cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capturing the Expert: Generating Fast Matrix-Multiply Kernels with Spiral

Matrix-Matrix Multiplication (MMM) is a fundamental operation in scientific computing. Achieving the floating point peak with this operation requires expert knowledge of linear algebra and computer architecture to craft a tuned implementation, for a given microarchitecture. To do this an expert follows a mechanical process for implementing MMM, by deriving an algorithm from models found in the literature. Then, the expert applies optimizations which are well suited for the target architecture. Lastly, the expert expresses that implementation in assembly code. In this paper, we argue that this process is mechanical and can be captured in a rule based program generation system such as Spiral. We then show that given this machinery, Spiral can produce code for large size MMM implementations that are competitive with hand tuned code.
Taking a Dive: Long-Term Incentives to Underperform in the Short Term

This paper shows that, where effort and firm type are unobservable, a firm's manager has incentives to mimic poor-type firms in the short-term: the apparent value of subsequent incentive compensation is diminished, requiring more subsequent overall pay to meet the manager's outside option. Shareholders can remedy such a dynamic by weighting short-term compensation more heavily, although liquidity constraints can render first-best outcomes infeasible. Forcing shareholders to grant more long-term compensation, as recent reforms do with restriction and vesting conditions, does not improve things: they generally exacerbate illiquidity problems and in some cases can frustrate early-period incentive compatibility altogether. An extension of the model shows the same dynamic applies to reporting: managers have an incentive to under-report the firm's value, which can be remedied by granting short-term stock-based compensation.
Variable Selection Methods for Right-Censored Time-to-Event Data with High-Dimensional Covariates

Advancement in technology has led to greater accessibility of massive and complex data in many fields such as quality and reliability. The proper management and utilization of valuable data could significantly increase knowledge and reduce cost by preventive actions, whereas erroneous and misinterpreted data could lead to poor inference and decision making. On the other side, it has become more difficult to process the streaming high-dimensional time-to-event data in traditional application approaches, specifically in the presence of censored observations. This paper presents a multipurpose analytic model and practical nonparametric methods to analyze right-censored time-to-event data with high-dimensional covariates. In order to reduce redundant information and to facilitate practical interpretation, variable inefficiency in failure time is determined for the specific field of application. To investigate the performance of the proposed methods, these methods are compared with recent relevant approaches through numerical experiments and simulations.
Visualization tools to support data communications and computer network courses

Many published papers, conference presentations, and books have introduced the concepts and advantages of visualization, applied visualization techniques to various areas of study, measured the effects of visualization on a student=s ability to learn, and introduced visualization tools that can be used in both the commercial and education environments. In an effort to create a set of visualization tools for teaching a data communications and computer networks course, this paper will introduce a set of eleven computer based training (CBT) modules. The collection of eleven computer based training modules presented in this paper were designed to best assist a student enrolled in an introductory computer networks course. To determine if the interactive modules assisted a student during such a course, an informal study was performed. The results of that study, along with future plans, are also presented.
Effect of Human Serum on Fatality of Staphylococcal Infection in Mice.

Abstract Fusillo, Matthew H. (D.C. General Hospital, Washington, D.C.) and Daniel L. Weiss. Effect of human serum on fatality of staphylococcal infection in mice. J. Bacteriol. 86:212–215. 1963.—Mouse plasma is usually not clotted by staphylococcal coagulase. The addition of human serum to mouse plasma activated the production of the plasma clot by staphylococcal coagulase. When anaerobically grown staphylococci were mixed with human serum, in the mice infected, mortality was enhanced in the serum-treated animals when compared with a nonserum-treated control. A heat-stable factor in human serum apparently was responsible for the increased deaths. The possible implications of coagulase in establishing mouse infections are discussed.
Optimum positioning of inductive components on PCB designs for EMI reduction using a 3D finite elements and genetic algorithms

Electromagnetic emission produced by high frequency switching current of inductive components has an adverse effect on sensitive devices in power converters. This paper investigates the effect of components placement on the radiated emissions in printed circuit board (PCB). The goal of this research is to minimize the electromagnetic interference (EMI) on susceptible devices. The optimum design for the location and orientation of the components on the PCB was achieved by a 3D-FE analysis and Genetic Algorithms (GA). A comparison between the optimum and non-optimum PCB designs were simulated and experimentally tested.
Measurement of in situ Acoustic Properties for the ONR Geoclutter Program

