cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Relativistic equation for bound state problems

The relativistic $S$-matrix formalism of Feynman is applied to the bound-state problem for two interacting Fermi-Dirac particles. The bound state is described by a wave function depending on separate times for each of the two particles. Two alternative integral equations for this wave function are derived with kernels in the form of an expansion in powers of ${g}^{2}$, the dimensionless coupling constant for the interaction. Each term in these expansions gives Lorentz-invariant equations. The validity and physical significance of these equations is discussed. In extreme nonrelativistic approximation and to lowest order in ${g}^{2}$ they reduce to the appropriate Schr\"odinger equation.One of these integral equations is applied to the deuteron ground state using scalar mesons of mass $\ensuremath{\mu}$ with scalar coupling. For neutral mesons the Lorentz-invariant interaction is transformed into the sum of the instantaneous Yukawa interaction and a retarded correction term. The value obtained for ${g}^{2}$ differs only by a fraction proportional to ${(\frac{\ensuremath{\mu}}{M})}^{2}$ from that obtained by using a phenomenological Yukawa potential. For a purely charged meson theory a correction term is obtained by a direct solution of the relativistic integral equation using only the first term in the expansion of the kernel. This correction is due to the fact that a nucleon can emit, or absorb, positive and negative mesons only alternately. The constant ${g}^{2}$ is increased by a fraction of $1.1(\frac{\ensuremath{\mu}}{M})$ or 15 percent.
A Threshold Model with Temporary Immunity

In the previous models it was assumed that contracting the disease provided permanent immunity and hence the class R of removed individuals was the final resting place for all individuals who became infective. With many diseases, however, the individual, after recovering from an infection, may become susceptible again. We now consider a model, described symbolically,
Predictors of Successful Return to Work from HIV-Related Disability

ABSTRACT This study examines factors distinguishing HIV-infected persons who successfully return to work (RTW) from those who do not. Records were obtained from 135 participants in a return to work program; these were matched with the records of 135 persons who did not return to work. Matching was made on the basis of age, gender, race, CD4 counts, and length of time in treatment. The return to work group had a greater total number of mental health diagnoses than the non-return group; however, when type of diagnosis was controlled for, the non-return group had greater number of substance use disorders. It appears that substance use disorders preclude a successful return to the workforce, while accessing the mental health treatment system may actually facilitate a return to work. Careful psychosocial assessment of clients on entry into the primary care clinic can aid referrals directly into a RTW program or into services that would facilitate an eventual return to work.
Perceptions of quality, satisfaction, loyalty, and approximate spending at an American wine festival.

This is an exploratory study examining attendee perceptions of a wine festival in southern New Mexico. The objective of this study was to assess the perceived quality, satisfaction, and loyalty as well as the approximate spending at a wine festival with nearly 13,000 attendees. Perceptions of quality and overall satisfaction were high, with more than 90% of respondents reporting that they were very satisfied or satisfied. Similarly, more than 90% reported being very likely or likely to return to or recommend the festival. Mean spending reported was $78.41. Among a list of 10 festival attributes, satisfaction was lowest for children's activities and wine education. It is recommended that the wine festival offer improved children's facilities/activities, quality wine education, enhanced training for wine pourers, and continued focus on regional food offerings such as green chile, pistachios, and pecans.
Electrochemical Activity of Li in the Transition-Metal Sites of O3 Li [ Li ( 1 − 2x ) / 3Mn ( 2 − x ) / 3Ni x ] O 2

A combination of first principles calculations and lithium NMR spectroscopy was used to examine the effect of electrochemical cycling on lithium ions located in the transition metal layers in layered lithium nickel manganates. These lithium ions participate in the electrochemical process with NMR results showing that they are removed from the octahedral sites on charging, but return on discharging. Calculations indicate that the lithium ions become increasingly unstable, as the concentration of vacancies in the lithium layers increases. A lithium ion nearby three vacancies in the lithium layers drops immediately, with no activation barrier, into the adjacent tetrahedral site in the lithium layers; charging to higher potentials is then required to remove this lithium ion.
The concentration-dependent aggregation of Ag NPs induced by cystine

