cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fear of Failure Biases Affective and Attentional Responses to Lexical and Pictorial Stimuli

The purpose of this investigation was to examine whether attentional biases would be noticed among individuals differing in levels of fear of failure (FF) as they viewed pictorial and lexical stimuli depicting various affective content. Indices of natural selective attention, namely, viewing time and self-reported affect, were assessed in 137 college students during free viewing picture and word presentation conditions. As hypothesized, FF was (a) negatively associated with self-reported dominance and valence for failure- and unpleasant-themed stimuli, and (b) positively associated with arousal ratings for unpleasant pictures. Although initially suppressed by neuroticism, partial correlation coefficients revealed a significant positive relationship between FF and viewing time for failure pictures. Results are discussed in the context of current theories of emotional reactivity and attentional biases pertaining to the nature of FF. Recommendations are provided for future research to elaborate the mechanisms involved in detrimental effects of FF.
An example and transition function equicontinuity

Conditions are given for a Markov chain to be extendable to the one point compactification of the integers to yield a transition function taking continuous functions into continuous functions. These chains give examples of equicontinuous and nonequicontinuous transition operators.
Metabolic Clearance Rates and Secretion Rates of Prolactin in Sheep1

The metabolic clearance rates (MCR) of ovine prolactin (Prl) have been estimated in lambs, and in pregnant, lactating, anestrous and ovariectomized ewes by the constant infusion to equilibrium method. The MCR were calculated using the ratio of immunoprecipitable 1-125 Prl infused to the plasma levels of immunoprecipitable 1-125 Prl. The product of MCR and endogenous plasma Prl levels was used to estimate daily Prl secretion rates (SR). The mean Prl MCR were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated (r = 0.81) with metabolic body weight (kg0-75) and with endogenous plasma Prl concentration (r = 0.69). The MCR of Prl per unit of metabolic body size was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in the lactating ewes (6.09 ± 0.41) and significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the ovariectomized (2.93 ± 0.13) ewes than in the lambs, anestrous ewes, and pregnant ewes (4.45 ± 0.19, 3.84 ± 0.41, and 4.56 ± 0.38 ml/min/metabolic bw, respectively). The daily SR(mg) per unit of metabolic body weight were significantly (p < 0.01) higher in...
Humoral innate immune response and disease

The humoral innate immune response consists of multiple components, including the naturally occurring antibodies (NAb), pentraxins and the complement and contact cascades. As soluble, plasma components, these innate proteins provide key elements in the prevention and control of disease. However, pathogens and cells with altered self proteins utilize multiple humoral components to evade destruction and promote pathogy. Many studies have examined the relationship between humoral immunity and autoimmune disorders. This review focuses on the interactions between the humoral components and their role in promoting the pathogenesis of bacterial and viral infections and chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis and cancer. Understanding the beneficial and detrimental aspects of the individual components and the interactions between proteins which regulate the innate and adaptive response will provide therapeutic targets for subsequent studies.
McCarthy and WISC-R Correlations with WRAT Achievement Scores.

The relationships between the McCarthy General Cognitive Index and WISC-R Full Scale IQ with the Wide Range Achievement Test Reading scores were explored with a sample of 20 educable mentally retarded (M age = 7.10) and 20 learning disabled (M age = 8.1) children. Wide Range Achievement Test scores did not correlate significantly with the WISC-R and McCarthy scores for the retarded sample, while substantial correlations were found for the learning disabled group. Analysis indicated that the McCarthy and WISC-R were positively and equally related to the Wide Range Achievement Test Reading section. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Sequence of amino acids comprising the single intra-chain disulfide loop in the α-chain of human fibrinogen

Abstract Amino acid sequence studies have revealed that the largest cyanogen bromide fragment from the α-chain of human fibrinogen contains two cysteine residues which are situated thirty residues apart and near the carboxy-terminal end of that fragment. In contrast to a recent report, no other cysteines exist in this region of the α-chain. The sequence has been compared to disulfide loops in the β- and γ-chains and some very marginal homology suggested.
Muon capture rates for44Ca and40Ca: observation of the isotope effect

Time distribution of capture products was used for determining V disappearance; results are presented in graphical form. A diagram amd a description of the apparatus are given. Observed and predicted values for the isotope effect are compared, amd fair agreement is obtained. (L.N.N.)
Principles on the benefits of manufacturing process flexibility

Increasing manufacturing flexibility is a key strategy for efficiently improving market responsiveness in the face of uncertain future product demand. Process flexibility results from being able to build different types of products in the same plant or production facility at the same time. In Part I of this paper, we develop several principles on the benefits of process flexibility. These principles are that 1 limited flexibility i.e., each plant builds only a few products, configured in the right way, yields most of the benefits of total flexibility i.e., each plant builds all products and 2 limited flexibility has the greatest benefits when configured to chain products and plants together to the greatest extent possible. In Part II, we provide analytic support and justification for these principles. Based on a planning model for assigning production to plants, we demonstrate that, for realistic assumptions on demand uncertainty, limited flexibility configurations i.e., how products are assigned to plants have sales benefits that are approximately equivalent to those for total flexibility. Furthermore, from this analysis we develop a simple measure for the flexibility in a given product-plant configuration. Such a measure is desirable because of the complexity of computing expected sales for a given configuration. The measure is âM*, the maximal probability over all groupings or sets of products M that there will be unfilled demand for a set of products while simultaneously there is excess capacity at plants building other products. This measure is easily computed and can be used to guide the search for good limited flexibility configurations.
The biochemical basis of synaptic plasticity and neurocomputation: a new theory