Abstract : The long-term goal of the Geoclutter program is to understand the causes and implications of geologic clutter/reverberation in a seismically and geologically well-characterized shallow-water environment. The selected field area is the mid-outer continental shelf off New Jersey; the bathymetry (a known and prominent cause of backscatter) and portions of the shallow subsurface of this area have been mapped in detail as part of the ONR STRATAFORM program. One premise of this work is that, in any littoral area, buried geologic features can contribute significantly to acoustic reverberation, which affects tactical ASW sonar systems. Proper acoustic processing, coupled with quantitative geologic models, can be used to distinguish these buried features from real (man-made) targets. Complexity arises from STRATAFORM studies on the continental shelf off New Jersey that have shown the general lack of predictability of the shallow subsurface using seafloor imagery, even with 100% coverage of the seafloor and dense grids of subsurface data to depths of 10-15 m.
Modeling squamous cell carcinoma development and malignant progression in mice.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCCs) of the skin and head and neck arise through the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations that contribute to different stages of tumor progression and the metastatic potential of these tumors. Advanced SCCs are refractory to current therapies and exhibit high risk for relapse, and despite significant advances in prevention and in understanding the biology of SCCs, there are currently no effective treatments for patients with metastatic SCCs. Understanding the role of the molecular alterations found in SCCs may facilitate the design of novel therapies to treat these patients. The most frequently mutated gene in SCC of the skin and head and neck is the p53 gene, which is found mutated in up to 50-70% of the SCCs analyzed. The majority of the p53 mutations found in SCCs are missense mutations that result in the expression of altered forms of p53, some of which may promote tumorigenesis, indicating that p53 is not only a major tumor suppressor gene, but it may also be a primary oncogene in SCC. Genetically engineered mouse models are powerful tools to determine the role of genetic alterations found in human cancers. We generated a mouse model for sporadic head and neck cancer based on the focal activation of endogenous K-ras and p53 mutations in the oral epithelium. Using this model we demonstrated that the p53 gain-of-function mutation p53R172H, but not deletion of p53, contributes to oral tumor initiation, accelerates tumor growth and promotes malignant progression. Molecular analysis of tumors and cell lines derived from them determined that mutant p53 promotes the expression of mitotic genes and induces accelerated entry in mitosis, a mechanism that depends on oncogenic K-ras. These findings provide in vivo evidence for the oncogenic potential of mutant p53R172H during SCC development and support clinical observations indicating that certain p53 mutations are associated with poor prognosis in SCC of the head and neck. I will discuss the potential implications of these findings in tumor progression, resistance to therapy and genomic instability associated with p53 mutations. As the oncogenic function of mutant p53 in this mouse model was dependent on K-ras mutations, we speculate that p53 mutants are activated in response to oncogenes. To address this question, I will further discuss the consequences of activating p53 gain- and loss-of-function mutations in the absence of additional genetic alterations in mouse models in which only p53 mutations are induced in stratified epithelia of the skin and the oral mucosa. In addition, novel mouse models generated in our laboratory are shedding new light into the function of genes that cooperate with p53 mutations in the early stages of SCC formation and during malignant progression and metastasis.
Rethinking the Commitment to Free, Local Television

One of the most enduring tenets of U.S. television policy has been the commitment to localism. I suggest that the FCC's localism policy can be disaggregated into four, more specific commitments: (1) the preference for locally oriented over nationally oriented programming, (2) the preference for free (i.e., advertising-supported) over pay television, (3) the preference for single-channel over multi-channel television technologies, and (4) the preference for incumbents over new entrants and new technologies. I then analyze each of these commitments in light of what is perhaps the most distinctive feature of the television industry, which is the fact that its cost structure gives television programming many of the qualities of a public good, and conclude that each of these four commitments is fundamentally flawed. I then employ the public goods analysis I develop to critique the manner in which policy makers are regulating conventional television broadcasting, cable television, direct broadcast satellite systems (DBS), digital television, and third-generation wireless devices (3G).
Thermal studies of planetary surfaces

Ground-based and spacecraft observations of planets, satellites, and asteroids in the thermal infrared have provided a wealth of information on planetary temperatures, dimensions, and surface properties. Internal heat sources have been revealed for Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune, and active volcanism on Io has been discovered and monitored. The thermophysical properties of Mars have been mapped for nearly all the surface by spacecraft, and ground-based observations have given similar information for the Galilean satellites of Jupiter. Infrared radiometry thus sheds important light on significant problems of dynamics, interiors, and surfaces of solar system bodies.
Evolutionary biology. Insights from the echinoderms.

The evolutionary diversification of animal body plans has evidently devolved from alterations in the genetic regulatory programmes that control morphogenesis. This realization is now producing a tide of comparative descriptions of transcription-factor expression patterns, recorded at early stages of morphogenesis in various animals. Although these observations are visually compelling, the same is not always true of the accompanying interpretations. These often depend on the assumption that regulatory gene expression, even if called into play at the very beginning of a developmental process, is likely to be dedicated to given morphogenetic functions far downstream, and that such functional linkages have remained immutable throughout evolution. There is much disagreement on this issue, which bears on the meaning of evolutionary homology in a developmental process and, indeed, on the very nature of developmental regulatory evolution. The paper by Lowe and Wray (page718 of this issue) now contributes to this discussion. They describe the expression of three homeodomain transcription factors — distal-less, engrailed and an orthodenticle orthologue — in the larval and juvenile development of sea urchins, starfish, sea cucumbers and brittle stars. These are four different classes of echinoderm.
THE EFFECTS OF PENICILLIN, DL-PENICILLAMINE, AND D-SORBITOL ON ERYTHROCYTE TRANSKETOLASE ACTIVITY IN THIAMINE-DEFICIENT RATS.

