cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring pedestrian accessible bus transit supply in St. Petersburg Florida

Related to ideas of walkable city and urban design, pedestrian access is an important topic in transportation planning studies. The GIS buffer based method as presented by Currie (2010) measures accessibility spatially by identifying the relative ease of transit network access for pedestrians travelling from an origin to available access points for a specified mode of transportation. While this method has been applied internationally, this study contributes to the existing literature by measuring bus transit supply accessible by pedestrians for the City of St. Petersburg Florida. The index used to calculate this measure of walkable bus transit supply was adapted from an established formulation and applied to current transit data and census datasets. The results reveal patterns in the distribution of walkable bus transit supply for the city at the census block level.
Plasma power recycling at the divertor surface

With a divertor made of solid materials like carbon and tungsten, plasma ions are expected to be recycled at the divertor surface with a time-averaged particle recycling coefficient very close to u...
Jumping to Conclusions: Advocacy and Application of Psychological Research

Just as a researcher’s values and beliefs inevitably affect what topics are chosen for study and how those topics are studied, the same is true for any application of psychological research to a new domain. Because every psychological theory is subject to conditions and uncertainty about its coverage, every application of theory will require many judgments about which variables will be behaviorally potent and which will not be in any new setting. These judgments will inevitably draw on the researcher’s own beliefs and values to inform the extrapolations required for the extension of research. The influence of these beliefs and values will rarely be made explicit, perhaps not even to the researcher herself, but such influence is inevitable. Until psychologists endorse a set of shared specific norms for evaluating construct and external validity (and concomitantly for when applications are appropriate and how applied advice is given), and until social scientists devote as much attention in post-publication review to construct and external validity critiques as to internal validity critiques, unsupportable and misleading extensions of psychological research will persist.
Phonon glass behavior beyond traditional cage structures: synthesis, crystal and electronic structure, and properties of KMg4Sb3

Three new ternary antimonides, KMg4Sb3 and A2Mg5Sb4 (A = Rb, Cs), were synthesized via high-temperature solid-state reactions and their crystal structures were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. All three compounds feature three-dimensional anionic frameworks composed of edge-shared MgSb4 tetrahedra with channels trapping the alkali metal cations. KMg4Sb3 crystallizes in β-BaCu4S3 structure type (Pearson symbol oS32) while Rb2Mg5Sb4 and Cs2Mg5Sb4 are isostructural and crystallize in K2Zn5As4 structure type (Pearson symbol oC44). Band structure calculations predict KMg4Sb3 to be a direct bandgap semiconductor with Eg of ∼1 eV. Characterizations of the transport properties indicate that KMg4Sb3 is a semiconductor with impurity levels. KMg4Sb3 exhibits ultralow total thermal conductivity of 0.9 W m−1 K−1 at 300 K. Potassium cations in the structure of KMg4Sb3 exhibit abnormally large anisotropic displacement parameters at 90 K, a behavior typical for rattling cations. Calculations of the phonon dispersions and density of states support the K rattling as an important contributor to overall thermal conductivity reduction. A Phonon-Glass thermal behavior with K atoms rattling in open channels of Mg4Sb3 framework shines new light on designing low thermal conductivity materials.
Steady three-dimensional flows past hollow fiber membrane arrays – cross flow arrangement

Hollow fiber membrane (HFM) modules are among the most common separation devices employed in membrane separation applications. Three-dimensional steady-state computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simu...
LOCAL BEHAVIOR OF AUTONOMOUS NEUTRAL FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Basic problems for a special class of neutral functional differential equations (NFDE) are formulated, and some contributions to a general qualitative theory in the neighborhood of an equilibrium point are indicated. The properties of a NFDE (G,f) are examined to determine in what sense these properties are insensitive to small changes in (G,f) in the topology G x F. The special class of equations that is introduced includes retarded functional differential equations and difference equations.
Macrophage-Targeted Nanoparticle Delivery Systems

Monocytes and macrophages originate from the mononuclear phagocyte system and form the basis of immune defense system of the body. These cells are distributed throughout the body, are highly diverse functionally, and work in conjunction with other cells in restoring the physiological homeostasis. The three major goals of macrophages are phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and modulation of the immune response. With greater understanding of the macrophage biology and role in the body, there is an opportunity to target imaging and therapeutic agents directly to these cells upon local or systemic administration. Multifunctional nanotechnology has already shown tremendous promise in the field of targeted delivery for various diseases. The use of targeted nanosystems is extended to macrophages with the intent to prevent, using effective vaccination or diagnosis, and treat inflammatory diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. In this chapter, we have summarized the role of macrophages, advantage of nanosystems in delivery of vaccines, drugs, and nucleic acid constructs, criteria for macrophage targeting, various nanoplatforms available to target macrophages, and illustrative examples that have shown the imaging and therapeutic benefits of targeting these cells.
Piggyback WSI GaAs Systolic Engine

