adolescents, and perceptions of teacher support were examined to determine how they predicted home and school involvement. In the first group, comprised of generally lower socioeconomic parents, educational aspirations predicted home involvement while educational aspirations, parent education, and perceived teacher support predicted school involvement. For the second group, composed of generally higher socioeconomic parents, educational aspirations and perceived teacher support predicted home involvement. Surprisingly, none of the context variables significantly predicted school involvement in African American parents from higher socioeconomic levels. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
“Turned out of doors:” voluntary return and captive agency in the case of Mary prince

This article examines Mary Prince's 1831 account of her life in colonial slavery in order to ascertain her position as West Indian “slave” in England and her contingent status as a “free British subject” as long as she remained immobilized and bound to a nation to which she was a stranger. Prince's representation of her “captivity” in England poses crucial questions as to whether she can simultaneously claim to be a free and West Indian subject. In thus situating Prince's narrative, a more complex and multifaceted discussion of gender, home, freedom, and agency emerges from her struggles to assert her autonomy from her master and return to Antigua as a free woman. In this reading of Prince's autobiographical narrative, her representation of being “turned out of doors” by her master in England radically reconfigures the meaning of freedom and posits an instance of slave agency characterized by the disavowal of free will.
Phonemic Processes in Children's Listening and Reading Comprehension

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the role of phonemic activation in children's listening and reading comprehension. Phonemically confusing stories were presented in a listening comprehension task to kindergarten and second-grade children and in a reading comprehension task to second-grade children only. Rhymes induced phonemic confusion more consistently than did alliteratives in both the listening and reading tasks at both grade levels, suggesting that rhyme is inherently more confusing than alliteration, and furthermore, that phonemic information is activated in similar ways when children listen and when they read silently. Children's reading skill was also assessed to examine a possible relationship between reading skill and phonemic sensitivity, but no significant interactions between children's reading skill and their sensitivity to phonemic confusion were found in the reading task. In the listening task, all groups showed phonemic confusion in gist recall scores, but prereaders were less likely than readers to exhibit susceptibility to phonemic confusion in verbatim recall scores.
BEHAVIOR THERAPY: A REVIEW.

The questionable effectiveness of traditional psychodynamic psychotherapies and the development of brief new treatment techniques derived from modern learning theory have stimulated interest in applications of conditioning procedures to behavior disorders. A review of this literature revealed that behavior therapies have been applied to many neurotic and psychotic disorders, and have been most successful with disorders involving specific maladaptive behaviors. Conditioning procedures were highly effective with phobic reactions, anxiety reactions, enuresis, stuttering, and tics, but disappointing with alcoholism and some sexual disorders. Cures seemed long-lasting, with remarkably little evidence of the symptom substitution predicted by psychodynamic depth theories. Behavior therapy offers promising opportunities for the application of well-established psychological principles to the treatment of maladaptive behavior. (4 p. ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)
The acoustic modes of superfluid helium in a waveguide partially packed with superleak

We have measured the velocities of the two acoustic modes of superfluid helium contained in an annular waveguide packed to a fraction of its depth with superleak material. The depth of the superleak was varied and the dependence of the velocities on the depth was determined. The results are compared with theory and good agreement is found. Explanations for some observed departures are discussed.
A Road Less Traveled (with Apologies to Robert Frost)

Allow me to spend a few minutes with you talking about how I got to where I am and sharing some thoughts on the future of digital science. It is a story of juxtapositions, some predictable, others not. But above all, it is a story of a road less traveled.
A new serious adverse event in a gene therapy study.

Attention was recently focused on the tragic death of a patient in a gene therapy study of severe rheumatoid arthritis. The patient was a relatively young woman suffering from long-standing but not life-threatening disease. The facts underlying her death are not yet clear. But there is no convincing evidence that this patient's death was caused by the intra-articular injection of the AAV vector, as was prematurely and so forcefully implied in some initial press reports. Of course, the study was placed on clinical hold until the causes of death could be ascertained, and questions as to whether and how to proceed with this study must obviously await the outcome of many ongoing investigations. Nevertheless, several things are already clear about the occurrence of such serious adverse events and their implication for the field of gene therapy. Rigor and prudence require that we always examine all serious adverse events to rule out a connection with the experimental procedure when no connection exists. Equally important, we must always be prepared to identify those rarer instances in which adverse events are truly related to the experimental procedure and that, therefore, require a change of experimental design.
Torsional Oscillations and Solar Magnetic Fields

Torsional magneto-mechanical oscillations of finite amplitude in an idealized non-uniformly rotating star that possesses a poloidal magnetic field are governed, in a first approximation, by a pair of linear wave equations. The approximation is valid if the rotational energy and the magnetic energy are small compared with the gravitational energy. Making various assumptions about the form of the poloidal field, we derive numerical estimates for the period of the fundamental mode (table 1), and discuss the results as they relate to the problem of solar variability.
Velcade displays promising activity in primary effusion lymphoma cells.