Abstract The thiamine-sparing effects of penicillin and d -sorbitol in rats as measured by the rate of growth and the urinary excretion levels of thiamine were confirmed. The addition of penicillin, or d -sorbitol to thiamine-deficient diets resulted in increased erythrocyte transketolase activity when compared to that observed in erythrocytes obtained from rats fed the unsupplemented thiamine-deficient diets. These effects were evident after a 2-week feeding interval although no difference in the body weights of the groups was evident at that time. The effects were more marked after the 4-week feeding period. No effect on transketolase activity was observed when either penicillin or d -sorbitol was added to thiamine-adequate diets. dl -Penicillamine, a normal metabolite of penicillin, when added to thiamine-adequate or thiamine-deficient diets, did not show a thiamine-sparing effect by any of the three criteria. It is suggested that the erythrocyte transketolase assay may be employed as a rapid, simple, and specific test for the thiamine-sparing activity of dietary supplements.
A systems integration framework for process analysis and improvement

Systems Integration (SI) is an important element of Systems Engineering. It involves the integration of hardware, software, products, services, processes, and humans. The ever-increasing scale of complexity of systems and its impact on the business requires that we revisit the processes involved in the development and integration of a system. This paper proposes a Systems Integration Process Model (SIPM) based on a comprehensive lifecycle view of systems integration. As part of the ongoing SI research at Stevens Institute of Technology, the authors have developed a Systems Integration Framework (SIF) which incorporates the relevant aspects of integration from a lifecycle perspective and sets a foundation to an end-to-end approach to SI. Our end-to-end approach focuses on how integration issues can be addressed up-front to minimize integration related complexities and challenges later on in the system engineering process. This paper discusses the merits and benefits of applying the SIPM to evaluate and improve current SI processes in organizations. The paper provides, in addition to an overview of the SI framework, the activities included in the model. The model was pilot tested to evaluate the SI processes at a government agency. The results were used to provide recommendations for SI process reengineering. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
Minimizing the Weighted Sum of Late and Early Completion Penalties in a Single Machine

We consider the problem of scheduling n jobs on a single machine so as to minimize weighted absolute deviation of completion times from their due dates. The general problem is NP-complete, but we show how to solve a special case.
Coral species richness: ecological versus biogeographical influences

Species richness in communities varies with habitat area, productivity, disturbance level, intensity of species interactions, and regional/historical effects. All of these factors influence coral richness but their effects vary with spatial scale, position on the reef, and regional location. Species richness of corals along depth gradients shows a unimodal, hump-shaped curve that peaks at intermediate depths. Moreover, the peak of the curve is higher in regions with larger species pools. This “regional enrichment” of the local community appears in line transect samples as small as 10 m in length. The pattern suggests that ecological factors operating over scales of tens of meters and regional/historical factors operating over thousands of kilometers can both affect local richness. Regional factors probably include differences in speciation relative to extinction rates among regions and proximity of local sites to richness hotspots. Plausible factors operating at the local scale are species interactions, disturbance, and productivity which combine in different ways to produce the unimodal pattern. Shallow areas support few species because extinction rates are high due to frequent disturbance or because of environmental extremes. In addition, high productivity encourages rapid growth and thus the potential for intense interspecific competition. In areas where branching acroporids are abundant, exclusion by these dominant competitors is possible. Deep areas may be depauperate because few species can tolerate the low light levels found there. Areas of intermediate depth have the richest communities because they are open for colonization by many species and because extinction rates are low. Several theories may explain this “openness” and species persistence: 1. Occasional disturbance coupled with low growth rates results in glacially slow exclusion by the dominant competitor. 2. Aggregation of corals creates spatial variation in the intensity of competition and thus refuges from competition within a spatial landscape. Inferior competitors persist because they are superior at dispersal and refuge colonization. 3. Specialist predators focus on high-density juvenile populations near the parent, creating ecological space for colonization by non-prey. 4. Coral competitive abilities are roughly equal and recruitment into the community is a probabilistic event. The community thus exhibits random drift and exclusion is an extremely lengthy process. Based upon empirical evidence, these theories are listed in order of plausibility, but still need to be rigorously tested.
Influences of subcooling on burnout of horizontal cylindrical heaters

