cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The spectra of Jupiter and Saturn in the photographic infrared

Abstract Recent studies of the near-infrared spectra of Jupiter and Saturn have led to new evaluations of the relative abundances of atmospheric constituents and some indication of the distribution of these constituents with altitude. It appears that the atmospheres of both of these planets may exhibit a roughly solar composition, but additional precision in the derivation of abundances is required to settle this question. A preliminary model for the atmospheric structure of Jupiter that accommodates observations made at a variety of wavelengths is discussed. The model suggests that UV observations only reach a level near the tropopause, while in the near-infrared the lower bound of the observable atmosphere is set by a dense cloud layer whose upper boundary has a temperature of 225°K. Between this level and the tropopause there is a region of ammonia crystal clouds. Direct observation of this haze layer is made possible by photography of the planet through a filter centered on a strong methane band. The distribution of the haze is nonuniform and time-variable, showing hoods over the poles and a local anomaly over the Great Red Spot.
An Econometric Analysis of Interstate Differences in Nonbusiness Bankruptcy and Chapter Thirteen Rates

An econometric household insolvency model was developed to explain the variation among states in nonbusiness bankruptcy rates. The model consisted of two equations with nonbusiness straight-bankruptcy rates and Chapter XIII rates as the dependent variables. Higher divorce rates and percentages of a state's total credit offices which were finance companies were associated with higher nonbusiness straight-bankruptcy rates. Higher percentages of a state's population between the ages of 25 and 34 and the existence of laws prohibiting wage garnishments were negatively related to nonbusiness straight-bankruptcy rates. Higher percentages of Blacks, divorce rates, and credit offices per 100,000 population were associated with higher Chapter XIII rates. Also, the existence of Consumer Credit Counseling Services within a state's borders was associated with higher rates of Chapter XIII petitions. Finally, the existence of laws limiting wage garnishments was associated with lower Chapter XIII rates.
Expression and Characterization of a Novel CD6 Ligand in Cells Derived from Joint and Epithelial Tissues

CD6 is a T cell surface glycoprotein that plays an important role in interactions of thymocytes with thymic epithelial cells and in mature T cell interactions with selected nonprofessional tissue APCs. We describe a novel CD6 ligand (CD6L) 3A11 Ag that is distinct from the known CD6L (CD166). The 3A11 protein is expressed on cells derived from human thymus, skin, synovium, and cartilage, and its expression is enhanced by IFN-γ. mAbs directed against the 3A11 Ag and CD166 exhibit distinct patterns of binding to a panel of cell lines. Confocal microscopy shows that both CD166 and the 3A11 Ag are expressed at the cell surface, and that these proteins colocalize. The 3A11 Ag has a molecular mass of 130 kDa and is immunoprecipitated using either mAb 3A11 or soluble CD6-Ig fusion protein. mAbs directed against individual CD6L were less potent than was soluble CD6-Ig fusion protein in reducing adhesion of T cells to adherent 3A11-positive epithelial cells in vitro, suggesting that these Abs recognize epitopes on the 3A11 Ag and CD166 that are distinct from CD6 binding sites. Finally, transfection of epithelial cells with CD166-specific small interfering RNAs significantly decreased CD166 expression without alteration in 3A11 Ag levels, and thus confirmed that these two CD6L are distinct. Taken together, our data identifies a novel 130-kDa CD6L that may mediate interactions of synovial and epithelial cells with T lymphocytes.
One step alkaline synthesis of biocompatible gold nanoparticles using dextrin as capping agent

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are used in sensing methods as tracers and transducers. The most common AuNP synthesis techniques utilize citrate under acidic reaction conditions. The synthesis described in this article generates glyco-AuNPs under mild alkaline conditions providing a “greener” alternative to Brust and Turkevich methodologies. This biologically compatible one-step technique uses dextrin as a capping agent and sodium carbonate as the reducing agent for chloroauric acid. The generated particles were relatively mono-dispersed and water soluble with a range of controllable mean diameters from 5.9 to 16.8 ± 1.6 nm. The produced AuNPs were stable in water for more than 6 months stored at room temperature (21 °C) in generation solution without protection from light. This article shows the effect of temperature, pH, and dextrin concentration on the synthesis procedure and AuNP diameter. These factors were found to control the reaction speed. The produced glyco-AuNPs were successfully functionalized with DNA oligonucleotides, and the functionalization efficiency was similar to citrate-generated AuNPs. The alkaline synthesis allows future exploration of simultaneous synthesis and functionalization procedures, which could significantly reduce the time of current ligand exchange methodologies.
Rapidly Adapting Artificial Neural Networks for Autonomous Navigation