GaAs digital circuits have been much heralded as a means for achieving high computational throughput rates. For example, recently Hughes has published accounts of a flip-flop exhibiting toggle rates approaching 20 GHz using 0.2 micron BFL-CEL MESFET logic operating at room temperature. This impressive performance must, however, be taken in the context of the severe yield problems which inhibit the use of this technology in a cost effective manner in large systems. This leads to the fabrication of big systems using a large number of relatively small dies. Use of conventional packaging for such small dies then introduces parasitics which largely negate the performance improvements promised by the underlying GaAs technology. In this paper we examine one approach to packaging a large number of small GaAs circuits to implement a system of 1000 heavily pipelined systolic processors each operating at a rate of 1 billion floating point operations a second resulting in a sustained throughput of 1000 GFLOPS. This stunning performance could be accomplished using a package with a volume of a few cubic feet, and dissipating only about 10 KW of power. The impact on aerospace tactical and strategic signal processing applications of such a technology could be substantial.
Generating cognitive maps using echo features from a biomimetic audible sonar

A sonar cognitive map displays target components that are specified by signal features extracted from a single binaural echo pair. A biomimetic audible sonar probes targets configured using posts connected by tangential planes. Echo envelopes are processed to extract values of eight parameters that govern the mapping process. Being tuned to recognize posts and planes, a cognitive map is composed of these two components using the posts' centers and radii as landmarks. A platform with translational and rotational degrees of freedom implements a landmark-centric scanning trajectory whose step size adaptively changes with echo information. The sonar tracks the target surface by maintaining a constant first-echo arrival time and by equalizing binaural echo times to form singular echoes that identify landmarks. The mapping process employs five states from detection to termination that pass through the singular echo state. Separate states process echo interference caused by two posts and echoes from planar surfaces. Sonar scanning stops when the current landmark parameters match those of the first landmark. Two targets configured with three posts and an added plane illustrate the procedure. Cognitive maps exhibit landmark locations that are accurate to ±5% with post radius estimates accurate to ±20%.
Stable high current density operation of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−δ oxygen electrodes

Solid oxide cells operated reversibly between fuel cell and electrolysis modes are promising for energy storage with extremely high capacity. La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−δ (LSCF) has become the dominant oxygen electrode material in electrolysis and reversible operation. However, LSCF has been widely reported to degrade due to Sr surface segregation. The present understanding is that the segregation rate and hence the degradation rate increases with increasing temperature and current density. Here we present a study of LSCF electrode performance and stability carried out with a series of extended life tests (1000 hours) over a range of temperatures and reversing current densities. Although the results at lower temperatures (650–700 °C) show the expected increase in segregation-induced degradation with increasing current density, at higher temperature (750 °C) stability is improved and the electrodes become fully stable at the highest current density of 1.5 A cm−2, maintaining a stable polarization resistance of 0.08 Ω cm2. This unexpected result is explained by the increased electrochemical activity of LSCF at the higher temperature and a very rapid development of a stable surface segregated Sr layer.
New Single-Stage Soft-Switching Solid-State Transformer with Reduced Conduction Loss and Minimal Auxiliary Switch

This paper presents two new topologies of single-stage soft-switching solid-state transformer. The proposed converters achieve better trade-off than existing solutions between complexity and benefits from auxiliary circuits, which are used for soft switching and to address transformer leakage induced issues. Compared to the state-of-the-art, the proposed converters reduce conduction loss by approximately 20% via eliminating or moving the auxiliary diodes from the main power path. Moreover, the proposed converters achieve minimal auxiliary components by using only one auxiliary switch, i.e. >50% auxiliary counts reduction. In fact, the provision eliminates MV auxiliary switches, diodes, and a bulky MV resonant inductor due to impedance scaling law across transformers – significant improvement for MV-to-LV SST application. In addition, the proposed converters inherit the advantages of the soft-switching solid-state transformer, i.e. full load range ZVS capability and low EMI. As such, the proposed low-switch-count converters feature high efficiency, high power density, and low EMI noise. The topologies, design, and operating principles are presented and verified with experimental results at 600 V and 2 kV from two different prototypes.
Lamellipodia-like protrusions and focal adhesions contribute to collective cell migration in zebrafish