The recent finding that dendritic spines (on which 90% of all excitatory synapses on pyramidal cells are formed) are not permanent structures but are continually being formed and adsorbed has implications for the present theoretical basis of neurocomputation, which is largely based on the concept of fixed nerve nets. This evidence would tend to support the recent theories of Edelman, Freeman, Globus, Pribram and others that neuronal networks in the brain operate mainly as nonlinear dynamic, chaotic systems. This paper presents a hypothesis of a possible neurochemical mechanism underlying this synaptic plasticity based on reactive oxygen species and toxic 0-semiquinones derived from catecholamines (i) by the enzyme prostaglandin H synthetase induced by glutamatergic NMDA receptor activation and (ii) by reactive nitrogen species derived from nitric oxide in a low ascorbate environment. A key factor in this neuromodulation may be the fact that catecholamines are potent antioxidants and free radical scavengers and are thus able to affect the redox mediated balance at the glutamate receptors between synapse formation and synapse removal that may be a key factor in neurocomputational plasticity. But catecholamines are also easily oxidized to neurotoxic 0-semiquinones and this may be relevant to the pathology of several diseases including schizophrenia. The relationship between dopamine release and positive reinforcement is relevant to this hypothesis.
Patent Foramen Ovale and Stroke

A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a frequent remnant of embryological development with clinical importance in thromboembolism, paradoxical embolism, stroke, platypneaorthodeoxia, decompression sickness, and migraine headache. The proposed mechanisms of stroke with PFO include paradoxical embolization, in situ thrombosis within the canal of the PFO, associated atrial arrhythmias, and concomitant hypercoagulable states. Prospective trials using aspirin treatment to reduce recurrent stroke showed a significant recurrence of neurologic events in patients with a PFO and atrial septal aneurysm. Use of warfarin anticoagulation does not further reduce recurrent stroke rates compared with antiplatelet therapy. Both surgical and catheter-based modes of closure have been shown to decrease the rate of subsequent embolic events substantially. Successful closure, defined by transesophageal echocardiography, appears to predict freedom from subsequent embolic events. To our knowledge, no randomized trials comparing anticoagulation with surgical or catheter-based closure have been performed.
A Cost Analysis Of A Fiber Upgrade For A Coaxial Cable Network To Support On-Demand Video

An engineering cost model has been constructed to examine the economics of using fiber optics to upgrade existing coaxial cable networks in order to provide on-demand video service. Two fiber backbone alternatives have been considered: a mixed digital/analog subcarrier multiplexing system and a fully digital pulse code modulation, time division multiplexed system. The results suggest that to provide an on-demand video service, the cable company will have to depart from their traditional approach of employing a high degree of common plant and move in the direction of providing a dedicated channel for each subscriber. The extent to which common plant can be shared among multiple subscribers decreases in proportion to the increase in ODV usage, with correspondingly higher costs per subscriber. Model calculations suggest that serious economic barriers exist to realizing an ODV service through simple fiber backbone upgrades to existing cable networks.
Clustering Analysis of Seismicity and Aftershock Identification

We introduce a statistical methodology for clustering analysis of seismicity in the time-space-energy domain and use it to establish the existence of two statistically distinct populations of earthquakes: clustered and nonclustered. This result can be used, in particular, for nonparametric aftershock identification. The proposed approach expands the analysis of Baiesi and Paczuski [Phys. Rev. E 69, 066106 (2004)10.1103/PhysRevE.69.066106] based on the space-time-magnitude nearest-neighbor distance eta between earthquakes. We show that for a homogeneous Poisson marked point field with exponential marks, the distance eta has the Weibull distribution, which bridges our results with classical correlation analysis for point fields. The joint 2D distribution of spatial and temporal components of eta is used to identify the clustered part of a point field. The proposed technique is applied to several seismicity models and to the observed seismicity of southern California.
High Schools Can Be “Toxic”

Book reviewed in this article: And Words Can Hurt Forever. How to Protect Adolescents From Bullying, Harassment, and Emotional Violence, by J. Garbarino and E. DeLara.
Comparative Study of Tachistoscopic Perception of Binary Figures in Deaf Children and Normally Hearing Children.

-An experiment was conducted to compare deaf children and normally hearing children on a visual perception task. The visual stimuli were 32 cards, each with a binary pattern of eight circles arranged horizontally or vertically. One circle on the right or top and one circle on the left or bottom of each card were blackened to form the binary patterns, one on each side of fixation. The stimuli were presented tachistoscopically at 1/10 sec. and 1/25 sec. S responded by pointing to the positions he saw blackened on a response card to depict 8 blank circles. It was found thac deaf children did as well as normally hearing children and that both groups made fewer errors on the left and top positions of the stimulus dimensions. The data are interpreted as supporting a mediational approach in perceptual development among deaf children.
Suffering and the unconscious --"the harder problem".

