cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative distribution of neuropeptide Y Y1 and Y5 receptors in the rat brain by using immunohistochemistry.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 and Y5 receptor subtypes mediate many of NPY’s diverse actions in the central nervous system. The present studies use polyclonal antibodies directed against the Y1 and Y5 receptors to map and compare the relative distribution of these NPY receptor subtypes within the rat brain. Antibody specificity was assessed by using Western analysis, preadsorption of the antibody with peptide, and preimmune serum controls. Immunostaining for the Y1 and Y5 receptor subtypes was present throughout the rostral– caudal aspect of the brain with many regions expressing both subtypes: cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, and brainstem. Further studies using double-label immunocytochemistry indicate that Y1R immunoreactivity (-ir) and Y5R-ir are colocalized in the cerebral cortex and caudate putamen. Y1 receptor ir was evident in the central amygdala, whereas both Y1- and Y5-immunoreactive cells and fibers were present in the basolateral amygdala. Corresponding with the physiology of NPY in the hypothalamus, both Y1R- and Y5R-ir was present within the paraventricular (PVN), supraoptic, arcuate nuclei, and lateral hypothalamus. In the PVN, Y5R-ir and Y1R-ir were detected in cells and fibers of the parvo- and magnocellular divisions. Intense immunostaining for these receptors was observed within the locus coeruleus, A1–5 and C1–3 nuclei, subnuclei of the trigeminal nerve and nucleus tractus solitarius. These data provide a detailed and comparative mapping of Y1 and Y5 receptor subtypes within cell bodies and nerve fibers in the brain which, together with physiological and electrophysiological studies, provide a better understanding of NPY neural circuitries. J. Comp. Neurol. 464:285–311, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: NPY; hypothalamus; hippocampus; amygdala
'High-pertension'--the uses of a chronic folk illness for personal adaptation.

Abstract Chronic illness exerts a lasting and pervasive influence on personal experience of the world. It is commonly viewed as a phenomenon to be coped with, requiring an adaptive response on the part of an individual. Chronic illness, however, is a culturally-influenced tool which in itself can be used to organize and implement an adaptive response to personal experience. Employing Hallowell's concept of the self in the behavioral environment, the uses of a chronic folk illness, ‘high-pertension’, for personal adaptation are discussed. Data from research on health beliefs about hypertension and illness behavior in a sample of 60 older African-American women in New Orleans are presented. ‘High-pertension’, a chronic folk illness related to the biomedical ‘hypertension’, and involving blood and ‘nerves’, is described. Health beliefs and illness behavior associated with high-pertension are considered as part of an individual's total effort at adaptation within the behavioral environment. These points are made: (1) Chronic illness can be used as a means to express one's self in relation to the behavioral environment. (2) Chronic illness can be used to mamipulate and manage the relation of self to environment. (3) Chronic illness can be used to legitimize and announce role change. These uses are available to the individual by virtue of social interaction, cultural precedent and the chronicity and meaning of the illness itself. For persons in a severely stressed, constrained, and disadvantages social position, as are many older African-American women, chronic illness offers one of the few means of controlling the behavioral environment available to the individual. Although in anthropology and biology we speak of adaptation in terms of human groups, we are ultimately considering person-environment fit, that is, personal adaptation. Chronic illness can be a part of a culturally-influenced adaptive response.
The Two-Dimensional Vibrational Echo of a Nitrile Probe of the Villin HP35 Protein

2D IR spectroscopy was used to probe the hydrophobic core structure of the 35-residue Villin headpiece subdomain, HP35, by monitoring the C≡N vibrational stretching band of a cyano substituted phenylalanine (Phe). The presence of two humps in the vibrational frequency distribution in the folded equilibrium state is revealed. They represent two states that exchange more slowly than ca. 10 ps. The two CN stretch mode peak frequencies (and their equilibrium populations) are 2228.7 (44%) and 2234.5 cm(-1) (56%). The two CN modes have different frequency-frequency correlation times of 7.4 ps and 1.6 ps respectively. These results suggest that the population with the higher frequency CN group is partly exposed whereas the other CN mode experiences a hydrophobic like environment.
Mid-Infrared Fine-Structure Line Ratios in Active Galactic Nuclei Observed with the Spitzer IRS: Evidence for Extinction by the Torus

We present the first systematic investigation of the [Ne V] (14 μm/24 μm) and [S III] (18 μm/33 μm) infrared line flux ratios, traditionally used to estimate the density of the ionized gas, in a sample of 41 type 1 and type 2 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) observed with the Infrared Spectrograph on board Spitzer. The majority of galaxies with both [Ne V] lines detected have observed [Ne V] line flux ratios consistent with or below the theoretical low-density limit, based on calculations using currently available collision strengths and ignoring absorption and stimulated emission. We find that type 2 AGNs have lower line flux ratios than type 1 AGNs and that all of the galaxies with line flux ratios below the low-density limit are type 2 AGNs. We argue that differential infrared extinction to the [Ne V] emitting region due to dust in the obscuring torus is responsible for the ratios below the low-density limit and we suggest that the ratio may be a tracer of the inclination angle of the torus to our line of sight. Because the temperature of the gas, the amount of extinction, and the effect of absorption and stimulated emission on the line ratios are all unknown, we are not able to determine the electron densities associated with the [Ne V] line flux ratios for the objects in our sample. We also find that the [S III] emission from the galaxies in our sample is extended and originates primarily in star-forming regions. Since the emission from low-ionization species is extended, any analysis using line flux ratios from such species obtained from slits of different sizes is invalid for most nearby galaxies.
An Outbreak of Mediastinitis Among Heart Transplant Recipients Apparently Related to a Change in the United Network for Organ Sharing Guidelines