Collective cell migration is a process where cohorts of cells exhibit coordinated migratory behavior. During individual and collective cellular migration, cells must extend protrusions to interact with the extracellular environment, sense chemotactic cues, and act as points of attachment. The mechanisms and regulators of protrusive behavior have been widely studied in individually migrating cells; however, how this behavior is regulated throughout collectives is not well understood. To address this, we used the zebrafish posterior lateral line primordium (pLLP) as a model. The pLLP is a cluster of ~150 ​cells that migrates along the zebrafish trunk, depositing groups of cells that will become sensory organs. To define protrusive behavior, we performed mosaic analysis to sparsely label pLLP cells with a transgene marking filamentous actin. This approach revealed an abundance of brush-like protrusions throughout the pLLP that orient in the direction of migration. Formation of these protrusions depends on the Arp2/3 complex, a regulator of dendritic actin. This argues that these brush-like protrusions are an in vivo example of lamellipodia. Mosaic analysis demonstrated that these lamellipodia-like protrusions are located in a close proximity to the overlying skin. Immunostaining revealed an abundance of focal adhesion complexes surrounding the pLLP. Disruption of these complexes specifically in pLLP cells led to impaired pLLP migration. Finally, we show that Erk signaling, a known regulator of focal adhesions, is required for proper formation of lamellipodia-like protrusions and pLLP migration. Altogether, our results suggest a model where the coordinated dynamics of lamellipodia-like protrusions, making contact with either the overlying skin or the extracellular matrix through focal adhesions, promotes migration of pLLP cells.
On Strategic Defense of Stochastic Networks

This paper deals with the detection and prediction of losses due to cyber attacks waged on vital networks. The accumulation of losses to a network during a series of attacks is modeled by a 2-dimensional monotone random walk process as observed by an independent delayed renewal process. The first component of the process is associated with the number of nodes (such as routers or operational sites) incapacitated by successive attacks. Each node has a weight associated with its incapacitation (such as loss of operational capacity or financial cost associated with repair), and the second component models the cumulative weight associated with the nodes lost. Each component has a fixed threshold and crossing of a threshold by either component represents the network entering a critical condition. Results are given as joint functionals of the predicted time of the first observed threshold crossing along with the values of each component upon this time.
Genome Annotations of Two Bacillus Phages, Tomato and BaseballField.

ABSTRACT Tomato and BaseballField are Bacillus bacteriophages that were isolated and annotated by students in the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Phage Hunters program. Tomato has a unique truncation of the tape measure gene that is not found in other closely related C1 Bacillus phages. BaseballField is a strictly lytic phage with a compact genome of 26 kb.
2-Heptylcyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid Disperses and Inhibits Bacterial Biofilms.

Fatty acid signaling molecules can inhibit biofilm formation, signal dispersal events, and revert dormant cells within biofilms to a metabolically active state. We synthesized 2-heptylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (2CP), an analog of cis-2-decenoic acid (C2DA), which contains a cyclopropanated bond that may lock the signaling factor in an active state and prevent isomerization to its least active trans- configuration (T2DA). 2CP was compared to C2DA and T2DA for ability to disperse biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 2CP at 125 µg/ml dispersed approximately 100% of S. aureus cells compared to 25% for C2DA; both 2CP and C2DA had significantly less S. aureus biofilm remaining compared to T2DA, which achieved no significant dispersal. 2CP at 125 µg/ml dispersed approximately 60% of P. aeruginosa biofilms, whereas C2DA and T2DA at the same concentration dispersed 40%. When combined with antibiotics tobramycin, tetracycline or levofloxacin, 2CP decreased the minimum concentration required for biofilm inhibition and eradication, demonstrating synergistic and additive responses for certain combinations. Furthermore, 2CP supported fibroblast viability above 80% for concentrations below 1 mg/ml. This study demonstrates that 2CP shows similar or improved efficacy in biofilm dispersion, inhibition, and eradication compared to C2DA and T2DA and thus may be promising for use in preventing infection for healthcare applications.
The Asymmetric Mispricing Information in Analysts’ Target Prices

We study the mispricing information in US and international analysts’ target prices. We hypothesize that asymmetry in the value-relevance of information that firms supply to analysts, and asymmetry in how analysts convert such information into their target prices, lead to asymmetry in the predictive properties of analyst-claimed mispricing. Specifically, we propose that analyst-claimed undervaluation will be more predictive of future returns than will analyst-claimed overvaluation. Our tests first isolate analyst-claimed mispricing by removing analysts’ estimates of the cost of equity from the returns implied by their target prices, then separate analyst-claimed undervaluation from overvaluation. Empirically we find that target prices only predict future returns (at between 15¢ and 19¢ on the dollar) when analysts claim undervaluation, not when they claim overvaluation. In additional analyses, we find that analyst-claimed undervaluation predicts future returns more strongly after firms experience low returns and when uncertainty in the overall stock market is low.
An RF-Ultrasound Relay for Powering Deep Implants Across Air-Tissue Interfaces with a Multi-Output Regulating Rectifier and Ultrasound Beamforming

Single modality wireless power has limited depth for mm-sized implants across air-tissue (e.g. retina implants) or skull-tissue interfaces because of high loss in tissue (RF, optical) or high reflection at the medium interface (ultrasound). The proposed RF-ultrasound (US) relay uses an RF link across the interface to a relay chip which rectifies the RF power and transmits focused ultrasound to the implant using a 6-channel phased array with 251% efficiency improvement at 2.5 cm over fixed focusing.
Program Evaluation of an Integrated Treatment Approach to Group CPT in VA Residential Treatment

