cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Timing and Paleoceanography of Oceanic Dysoxia/Anoxia in the Late Barremian to Early Aptian (Early Cretaceous)

Normal marine deposition in the early Aptian was interrupted by an episode of ocean-wide dysoxia/anoxia. This event is recorded by the occurrence of organic carbon-rich sediments in land sections from Europe and Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP)/Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) sites in the North and South Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean Basins. To elucidate the origin, and spatial and temporal relationships of these carbonaceous sediments, we have conducted an integrated biostratigraphic, lithostratigraphic and geochemical investigation of fourteen sections from a range of geographic and oceanographic settings
Thermal conductivity of thin SiO2 films

Abstract On the basis of a mathematical model developed here, thermal conductivities were determined in silicon oxide films of four thicknesses. The films were deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition on monocrystalline silicon substrates. Heat losses by convection and radiation were minimized. The conductivities of the films are significantly lower than those of bulk SiO 2 . As the film thickness decreases, the thermal conductivity is lowered considerably.
On the renormalization of the charm quartet model

Abstract Some aspects of the renormalization program for the charm quartet model are discussed, with special emphasis on the role played by the Cabibbo angle. The cancellation of divergences in the W-quarks and Higgs-quarks sector is examined by explicit calculations at the one-loop level, both in the unitary and 't Hooft-Feyman gauges. The main analysis is based on a renormalization scheme which allows for the most general counter-terms generated by the Yukawa couplings. A second approach, equivalent at the S -matrix level, is briefly discussed. As a byproduct of our work we verify that the standard perturbative analysis leads to the same expressions for the coefficients of the divergent parts in the renormalization of the gauge coupling g 0 as a recent current algebra formulation of the radiative corrections.
Stimulation of ovarian maturation in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii by methyl farnesoate.

Stimulation of ovarian maturation in the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii was accomplished in three different trials by administration of methylfarnesoate (MF). After 30 days of treatment, the ovaries of prereproductive females were 2- to 10-fold larger and in later stages of vitellogenesis than those of the controls. Similar and statistically significant results were observed in a second 30-day trial, which was begun during the middle of the vitellogenic cycle. In this experiment the ovaries of the controls and the treated groups were in late vitellogenesis, and the oocyte diameters of both groups were similar, suggesting that MF stimulated more oocytes to mature. In a third experiment of 60 days duration, the ovary was again enlarged in the treated animals. In addition, MF levels in the hemolymph of treated females undergoing vitellogenesis were found to be twice as great as those of the controls. We conclude that exogenous MF can stimulate and enhance ovarian maturation. These experiments strongly support the concept that MF acts as a gondatropin in crustaceans.
Correlation of lunar far-side magnetized regions with ringed impact basins

By the method of electron reflection, we have identified seven well-defined magnetized regions in the equatorial belt of the lunar far side sampled by the Apollo 16 Particles and Fields subsatellite. Most of these surface magnetic fields lie within one basin radius from the rim of a ringed impact basin, where thick deposits of basin ejecta are observed or inferred. The strongest of the seven magnetic features is linear, at least 250 km long, and radial to the Freundlich-Sharonov basin. The apparent correlation with basin ejecta suggests some form of impact origin for the observed permanently magnetized regions.
Hard-Limiter Intermodulation Product Magnitudes for Three Signals in Random Noise

When two or more sinusoidal signals are passed through a hard limiter, intermodulation (IM) products are developed at the limiter output. The magnitudes of the IM products are a function of the relative levels of the input signals, as well as the input noise, if present. This paper considers the case of three input sinusoids plus random noise. Quantitative values for IM-product magnitudes are presented as a function of input signal-signal-to-noise ratio for two specific cases of relative input signal levels.
Fluorescence drainage profiles of thin liquid films

Fluorescence drainage-profiles of thin liquid films formed from Rhodamine solutions containing anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactants have been investigated. It is found that the influence of system variables such as electrolyte concentration, dye concentration, film environment and solution viscosity can be evaluated by means of the profiles. The addition of sodium chloride leads to the expansion (non-ionic surfactant), or contraction (anionic surfactant) of the profiles. In the case of the cationic surfactant, it reduces the number of fringes in the profiles. The height of selected fringes changes linearly with dye concentration, and no fringes are observed when the films are submerged in non-polar solvents. The influence of solution viscosity on film thickness and drainage rate is demonstrated by the number and frequency of fringes in the profile. The formation of first and second "black films" from solutions containing varying concentrations of sodium chloride can be shown.
Sport and Ritual—A Conceptual Dilemma

(1988). Sport and Ritual—A Conceptual Dilemma. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 59, Buyer's Guide Issue, pp. 48-52.
Habitat Selection and Behavior of Red Knots on the New Jersey Atlantic Coast During Spring Stopover

