cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intersection of Nash implementable social choice correspondences

Abstract We show that there exist two Nash implementable social choice correspondences defined on an environment with strict preferences for which the intersection is not Nash implementable.
Nutrient acquisition and physiological responses of dominant Serengeti grasses to variation in soil texture and grazing

Summary 1Themeda triandra and Digitaria macroblephara are dominant grasses in the herbaceous layer of Serengeti National Park. Catena topography creates variation in soil texture and grazing that may have important physiological implications for these species. Through a combination of laboratory and field experiments, we tested whether variation in soil texture and grazing differentially affected growth, photosynthesis, leaf enzyme activities and nitrogen assimilation of the two species. 2In the laboratory, simulated grazing (weekly clipping at 7 cm above soil) increased photosynthesis and enzyme activities for D. macroblephara. Clipping also increased photosynthesis for T. triandra, but did not affect enzyme activity. D. macroblephara and T. triandra were affected oppositely by soil texture; enzyme activities and photosynthesis were greater for D. macroblephara in sandy soils but greater for T. triandra in fine-textured soils. 3Across a natural catena gradient, species abundances of D. macroblephara and T. triandra were negatively correlated with each other and related to grazing frequency in opposite ways, D. macroblephara positively and T. triandra negatively. In a field experiment, rates of uptake for unclipped plants of D. macroblephara and T. triandra were similar and did not vary with soil texture. However, when clipped, uptake was stimulated in both species but in opposite ways across a gradient of percentage sand, positive for D. macroblephara and negative for T. triandra. 4These results suggest that species responded to defoliation and variation in water availability created by different soil textures. At sites where D. macroblephara and T. triandra co-occur, catena variation in soil texture and grazing may provide spatial variation in habitat suitability. Moreover, herbivory may promote species coexistence by facilitating differential physiological responses to topographic and soil heterogeneity. 5This study illustrates how interactions between a direct biotic process and an indirect environmental variable can cause different plant physiological responses that may promote species coexistence in a heterogeneous environment.
MAGICAL: Collaborative Game Building as a Means to Foster Reasoning Abilities and Creativity

This proposal describes the aims and the expected outcomes of the MAGICAL (MAking Games In CollaborAtion for Learning) project that was funded in 2011 under the LLP transversal ICT Programme. MAGICAL is proposed here as an example of how digital games can fruitfully be employed to support students' intellectual development, which actually represents one of the main objectives of contemporary education. As a matter of fact, MAGICAL ultimate aim is that of triggering and enhancing students' key/transversal skills among which reasoning abilities, creative attitudes and digital competence. The project investigates game creation as an innovative educational framework and addresses the development of the above mentioned abilities/attitudes by adopting a collaborative, "learning by doing" approach to digital game construction (game building in groups), which is actually quite new in the field. The outcomes of the project, which is still on-going, will hopefully trace new avenues for engaging students in both highly motivating and effective game- based educational activities. In a wider perspective, the working methodology adopted in this project could also be fruitfully re-used to inform further different educational initiatives.
Study of a seal whisker–inspired flow sensor using compressive holography

We apply compressive holography to study the vibration of a seal whisker-inspired flow sensor.
Phosphorylation and Localization of Replication Protein A During Oogenesis and Early Embryogenesis of Drosophila Melanogaster

The phosphorylation and localization of Drosophila melanogaster Replication Protein A (DRP-A) was examined during oogenesis and in single embryos during the syncytial nuclear divisions of embryogenesis. DRP-A from ovaries was separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis into multiple phosphorylated species that include a previously unresolved form of RP-A. These forms are developmentally regulated with a major phosphorylated form appearing at stage 11 of oogenesis and persisting into mature eggs. Actively cycling early embryos were examined to investigate DNA replication in the absence of repair synthesis due to perturbation by drugs or mutation. An oscillation of the two major forms of DPR-A was observed over multiple cell cycles. The phosphorylated form was most abundant at mitosis and the nonphosphorylated form at interphase. In contrast to other systems where a phosphorylated form of RP-A has been correlated with S phase, only the nonphosphorylated form of Drosophila RP-A is observed in early Drosophila embryos during DNA replication. Consistent with this role in DNA metabolism, DRP-A was localized to the nucleus. Subsequently at mitosis, DRP-A becomes delocalized. Strikingly, in ovaries a relatively large amount of DRP-A was observed during the early mitotic stages of oogenesis.
Good night, Irene

Over her 18 years as my patient, Irene was fond of proving me wrong. The latest lesson came just last week.
From working memory to long-term memory and back: Linked but distinct

Air Force Office of Scientific Research (F49620-01-1-0397); Office of Naval Research (N00014-01-1-0624)
Mapping arrhythmias in the failing heart: from Langendorff to patient.