Historically, U.S. Veterans Affairs (VA) residential programs offered treatment for particular diagnoses in separate programs. Although increasing emphasis is being placed on integrated treatment, ...
Correlation of expression of BP1, a homeobox gene, with estrogen receptor status in breast cancer

BP1 is a novel homeobox gene cloned in our laboratory. Our previous studies in leukemia demonstrated that BP1 has oncogenic properties, including as a modulator of cell survival. Here BP1 expression was examined in breast cancer, and the relationship between BP1 expression and clinicopathological data was determined. Total RNA was isolated from cell lines, tumors, and matched normal adjacent tissue or tissue from autopsy. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to evaluate BP1 expression. Statistical analysis was accomplished with SAS. Analysis of 46 invasive ductal breast tumors demonstrated BP1 expression in 80% of them, compared with a lack of expression in six normal breast tissues and low-level expression in one normal breast tissue. Remarkably, 100% of tumors that were negative for the estrogen receptor (ER) were BP1-positive, whereas 73% of ER-positive tumors expressed BP1 (P = 0.03). BP1 expression was also associated with race: 89% of the tumors of African American women were BP1-positive, whereas 57% of those from Caucasian women expressed BP1 (P = 0.04). However, there was no significant difference in BP1 expression between grades I, II, and III tumors. Interestingly, BP1 mRNA expression was correlated with the ability of malignant cell lines to cause breast cancer in mice. Because BP1 is expressed abnormally in breast tumors, it could provide a useful target for therapy, particularly in patients with ER-negative tumors. The frequent expression of BP1 in all tumor grades suggests that activation of BP1 is an early event.
Pitfalls in the Determination of Environmental Trace Metals

The growing realization of the importance of even extremely small amounts of metals in the environment has led to an ever increasing demand for determination of these metals at trace-level concentrations. The resulting flood of data has evoked a mixed response from members of the public, scientific and otherwise. Some accept the results unhesitatingly, particularly if in conformity with their prejudices, and make them the basis for legislative action, prosecution, indifference or panic. Others deny that quantities so small can be measured with any degree of meaning, while still others are selectively skeptical, or simply bewildered. In recognition of this state of affairs and of the importance of reliable and interpretable data in the many fundamental scientific and social problems related to the presence of trace metals in the environment, I would like to examine with you the present state of the art and its implications.
First-Best and Second-Best Analyses and the Political Economy of Public Sector Economics

This chapter describes the political economy of public sector economics. The chapter focuses on two issues (1) the distinction between first-best and second-best analysis, and (2) the political economy of public sector theory, centered on the social welfare function and Arrow's Impossibility theorem. The chapter also discusses the lump-sum redistribution and public sector theory. Lump-sum tax and transfer programs are easy to describe. Poll taxes are occasionally used as revenue sources and they are certainly lump-sum from an economic perspective. On the transfer side, many countries have instituted per-person demo grants. First-best analysis means that the government has a sufficient set of policy tools for whatever problems that may exist to restore the economy to the bliss point on its first-best utility-possibilities frontier. The “first-best” utility possibilities frontier means that the locus of pareto-optimal allocations is constrained only by three fundamentals of any economy: individual preferences, production technologies, and market clearance. However, the required set of policy tools is broad indeed. If the analysis occurs within the context of a market economy, it is understood either that all markets are perfectly competitive or that the government can adjust behavior in noncompetitive markets to generate the perfectly competitive results.
Off and running? Technology, trade and the rising demand for skilled workers in Latin America

The authors describe the evolution of relative wages in five Latin American countries-Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. They use repeated cross-sections of household surveys, and decompose the evolution of relative wages into factors associated with changes in relative supply and relative demand. The authors have three main conclusions: 1) Increases in the relative wages of the most skilled (university-educated) workers took place concurrently with increases in their relative abundance in all of the countries except Brazil. This is strong evidence of increases in the demand for skilled workers. 2) Increases in the wage bill of skilled workers occurred largely within sectors, and in the same sectors in different countries, which is consistent with skill-biased technological change. 3) Trade appears to be an important transmission mechanism. Increases in the demand for the most skilled workers took place at a time when countries in Latin America considerably increased the penetration of imports, including imports of capital goods. The authors show that changes in the volume and research and development intensity of imports are significantly related to changes in the demand for more skilled workers in Latin America. Their research complements earlier work on the effects of technology transmitted through trade on productivity and on the demand for skilled labor.
CRAIG V. BOREN: SEX DISCRIMINATION, 3.2% BEER, AND THE CLASH BETWEEN OKLAHOMA LAW AND THE EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE

Political events in Oklahoma interact with national trends to produce a Sepreme Court decision establishing equal gender rights for states.
Fire characteristics of steel members coated with nano‐enhanced polymers