The ALVINN (Autonomous Land Vehicle In a Neural Network) project addresses the problem of training artificial neural networks in real time to perform difficult perception tasks. ALVINN is a back-propagation network that uses inputs from a video camera and an imaging laser rangefinder to drive the CMU Navlab, a modified Chevy van. This paper describes training techniques which allow ALVINN to learn in under 5 minutes to autonomously control the Navlab by watching a human driver's response to new situations. Using these techniques, ALVINN has been trained to drive in a variety of circumstances including single-lane paved and unpaved roads, multilane lined and unlined roads, and obstacle-ridden on- and off-road environments, at speeds of up to 20 miles per hour.
The ttsA Gene Is Required for Low-Calcium-Induced Type III Secretion of Yop Proteins and Virulence of Yersinia enterocolitica W22703

Pathogenic Yersinia species use a virulence-plasmid encoded type III secretion pathway to escape the innate immune response and to establish infections in lymphoid tissues. At least 22 secretion machinery components are required for type III transport of 14 different Yop proteins, and 10 regulatory factors are responsible for activating this pathway in response to environmental signals. Although the genes for these products are located on the 70-kb virulence plasmid of Yersinia, this extrachromosomal element does not appear to harbor genes that provide for the sensing of environmental signals, such as calcium-, glutamate-, or serum-sensing proteins. To identify such genes, we screened transposon insertion mutants of Y. enterocolitica W22703 for defects in type III secretion and identified ttsA, a chromosomal gene encoding a polytopic membrane protein. ttsA mutant yersiniae synthesize reduced amounts of Yops and display a defect in low-calcium-induced type III secretion of Yop proteins. ttsA mutants are also severely impaired in bacterial motility, a phenotype which is likely due to the reduced expression of flagellar genes. All of these defects were restored by complementation with plasmid-encoded wild-type ttsA. LcrG is a repressor of the Yersinia type III pathway that is activated by an environmental calcium signal. Mutation of the lcrG gene in a ttsA mutant strain restored the type III secretion of Yop proteins, although the double mutant strain secreted Yops in the presence and absence of calcium, similar to the case for mutants that are defective in lcrG gene function alone. To examine the role of ttsA in the establishment of infection, we measured the bacterial dose required to produce an acute lethal disease following intraperitoneal infection of mice. The ttsA insertion caused a greater-than-3-log-unit reduction in virulence compared to that of the parental strain.
Library-User Interface: A Simulation of the Circulation Subsystem.

Abstract The loan policy of a university library can have a significant effect on the ability of library users to find the particular books that they are seeking. This paper focuses on the library-user interface by relating two measures of user satisfaction, book availability and the delay associated with recalls, to the loan policy of the library. This relation is established by computer simulation techniques. This paper synthesizes the results of two studies conducted at the Sears Library at Case Western Reserve University. The results of these studies confirm that the model can accurately predict two measures of user satisfaction as a function of the load policy of a library. Thus this technique can be used to evaluate alternative loan policies in terms of their impact on user satisfaction.
A submicron DC MOSFET model for simulation of analog circuits

This paper presents an efficient dc MOSFET model for accurate simulation of analog circuits. A new approach to model channel length modulation is presented. An empirical expression for channel length modulation is derived from measurements. This is used to model the observed behavior of g/sub D/ with gate, drain, and substrate bias. Some of the models commonly used for circuit simulation do not predict the effects of gate and substrate bias adequately. A new smoothing function is used to unify the linear and saturation regions in a single expression. Continuity of transconductance is maintained between the weak and strong inversion regions. Model efficiency is maintained by avoiding the use of transcendental functions in the smoothing techniques. We demonstrate >
Salmonella Infection Increases Porcine Antibacterial Peptide Concentrations in Serum

PR-39 is a multifunctional neutrophil peptide involved in host defense and inflammation. To investigate the involvement of PR-39 in a Salmonella choleraesuis infection, a PR-39 enzyme immunoassay was developed. The concentrations of PR-39 in serum were 13.6 6 1.9 ng/ml before challenge and increased (P < 0.01) threefold by 10 to 14 days postinfection. Peripheral blood neutrophil counts paralleled the changes in the concentrations of PR-39 in serum, both returned to basal values by 4 weeks postinfection. These findings suggest that the concentrations of serum PR-39 reflect the involvement of this antibacterial peptide in the host’s response to an S. choleraesuis infection.
A middleware system which intelligently caches query results

This paper describes how caching was used to improve performance in the Accessible Business Rules framework (ABR) for IBM's Websphere. ABR is a middleware system which enables application writers to build applications where the time and situation-variable parts of their business logic are externally applied entities known as business rules. The cache significantly reduced the number of queries to remote databases by storing query results. A key problem we faced was how to keep the cache current after database updates. This was solved using data update propagation (DUP). Two enhancements we made to DUP were to employ an update strategy which considers the values of database updates in order to perform intelligent cache invalidations and to automatically compute dependencies using compile and run-time analysis. Our techniques can be applied to other caching environments besides ABR. We show how our cache invalidation strategies perform for applications with database updates having queries similar to those in the Set Query benchmark.
Endogenous Inhibitors of Nuclear Factor-κB, An Opportunity for Cancer Control

