cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vocal tract motor patterns and resonance during constant frequency song: the white-throated sparrow.

Bird song is a complex behavior that requires the coordination of several motor systems. Sound is produced in the syrinx and then modified by the upper vocal tract. Movements of the hyoid skeleton have been shown in the northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) to be extensively involved in forming an oropharyngeal–esophageal cavity (OEC), which contributes a major resonance to the vocal tract transfer function. Here we report that a similar relationship exists between the volume of the OEC and the fundamental frequency in the white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) whose song, unlike that of the cardinal, consists of a series of almost constant frequency notes. Cineradiography of singing sparrows shows that the oropharyngeal cavity and cranial end of the esophagus expand abruptly at the start of each note and maintain a relatively constant volume until the end of the note. Computation of the vocal tract transfer function suggests a major resonance of the OEC follows the fundamental frequency, making sound transmission more efficient. The presence of similar prominent song-related vocal tract motor patterns in two Oscine families suggests that the active control of the vocal tract resonance by varying the volume of the OEC may be widespread in songbirds.
Phase equilibria among the superconductors in the Y2O3–BaO–Cu–O system

The enthalpy of formation of Y2Ba4Cu7O14.864 at room temperature has been determined by using high-temperature reaction calorimetry. The standard enthalpy of formation of the 247 phase is ΔH°f = −5463 ± 18 kJ mol−1. Phase relationships among the superconductors, namely, the 123, 124, and 247, are assessed. It is intrinsic that impurity phases, such as Y2Cu2O5, BaCuO2, CuO, etc., coexist with the superconductors at equilibrium. Equilibria among the superconductor phases in the Y2O3–BaO–Cu–O system have been determined. The results show that, at the 124 bulk composition, the 247 phase coexists with the excess CuO in a narrow area of pO2 ∼ T space confined by the stability fields of the 124 phase and a mixture of the 123 + CuO. The standard free energies of carbonation and hydration of the 247 phase are also determined, which are −629 ± 13 kJ mol−1 and −873 ± 45 kJ mol−1, respectively. Like the 123 and 124 phases, the 247 phase is thermodynamically unstable for corrosion by water vapor and carbon dioxide in ambient atmosphere.
CHANGING PATTERNS IN NEONATAL PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE (PH)

Pulmonary hemorrhage was the leading cause of perinatal mortality in the early 1970 (Fredrick and Butler 1971). However, the impact of improved perinatal care and the reduction in perinatal mortality during the last decade, upon PH has not been studied. We compared the incidence, distribution and the cause of PH for the two times periods (1974-1976 (I) vs 1983-1985(11)). The incidence of PH and its distribution among b.wt, (500g) groups were significantly different for both periods (Chi-square 59.10, p<0.01). 24/43 (56%) in period I and 6/32 (19% in period II had massive pulmonary hemorrhage (MPH). The remaining 44 and 81% in period I and II respectively were diagnosed only at autopsy as focal interstitial and intra parenchymal hemorrhages. We conclude that (1) while MPH was decreased significantly in the recent years, the autopsy evidence of PH remained same. (2) Significantly more number of tiny neonates (<29 wks gestation (59%) and <1.0kg (47%)) had PH in period II when compared to period I. (3) Hypothermia and sepsis were the major associated factor in period I than in period II (46.5 vs 9%, and 12.4 vs 6% (4))incidence of HMD, oxygen requirement were similar in both periods. We attribute the decreased incidence of massive pulmonary hemorrhage to the improved neonatal care during the last decade.
An exponent bound on skew Hadamard abelian difference sets

A difference setD in a groupG is called a skew Hadamard difference set (or an antisymmetric difference set) if and only ifG is the disjoint union ofD, D(−1), and {1}, whereD(−1)={d−1|d∈D}. In this note, we obtain an exponent bound for non-elementary abelian groupG which admits a skew Hadamard difference set. This improves the bound obtained previously by Johnsen, Camion and Mann.
Why counterpart theory and modal realism are incompatible

I find a lost wallet containing the owner's address and a lot of cash. Shall I keep it or return it? Suppose I have the 'liberty of indifference': whatever I do, I could have done otherwise. Indeed, part of what is meant in saying I act freely is that either way what I do is up to me. And let's allow this liberty requires that my choice is not a logical consequence of the past and natural laws. If I return the wallet, I could have kept it without violating a law of nature or changing the past. Let's call this 'situation S' (where the liberty of indifference is part of S). Suppose I return the wallet. Others are also in S: free people find lost wallets every day. Each of us can freely return the wallet we find. It doesn't follow immediately that we can all return it, however. That each ticket holder can win the lottery doesn't entail they can all win it. We need the additional premiss that no number of people (short of all those in S) freely returning the wallet prevents the remainder from freely returning it. In short: each of us in S can freely return the wallet. Further, no number of us doing so prevents the remainder from doing so. Therefore it's possible that we all freely do what I do. According to Modal Realism (MR), other possible worlds are concrete realities and the people in them as real as you and me. Some of these people are in S. Each of them can freely return the wallet; none of them is prevented from exercising that ability by others doing so, including others in worlds causally isolated from theirs. For instance, our doings in the actual world no more limit their abilities than their doings limit ours. Therefore it's possible that all S-people, whatever world they are part of, freely return the wallet. Suppose for reductio that everyone in S freely returns the wallet. This entails that each of us could have freely kept it. According to Counterpart Theory (CT), each of us could have freely kept it only if each of us has a counterpart in S in some world who freely keeps it. Given CT, therefore, the supposition entails that all of us have such a counterpart. As all of us in S return the wallet and, given MR, this includes those in S in other possible worlds, none of us has such a counterpart. Given MR and CT, therefore, the supposition entails that we all do and do not have a counterpart in S who freely keeps the wallet. If, given P, Q entails a contradiction, then, given P, it's impossible that Q. In short: given MR, it's possible that all S-people, whatever world they are part of, freely return the wallet. Given the conjunction of CT and MR, it's impossible. Suppose MR is true. As the conjunction is false
Task-based explanations