Abstract. Delaware Bay is an important spring stopover site for the Western Atlantic Red Knot (Calidris canutus rufa), which has suffered a recent population decline. Stable-isotope evidence suggests Red Knots from different wintering areas partially segregate at the site, with short-distance migrants concentrating on the Atlantic coast of New Jersey rather than in Delaware Bay itself. The Red Knot has been little studied on the Atlantic coast, and our objectives were to determine the extent to which birds captured on the coast used Delaware Bay and to characterize their habitat use and behavior. In 2006, we radio-tracked birds captured on an Atlantic beach and collected behavioral data and prey samples for comparison to those at randomly selected plots within Red Knot habitat. Depending on tidal stage, the distribution of Red Knot locations was skewed toward either Atlantic marshes or beaches. It was skewed away from Delaware Bay on the falling tide. Red Knots observed in Delaware Bay were foraging, wher...
Effect of human recombinant erythropoietin on human marrow megakaryocyte colony formation in vitro.

Summary. The effect of human recombinant erythropoietin (EP) on the growth of human marrow megakaryocyte colony forming units (CFU-M) in vitro was investigated by the use of a plasma clot assay. EP as a single stimulating factor or as an additional factor to optimal concentration of leucocyte conditioned medium (PHA-LCM) had no effect on the number of CFU-M derived colonies. However, addition of EP (O·5-1 U/ml) to cultures with suboptimal concentrations of PHA-LCM increased megakaryocyte colony formation by 50-90% but had no effect on the number of granulocytic-monocytic colonies (CFU-GM). Exposure of marrow cells to EP for 24-48 h in liquid suspension cultures, followed by removal of the hormone and assaying the cells for CFU-M in plasma clots, resulted in a 50-100% increase of megakaryocyte colony formation in vitro. The augmenting effect of EP on CFU-M growth in vitro was abolished when EP was added to the medium after the third day of culture. The presence of factors in human serum and in PHA-LCM was an absolute requirement for the hormone to exert its potentiating effect on human CFU-M growth in vitro. Recombinant EP potentiates the growth of human marrow CFU-M and this effect seems to be exerted during the early stages of CFU-M development in vitro.
Transient protein kinase C activation primes long-term depression and suppresses long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission in hippocampus.

Abstract Activity-dependent long-lasting plasticity in hippocampus and neocortex includes long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic strength. Recent studies have confirmed theoretical predictions that the sensitivity of LTP- and LTD-inducing mechanisms is dynamically regulated by previous synaptic history. In particular, prior induction of either repeated short-term potentiations or LTP lowers the threshold for induction of LTD and raises the threshold for LTP. In the current study, transient activation of protein kinase C with phorbol 12,13-diacetate was able to substitute for synaptic activity in priming synapses to exhibit enhanced homosynaptic LTD and to suppress the induction of LTP at Schaffer collateral synapses in area CA1 of hippocampal slices. This priming lasted 30 min, but not 3 hr, following phorbol 12,13-diacetate bath application. These data suggest that a protein kinase C-sensitive phosphorylation site may be an activity-sensitive target mediating the rapid expression of LTP and LTD.
A hard-sphere model of the helium film

A quantum hard-sphere system bounded by two parallel rigid walls is studied at absolute zero as a model of a helium film. A variational wave function is constructed which is of the Bijl-Dingle-Jastrow type modified by a one-body term which vanishes at the walls; Monte Carlo quadrature is used. We focus our attention particularly on the behavior of the single-particle density function and the condensed-state wave function, i.e., the order parameter. Both show significantly different behavior from that predicted by the Hartree theory. The healing length is calculated, we believe for the first time, and is rather small. The average condensate as a function of distance between two walls is also investigated. The calculation serves as a special probe for approximations to the ground-state wave function in a uniform system.
The Taos County Project of New Mexico—An Experiment in Local Cooperation Among Bureaus, Private Agencies, and Rural People

It is the premise of this article that the distinctive achievement of the Taos County Project was the attainment of cooperation among governmental bureaus and private agencies in the accomplishment of a common objective, the rehabilitation of a poverty-stricken people. This experiment is important because one of the most important problems of the age is that of harnessing bureaus to the service of the people through procedures which make for high public and agency morale.
Aquaporins in the eye: expression, function, and roles in ocular disease.