Abstract Sudden cardiac death due to ventricular arrhythmias is a major cause of mortality in patients with heart failure (HF). As HF develops, a host of changes occur at multiple levels, spanning the spectrum from subcellular/molecular to organ-system levels. These changes, collectively referred to as “cardiac remodeling,” predispose to electrical disturbances via multiple mechanisms. In humans, most arrhythmias are reentrant by nature, involving circulatory wavefront(s) that excite the heart in rapid, irregular succession. Hence, by definition, reentrant excitation occurs at the multicellular intact tissue level, and therefore, a complete understanding of its dynamics and underlying mechanisms requires investigation of electrophysiological properties (such as action potentials and calcium transients) in intact tissue preparations where cells are electrically coupled to one another. While molecular and cellular studies are critical for identifying changes in individual myocytes, only recently have we begun to understand how these complex changes can create an environment ripe for arrhythmias. In particular, the integrative technique of optical action potential mapping was used in recent years to address key questions regarding changes in network electrical properties of the failing myocardium. In the present manuscript, we review recent findings from mapping studies in the experimental laboratory as they relate to the characterization of the arrhythmic substrate of the failing heart, followed by a discussion of clinical mapping approaches used to identify key characteristics of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias in patients with HF.
Ethical pleasure, visual dzikir, and artistic subjectivity in contemporary indonesia

ABSTRACTDrawing from a long-term ethnographic collaboration with Indonesian painter A. D. Pirous, this article examines the mingling of art and religion for what it may tell us about subjectivity and the senses in a predominantly Muslim public culture. Recent statements describe subjectivity as the site of a social actor's sensibility, reflexivity, and judgment and as an annex to prevailing social, cultural, and ideological circumstances. Following some brief reflections about artistic and religious subjectivity, this essay discusses the Islamic revival in Indonesia since the 1970s, a revival that has given spirituality, and Sufism in particular, new popularity and appeal. It then turns to a set of artistic practices that Pirous associates with “ethical pleasure” and with dzikir, the “mindfulness of God” that Muslims, and Sufis in particular, are careful to cultivate. Subjectivity acquires artistic and religious dimension in these practices, particularly as the senses engage with paint and canvas in devot...
Peptidyl-puromycin synthesis by free and membrane-bound ribosomes.

Abstract The peptidyl transferase reaction, as measured by the formation of peptidylpuromycin, was compared for free ribosomes and ribosomes bound to two types of membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum and the outer nuclear membrane. In most respects the reaction catalyzed by the three types of ribosome was similar, demonstrating that interaction of the 60 S ribosomal subunit with the membrane has little effect on the functioning of peptidyl transferase, a 60 S protein. However, both the rate and extent of synthesis of peptidyl puromycin were lower for ribosomes bound to the nuclear membrane than for free or microsome-bound ribosomes. This difference appears to be a direct consequence of the ribosome-membrane interaction, since ribosomes stripped from the nuclear membrane could not be distinguished from the other classes of ribosome.
Long-term follow-up after thymectomy for myasthenia gravis: Thoracoscopic vs open

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to determine if patients are in remission or weaning off medication after thymectomy for myasthenia gravis (MG) and to examine the thoracoscopic versus open approaches. Methods A retrospective review of all patients who underwent thymectomy for MG at a tertiary referral center between 1992 and 2004 (N = 14). Six patients (42.9%) underwent thoracoscopic resection. Eight patients underwent open resection; 5 (35.7%) had median sternotomy and 3 (21.4%) by transcervical approaches. Follow-up was obtained in 12 (85.7%) of 14 patients by both chart review and telephone. The mean follow-up was 43.0 months (range, 4-111 months). Statistical significance was determined by Student's t test or Fisher's Exact Test. Results The thoracoscopic group had a mean operating time of 138.8 minutes compared with 139.8 minutes in the open group ( P = .9). The thoracoscopic group had a mean estimated blood loss of 7.5 mL compared with 52.5 mL in the open group ( P = .02). The mean length of stay for the thoracoscopic group was 1.5 days (range, 1-2 days) and was 10.6 days (range, 3-41 days) in the open group ( P = .13). Three (60%) of 5 patients were entirely off medication in the thoracoscopic group at the time of follow-up compared with 3 (50%) of 6 patients in the open group ( P = 1.0). In the thoracoscopic group, 5 (83.3%) of 6 were in class 1 to 3 of the DeFilippi classification (complete remission or improved with decreased medication requirements). One patient had no change in symptoms (class 4). In the open group, 5 (83.3%) of 6 were classified as DeFilippi 1 to 3 at the time of follow-up, and one patient had worsening symptoms (class 5). Conclusions Both thoracoscopic and open approaches to thymectomy in patients with MG are effective, with more than 80% of patients in both groups in remission or with improvement at the time of follow-up. The thoracoscopic group has the added benefits of decreased estimated blood loss, decreased length of hospital stay, and improved cosmesis. We advocate the thoracoscopic approach for thymectomy in the treatment of juvenile MG.
System architecture for proactively adapting lasercom systems