Advances in functional neuroimaging promise to provide important insights into the pathophysiology and nosology of patients in minimally conscious (MCS) or persistent vegetative states (PVS). The t...
Analyzing Trauma Narratives: Introducing the Narrative Form Index and Matrix

Purpose: Narrative form research is introduced as a unique, qualitative approach to studying narrative material, particularly trauma narratives. This methodology incorporates new analytic tools: Narrative Form Index (NFI) and Narrative Form Index Matrix (NFIM). Research Method/Design: The NFI is a standard set of narrative terms that provides a critical inventory of forms useful in processing the structure, context, and whole elements of narratives. The NFIM uses forms inventoried in the NFI as variables for finding, connecting, and displaying relevant narrative text within a matrix. Together, these companion analytic tools allow for the direct transmission of meaningfully sifted narrative data. Results: Employing the NFI and NFIM in relation to a research transcript, the authors demonstrate how narrative material is identified for inclusion in a matrix. Once arranged in a matrix, rich narrative data is available for further analysis. Conclusions/Implications: Content and form analysis and direct transmission of narrative data embodied in this approach provide salient and accurate results in qualitative data management and inference. The analytic tools described have applications for rehabilitation research and practice and can be downloaded from the authors’ Web site.
Effects of Uniform Suction on the Stability of Flow on a Rotating Disc

The effects of uniform distributed suction on the cross-flow instability of the boundary layer on a rotating disc are considered. A vorticity-velocity formulation is used to obtain exact linear equations governing the development of infinitesimal disturbances to the steady flow on a rotating disc. A parallel flow approximation is made as a first step in determining the effect of suction on the instability. It is shown that suction has a stabilizing effect on the flow, whereas blowing is destabilizing. Small values of the suction parameter are found to increase significantly the critical Reynolds number associated with stationary modes of disturbance. The wave angle of the spiral vortices that precede turbulent flow is estimated from critical conditions and is shown to decrease with increase in suction rate. This is shown to be consistent with prediction based on an in viscid analysis. The corresponding estimate of the expected number of vortices is shown to increase with suction. Suction appears to make the second minimum on the neutral curve more pronounced, suggesting a possible increase in the relative importance of the associated low wavenumber mode of disturbance.
THE TERMINATION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL UNRESPONSIVENESS TO BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN IN RABBITS I. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESPONSE TO CROSS-REACTING ALBUMINS

Rabbits made unresponsive to BSA at birth were given two courses of immunization with various cross-reacting albumins at 3 months of age. Normal control rabbits, of equivalent age and weight, were similarly immunized. Sera obtained 7 days after the last injection were assayed for binding and precipitating antibody to six albumins and for their avidity for BSA. No significant differences were found between unresponsive and normal rabbits in the amount of antibody reacting with any of the six albumins used. This was the case regardless which albumin was used to terminate the unresponsive state. Avidity differences were seen and seemed to depend on the antigen used and not on the immunological status of the animal. The simultaneous injection of small amounts of BSA inhibited the termination of unresponsiveness. These results were discussed in the light of the more recent theories of the termination of unresponsiveness and of antibody formation.
Relative importance of physical and economic factors in Appalachian coalbed gas assessment

Abstract In the 1995 National Assessment of Oil and Gas Resources prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey, only 20% of the assessed technically recoverable Appalachian Province coalbed gas resources were economic. Physical and economic variables are examined to explain the disparity between economic and technically recoverable coalbed gas. The Anticline and Syncline plays of the Northern Appalachian Basin, which account for 77% of the assessed technically recoverable coalbed gas, are not economic. Analysis shows marginal reductions in costs or rate of return will not turn these plays into commercial successes. Physical parameters that determine ultimate well recoverability and the rate of gas recovery are primary reasons the Northern Appalachian Basin plays are non-commercial. If the application of new well stimulation technology could offset slow gas desorption rates, Appalachian Province economic gas could increase to more then 70% of the technically recoverable gas. Similarly, if operators are able to develop strategies to selectively drill plays by avoiding dry holes and non-commercial occurrences, the economic fraction of technically recoverable gas could increase to over half.
Visual disturbances in cystic fibrosis following chloramphenicol administration

Optic neuritis and retrobulbar neuritis with marked visual impairment occurred in 9of 33 patients with cystic fibrosis, who received long-term therapy with chloramphenicol. Two patients had severe visual impairment and permanent residual effects with partial optic atrophy. Vitamin B complex has been demonstrated to be therapeutic in some instances. It is thought that the visual impairment probably represents a neurotoxic effect of chloramphenicol rather than a complication of cystic fibrosis. All patients with cystic fibrosis who receive long-term therapy with chloramphenicol must have frequent tests for visual acuity and periodic ophthalmologic examinations.
Thermal mechanisms of basin formation

Thermal subsidence of the sea floor explains the observed bathymetry of ocean ridges. A similarity solution for a one-dimensional cooling model successfully predicts bathymetry, heat flow and geoid anomalies under a wide range of conditions. This similarity solution can be modified to predict the thermal subsidence of sedimentary basins. For older sedimentary basins it is necessary to consider an input of heat to the base of the lithosphere that places a limit on subsidence. The similarity solution for thermal subsidence is in quite good agreement with the observed subsidence history of a variety of sedimentary basins. Some basins subside freely and in others the flexural rigidity of the elastic lithosphere inhibits subsidence. An empirical model is proposed for the conversion of kerogen to oil and the subsequent conversion of oil to gas. This model is then used in conjunction with the thermal evolution predicted by the similarity solution in order to determine the oil window and relative volume of oil as a function of the age of the basin.
Effects of gonadectomy and steroid treatment on renal prostaglandin 9-ketoreductase activity in the rat.