The peak pool boiling heat flux is observed on horizontal cylindrical heaters in acetone, Freon-113, methanol, and isopropanol over ranges of subcooling from zero to 130C. Photographs, and the data themselves, revealed that there are three distinct burnout mechanisms at different levels of subcooling. Three interpretive models provide the basis for accurate correlations of the present data, and data from the literature, in each of the three regimes. Burnout is dictated by condensation on the walls of the vapor jets and columns at low subcooling. In the intermediate regime, burnout is limited by natural convection, which becomes very effective as vapor near the heater reduces boundary layer resistance. Burnout in the high-subcooling regime is independent of the level of subcooling, and is limited by the process of molecular effusion.
Effects of duration of DRL correlated stimuli on timing and collateral responding

Three pigeons were trained to respond under a two-key discrete trial multiple DRL4:DRL8 procedure in which the exteroceptive cues specifying the scheduled components were presented either throughout each trial or only at the start of each trial. Under continuous cue conditions, the IRT distributions for DRL 4 and DRL 8 components showed little overlap; modal IRT values for each component were slightly higher than the minimum reinforced value. Under brief cue conditions, all IRT distributions were similar, with modal values between 4 and 8 sec for both components. No clear relationship was found between noncontingent collateral responding and DRL value.
Effects of thiol reagents and ethanol on strength of whey protein gels

Abstract Chemical reagents which interfere with secondary interactions affected gel network formation and the properties of gels made from 20% whey protein isolates. Thus, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate and N-ethylmaleimide 0–16 mmol/dm3 and dithiothreitol 0–32 mmol/dm3 reduced the hardness and cohesiveness of whey protein gels apparently by interfering with formation of disulfide bonds. The addition of ethanol (0–15%) increased the hardness of gels presumably by enhancing electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding.
Prescription Privileges for Psychologists: Scared to Death?

Robiner et al. (this issue) believe if psychologists are permitted to prescribe medications, they will pose a health hazard. We do not. We frame our commentary around the authors' selective use of available data, their undervaluing evolving identity of psychologists, and the misdirected belief that medical school is the only training venue for prescription privileges. We agree with Robiner et al. that competence to prescribe safely and effectively is the primary issue. We reject premature and inflammatory conclusions that prescribing psychologists pose a health risk and that proposed training programs are inadequate.
Developmental cognitive neuroscience of arithmetic: implications for learning and education

In this article, we review the brain and cognitive processes underlying the development of arithmetic skills. This review focuses primarily on the development of arithmetic skills in children, but it also summarizes relevant findings from adults for which a larger body of research currently exists. We integrate relevant findings and theories from experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience. We describe the functional neuroanatomy of cognitive processes that influence and facilitate arithmetic skill development, including calculation, retrieval, strategy use, decision making, as well as working memory and attention. Building on recent findings from functional brain imaging studies, we describe the role of distributed brain regions in the development of mathematical skills. We highlight neurodevelopmental models that go beyond the parietal cortex role in basic number processing, in favor of multiple neural systems and pathways involved in mathematical information processing. From this viewpoint, we outline areas for future study that may help to bridge the gap between the cognitive neuroscience of arithmetic skill development and educational practice.
Effects of different concentrations of atmospheric CO2 on growth and yield components of wheat

Growth and yield components of a semi-dwarf spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. GWO 1809) were determined under three different atmospheric CO2a concentrations (350, 675 and 1000 μ1/1) in controlled environment chambers of the Duke University Phytotron. CO2 enrichment enhanced tiller and head emergence and increased the number of head-producing tillers and the total dry weight of the plants. Total leaf area, stem height and root/shoot ratio of the plants were greater at high CO2 concentrations than at low. Net assimilation rate (NAR) increased with increasing CO2 concentration and decreased with plant size. There was little effect of CO2 enrichment on leaf weight ratio (LWR) and leaf area ratio (LAR) and no significant effect on specific leaf area (SLA). The weight and number of seeds were significantly higher with increasing CO2 concentration. The results of this study provide evidence that important changes in plant growth and development may occur during the next century if global CO2 enrichment continues. Some of these changes would have important ecological impact in natural and managed ecosystems in the future.
Reactions of Laser-Ablated Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba Atoms with Hydrogen Cyanide in Excess Argon. Matrix Infrared Spectra and Density Functional Calculations on Novel Isocyanide Products

Laser-ablated alkaline earth metal atoms reacting with hydrogen cyanide in the presence of excess argon produce matrix-isolated linear metal isocyanides, MNC, but no noticeable amount of the corres...
In vitro production of azide mutagenic metabolite in Arabidopsis, Drosophila and Neurospora

The ability of Arabidopsis, Drosophila and Neurospora to convert azide to its mutagenic metabolite was investigated. Cultures of these organisms all contained significant levels of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase activity. Extracts from each organism produced a product from O-acetylserine and azide in vitro which was mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA1530.
Path-integral analysis of bosons interacting with a gauge field.