High susceptibility to adverse atmospheric conditions can severely limit the use of free-space optical systems for critical applications. This paper proposes a new architecture for lasercom systems for proactive adaptability during adverse atmospheric conditions. The hardware and software components of the proposed architecture are described in detail. We also present an in-field lasercom test-bed setup, the wireless channel propagation measurements recorded using the test-bed, and the results to validate the recommended design.
Cumulative effects of multiple sources of bias in estimating spawner–recruit parameters with application to harvested stocks of Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha )

Abstract Previous studies of bias in estimating spawner–recruit relationships have usually focused on a single source of bias, and have typically found bias that tends to overestimate productivity and underestimate optimal population size. However, many of these studies have used simulated data contrived to maximize the bias. This study examined the cumulative effects of multiple sources of bias using simulations with life history parameters based on Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) stocks used as escapement indicator stocks for management of ocean salmon fisheries. Sources of bias incorporated in the simulations include time series bias, observational errors, and errors in estimating age composition. Cumulative biases in parameter estimates were found to be relatively small in most cases, and the resulting management reference points tended to err in the direction of conservation rather than in the direction of overexploitation. However, the same methods applied to depleted stocks would result in substantial bias that would tend to contribute to overexploitation.
Implications of lymph node retrieval in locoregional rectal cancer treated with chemoradiotherapy: a California Cancer Registry Study.

Background In contrast to colon cancer, the implications of reduced lymph node retrieval in rectal cancer are unclear.
Aerothermodynamic Testing and Boundary Layer Trip Sizing of the HIFiRE Flight 1 Vehicle

An experimental wind tunnel test was conducted in the NASA Langley Research Center s 20-Inch Mach 6 Air Tunnel in support of the Hypersonic International Flight Research Experimentation Program. The information in this report is focused on the Flight 1 configuration, the first in a series of flight experiments. This report documents experimental measurements made over a range of Reynolds numbers and angles of attack on several scaled ceramic heat transfer models of the Flight 1 payload. Global heat transfer was measured using phosphor thermography and the resulting images and heat transfer distributions were used to infer the state of the boundary layer on the vehicle windside and leeside surfaces. Boundary layer trips were used to force the boundary layer turbulent, and a brief study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the trips with various heights. The experimental data highlighted in this test report were used to size and place the boundary layer trip for the flight test vehicle.
New Interference Sensing Demand Pacemaker Functions

Demand cardiac pacemaker functions are under study that provide new methods to distinguish between cardiac activity and pulsatile electromagnetic interference (PEMI). All known forms of currently marketed ventricular inhibited demand pacemaker (VVI) functions can be inhibited by high level pulsatile electromagnetic interference. The recent introduction of shielded circuitry to protect against disruptive (inhibiting) EMI has reduced pacemaker sensitivity to interference. However, EMI received via the cardiac lead/electrode can still mimic cardiac activity. This mimicing occurs as a consequence of detection by defribrillator protection structures or by amplifier saturation from RF artifacts insufficiently suppressed by input QRS bandpass filters. The new functions under development employ a separate EMI detection receiver for controlling the pacemaker mode to minimize inhibition by PEMI.
THE GASTROINTESTINAL COMPOSITE URINARY RESERVOIR IN PATIENTS WITH MYELOMENINGOCELE AND EXSTROPHY: LONG-TERM METABOLIC FOLLOWUP

AbstractPurpose: We investigated the long-term metabolic effects of gastrointestinal composite urinary reservoirs in patients with myelomeningocele or exstrophy.Materials and Methods: Seven patients with myelomeningocele or exstrophy who required complex urinary reconstruction in the setting of metabolic acidosis or the short bowel syndrome underwent construction of a gastrointestinal composite reservoir, including a staged and a single procedure in 3 and 4, respectively. Preoperatively and postoperatively serum electrolytes were measured, and urinalysis and urine cultures were performed in all patients. In 5 patients serum pH was compared preoperatively and postoperatively, and in all serum gastrin was measured postoperatively.Results: At an average followup of 62 months (range 52 to 87) serum chloride and bicarbonate significantly normalized (p <0.05) in all 7 patients with bladder exstrophy or myelomeningocele. Serum pH also significantly normalized (p <0.05) in 5 patients at long-term followup. Serum ...
Analysis of microsatellite instability and X-inactivation in ovarian borderline tumors lacking numerical abnormalities by comparative genomic hybridization

The genetic events underlying development of ovarian borderline tumors (tumors of low malignant potential) are not well understood. In our previous studies of microdissected samples from serous borderline tumors, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses showed that 3 of 13 tumors had detectable numerical abnormalities; the remaining 10 had none. In the present study, we examined microsatellite instability (MSI) and clonality in this same set of tumors. Although absence of chromosomal imbalances has been associated with the presence of MSI in some types of solid tumors, the extent of MSI in borderline tumors, and its role in their pathogenesis, is unclear. In our set of 13 tumors, no MSI was detected despite analysis with microsatellite markers recommended by the National Cancer Institute for assessment of MSI. Quantitative X-inactivation studies were informative at the androgen receptor gene AR in 9 of the 13 tumors and revealed that each of the 9 tumors was clonal. In two patients, bilateral tumors showed identical patterns of skewed X-inactivation. These studies confirm the clonality of borderline tumors and suggest that some borderline tumors may develop through mechanisms other than chromosomal imbalances or microsatellite instability.
Assessing the climate for hate crime reporting in law enforcement organizations: A force-field analysis