Abstract The effect of gonadectomy and treatment with sex-steroids on renal prostaglandin 9-ketoreductase activity in 10–11 week old male and female rats was determined. Rats were gonadectomized or subjected to sham operation at 3 weeks of age. During week 7, rats were injected s.c. twice over a 6-day interval with vehicle (peanut oil, 0.5 ml.kg −1 ) or with depot forms of testosterone (5 mg.kg −1 ), estradiol (0.02 mg.kg −1 ), progesterone (5mg.kg −1 ), or estradiol and progesterone combined. Renal prostaglandin 9-ketoreductase activity was about 50% higher in female rats than in males. Gonadectomy decreased 9-ketoreductase activity in females, but not in males, and eliminated the gender difference in enzyme activity. Treatment with estradiol elevated 9-ketoreductase activity in males and females, while treatment with testosterone or progesterone was without effect. Progesterone did, however, antagonize the elevation in 9-ketoreductase activity produced by estradiol.
Supramolecular Organization Using Multiple Secondary Bonding Interactions

Treatment of 1,4-bis(2-mercaptoethyl)benzene (1) or 1,4-bis(2-bromoethyl)benzene (2) with excess SbCl3 affords new one-dimensional and two-dimensional supramolecular coordination networks. Compound 1·2SbCl3 is stabilized solely by Sb···Cl, Sb-π, and Sb···S secondary bonding interactions (SBIs), providing an unusual example of Sb(III) and a thiol interacting through an SBI rather than a strong antimony thiolate bond. 2·2SbCl3 is stabilized by Sb···Cl, Sb···Br, and Sb-π SBIs. Both compounds have higher melting points than that of SbCl3. The crystal structures of 1·2SbCl3 and 2·2SbCl3 have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods.
Medicolegal and regulatory aspects of whole slide imaging-based telepathology

Abstract Telepathology is lauded for its potential to overcome geographic barriers and bring expert diagnostic opinions to underserved regions. However, the legal and regulatory aspects governing its use in the United States and abroad are disparate and incomplete. In addition, there is essentially no case law that specifically addressed telepathology. Important issues to consider for the implementation and practice of telepathology, including state and regional licensure requirements, credentialing and privileging, liability and medical malpractice coverage, privacy and security, medical device regulation, and reimbursement for services are reviewed here for several regions, including the United States, Canada, the European Union, and China.
Optimal foraging: A selective review of theory and tests

Beginning with Emlen (1966) and MacArthur and Pianka (1966) and extending through the last ten years, several authors have sought to predict the foraging behavior of animals by means of mathematical models. These models are very similar,in that they all assume that the fitness of a foraging animal is a function of the efficiency of foraging measured in terms of some "currency" (Schoener, 1971) -usually energy- and that natural selection has resulted in animals that forage so as to maximize this fitness. As a result of these similarities, the models have become known as "optimal foraging models"; and the theory that embodies them, "optimal foraging theory." The situations to which optimal foraging theory has been applied, with the exception of a few recent studies, can be divided into the following four categories: (1) choice by an animal of which food types to eat (i.e., optimal diet); (2) choice of which patch type to feed in (i.e., optimal patch choice); (3) optimal allocation of time to different patch...
Structural and spectroscopic studies of three-coordinate copper(I) supported by bis(phosphino)borate ligands