Objective:To describe an outbreak of mediastinitis in heart transplant recipients.Design:Retrospective and contemporaneous cohort study.Setting:Urban tertiary-care university hospital with a large cardiac transplantation program.Patients:Heart transplant recipients.Interventions:Modifications of donor harvest technique; procedures aimed at decreasing skin and mucosal bacterial colonization; strict aseptic technique in the intensive care unit; and aggressive policing of established infection control practices.Results:In April 1999, mediastinitis rates among heart transplant recipients increased abruptly from a baseline of 6 cases per 100 procedures to sequential quarterly rates of 22, 31, and 50 cases per 100 procedures, whereas infection rates in other cardiac operations were unchanged. Bacteria causing these infections were multidrug-resistant "nosocomial" organisms. The epidemic occurred 2 months after a change in the United Network for Organ Sharing organ allocation algorithm. This change resulted in an increase in the duration of preoperative hospitalization from a median of 52 to 79 days (P = .008) and may have promoted prolonged hospitalization of patients with high illness severity. Aggressive multidisciplinary interventions were temporally associated with a return to preoperative mediastinitis rates without changing length of hospitalization prior to transplantation.Conclusions:Changes in organ allocation for transplant that prolong waiting time in the hospital and alter illness acuity may lead to increased rates of postoperative infection. Measures to limit bacterial colonization may be a helpful countervailing strategy.
Bitter Taste of Saccharin Related to the Genetic Ability to Taste the Bitter Substance 6-n-Propylthiouracil

Bitter taste thresholds for 6-n-propylthiouracil are bimodally distributed, dividing subjects into tasters and nontasters. Their taste worlds differ with regard to the sweetness of sucrose and saccharin and to the bitterness of saccharin. These differences suggest that nontasters tend to perceive less bitterness in saccharin at concentrations used in beverages.
Gordon Tullock’s The Organization of Inquiry: A critical appraisal

The major themes of Gordon Tullock’s 1996 book The Organization of Inquiry are identified. Tullock’s treatment of the philosophy of science is criticized, as is his explanation for the backwardness of the social sciences relative to the natural sciences. The paper closes with a listing of some of Tullock’s proposals for the reform of science.
Investigation into the Differences Between Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yields of Materials in Ground-Based Facilities and LEO

The atomic oxygen erosion yields of various materials, measured in terms of volume of material oxidized per incident oxygen atom, are sometimes very different for materials exposed in ground-based atomic oxygen facilities compared to those exposed in low Earth orbit (LEO) for the same materials. This difference has often been attributed to a synergistic reaction between atomic oxygen and vacuum ultraviolet radiation present in many ground-based atomic oxygen facilities. Energy and presence of charged species has also been thought to play a role in this observed difference in erosion yield. Using an isotropic thermal energy atomic oxygen source and a hyperthermal atomic oxygen directed beam, an attempt was made to isolate each of these factors for polyimide Kapton HN, polyethylene, and FEP Teflon to determine the sensitivity of the erosion yield to each factor. It was found that each polymer appears to have atomic oxygen synergistic effects with different components of the environment. Isolating each envir...
Visual Recovery and Discomfort Following Exposure to Oncoming Headlamps

The effects of various temporal and photometric characteristics of profiles of oncoming illumination on subject's discomfort and on visual recovery were examined in field experiments. Older subjects took a longer time to recover, but there were no differences of rated discomfort between the age groups. Rated discomfort was correlated with peak illumination of each profile, and target detection time was correlated with dosage.
Bivariate Simplex B-Splines: A New Paradigm

Abstract: A construction of bivariate splines is described, based on a new concept of higher degree Delaunay configurations. The crux of this construction is that knot-sets for simplex B-splines are selected by considering groups of "nearby" knots. The new approach gives rise to a natural generalization of univariate splines in that the linear span of this collection of B-splines forms a space which is analogous to the classical univariate splines. This new spline space depends uniquely and in a local way on the prescribed knot locations, and there is no need to use auxiliary or perturbed knots as in some earlier constructions.
Image Motion Analysis Made Simple and Fast, One Component at a Time

Real-time vision can be organised as a sequence of discrete observations, or focal probes, that gather scene information critical to the vision task. Such selective analysis simplifies computations by isolating signal components, and reduces the data load by avoiding unimportant image detail.
Deeper than shallow: Evidence for structure-based parsing biases in second-language sentence processing