Cystine is widely used in cell culture media. Cysteine, the reduced form of cystine, is widely used to scavenge dissolved Ag in eco-toxicological studies to differentiate dissolved vs. nanoparticle uptake and toxicity. However, little is known about the impact of cysteine and cystine on the aggregation behavior of Ag NPs, in particular as a function of Ag NP concentration. Herein, we investigate how cystine (0-300μM) affects the stability of citrate-, polyvinylpyrrolidone-, and polyethylene glycol-coated silver nanoparticles (cit-Ag NPs, PVP-Ag NPs and PEG-Ag NPs, respectively) with and without Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) as a function of Ag NPs concentration using UV-vis spectroscopy at environmentally and ecotoxicologically relevant Ag NP concentrations (ca. 125-1000μgL(-1)). The results demonstrate, for the first time, the concentration-dependent aggregation of cit-Ag NPs in the presence of cystine with a shift in the critical coagulation concentration (CCC) to lower cystine concentrations at lower cit-Ag NP concentrations. At the highest cit-Ag NP concentration (1000μgL(-1)), reaction limited aggregation was only observed and no CCC was measured. SRFA slowed the aggregation of cit-Ag NPs by cystine and aggregation occurred in reaction limited aggregation (RLA) regime only. No CCC value was measured in the presence of SRFA. Cystine replaces citrate, PVP and PEG coatings, resulting in aggregation of both electrostatically and sterically stabilized Ag NPs. These findings are important in understanding the factors determining the behavior of Ag NPs in cell culture media. Also due to the similarity between cystine and cysteine, these results are important in understanding the uptake and toxicity of Ag NPs vs. Ag ions, and suggest that the reduction of the toxicity of Ag NPs in the presence of cysteine could be due to a combined effect of scavenging Ag(+) ions and Ag NP aggregation in the presence of cysteine.
Development and Investigation of a Dual-Pad In-Channel Referencing Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor

Herein, we describe the construction of a novel dual-pad referencing surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor utilizing electrolytic grafting of diazonium salts to individually functionalize two gold pads positioned in a single fluidic channel. Using a dove prism, a simple single axis optical train may be employed without compromising the analytical performance. Once functionalized, one pad is used as the analytical sensing pad for detection of molecular interactions while the other serves as the reference pad, compensating for background refractive index fluctuations. The reference pad effectively compensates bulk refractive index changes and temperature variations as well as other nonspecific effects. The sensor was applied to calibration of a pH-responsive polymer layer in the presence of bulk refractive index and temperature variations. Monitoring selective attachment of a protein is also demonstrated. To our knowledge, this is the first implementation of in-channel referencing SPR sensor utilizing diaz...
Oxidation of c60 aerosols by atmospherically relevant levels of o3.

Atmospheric processing of carbonaceous nanoparticles (CNPs) may play an important role in determining their fate and environmental impacts. This work investigates the reaction between aerosolized C60 and atmospherically relevant mixing ratios of O3 at differing levels of humidity. Results indicate that C60 is oxidized by O3 and forms a variety of oxygen-containing functional groups on the aerosol surface, including C60O, C60O2, and C60O3. The pseudo-first-order reaction rate between C60 and O3 ranges from 9 × 10–6 to 2 × 10–5 s–1. The reaction is likely to be limited to the aerosol surface. Exposure to O3 increases the oxidative stress exerted by the C60 aerosols as measured by the dichlorofluorescein acellular assay but not by the uric acid, ascorbic acid, glutathione, or dithiothreitol assays. The initial prevalence of C60O and C60O2 as intermediate products is enhanced at higher humidity, as is the surface oxygen content of the aerosols. These results show that C60 can be oxidized when exposed to O3 un...
Effect of Total Pneumonectomy on Position of the Esophagus.

SummaryTotal pneumonectomy in dogs, without an associated paralysis of the diaphragm, was found to be followed by a marked deviation of the esophagus to the side from which the lung had been removed.
Geo-Privacy Beyond Coordinates

The desire to share one’s location with friends and family or to use location information for navigation and recommendations services is often overshadowed by the need to preserve privacy. As recent progress in big data analytics, ambient intelligence, and conflation techniques is met with the economy’s growing hunger for data, even formerly negligible digital footprints become revealing of our activities. The majority of established geo-privacy research tries to protect an individual’s location by different masking or perturbation techniques or by suppressing and generalizing an individual’s characteristics to a degree where she cannot be singled out from a crowd. In this work we demonstrate that location privacy may already be compromised before these techniques take effect. More concretely, we discuss how everyday digital footprints such as timestamps, geosocial check-ins, and short social media messages, e.g., tweets, are indicative of the user’s location. We focus particularly on places and highlight how protecting place-based information differs from a purely spatial perspective. The presented research is based on so-called semantic signatures that are mined from millions of geosocial check-ins and enable a probabilistic framework on the level of geographic feature types, here Points Of Interest (POI). While our work is compatible with leading privacy techniques, we take a user-centric perspective and illustrate how privacy-enabled services could guide the users by increasing information entropy.
Correlating the Activity of Rhodium(I)-Phosphite-Lariat Ether Styrene Hydroformylation Catalysts with Alkali Metal Cation Binding through NMR Spectroscopic Titration Methods