Commentary to: The Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib (PS-341) Inhibits Growth and Induces Apoptosis in Primary Effusion Lymphoma Cells Hittu Matta and Preet M. Chaudhary
Penetrating Wounds of the Esophagus

Abstract The histories of 22 patients with perforation of the esophagus from bullet or stab wounds who were treated at Grady Memorial Hospital between August, 1964, and July, 1971, were reviewed. The presenting symptoms, signs, and plain roentgenographic findings in this group of patients, because of the frequent existence of injuries to other organs, were not diagnostic for esophageal perforation. The routine use of esophagography in all patients who have a penetrating wound close to the esophagus or in whom the bullet or weapon may have traversed the mediastinum has been of great value in diagnosing esophageal injury resulting from such wounds. The treatment of choice for these patients is surgical repair of the esophageal wound with wide drainage of the soiled mediastinum as soon as the diagnosis is made.
On the cohomology of the hyperelliptic mapping class group

Abstract We show that for every odd prime p , the hyperelliptic mapping class group Δ g has p -periodic cohomology and we determine the p -period. We also compute the Yagita invariant at the prime 2 for even genus, with partial results for odd genus. Finally, we compute the p -part of the Farrell cohomology of Δ g for g =( p −1)/2 and g = p −1, which are the first two cases of Δ g containing p -torsion. Our methods include an analysis of fixed point data and the development of a braid calculus for Δ g .
The Future of the Image in Critical Pedagogy.

Although there is ample interrogation of advertising/commercial/media culture in critical pedagogy, there is little attention paid to the fine arts and to aesthetic experience. This lacuna is all the more perplexing given Paulo Freire’s use of artist Francisco Brenand’s illustrations (Education for Critical Consciousness. Continuum, New York, 1973) for his culture circles. In this essay I will return to Freire’s original description of the relationship between fine art images and conscientizacao in order to map out the future of the image in critical pedagogy. This return to the origin of the use of images in literacy programs will highlight the interdependent nature of word and image but also will demonstrate some of the long standing misconceptions of the way fine art images function in relation to education and politics. In conclusion I will suggest that if images have a future in critical pedagogy, then this future must ultimately move beyond Freire. As an alternative genealogical anchoring point for the development of the aesthetics of critical literacy, I suggest a turn to the work of Jacques Ranciere. Through his conceptualization of the “pensive image” as well as the “emancipated spectator” we can begin to understand how the fine art image can work to realize Freire’s democratic ideals without relying on Freire’s problematic formulation of the image-pedagogy relationship. In conclusion, I suggest that the philosophical model necessary to support critical literacy is not Freire’s culture circle so much as Kant’s aesthetic community now revitalized via Ranciere’s own aesthetics of dissensus.
Nuclear alignment in a Kondo system as a very low temperature thermometer

Cu doped with less than 1 ppm Mn54 appears to offer a number of advantages as a γ-ray anisotropy thermometer in the temperature range 1 to 20 mK. In order to use such a thermometer it is necessary to know how the hyperfine field at the Mn54 nuclei varies with temperature and with applied field. We have studied this γ-ray anisotropy and find that the hyperfine field is independent of temperature in the range 4 mK <T<10 mK. Further, we have determined the hyperfine field to ±5% as a function of applied field in the range 60 Oe<Ha<1200 Oe. The latter data may be used to determine a Kondo temperature of 64±2 mK for this system.
Analysis of a breakup using mean track width and blob measurements

Abstract The consistency of the mean track width theory and the linear grain density theory of Katz and Kobetich1) is confirmed through the analysis of a breakup event composed of a primary and three visible fragments.
Free Surface Condition for Sloshing Resulting From Pitching and Some Corrections

a = tan ^0 6 = d(tan ip)/dt, 1/sec Z' " = thrust, lb gc = 32.174 fps 2 I = specific impulse, sec R = radius from center of Ear th = V z 2 + y, ft r = weight ratio = WQ/W/ t = time measured from ignition of ^th stage, sec Vj = gj, fps W = weight = Wo Wt, lb x = distance along #-axis of Fig. 2, ft y = distance along y-axis of Fig. 2, ft IJL = gravitational constant = 1.4077 X 10 ft/sec \J/ = angle between thrust vector and rc-axis, deg
Fine structure of rat incisor ameloblasts in transition between enamel secretion and maturation stages.