This study examines the reading patterns of native speakers (NSs) and high-level (Chinese) nonnative speakers (NNSs) on three English sentence types involving temporarily ambiguous structural configurations. The reading patterns on each sentence type indicate that both NSs and NNSs were biased toward specific structural interpretations. These results are interpreted as evidence that both first-language and second-language (L2) sentence comprehension is guided (at least in part) by structure-based parsing strategies and, thus as counterevidence to the claim that NNSs are largely limited to rudimentary (or “shallow”) syntactic computation during online L2 sentence processing.
Gene Transfer of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase to the Lung of the Mouse In Vivo: Effect on Agonist-Induced and Flow-Mediated Vascular Responses

The effects of transfer of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene to the lung were studied in mice. After intratracheal administration of AdCMVbetagal, expression of the beta-galactosidase reporter gene was detected in pulmonary airway cells, in alveolar cells, and in small pulmonary arteries. Gene expression with AdCMVbetagal peaked 1 day after administration and decayed over a 7- to 14-day period, whereas gene expression after AdRSVbetagal transfection peaked on day 5 and was sustained over a 21- to 28-day period. One day after administration of AdCMVeNOS, eNOS protein levels were increased, and there was a small reduction in mean pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. The pressure-flow relationship in the pulmonary vascular bed was shifted to the right in animals transfected with eNOS, and pulmonary vasodepressor responses to bradykinin and the type V cGMP-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor zaprinast were enhanced, whereas systemic responses were not altered. Pulmonary vasopressor responses to endothelin-1 (ET-1), angiotensin II, and ventilatory hypoxia were reduced significantly in animals transfected with the eNOS gene, whereas pressor responses to norepinephrine and U46619 were not changed. Systemic pressor responses to ET-1 and angiotensin II were similar in eNOS-transfected mice and in control mice. Intratracheal administration of AdRSVeNOS attenuated the increase in pulmonary arterial pressure in mice exposed to the fibrogenic anticancer agent bleomycin. These data suggest that transfer of the eNOS gene in vivo can selectively reduce pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary pressor responses to ET-1, angiotensin II, and hypoxia; enhance pulmonary depressor responses; and attenuate pulmonary hypertension induced by bleomycin. Moreover, these data suggest that in vivo gene transfer may be a useful therapeutic intervention for the treatment of pulmonary hypertensive disorders.
Variation in signal timing behavior: implications for male attractiveness and sexual selection

Mate choice often takes place in group settings, such as leks or choruses, in which numerous individuals display and compete for mates simultaneously. In addition to well-known preferences for male traits like size and signaling rate, females of group-displaying species often show preferences that are based on the relative timing of male signals, generally preferring the leading signal. Variation in male signal timing behavior may therefore affect male attractiveness and, ultimately, reproductive success. I used acoustic communication in green treefrogs (Hyla cinerea) to assess the amount of signal timing variation found in natural choruses and to test hypotheses about the sources of variation in signal timing behavior. I recorded dyads of vocally interacting males in the field to describe patterns of variation in signal timing behavior. Incorporating information about female signal timing preferences, I also assessed the amount of variation in signal timing that is likely to be selectively neutral, as well as the amount that is likely under selection by female choice because it involves attractive or unattractive signal placement. I show that there is considerable variation in signal timing behavior, particularly involving neutral signal timing placement. I also show that between-male variation in other traits (size, signal period) is partly linked to variation in signal timing behavior and discuss these findings in terms of male attractiveness and sexual selection in group-displaying organisms.
Dorsal displacement of the soft palate in 92 horses during high-speed treadmill examination (1993-1998).

Objective— To evaluate the occurrence of dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) during high-speed treadmill (HSTM) exercise in racehorses, and determine treatment efficacy relative to the endoscopic findings observed during resting and HSTM endoscopic examination. Study Design— Retrospective study. Animals— Ninety-two racehorses (74 Thoroughbreds, 18 Standardbreds). Methods— The signalment, history (clinical and race), treatments, and video recordings made during resting and HSTM endoscopy were reviewed in 92 racehorses that developed DDSP during HSTM exercise. Only horses that completed 3 starts before and after HSTM examination were included in performance-outcome analysis. Statistical associations were made between the independent variables (the historical findings and the resting and HSTM endoscopic findings) and performance outcome. Results— Forty-five horses (49%) displaced their palate in an uncomplicated manner, whereas the other horses either had another upper-respiratory abnormality in association with DDSP (35) or displaced after swallowing (12). Although respiratory noise was not recorded during HSTM exercise, only 57 horses (62%) that developed DDSP during HSTM examination had a history of abnormal upper-respiratory noise. For the 45 horses that met the criteria for performance outcome analysis, there were no independent variables recorded during resting or HSTM endoscopy that had a significant association with performance outcome. Treatment for DDSP varied by clinician. Overall, 29 horses (64%) had improved average earnings per start after diagnosis and treatment. Conclusions— Thirty-five horses (38%) that had DDSP during HSTM endoscopy had no previous history of abnormal upper-respiratory noise, and 74 (80%) had no structural abnormalities noted on resting endoscopic examination. Clinical Relevance— HSTM examination is an excellent tool for diagnosis of DDSP and the manner in which it occurs. DDSP did not occur similarly in all horses, and was often associated with another upper-respiratory abnormality. Thus, it is unlikely that a single treatment can be applied effectively for all horses that experience DDSP. Both surgical and medical treatments can be beneficial in improving a horse's performance after a diagnosis of DDSP is made. Neither resting nor HSTM endoscopic findings were clearly prognostic.
Something old, something new: the World Trade Organization, Brazil and the transformation of the Multilateral Trade System