Alkali metal salts can affect both the activities and regioselectivities of alkene hydroformylation catalysts containing polyether-functionalized phosphorus-donor ligands; however, it is unclear whether these effects arise from direct alkali metal cation binding to the active catalysts. To gain more insight into these effects, a series of phosphite-lariat ether ligands derived from the alkali metal cation binding agents 2-hydroxymethyl-12-crown-4 and 2-hydroxymethyl-15-crown-5 have been prepared. Rhodium(I) complexes of these ligands have been evaluated as styrene hydroformylation catalysts in the absence and presence of a variety of alkali metal salts. The activities of catalysts containing phosphites derived from 2,2′-biphenol or 1,1′-binaphthol increased significantly (up to 92%) in the presence of alkali metal cations that are “moderately oversized” for archetypal binding to the crown cavity. When this criterion are not met, a decrease in the catalytic activity is observed upon addition of an alkali m...
An Application of Difference-in-Difference-Difference Model Effects of Prevailing Wage Legislation in Mountain States of the United States

Institutional laws and arrangements such as prevailing wage laws influence the employment levels and wage rates of the local labor supply. Conflicting research, however, has shown that prevailing w...
France: Government tells CEA: no more PhDs

Students will no longer be awarded PhDs from the French atomic energy commission (CEA), under new measures introduced by the government. But PhD students will continue to work at CEA labs thanks to increased links between universities and the commission. The plans are part of the government's measures to clarify the roles of different research organizations in France. Researchers have reacted with dismay.
Impedance analysis of ZnO nanowire coated dry EEG electrodes

The electrochemical impedance of a novel dry electroencephalogram (EEG) electrode after surface modification (i.e., sputtered with gold, coated with ZnO nanowires) is investigated in this study. To avoid the discomfort caused by repetitive testing on human, a skin-mimic sandwich structure, comprised of a highly porous polyester fabric membrane and two thin silicone films, is fabricated as a test bed. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements are conducted to further understand the properties of the electrode-electrolyte interface when the electrode is installed on this test bed. An equivalent circuit model with a constant phase element (CPE) is used to fit the EIS data. Our results show that the modeled EIS data are in good agreement with the experimental data. It has also been found that the charge transfer resistance decreases from 349 Ω cm 2 for the bare electrode to 256 Ω cm 2 for the gold-coated electrode and further decreases to 167 Ω cm 2 for the gold coated short ZnO nanowire electrode. The lower impedance value will definitely help improve the signal when such electrode is used to record electrophysiological data.
On the Restore Time Variations of Future DRAM Memory

As the de facto main memory standard, DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) has achieved dramatic density improvement in the past four decades, along with the advancements in process technology. Recent studies reveal that one of the major challenges in scaling DRAM into the deep sub-micron regime is its significant variations on cell restore time, which affect timing constraints such as write recovery time. Adopting traditional approaches results in either low yield rate or large performance degradation. In this article, we propose schemes to expose the variations to the architectural level. By constructing memory chunks with different access speeds and, in particular, exploiting the performance benefits of fast chunks, a variation-aware memory controller can effectively mitigate the performance loss due to relaxed timing constraints. We then proposed restore-time-aware rank construction and page allocation schemes to make better use of fast chunks. Our experimental results show that, compared to traditional designs such as row sparing and Error Correcting Codes, the proposed schemes help to improve system performance by about 16% and 20%, respectively, for 20nm and 14nm technology nodes on a four-core multiprocessor system.
Diffusion of Polyelectrolytes in Polyelectrolyte Gels

We have studied diffusion of polyelectrolyte probe molecules in a similarly charged gel matrix. A variety of factors that affect the polymer diffusion inside the gel were explored such as the charge density and the cross-link density of the gel as well as the solvent quality and the salt concentration of the medium. In our study, the probe is sodium polystyrenesulfonate and the gel matrix is poly(acrylamide-co-sodium acrylate) gel. Using swelling studies and rheology, we characterize these synthesized gels under various salt concentrations. The diffusion of the probe was deduced based on dynamic light scattering studies of the polymer alone and the gel alone and then on the polymer diffusing inside the gel matrix. We show that in our system the reduced diffusion coefficient for the polymer inside the gel D ∼ exp(−ϕ), where ϕ is the volume fraction of the equilibrated gel. Effects of the charge density and the cross-link density of the gel and the salt concentration and the quality of the solvent on the pr...
Screening for renovascular hypertension