The passage of the Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990 resulted in the creation of a new crime category within law enforcement. Linking the collection of national hate crime data to the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program required changes in policy and action within thousands of police organizations throughout the United States. The commitment to make these changes and the speed to which one might expect them to occur are a function of the forces, both internal and external, that affect attitudes and behaviors relative to this change. A survey instrument was developed to examine these forces and the extent to which they exist in four police jurisidictions from different regions of the country. Two of these organizations collect hate crime data and two do not. We found that each of the four agencies had its own unique "field of forces" affecting attitudes and behaviors regarding hate crime. The study provides both a method of inquiry and important direction to justice professionals who seek to facili...
Nucleolar dominance and silencing of transcription

Nucleolar dominance is a phenomenon in plant and animal hybrids whereby one parental set of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes is transcribed, but the hundreds of rRNA genes inherited from the other parent are silent. The phenomenon gets it name because only transcriptionally active rRNA genes give rise to a nucleolus, the site of ribosome assembly. Nucleolar dominance provided the first clear example of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation acting in partnership in a gene-silencing pathway. However, the sites of chromatin modification and the ways in which one set of rRNA genes are targeted for repression remain unclear. Another unresolved question is whether the units of regulation are the individual rRNA genes or the multi-megabase chromosomal domains that encompass the rRNA gene clusters.
A membrane filter direct count technique for enumeratingBdellovibrio

A membrane filter direct count method was devised for enumeratingBdellovibrio cells in “clean” suspensions. The procedure involves filtering a specified volume of a diluted, Trisbuffered suspension ofBdellovibrio cells through a known area of a 100-nm-pore-size Millipore brand membrane filter. A clarification solvent was used to render the filter transparent, so that the bdeloyvibrios on the filter could be photomicrographed and counted either visually or by means of a Quantimet 720 Image Analyzing Computer. The number ofBdellovibrio cells per milliliter in the undituted suspension could be calculated from the mean number of cells per unit area of the filter, the dilution factor, and the volume of diluted suspension filtered. TheBdellovibrio cells were distributed on the filters in a Poisson manner when there were not more than about 3.5 cells per 100 μm2 of filter surface. The membrane filter direct counts correlated well with direct counts obtained by the Petroff-Hausser method. The correlation of direct counts with plaque (“viable”) counts showed that 80 to 95% of the direct-countedBdellovibrio cells in the clean suspensions were capable of forming plaques on lawns of suitable substrate bacteria. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01R4002 00007
Repair with collagen tubules linked with brain-derived neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor in a rat sciatic nerve injury model.

Methods: Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats underwent left sciatic nerve transection and repair. In the control group, CTs were implanted with no neurotrophic ligand (n = 13). There were 3 experimental groups: CT with BDNF covalently linked to the collagen matrix (CT/BDNF; n = 12), CT with CNTF covalently linked (CT/CNTF; n = 12), and CT with both BDNF and CNTF covalently linked (CT/BDNF/ CNTF; n = 11). Functional outcome of neural regeneration was assessed every 10 days using walking track analysis, which was submitted to a sciatic functional index. Nerve morphometry, electrophysiologic studies, and molecular analysis for neural proteins were performed at the completion of the study at postoperative day 90. Results: Animals in all 3 experimental groups achieved significantly superior maximal functional recovery, larger nerve cross-sectional areas, and a greater number of axons when compared with the control CT group (P,.001, P,.05, and P,.05, respectively). The animals in the CT/ BDNF/CNTF group displayed the best functional recovery and had the largest axon diameters, greatest amplitude, and the fastest nerve conduction velocities. Molecular analysis revealed significant differences in the expression of neurofilament, neural cell adhesion molecule, myelin-associated glycoprotein, and myelin basic protein. Conclusions: We present the first evidence that CNTF covalently linked to CTs can improve functional recovery compared with CTs alone. We also support the previous finding that BDNF covalently linked to CTs significantly increases the functional recovery of transected and repaired nerves. Finally, we found that cotreatment produced the best functional recovery in our model. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998;124:761-766
Electron-Ion Recombination by Collisional and Radiative Processes

Physical principles domlnating the electron-ion threebody recombination process and forming the basis of a general method for calculating the electron temperature and the net rate of three-body recombination are discussed. Calculations and data are presented in graphical and tabular forms. (L.N.N.)
Child Care in India: An Examination of the “Household Size/Infant Indulgence” Hypothesis

This article provides an intracultural examination of John Whiting’s “household size and infant indulgence” hypothesis. Inspired by Ruth H. Munroe and Robert L. Munroe’s effort to replicate Whiting’s holocultural study with an intracultural study among the Logoli of East Africa, the author uses similar measures of infant indulgence and household density to examine child care data from India. Explanations are offered for the largely negative results for this sample of Indian households. Finally, an important implication of the Whiting hypothesis—the multiple caretaking of infants and young children—is explored.
Distinctive perceptual processing and memory.