Abstract Background All thirteen known mammalian aquaporins have been detected in the eye. Moreover, aquaporins have been identified as playing essential roles in ocular functions ranging from maintenance of lens and corneal transparency to production of aqueous humor to maintenance of cellular homeostasis and regulation of signal transduction in the retina. Scope of review This review summarizes the expression and known functions of ocular aquaporins and discusses their known and potential roles in ocular diseases. Major conclusions Aquaporins play essential roles in all ocular tissues. Remarkably, not all aquaporin function as a water permeable channel and the functions of many aquaporins in ocular tissues remain unknown. Given their vital roles in maintaining ocular function and their roles in disease, aquaporins represent potential targets for future therapeutic development. General significance Since aquaporins play key roles in ocular physiology, an understanding of these functions is important to improving ocular health and treating diseases of the eye. It is likely that future therapies for ocular diseases will rely on modulation of aquaporin expression and/or function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Aquaporins.
The renormalization group and inflationary potentials

Abstract Analyses of various inflationary models require knowledge of the Higgs potential V(φ) over a wide range of φ, and thus the effects of running couplings can be significant. Explicitly solving the renormalization group equation (RGE) for an inflationary model, it is shown that the conventional procedure of using “running couplings” in the one-loop coefficient is quantitatively incorrect. It is also shown that the effects of scalar loops cannot be neglected, and the effects of finite temperature on the RGE are discussed. We also show that, although the effective potential is gauge dependent, the solution of the classical equations of motion is not.
Isolation and Characterization of SUG2 A NOVEL ATPase FAMILY COMPONENT OF THE YEAST 26 S PROTEASOME

Using a genetic strategy designed to find proteins involved in the function of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcriptional activator GAL4, we isolated mutants in two genes which rescue a class of gal4 activation domain mutants. One of these genes, SUG1, encodes a member of a large family of putative ATPases, the Conserved ATPase containing Domain (CAD) proteins (also known as AAA proteins) that are involved in a wide variety of cellular functions. Subsequently, SUG1 was identified as a subunit of the 26 S proteasome. We have now cloned the gene defined by the second complementation group. SUG2 encodes an essential 49-kDa protein that is also a member of the CAD family and is 43% identical to SUG1. The mutation in sug2-1, like that in sug1-1, is found in the CAD near the highly conserved ATPase motif. We present biochemical and genetic evidence that SUG2 is associated in vivo with SUG1 and is a novel CAD protein subunit of the 26 S proteasome. With its highly conserved mammalian homologs, human p42 and ground squirrel CADp44, SUG2 defines a new class of proteasomal CAD proteins.
Symbolic or not-so-symbolic wounds: The behavioral ecology of human scarification.

Abstract Scarification, the deliberate and often painful modification of the body, is analyzed from the perspective of four competing hypotheses: (1) a rite of passage, (2) a hardening/trauma procedure, (3) a nonadaptive sexually selected character, or (4) an adaptive pathogen-driven sexually selected character. These four hypotheses are tested using the Standard Cross Cultural Sample (SCCS). Hypothesis 1 is supported in the worldwide sample as well as two of the geographic subsamples.
Determination of Free-Radical Propagation Rate Coefficients for Cycloalkyl and Functional Methacrylates by Pulsed-Laser Polymerization

Free-radical propagation rate coefficients (kp) for three cycloalkyl methacrylates and two functional methacrylates were measured at temperatures between 30 and 110 °C. The data were obtained by analyzing molecular weight distributions of polymer produced by pulsed-laser polymerization − the PLP/MWD technique. Arrhenius parameters were compared with recent results reported for linear and branched alkyl methacrylates, including methyl methacrylate (MMA) and n-dodecyl methacrylate (DMA). The highest kp value, for 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, is more than twice the MMA value, and is 50% higher than the DMA value at 50 °C. The monomer with the lowest kp value, isobornyl methacrylate, has a coefficient of similar magnitude to DMA. Values for the other three monomers − glycidyl, cyclohexyl, and benzyl methacrylates − are intermediate between these two levels.
Myo-inositol transport into endothelial cells derived from nervous system microvessels.

Myo-inositol, the precursor in the biosynthesis of inositol phospholipids and inositol phosphates, is found in many tissues at concentrations well above its concentration in the plasma, but the highest concentrations are found in the central nervous system and the neuroretina. We describe an active, sodium gradient-dependent transport of myo-inositol into cultured endothelial cells derived from bovine retinal microvessels. Transport is inhibited by cytochalasin B, and phloridzin > phloretin. Mannitol, sorbitol, and fructose do not inhibit uptake, but o-galactose inhibits uptake > L-glucose > D-glucose. The apparent K m of this transport system is 311 + 47 (S.D.)/~M and the apparent V~a ~ is 40.8 + 2.8 (S.D.) pmol.mg protein -1.min -1. This transport system may be a key in the maintenance of high tissue concentrations as it could concentrate myo-inositol from the plasma into the extracellular spaces of the eye and central nervous system.
Diversity-Oriented Approach to Pyrrole-Imidazole Alkaloid Frameworks

An exploration of imidazolylpropargyl amides as linchpin synthons for the construction of a diverse array of heterocyclic frameworks, many of which are related to those found in the oroidin derived alkaloids, is described. One such intermediate has been used in a formal total synthesis of cyclooroidin.
The vector refraction law for shock waves