Polymeric coatings applied to masonry infill walls have been demonstrated to provide protection against blast. Steel frames may be embedded in these walls to improve the structural characteristics of the building. During the process of retrofitting the walls with blast protection polymeric coatings, the steel frame may be fully or partially coated with these materials to provide adequate anchorage of the retrofit system to the frame and to avoid global failure of walls subjected to blast loading. The development of a blast-resistant coating for masonry walls that safeguards all structural elements in a fire would provide buildings with protection against explosions and a fire following the blast, as well as against ordinary building fires. This paper uses a numerical tool based on the particle finite element method to evaluate the melting and dripping of nano-enhanced polymeric coatings applied on steel members embedded within masonry walls. Viscosity measurements were performed to obtain needed parameters for the simulations. Polyurea nanocomposite residues showed a minimum in viscosity with temperature, possibly caused by cross-linking and charring. Model results for the polyurea residue with the lowest value of minimum viscosity showed that the coating remained attached, although there was some flow that caused a chunk of material to break off from an overhang. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rational-Irrational Beliefs and the Effects of the Velten Mood Induction Procedure

Despite the extensive use of the Velten Mood Induction Procedure (VMIP) for the analogue study of cognitive factors in emotional disorders, researchers have ignored individual-difference variables in the susceptibility to mood induction. In the present study, extreme groups were selected on the Irrational Beliefs Test (IBT), a measure of subjects' endorsement of Ellis' irrational beliefs. Twenty-seven rational and 27 irrational subjects were exposed to the VMIP positive, neutral, or negative self-statement conditions and were given a pre- and post-induction MAACL to assess dyphoric mood states. As predicted, the results were interactive, with irrationals showing affective susceptibility to negative VMIP but not to positive VMIP, and vice versa for rationals. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.
The fate of stacking

The impending doom of CMOS scaling has semiconductor mavericks scrambling for alternative solutions to continue increasing the device density per chip. One serious candidate is 3D integration in which the planar manufacturing technology extends skyward into the third dimension, much like skyscrapers. Similarities between chip architecture and building architecture are plentiful, and the author draws some parallels between the two.
Differentiation of pancreatic endocrine progenitors reversibly blocked by premature induction of MafA

Specification and maturation of insulin(+) cells accompanies a transition in expression of Maf family of transcription factors. In development, MafA is expressed after specification of insulin(+) cells that are expressing another Maf factor, MafB; after birth, these insulin(+) MafA(+) cells stop MafB expression and gain glucose responsiveness. Current differentiation protocols for deriving insulin-producing β-cells from stem cells result in β-cells lacking both MafA expression and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. So driving expression of MafA, a β-cell maturation factor in endocrine precursors could potentially generate glucose-responsive MafA(+) β cells. Using inducible transgenic mice, we characterized the final stages of β-cell differentiation and maturation with MafA pause/release experiments. We found that forcing MafA transgene expression, out of its normal developmental context, in Ngn3(+) endocrine progenitors blocked endocrine differentiation and prevented the formation of hormone(+) cells. However, this arrest was reversible such that with stopping the transgene expression, the cells resumed their differentiation to hormone(+) cells, including α-cells, indicating that the block likely occurred after progenitors had committed to a specific hormonal fate. Interestingly, this delayed resumption of endocrine differentiation resulted in a greater proportion of immature insulin(+)MafB(+) cells at P5, demonstrating that during maturation the inhibition of MafB in β-cell transitioning from insulin(+)MafB(+) to insulin(+)MafB(-) stage is regulated by cell-autonomous mechanisms. These results demonstrate the importance of proper context of initiating MafA expression on the endocrine differentiation and suggest that generating mature Insulin(+)MafA(+) β-cells will require the induction of MafA in a narrow temporal window to achieve normal endocrine differentiation.
Arch growth after staged repair of interrupted aortic arch using carotid artery interposition

Background. Between 1980 and 1990, our practice was to perform carotid artery interposition as part of a staged repair of interrupted aortic arch with various associated cardiac defects. Methods. This procedure was used in 16 patients with IAA type B. The median age at operation was 4.5 days and the median weight, 3.2 kg. Ten of the patients had an associated ventricular septal defect. Six more had complex anatomy. There were two deaths at carotid interposition, two interim deaths, and two deaths after intracardiac repair. Preoperative echocardiographic and angiographic studies were compared with postoperative studies in 11 survivors of arch repair to assess sequential growth of the interposed carotid artery. Measurements of the carotid artery were normalized to the descending aorta. Results. Preoperatively, the left carotid artery had a median diameter of 3.7 mm and was 42.9% of the descending aortic diameter. Postoperative studies performed at a median age of 5.7 months disclosed that the interposed carotid artery had grown to a median diameter of 7.0 mm and was 69.6% of the diameter of the descending aorta (normal ≥ 81%). On follow-up at a median time of 4 years, 6 of 9 patients have no gradient by blood pressure measurements or echocardiographic Doppler studies, and 3 have modest gradients. No patient has required revision of the arch repair. Conclusions. Survival is good after carotid artery interposition for interrupted aortic arch, and growth of the carotid artery approaches that of a normal arch. Carotid artery interposition is a viable alternative for repair of this lesion should primary definitive repair not be feasible.
Poly(organophosphazenes): synthesis, unique properties, and applications