The most common curable cause of high blood pressure is renovascular hypertension. Although hypertension is common in the United States, only a minority, approximately 1%, of patients have a renovascular cause. Using clinical criteria, a subgroup of these patients can be selected in which the prevalence of renovascular hypertension will be approximately 15%. In these selected patients, it is appropriate to proceed to a radiographic screening modality to look for a significant renal artery stenosis. The choice of modality should reflect the strengths and expertise of each specific institution. Hypertensive urography is no longer recommended for screening. Excellent results have been reported with intravenous DSRA in institutions where a strong interest in this procedure exists. Furthermore, intravenous DSRA is easily coupled with the collection of renal vein samples for renin assay. Intravenous DSRA, however, has not maintained widespread use. Although the radionuclide renogram is no longer adequate as a radiographic screening tool, stimulation with an ACE inhibitor, such as captopril or enalaprilat, may produce excellent results. In many institutions, this is the most appropriate examination. Furthermore, it is relatively noninvasive. Merely detecting a significant renal artery stenosis does not, however, mean the patient has renovascular hypertension. Both hypertension and a renal artery stenosis may be present and not be causally related. Because renovascular hypertension is, at least initially, renin mediated, the demonstration of increased renin production by the ipsilateral kidney should confirm renovascular hypertension. Prospective application of these results to patients undergoing revascularization techniques, however, has been disappointing. This may be related to problems in patient preparation, sample collection, renin assay, or even the physiology of chronic hypertension, which is incompletely renin mediated. Thus, offering revascularization only to those patients with lateralizing renal vein renins is not appropriate. If radiographic screening is limited to those patient at greatest likelihood for a renovascular etiology, intra-arterial DSRA or conventional arteriography may be used. These techniques most reliably detect renal artery stenosis. Their main disadvantage lies in their relatively invasive nature, as an arterial puncture is required. The poor predictive value of selective RVRRs implies that revascularization may be attempted without awaiting those results. If percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty can be performed with a satisfactorily low complication rate, both the diagnostic and the interventional procedure may be undertaken at the same setting. It is expected that further refinements in these diagnostic procedures, particularly with the use of stimulating drugs such as ACE inhibitors, will lead to further improvement in the diagnostic results.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Another Look at Currency Risk in International Stock Returns

This paper offers new evidence on how currency risk is priced in the cross-section of international stock returns. Our experiment examines this long-standing question for a wide variety of test asset portfolios comprised of monthly returns for over 37,000 stocks from 46 countries over a two-decade period. We obtain some positive evidence of the pricing of currency risk, but the implied premia on the currency risk factors are economically small. The inferences are fragile - they depend critically on the benchmark factor models used, the sub-period evaluated, and even the composition of the test asset portfolios assessed. Overall, we judge that currency risk factors do not help to capture much of the time-series or cross-sectional variation in stock returns for global and regional portfolios.
Supplying the supply curve: an ethnography of environmental reverse auctions

As economic ideas gain prominence in environmental governance, scholars of economic practices are well positioned to analyze how environmental markets are constructed and maintained. To do ...
A New Species of Oregmopyga Hoy (Hemiptera: Coccidomorpha: Eriococcidae) from the Southwestern United States and Mexico, with Keys to Species

Oregmopyga davesmithi Miller and Stocks n. sp. collected on grass (Poaceae) from Arizona and Mexico is described. Keys are included for the separation of Oregmopyga species based on the adult female, second-instar male, second-instar female, and first-instar nymph. Detailed illustrations and descriptions are included for the adult female, second-instar male, second-instar female, and first-instar nymph of the new species, which is most similar to O. tippinsi Miller and Miller.
Abstract 18485: Runx2 Haploinsufficiency Attenuates Angiotensin II-mediated Fibrosis and Proliferation in Mouse Mitral Valves

We recently reported activation of TGF-β superfamily pathways and activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the pathogenesis of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), which may converge upon increa...
Evaluation of inter-site bias and variance in diffusion-weighted MRI.

An understanding of the bias and variance of diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) acquisitions across scanners, study sites, or over time is essential for the incorporation of multiple data sources into a single clinical study. Studies that combine samples from various sites may be introducing confounding factors due to site-specific artifacts and patterns. Differences in bias and variance across sites may render the scans incomparable, and, without correction, inferences obtained from these data may be misleading. We present an analysis of the bias and variance of scans of the same subjects across different sites and evaluate their impact on statistical analyses. In previous work, we presented a simulation extrapolation (SIMEX) technique for bias estimation as well as a wild bootstrap technique for variance estimation in metrics obtained from a Q-ball imaging (QBI) reconstruction of empirical high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) data. We now apply those techniques to data acquired from 5 healthy volunteers on 3 independent scanners under closely matched acquisition protocols. The bias and variance of GFA measurements were estimated on a voxel-wise basis for each scan and compared across study sites to identify site-specific differences. Further, we provide model recommendations that can be used to determine the extent of the impact of bias and variance as well as aspects of the analysis to account for these differences. We include a decision tree to help researchers determine if model adjustments are necessary based on the bias and variance results.
The modules of trans-acyltransferase assembly lines redefined with a central acyl carrier protein