A Organizacao Mundial do Comercio (OMC) celebrou, em 2015, vinte anos de existencia. Este artigo busca examinar alguns aspectos relacionados a criacao da instituicao, em especial no que se refere ao Brasil. The World Trade Organization (WTO) held in 2015, twenty years of existence. This article seeks to examine some aspects related to the creation of the institution, particularly in regard to Brazil.
Randomized, Controlled Trial of Acupuncture for the Treatment of Hot Flashes in Breast Cancer Patients

Purpose To determine the immediate and long-term effects of true acupuncture versus sham acupuncture on hot flash frequency in women with breast cancer. Patients and Methods Seventy-two women with breast cancer experiencing three or more hot flashes per day were randomly assigned to receive either true or sham acupuncture. Interventions were given twice weekly for 4 consecutive weeks. Hot flash frequency was evaluated at baseline, at 6 weeks, and at 6 months after initiation of treatment. Patients initially randomly assigned to the sham group were crossed over to true acupuncture starting at week 7. Results The mean number of hot flashes per day was reduced from 8.7 (standard deviation [SD], 3.9) to 6.2 (SD, 4.2) in the true acupuncture group and from 10.0 (SD, 6.1) to 7.6 (SD, 5.7) in the sham group. True acupuncture was associated with 0.8 fewer hot flashes per day than sham at 6 weeks, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (95% CI, −0.7 to 2.4; P = .3). When participants in the sham...
The Extent of Panum's Area and the Human Cortical Magnification Factor

The horizontal extent of Panum's fusional area was measured by means of a single-vertical-line stimulus placed at thirty-two locations throughout the peripheral visual field. These results were transformed by using known values of the human cortical magnification factor (CMF), and the hypothesis that variations in the magnitude of Panum's area may be accounted for by variations in the CMF was tested. It was found that the increase in Panum's area with increasing stimulus eccentricity correlates well with the CMF, but that variations in the extent of Panum's area as a function of angular position around the line of sight do not correspond well with the CMF.
Folding Mechanism of the Human Larynx

The mechanism of the human larynx, often regarded as sphincteric, more nearly represents graduated folding or plication. Taking the end of normal expiration as the reference condition, folding decreases with inspiration and increases successively with reserve expiration, phonation, effort closure, and swallow closure.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDer Mechanismus des menschlichen Kehlkopfs, der oft als sphinkterisch betrachtet wird, stellt eher einen differenzierten Faltungsprozess dar. Wenn man das Ende der normalen Ausatmung als Bezugsbedingung ansieht, so findet man, dass die Faltung mit der Einatmung abnimmt und bei reservierter Ausatmung, Phonation, Kehlkopfschluss bei Anstrengung und Kehlkopfschluss beim Schlucken stufenweise zunimmt.
An expanded syndrome of dRTA with hearing loss, hyperoxaluria and beta2-microglobulinuria

We describe a 7-month-old male with atypical features of autosomal recessive distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) with sensorineural hearing loss. Uncharacteristically, he presented with mild acidosis, hypokalaemia and hypocalciuria as well as unilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Subsequent investigations led to the discovery of both hyperoxaluria and beta2-microglobulinuria, thereby expanding the differential diagnosis to include both primary hyperoxaluria and Dent disease. Two mutations in the ATPV1B1 gene, one of which was novel, confirmed the diagnosis of dRTA. We consider the overlapping features of and diagnostic dilemmas involved in making a diagnosis of dRTA, primary hyperoxaluria and Dent disease in patients with infantile nephrocalcinosis. We highlight the occurrence of hyperoxaluria and low-molecular-weight proteinuria in patients with dRTA and propose that the phenotype of autosomal recessive dRTA with sensorineural hearing loss be broadened to include both hyperoxaluria and increased urinary excretion of beta2-microglobulin.
A middlebox-cooperative TCP for a non end-to-end internet