Abstract Explaining a knowledge system's conclusions requires, among other things, showing how it has satisfied the logical requirements of its problem-solving task. In one report it was shown how task-based explanation worked in generic tasks (GT); other GT work showed how more complex tasks could be solved using multiple GT modules. Because each GT in a composite GT knowledge system serves a role defined by the higher-level goals it serves (i.e., a GT module is a method that achieves a particular goal of the higher-level task) it is possible to explain the high-level task in terms of the low-level GT explanations. We have introduced the idea of a logical structure for diagnosis, a task solved by composition of several GTs, and its use in explanation. In this article we describe how these ideas work to generate explanations in a composite GT system.
Double-gabor filters are independent components of small translation-invariant image patches

The analysis of natural images with independent component analysis ICA yields localized bandpass Gabor-type filters similar to receptive fields of simple cells in visual cortex. We applied ICA on a subset of patches called position-centered patches, selected for forming a translation-invariant representation of small patches. The resulting filters were qualitatively different in two respects. One novel feature was the emergence of filters we call double-Gabor filters. In contrast to Gabor functions that are modulated in one direction, double-Gabor filters are sinusoidally modulated in two orthogonal directions. In addition the filters were more extended in space and frequency compared to standard ICA filters and better matched the distribution in experimental recordings from neurons in primary visual cortex. We further found a dual role for double-Gabor filters as edge and texture detectors, which could have engineering applications.
Effects of silica on the composition of the pulmonary extracellular lining

Abstract The effects of intratracheally injected silica on lung weights and on alveolar macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, phospholipid, protein, N -acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, and alkaline phosphatase of the extracellular lining of rat lungs were studied as functions of dose and time. All of these parameters increased with time up to 12 days after a single injection of silica (200 mg/kg) and showed a dose dependence in their responses. Extracellular soluble protein increased 19.8-fold from 1.9 to 37.6 mg/pair of lungs. The composition of the extracellular soluble protein was very similar to that found in normal lungs as determined with two-dimensional-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Although most of the soluble proteins in lavage effluents were similar to those found in serum, several serum proteins were absent, indicating that the selectivity of the lungs for certain serum proteins was maintained after treatment with silica. Increases in extracellular soluble proteins could not be accounted for by damage to the blood/air barrier. Extracellular phospholipid increased 12.1-fold from 1.74 to 21.1 mg/pair of lungs. The phosphatidylcholine content of this phospholipid resembled that of normal pulmonary surfactant but was different from that in free cells lavaged from the lungs of control and silicatreated rats. Increases in extracellular phospholipid were probably due to silica effects on the surfactant system and not to destruction of or release by free cells in the alveoli. N -Acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and alkaline phosphatase increased approximately 33- and 6-fold, respectively, in response to silica. The number of alveolar macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes increased 1.5- and 75-fold, respectively. Calculation of partial correlations revealed statistically significant relationships among extracellular phospholipids, soluble proteins, and the two hydrolytic enzymes, suggesting that these components were being released into the lung lining from a common source or by a common mechanism.
ULTRAVIOLET‐INDUCED APOCHLOROSIS AND PHOTOREACTIVATION IN TWO STRAINS OF EUGLENA GRACILIS*

— Very low doses of ultraviolet irradiation result in a complete loss of the ability to synthesize chlorophyll in two closely related strains of Euglena gracilis (var. hacillaris and strain Z). Both strains are equally sensitive in this response under non-photoreactivating conditions. The ability to synthesize chlorophyll is completely photoreactivated by visible light in E. grncilis var. bacillaris, even after lethal doses of u.v.: the Z strain. however, while photoreactivable following low doses of u.v., remains bleached after doses adequate to kill only 10–20 per cent of the cells.
Bovine coronavirus hemagglutinin protein