Here, the term "module" is redefined for trans-acyltransferase (trans-AT) assembly lines to agree with how its domains cooperate and evolutionarily co-migrate. The key domain in both the polyketide synthase (PKS) and nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) modules of assembly lines is the acyl carrier protein (ACP). ACPs not only relay growing acyl chains through the assembly line but also collaborate with enzymes in modules, both in cis and in trans, to add a specific chemical moiety. A ketosynthase (KS) downstream of ACP often plays the role of gatekeeper, ensuring that only a single intermediate generated by the enzymes of a module is passed downstream. Bioinformatic analysis of 526 ACPs from 33 characterized trans-AT assembly lines reveals ACPs from the same module type generally clade together, reflective of the co-evolution of these domains with their cognate enzymes. While KSs downstream of ACPs from the same module type generally also clade together, KSs upstream of ACPs do not-in disagreement with the traditional definition of a module. Beyond nomenclature, the presented analysis impacts our understanding of module function, the evolution of assembly lines, pathway prediction, and assembly line engineering.
Generalized Born Based Continuous Constant pH Molecular Dynamics in Amber: Implementation, Benchmarking and Analysis

Solution pH plays an important role in structure and dynamics of biomolecular systems; however, pH effects cannot be accurately accounted for in conventional molecular dynamics simulations based on fixed protonation states. Continuous constant pH molecular dynamics (CpHMD) based on the λ-dynamics framework calculates protonation states on the fly during dynamical simulation at a specified pH condition. Here we report the CPU-based implementation of the CpHMD method based on the GBNeck2 generalized Born (GB) implicit-solvent model in the pmemd engine of the Amber molecular dynamics package. The performance of the method was tested using pH replica-exchange titration simulations of Asp, Glu and His side chains in 4 miniproteins and 7 enzymes with experimentally known pKa’s, some of which are significantly shifted from the model values. The added computational cost due to CpHMD titration ranges from 11 to 33% for the data set and scales roughly linearly as the ratio between the titrable sites and number of s...
A Clinician’s Quest for Certainty

John Gedye began his paper by quoting Simone de Beauvoir who laments the fact that words force her into rigid categories, into blacks and whites that ill match a world in shades of grey. Inexorable, then, she cries, that in such a world truth should dwindle into insignificance. This is a cryptic saying to introduce a paper which will seek to strip the clinician of his customary grey language and force him to “black and white” assertions (p. 109) and “stringent criteria of certainty” (pp. 105–106). “Only when we have no alternative…”, Gedye admonishes his fellow-clinicians “should we accept having to fall back into the ‘gray’ world of weak probabilistic arguments” (p. 109). Are we to infer, then, that in the world of the clinician truth is doomed to dwindle into insignificance? I cannot believe that this is what Gedye intended, yet this is the moral of de Beauvoir’s remark.
Haar Measure in Uniform Spaces

In 1933, in a paper titled Die Massbegriff der Theorie der Kontinuierlichen Gruppen published in the Annals of Mathematics (Volume 34, Number 2), A. Haar established the existence of a translation invariant measure in compact, separable, topological groups. Translation invariance of a measure μ in a topological group G means that if E is a measurable set then μ(E + x) = μ(E) for each x ∈ G. Here, E + x = {y ∈ G | y = a + x for some a ∈ G}. E + x is called the x-translate of E. The transformation T x defined on G by T x (y) = y + x is called the x-translation or simply a translation. Topological groups will be defined later in the chapter and these concepts will be developed formally.
Robomotion: Scalable, Physically Stable Locomotion for Self-reconfigurable Robots

Self-reconfigurable robots have an intriguingly flexible design, composing a single robot with many small modules that can autonomously move to transform the robot’s shape and structure. Scaling to a large number of modules is necessary to achieve great flexibility, so each module may only have limited processing and memory resources. This paper introduces a novel distributed locomotion algorithm for lattice-style self-reconfigurable robots which uses constant memory per module with constant computation and communication for each attempted module movement. Our algorithm also guarantees physical stability in the presence of gravity. By utilizing some robot modules to create a static support structure, other modules are able to move freely through the interior of this structure with minimal path planning and without fear of causing instabilities or losing connectivity. This approach also permits the robot’s locomotion speed to remain nearly constant even as the number of modules in the robot grows very large. Additionally,we have developed methods to overcome dropped messages between modules or delays in module computation or movement. Empirical results from our simulation are also presented to demonstrate the scalability and locomotion speed advantages of this approach.
VX2 carcinoma, pulmonary metastases, and neutrophilic leukocytosis. Possible animal model of tumor-associated granulocytosis.