The bis(phosphino)borates [(p-^(t)BuPh)_(2)B(CH_(2)PPh_(2))_(2)][ASN] (1[ASN]; ASN = 5-azonia-spiro[4.4]nonane), [Ph_(2)B(CH_(2)P^(i)Pr_(2))_(2)]Li(THF)2 (2[Li]), and [(3,5-Me_(2)Ph)_(2)B(CH_(2)P^(t)Bu_(2))_(2)]^− (3[Li] and 3[Tl]) react with copper(I) reagents to generate anionic and neutral complexes. Reaction of 1[ASN] with CuI provides the 1:1 adduct [[(p-^(t)BuPh)_(2)B(CH_(2)PPh_(2))_(2)]CuI][ASN] (4). CuCl reacts with 3[Li] in THF to afford [[(3,5-Me_(2)Ph)_(2)B(CH_(2)P^(t)Bu_(2))_(2)]CuCl][Li(THF)_(4)] (5), along with a minor byproduct, the three-coordinate bis(phosphine) adduct {(3,5-Me_(2)Ph)B(CH_(2)P^(t)Bu_(2))_(2)}CuCl (6). An analogous neutral complex, {PhB(CH_(2)P^(t)Bu_(2))_(2)}CuCl (7), can be synthesized directly by reacting CuCl with the neutral phosphino borane PhB(CH_(2)P^(t)Bu_(2))_(2). Reaction of the substituted copper(I) halide Me2S · CuBr with 3[Tl] provides the anionic dimer complex [{[(3,5-Me_(2)Ph)_(2)B(CH_(2)P^(t)Bu_(2))_(2)]Cu}_(2)(μ-Br)]Tl (8). The neutral solvent adducts [Ph_(2)B(CH_(2)P^(i)Pr_(2))_(2)]Cu(NCCH_(3)) (9) and [(3,5-Me_(2)Ph)_(2)B(CH_(2)P^(t)Bu)_(2))_(2)]Cu(NCCH_(3)) (10) are prepared by the reactions between [Cu(CH_(3)CN)_(4)][PF_(6)] and 2[Li] or 3[Li], respectively. Neutral 10 is a useful precursor to several other neutral species via substitution of the labile acetonitrile ligand, including [(3,5-Me_(2)Ph)_(2)B(CH_(2)P^(t)Bu_(2))_(2)]Cu(PMe_(2)Ph)(11), [(3,5-Me_(2)Ph)_(2)B(CH_(2)P^(t)Bu_(2))_(2)]Cu(Sdouble bond; length as m-dashPMe3) (12), [(3,5-Me_(2)Ph)_(2)B(CH_(2)P^(t)Bu_(2))_(2)] Cu(2,6-lutidine) (13), and [(3,5-Me_(2)Ph)_(2)B(CH_(2)P^(t)Bu_(2))_(2)]Cu(CN^(t)Bu) (14). Attempts to isolate a neutral monocarbonyl adduct, [(3,5-Me_(2)Ph)_(2)B(CH_(2)P^(t)Bu_(2))_(2)]Cu(CO) (15), are frustrated by the high lability of the CO ligand. The solid-state crystal structures of complexes 6, 8, 9, 10, and 11 have been determined and are described.
Rate and pileup studies for photomultiplier tubes/bases and some electronics

Abstract The shift in the electron transit time of a reference pulse due to preceding the pulse with a 100 pulse burst at a rate up to 20 MHz was found to be less than a couple of picoseconds for the two types of photomultiplier tubes and bases intended for use in the new muon (g−2) experiment. Timing shifts of the photomultiplier tubes due to bringing two pulses to within 10 ns of each other were found to be purely from a tail effect. The change in pulse area from the photomultiplier tubes from high rate and pileup was found to be less than a few parts per thousand. The performance of some commonly used electronics was also tested under high rate conditions.
Getting Inside the World of Industrial Workers: A Review Essay

Scholars interested in industrial workers in early twentieth century America are suddenly being treated to an outpouring of scholarship. Following the impetus supplied by historians such as Herbert Gutman and David Montgomery, new studies are appearing which are not only providing details on the material condi tions of these workers but also expanding our understanding of their entire cultural world. Since most of the men and women who toiled in American mills and mines in the half-century after 1890 were recent arrivals from rural or less developed regions, moreover, the findings of this new scholarship have implications not only for labor studies but for the history of immigration and of the family as well.l New history is produced not only by new perceptions and questions but also by new methodologies. Historians have moved beyond the confines of the older, institutionally based labor history and into the complex interior of workers' culture and consciousness by employing certain devices for the first time. The books under review in this essay reflect both the wider approach to the study of workers and new techniques, such as heavy reliance on oral history interviews and quantitative meth odologies. The most massive study in the group reviewed here is Tamara Hareven's Family Time and Industrial Time. Focusing almost exclusively on the Amoskeag textile mills in Manchester, New Hampshire, Hareven devotes most of her attention
On fair scheduling in heterogeneous link aggregated services

Provisioning quality of service (QoS) across an aggregate of transmission entities (e.g., link aggregation) or processing elements (e.g. network processors) is a challenging problem. The difficulty lies in simultaneously satisfying fairness to flows (with different bandwidth requirements) and ensuring minimized intra-flow reordering. This problem is crucial to many applications (that utilize parallel communication or processing paths) like multi-path load distribution, multi-path storage I/O, web service, data processing by network processors in the datapath of routers, transcoding multimedia flow traffic content over the Internet to name a few. We present two algorithms for multi-link systems that aim at reducing undesired reordering, ensure fair sharing of flows and optimal utilization of the links. Our algorithms are based on a new approach of dynamically partitioning flows among links. We perform simulations on real Internet traces to validate our algorithmic approach.
Effects of l‐dopa and inhibitors of decarboxylase and monoamine oxidase on brain noradrenaline levels and blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Acute administration of l-dopa (200 mg/kg) resulted in a significant decrease in blood pressure of the spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rat. Simultaneous treatment with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-hydrazino-2-methylpropionic acid; MK 485) potentiated this effect while treatment with a decarboxylase inhibitor that penetrates the central nervous system (4-bromo-3-hydroxybenzyloxyamine; NSD 1055) tended to block the effect of l-dopa. In general, only treatments that increased brainstem noradrenaline were effective in reducing blood pressure. In young SH rats chronic treatment with l-dopa and a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor significantly retarded the development of hypertension over four weeks. Treatment of SH rats with 3 daily doses (100 mg/kg each) of p-chlorophenylalanine resulted in a complete loss of 5-hydroxy-tryptamine and a slight reduction of noradrenaline in the brainstem. The blood pressure of these animals was slightly increased over that of the control SH rats. Treatment of several groups of SH rats with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (pargyline) in various combinations with l-dopa and a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor resulted in a wide range of noradrenaline levels in the brainstem. There appeared to be a highly significant inverse correlation between brainstem noradrenaline and blood pressure. The findings are consistent with central noradrenergic modulation of blood pressure in the rat.
Seasonal changes in the effects of arginine vasotocin and stretch on Anolis uterine contractions in vitro