Preparation par polymerisation par ouverture de cycle. Proprietes physiques; application comme isolant thermique, materiau biomedical, conducteur electronique, electrolyte solide polymere
Making Sense of One's Career: An Analysis and Typology of Supervisor Career Stories

This study examines career development from a sensemaking perspective. Previous research in career theory identifies individual and social factors in individuals' career development. Communication theory and research demonstrate the importance of interactions and actions within contexts. These bodies of literature suggest that accounts for one's career constitute a valuable resource for understanding how people make sense of their professional lives. Supervisors from two companies provided stories of how their careers began and developed. A typology of story features was derived and indicates that participants made sense of their careers by utilizing topoi of agency, organizational and task features, and supportive relationships.
Comparison of Long-Term Actual Renal Allograft Survival in Mycophenolate Mofetil and Azathioprine-Based Triple Drug Immunosuppression Protocols

Abstract Introduction The use of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in renal transplantation results in a 50% lower incidence of acute rejection compared to azathioprine (AZA). However, the graft survival reports are conflicting: the European trial and US database analysis suggest better survival with MMF, an observation that was not seen in the US and tricontinental studies. Methods We retrospectively reviewed our single-center experience (60% African-Americans) comparing the serum creatinine (SCr) values and 3-year actual graft survival with MMF versus AZA-based immunosuppression. Group I included patients transplanted between January 1990 and December 1992 on cyclosporine (CSA), AZA, and steroids; group II subjects, from January 1996 to December 1998 on CSA, MMF, and steroids. We analyzed SCr and all causes of graft losses at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months posttransplantation. Results The patient demographics were similar in both groups as was the mean SCr values at different times. The time-group interaction for SCr, the Kruskal-Wallis test for SCr for different categories ( 2.5 mg/dL) and the all-cause graft loss between the two groups were not significantly different. Conclusion Our results failed to show better long-term actual graft survival despite the 6-year interval between the two groups. These findings agree with the results of the United States and the tricontinental studies. A lower incidence of acute rejection early after transplantation observed with MMF may not always translate into a long-term benefit, possibly due to the influence of nonimmunological factors, such as hypertension, calcineurin inhibitor toxicity, more frequent cytomegalovirus infections, and increased attempts to withdraw steroids using MMF-based protocols.
The reception of mendelism in the United States, 1900–1930

Abstract Scholars have differed on the question of why Mendel’s work was neglected between 1865 and 1900, and the (by contrast) relatively rapid acceptance of Mendelism in many countries after 1900. This paper focuses on two factors that have not been well explored in that debate. The first is that Mendelism fit perfectly into the atomistic philosophy associated with mechanistic materialism in western science, and thus was strongly promoted by a younger group of biologists around 1900 to raise the prestige of biology to the rigorous level of the physical sciences. The second factor was that Mendelian theory, with its experimental and predictive qualities, fit well into the new demands for industrialization of agriculture both to feed a growing urban population and to provide an arena for capital expansion. This paper proposes that the early promotion of Mendelian research, by both private and public funds, owed as much to economic and social as to biological causes.
Adaptive Control of Grid-Connected Inverters Based on Online Grid Impedance Measurements

Stability of a grid-connected inverter depends on the ratio of the grid impedance to the inverter impedance. Since the grid impedance changes during normal power system conditions, this paper proposes a gain-scheduling adaptive control system that uses online grid impedance measurements. For grid impedance measurement, an impulse-response analysis method is programmed in the digital-signal processor (DSP) of the grid-connected inverter. For adaptation, a Routh-Hurwitz stability analysis approach is used to derive, analytically, the stable operation boundaries of the interconnected system. To simplify the analytical derivations, the grid impedance is assumed inductive at low frequencies and curve fitted to the online impedance measurements. Experimental measurements demonstrate the improvement in system stability, when the impedance identification and adaptive control algorithms are programmed together in the DSP of a three-phase inverter, which is connected to a grid with a variable feeder impedance.
Attempts to Control Flexibacter columnaris Epizootics in Pond-Reared Channel Catfish by Vaccination

Abstract Evaluation of bacterins for the immunization of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus against Flexibacter columnaris was carried out over 5 years. Groups of 60,000–100,000 pondreared channel catfish, weighing an average of 1.5–4.1 g, were vaccinated each year with formalininactivated Flexibacter columnaris bacterins by immersion. Bacterins were prepared from isolates of the preceding year's epizootic. Equal numbers of nonvaccinated channel catfish reared under similar conditions served as controls. Fish were vaccinated during May each year when water temperatures ranged from 16 to 18°C. Data were recorded daily from early June through midSeptember as water temperatures rose to 24–26°C. Deaths were recorded daily, and the number of hours required for antibiotic treatments were monitored. Analysis of the data indicated a general trend toward a beneficial effect of vaccination, particularly for larger fish. Mortality and hours of antibiotic treatment were significantly higher for most control groups t...
Hydrocarbons in surface sediments from a Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vent site