Treatment of purified bovine coronavirus (Mebus strain) with pronase destroyed the integrity of virion surface glycoproteins gp140, gp120, gp100, reduced the amount of gp26 and destroyed the hemagglutinating activity of the virus. Bromelain, on the other hand, destroyed the integrity of gp120, gp100 and gp26 but failed to remove gp140 and failed to destroy viral hemagglutinating activity. These experiments suggest that gp140 is the virion hemagglutinin. Immunoblotting studies using monospecific antiserum demonstrate that gp140 is a disulfide-linked dimeric structure reducible to monomers of 65 kDa.
Cooperative C−H···O Hydrogen Bonding in CO2−Lewis Base Complexes: Implications for Solvation in Supercritical CO2

Understanding the fundamental principles for the design of CO2-philic materials is of growing importance due to the potential for enabling “green” chemistry and technologies in liquid and supercritical CO2 as alternative solvent systems. Recently, there have been numerous efforts to develop hydrocarbon-based CO2-philes containing carbonyl groups, which are known to interact through a Lewis acid−Lewis base (LA−LB) interaction with CO2 molecules, thereby providing the necessary solvation energy for dissolution. In this work, we investigate the role of a weaker, but cooperative, C−H···O hydrogen bond as an additional stabilizing interaction in the solvation of polycarbonyl moieties with hydrogen atoms attached directly to the carbonyl carbon or to the α-carbon atom. Ab initio calculations are performed on simple intermolecular complexes of CO2 with compounds capable of acting as Lewis bases. Systems studied in different interaction configurations include formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, and methyl ac...
Representation of process trends—Part I. A formal representation framework

Abstract A formal methodology capable of transforming time-records of process variables into meaningful and explicit descriptions of process trends in real-time is presented in this paper. The representation is based on the formal definition of “temporal episodes,” which provide descriptions of trends by constructing “histories of episodes” making explicitly all the important “domain landmark values” specified by the user as well as the “geometric landmark values” generic to trends. Model inaccuracies are confined by establishing specific measures of information lost in the descriptions and keeping them below those of the process models. Despite the simplicity of the representation primitives, it is shown that the representation can provide complete, correct, robust and very compact models for process trend histories. In contrast to pure qualitative descriptions, the new representation contains sufficient quantitative information to allow for powerful inferences of the trends of the unmeasure variables.
WISC‐R deviation quotients vs. traditional IQs: An examination of the standardization sample and some implications for score interpretation

Gutkin (1978, 1979) presented formulae for calculating factorially pure deviation quotients, with a X of 100 an S D of 15, for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) (Wechsler, 1974). Using the standardization sample from the WISC-R, statistics were calculated to determine the impact of substituting these deviation quotients for the traditional verbal and performance IQs. The results indicated that despite very high correlations between the measures, changes of potential diagnostic significance occurred in the scores of over 50% of the sample (N = 2200). The potential utility of the factorially pure deviation quotients is discussed. A table is presented to facilitate the quick translation of scaled scores into these deviation quotients.
Cardiac effects in perinatally HIV-infected and HIV-exposed but uninfected children and adolescents: a view from the United States of America.

Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a primary cause of acquired heart disease, particularly of accelerated atherosclerosis, symptomatic heart failure, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cardiac complications often occur in late-stage HIV infections as prolonged viral infection is becoming more relevant as longevity improves. Thus, multi-agent HIV therapies that help sustain life may also increase the risk of cardiovascular events and accelerated atherosclerosis. Discussion: Before highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the two-to-five-year incidence of symptomatic heart failure ranged from 4 to 28% in HIV patients. Patients both before and after HAART also frequently have asymptomatic abnormalities in cardiovascular structure. Echocardiographic measurements indicate left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction in 18%, LV hypertrophy in 6.5%, and left atrial dilation in 40% of patients followed on HAART therapy. Diastolic dysfunction is also common in long-term survivors of HIV infection. Accelerated atherosclerosis has been found in HIV-infected young adults and children without traditional coronary risk factors. Infective endocarditis, although rare in children, has high mortality in late-stage AIDS patients with poor nutritional status and severely compromised immune systems. Although lymphomas have been found in HIVinfected children, the incidence is low and cardiac malignancy is rare. Rates of congenital cardiovascular malformations range from 5.6 to 8.9% in cohorts of HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected children with HIV-infected mothers. In non-HIV-infected infants born to HIV-infected mothers, foetal exposure to ART is associated with reduced LV dimension, LV mass, and septal wall thickness and with higher LV fractional shortening and contractility during the first two years of life. Conclusions: Routine, systematic, and comprehensive cardiac evaluation, including a thorough history and directed laboratory assays, is essential for the care of HIV-infected adults and children as cardiovascular illness has become a part of care for longterm survivors of HIV infection. The history should include traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis, prior opportunistic infections, environmental exposures, and therapeutic and illicit drug use. Laboratory tests should include a lipid profile, fasting glucose, and HIV viral load. Asymptomatic cardiac disease related to HIV can be fatal, and secondary effects of HIV infection often disguise cardiac symptoms, so systematic echocardiographic monitoring is warranted. Keywords: HIV; AIDS; child; cardiac outcomes; antiretroviral therapies; therapeutic complications; cardiovascular risk. (Published: 18 June 2013) This article is part of the special issue Perinatally HIV-infected adolescents - more articles from this issue can be found here . Citation: Lipshultz SE et al. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2013, 16 :18597 http://www.jiasociety.org/index.php/jias/article/view/18597 | http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.16.1.18597
Self-Observation and the Reduction of Inappropriate Classroom Behavior.