Abstract In New Zealand white rabbits bearing the transplantable VX2 carcinoma intramuscularly in the hind limbs uniformly a granulocytosis syndrome developed, characterized by peripheral blood neutrophilia and marked granulocytic bone marrow hyperplasia, whereas the syndrome did not always develop in animals bearing the tumor intraabdominally. The relationship between the extent of pulmonary metastases and granulocytosis/bone marrow hyperplasia was significant (P less than 0.005). This positive correlation (correlation coefficient = 0.85) existed for both animals bearing intraabdominal tumors and animals bearing intramuscular tumors. The granulocytic syndrome occasionally occurred in rabbits with mild degrees of pulmonary metastatic involvement, but never with total absence of pulmonary metastases. Hypercalcemia occurred prior to the appearance of pulmonary metastases and was not essential to the development of granulocytosis. These data suggest that granulocytosis in VX2 carcinoma-bearing rabbits is dependent on the presence of tumor in the lungs and is not directly related to implantation site. This tumor-bearing animal model may be suitable for studies of tumor-associated granulocytosis in vivo.
INTERNATIONAL SERVICE LEARNING

The week following our border immersion service-learning experience on the El Paso/Juarez border between the U.S. and Mexico in April, 2000, a strong wind whipped up the flames from torches used to light the paths in the barrio on the old Juarez dump and seven women and children were killed when their tar paper and cardboard homes were destroyed. My students and I were devastated to learn of the deaths of one of the courageous women and her son with whom we had just interacted at their pre-school and women’s center. Our study of critical theory, liberation theology and education, third-world development, immigration, environmental degradation and poverty took on a tragic human face, and punctuated our learning in a manner impossible to forget. This is just the latest of countless examples one could give of the power of international service-learning to affect, and at times even transform, the lives of U.S. college students. A poem by one of my students based on that experience is included later in this chapter.
Public Health Emergency Preparedness System Evaluation Criteria and Performance Metrics: A Review of Contributions of the CDC-Funded Preparedness and Emergency Response Research Centers.

Objectives The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-funded Preparedness and Emergency Response Research Centers (PERRCs) conducted research from 2008 to 2015 aimed to improve the complex public health emergency preparedness and response (PHEPR) system. This paper summarizes PERRC studies that addressed the development and assessment of criteria for evaluating PHEPR and metrics for measuring their efficiency and effectiveness. Methods We reviewed 171 PERRC publications indexed in PubMed between 2009 and 2016. These publications derived from 34 PERRC research projects. We identified publications that addressed the development or assessment of criteria and metrics pertaining to PHEPR systems and describe the evaluation methods used and tools developed, the system domains evaluated, and the metrics developed or assessed. Results We identified 29 publications from 12 of the 34 PERRC projects that addressed PHEPR system evaluation criteria and metrics. We grouped each study into 1 of 3 system domains, based on the metrics developed or assessed: (1) organizational characteristics (n = 9), (2) emergency response performance (n = 12), and (3) workforce capacity or capability (n = 8). These studies addressed PHEPR system activities including responses to the 2009 H1N1 pandemic and the 2011 tsunami, as well as emergency exercise performance, situational awareness, and workforce willingness to respond. Both PHEPR system process and outcome metrics were developed or assessed by PERRC studies. Conclusions PERRC researchers developed and evaluated a range of PHEPR system evaluation criteria and metrics that should be considered by system partners interested in assessing the efficiency and effectiveness of their activities. Nonetheless, the monitoring and measurement problem in PHEPR is far from solved. Lack of standard measures that are readily obtained or computed at local levels remains a challenge for the public health preparedness field. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:626-638).
The Sex of Firstborn Children and Intimate Partner Violence in India

This article investigates the effects of firstborn sex on intimate partner violence (IPV) in India, taking into account heterogeneity across state sex ratios and maternal education. In states with masculine sex ratios of first births, firstborn daughters are found to elevate the risk and severity of IPV. The effects of firstborn daughters on sexual IPV are particularly pronounced among uneducated women in these states. These findings suggest that amid son preference at low birth orders, the sex of firstborn children can contribute to violence against mothers, providing new insights into the household reproduction of gender discrimination and violence.
A Study of Children’s Writings in Non-Instructional Settings

An interactionist theory provides the framework for this study of the acquisition of literacy: major premises are drawn from the writings of Vygotsky, Bruner and Halliday. Early development - including the development of language - is viewed as an apprenticeship, where children actively seek and respond to the teaching of their kin. The lengthy period of dependence that characterizes human childhood provides the necessary context for the social embeddedness of learning. During these years, the intense, exploratory activities of children are linked to the scaffolding of adult attention: this interaction enables young learners to develop a mastery of basic cognitive and linguistic processes.
Transcriptome and epigenome analyses of vernalization in Arabidopsis thaliana