Understanding, measuring, and debugging IP networks, particularly across administrative domains, is challenging. One particularly daunting aspect of the challenge is the presence of transparent middleboxes---which are now common in today's Internet. In-path middleboxes that modify packet headers are typically transparent to a TCP, yet can impact end-to-end performance or cause blackholes. We develop TCP HICCUPS to reveal packet header manipulation to both endpoints of a TCP connection. HICCUPS permits endpoints to cooperate with currently opaque middleboxes without prior knowledge of their behavior. For example, with visibility into end-to-end behavior, a TCP can selectively enable or disable performance enhancing options. This cooperation enables protocol innovation by allowing new IP or TCP functionality (e.g., ECN, SACK, Multipath TCP, Tcpcrypt) to be deployed without fear of such functionality being misconstrued, modified, or blocked along a path. HICCUPS is incrementally deployable and introduces no new options. We implement and deploy TCP HICCUPS across thousands of disparate Internet paths, highlighting the breadth and scope of subtle and hard to detect middlebox behaviors encountered. We then show how path diagnostic capabilities provided by HICCUPS can benefit applications and the network.
Genome-wide protein localization prediction strategies for gram negative bacteria

Background Genome-wide prediction of protein subcellular localization is an important type of evidence used for inferring protein function. While a variety of computational tools have been developed for this purpose, errors in the gene models and use of protein sorting signals that are not recognized by the more commonly accepted tools can diminish the accuracy of their output.
Relevance of the Viral RAK Alpha Gene in Diagnosis of Malignant Versus Nonmalignant Tumors of the Ovary and Uterus

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-like antigens RAK (named after the inventor E. M. Rakowicz) p120, p42, and p25, as well as HIV-1-like segments of cancer DNA (RAK gene alpha), have been found before in breast and prostate cancers. The present study focused on determining the value of markers RAK in the diagnosis and prognosis of gynecological cancer. Expression of RAK antigens in ovarian, uterine, cervical, and vulvar cancer, in benign tumors, in tissues adjacent to cancer, and in normal tissues was tested by Western blot hybridization of the electrophoretically separated proteins with monoclonal antibody RAK BrI. The RAK alpha gene was PCR amplified with HIV-1-derived primers SK68 and SK69. RAK antigens p120, p42, and p25 were found in 95% of ovarian, uterine, and cervical cancer cases and in 75% of vulvar cancer cases. The RAK alpha gene was expressed in 100% of cancer cases, in approximately 25% of benign ovarian tumors, and in 40% of benign tumors of the uterus. DNA sequences amplified in all cancer cases exhibited more than 90% homology to HIV-1 gp41 and were encoded for the functional peptide. DNA sequences found in benign tumors contained frameshift mutations and encoded truncated or nonfunctional peptides. Such sequences have not been amplified in normal tissues. RAK antigens and the RAK alpha gene seem to belong to a lentivirus type that is highly related to HIV-1. Beyond the diagnostic value of RAK markers, future cloning of the full viral genome would lead to a better understanding of the etiology of malignant and nonmalignant tumors of reproductive organs and to the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
In Memoriam: Bold Community Development Visionary, Scholar, Activist, Educator, Mentor, Colleague, and Friend

Ted K. Bradshaw, Ph.D. Editor: Community Development: Journal of the Community Development Society October 28, 1942-August 5, 2006 The hyphen between Ted Bradshaw's birth and death is filled with an incredible richness and legacy that is difficult to grasp. Ted Bradshaw was born in Ely, Nevada, and died unexpectedly while running on a trail near his home in Oakland, California. He is survived by his spouse, Betty Lou, and sons, Niels and Liam, his father, two brothers, a sister and other family members. Ted Bradshaw was a community development scholar, practitioner and educator. His professional accomplishments are sterling: a Ph.D. in sociology from the University of California at Berkeley in 1974; Fulbright Research Scholar in Sweden; an author of four books and over 70 scholarly articles and reports on community and economic development, rural and regional development, alternative technology, the organization of the electrical system, and California's development as a high technology society. He was chair and professor in the Department of Human and Community Development, University of California-Davis. Ted was elected to the Community Development Society Board of Directors and served in that role from 1997-1999. He became editor of the Journal of the Community Development Society in 2001 and worked with the editorial board and the Society's board of directors to implement a bold vision to make the journal the premier community development publication in the field. It led to a significant increase in manuscript submissions and quality; the journal shifted from a biannual publication to quarterly. He inaugurated special issues on community development theory, social capital, entrepreneurship, child care, information technology, and this special issue on disabilities within the context of our field. Guest editors are lined up to deal with other aspects of community development such as poverty, public participation, sustainability, and a range of other issues. It was renamed Community Development: Journal of the Community Development Society in 2005 with a fresh new look to draw attention to our field and to reflect the growing interest in community development programs in the world. A new size brought the journal in line with other relevant social science publications. The journal is part of Ted's legacy to us. Ted was a superb community development educator. His students worked in urban and rural settings as part of class assignments. …
Characterisation of sol and gel phases of infected and mucoid sputum samples from a chronic bronchitic patient.