Abstract The theoretical construct of distinctiveness emphasizes that the representation of unique properties enhances memory. Hunt and Elliott (1980) provided evidence for this approach by demonstrating that orthographic distinctiveness enhanced memory. In this paper, we provide further evidence that distinctive perceptual attributes enhance memory by demonstrating that distinctive orthographic-to-phonological mapping enhances memory. Our experiments show that exception words are recalled better than regular words and that this advantage occurs with visual, but not with auditory, presentation. In addition, the recall advantage for exception words is independent of the effect of orthographic distinctiveness and occurs in a variety of encoding contexts. We assume that a distinctive orthographic-to-phonological mapping enhances recall by providing discriminative cues during retrieval.
Noise attenuation over additive Gaussian channels

We address the noise attenuation problem for linear time-invariant (LTI) systems in the presence of Gaussian communication channels. A novel Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) approach is formulated to solve the problem. A simulation example is discussed to verify the proposed solution.
The Rank of a Difference of Matrices and Associated Generalized Inverses

Abstract Various representations are given to characterize the rank of A - S in terms of rank A + k where A and S are arbitrary complex matrices and k is a function of A and S . It is shown that if S = AMA for some matrix M , and if G is any matrix satisfying A = AGA , then rank(A-S) = rankA-nullity (I-SG) . Several alternative forms of this result are established, as are many equivalent conditions to have rank(A-S) = rankA-rankS . General forms for the Moore-Penrose inverse of matrices A - S are developed which include as special cases various results by Penrose, Wedin, Hartwig and others.
Delivery of membrane-impermeant fluorescent probes into living neural cell populations by lipotransfer ☆

Abstract Use of fluorescent probes to monitor f-actin in living cells typically relies on difficult microinjection procedures. The current work has developed cationic lipotransfer of membrane-impermeant probes as an alternative to microinjection. BODIPY® FL-phallacidin, a fluorescent f-actin probe, was packaged into 40–50 nm cationic liposomes. Packaging, verified by gel filtration, enabled delivery of the probe into living nerve cells and provided an image of f-actin that was identical to that seen in fixed, permeabilized cells. Phallacidin alone did not enter living cells, nor was its uptake stimulated by the presence of empty liposomes. All predicted f-actin structures were fluorescent in living cells, indicating a high efficacy of delivery. Cationic lipotransfer of fluorescent probes was rapid, not disruptive to cells, and delivered a probe en masse to a large sample population. Lipotransfer appears to be a promising alternative to microinjection for introducing membrane-impermeant probes and reagents into living cells.
RELATIONSHIP OF TIRE ROLLING RESISTANCE TO THE VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF THE TREAD RUBBER

Abstract For radial and belted bias automobile tires having replicate bodies but different tread materials, the rolling resistance force was found to be nearly a linear function of the tread material loss ratio (fractional hysteresis) measured at either constant strain or constant stress. Loss ratio is calculated as the ratio of energy loss (hysteresis) to total energy input obtained from constant crosshead speed (sawtooth) loading cycles on an Instron tester. Good correlation was also observed between rolling resistance force and a viscoelastic index (loss tangent) obtained from sinusoidal strain cycles on a Rheovibron instrument. When related to energy loss of the tread, rolling resistance showed good correlation only for a series of natural rubber compounds of varied black content; a tread based on a solution styrene‐butadiene rubber polymer fell outside the natural rubber pattern.
Quantitative ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI of human cortical bone: Correlation with porosity and biomechanical properties

In this study we describe the use of ultrashort echo time (UTE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate short and long T2* components as well as the water content of cortical bone. Fourteen human cadaveric distal femur and proximal tibia were sectioned to produce 44 rectangular slabs of cortical bone for quantitative UTE MR imaging, microcomputed tomography (µCT), and biomechanical testing. A two-dimensional (2D) UTE pulse sequence with a minimal nominal TE of 8 µseconds was used together with bicomponent analysis to quantify the bound and free water in cortical bone using a clinical 3T scanner. Total water concentration was measured using a 3D UTE sequence together with a reference water phantom. UTE MR measures of water content (total, free, and bound), T2* (short and long), and short and long T2* fractions were compared with porosity assessed with µCT, as well as elastic (modulus, yield stress, and strain) and failure (ultimate stress, failure strain, and energy) properties, using Pearson correlation. Porosity significantly correlated positively with total (R2 = 0.23; p < 0.01) and free (R2 = 0.31; p < 0.001) water content as well as long T2* fraction (R2 = 0.25; p < 0.001), and negatively with short T2* fraction and short T2* (R2 = 0.24; p < 0.01). Failure strain significantly correlated positively with short T2* (R2 = 0.29; p < 0.001), ultimate stress significantly correlated negatively with total (R2 = 0.25; p < 0.001) and bound (R2 = 0.22; p < 0.01) water content, and failure energy significantly correlated positively with both short (R2 = 0 30; p < 0.001) and long (R2 = 0.17; p < 0.01) T2* values. These results suggest that UTE MR measures are sensitive to the structure and failure properties of human cortical bone, and may provide a novel way of evaluating cortical bone quality. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Water resources of the People's Republic of China