Excessive and prolonged activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) has been linked to numerous human diseases, especially cancer, because of the elevated expression of genes encoding antiapoptotic proteins, cytokines, chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, and so on. Eukaryotic cells have developed multiple mechanisms to keep this ubiquitous transcription factor in check. In addition to the inhibitor of kappaB family proteins, a number of endogenous molecules that negatively regulate the activation or activity of NF-kappaB have been identified. These molecules include A20, CYLD, cyPG15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2), Foxj1, Twist proteins, and beta-arrestins. The extended list of these endogenous inhibitors of NF-kappaB may provide new opportunities for the development of novel strategies for the intervention of malignant transformation. The question to be asked is how NF-kappaB is sustained activated in a number of cancers in which so many antagonists are surrounded.
Perovskite promoted iron oxide for hybrid water-splitting and syngas generation with exceptional conversion

We report a perovskite promoted iron oxide as a highly effective redox catalyst in a hybrid solar-redox scheme for partial oxidation and water-splitting of methane. In contrast to previously reported ferrite materials, which typically exhibit 20% or lower steam to hydrogen conversion, La0.8Sr0.2FeO3−δ (LSF) promoted Fe3O4 is capable of converting more than 67% steam with high redox stability. Both experiments and a defect model indicate that the synergistic effect of reduced LSF and metallic iron phases is attributable to the exceptional steam conversion. To further enhance such a synergistic effect, a layered reverse-flow reactor concept is proposed. Using this concept, over 77% steam to hydrogen conversion is achieved at 930 °C, which is 15% higher than the maximum conversion predicted by the second law for unpromoted iron (oxides). When applied to the hybrid solar-redox scheme for liquid fuels and hydrogen co-generation, significant improvements in the energy conversion efficiency can be achieved with reduced CO2 emissions.
Classification of locally Euclidean spaces

Abstract : The classification of Riemann surfaces has largely reached its completion. The purpose of the present paper is to lay the foundation for a new intriguing field in the classification theory: Riemannian spaces with Euclidean metrics. The paper is self-contained, both for the Riemann surface expert and the reader whose main interest is with higher dimensions. The significance of locally Euclidean spaces lies, first of all, in that their function-theoretic nature differs for dimensions n>2 and n=2. The existence or nonexistence of Green's functions and positive or bounded harmonic functions in Rn, punctured Rn, and in the punctured flat torus offer simple examples. A striking phenomenon is that, despite such differences, the basic inclusion relations remain valid. Moreover, capacities and null-classes can be defined for components of point sets in Rn.
A combinatorial approach to planar non-colliding robot arm motion planning

We propose a combinatorial approach to plan noncolliding motions for a polygonal bar-and-joint framework. Our approach yields very efficient deterministic algorithms for a category of robot arm motion planning problems with many degrees of freedom, where the known general roadmap techniques would give exponential complexity. It is based on a novel class of one-degree-of-freedom mechanisms induced by pseudo triangulations of planar point sets, for which we provide several equivalent characterization and exhibit rich combinatorial and rigidity theoretic properties. The main application is an efficient algorithm for the Carpenter's rule problem: convexify a simple bar-and-joint planar polygonal linkage using only non self-intersecting planar motions. A step in the convexification motion consists in moving a pseudo-triangulation-based mechanism along its unique trajectory in configuration space until two adjacent edges align. At that point, a local alteration restores the pseudo triangulation. The motion continues for O(n/sup 2/) steps until all the points are in convex position.
Effects of CO2 on ethylene biosynthesis in ‘Bartlett’ pears

Mature-green 'Bartlett' pear (Pyrus communis L.) fruit discs (8 mm diameter and 10 mm thick) were placed under a continuous flow of air (control) or air enriched with 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, or 20% CO 2 for up to 10 days at 20°C. Pear discs kept in air+5 to 20% CO 2 exhibited lower ethylene production rates, lower activities of 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase (ethylene forming enzyme = EFE) and remained greener than fruit discs stored in air. ACC oxidase activity (both in vivo and in vitro) and ethylene production rate increased in fruit tissue exposed to air+ 1% CO 2. Depending on its concentration within the pear fruit tissue, CO 2 can either stimulate or inhibit ACC oxidase activity, and consequently ethylene production rate. At concentrations above 1%, CO 2 retards ethylene action.
Studies with Antibiotics in Chick and Poult Starting Rations