We determined the effects of acute stretch on spontaneous and arginine vasotocin (AVT)-driven contractions of the Anolis carolinensis uterus in vitro. Whole uteri from reproductively inactive females (October) were placed in a bath of oxygenated 32°C Anolis “Ringer's.” Two initial tensions were utilized, 1.5 g or 15 g, the latter being an estimate of the tension on the wall of a uterine compartment. Uteri were then exposed to either saline or AVT (50 ng/ml), and spontaneous or AVT-driven contractions were recorded for 20 min with the use of a strain gauge and physiograph. A similar experiment was performed on uteri from reproductively active females in the summer (June). Our results indicate that the effects of acute stretch and AVT on uterine contractility were qualitatively similar in summer and fall. That is, 1) AVT induced a tonic contraction; 2) stretch decreased the duration of the tonic contraction; 3) the saline-treated uteri exhibited spontaneous rhythmic contractions; 4) AVT increased the amplitude of the rhythmic contractions, but only at the lower tension; 5) there were no effects of AVT on the timing (contraction interval, duration, rest interval) of the rhythmic contractions; and 6) stretch increased the frequency of the rhythmic contractions. Season greatly influenced the magnitude of these contractile phenomena. Uteri tested during the breeding season exhibited greater distensibility, an increase in the amplitude and duration of the AVT-driven tonic contraction, and an increase in the frequency of both spontaneous and AVT-driven rhythmic contractions because of a decrease in both contraction duration and rest interval. Possible causes of these seasonal changes, as well as the relevancy of the stretch effects to the biology of the uterine egg compartment, are discussed.
Congenital duodenal atresia

Summary A series of nineteen cases of duodenal atresia seen in a fifteen year period are reviewed. Prematurity, sepsis, severe associated anomalies, and secondary surgery have been important factors in the high mortality. However, during the past three years the survival rate has increased to 72 per cent. Improved supportive care, early diagnosis, and improvements in operative and postoperative management seem to have played a role in this improved survival. The over-all survival rate in the nineteen neonates was 58 per cent.
Towards paravirtualized network file systems

The virtualized storage stack used in enterprise data centers provides two mechanisms to enable virtualized applications to store and retrieve data, namely, virtual disks and network file systems. In this paper, we examine the pros and cons of using these two mechanisms to integrate emerging non-volatile memory devices, and show how neither of them provide low-overhead access to data without sacrificing compatibility with other popular virtualization-enabled features. In doing so, we present paravirtualized NFS, an alternate mechanism for accessing data, highlight its benefits, and outline research challenges involved in realizing it in practice.
Tetraspanin Proteins Mediate Cellular Penetration, Invasion, and Fusion Events and Define a Novel Type of Membrane Microdomain

▪ Abstract This review summarizes key aspects of tetraspanin proteins, with a focus on the functional relevance and structural features of these proteins and how they are organized into a novel type of membrane microdomain. Despite the size of the tetraspanin family and their abundance and wide distribution over many cell types, most have not been studied. However, from studies of prototype tetraspanins, information regarding functions, cell biology, and structural organization has begun to emerge. Genetic evidence points to critical roles for tetraspanins on oocytes during fertilization, in fungi during leaf invasion, in Drosophila embryos during neuromuscular synapse formation, during T and B lymphocyte activation, in brain function, and in retinal degeneration. From structure and mutagenesis studies, we are beginning to understand functional subregions within tetraspanins, as well as the levels of connections among tetraspanins and their many associated proteins. Tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs...
Muscular Christianity: Manhood and Sports in Protestant America, 1880-1920

Dissatisfied with a Victorian culture focused on domesticity and threatened by physical decline in sedentary office jobs, American men in the late 19th century sought masculine company in fraternal lodges and engaged in exercise to invigorate their bodies. One form of this new manly culture, developed out of the Protestant churches, was known as muscular Christianity. In this study, Clifford Putney details how Protestant leaders promoted competitive sports and physical education to create an ideal of Christian manliness. Though rooted in the new culture of manhood, muscular Christianity was conceived to reinvigorate Protestantism itself, which in the minds of many was increasingly failing to create masculine, forceful natures capable of withstanding an influx of Catholic immigrants. Putney analyzes the role of such dynamic organizations as the Boy Scouts and the Young Men's Christian Association in making Protestant Christianity a religion that attracted boys and men to the vigorous life. He also portrays the muscular Christian movement's vivid personalities, including evangelist Dwight L. Moody, psychologist G. Stanley Hall (who warned of "woman peril" in the churches), and Theodore Roosevelt, the rough-riding, safari-going advocate of the Strenuous Life for the manly Christian.
TOOLS FOR BRIDGING THE CULTURES OF EVERYDAY AND SCIENTIFIC THINKING