Our recent application of density gradient methods to characterise the composition of sol and gel phases of sputum from asthmatic1 and cystic fibrosis (CF)2 patients showed differences between the two groups. Gel from the CF sputum dispersed readily in CsBr and soluble mucus glycoprotein separates from the insoluble lipids after the first preparative density gradient ultra-centrifugation (DGU). Gels from the two asthmatic sputa, on the other hand, were very refractory to dispersion in CsBr and although the bulk of the serum proteins were removed in the first DGU, lipids remained bound to the mucus glycoprotein and were only removed by the third DGU. The mucus glycoprotein from asthma and CF had broadly similar chemical compositions yet at similar concentrations asthma glycoprotein gave far more viscous solutions than did the CF glycoprotein. Sol and gel of CF both contained mucus glycoprotein but in asthma this was confined to the gel phase. To investigate whether these differences can be attributed to the clinical variations or whether they arise because the asthmatic sputum samples were mucoid while the CF samples were infected, we have now examined infected and mucoid samples from the same chronic bronchitic patient.
The RpiR-Like Repressor IolR Regulates Inositol Catabolism in Sinorhizobium meliloti

Sinorhizobium meliloti, the nitrogen-fixing symbiont of alfalfa, has the ability to catabolize myo-, scyllo-, and D-chiro-inositol. Functional inositol catabolism (iol) genes are required for growth on these inositol isomers, and they play a role during plant-bacterium interactions. The inositol catabolism genes comprise the chromosomally encoded iolA (mmsA) and the iolY(smc01163)RCDEB genes, as well as the idhA gene located on the pSymB plasmid. Reverse transcriptase assays showed that the iolYRCDEB genes are transcribed as one operon. The iol genes were weakly expressed without induction, but their expression was strongly induced by myo-inositol. The putative transcriptional regulator of the iol genes, IolR, belongs to the RpiR-like repressor family. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that IolR recognized a conserved palindromic sequence (5'-GGAA-N6-TTCC-3') in the upstream regions of the idhA, iolY, iolR, and iolC genes. Complementation assays found IolR to be required for the repression of its own gene and for the downregulation of the idhA-encoded myo-inositol dehydrogenase activity in the presence and absence of inositol. Further expression studies indicated that the late pathway intermediate 2-keto-5-deoxy-D-gluconic acid 6-phosphate (KDGP) functions as the true inducer of the iol genes. The iolA (mmsA) gene encoding methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase was not regulated by IolR. The S. meliloti iolA (mmsA) gene product seems to be involved in more than only the inositol catabolic pathway, since it was also found to be essential for valine catabolism, supporting its more recent annotation as mmsA.
Negotiating the Cancer Experience through Challenge Course Programming

The purpose of this study was to explore the therapeutic value of a challenge course program to the process of breast cancer recovery. Narrative research methods were used to explore how a group of women with breast cancer used a challenge course program to negotiate the meaning of their experiences with breast cancer. The women were enrolled in an integrative exercise and recreation therapy program for women recovering from breast cancer, and the challenge course program served as one component of this program. The meaning of the challenge course experience was framed largely through the series of reflective conversations held by the program participants and facilitators following each group initiative. Consequently, these conversations served as the primary data source for this study, and the researchers used a form of discourse analysis to analyze the data. The researchers identified three primary themes that illustrate the value of the challenge course experience to the participants in the study: Different Journeys, Mutual Support, and Re-Authoring Selves and Identities . The findings from this study support challenge course programming as an opportunity for participants to engage in the dialogue necessary to help construct personal narratives that are positive and constructive to the recovery process.
Bone as an endocrine organ.

ABSTRACT Objective To review the recent evidence that has emerged supporting the role of bone as an endocrine organ. Methods This review will detail how bone has emerged as a bona fide endocrine “gland,” and with that, the potential therapeutic implications that could be realized for this hormone-secreting tissue by detailing the evidence in the literature supporting this view. Results The recent advances point to the skeleton as an endocrine organ that modulates glucose tolerance and testosterone production by secretion of the bone-specific protein osteocalcin. Conclusions Bone has classically been viewed as an inert structure that is necessary for mobility, calcium homeostasis, and maintenance of the hematopoietic niche. Recent advances in bone biology using complex genetic manipulations in mice have highlighted the importance of bone not only as a structural scaffold to support the human body, but also as a regulator of a number of metabolic processes that are independent of mineral metabolism. (Endocr Pract. 2012;18:758-762)
The Interrelation of Fertility and Geographic Mobility in Peru: A Hazards Model Analysis

The effect of place of residence and migration on fertility and the effect of fertility on migration have been longstanding concerns in population studies. This paper makes use of novel longitudinal data from the Peru Demographic and Health Surveys and associated statistical techniques to estimate these interrelationships for women for childbearing age. In the case of fertility outcomes these results are consistent with the findings of others that age and education are negatively associated with fertility. The authors also find that residence in a city (vs countryside) predicts lower fertility but residence in an intermediate-sized town has no effect. Their results are less robust for migration outcomes due partly to the smaller number of events during the observation period. Estimates suggest that education and urban residence are positively associated with rates of geographical mobility; moreover in the presence of these covariates a greater number of children ever born predicts lower mobility. They also gave attention to the comparability of results from several different estimation techniques. When compared to previous research these results demonstrate clearly the value of detailed temporal measurement of the outcome event and its associated covariates. (authors modified)
Wanting “Something More”: A Review of Marriage and Meaning in Dollahite, Hawkins, and Parr (2012)

In “Something More”: The Meanings of Marriage for Religious Couples in America, Dollahite, Hawkins and Parr (2012) present a qualitative study that includes interviews with religiously observant married couples to investigate marriage. The current paper reviews the aforementioned study with respect to its trustworthiness, through dependability, credibility, confirmability and transferability, to encourage the elevation of qualitative work in our field. We discuss a number of challenges in the study design, methods, interpretation, and conclusions. In sum, our reading of the study left us wanting “something more” scholarly rigorous for the field of marriage research and qualitative work.
Quantitative mass spectrometry measurements reveal stoichiometry of principal postsynaptic density proteins.