At the invitation of the Society of Hydraulic Engineers of the People's Republic of China (PRC), a delegation of U.S. hydrologists and hydraulic engineers visited the PRC in the fall of 1978.* From discussions with officials of both the Society and the Ministry of Water Conservancy and Power (MWCP), and from visits to research and academic institutions and water projects, the delegation gained a general understanding of the country's surface water resources. The reported statistics, supplemented with others from published sources, provide a quantitative description of the PRC's water resources in relation to those of the United States. Recent government reorganization has led to the division of the MWCP into two ministries: one responsible for water conservancy, the other for power. However, in the following discussions, reference is made to the MWCP. Chinese spellings follow the more familiar Wade-Giles system rather than the official Pinyin system recently adopted by the PRC.
The nature of advanced reasoning and science instruction

Although the development of reasoning is recognized as an important goal of science instruction, its nature remains somewhat of a mystery. This article discusses two key questions: Does formal thought constitute a structured whole? And what role does propositional logic play in advanced reasoning? Aspects of a model of advanced reasoning are presented in which hypothesis generation and testing are viewed as central processes in intellectual development. It is argued that a number of important advanced reasoning schemata are linked by these processes and should be made a part of science instruction designed to improve students' reasoning abilities. Concerning students' development and use of formal reasoning, Linn (1982) calls for research into practical issues such as the roles of task-specific knowledge and individual differences in performance, roles not emphasized by Piaget in his theory and research. From a science teacher's point of view, this is good advice. Accordingly, this article will expand upon some of the issues raised by Linn in a discussion of the nature of advanced reasoning which attempts to reconcile the apparent contradiction between students' differential use of advanced reasoning schemata in varying contexts with the notion of a general stage of formal thought. Two key questions will be discussed: Does formal thought constitute a structured whole? And what role does propositional logic play in advanced reasoning? The underlying assumption of the present discussion is that, among other things, science instruction should concern itself with the improvement of students' reasoning abilities (cf. Arons, 1976; Arons & Karplus, 1976; Bady, 1979; Bauman, 1976; Educational Policies Commission, 1966; Herron, 1978; Karplus, 1979; Kohlberg & Mayer, 1972; Moshman & Thompson, 1981; Lawson, 1979; Levine & linn, 1977; Pallrand, 1977; Renner & Lawson, 1973; Sayre & Ball, 1975; Schneider & Renner, 1980; Wollman, 1978). The questions are of interest because to date they lack clear answers, yet clear answers are necessary if we hope to design effective instruction in reasoning.
Quantitative evaluation of anticonvulsant effects on penicillin-induced spike foci in cats

We evaluated the effects of phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, sodium valproate, and ethosuximide on penicillin-induced spike foci. Phenytoin, carbamazepine, and phenobarbital at blood levels within or slightly above the human therapeutic range in humans increased spike frequency, decreased spike duration, and abolished afterdischarges. Ethosuximide and sodium valproate had no statistically significant effect even at blood levels considered toxic in humans. The experimental spike focus and the method of analysis appear useful for: (1) detection of new potentially anticonvulsant drugs, (2) classifying new potentially anticonvulsant drugs according to the type of clinical seizure for which benefit is most likely, and (3) comparing different anticonvulsant drugs.
The Drm–Bowl–Lin relief-of-repression hierarchy controls fore- and hindgut patterning and morphogenesis

Abstract The elucidation of pathways linking patterning to morphogenesis is a problem of great interest. We show here that, in addition to their roles in patterning and morphogenesis of the hindgut, the Drosophila genes drumstick ( drm ) and bowl are required in the foregut for spatially localized gene expression and the morphogenetic processes that form the proventriculus. drm and bowl belong to a family of genes encoding C 2 H 2 zinc finger proteins; the other two members of this family are odd-skipped ( odd ) and sob . In both the fore- and hindgut, drm acts upstream of lines ( lin ), which encodes a putative transcriptional regulator, and relieves its repressive function. In spite of its phenotypic similarities with drm , bowl was found in both foregut and hindgut to act downstream, rather than upstream, of lin . These results support a hierarchy in which Drm relieves the repressive effect of Lin on Bowl, and Bowl then acts to promote spatially localized expression of genes (particularly the JAK/STAT pathway ligand encoded by upd ) that control fore- and hindgut morphogenesis. Since the odd -family and lin are conserved in mosquito, mouse, and humans, we propose that the odd -family genes and lin may also interact to control patterning and morphogenesis in other insects and in vertebrates.
Lossless compression algorithm for multispectral imagers