We analyze an effective action of bosons moving in a fluctuating gauge field, which describes the motion of the holons in the t-J model. The analysis is in terms of a dimensionless coupling constant g\ensuremath{\sim}24\ensuremath{\pi}t/J. We use a path-integral approach, which is a convenient method in the strong-coupling limit g\ensuremath{\gg}1. The effect of the gauge field is to suppress boson loops that enclose a large area, so that the main contribution comes from almost self-retracing paths. By taking a quenched average over the gauge field we are able to derive a renormalized density of states that has a shifted band edge, and that is enhanced near the band edge. We also find an expression for the diamagnetic susceptibility ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{\mathit{B}}$, that in the strong-coupling limit varies like ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{\mathit{B}}$\ensuremath{\sim}(gT${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, and is suppressed by a factor 0.2g compared to the weak-coupling limit. The enhanced density of states and the suppression of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{\mathit{B}}$ both imply that Bose condensation is suppressed by the fluctuating gauge field. At lower temperatures the retracing path approximation breaks down, and one has to do a self-consistent calculation to determine ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{\mathit{B}}$. A numerical calculation shows that below ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{B}\mathit{E}}$\ensuremath{\sim}0.08${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{B}\mathit{E}}^{0}$ the susceptibility ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{\mathit{B}}^{\mathrm{SC}}$ diverges exponentially.
Predicting individual differences in performance on computer-administered tests and tasks: Development of the computer aversion scale

Abstract This article describes the development of a theoretically-based instrument to measure aversive reactions to computers. Previous efforts to assess computer averse states are reviewed, and it is argued that a self-report instrument could be useful in detecting negative reactions to computers. The Computer Aversion Scale (CAVS) is based on three expectancy categories (efficacy, outcome, and reinforcement expectations) derived from social learning theory. Data analyses demonstrated moderate to high reliability and validity estimates for CAVS total score and three expectancy subscales. In addition, a study using a modified CAVS was shown to predict poor performance on a computer-based test of cognitive abilities and to moderate a relationship between mood and memory measures. Implications of CAVS findings for psychological assessment via computer are discussed.
Bioavailability of hetacillin in rats after liver enzyme induction by various inducers with or without protein binding properties.

The serum levels and the half life of ampicillin derived from Hetacillin after administration of the latter to a total of 61 rats classified in 7 groups were determined. Each of these groups was pre-treated for 15 days with the following inducers ; phenobarbital, diphenylhydantoin, diazepam, chlorpromazine and phenylbutazone. The control group received saline. The d-glucaric acid concentrat ion in the urine prior to and after the administration of inducers and the liver weight were taken as enzyme induction indices. Results showed a positive correlation between the indices of induction and the levels of ampicillin originating from hetacillin with a significant correlation coefficient between the serum levels of ampicillin and urine d-glucaric acid for all drugs studied. The different effect of the various drugs indicated that they could be classified into the following two groups : a) those that induced a significant increase of the levels and half life (t1/2) of ampicillin. The effect was significant in decreasing order for phenylbutazone (r = 0,990), diazepam (r = 0,990) and diphenylhydantoin (r = 0,753). b) those which initially resulted in a significant increase of the levels of ampicillin and thereafter in a decrease with a significant shortening of its V/2 too. The effect was most significant for phenobarbital (r = 0,887) and less so for chlorpromazine (r = 0,800). Only for these two drugs was a significant and actually negative correlation observed between d-glucaric acid and tl/2 that is : phenobarbital (r = − 0,967) chorpromazine (r = − 0,752). Results suggest an interaction of Hetacillin and the above inducers.
Homogeneous phase separation in binary alloys under ion irradiation conditions: Role of interstitial atoms

Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations have been performed to investigate homogeneous precipitation in binary metal alloys under ion irradiation conditions. The kinetic model includes defect production, recombination, defect trapping, the formation of defect-solute complexes, and atomic mixing. While no special assumptions are made about vacancy diffusion, interstitial diffusion is assumed fast compared to the characteristic time scales of all other processes. The diffusion path of an interstitial, moreover, ends with one of the three possible outcomes: recombination, trapping in a solute-rich location, or clustering with other interstitials. Interstitials promote solute segregation in this model by the formation of mobile interstitial-solute complexes. Several unusual features of radiation-induced precipitation are revealed in this model. For ideal alloys, we find at a given temperature that for every trapping number [i.e., the minimum number of nearest-neighbor solute (type $B$) atoms required to trap a migrating interstitial, ${N}_{BT}$], there exists a corresponding defect pair production rate ${K}_{0}$, below which the alloy becomes a random solution state and above which macroscopic phase separation occurs. ${K}_{0}$ depends on the length scale of trapping sites $L$ as ${L}^{4}$. Solute-rich precipitates have the composition ${c}_{B}$ approaching ${c}_{B}={N}_{BT}∕z$, where $z$ is the lattice coordination number. This feature results in ``swelling'' of precipitates, i.e., dilution of initially pure $({c}_{B}=1)$ precipitates located in the matrix prior to ion irradiation. Ballistic mixing is observed to erode precipitates, and above some critical rate the system reverts to a random solution. For ideal solutions, and even those with a small tendency for ordering, phase separation occurs due to the interstitial interaction with solutes. At sufficiently high positive values of the heats of mixing, the usual thermal vacancy-driven precipitation prevails. Between these low and high limits, the alloy unexpectedly enters a field of solid solutions. Finally, it is shown that even in the absence of the interstitial trapping $({N}_{BT}gz)$, alloys with a small positive ordering energy can undergo nonequilibrium phase separation at a composition below its solubility limit due to an effective trapping of vacancies in solute-rich locations. The significance of these findings for real alloy systems is discussed.
Review essay / perfectionist moral theory, the criminal law, and the liberal state