Quantitative studies are presented of postsynaptic density (PSD) fractions from rat cerebral cortex with the ultimate goal of defining the average copy numbers of proteins in the PSD complex. Highly specific and selective isotope dilution mass spectrometry assays were developed using isotopically labeled polypeptide concatemer internal standards. Interpretation of PSD protein stoichiometry was achieved as a molar ratio with respect to PSD-95 (SAP-90, DLG4), and subsequently, copy numbers were estimated using a consensus literature value for PSD-95. Average copy numbers for several proteins at the PSD were estimated for the first time, including those for AIDA-1, BRAGs, and densin. Major findings include evidence for the high copy number of AIDA-1 in the PSD (144 ± 30)—equivalent to that of the total GKAP family of proteins (150 ± 27)—suggesting that AIDA-1 is an element of the PSD scaffold. The average copy numbers for NMDA receptor sub-units were estimated to be 66 ± 18, 27 ± 9, and 45 ± 15, respectively...
Diagnostic Accuracy of Fine-Needle Aspiration for Parotid and Submandibular Gland Lesions.

Objective To assess the diagnostic accuracy of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of the parotid and submandibular glands. Study design Case series with chart review. Setting Tertiary referral academic center. Subjects and methods Retrospective analysis was performed for all parotid and submandibular gland FNAs from a single center from 2001 to 2014. There were 1283 FNAs performed for 1076 patients. Of these, 343 cases had surgical follow-up (parotid gland, n = 272; submandibular gland, n = 71). Cases were included where the patient had a preoperative FNA, followed by surgical excision. Correlation of preoperative FNA results to final surgical pathology was performed, with measures of diagnostic accuracy computed. Results Malignancy was identified in 29.0% of parotid tumors and 42.3% of submandibular tumors, based on final pathology. FNA was nondiagnostic due to insufficient cellularity for evaluation in 22 of 343 cases (6.4%) and indeterminate in 39 of 343 cases (11.4%). Diagnostic accuracy in the parotid and submandibular glands for distinguishing benign from malignant pathology was determined as follows, respectively: sensitivity, 75.0% and 91.3%; specificity, 95.1% and 94.1%; positive predictive value, 84.9% and 91.3%; and negative predictive value, 91.2% and 94.4%. Conclusion FNA has high accuracy in identifying malignancy in parotid and submandibular gland lesions when performed at a high-volume center. Preoperative FNA results provide otolaryngologists with valuable diagnostic information that may influence the surgical management of salivary gland tumors. FNA, in conjunction with cross-sectional imaging, is useful in counseling patients for a complete informed consent.
Life history of the symbiotically luminous cardinalfish Siphamia tubifer (Perciformes: Apogonidae).

Characteristics of the life history of the coral reef-dwelling cardinalfish Siphamia tubifer, from Okinawa, Japan, were defined. A paternal mouthbrooder, S. tubifer, is unusual in forming a bioluminescent symbiosis with Photobacterium mandapamensis. The examined S. tubifer (n = 1273) ranged in size from 9·5 to 43·5 mm standard length (LS ), and the minimum size at sexual maturity was 22 mm LS . The number of S. tubifer associated during the day among the spines of host urchins was 22·9 ± 16·1 (mean ± s.d.; Diadema setosum) and 3·6 ± 3·2 (Echinothrix calamaris). Diet consisted primarily of crustacean zooplankton. Batch fecundity (number of eggs; FB ) was related to LS by the equations: males (fertilized eggs) FB = 27·5LS - 189·46; females (eggs) FB = 31·3LS - 392·63. Individual mass (M; g) as a function of LS was described by the equation: M=9·74×10-5LS2·68. Growth, determined from otolith microstructure analysis, was described with the von Bertalanffy growth function with the following coefficients: L∞ = 40·8 mm LS , K = 0·026 day(-1) and t0 = 23·25 days. Planktonic larval duration was estimated to be 30 days. The age of the oldest examined individual was 240 days. The light organ of S. tubifer, which harbours the symbiotic population of P. mandapamensis, increased linearly in diameter as S. tubifer LS increased, and the bacterial population increased logarithmically with S. tubifer LS . These characteristics indicate that once settled, S. tubifer grows quickly, reproduces early and typically survives much less than 1 year in Okinawa. These characteristics are generally similar to other small reef fishes but they indicate that S. tubifer experiences higher mortality.
Violence, murder, and fallen women: prostitution in the works of Vsevolod Garshin