The law is formulated in vector form and is shown to be a powerful principle for studying the refraction of shock waves. A variety of criteria for the onset of irregular refraction are discussed. The refraction index matrix is defined and it is shown that it arises naturally from the law. A projection matrix is also defined and it is found to be useful for operating on the vector wave impedance. It is expected that the methods described here will be useful for the numerical solution of problems in the refraction of shocks by materials with continuous changes in properties. The refraction law is violated in fast-slow refraction by the reflected wave over-running the incident shock to produce an irregular refraction which is either the anomalous type or the Mach-reflection-refraction type. For slow-fast refraction the law is violated by the transmitted wave becoming a precursor and also over-running the incident shock. The precursor may either be a shock or an evanescent compression wave band.
Cosmic separation of phases

A first-order QCD phase transition that occurred reversibly in the early universe would lead to a surprisingly rich cosmological scenario. Although observable consequences would not necessarily survive, it is at least conceivable that the phase transition would concentrate most of the quark excess in dense, invisible quark nuggets, providing an explanation for the dark matter in terms of QCD effects only. This possibility is viable only if quark matter has energy per baryon less than 938 MeV. Two related issues are considered in appendices: the possibility that neutron stars generate a quark-matter component of cosmic rays, and the possibility that the QCD phase transition may have produced a detectable gravitational signal.
Protein kinase C-δ regulates migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2

Background Smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and proliferation are early and crucial events in the pathogenesis of intimal hyperplasia, the primary cause of restenosis after vascular intervention. We tested the hypothesis that protein kinase C-δ (PKCδ), a ubiquitously expressed intracellular protein kinase, regulates vascular SMC proliferation and migration. Methods Exogenous PKCδ was expressed in cultured SMCs via stable transfection or adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. Conversely, endogenous PKCδ was inhibited by means of targeted gene deletion (gene knock-out). Cell proliferation and migration were determined by 3 H-thymidine incorporation and 24-well transwell assay, respectively. Results We isolated and examined three A10 SMC lines in which PKCδ was stably transfected. Compared with cells that were transfected with an empty vector, cells transfected with PKCδ exhibited reduced ability to proliferate. Moreover, PKCδ transfection inhibited SMC migration toward platelet-derived growth factor-BB. Similar inhibitory effects on proliferation and migration were also observed when PKCδ was introduced into primary aortic SMCs via an adenoviral vector. Interestingly, SMCs isolated from PKCδ knockout mice also displayed decreased chemotaxis and proliferation compared with PKCδ +/+ littermates, suggesting a complex yet critical role for PKCδ. We studied the mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 as a possible signaling pathway for PKCδ's inhibitory effect. PKCδ overexpression diminished ERK1/2 activity. Molecular restoration of ERK activation reversed the inhibitory effect of PKCδ on SMC proliferation and migration. Conclusions We demonstrate that although normal migration and proliferation is lessened in SMCs deficient in PKCδ, its prolonged activation also diminishes those behaviors. This suggests a dual, critical role for PKCδ in SMC proliferation and migration, and thus intimal hyperplasia and restenosis.
Layout-area models for high-level synthesis

The authors propose a novel layout area model for quality measures in high-level synthesis. The model is proposed for two commonly used datapath and control layout architectures. Except for macrocells (PLAs), the proposed models formulate layout area as a function of transistors and routing tracks which can be computed in O(n log n) time complexity, where n is the number of nets in the netlist. This allows one to explore design space in high-level synthesis rapidly and efficiently. The authors have tested their layout models on the widely used elliptic-filter benchmark. The results show that these models can more accurately predict layout areas than models based on the number and size of registers and multiplexers. >
WDM reconfigurable optical delay buffer for optical packet switched networks

We propose a new scheme for wavelength selective reconfigurable optical delay buffer using folded-path architecture. Experimental results show that multiple 10 Gbps WDM packets can simultaneously be delayed variable amount of time with less than 1 dB power penalty.
Formal methods in security engineering: where we've been, where we are, where we need to go

Starting with the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (aka the "Orange Book"), the information security community within the US Department of Defense has been advocating formal methods for decades. Others have followed suit, culminating in the appearance of the Common Criteria. The advantages of formal analysis seem self-evident. First, of the three things that are subject to certification -- people, process, and product -- product seems to be the most immediately relevant. Second, if we focus on product, testing seems insufficient; as Dijkstra famously noted, testing can reveal the presence flaws, but not their absence. This is especially true of security, where flaws may be intentionally constructed not to reveal themselves during normal testing. Despite this, the acceptance of formal methods has been less than universal.In this talk I will discuss the history of formal methods, but with a focus on how that history has shaped our current situation. I'll also discuss what we need to do to make formal methods more appealing. This will involve the development of formal methods or new ways of using formal methods that will: have a more predictable, quantifiable impact on validation costs; support software engineering for nonstandard properties and multiple properties; incorporate untrusted software; and support flexible release strategies. I will also discuss a recent application of formal methods NRL undertook as part of the development of a new security device [1] and new directions formal methods must take if they are to be applicable to future systems. The focus here will be on their use in autonomous systems that incorporate nondeterministic learning algorithms.
Kernel Embeddings of Latent Tree Graphical Models