Petroleum-like materials found at the Guaymas Basin hydothermal vent site (Gulf of California) are derived from pyrolysis of organic matter. Two characteristics surface sediment cores differing in temperature profiles and other parameters were collected by DSV ALVIN, sectioned and analyzed for hydrocarbons. The quantitative and qualitative composition of alkanes, steranes, diasteranes, and triterpanes differed between these cores as well as within sections of the same core. These differences, apparent for scales of tens of centimeters, are related to interactive physical, chemical, and microbial processes as well as the influence of multiple sources for the petroleum.
L-phenylisopropyladenosine (L-PIA) diminishes halothane anesthetic requirements and decreases noradrenergic neurotransmission in rats.

Abstract The effect of L-phenylisopropyladenosine (L-PIA), the A1 adenosine agonist, on the depth of anesthesia was investigated in halothane-anesthetized rats. L-PIA treatment reduced the minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) of halothane that prevented 50% of animals from moving in response to a painful stimulus by 49%. MAC experiments performed with L-PIA given in conjunction with A1 adenosine receptor antagonists which either permeate the blood-brain barrier (8-phenyltheophylline [8-PT]) or do not (8-sulphophenyltheophylline [8-So-PT]) indicate that central mechanisms are involved. Noradrenergic neurotransmission was diminished following L-PIA administration in halothane-anesthetized rats in all brain regions. These data suggest that acute L-PIA treatment decreases central noradrenergic neurotransmission and may represent the mechanism for the decrease in halothane dose to achieve an anesthetic endpoint anesthetic response to halothane.
The Revolutionary Party in Gramsci's Pre-Prison Educational and Political Theory and Practice.

While most of Gramsci's party work is well known to education scholars of Gramsci, and the educational aspects of his writings have been repeatedly analyzed, what remains a constant in education‐based Gramsci studies is the nearly universal minimization of this work for what it was, namely party work. For Gramsci, it would have been unthinkable to consider this work outside the framework of a revolutionary party. Yet, for contemporary educational scholars it seems unthinkable to consider Gramsci's work within the framework of a revolutionary party. The goals of this article are to outline Gramsci's interrelated conceptualization of the roles of the revolutionary party; the nature of education within and by the revolutionary party; and the aims of party education. For considerations of space, I limit this analysis to Gramsci's pre‐prison praxis, the period of his active militancy in the PSI and the PCI. I conclude the article with what I consider to be lessons with continued relevance from Gramsci's praxis...
Redundant cis-acting elements control expression of the Drosophila affinidisjuncta Adh gene in the larval fat body

The alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene in the Hawaiian species of fruit fly, Drosophila affinidisjuncta, like the Adh genes from all Drosophila species analyzed, is expressed at high levels in the larval fat body via a larval-specific promoter. To identify the cis-acting elements involved in this highly conserved aspect of Adh gene expression, deleted D. affinidisjuncta genes were introduced into D. melanogaster by somatic transformation. Unlike previously described methods, this transformation system allows analysis of Adh gene expression specifically in the larval fat body. The arrangement of sequences influencing expression of the proximal promoter of this gene in the larval fat body differs markedly from that described for the Adh gene from the distant relative, D. melanogaster. Multiple redundant elements dispersed 5' and 3' to the gene, only some of which map to regions carrying evolutionarily conserved sequences, affect expression in the fat body. D. affinidisjuncta employs a novel mode of Adh gene regulation in which the proximal promoter is influenced by sequences having roles in expression of the distal promoter. This gene is also unique in that far upstream sequences can compensate for loss of sequences within 200 bp of the proximal RNA start site. Furthermore, expression is influenced in an unusual, context-dependent manner by a naturally-occurring 3' duplication of the proximal promoter--a feature found only in Hawaiian species.
KINEMATICS, STATICS, AND DEXTERITY OF PLANAR ACTIVE STRUCTURE MODULES

Abstract Construction automation could benefit from long-reach, lightweight, dexterous, strong, and stiff manipulators constructed from active structures (variable geometry trusses). Unfortunately, the few systems actually built to date have not delivered these desired characteristics (two such systems are heavy, slow, not dexterous enough, and too flexible) due to lack of unified, integrated, optimized design. This article presents a first step for integrated kinematic, static, dynamic, and control constraints in structural optimization. Workspace area, end-link angle, extension ratio, dexterity, and static loading are all considered in comparisons of basic planar active structure modules which could be used as joints in 3D active structures for construction automation.
Isotope effects and the distinction between synchronous, asynchronous, and stepwise Diels–Alder reactions

Abstract A variety of symmetrical or nearly symmetrical Diels–Alder reactions are studied by a combination of experimental isotope effects, theoretical calculations, and rate observations. Becke3LYP calculations predicted highly asynchronous transition structures for Diels–Alder reactions of bis(boryl)acetylenes, dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates, triazolinediones, and dialkyl maleates. Rate observations and kinetic isotope effects are consistent with these predictions, though the experimental support for the calculated structures is notably ambiguous in some cases. A concerted mechanism is supported for the retro-Diels–Alder reaction of norbornene. Overall, Diels–Alder reactions appear to be only very weakly biased toward synchronous transition states.
Effect of water and food deprivation on hepatic microsomal metabolism of hexobarbital and aniline.