Robert P. George, Making Men Moral: Civil Liberties and Public Morality Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993, xvi + 241 pp.
Patterns of the hazard of death after AIDS through the evolution of antiretroviral therapy: 1984-2004.

Objective: To characterize changing survival patterns after development of clinical AIDS from 1984 to 2004, when different antiretroviral therapies were being introduced. Design: Cohort of homosexual men since 1984 and cohort of women since 1994. Methods: A total of 1504 men and 461 women were followed for all-cause mortality after an incident AIDS diagnosis. Relative hazards of death and relative times to death were determined in five therapy eras: no/monotherapy (July 1984–December 1989), monotherapy/combination therapy (January 1990–December 1994), HAART introduction (January 1995–June 1998), short-term stable HAART use (July 1998–June 2001), and moderate-term stable HAART use (July 2001–December 2003). Results: A total of 1057 (54%) study participants died. The time at which 25% of individuals died after an AIDS diagnosis increased significantly from 0.56 years [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.50–0.64] in the no/monotherapy era to 0.74 (95% CI, 0.67–0.82), 1.78 (95% CI, 1.29–2.44), 4.22 (95% CI, 2.94–6.05) and 5.08 years (95% CI, 2.39–10.79) in the four subsequent therapy eras, respectively. Inferences on the beneficial effects of HAART were confirmed after adjustment by age, sex, type of AIDS diagnosis and CD4 cell count at diagnosis. The pattern of the hazard of death after AIDS changed from increasing in the pre-HAART era to being lower and non-increasing in the eras of HAART. Conclusions: The sustained beneficial effect of HAART, even in individuals with clinical AIDS and extensive treatment histories, attenuates concerns about emergence of resistance but augurs that a substantial number of HIV-infected individuals may require care for very long periods.
Immunoactivation enhances the concentration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone peptide and its gene expression in human peripheral t-lymphocytes

An immunomodulatory role for LHRH was suggested when we reported the presence of immunoactive and bioactive LHRH and its mRNA in rat splenic and thymic lymphocytes. In this paper we report that human peripheral T-cells as well as its subsets CD4+ and CD8+ contained immunoactive and bioactive LHRH. Furthermore, analysis of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-activated T-cell lysates for LHRH by RIA demonstrated that the mean concentration of LHRH in PHA-activated T-cells increased from 45 +/- 4.5 to 64 +/- 7 pg/10(6) cells after 24 h of culture and from 47 +/- 3.6 to 117 +/- 11.8 pg/10(6) cells (P < 0.01) after 48 h. While the LHRH concentration in PHA-activated cells increased over the last 24 h of culture h from 64 +/- 7 to 117 +/- 11.8 pg/10(6) cells (P < 0.001), there was no change in mean concentration of LHRH in T-cells kept in medium alone. In a preliminary study we found that fresh T-cells contain 20 +/- 1.4 pg pro-LHRH/10(6) cells, and PHA stimulation increased the pro-LHRH content similar to the increase in...
The Association between Flow-Mediated Dilation and Physical Function in Older Men

The probability that an individual is able to live independently decreases sharply below the threshold score of 57 units on the physical functional performance (PFP-10) test. Purpose: To examine the relation between brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (BAFMD) on individual and total scores on the PFP-10. We hypothesized that lower scores on the PFP-10 test would be associated with lower BAFMD. Methods: Sixty-four men (age, 84 +/- 11 yr) from the Louisiana Healthy Aging Study were studied. Participants were classified by their performance on the PFP-10 test (Class I, score 57). BAFMD was assessed after 5 min of forearm occlusion, using high-resolution ultrasonography. Results: The average total score on the PFP-10 test and BAFMD were 42.9 +/- 22 U and 2.76 +/- 2.13%, respectively. The BAFMD was associated with total PFP-10 score (r = 0.45, P = 0.0001) and age (r = -0.36, P = 0.003). BAFMD was significantly different (P = 0.001) between the PFP-10 classes (Class I, 1.44% [95% CI, 0.49-2.39]; Class II, 2.67% [95% CI, 1.95-3.38]; and Class III, 4.01% [95% CI, 3.16-4.85]). Conclusions: This study reports significant relationships between BAFMD and individual and combined measures of physical function in elderly men. More specifically, when individuals were categorized based on their PFP-10 total score, those in the highest functional class, exhibited the highest BAFMD, compared to those in the middle class, who had greater vasoreactivity than those in the lowest functional class.
Examining influences of environmental, trawl gear, and fish population factors on midwater trawl performance using acoustic methods