Latent tree graphical models are natural tools for expressing long range and hierarchical dependencies among many variables which are common in computer vision, bioinformatics and natural language processing problems. However, existing models are largely restricted to discrete and Gaussian variables due to computational constraints; furthermore, algorithms for estimating the latent tree structure and learning the model parameters are largely restricted to heuristic local search. We present a method based on kernel embeddings of distributions for latent tree graphical models with continuous and non-Gaussian variables. Our method can recover the latent tree structures with provable guarantees and perform local-minimum free parameter learning and efficient inference. Experiments on simulated and real data show the advantage of our proposed approach.
An application of entity-relationship data modeling techniques to the automated manufacturing process

An entity-relationship (E-R) model has been developed to generically represent aspects of process information flow in a hierarchical automated manufacturing facility. The facility is expected to be networked and to consist of a global controller, local controllers, etc. and IC processing equipment, organized in a hierarchical fashion. The development of the model is presented through a case study of an automated semiconductor manufacturing facility. In developing the model, subschemas are first developed for the various component modules in the facility. The modules are then incorporated using a form of E-R model clustering and integration techniques into a schema for the entire facility. The generic structural properties of the schema are clearly evident. The development and application of E-R constructs to model time sequencing and ordering aspects of process information flow in the facility are potential areas of future research. >
Source assisted partial destination slot release in slotted networks

Presents a new scheme that enables destination nodes in a slotted shared medium network to release some received slots, hence making them available for reuse by other downstream nodes in the network. This scheme ensures a significant increase in the effective capacity of the network without any noticeable degradation in node processing delays, or increase of node complexity. >
Polarization measurements of molecular lines

ALMA observations of circular (Zeeman) and linear (Goldreich–Kylafis) polarization in spectral lines will significantly enhance sensitivity and angular resolution over currently available data, and should lead to major breakthroughs in our understanding of the role of magnetic fields in the star formation process.
Control of limb movements by functional neuromuscular stimulation

Summary form only given. Functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) provides a means to restore motor functions for spinal cord injury (SCI) and stroke patients. Most FNS clinical systems operate under open-loop control methods, but closed-loop hand grasp systems are now being tested. Closed-loop control is most suitable for motor tasks requiring low speed and high accuracy, such as hand grasp. Open-loop feedforward control is desirable for high speed motor acts such as arm movement and walking. To satisfy the requirements of speed and accuracy, and to account for the biomechanics of FNS task control, a combined open-loop and closed-loop controller structure design, called the perturbation controller, is proposed. In this control system, the patient commands initiate the task by instructing the controller with movement direction, distance and speed. The feedforward controller interprets the instructions and generates the desired movement trajectory, stiffness, and feedforward input to activate muscles. >
Effects of gas temperature and gas mixtures on a triggered, sub-ns jitter, 50 kV, 100 Hz spark gap

Recent research efforts at Texas Tech University on impulse antenna phased array have shown that an ideal jitter of a small fraction of the rise-time is required to accurately synchronize the array to steer and preserve the rise-time of the radiated pulse. This has necessitated the need to develop a reliable high voltage, high repetition rate switch that will operate with very low jitter. This manuscript presents the impact gases and gas mixtures have on switch performance which includes recovery rate and in particular jitter. A 50 Ω, 1 nF pulse forming line is charged to 50 kV and provides the low inductance voltage source to test the different gases. Gases tested include N 2 , dry air, H 2 , and SF 6 , as well as N 2 -H 2 , N 2 -SF 6 , N 2 -Ar, and gas mixtures containing Kr85. This manuscript will discuss in detail 50 kV, 100 Hz triggered switch operations of such gases. Switch jitter as a result of triggering conditions is also discussed, also including an evaluation of jitter as a function of formative delay in various gases. An evaluation of switch jitter as a function of operation time and gas temperature is also included. Triggering is provided by a solid state opening switch voltage source that supplies ∼150 kV, 10 ns rise-time pulses at a rep-rate up to 100 Hz in burst mode. A hermetically sealed spark gap with a Kel-F — PCTFE (PolyCholoroTriFluoroEthylene) lining is used to house the switch and high pressure gas. It is shown that jitter is strongly dependent on the triggering technique, as well as the trigger magnitude, with ionization rates playing an important role. Sub-ns jitter is seen with a variety of gases and gas mixtures with H 2 producing the best results. Varying the gas temperature and addition of radioactive sources are seen to improve the switch jitter.
The Development of the National Money Market, 1893-1911

In this article the convergence of U.S. interregional interest rates in the late nineteenth century is examined and two major hypotheses are tested in the framework of a bank portfolio selection model based on the capital-asset-pricing model. Both the spread of the commercial paper market and the lowering of entry barriers through the reduction of national bank minimum capital requirements are rejected as principal explanations. The erosion of local monopoly power is shown to have been of central importance, and this development was due to the growth of state rather than national banks.
Does a community-based stress management intervention affect psychological adaptation among underserved black breast cancer survivors?