Abstract In an effort to reduce disrurtive classroom behavior, five students attending a school for behavior-disordered youth were shown edited videotapes depicting themselves or a peer appropriately engaged in classroom activities. Effects were idiosyncratic across students, the most significant effects occuring for the self-observation procedure. The results of the present study are compared with other similar investigations.
Encopresis in children

Summary Encopresis, or involuntary defecation not directly due to organic illness, occurred in 70 or 2.9 per cent of the 2,406 children referred to the Psychiatric Clinic of the Harriet Lane Home for Invalid Children from Nov. 1, 1930 to March 11, 1937. Twenty-six of these encopretic children were feebleminded, 10 were of borderline intelligence, and 33 had I.Q.'s of 80 or above. Fifty-nine were boys, 11 were girls. In most cases the encopresis was one of a number of complaints. Outstanding etiologic factors are illustrated with brief case reports and treatment is discussed.
Active measures for reducing the global climatic impacts of escalating CO2 concentrations

Abstract The buildup of CO2 by fossil-fuel burning and associated climatic changes have become the subject of intensive investigations. Although the time scale on which significant climatic changes (e.g. mean temperature changes of several degrees, appreciable changes in global and regional rainfalls and winds, etc.) are expected to occur is long, it has been noted that the magnitude of the energy system is so vast that modifications in the primary resource mix should preferably be initiated within a decade or sooner. The notion that the most economical energy source will be replaced globally in response to longterm climate model predictions is probably false. Before policy matters of this type can be discussed reasonably, careful assessments must be made of alternative global measures that do not require curtailments of fossil-fuel applications. This study on active measures for reducing climate changes caused by escalating CO2 concentrations deals with potentially important areas of research. We find: (a) reductions in the solar input to the Earth by reflecting sunlight directly are prohibitively costly; (b) desired changes in Earth albedo through judicious introduction of small particles can probably be accomplished at acceptable cost through the use of modified combustors on high-flying aircraft.
Light Scattering by Particles in the Upper Atmosphere.

Abstract During two flights of a balloon-borne coronagraph to a maximum altitude of 25 km, observations of the wavelength distribution of skylight from 0.37 μ to 0.79 μ at a scattering angle of 2°4 as well as the angular distribution at γ=0.44 μ from scattering angles 1°7 to 58° were secured. At 25 km the daytime sky radiance at a scattering angle of 2°4 is still nearly twice that expected from the Rayleigh sky. At a scattering angle of 10° the observed radiance exceeds the Rayleigh value by only about 10 per cent. At 20° and beyond the two are nearly indistinguishable. The angular and wavelength distributions of the light scattered by the aerosols are used to determine the parameters of the size distribution and the number of contaminating particles above the apparatus. Comparison of calculated angular distributions with the observations shows that between r=0.3 μ and 3.0 μ the particle size distribution is fairly well determined, varying as the −3.5 power of the radius in the stratosphere. An investigat...
Exploring the Political Blogosphere: Perceptions of Political Bloggers About Their Sphere

This study examines the relationship between news media and bloggers from the perspective of political bloggers. Working from the theoretical frameworks of media accountability systems (Bertrand, 2000) and Brosius and Weimann's (1996) models of agenda-setting and two-step flow, the article proposes a new model that includes political bloggers. Via an online questionnaire, the study examines the demographics of political bloggers, how they view the blogosphere, and how they perceive their relationships with the mainstream media. Results suggest that bloggers do tend to define their role in the blogosphere as an extension of traditional media, sharing similar norms and values such as accuracy, responsibility, and independence, and at the same time believe that they have an impact on politics and news and serve as an accurate source of political information and analysis for their readers. It seems hopeless. How can the newspaper industry survive the Internet? On the one hand, newspapers are expected to suppl...
Reducing high blood cholesterol levels: Recommendations from the national cholesterol education program

Modification of risk factors is the major clinical and public health approach to the prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD). To coordinate national efforts to reduce the three major modifiable CHD risk factors of high blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and high blood cholesterol, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) has established three educational programs: the National High Blood Pressure Education Program, the NHLBI Smoking Education Program, and the National Cholesterol Education Program. This article focuses on the most recent of these efforts, the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). A perspective of the concepts and basis of this effort is afforded by a brief description of the National Cholesterol Education Program's predecessor, the National High Blood Pressure Education Program (NHBPEP).
Documentation for user-developed applications with high documentation requirements

Nontraditional systems development by end users has become commonplace during the last decade. The roots of this phenomenon lie in the development of easy-to-use software tools, the widespread availability of computer power, and the increasing sophistication of computer users with primary job responsibilities outside the realm of software development.
Complications of abdominal urologic laparoscopy: longitudinal five-year analysis