A perspective about science education is developed which has implications for the design of interactive learning technologies. Current philosophical work concerning the interpretative nature of scientific inquiry is reviewed as a context for discussing the situation of the child in developing scientific understanding. This view of learning ern- phasizes the relationships among informal understanding, conceptual change, and en- culturation into modes of scientific discourse. A prototype software system for support- ing scientific inquiry processes in students is described.
The predicted G-protein-coupled receptor GPR-1 is required for female sexual development in the multicellular fungus Neurospora crassa.

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) control important aspects of asexual and sexual development in eukaryotic organisms. We have identified a predicted GPCR in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa with similarity to cyclic AMP-receptor like GPCRs from Dictyostelium discoideum and GCR1 from Arabidopsis thaliana. Expression of gpr-1 is highest in female reproductive structures, and deletion of gpr-1 leads to defects during sexual development. Unfertilized female structures (protoperithecia) from Δgpr-1 strains are weakly pigmented, small, and submerged in the agar. The perithecia produced after fertilization have deformed beaks that lack ostioles, the openings through which ascospores are discharged. Localization studies using a GPR-1-green fluorescent protein fusion protein showed that GPR-1 is targeted to female reproductive structures. Genetic epistasis experiments with the three Gα genes were inconclusive due to the early block in mating exhibited by Δgna-1 strains. Phenotypic analysis of mutants from a high-throughput N. crassa knockout project allowed identification of BEK-1, a homeodomain transcription factor that is a potential target of GPR-1. The perithecial defects of Δbek-1 strains are similar to those of the Δgpr-1 strain, and epistasis analysis indicates that bek-1 could function downstream of gpr-1 during postfertilization events. The effect must be posttranscriptional, as bek-1 transcript levels are not affected in Δgpr-1 strains. The lack of ostioles in Δgpr-1 and Δbek-1 mutants has an undesirable effect on the ability to spread progeny (ascospores) by the normal ejection mechanism and would severely compromise the fitness of these strains in nature.
Constitutive Characterization of Multi-Constituent Particulate Composites

Multi-constituent epoxy-based particulate composites consisting of individual particles of aluminum and a second phase (copper, nickel or tungsten) have been synthesized. The mechanical and physical properties of the composite depend on the mechanical and physical properties of the individual components; their loading density; the shape and size of the particles; the interfacial adhesion; residual stresses; and matrix porosity. These multiphase particulate composites have been generated to investigate the deformation of aluminum in the presence of the second phase. Quasi-static and dynamic compression experiments have been performed to characterize the materials. The microstructures of the quasi-statically and dynamically deformed samples have been quantified to determine the amount of deformation in the aluminum particles, as a function of their proximity (i.e. near or far) from the second phase particles.
Role of Effector Cell-Derived IL-4, IL-5, and Perforin in Early and Late Stages of Type 2 CD8 Effector Cell-Mediated Tumor Rejection

Type 2 CD8 T cells (Tc2) secrete IL-4 and IL-5 and display perforin-dependent cytolysis in vitro. Using an OVA-transfected B16-melanoma model, we show that tumor-reactive Tc2 effector cells accumulated at the tumor site and induced tumor regression that enhanced survival in mice with pulmonary tumors. Transfer of perforin-deficient Tc2 cells generated from perforin gene knockout mice showed no differences in therapeutic efficiency when compared with wild-type Tc2 cells. In contrast, Tc2 cells derived from select cytokine gene-deficient mice showed that therapeutic effects were dependent on effector cell-derived IL-4 and IL-5 that led to a local elevation in lung-derived chemoattractants and accumulation of activated host-derived CD8/CD44(high), CD4/CD44(high), and OVA-specific tetramer-positive CD8 cells in vivo. Host-derived T and non-T immune cells increased in the lung over time and correlated with an elevated production of type 1-related chemokines. Conversely, donor Tc2 cell numbers markedly diminished at later times, suggesting that prolonged therapeutic responses were due to host-derived mechanisms. Moreover, type 1 host responses were detectable with increased levels of IFN-gamma production by lung-derived CD4 and CD8 T cells from surviving Tc2-treated mice. Transfer of Tc2 cells into IFN-gamma-deficient tumor-bearing mice was markedly less effective then into wild-type mice, suggesting that host-derived IFN-gamma-dependent mechanisms play a role in Tc2-mediated antitumor responses.
Optimal flapping strokes for self-propulsion in a perfect fluid

Some animals rely on flapping a symmetrical pair of jointed appendages to generate locomotion in a fluid. We consider a simple model of the motion of such an animal propelling itself via cyclic flapping strokes in a perfect fluid. Furthermore, we determine which strokes yield the greatest locomotive efficiency, defined as those which minimize the control effort per unit distance traveled.
Grain segmentation of 3d superalloy images using multichannel EWCVT under human annotation constraints