There was a remarkable 95% retention rate from baseline to 6-month follow-up. Participants in both conditions showed statistically significant improvement on indices of psychological well-being, including overall quality of life (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast), intrusive thoughts (Impact of Event Scale-Revised), depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression), and stress levels (Perceived Stress Scale) over the 6-month postintervention follow-up (all repeated measures analysis of variance within-subjects time effects: P < .05, except for overall mood; Profile of Mood States-Short Version). Contrary to hypotheses, how ever, condition × time effects were not statistically significant. Conclusions Findings suggest that improvements in multiple measures over time may have been due to intensive training in stress management, extensive provision of breast cancer information, or participation in an ongoing supportive group of individuals from a similar racial background. Implications bear on decisions about appropriate control groups, the timing of intervention delivery during the treatment trajectory, and perceived support from the research team. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2014;50:315–322
The field pattern of a long antenna with multiple excitations

The field pattern of an asymmetrically driven long antenna is obtained by the Wiener-Hopf procedure which was used by Wu [1] to calculate the field pattern of a center-fed dipole. The present analysis gives a formula which is algebraic in form and involves no numerical integration. The field pattern of a long antenna with multiple excitations or loadings can be obtained by superposition. The theory is compared with Altshuler's experiment [2] on resistor-loaded traveling-wave antennas and agreement between theory and measurement is found to be good. Application of the present result to field pattern synthesis is possible. For instance, it is known that a traveling wave of current may be produced on a center-driven dipole antenna of finite length when two suitable loads are placed symmetrically at about quarter-wavelength from its ends [2], [3]. A traveling-wave antenna tends to radiate power in an end-fire direction. On the other hand, the field pattern can be made broadside, as is shown in this paper, when the generators and the loads are re-arranged. These facts seems to suggest that a long antenna may be controlled to radiate power in any desired direction by adjusting the values and the positions of its loadings. Due to the simplicity of the formula involved, field patterns can be calculated and plotted or displayed by a computer in a short time as a function of the position of the generator. By inspection and by trial and error, desired field pattern can be obtained when appropriate individual field patterns are superimposed. It may be worthwhile to note that in this procedure the driving voltages and the locations of the generators are found so as to give certain desired pattern, the current distribution on the antenna does not have to be found first. However, the current may be found by using a simple formula derived by Shen, Wu and King [4] after the voltages and locations of the generators have been determined. The proposed method of field pattern synthesis is an alternative to the usual approach in which collinear arrays are used. One of the advantages of the present long antenna theory is that the complicated problem of mutual coupling effects between elements of an array is automatically taken into account. Furthermore, a simple and accurate formula of field pattern of a long antenna is readily available. Besides, a long antenna is a continuous structure and does not have gaps which exist between elements of a collinear array. The absence of such gaps permits coaxial feed lines to run out inside the antenna and thus simplifies the external structure of feeding networks. Two examples are shown in this paper to demonstrate the fact that long antenna can be made to radiate power in broadside direction if appropriate driving voltages are chosen. The result is compared with ideal field patterns of collinear arrays.
NASA-Langley Research Center's participation in a round-robin comparison between some current crack-propagation prediction methods

A round-robin study was conducted which evaluated and compared different methods currently in practice for predicting crack growth in surface-cracked specimens. This report describes the prediction methods used by the Fracture Mechanics Engineering Section, at NASA-Langley Research Center, and presents a comparison between predicted crack growth and crack growth observed in laboratory experiments. For tests at higher stress levels, the correlation between predicted and experimentally determined crack growth was generally quite good. For tests at lower stress levels, the predicted number of cycles to reach a given crack length was consistently higher than the experimentally determined number of cycles. This consistent overestimation of the number of cycles could have resulted from a lack of definition of crack-growth data at low values of the stress intensity range. Generally, the predicted critical flaw sizes were smaller than the experimentally determined critical flaw sizes. This underestimation probably resulted from using plane-strain fracture toughness values to predict failure rather than the more appropriate values based on maximum load.
Energy function analysis of dynamic programming neural networks

All analytical examination of the energy function associated with a dynamic programming neural network is presented. The analysis is carried out in two steps. First, the locations and numbers of the minimum states for different components of the energy function are investigated in the extreme cases. A clearer insight into the energy function can be gained through the minimum states of different components. Secondly, the locations of the minimum states of the energy function using different parameter values are derived. It is shown that the minimum states can reside in regions which are regarded as valid solutions with certain conditions. Examples and simulation results are given to justify the validity of the theories developed. >
Preserving Preservationism: A Reply to Lackey