Objectives To analyze complications of abdominal laparoscopic surgery of the urinary tract at a single institution during a 5-year period. Methods From 1996 to 2000, we identified 894 abdominal laparoscopic procedures performed at a single institution: 600 nephrectomies (live donor, simple, radical, nephroureterectomy, and partial), 112 pyeloplasties, 61 renal biopsies, 35 retroperitoneal lymph node dissections, 31 renal cyst ablations, 18 adrenalectomies, and 37 other abdominal procedures. The charts were retrospectively reviewed for complications, which were classified as operative, postoperative, or medical. Complications were correlated with patient age and American Society of Anesthesiologists score. Statistical analysis was performed with Fisher's exact test and chi-square tests. Results A total of 118 complications (13.2%) occurred. Two patients (0.2%) died. As a result of operative complications, the procedure of 13 patients (1.5%) was converted to an open one. As a result of postoperative complications, 13 (1.5%) underwent operative and 6 (0.7%) nonoperative intervention. The most common intraoperative complications were vascular (n = 23), adjacent organ (n = 10), and bowel (n = 9) injuries. The most common postoperative complications were neuromuscular pain (n = 12), hematoma (n = 11), urine leak (n = 7), and wound infection (n = 7). The differences in the annual complication rates for all procedures did not attain statistical significance (P = 0.5). Among all procedures, excluding live donor nephrectomy, complications of any kind correlated with a greater patient American Society of Anesthesiologists score (P = 0.01). Conclusions Rather than decreasing, the overall incidence of laparoscopic complications did not change significantly during a 5-year period at our institution. The factors contributing to this observation likely included the progression of inexperienced individual surgeons through the learning curve, the introduction of new, more sophisticated laparoscopic procedures, and stable rates of patient comorbidity. This experience may represent the average complication rate for urologic laparoscopy at a large-volume, academic training center.
Which Way In?—The Thoracotomy Incision

The article by Bethencourt and Holmes in this issue of The Annals commendably focuses attention on many of the features regarding access (and egress) to the thoracic cavity and its contents for surgical procedures. It is easy for the surgeon, intent upon a technically demanding operation that may be life-threatening or life-saving, to treat in a casual, sometime cavalier, manner the only visible reminder to the patient of that procedure. Any surgical incision must be planned for ease of access to the target area and must provide a sufficient working space. Although the analogy may be distasteful to some, the motto of Willie Sutton, a famous bank robber, who replied after being asked why he robbed banks “ ’Cause that’s where the money is,” is often cited to bolster the surgeon’s pragmatism and explain the need for a surgical biopsy rather than some indirect, inconclusive diagnostic procedure. Equally important to Sutton was his obsession, again very pragmatic, with ”gettin’ in and gettin’ out.” Obviously the target and the route are important in both professions (if we may consider Willie Sutton a professional). The authors have endorsed a lateral approach, although they use the term ”posterolateral,” and have demonstrated its utility for a variety of pulmonary procedures. They free the latissimus dorsi and serratus anterior muscles for retraction, a maneuver that requires dissection of a subcutaneous flap. When necessary, the incision can be extended into the usual posterolateral thoracotomy. Most importantly, this incision does not transect any muscle, particularly the latissimus. These features result in less postoperative pain, a shorter recovery time, and more mobility of the arm, but because of the skin flap, there is the occasional development of a seroma. Forty years ago, the usual and generally accepted thoracotomy incision was posterolateral with transection of the latissimus and serratus muscles and excision of a rib subperiosteally. From personal experiences and from observing others, I have noted in the intervening years the increasing use of an intercostal incision (which does prove adequate in all age groups) and the increasing use of a lateral incision without muscle transection for many thoracic procedures. Why has this change occurred? Undoubtedly it is due to the increased technical competence and comfort of those doing thoracic operations, particularly with their training in cardiac and vascular surgery, and to the advances in anesthesia, most recently the use of unilateral endobronchial intubation. Our present lateral thoracotomy incision consists of a
Filial Imprinting, Environmental Enrichment, and Music Application Effects on Behavior and Performance of Meat Strain Chicks

Abstract Combined effects of music, environmental enrichment, and filial imprinting were tested on meat strain chicks (broilers) from 1 to 7 days old (Study I) or from one to 8 wk old (Study II). In six experiments conducted in two separate studies, chicks were exposed to a blue plastic box (30 × 30 × 38 cm) containing speakers from which red gloves were hung at the chicks’ eye level. Classical music was provided intermittently (1 h on/1 h off) from speakers located in the boxes. Approach response, feeding behavior, fear behavior, body weight, feed:gain ratio, and mortality were evaluated. Approach response tests (Study I) demonstrated that attachment to the imprinting enrichment and music (IEM) object was greater among treated chicks, whereas fear response tests indicated that IEM-treated chicks were also less fearful. Evaluation of feeding behavior (Study II) indicated that IEM chickens fed significantly more often than controls, particularly when the music was activated. Feed:gain ratios of the IEM-treated chicks in Study I were significantly improved (1.48 vs. 1.58) compared with those of controls for three of the four experiments. The exception occurred in Experiment 3, when chicks were exposed to heat stress, and nonsignificant differences for feed:gain ratios were observed. Body weight and mortality differences were not observed. Results of Study II, however, demonstrated significant influences of imprinting, enrichment, and music on body weight at 8 wk of age (2.63 vs. 2.57 kg), whereas differences in feed conversion and mortality were not significant.
Optimization of trans-resveratrol concentration and sensory properties of peanut kernels by slicing and ultrasound treatment, using response surface methodology.