Water deprivation for 48 hr with its accompanying decrease in food intake significantly lowered the in vitro rate of hexobarbital metabolism by hepatic microsomes isolated from male rats. Pair‐fed rats allowed water ad libitum had a significantly lower level of hexobarbital metabolism than those deprived of water. Rats starved for 24 hr with or without water also had levels of hexobarbital metabolism significantly lower than their controls; with those animals allowed water ad libitum, the level was significantly lower than for those deprived of water. In vivo hexobarbital “sleeping time” experiments were in general agreement with these results. The in vitro metabolism of aniline was increased in both male and female rats following 24 hr starvation and in female rats (but not males) the effect was greater when water was allowed than when deprived. The differences between hydrated and dehydrated animals were not attributable to reduction in concentration of microsomal protein or the water content of liver. ...
Precision grasping and manipulation of small objects from flat surfaces using underactuated fingers

In this paper we demonstrate an underactuated finger design and grasping method for precision grasping and manipulation of relatively small objects. Taking a cue from human manipulation, we introduce the flip-and-pinch task, in which the hand picks up thin objects from a table surface by flipping it into a stable configuration. Despite the fact that finger motions are not fully constrained by the hand actuators, we demonstrate that the hand and fingers can be configured with the table surface to produce a set of constraints that result in a repeatable quasi-static motion trajectory. This approach is shown to be robust for a variety of object sizes, even when utilizing identical open-loop kinematic playback. Experimental results suggest that the advantages of underactuated, adaptive robot hands can be carried over to dexterous, precision tasks as well.
Impairments in the initial horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex of older humans.

To determine age-related changes, the initial horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) of 11 younger normal subjects (aged 20-32 years) was compared with that of 12 older subjects (aged 58-69 years) in response to random transients of whole-body acceleration of 1,000 and 2,800 degrees/s2 delivered around eccentric vertical axes ranging from 10 cm anterior to 20 cm posterior to the eyes. Eye and head positions were sampled at 1,200 Hz using magnetic search coils. Subjects fixed targets 500 cm or 15 cm distant immediately before the unpredictable onset of rotation in darkness. For all testing conditions, younger subjects exhibited compensatory VOR slow phases with early gain (eye velocity/head velocity, interval 35-45 ms from onset of rotation) of 0.90 +/- 0.02 (mean +/- SEM) for the higher head acceleration, and 0.79 +/- 0.02 for the lower acceleration. Older subjects had significantly (P or = 200 degrees/s throughout the 250-ms rotation, but, after an average of 120 ms rotation (mean eccentricity 13 degrees), 8 older subjects consistently had abrupt declines (ADs) in slow-phase VOR velocity to 0 degree/s or even the anticompensatory direction. These ADs were failures of the VOR slow phase rather than saccades and were more frequent with the near target at the higher acceleration. Slow-phase latencies were 14.4 +/- 0.4 ms and 16.8 +/- 0.4 ms for older subjects at the higher and lower accelerations, significantly longer than comparable latencies of 10.0 +/- 0.5 ms and 12.0 +/- 0.6 ms for younger subjects. Late VOR gain modulation with target distance was significantly attenuated in older subjects only for the higher head acceleration.
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF INFINITE BEAM ON MODIFIED VLASOV SUBGRADE

A static method, such as multilayer elastic theory, is commonly used to analyze pavement-subgrade systems under traffic loads. While the static analysis method is sufficient and conservative for daily practice, in some instances, a truly dynamic analysis is necessary for special cases, such as shallow bedrock with high vehicle speed. Furthermore, interpretation of nondestructive testing data from falling-weight deflectometer and Dynaflect tests requires the use of more rigorous dynamic back-calculation techniques. This paper presents an efficient dynamic analysis procedure for the interaction behavior of an infinite beam on a modified Vlasov subgrade. A complete description of the technique is given, followed by a detailed parametric study to examine the effects of subgrade depth, the material stiffness and damping ratio, and vehicle speed on the calculated beam response. Results of analysis indicate that the subgrade depth exerts significant influence on the beam response. Increasing vehicle speed, however, only causes a small increase in dynamic displacement under the load. The paper also offers an efficient back-calculation algorithm based on the derived dynamic compliance function. Two case studies illustrate the accuracy and convergence rate of the developed back-calculation algorithm. The two analysis procedures (forward and back-calculation) are implemented into personal computer based computer program for field application.