Vernalization accelerates flowering after prolonged winter cold. Transcriptional and epigenetic changes are known to be involved in the regulation of the vernalization response. Despite intensive applications of next-generation sequencing in diverse aspects of plant research, genome-wide transcriptome and epigenome profiling during the vernalization response has not been conducted. In this work, to our knowledge, we present the first comprehensive analyses of transcriptomic and epigenomic dynamics during the vernalization process in Arabidopsis thaliana. Six major clusters of genes exhibiting distinctive features were identified. Temporary changes in histone H3K4me3 levels were observed that likely coordinate photosynthesis and prevent oxidative damage during cold exposure. In addition, vernalization induced a stable accumulation of H3K27me3 over genes encoding many development-related transcription factors, which resulted in either inhibition of transcription or a bivalent status of the genes. Lastly, FLC-like and VIN3-like genes were identified that appear to be novel components of the vernalization pathway.
Inserted Thoughts and the Higher-Order Thought Theory of Consciousness

Various psychopathologies of self-awareness, such as somatoparaphrenia and thought insertion in schizophrenia, might seem to threaten the viability of the higher-order thought (HOT) theory of consciousness since it requires a HOT about one’s own mental state to accompany every conscious state. The HOT theory of consciousness says that what makes a mental state a conscious mental state is that there is a HOT to the effect that “I am in mental state M” (Rosenthal D. Consciousness and mind. New York: Oxford University Press; 2005, Gennaro R. The consciousness paradox: consciousness, concepts, and higher-order thoughts. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press; 2012. p. 127–9.). In a previous publication (Gennaro R. Somatoparaphrenia, anosognosia, and higher-order thoughts. In: Gennaro R, editor. Disturbed consciousness: new essays on psychopathology and theories of consciousness. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press; 2015. p. 57–8), I argued that a HOT theorist can adequately respond to this concern with respect to somatoparaphrenia. Somatoparaphrenia is a “depersonalization disorder” which is characterized by the sense of alienation from parts of one’s body. It is a bizarre type of body delusion where one denies ownership of a limb or an entire side of one’s body. My focus in the chapter, however, is on “inserted thoughts” which is a common symptom of schizophrenia, although it will also be useful to contrast it with somatoparaphrenia. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder which most commonly manifests itself through auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions, or disorganized speech and thinking. Thought insertion is the delusion that some thoughts are not “one’s own” in some sense or are somehow being inserted into one’s mind by someone else. Graham and Stephens (When self-consciousness breaks: alien voices and inserted thoughts. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press; 2000), for example, have suggested that thought insertion should be understood as alienated self-consciousness or meta-representation. I argue that HOT theory has nothing to fear from this phenomenon either and can consistently explain what happens in this admittedly unusual case.
Methods and Analysis of Automated Trace Alignment Under Power Obfuscation in Side Channel Attacks

Embedded systems are widely deployed in life-critical systems, but system constraints often limit the depth of security used in these devices, potentially leaving them open to numerous threats. Side channel attacks (SCAs) are a popular attack to extract sensitive information from embedded systems using only side channel leakage. Existing research has focused on obfuscating the sensitive data and operations with the assumption that attackers can readily and automatically identify the location of the sensitive operations in each trace, which is needed to align traces for a successful SCA. However, this is not always the true as the target sensitive data may be randomly located within side channel leakage trace, which necessitates the use of automatic preprocessing to identifying those locations. Limited research has focused on the evaluation of identifying these locations and the difficulty for attacker to identify the location of sensitive information within side channel leakage traces. This paper presents a methodology for evaluating power obfuscation approaches that seek to obfuscate the location of sensitive operation within the power trace, thereby significantly increasing the complexity of automated trace alignment. This paper presents a new adversary model and proposes a new metric, mean trials to success (MTTS), to evaluate different power obfuscation methods in the context of automated trace alignment. We evaluate two common obfuscation methods, namely, instruction shuffling and random instruction insertion, and we present a new obfuscation method using power shaping to intentionally mislead the attacker.
Single cell transcriptomics and epigenomics methods provide high resolution genomics profiling of brain disorders

Abstract Regulatory control of gene expression is stratified with complex layers of regulatory information superimposed on the genome. The adoption of high-throughput sequencing technologies has enabled unrivaled resolution of genomic output that has been vital to establishing cell identity and their underlying functional differences in human disease. While transcriptomic profiles are crucial to annotating the expressed genome, a parallel emphasis has been placed on large-scale mapping efforts of consortia such as Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (1) and the Epigenomics Roadmap (2) to generate detailed epigenetic maps to understand fundamental processes and how dysregulation of these cellular cascades impacts disease pathophysiology. Single-cell transcriptomics and epigenomics have emerged as powerful approaches to investigate the cellular heterogeneity within these layers of the regulatory hierarchy and provide further insights into the network of interactions between these layers of the gene regulome.
Practical GIS Analysis

GIS Data Models. GIS Tabular Analysis. Point Analysis. Line Analysis. Network Analysis. Dynamic Segmentation. Polygon Analysis. Grid Analysis. Image Analysis Basics. Vector Exercises. Grid Exercises. Saving Time in GIS Analysis.
Interstitial Fluxes During Silicon Oxidation