Effect of postharvest stress application by slicing at 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 cm, exposure to ultrasound (power density of 39.2 mW/cm3) for 4 min at 25 degrees C and subsequent incubation for 24, 36, 42, and 48 h on trans-resveratrol concentrations, and sensory attributes were evaluated using response surface methodology. Peanuts sliced 0.4 and 0.6 cm, exposed to ultrasound, and incubated for 42 h had trans-resveratrol concentrations above 1.0 microg/g, as did all samples incubated for 48 h. The optimized area was bound by peanut size of 0.89, 0.72, and 0.64 and incubation time of 48, 41.5, and 48 h, respectively. Combinations of treatments that fall within the optimized area were predicted to result in a peanut with a trans-resveratrol > or = 1.0 microg/g; slightly lower roasted peanut aroma (> 24) and flavor (> 43); peanut butter aroma (> 14), and flavor (> 31) compared to controls with attribute ratings of 33, 78, 38, and 51, respectively; and slightly higher oxidized aroma ( 4) compared to controls rated 0 for all attributes.
A simple and non-radioactive technique to study the effect of monophosphoesters on matrix vesicle-mediated calcification

A simple and non-radioactive technique based on O-cresolpthalein complexone assay was developed to study in vitro non-radioactive calcium (40Ca) deposition by isolated matrix vesicles. Using this technique, the effect of various phosphoester substrates including ATP, AMP and β-GP on in vitro MV-calcification was studied. O-cresolpthalein complexone assay with non-radioactive calcium demonstrated that AMP or β-GP were more effective in promoting calcium deposition by isolated MVs than ATP. The application of this nonradioactive technique, which is highly sensitive and simple, would offer a useful alternative approach to the routinely used radiometric biomineralization assay which employs radioactive 45Ca.
Cloning and Characterization of Multiple Human Genes and cDNAs Encoding Highly Related Type II Keratin 6 Isoforms

The human type II keratin 6 (K6; 56 kDa) is expressed in a heterogeneous array of epithelial tissues under normal conditions, but is better known for its strong induction in stratified epithelia that feature an enhanced cell proliferation rate or abnormal differentiation. Previous work has established the existence of two functional genes encoding K6 protein isoforms in the human genome, although only a partial cDNA clone is available for K6a, the dominant human K6 isoform in skin epithelial tissues (Tyner, A., and Fuchs, E. (1986) J. Cell Biol. 103, 1945-1955). We screened human genomic and skin cDNA libraries with probes derived from the K6b gene, and isolated clones containing the full-length gene and cDNA predicted to encode K6a. A thorough characterization of a large number of genomic (57) as well as cDNA (64) clones further revealed the existence of as many as six different human K6 protein isoforms that are highly related at the gene structure, nucleotide sequence, and predicted amino acid sequence levels. Based on the information accumulated to date we propose an evolutionary model in which the multiplicity of human K6 genes is explained by successive gene duplication events. We further demonstrate that K6a is clearly the dominant K6 isoform in skin tissue samples and cultured epithelial cell lines and that the various isoforms are differentially regulated within and between epithelial tissue types. Our findings have direct implications for an understanding of the regulation and function of K6 during hyperproliferation in stratified epithelia and the search for disease-causing mutations in K6 sequences in the human population.
Norflurazon and Simazine Removal from Surface Water Using a Constructed Wetland

Norflurazon and simazine are pre-emergent herbicides detected frequently in surface water associated with South Florida agricultural canals and drainage water. This study investigated the potential use of a 1.34 ha constructed wetland for removing these herbicides from surface water. The total length of the wetland was 400 m and width was 35 m. A surface water flow rate of 740 L/min was maintained in the system using a pump. The plant community within the system consisted primarily of Panicum repens, Alternanthera philoxeroides, and Bacopa caroliniana. Norflurazon and simazine, derived from commercial formulations, were injected (51.1 g active ingredient each) directly into the water pumped into the wetland over a 2 h period. Water samples were collected from the wetland upstream of the dosing system at 3 h intervals from the beginning through 360 h and at the exit point at 1, 2, and 3 h intervals for the periods of 0–24, 25–48 and 49–360 h after dosing, respectively. The herbicides were extracted using C-18 cartridges and were analyzed by GC-TSD. The total mass of each herbicide discharged from the system was estimated by multiplying the concentration by the total volume discharged during the sampled period. Neither herbicide was detected in the inflow water during the entire study. Norflurazon was first detected at the exit 19 h after dosing and simazine after 23 h. Discharge patterns of the two herbicides differed dramatically. Norflurazon tended to bleed off from the wetland with no distinct peak concentration. However, the mobile fraction of simazine was discharged over a 58 h period. Mean/maximum/median detectable concentrations of the herbicides were 3.9 ± 1.7/8.1/3.4 μg L−1 for norflurazon, and 11.9 ± 6.8/23.6/12.0 μg L−1 for simazine, respectively. The total masses of norflurazon and simazine discharged from the exit during the 15 day study were 51.7 and 26.9 g, indicating 0% and 47.4% removal from the surface water by the system.
Predation by dwarf forms of Asplanchna sieboldi (Rotatoria) from a floodplain lake of the Orinoco River (Venezuela)