Abstract The transitional region (including the end of the secretion zone, the beginning of the maturation zone, and the transition zone between them) was studied in the lower incisor enamel organ of adult rats with the electron microscope. Towards the end of the secretion zone, the surface invaginations of the ameloblasts diminish, the enamel surface becomes smooth and a dense, granulated material appears in the extracellular spaces between ameloblasts. The presence of a 60 A wide gap between enamel and ameloblasts, and a 100 A thick enamel border are thought to indicate the end point of enamel secretion and the beginning of the transition zone. Ameloblasts begin to shorten very close to this point. Subsequently, the following events occur: (1) the ameloblast cell membrane lifts away from the enamel to form a 450 A wide gap; (2) before completion of this gap, a granular material appears in vesicles within the ameloblast apex, possibly to be secreted into the gap; (3) half-desmosomes are formed at the apical cell membrane; (4) the extracellular dense material passes into the spaces between the papillary cells; finally, (5) a coarse-textured material, thought to be enamel constituents being resorbed, appears in the gap, indicating the end of the transition zone. Only following this is the 450 A gap completed. The attachment sites of both apical and basal terminal bars remain intact throughout the transition zone. The length of the transition zone is about 170 μ. The morphologic features of the transition zone overlap each other and persist for various distances into the maturation zone.
Learning the unwritten rules of organizational change

There's a conspiracy of silence about the failure rate of major managerial change initiatives. Three‐quarters of the initiatives—reputable programs to manage quality, customer focus, teamwork, mergers, downsizing, and reengineering—have failed, according to a recent Arthur D. Little survey of a large number of European and U.S. companies across many industries.
The Craft of Editing

‘Craft’ is an ambiguous term. In its positive sense it denotes both a skill that has been acquired through training and experience, and the capacity to form an object, which is prized for both its ...
Estimation of gestational age from histogenesis of the thymus in human fetuses

Abstract Introduction Stages in development and maturation of various organs and tissues may help in fetal gestational age estimation. The present study was undertaken to study the maturation of fetal thymic tissue. Methods The study was conducted on 30 human fetuses of gestational age ranging from 9th to 38th weeks were used for the study. Gestational age estimation was done by the crown rump length followed by distribution of fetuses into five groups. Thymus was dissected out from each fetus followed by tissue processing. Sections of 4–5 μm were cut and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin stain. All slides were observed under the low and high powers of the light microscope. Results Lymphocytes first appeared in the thymus at the 9th week, trabeculae developed from the 9th week onwards, lobulation started to develop at the 9th week and continued till the 12th week, corticomedullary differentiation was apparent during the period of 9th–14th week, Hassall's corpuscles first appeared at the 15th week. Other developmental features continued to appear till the 38th week. Discussion The time of appearance of the various features in the developing thymus may help in rough estimation of the gestational age from minimal fetal thymic tissue remains especially during the early gestational weeks.
Changing attitudes of citizens toward mental health care.

A critical aspect of the mental health scene today is the emerging role of a rapidly expanding and active citizen constituency. This article will reflect on citizens' attitudes toward mental health historically, then look at the current situation regarding citizens' attitudes toward mental health and finally offer recommendations for how professionals should approach our citizen colleagues. History
Relation between short- and long-term elevated-temperature properties of several austenic stainless steels

Purpose is to show how the short-term elevated-temperature ultimate tensile strengths (UTS) can be used as a possible index for estimating short- and perhaps long-term creep-rupture strength for several austenitic stainless steels. Creep-rupture strength data were collected on elevated-temperature mechanical properties of types 304 and 316 stainless steel. The data collection was limited to sources that provided both short-term tensile and creep-rupture results with two exceptions. Data points are also used for types 201, 202, 303, 304, 304L, 304H, 316, 316L, 316H, 316N, 321, 321H, 347, and 347L. 10$sup 3$, 10$sup 4$, and 10$sup 5$h creep-rupture strengths are plotted as a function of UTS and used to fit the equation for creep rupture strength: S = $alpha$ exp $beta$(UTS). The constants $alpha$ and $beta$ are tabulated for several stainless steels. (DLC)
Approach in the Management or Atrial Myxoma with Long-term Follow-up

Between 1972 and 1982, 9 patients underwent successful excision of atrial myxomas at the Upstate Medical Center. Eight patients had a left atrial myxoma and 1 a biatrial myxoma. There were 5 female and 4 male patients ranging from 16 to 63 years of age. Preoperative findings consisted of cerebral or peripheral emboli, congestive heart failure, and nonspecific symptoms. Diagnosis was confirmed by echocardiography and angiography in all but 1 patient. A biatrial operative approach was utilized in all patients except 1. Complete excision of the tumor with a cuff of normal tissue was performed. All heart chambers were carefully explored for presence of multicentric myxomas or tumor debris. There were no operative deaths or intraoperative embolizations. Follow-up has been 1 1/2 to 11 years. There has been 1 late noncardiac death. All patients underwent echocardiography postoperatively with no recurrence. The risk of intraoperative embolization and late recurrence is minimal with the biatriotomy technique. Two-dimensional echocardiography is extremely accurate in early diagnosis of myxomas and in the late follow-up of patients.