Abstract The performance of midwater trawls used during acoustic surveys for walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) was estimated using a novel method of combining acoustic and catch information. Direct comparisons of acoustic and catch derived density showed a poor correlation between the two (r2 = 0.07), suggesting this discrepancy might be in part due to trawl performance. Trawl efficiency and selectivity were determined by comparing acoustically derived fish density within the trawling volume with catch-based density in a modeling framework. Additional factors thought to potentially influence trawl performance, consisting of environmental conditions including water temperature, bottom and fishing depth, variables relating to survey methodology including survey vessel, codend liner, and the time of day when trawling occured, and fish population characteristics including spawning state and condition factor were evaluated in the models. Incorporating efficiency and selectivity parameters resulted in improved model fits, as did the addition of explanatory variables. Efficiency was found to be associated with the proportion of spawning fish in the catch, water temperature, and the time of day, while selectivity appeared to be influenced by condition factor and the survey vessel used. The acoustic-catch modeling approach confers advantages of making available large historic datasets where acoustic data was collected during trawling and providing sufficient contrasts in parameters of interest not easily achieved with direct trawl performance experiments.
Computation of elementary functions on the IBM RISC System/6000 processor

The additional speed and precision of the IBM RISC System/6000 floating-point unit have motivated reexamination of algorithms to perform division, square root, and the elementary functions. New results are obtained which avoid the necessity of doing special testing to get the last bit rounded correctly in accordance with all of the IEEE rounding modes in the case of division and square root. For the elementary function library, a technique is described for always getting the last bit rounded correctly in the selected rounding mode.
Almost Linear Time Matrix Operations On The Connection Machine

Four matrix operations: matrix multiplication, the QR decomposition, the singular value decomposition, and the generalized singular value decomposition, form the basic tools for modern signal processing. This paper discusses their implementation on the 65,536-processor Connection Machine, and presents results showing that for n X n matrices, where n <256, an almost linear time performance is obtained. Our other major result is a novel method for computing the generalized singular value decomposition.
Citation-enhanced indexing/abstracting databases

Provides an introductory look at what savvy users should know about the implications of having information about cited references in I/A records. Looks at the more sophisticated, link‐enabled cited references and the novel citation scores in full‐text collections, then discusses the alternatives for searching efficiently by elements of cited references: cited author, cited title, cited source and cited year in I/A databases and full‐text archives.
PLANAR OR RADIAL FREEZING WITH SOLID-SOLID TRANSITIONS AND CONVECTIVE HEATING ATTHE SOLID-LIQUID INTERFACE

Numerical solutions have been carried out for planar or radial freezing on a cooled wall or cylinder maintained at a uniform temperature lower than the fusion temperature. The solutions were obtained by using an implicit/explicit method developed in the preceding paper in this issue. Results are presented for the frozen layer thick-ness, the instantaneous heat flux at the cooled surface, and the time-integrated heat transfer at the surface, all as a function of time from the beginning of the freezing period. These quantities are normalized in various ways to illuminate their short-time and long-time behaviors and to enable comparisons between planar and radial freezing. Convection at the solid-liquid interface had virtually no effect on the freezing process at short times, but at longer times the convection significantly slowed the freezing and ultimately terminated it. Solid-solid transitions tended to slow the freezing and also to increase the heat transfer at the cooled surface.
Maternal reports of family history from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2001

Purpose: To assess usefulness of family history information obtained in pediatric practice, we evaluated maternally reported family history data. Methods: We analyzed family history responses from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study using interview data from mothers of children with birth defects (n = 9,331) and of unaffected liveborn children (n = 3,390) with 1997–2001 estimated delivery dates. We examined the effects of demographic factors, case–control status, and type of defect on birth defect family history reports. Interview information was compared with occurrence of prenatal testing. Results: Among case mothers, 1,577 (17%) reported a first- or second-degree relative with a birth defect, compared with 327 (10%) control mothers (odds ratio = 1.91, 95% confidence interval = 1.68–2.16). Reports of affected relatives were also more frequent among mothers who were non-Hispanic white, were 25 years or older, had more than 12 years of education, had an annual household income greater than $20,000, were born in the United States, and completed an English-language interview. Conclusion: Reporting a family history of birth defects might be influenced by maternal demographic factors, which should be considered in developing pediatric family history tools.
Beyond individualism and spontaneity: Comments on Peter Boettke and Christopher Coyne