Stomach content analyses were performed on dwarf specimens of Asplanchna sieboldi collected on different dates in a shallow floodplain lake of the Orinoco River system. The results showed that the dwarf forms of A. sieboldi were highly selective on small Brachionids (Brachionus caudatus and Keratella americana). This observation confirmed on the carnivore status of these forms of the species. Considering the aleatory character of prey capture in rotifers, the high selectivity observed in A. sieboldi may be controlled by the abundance of the favoured small-sized prey. Under the conditions of the study, Asplanchna may be considered a stenophagous predator. The predation pattern exhibited by the dwarf A. sieboldi under our tropical conditions was similar to the pattern exhibited by larger species of Asplanchna in temperate regions. In both regions, size and abundance of prey seem to control the food preferences of this planktonic predator.
Effects of algal hydrolyzate as reaction medium on enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocelluloses

Effects of an algal hydrolyzate on the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocelluloses were examined using four bioenergy feedstocks (poplar, corn stover, switchgrass, and anaerobically digested manure fiber). Feedstocks were pretreated using dilute acid or alkali prior to hydrolysis. Hydrolysis reactions were conducted using the neutralized algal hydrolyzate, citrate buffer, or deioinized water as reaction media. Results demonstrated that algal hydrolyzate significantly improved the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis of lignin-rich or structurally recalcitrant biomass such as poplar and anaerobically digested manure fiber. This study showed that algal biomass can be used as not only a biofuel feedstock for direct diesel and ethanol production, but also a supplemental feedstock to enhance the performance of lignocellulosic biorefining.
Reactivity evolution during sulfidation of porous zinc oxide

Abstract The sulfidation of porous zinc oxide in hydrogen sulfide—nitrogen mixtures was studied in a thermogravimetric analysis system. Experiments were carried out with particles in the range 52–350 μm, at temperatures from 300 to 600°C, and with different hydrogen sulfide concentrations. The analysis of the experimental results showed that the sulfidation reaction was of first-order with respect to the H 2 S concentration, and that the conversion vs time trajectories depended strongly on the particle size. The generalized pore model of Yu and Sotirchos, a detailed model for diffusion, reaction, and structure evolution in chemically reacting porous media, was used to analyze the experimental data, and good agreement between model and experiment was observed. The intraparticle diffusional limitations and their evolution with the progress of the reaction were found to be the factor influencing most the sorptive capacity of the ZnO sorbet for H 2 S removal.
Oral conidiobolomycosis in a dog

Conidiobolomycosis was diagnosed via culture from an oral lesion in a 1.5-year-old German Shepherd dog. Clinically, the lesion consisted of a large, irregularly shaped, ulcerative focus on the caudal hard palate. Microscopically, the lesion was characterized by an eosinophilic granulomatous stomatitis with hyphal organisms surrounded by eosinophilic sleeves (Splendore-Hoeppli material) suggestive of an entomophthoramycosis. The fungus was cultured and identified with features consistent with Conidiobolus sp. Treatment with itraconazole at 10 mg kg-1 twice daily for 61 days resulted in clinical and radiographic resolution of the lesion.
Studies on the response of pig adipose tissue to insulin

Abstract 1. 1. Fatty acid synthesis by isolated adipose tissue of young (12 kg.) pigs was significantly increased by the addition of insulin in vitro. No such increase was observed with adipose tissue of older (40–64 kg.) animals. 2. 2. Pre-incubation of the adipose tissue with anti-insulin serum indicated that this treatment inactivated some endogenous insulin which may normally facilitate glucose utilization by this tissue. 3. 3. No change in plasma glucose, free fatty acids, or immunorective insulin occurred after pigs were injected with alloxan or streptozotocin. In vitro lipogenesis was also unchanged. 4. 4. Fasting decreased plasma immunoreactive insulin which returned to normal upon refeeding. 5. 5. These findings further substantiate the view that insulin-carbohydrate relationships in the pig are somewhat different from those in other species.
Review Of Charge Injection Device (CID) Technology

The Charge Injection Device (CID) is an x-y addressed solid state imager introduced by General Electric in 1973 as a television sensor. A family of sensors has evolved to exploit the singular CID characteristics and capabilities. This paper describes the structure and principle of operation of a typical CID. A TV compatible differential current sensing mode of operation is described. A multiple non-destructive readout mode is described with examples of application to transform code generation and centroid interpolation. The CID radiation hardening potential is briefly reviewed.
Simplicity amid Complexity