Abstract SINCE Stokstad and Jukes (1950a) reported growth stimulation of chicks by including aureomycin in the diet, there has been a renewed interest in the practicability of increasing growth by the inclusion of antibiotics in the diet of the chick and poult. Various antibiotics have been shown to promote growth of chicks. Moore et al. (1946) reported that the feeding of streptomycin in purified diets accelerated the growth of chicks. Whitehall et al. (1950) have reported growth stimulation with crystalline aureomycin hydrochloride, penicillin, or streptomycin when given orally to chicks but not when injected. Peppler and Oberg (1950), using small lots of birds, reported stimulated growth with charcoal-adsorbed crude polymyxin D when fed orally. Physiological studies revealed marked reduction of coliform bacteria and practically no absorption of antibiotic into the blood stream. A stimulatory effect of streptomycin and aureomycin in chicks was also reported by Groschke and Evans (1950). Scott and . . .
Robust and accurate image segmentation using deformable templates in scale space

The paper presents a new image segmentation algorithm using deformable templates in scale space. The deformable templates are grey level patterns with clearly defined image features to represent ideal segmentation results of some generic percepts. To segment a specific target in an image, the algorithm deforms the corresponding generic template to match the actual state of the target. To reduce the probability of being stuck at local minima and to speed up the process of convergence, the algorithm deforms the templates in scale space from coarse to fine and uses the normalized cross correlation to provide initial states for the deformation process. To achieve the best accuracy for localizing object boundaries, the algorithm also employs the 2D optimal edge detection functional developed by R.J. Qian and T.S. Huang (1994) at the finest scale. Experimental results on real images are given.
PROSPECTUS ON LARVAL CIRRIPED SETATION FORMULAE, REVISITED

Setation sequences of the appendages, as well as other characters of cirriped nauplii reared in the laboratory, are invaluable in identification of nauplii taken from the plankton, and in the past few decades those of numerous coastal and a few oceanic species have been described. In addition, larval characters have provided insights into the relationships between various taxa, and it is now apparent certain clades exhibit unique patterns. However, setation sequence patterns of the sixth or last naupliar stage have not been used in phylogenetic studies. Therefore, we have compiled and attempted to standardize them for a preliminary cladistic analysis. Setal characteristics of 31 taxa are compared cladistically with a previously published matrix of largely other naupliar characters. While the results fell short of expectations, rank-order comparisons with a generally accepted classification demonstrates a moderately strong positive correlation between them, that between larval characters and setation sequencing being stronger than either set of larval characteristics was with the classification. Analyses of certain species groups run to test various hypotheses were eminently more satisfactory. Although the present database is limited by the reliability of the original data and our manipulations of them, the results indicate there is sufficient phylogenetic information in larval characters and setation sequences to allow comparisons with generally accepted phylogenies based on adult characters. Refinements of setation sequencing appearing in several recent studies, including recognition of additional setal types and more rigorous comparative approaches in establishing homologies, hold great promise for the future.
Testing and Modeling of Fine Aggregate Matrix and Its Relationship to Asphalt Concrete Mix

The study of the fundamental properties of asphalt concrete (AC) can be used to improve and maximize the performance potential of these materials. In this paper, the fundamental approach is examined by coupling its essential hypothesis to an investigation of AC across multiple length scales. Asphalt and aggregate materials from the state of Arizona were used to prepare fine aggregate matrix (FAM) and AC samples. Laboratory tests on these materials were conducted to investigate the modulus and damage characteristics for two binder types. A comparison of mechanical response across length scales is not new, and the unique element of this study is testing both materials in the axial direction (tension–compression) for both modulus and fatigue. A strong relationship between these two materials was observed; this relationship suggests that tests on FAM samples can provide much needed insight in understanding the behavior of AC for various conditions. The study also investigated upscaling of the FAM properties t...
Effects of Cochlear Impairment and Equivalent-Threshold Masking on Psychoacoustic Tuning Curves: Courbes d'accord psychoacoustiques chez les mal-entendants et chez les normaux en écoute masquée

Psychoacoustic tuning curves in simultaneous masking were measured in three groups: listeners with hearing impairment of primarily cochlear origin, normal listeners with equivalent-threshold masking (ETM) and normal listeners tested in the quiet. ETM was produced by presenting a continuous background noise that was spectrally shaped to yield masked thresholds within 3 dB of each impaired listener's quiet thresholds. For the tuning curves, the level of a 50-Hz-wide noise band necessary to mask a 10-dB SL tone was measured for six masker frequencies. Results under ETM indicate that the shape of the tuning curve depends not only on masked threshold at the probe frequency but also on the spectral shape of the masker. Tuning curves are abnormally broad in some impaired listeners even when the effects of their elevated thresholds, audiometric configuration and altered intensity perception are taken into account by comparisons with normal listeners with ETM.
Temporal trajectory and progression score estimation from voxelwise longitudinal imaging measures: Application to amyloid imaging