Grain segmentation on 3D superalloy images provides superalloy's micro-structures, based on which many physical and mechanical properties can be evaluated. This is a challenging problem in senses of (1) the number of grains in a superalloy sample could be thousands or even more; (2) the intensity within a grain may not be homogeneous; and (3) superalloy images usually contains carbides and noises. Recently, the Multichannel Edge-Weighted Centroid Voronoi Tessellation (MCEWCVT) algorithm [1] was developed for grain segmentation and showed better performance than many widely used image segmentation algorithms. However, as a general-purpose clustering algorithm, MCEWCVT does not consider possible prior knowledge from material scientists in the process of grain segmentation. In this paper, we address this issue by defining an energy minimization problem which subject to certain constraints. Then we develop a Constrained Multichannel Edge-Weighted Centroid Voronoi Tessellation (CMEWCVT) algorithm to effectively solve this constrained minimization problem. In particular, manually annotated segmentation on a very small set of 2D slices are taken as constraints and incorporated into the whole clustering process. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed CMEWCVT algorithm significantly improve the previous grain-segmentation performance.
A Conductance Based Solids Concentration Sensor for Large Diameter Slurry Pipelines

An instrument has been developed that measures the solids concentration in slurry pipelines ranging in diameter from 5‐150 cm. The operating principle is based on conductance, and in contrast to the gamma densitometer, the instrument does not require a nuclear radiation source. The instrument operates on-line, is nonintrusive, and provides real-time output. The instrument measures local concentration around the pipe periphery, and the local values are integrated to obtain the area-average concentration. A graphical display shows the variation of concentration from the top of the pipe to the bottom as well as the area-average concentration history. The instrument has been extensively tested in an experimental slurry transport facility as well as on-line at the Swift Creek phosphate mine in the state of Florida. When compared with a quick-closing valve measuring technique, the mean deviation of solids concentration measured with the conductance based instrument is 0.81 percent based on mass.@S0098-2202~00!00704-5#
Comparing agent-based models on experimental data of irrigation games

Agent based models are very useful tools for exploring and building theories on human behavior; however, only recently have there been a few attempts to empirically ground them. We present different models relating to theories of human behavior and compare them to actual data collected during experiments on irrigation games with 80 individuals divided in 16 different groups. We run a total of 7 different models: from very simple ones involving 0 parameters (i.e., pure random, pure selfish and pure altruistic), to increasingly complex ones that include different type of agents, learning and other-regarding preferences. By comparing the different models we find that the most comprehensive model of human behavior behaves not far from an ad hoc model built on our dataset; remarkably we also find that a very simple model presenting a mix of random selfish and altruistic agents performs only slightly below the best performing models.
Sequences and Series

Consider the infinite series $$\sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {\frac{{{{( - 1)}^{n + 1}}}}{n}} = 1 - \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} - \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{5} - \frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{7} - \frac{1}{8} + \cdot \cdot \cdot $$ .
Quantification of insulin in dried blood spots

A method has been developed in which the concentrations of insulin in dried blood spots on filter paper can be estimated. The technique involves elution of blood from the paper, evaporation, and rehydration in assay buffer. The resuspended samples are then assayed by radioimmunoassay. The ratio of control plasma to control dried blood spot insulin values is used as a conversion factor for unknown samples on paper to express the dried blood spot insulin concentration in plasma equivalents. Intra-assay variability was 14%, and interassay variability was 25%, but the elution conversion factor had a variability of about 40% among individuals. This technique has substantial advantages for field studies, but elevated values should be confirmed by a venous plasma sample measurement in a conventional radioimmunoassay.
Infant Manual Exploration of Objects, Surfaces, and Their Interrelations

Although a considerable amount is known about the development of object manipulation during the 1st year, less is known about how infants manually explore surfaces and relate objects to surfaces. To address these issues, 60 infants (20 each at 6, 8, and 10 months of age) were presented hard and soft objects on tabletop surfaces, which varied in terms of their material properties. Tabletop surfaces were either liquid, discontinuous, flexible, or rigid. Results indicated that infants explored the objects, surfaces, and their interactions selectively, tailoring their manual actions to the material properties of the objects or surfaces. In some instances, selectivity increased with age. The implications of these findings for understanding the origins of problem solving and tool use are considered. Over the course of the first year, infants acquire a rich and varied repertoire of actions for manipulating objects. Moreover, infants apply these actions selectively, tailoring a particular kind of movement to an object’s unique physical properties. For instance, by the middle of the second half-year, infants finger textured objects more than nontextured ones, shake or bang sounding objects more than nonsounding ones and press pliable objects more than nonpliable ones (Bushnell & Boudreau, 1993; Gibson & Walker, 1984; Lockman & McHale, 1989; Molina & Jouen, 1998; Palmer, 1989; Ruff, 1984). Collectively, these types of achievements belie accounts of sensorimotor development that suggest that object manipulation is undifferentiated during much of the first year. According to such accounts, lack of specificity in infants’ manual behaviors stems from a cognitive gap: Infants are not yet fully able to differentiate