We live in interesting times as we watch diverse effects of human activities on Earth's climate emerge from natural variability. In predicting the outcome of this evolving inadvertent experiment, climate science faces many challenges, some of which have been outlined in this series of Science Perspectives ( 1 – 6 ): reducing the uncertainty in climate sensitivity; explaining the recent slowdown in the rate of warming and its implications for understanding internal variability; uncovering the factors that control how and where the land will become drier as it warms; quantifying the cooling due to anthropogenic aerosols; explaining the curious evolution of atmospheric methane; and predicting changes in extreme weather. In addition to these challenges, the turbulent and chaotic atmospheric and oceanic flows seemingly limit predictability on various time scales. Is the climate system just too complex for useful prediction?
Application of ESR spectroscopy in toxicology.

Spin trapping in vivo was first achieved in the author's laboratory and is shown to be a feasible method for demonstrating that highly reactive free radical intermediates are generated in the tissues of intact animals as a result of the exposure to certain toxic compounds and to ionizing radiation. The method is based on the property of spin trapping agents (nitrones) to react readily with reactive free radicals to produce stable radical adducts at the site of their origin in target organs. The radical adducts can then be detected by electron spin resonance spectroscopy to determine the intensity of radical production (i.e., number of radicals which were trapped), and, in most cases, identify the nature of the radical that was produced. The type of spin trapping agent employed determines the type of radicals which can be trapped and, at this stage of development of the technique, the number of useful in vivo trapping agents is rather limited.
Integer coded Pareto genetic algorithm design of constrained antenna arrays

Thinned antenna arrays and arrays constructed with digital phase shifters are designed using a Pareto genetic algorithm for low beamwidth and sidelobe level. To facilitate this process, the standard simple genetic algorithm is augmented by special genetic representations and operators. The technique is applied to the design of both one and two dimensional arrays.
Thermodynamic and Experimental Analyses of the Three-Stage Calcium Looping Process

Clean-coal technologies that include carbon dioxide and sulfur capture during the production of electric power, liquid fuels, and hydrogen represent a major thrust area. The calcium looping process...
An Automated Weighing Systemdc for Use in Poultry Research

Abstract The conventional method of obtaining weight data in poultry research–counterweight balances and manual data recording–is labor intensive and subject to errors. A new system has been developed in which an electronic balance is connected to a data terminal with recording capability. The system accurately and rapidly obtains weight data which are then transferred directly into a computer for processing.
The ABC conjecture, arithmetic progressions of primes and squarefree values of polynomials at prime arguments

On the ABC conjecture, we get an asymptotic estimate for the number of squarefree values of a polynomial at prime arguments. A key tool in our argument is a result by Tao and Ziegler (improving a previous result by Green and Tao) concerning arithmetic progressions of primes.
Fluorescence microscopy studies of a peripheral benzodiazepine receptor targeted molecular probe for brain tumor imaging

This study investigates the potential of a new multi-modal lanthanide chelate complex for specifically targeting brain tumor cells. We report here results from ongoing studies of up-take, sub-cellular localization and binding specificity of this new molecular imaging probe. Fluorescence microscopy investigations in living rat C6 glioma tumor cells demonstrate that the new imaging agent has affinity for glioma cells and binds to mitochondria.
Finite and incremental deformations recorded by planar subfabrics in S-tectonites

Abstract Analysis of relative componental movements in foliated rocks is formulated in terms of space-continuous deformations assuming that a portion of the strain recorded by planar subfabrics results from differential movements on closely spaced shear surfaces (i.e. fiducial planes). Continuous and discontinuous velocity boundary conditions controlling deformation patterns within subdomains of folded layers are analyzed by combining the spatial velocity and finite deformation gradients. Within each subdomain internal rotations cause material elements oblique to the principal strain rate directions to undergo a series of complex strain transfers resulting in their compensatory lengthening and shortening during finite intervals. Equations are derived which continuously monitor successive variations in the logarithmic strain rates, ≐(N,t), for fabrics whose rotation axes are parallel to an intermediate principal axis. Values of ≐(N,t) at an angle N to the shear plane are numerically equal at time t, to the magnitude of the Hencky strain rate vector ( dh i dt ) referred to natural strain coordinates and used in conjunction with e (N,t) and the finite stretch, evaluate contemporary strain profiles for groups of planar fabrics replacing passive material planes. Applications to rectilinear shearing modes reveal that the most significant changes in local extensional rates are located between the maximum shearing and principal stretching directions. Assuming sectional continuity and constant material properties of the subfabrics and their matrix, these variations are correlated with systematic spacings between boudin structures suggesting that recognition of multiple orders of boudinage with respect to a potential shear surface in natural S-tectonites can be useful in deciphering local finite and incremental deformation coefficients as well as differentiate continuous ( dh i dt = ƒ(t) or constant) from pulsatory ( dh i dt is undefined at t) overprinting of the subdomain.