Cortical \(\beta \)-amyloid deposition begins in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) years before the onset of any clinical symptoms. It is therefore important to determine the temporal trajectories of amyloid deposition in these earliest stages in order to better understand their associations with progression to AD. A method for estimating the temporal trajectories of voxelwise amyloid as measured using longitudinal positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is presented. The method involves the estimation of a score for each subject visit based on the PET data that reflects their amyloid progression. This amyloid progression score allows subjects with similar progressions to be aligned and analyzed together. The estimation of the progression scores and the amyloid trajectory parameters are performed using an expectation-maximization algorithm. The correlations among the voxel measures of amyloid are modeled to reflect the spatial nature of PET images. Simulation results show that model parameters are captured well at a variety of noise and spatial correlation levels. The method is applied to longitudinal amyloid imaging data considering each cerebral hemisphere separately. The results are consistent across the hemispheres and agree with a global index of brain amyloid known as mean cortical DVR. Unlike mean cortical DVR, which depends on a priori defined regions, the progression score extracted by the method is data-driven and does not make assumptions about regional longitudinal changes. Compared to regressing on age at each voxel, the longitudinal trajectory slopes estimated using the proposed method show better localized longitudinal changes.
Protecting Diversity: Religion (Chapter 7)

In this chapter, I discuss two problems. First, how does the law decide which religious practices are so deviant and offensive to American society's secular values that they cannot be tolerated? Here, I argue that the law can narrow this conflict between secular and sacred norms by somewhat greater deference to unconventional religious practices. Second, under what conditions can government exploit religious diversity to more effectively pursue secular public goals. Here, I consider two issues - faith-based social service providers, and school choice plans allowing families to use public funds for religious schools - and propose criteria for such programs that can maximize their diversity-value while protecting other social commitments.
Scaling Up Content Analysis: Crowd-Coding Text Units

This article describes a new Crowd Content Analysis Assembly Line and enabling software allowing researchers to complete large-scale content analysis projects with the help of citizen scientists and/or crowd workers. The key innovation enabling this new text analysis workflow is the TUA, the Text Unit of/for Analysis. TUAs are the subset of words in a document that refer to a single case of a single unit of analysis under study. Once a research team has identified the TUAs in a corpus, detailed hand-coding work can be performed by internet users who experience the work as a series of reading comprehension requiring them to highlight the text they use to justify their answers. By breaking down content analysis into these cognitively simpler tasks that scale to a larger workforce, the approach can reduce the duration of large-scale content analysis projects by a factor of six. The article explains how databases produced by this text analysis approach are created faster, and are richer, more reliable, larger, and more transparent than those generated using previous methods and technology. The integration of the approach with automated approaches is also discussed.
Deep Tissue Wavefront Estimation for Sensorless Aberration Correction

The multiple light scattering in biological tissues limits the measurement depth for traditional wavefront sensor. The attenuated ballistic light and the background noise caused by the diffuse light give low signal to noise ratio for wavefront measurement. To overcome this issue, we introduced a wavefront estimation method based on a ray tracing algorithm to overcome this issue. With the knowledge of the refractive index of the medium, the wavefront is estimated by calculating optical path length of rays from the target inside of the samples. This method can provide not only the information of spherical aberration from the refractive-index mismatch between the medium and biological sample but also other aberrations caused by the irregular interface between them. Simulations based on different configurations are demonstrated in this paper.
Back to Basics: Public Adjudication of Corporate Atrocities Torts

The editors of this symposium invited me to contribute on the subject of an argument I have recently advanced that the world needs a permanent International Court of Civil Justice (ICCJ) to adjudicate cross-border mass torts. A common reaction to this proposal has been to suggest that the function of such an international court be assumed by one of the existing arbitration institutions or filled by a new one. I’d like to take this opportunity to argue against that idea.
The Crowded Environment of a Reverse Micelle Induces the Formation of β-Strand Seed Structures for Nucleating Amyloid Fibril Formation

A hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease is the accumulation of insoluble fibrils in the brain composed of amyloid beta (Aβ) proteins with parallel in-register cross-β-sheet structure. It has been suggested that the aggregation of monomeric Aβ proteins into fibrils is promoted by “seeds” that form within compartments of the brain that have limited solvent due to macromolecular crowding. To characterize these seeds, a crowded macromolecular environment was mimicked by encapsulating Aβ40 monomers into reverse micelles. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that monomeric Aβ proteins form extended β-strands in reverse micelles, while an analogue with a scrambled sequence does not. This is a remarkable finding, because the formation of extended β-strands by monomeric Aβ proteins suggests a plausible mechanism whereby the formation of amyloid fibrils may be nucleated in the human brain.
Selecting Universal Screening Measures to Identify Students at Risk Academically

Universal screening measures can be used to identify students at risk academically due to learning disabilities or other difficulties. Research and legislation support the use of screening measures...
Computational Tests of Quantum Chemical Models for Excited and Ionized States of Molecules with Phosphorus and Sulfur Atoms

Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) and electron propagator theory (EPT) are used to calculate the electronic transition energies and ionization energies, respectively, of species containing phosphorus or sulfur. The accuracy of TD-DFT and EPT, in conjunction with various basis sets, is assessed with data from gas-phase spectroscopy. TD-DFT is tested using 11 prominent exchange-correlation functionals on a set of 37 vertical and 19 adiabatic transitions. For vertical transitions, TD-CAM-B3LYP calculations performed with the MG3S basis set are lowest in overall error, having a mean absolute deviation from experiment of 0.22 eV, or 0.23 eV over valence transitions and 0.21 eV over Rydberg transitions. Using a larger basis set, aug-pc3, improves accuracy over the valence transitions via hybrid functionals, but improved accuracy over the Rydberg transitions is only obtained via the BMK functional. For adiabatic transitions, all hybrid functionals paired with the MG3S basis set perform well, and ...
Bipolar Disorder: Recent Issues in Diagnosis and Classification

Recent findings in the diagnosis, classification, and epidemiology of bipolar disorder are reviewed. Specific bipolar subtypes are delineated. A number of key diagnostic issues that have implications for correctly establishing the diagnosis or for determining optimal treatment approaches are discussed. The epidemiology of comorbid substance abuse and bipolar disorder is reviewed as is the significance of this comorbidity vis-a-vis presenting symptoms, treatment, and outcome. The differential diagnosis between so-called mixed states and agitated depressed is reviewed, and the potential significance of comorbid bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is discussed.
375 SUICIDAL TENDENCIES: SCREENING FOR UNDERLYING DEPRESSION AMONG HEPATITIS C PATIENTS.

Background and Objectives Depression has been reported in up to 60% of patients with chronic hepatitis C (HCV). Various questionnaires have been used to screen for depression in this population. We examined the test characteristics of the PHQ-9, a new screening tool that has been validated in the general population but not among patients with HCV. With only nine items that parallel the DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder, the PHQ-9 is significantly shorter than most available questionnaires. It has also been validated for administration over the telephone. Methods The Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9, 9 items), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D, 20 items), and Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II, 21 items) were administered to 129 consecutive patients with chronic HCV attending a specialty clinic between August 2003 and April 2006. We used the BDI-II as the reference standard to calculate sensitivity and specificity. Results Among the 129 patients screened, 82% were Caucasian, with 50.4% females, and their mean age was 47.4 ± 8.9 years (range 25-72). Fifty-two percent of participants (67/129) reported to their clinician symptoms suggesting underlying depression. The prevalence of depression was 63% using the BDI-II, 75% per the PHQ-9, and 71% per the CES-D. Patients on interferon had higher mean scores compared with patients not treated with interferon on all three questionnaires, with an absolute difference in mean scores of 3.2 on the BDI-II, 4.2 on the CES-D, and 2.4 on the PHQ-9; however, this was not statistically significant. We observed a strong correlation between the BDI-II and the CES-D (r = .85; p Conclusion Depression was highly prevalent among patients with chronic HCV attending a specialty clinic. Despite its lower specificity, the PHQ-9 is a very sensitive screening tool for depression in this patient population. The PHQ-9 offers advantages, including brevity and ease of administration.
Pore Structure Analysis of Taixi Anthracite based Activated Carbon

Coal based activated carbon was made by different production process and Taixi anthracite as raw material. The pore structure of this coal-based activated carbon is analysis by N 2 adsorption method on CARLO-ERBA 1800 automatic apparatus. The N 2 isothermal adsorption data are treated by BET equation to obtain BET surface area and pore volume of activated carbon and to calculate the average pore radius. The pore diameter distribution of activated carbon is studied. Adsorption and desorption property of activated carbon were analyzed and evaluated by BWC. The result is shown that, the best adsorption and desorption property of activated carbon is made by catalytic activation process.
Analysis of Glycosaminoglycans in Stem Cell Glycomics

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play a critical role in the binding and activation of growth factors in cell signal transduction required for biological development. A glycomics approach can be used to examine GAG content, composition, and structure in stem cells in order to characterize their general differentiation. Specifically, this method may be used to evaluate chondrogenic differentiations by profiling for the GAG content of the differentiated cells. Here, embryonic-like teratocarcinoma cells, NCCIT, a developmentally pluripotent cell line, were used as a model for establishing GAG glycomic methods, but will be easily transferrable to embryonic stem cell cultures.
A systematic review of Cochrane anticoagulation reviews.