Multispectral imaging is becoming an increasingly important tool for monitoring the earth and its environment from space borne and airborne platforms. Multispectral imaging data consists of visible and IR measurements from a scene across space and spectrum. Growing data rates resulting from faster scanning and finer spatial and spectral resolution makes compression an increasingly critical tool to reduce data volume for transmission and archiving. Research for NOAA NESDIS has been directed to finding for the characteristics of satellite atmospheric Earth science Imager sensor data what level of Lossless compression ratio can be obtained as well as appropriate types of mathematics and approaches that can lead to approaching this data's entropy level. Conventional lossless do not achieve the theoretical limits for lossless compression on imager data as estimated from the Shannon entropy. In a previous paper, the authors introduce a lossless compression algorithm developed for MODIS as a proxy for future NOAA-NESDIS satellite based Earth science multispectral imagers such as GOES-R. The algorithm is based on capturing spectral correlations using spectral prediction, and spatial correlations with a linear transform encoder. In decompression, the algorithm uses a statistically computed look up table to iteratively predict each channel from a channel decompressed in the previous iteration. In this paper we present a new approach which fundamentally differs from our prior work. In this new approach, instead of having a single predictor for each pair of bands we introduce a piecewise spatially varying predictor which significantly improves the compression results. Our new algorithm also now optimizes the sequence of channels we use for prediction. Our results are evaluated by comparison with a state of the art wavelet based image compression scheme, Jpeg2000. We present results on the 14 channel subset of the MODIS imager, which serves as a proxy for the GOES-R imager. We will also show results of the algorithm for on NOAA AVHRR data and data from SEVIRI. The algorithm is designed to be adapted to the wide range of multispectral imagers and should facilitate distribution of data throughout globally. This compression research is managed by Roger Heymann, PE of OSD NOAA NESDIS Engineering, in collaboration with the NOAA NESDIS STAR Research Office through Mitch Goldberg, Tim Schmit, Walter Wolf.
Type A behaviour, problem-solving style and health in male and female managers

The relationship between Type A behaviour (TAB), problem-solving style, and health was investigated in a sample of 79 middle managers (40 males and 39 females), using a questionnaire methodology. Health was divided into psychological well-being, self-rated physical healthiness, self-rated frequency of illness and self-rated health behaviour. Problem-solving style was treated as a multidimensional construct and was measured in terms of six factors, helplessness, control, confidence, creativity, approach, and avoidance styles. Type As reported significantly more illness than Type Bs. In addition, a highly significant sex by TAB interaction was found on problem-solving confidence and problem-solving helplessness indicating that Type A females and Type B males were the more confident problem solvers and Type A females and Type B males felt less helpless in problem situations. On psychological well-being, self-rated healthiness and self-rated health behaviour there were no differences between Type As and Type Bs. Multiple regression analysis showed that scores on TAB only accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in self-rated frequency of illness. Problem-solving style accounted for a significant proportion of the variance on all health measures.
German Spelling and Writing: System and Process

In the production of written German, the spelling system and the writing process are distinct but interdependent. The system of spelling depends upon the writing process for its manifestations; the process of writing depends upon the spelling system for its substance.
Topological spin transport by Brownian diffusion of domain walls

We propose thermally populated domain walls (DWs) in an easy-plane ferromagnetic insulator as robust spin carriers between two metals. The chirality of a DW, which serves as a topological charge, couples to the metal spin accumulation via spin-transfer torque and results in the chirality-dependent thermal nucleation rates of DWs at the interface. After overpopulated DWs of a particular (net) chirality diffuse and leave the ferromagnet at the other interface, they reemit the spin current by spin pumping. The conservation of the topological charge supports an algebraic decay of spin transport as the length of the ferromagnet increases; this is analogous to the decaying behavior of superfluid spin transport but contrasts with the exponential decay of magnon spin transport. We envision that similar spin transport with algebraic decay may be implemented in materials with exotic spin phases by exploiting topological characteristics and the associated conserved quantities of their excitations.
Group Therapy for Schizophrenia: A Practical Approach*

Schizophrenics have been treated in groups since the method was introduced early in the century. Lazell (1921) was the first to report a special therapeutic advantage in group therapy for schizophrenic patients, and over the years, other authors have reported success with the group method, with some claiming that this is the preferable way to treat schizophrenia. Various advantages for group therapy have been cited. Payn (1965 and 1974), for example, noted that providing socializing experiences for patients tends to diminish anxiety, improve reality testing, increase self-esteem, and reduce necessity for hospitalization. Others have suggested that group-treated patients take neuroleptic drugs more consistently (O'Brien et al. 1972), but this has not been verified in controlled studies with urine or blood level determinations. Striking improvement in social functioning of schizophrenics has been reported by several authors (Masnik et al. 1971, Schultz and Ross 1955, and Donlon, Rada, and Knight 1973), and increased staff enthusiasm also seems to be a consistent finding (Masnik et al. 1971, O'Brien et al. 1972, and Herz et al. 1974).
Successful and reproducible myocardial opacification during two-dimensional echocardiography from right heart injection of contrast.