In extending IC fabrication models from 1D to 2D, it is essential to understand the behavior of point defects. Recent experimental work on enhanced diffusion during the thermal oxidation of silicon demonstrates that altering generation/recombination processes in the silicon substrate does not affect interstitial supersaturation during oxidation. In contrast, experimental observations of enhanced diffusion during the thermal nitridation of SiO2, which results in the growth of a thin interface oxide, indicate that changes within the oxide have a strong influence on interstitial kinetics. These observations suggest that diffusion into the oxide, rather than diffusion into the silicon or surface regrowth, is the dominant sink for interstitials generated by the oxidizing interface. Further, the sublinear dependence of OED and OISF growth on oxidation rate is shown to be a direct result of assuming a steady-state balance between interstitial generation at the interface and diffusion into the oxide. The model also explains the retarded diffusion of phosphorus observed for very long oxidation times.
Nanoscale composition imaging by extreme ultraviolet laser ablation mass spectrometry

The first nano-scale 3-dimensional composition imaging is demonstrated. EUV laser ablation enables composition maps with 75 nm lateral, 20 nm depth resolution, and 0.01 amol sensitivity. 3D composition images of a single micro-organism were obtained.
Mantle helium reveals Southern Ocean hydrothermal venting

[1] Hydrothermal venting along the global mid-ocean ridge system plays a major role in cycling elements and energy between the Earth's interior and surface. We use the distribution of helium isotopes along an oceanic transect at 67°S to identify previously unobserved hydrothermal activity in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean. Combining the geochemical information provided by the helium isotope anomaly with independent hydrographic information from the Southern Ocean, we trace the source of the hydrothermal input to the Pacific Antarctic Ridge south of 55°S, one of the major global mid-ocean ridge systems, which has until now been a ‘blank spot’ on the global map of hydrothermal venting. We identify three complete ridge segments, a portion of a fourth segment and two isolated locations on the Pacific Antarctic Ridge between 145°W and 175°W (representing ∼540 km of ridge in total) as the potential source of the newly observed plume.
Robotics in the factory of the future: AI in manufacturing: The NBS AMRF as an intelligent machine☆

Abstract Within its Automated Manufacturing Research Facility (AMRF), the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (NBS) is addressing research issues in interface standards for the fully automated factory of the future for the production of small batches of discrete parts. Consisting of robots, machine tools and computers, the AMRF is being integrated using a real-time, sensory-feedback, data-driven hierarchical control architecture. As such, the AMRF is a research tool for investigating the manufacturing enterprise as a system of intelligent machines. This paper: (1) describes the AMRF in terms of its real-time control system architecture; (2) notes the role of symbolic languages, knowledge-representation, sensory-processing and other aspects of artificial intelligence in its development; and (3) speculates on further application of AI in future intelligent manufacturing systems similar in form to the AMRF.
The concept of race in Health Services Research: 1966 to 1990.

Abstract OBJECTIVE. This study examined ways in which race/ethnicity has been conceptualized and used in the health services research literature as published in Health Services Research (HSR). DATA SOURCE. All articles published in HSR from its inception in 1966 to 1990. STUDY DESIGN. The analyses were restricted to U.S.-based empirical research on humans or in which human population characteristics are described. This study identifies the terms used for race and/or ethnicity, the frequency with which they occur, and the purposes for which they are utilized. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS. The study documents that race/ethnicity is widely used in the health services literature to stratify or adjust results and to describe the sample or population of the study. Terms used for race are seldom defined and race is frequently employed in a routine and uncritical manner to represent ill-defined social and cultural factors. CONCLUSIONS. Researchers and practitioners must give more careful attention to the conceptualization and measurement of race. An understanding of racial/ethnic differences in patterns of health service utilization will require efforts to catalog and quantify the specific social and cultural factors that are differentially distributed by racial and ethnic status.
The Enumerative Character of Tarski’s Definition of Truth and Its General Character in a Tarskian System

In this paper, I suggest an approach to the alleged problem with the Tarskian formal definition of truth: its enumerative character seems to make it unable to capture our pretheoretic general understanding of truth. For this purpose, after spelling out two requirements for extending an enumerative definition to new cases, I examine to what extent Tarski's Convention T provides what are needed for extending the Tarski's enumerative definition. I conclude that, though not explicitly providing what are needed, Convention T does implicitly suggest something quite promising and provide necessary conceptual resources for its further modifications. Then I suggest a Tarskian explicitly general definition of what it is to be a truth-definition on the basis of some theoretical and conceptual resources within Tarski's semantic theory, and 1 explain how it would make the Tarskian seemingly enumerative formal definition have a general character in accord with our pretheoretic understanding of truth. Finally, I examine the current proposal in comparison with Davidson's approach and in the light of Hintikka's new perspective.