In her essay "Memory as a Generative Epistemic Source,"l Jennifer Lackey argues that, contrary to a common viewpoint, men10ry can gener­ ate rationality, justification, and even knowledge. In this paper, I will critically evaluate the case she makes for memory's epistemically genera­ tive abilities and find it wanting. In particular, I will argue that her alleged counterexamples are not compelling and can reasonably be resis­ ted by her opponent. More importantly, I will argue that even if her examples show the principle against which they are aimed to be false, she has nevertheless not shown that memory is a generative epistemic source. Before evaluating Lackey's examples, I should mention that there is a section of Lackey's paper that I will not be addressing. In section 4, she argues that memorycan be epistemically generative because it can produce new beliefs. F or example, it is plausible to think we often take in more vis­ ual inforn1ation than we process into doxastic states. At a later time, we may recall past visual experiences and come to form new, justified beliefs based on them. There is an obvious sense in which n1emory functions gen­ eratively here, and I have no wish to deny the obvious. However, since such examples are also instances of beliefgeneration, they are very much unlike the main examples in her paper. The main sections of her paper, and the ones with which I shall be taking issue, are intended to show that memory can be epistemically generative even when it is not doxastically
Agonistic behaviors between Chestnut-sided (Setophaga pensylvanica) and Golden-winged (Vermivora chrysoptera) warblers are unlikely a result of plumage misidentification

ABSTRACT Plumage coloration within species is often a signal of competitive ability and can influence territorial aggression between males. Agonistic interactions among males of different co-occurring species could result from misidentification (misdirected conspecific aggression). Reflectance spectrometry of plumage coupled with models of avian vision can be used to infer whether plumage color differences can be distinguished by birds. Here we investigate crown coloration similarity as a potential explanation for aggression between the imperiled Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera) and the comparatively abundant Chestnut-sided Warbler (Setophaga pensylvanica). Because the yellow crown coloration of the two species appears identical to humans, we hypothesized that misidentification of heterospecifics as conspecifics could escalate agonistic interactions. Using museum study skins, we tested whether the yellow crown coloration of the two species should be distinguishable to the birds. Spectral refl...
Intracellular signaling mechanisms activated by cholecystokinin-regulating synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes in pancreatic acinar cells.

▪ Abstract The intracellular signaling mechanisms by which cholecystokinin (CCK) and other secretagogues regulate pancreatic acinar function are more complex than originally realized. CCK couples through heterotrimeric G proteins of the Gq family to lead to an increase in intracellular free Ca2+, which shows spatial and temporal patterns of signaling. The actions of Ca2+ are mediated in part by activation of a number of Ca2+-activated protein kinases and the protein phosphatase calcineurin. By the process of exocytosis the intracellular messengers Ca2+, diacylglycerol, and cAMP activate the release of the zymogen granule content in a manner that is poorly understood. This fusion event most likely involves SNARE and Rab proteins present on zymogen granules and cellular membrane domains. More likely related to nonsecretory aspects of cell function, CCK also activates three MAPK cascades leading to activation of ERKs, JNKs, and p38 MAPK. Although the function of these pathways is not well understood, ERKs ar...
RADICAL EVIL AND THE INVISIBILITY OF MORAL WORTH IN KANT'S DIE RELIGION

Hay una aporia en el analisis kantiano del mal: Kant define el mal radical como una disposicion de la voluntad invisible, pero tambien exige que esta disposicion invisible se pueda inferir a partir de aquellas acciones visiblemente malas. Sin embargo, esta inferencia socava el caracter radicalmente invisible del mal radical segun la definicion que de este da el propio Kant. Enfatizando la manera en que este caracter invisible del valor moral es una caracteristica distintiva de la aproximacion kantiana al problema moral, se plantea la pregunta de por que Kant, no obstante, rechaza en la Fundamentacion una pregunta sobre el mal que parece ser consistente con esta aproximacion. Se argumenta que para dar cuenta de esta aporia y de este rechazo, es necesario interrogar la manera en la que la categoria de la religion orienta la incipiente filosofia de la historia esbozada por Kant en Die Religion.
On-line re-optimization of prostate IMRT plans for adaptive radiation therapy