BACKGROUNDMyocardial contrast echocardiography currently involves intro-arterial injection of contrast. For this technique to have a broader application, it is necessary that myocardial opacification be achieved from a venous injection of contrast.METHODS AND RESULTSTo achieve myocardial opacification after right-side injection of contrast, two groups of open-chest anesthetized dogs were studied. Group 1 included nine dogs in whom microbubbles of various sizes, concentrations, and volumes were injected into the left atrium to determine microbubble characteristics that influence myocardial opacification. Group 2 included eight dogs in whom the effect of the combination of microbubble characteristics and myocardial blood flow on myocardial opacification was evaluated after right atrial injection of contrast. Background-subtracted time-intensity plots were generated from the myocardium to measure peak videointensity. In the group 2 dogs, digital subtraction and color coding were used to further highlight the...
The Effect of Non-Pecuniary Motivations OnLabor Supply

People value work not only as a means of earning income to satisfy their consumption needs but also as a direct source of satisfaction for its socio-psychological effects (non-pecuniary benefits). I show that once non-pecuniary effects of working time are incorporated in the standard labor-supply model: (i) the wage rate under-estimates (over-estimates) the true opportunity cost of non-work/leisure time when working time has non-pecuniary benefits (costs), (ii) non-pecuniary work motivations can substitute for monetary wages as work incentives, (iii) at very low wage rates, work can become a net source of utility, and (iv) the implied shape of labor-supply curve differs starkly from those implied by standard theory. I identify conditions under which a greater non-pecuniary work motivation induces a larger supply of labor, and examine the effects of non-wage income on supplies of paid work and voluntary work when there are non-pecuniary benefits associated with both types of work.
Mutations in the gene 5 DNA polymerase of bacteriophage T7 suppress the dominant lethal phenotype of gene 2.5 ssDNA binding protein lacking the C‐terminal phenylalanine

Summary Gene 2.5 of bacteriophage T7 encodes a ssDNA binding protein (gp2.5) essential for DNA replication. The C-terminal phenylalanine of gp2.5 is critical for function and mutations in that position are dominant lethal. In order to identify gp2.5 interactions we designed a screen for suppressors of gp2.5 lacking the C-terminal phenylalanine. Screening for suppres- sors of dominant lethal mutations of essential genes is challenging as the phenotype prevents propaga- tion. We select for phage encoding a dominant lethal version of gene 2.5, whose viability is recovered via second-site suppressor mutation(s). Functional gp2.5 is expressed in trans for propagation of the unviable phage and allows suppression to occur via natural selection. The isolated intragenic sup- pressors support the critical role of the C-terminal phenylalanine. Extragenic suppressor mutations occur in several genes encoding enzymes of DNA metabolism. We have focused on the suppressor mutations in gene 5 encoding the T7 DNA poly- merase (gp5) as the gp5/gp2.5 interaction is well documented. The suppressor mutations in gene 5 are necessary and sufficient to suppress the lethal phenotype of gp2.5 lacking the C-terminal phenyla- lanine. The affected residues map in proximity to aromatic residues and to residues in contact with DNA in the crystal structure of T7 DNA polymerase- thioredoxin.
The Multidisciplinary Nature Of Supply Chain Management: Where Does It Fit In Business Education?

Supply chain management is an area of growing interest in both industry and academics. A number of new text books are available for courses in the area, and a number of Colleges of Business are adding relevant curriculum. However, questions arise as to what Supply Chain Management comprises, as to needed courses in the area, and an appropriate delineation as to which department is best suited to offer such a program. Issues business educators will face in an effort to initiate supply chain management programs are discussed.
"Spice" girls: synthetic cannabinoid intoxication.

Abstract Background “Spice” refers to various synthetic cannabinoid-containing products that seem to have rapidly become popular recreational drugs of abuse. Very little medical literature currently exists detailing the adverse effects and emergency department (ED) presentations associated with “spice” use. Objectives To describe the presentation of 2 patients who recreationally used a “spice” product and to briefly summarize what is known about “spice” and synthetic cannabinoids. Case Report Two patients presented to the ED with, predominantly, anxiety after recreationally using a “spice” product that we subsequently confirmed to contain the synthetic cannabinoids, JWH-018 and JWH-073. Conclusion We suspect that use of “spice” products may increase. Although anxiety was a prominent presentation in both of the patients described here, undoubtedly, future studies will describe the manifestations of intoxication and toxicity with the various synthetic cannabinoids.