ABSTRACTThis article investigates the theme of prostitution in two stories by the Russian writer Vsevolod Garshin (1855–88). Like many authors of the nineteenth century, Garshin utilizes the symbolic figure of the prostitute to question social and medical beliefs about commercial sex. Focusing on Garshin’s “Proisshestvie” (“An Occurrence”, 1878) and “Nadezhda Nikolaevna” (1885), the article traces the use of melodrama and violence in the depiction of prostitution. Particular attention is paid to Garshin’s use of St. Petersburg to add heightened meaning to the fallen woman’s plight. Connected through the Petersburg myth and the character of Nadezhda Nikolaevna, the stories complicate the traditional redemption plot associated with prostitutes by focusing on the inner life of the fallen woman and her impact on the male characters that she encounters.
Infanticide in a Florida Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum floridanus)

ABSTRACT We documented an occurrence of infanticide on a young nestling Florida Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum floridanus) while conducting a nest camera study on this critically endangered songbird in south-central Florida. The live nestling was removed from the nest by an adult and died on the ground within 5 hrs of eviction. We suspect that this was a case of parental infanticide based on the behaviors of the infanticidal adult, which were consistent with the breeding female at this nest. The adaptive or nonadaptive motivations for the deliberate eviction of a live nestling remain unknown. This is the first report of infanticide in the Grasshopper Sparrow and the genus Ammodramus.
How to Develop a Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Program

With the recent Food and Drug Administration approval of Lumason (sulfur hexafluoride lipid-type A microsphere, Bracco Diagnostics Inc, Monroe Township, NJ) for contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to characterize focal liver lesions in both adult and pediatric patients, widespread use of CEUS is expected in the United States. This paper provides guidance in setting up a CEUS program, and reviews the practical details that will need to be instituted in a standard ultrasound department to provide both safe and efficient use of CEUS. A review of the indications, contraindications, adverse events, instructions for performing the exam, and image interpretation are discussed.
Mamiwata, Migrations, and Miscegenation: Transculturation in José Eduardo Agualusa, Mia Couto, and Germano Almeida

This study forges a tryptic partnership between the notions of Mamiwata , migrations, and miscegenation to examine selected works by Mia Couto, Jose Eduardo Agualusa, and Germano Almeida. Considering miscegenation as the point of convergence for the legacy of Portuguese colonialism, the three writers share the varied responses of their respective nation to cultural contact with Portugal. The intersection between transculturation and miscegenation evokes the negotiation of a new identity where the colonized supersedes the dominating effects of colonialism. The fluidity of the sea and the image of the water spirit thus converge into a phenomenon of shifting, migratory identities.
Complementary Inputs and the Existence of Stable Outcomes in Large Trading Networks

This paper studies a model of large trading networks with bilateral contracts. Contracts capture exchange, production, and prices, as well as frictions such as complex taxes and the absence of transfers. In our setting, under standard continuity and convexity conditions, a stable outcome exists in any acyclic network, as long as all firms regard sales as substitutes and the market is large. Thus, complementarities between inputs do not preclude the existence of stable outcomes in large markets, unlike in discrete markets. Even when sales are not substitutable, tree stable outcomes exist in our setting. The model presented in this paper generalizes and unifies versions of general equilibrium models with divisible and indivisible goods, matching models with continuously divisible contracts, models of large (two-sided) matching with complementarities, and club formation models. Additional results provide intuition for the role of uni-directional substitutability conditions and acyclicity in the main existence results, and explain what kinds of equilibria are guaranteed to exist even when these conditions are relaxed. Unlike in two-sided large-market settings, the sufficient conditions described in this paper pin down maximal domains for the existence of equilibria.
Oral copper absorption in men with morbid obesity

Copper deficiency has been reported in patients with severe obesity, both before and after bariatric surgery, the latter at increased rates. However, little is known about the absorption of copper. Because of differences in copper dynamics between men and women in the limited available data, we evaluated copper absorption in men who were candidates for bariatric surgery. All patients gave informed consent, approved by the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board, to participate in a pharmacokinetics study. After a 12-h fast, body composition was measured using air displacement plethysmography and a single oral dose of 4mg copper gluconate was given followed by serial measures of serum copper over 10h. Meals and snacks very low in copper were provided. The seven participants had age 52±8years, BMI 44.87±9.01kg/m2 and fat free mass 77.92±14.45kg. Baseline serum copper was 36.1±19.5μg/dL and ceruloplasmin was 50.86±4.58mg/dL. Peak copper absorption occurred within 1-2h. The AUC for six subjects was 254.6±151.3μg/100mLh. The estimated volume of distribution (1.98±0.36L) was ∼25mL/kg fat free mass. In these severely obese men, copper absorption occurred early in spite of their normal copper status, suggesting no impairment of absorption due to obesity. Further studies of copper absorption after the significant weight loss and possible malabsorption derived from bariatric surgery are needed.