Context I coauthored a published review of anticoagulation for venous thromboembolism in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and published a review on the same topic in MedGenMed (now the Medscape Journal of Medicine). In contrast to the article in Medscape, the discussion and conclusions in the Cochrane review were altered appreciably during the review process. Consequently, I decided to critique all anticoagulation drug-related reviews and protocols in the Cochrane database with feedback letters concerning any issues of potential controversy.
Heterogeneity of cAMP effect on endosomal proton transport

The effects of 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-BrcAMP) on proton transport in endocytotic vesicles (i.e., endosomes) obtained from rabbit renal cortex were investigated. Endosomes were prepared from New Zealand White rabbits following the intravenous injection of horseradish peroxidase. Under high (106 mM) chloride conditions, 5 microM 8-BrcAMP stimulated proton transport by 11 and 12% in fractions 1 and 2, but inhibited proton transport by 10, 8, and 14% in fractions 4, 5, and 6. Two hundred and fifty micromolar 8-BrcAMP inhibited proton transport progressively from 20% in fraction 1 to 50% in fraction 6. Under conditions in which chloride entry was minimized, i.e., low (6 mM) external chloride concentration plus voltage clamping, 5 microM 8-BrcAMP consistently and significantly inhibited proton transport by 40-60% in all six fractions. Under the same low chloride conditions, 250 microM 8-BrcAMP inhibited proton transport by 80-90% in all six fractions. These studies indicate that 8-BrcAMP can modify endosomal transport in a heterogeneous manner, that 8-BrcAMP inhibits the H+-ATPase directly, and that this effect is significantly modified by chloride. Last, these studies suggest that the observed heterogeneity in proton transport arises from interaction of 8-BrcAMP and chloride.
Model studies of leukocyte-endothelium-blood interactions. II. Hemodynamic impact of leukocytes adherent to the wall of post-capillary vessels.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and large scale model experiments were used to analyze the hemodynamic impact of leukocytes adherent to the wall of post-capillary venules. Using a large scale model and, with the aid of a finite element package, solving the Navier Stokes equations for low Reynolds number flow in a cylinder past an adherent sphere, we have developed a dimensionless correlation which permits the estimation of the pressure drop across an adherent leukocyte in an in vivo vessel. This relationship is: f⋅Re⁡=exp⁡[2.877+4.630(dD)4] where f is the Fanning friction factor, Re is the Reynolds number and d/D is the leukocyte to vessel diameter ratio. The friction factor is proportional to the pressure drop across the leukocyte, and does not significantly increase until d/D is greater than 0.5, and then increases rapidly with increasing d/D. Computations indicate that the length of the disturbed flow region generated by an adherent leukocyte increases with decreasing vessel size. The average wall stress in the disturbed flow region remains constant, and equal to the wall stress in the undisturbed region for d/D less than approximately 0.5. For d/D greater than 0.5, the average wall stress in the disturbed flow region increases rapidly with increasing d/D. There is an even larger increase, up to five times greater than the average disturbed stress, in the peak wall stress in the disturbed flow region. This indicates that significant wall stress gradients can be generated by an adherent leukocyte in post-capillary size vessels. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd
Gender and hormonal influences in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome

IntroductionThe reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes, including postpartum angiopathy, have been characterized over the last decade. Women are predominantly affected. Some studies suggest...
Managing Social Consumer Voice: A Structured Abstract

The rise of social media has been heralded as the greatest paradigm shift for business and marketing since the industrial revolution (Qualman 2014). Over 97 % of businesses are using social media as a marketing tool and 84 % have plans to increase their use of popular social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube in the next year (Steltzner 2014). As a result, marketing communications are beginning to evolve from mass-media “sermons” where companies do all the talking to direct, two-way conversations with niche consumer audiences in social media outlets (Gillin 2009). Ninety-two percent of marketers say that social media is important to their business and they cite increased exposure for the business, increased traffic, development of loyal customers, the ability to gather market intelligence, and improved sales as some of the chief benefits of social media marketing for the organization (Stelzner 2014). However, the number one fear of marketers is that consumers will be negative on social media sites dedicated to the organization (Gillin 2009). This research explores consumer complaint behavior on social media outlets for an organization.
Corneal Hydration Control in Fuchs' Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy.

Purpose To assess corneal hydration control across a range of severity of Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) by measuring the percent recovery per hour (PRPH) of central corneal thickness after swelling the cornea and to determine its association with corneal morphologic parameters.
Phoretic motion of soft vesicles and droplets: an XFEM/particle-based numerical solution.