Abstract This paper builds on the work of Boettke and Coyne that locates the research of Elinor and Vincent Ostrom and their Workshop colleagues within a broad intellectual tradition of long duration. It is argued that the Ostroms and the rest of the Workshop have made rather substantial departures beyond these intellectual forebears than may be evident from Boettke and Coyne's overview. Specific focus is placed on two of the major points that they discuss: methodological individualism and spontaneous order.
Drift dynamics of Chironomidae larvae. I. Preliminary results and discussion of importance of mesh size and level of taxonomic identification in resolving Chironomidae diel drift patterns

Diel drift samples utilizing nets with mesh size less than 200 microns were taken in Linesville Creek, Pennsylvania, an eastern deciduous forest stream, and Inlet Run, Wyoming, an alpine snow melt stream. Identification of drifting Chironomidae larvae to lowest level taxonomic categories indicated 51 species or species group categories representing 51.95% of the total insect drift in Linesville Creek and 18 species or species group categories representing 70.47% of the total insect drift in Inlet Run. Orthocladiinae were the predominant larvae in the drift in Linesville Creek, with 19 species comprising 43.84% of the Chironomidae drift. In decreasing abundance were Chironomini (12 species, 40.36% of Chironomidae drift), Tanytarsini (10 species, 8.89%), and Tanypodinae (10 species, 6.91%). By contrast, Diamesinae were the predominant larvae in the drift in Inlet Run, (5 species, 71.43%) followed by Orthocladiinae (10 species, 27.25%), Tanytarsini (2 species, 1.20%), and Podonominae (1 species, 0.12%). Comparison of drift composition with substrate samples and/ or emergence data indicated a close relationship between relative abundance in drift and relative abundance in the benthos. Behavioral drift patterns with nocturnal peaks were seen for 3 species or species groups in Linesville Creek. Four species with diurnal drift peaks were present in Inlet Run. Analysis of the size distribution of drifting larvae indicates that a mesh size as small as 200 microns is required to resolve diel drift patterns. It is postulated that random factors greatly influence the apparent diel drift pattern of Chironomidae when nets with mesh size in excess of 400 microns are employed in drift studies. Conflicting literature reports of behavioral drift for Chironomidae may be due to differing species composition of drifting larvae and net mesh size related artifacts.
Effects of Directional Oscillatory Shear Index on Endothelial Cell Proliferation and Morphology

The effects of hemodynamic forces on cellular responses have been studied for the last three decades. Wall shear stresses (WSS) are commonly accepted as an important factor affecting anchored cells subjected to fluid flow [1, 2]. Parallel plate flow chambers and cone and plate apparatuses, which are commonly used to generate controlled shear, are limited in that only one experimental condition can be explored at a time. On the other hand, orbital shakers can be used to investigate several cases simultaneously since many culture dishes can fit on its platform. A remaining challenge, however, is that shear generated in dishes on orbital shakers is two-dimensional, nonuniform and is oscillatory in nature, and can be described analytically [3, 4] for only a few limited conditions. In this project, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is applied to overcome those limitations by modeling the fluid flow in an orbiting petri dish for a range of conditions. In addition, cells grown under the same flow conditions were monitored for proliferation and morphology. A new directional oscillatory shear index (DOSI) is proposed to quantify the bidirectionality of oscillating shear. Cell proliferation, area, shape index and aspect ratio were investigated for different DOSI at different shear magnitudes.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The relationship between transportation perceptions and behavior over time

The aim of this paper is to discuss cross-lagged panel analysis in terms of the causal inferences it generates about the relationship of beliefs about modes and mode choice behavior. Frequencies of use of the single-occupant automobile (SOA), bus and carpool, as well as beliefs about each of the modes, were collected from a sample of central business district commuters at two points in time. The belief variables for each mode were summed to form composite measures and were corrected for unreliability due to measurement error. Perceptions of each mode and the frequency of its use were analyzed for influences operating over time. A time interval was assumed to exist during which the variables causally operated on each other. It was assumed that the time necessary for an individual to change modes based on his perception was equivalent to the interval required for a person to alter perceptions based on his experience. The causal structure relating the two variables was also assumed to be stable over time. An additional assumption was required to distinguish between third variable effects, or spuriousness, and dual causation: if a third variable were to be causing the relationship, it would be operating at a relatively constant rate over time. A strong causal relationship was found to be operating between beliefs about SOA and bus and use of those modes over time. The relationship is mutually causative; beliefs determine behavior and behavior reinforces and changes perceptions. Analysis of the carpool data indicated that the causal structure had changed over time and could not be analyzed with this technique. In general, support is evidenced for an adaptation or learning process interpretation of the relationship between beliefs and mode choice behavior.
Don Craig Wiley (1944-2001): a reminiscence.

We asked Jack Strominger, a long-time collaborator and friend of Don Wiley's, to share with us the excitement of working out the structures of the major histocompatibility antigens.