For intermediate and high risk prostate cancer, both the prostate gland and seminal vesicles are included in the clinical target volume. Internal motion patterns of these two organs vary, presenting a challenge for adaptive treatment. Adaptive techniques such as isocenter repositioning and soft tissue alignment are effective when tumor volumes only exhibit translational shift, while direct re-optimization of the intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plan maybe more desirable when extreme deformation or differential positioning changes of the organs occur. Currently, direct re-optimization of the IMRT plan using beamlet (or fluence map) has not been reported. In this study, we report a novel on-line re-optimization technique that can accomplish plan adjustment on-line. Deformable image registration is used to provide position variation information on each voxel along the three dimensions. The original planned dose distribution is used as the 'goal' dose distribution for adaptation and to ensure planning quality. Fluence maps are re-optimized via linear programming, and a plan solution can be achieved within 2 min. The feasibility of this technique is demonstrated with a clinical case with large deformation. Such on-line ART process can be highly valuable with hypo-fractionated prostate IMRT treatment.
Females' Labor Force Participation and Rape: An Empirical Test of the Backlash Hypothesis

Ellis has observed that although feminist theorists clearly identify gender inequality as the fundamental cause of violence against women, they are vague about the direction of the causal effect. Using data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (1992-1994) incident-level rape subset data file, this article tests the hypothesis that females' labor force participation will increase their rape victimization by frustrating resentful males into using violence as an ultimate resource in humiliation and control (i.e., the backlash hypothesis). Contrary to this proposition, results show that unemployed women are more likely to be raped than employed women. They also show that poor, older, unmarried, White, suburban females have disproportionate risks of rape victimization. Implications of these data for the debate on the uniqueness of violence against women are discussed.
The SV40 Large T Antigen-p53 Complexes Bind and Activate the Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Promoter Stimulating Cell Growth

Inactivation of cellular p53 is a crucial step in carcinogenesis. Accordingly, p53 is inactivated in most human cancers by different mechanisms. In cells infected with DNA tumor viruses, p53 is bound to the viral tumor antigens (Tag). The current "dogma" views the Tag-p53 complexes as a way of sequestering and inactivating p53. Using primary human cells and SV40-transformed human cells, we show that in addition to inactivating p53 tumor suppressor activities, the Tag-p53 complex has growth stimulatory activities that are required for malignant cell growth. We found that in human cells, Tag-p53 complexes regulate transcription of the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) gene by binding to the IGF-I promoter together with pRb and p300. Depletion of p53 leads to structural rearrangements of this multiprotein complex, resulting in IGF-I promoter transcriptional repression and growth arrest. Our data provide a novel mechanistic and biological interpretation of the p53-Tag complexes and of DNA tumor virus transformation in general. In the model we propose, p53 is not a passive inactive partner of Tag. Instead the p53-Tag complex promotes malignant cell growth through its ability to activate the IGF-I signaling pathway.
Pelletized Biochar as a Carrier for AM Fungi in the On-Farm System of Inoculum Production in Compost and Vermiculite Mixtures

ABSTRACT.On farm production of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is suitable for vegetable and horticultural crop production because the inocula may be efficiently mixed into horticultural potting media for plant production in the greenhouse. These inocula are not amenable for use in row crop production because they are not in a form suitable for mechanical application. Experiments were conducted in which light expanded clay aggregates (LECA) and pelletized biochar were used in the media for the on-farm production of AM fungus inoculum utilizing compost and vermiculite with Paspalum notatum Flugge as the nurse host plant. Subsequent colonization assays using P. notatum failed to detect any infectivity of LECA granules, indicating that the AM fungi did not infest the granules. However, as little as 0.1 g fresh wt of biochar was sufficient to produce colonization of test plants. Biochar pellets recovered from the on-farm system used to propagate Rhizophagus intraradices exhibited 24 propagules g−1 fresh wt....
In vivo epigenetic effects induced by engineered nanomaterials: A case study of copper oxide and laser printer-emitted engineered nanoparticles

Evidence continues to grow on potential environmental health hazards associated with engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). While the geno- and cytotoxic effects of ENMs have been investigated, their potential to target the epigenome remains largely unknown. The aim of this study is two-fold: 1) determining whether or not industry relevant ENMs can affect the epigenome in vivo and 2) validating a recently developed in vitro epigenetic screening platform for inhaled ENMs. Laser printer-emitted engineered nanoparticles (PEPs) released from nano-enabled toners during consumer use and copper oxide (CuO) were chosen since these particles induced significant epigenetic changes in a recent in vitro companion study. In this study, the epigenetic alterations in lung tissue, alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood from intratracheally instilled mice were evaluated. The methylation of global DNA and transposable elements (TEs), the expression of the DNA methylation machinery and TEs, in addition to general toxicological effects in the lung were assessed. CuO exhibited higher cell-damaging potential to the lung, while PEPs showed a greater ability to target the epigenome. Alterations in the methylation status of global DNA and TEs, and expression of TEs and DNA machinery in mouse lung were observed after exposure to CuO and PEPs. Additionally, epigenetic changes were detected in the peripheral blood after PEPs exposure. Altogether, CuO and PEPs can induce epigenetic alterations in a mouse experimental model, which in turn confirms that the recently developed in vitro epigenetic platform using macrophage and epithelial cell lines can be successfully utilized in the epigenetic screening of ENMs.