When immersed in solution, surface-active particles interact with solute molecules and migrate along gradients of solute concentration. Depending on the conditions, this phenomenon could arise from either diffusiophoresis or the Marangoni effect, both of which involve strong interactions between the fluid and the particle surface. We introduce here a numerical approach that can accurately capture these interactions, and thus provide an efficient tool to understand and characterize the phoresis of soft particles. The model is based on a combination of the extended finite element—that enable the consideration of various discontinuities across the particle surface—and the particle-based moving interface method—that is used to measure and update the interface deformation in time. In addition to validating the approach with analytical solutions, the model is used to study the motion of deformable vesicles in solutions with spatial variations in both solute concentration and temperature.
The Application of Two-Point Touch Cane Technique to Theories of Motor Control and Learning Implications for Orientation and Mobility Training:

Basic behavioral processes involved in motor control based on theories of motor control and learning are outlined using the teaching of two-point touch cane technique as an application of the theor...
Optimized Operational Cost Reduction for an EV Charging Station Integrated With Battery Energy Storage and PV Generation

A four-stage intelligent optimization and control algorithm for an electric vehicle (EV) bidirectional charging station equipped with photovoltaic generation and fixed battery energy storage and integrated with a commercial building is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm aims at maximally reducing the customer satisfaction-involved operational cost considering the potential uncertainties, while balancing the real-time supply and demand by adjusting the optimally scheduled charging/discharging of EV mobile/local battery storage, grid supply, and deferrable load. The chance-constrained optimization objective has been stated in stages: 1) stage I, optimization of day-ahead energy management schedules; 2) stage II, multitiered EV charging price update and optimization of discharging participation bonus; 3) stage III, optimization of hour-ahead energy management schedules; and 4) stage IV, real-time control. Such algorithm provides more resilience for unpredictable conditions, provides more incentives for EV users to participate, and better coordinates the integrated system including the building load to reliably serve the customers while lessening cost. Case studies are implemented and the comparison analysis is performed in terms of the use and benefit of each design feature of the algorithm. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm can reduce the operational cost and at the same time provide higher tolerability toward uncertainties.
Ceraphron krogmanni (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronidae), a new species from Lower Saxony with unusual male genitalia.

Background Male genitalia phenotypes of Ceraphron (Jurine, 1807) are informative for species delimitation, but due to their minute size, these characters have not been used extensively. Recent developments in visualisation techniques, e.g. confocal laser scanning microscopy and high resolution bright field imaging, allow for more thorough examination of these minute anatomical structures and the development of a robust, male genitalia-based taxonomic system. We also establish a character set, a template, that will facilitate future revisions of these wasps. New information Ceraphron krogmanni sp. nov. is described with outsized male genitalia and multiple diagnostic traits that are unique amongst Ceraphron species.
Conservation Practices for Climate Change Adaptation

Abstract The threat of climate change is a great challenge to sustainable land management ( USDA-NRCS, 2010a ). Several publications have reported that over the last few decades, rainfall intensities have increased in many parts of the world, including in the United States. Without good, productive soils and the ecosystem services provided by them, the survival of our species will be in jeopardy. The future changes in climate that will drive erosion processes will significantly impact soil erosion rates, with higher projected erosion rates for the United States. These higher erosion rates will significantly contribute to lower soil productivity, lower soil organic matter content, lower soil quality, and higher rates of nutrient loss that will contribute to a reduction in the inherent soil fertility that is so important for maintaining viable economic systems and sustainability. These same hydrological changes will also include the occurrence of occasional droughts, and for some regions, such as the southwestern United States, projections suggest that there will be a decrease in precipitation and a drier region, which will have negative effects on plant productivity and increase the potential for wind erosion. Farmer management adaptations and use of conservation practices to adapt to a changing climate (e.g., no-till practices, crop rotations, precision conservation, crop selection and dates of planting, harvest, and tillage) have the potential to greatly reduce soil erosion rates. Conservation practices will be key and must be used as strategies for adaptation to climate change impacts on the soil resource. Examples of key strategies are the use of conservation tillage, management of crop rotations and crop residue (including use of cover crops where viable), management of livestock grazing intensities, improved management of irrigation systems, use of technologies, and precision conservation. Many other conservation practices also have the potential to reduce much or all of the potential acceleration of soil erosion rates that may occur under a change in climate that will bring more total rainfall with higher intensity rainfall events, or a change to a drier climate that will potentially bring higher wind erosion rates. One important adaptation practice will be to consider projected spatial changes in the hydrological cycle, such as wetter and drier regions, and periods of drought. This could help in the development and/or implementation of soil and water conservation policies that consider temporal and spatial effects from climate change at the regional level. These policies should also consider conservation practices that contribute to increased water-holding capacity in the soil profile, improved drainage practices, and the development of new crop varieties and cropping systems that are more resistant to drought.
A Game Theoretic Model of Neurocomputation

Within brains, complex dynamic neural interactions are an aggregate of excitatory and inhibitory neural firings. This research considers some key neuron operating properties and functionality to analyze the dynamics through which neurons interact and are responsive together. Frameworks have often been developed as simplifications (e.g. Ising, sandpile, Bjorner), but still provide an elegant framework for modeling complex interactions. Also, petri nets serve as a rich mathematical framework for describing distributed systems. Building on this research, we present a game theoretic neural chip-firing model that is based on spreading activation of neurotransmitters capable of representing aspects of neural activity.