cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International Legal Solutions to the Global Problem of Electronic Media Region Codes

Table of ContentsI. Introduction 312II. Intellectual Property Groundwork 314A. Exhaustion of Intellectual Property Rights 314B. International Laws that Protect Intellectual Property Rights 317C. Parallel Importation 319III. The Problem of Using Region Codes to Protect IPRs 320A. Region Codes and how they Work 320B. Pros and Cons of the DVD Region Code System 322C. Relationship of Region Codes to Regional IPR Exhaustion 3241. Price discrimination difficulties 3252. Positive effects of allowing parallel imports in electronic media 3273. Tangible harms 329IV. The Proposed International Law Solutions 330A. International Trade Laws and the WTO Agreements 330B. International Intellectual Property Law 3351. Revisions favoring international exhaustion 3362. A specific revision against region codes 338V. Analysis of the Proposed Solutions: Why a TRIPS Revision is Best 339A. International Trade Laws and the WTO Agreements 340B. Making a TRIPS Revision Work 341VI. Conclusion 345I. IntroductionThe movement of technology and information, especially via electronic media,1 is increasingly global, touching on broad areas of international law from intellectual property to human rights. These legal frameworks will rarely be comprehensive and technological innovations may fill their gaps, sometimes with positive effects and sometimes not. One persistent gap is the issue of when intellectual property rights (IPRs) should exhaust, and how they should be protected globally. While scholars debate this, manufacturers of electronic media have begun to use technological innovations to fill the gap themselves. Seeking to protect their IPRs in the context of this lingering international confusion and to gain control over the international flow of goods, IPR holders have employed systems of region codes.Region codes are technological restrictions that restrict playback of electronic media based on geographic region. Manufacturers rely increasingly upon these codes in attempting to protect their IPRs, attaching access restrictions to movies and video games2 and fracturing international markets. This allows them significant control over the international flow of electronic goods, since the codes restrict consumers from playing purchased media in geographic regions that do not correspond to their codes, unless consumers circumvent the code.3 However, circumvention is not always easy and remains likely illegal in some jurisdictions.4 Consumers are therefore handicapped-they must acquiesce to the global restrictions that the electronic media industry imposes. While the manufacturers cite various economic benefits, this Comment will suggest that they struggle to accomplish them and harm particular consumers in the global market, thus constituting an inefficient overreach in the balance between protecting IPRs and protecting consumer interests. …
n-Type Electron-Accepting Materials for Organic Solar Cells (OSC)

Electron-accepting materials play a key role in the photovoltaic process in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. In order to achieve high-power conversion efficiency (PCE), it is of paramount importance to endow the acceptors with optimized properties, such as balanced energy level, efficient exciton dissociation, ideal phase separation and morphology, complementary absorption spectrum compared to the donor, sufficient electron mobility, feasible synthesis, low cost, and good solution processability. Fullerene derivatives have been the predominant type of acceptors since the first BHJ solar cell was ever reported. Non-fullerene type of acceptors, however, started to emerge recently as a potential substitute to the expensive fullerene derivatives. This chapter reviews the general design principles of acceptors, followed by discussions and comparisons on the structure-property relationships of both fullerene and non-fullerene derivatives. Eventually, it ends with a critical outlook on the future development of next generation acceptor materials.
JSEM: a framework for identifying and evaluating indicators.

There are two issues in indicator development that have not been adequately addressed: (1) how to select an optimal combination of potentially redundant indicators that together best represent an endpoint, given cost constraints; (2) how to identify and evaluate indicators when the endpoint is unmeasured. This paper presents an approach to identifying and evaluating combinations of indicators when the mathematical relationships between the indicators and an endpoint may not be quantified, a limitation common to many ecological assessments. The approach uses the framework of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), which combines path analysis withmeasurement models, to formalize available informationabout potential indicators and to evaluate their potential adequacy for representing an endpoint. Unlike traditional applications of SEM which require data on all variables, our approach – judgement-based SEM (JSEM) – can utilize expert judgement regarding the strengths and shapes of indicator-endpoint relationships. JSEM is applied in two stages. First, a conceptual model that relates variables in a network of direct and indirect linkages is developed, and is used to identify indicators relevant to an endpoint. Second, an index of indicator strength – i.e., the strength of the relationship between the endpoint and a set of indicators – is calculated from estimates of correlation between the modeled variables, and is used to compare alternative sets of indicators. The second stage is most appropriate for large, long-term assessments. Although JSEM is not a statistical technique, basing JSEM on SEM provides a structure for validating the conceptual model and for refining the index of indicator strength as data become available. Our main objective is to contribute to a rigorous and consistent selection of indicators even when knowledgeabout the ability of indicators to represent an endpoint is limited to expert judgement.
Observations on the Rhodanese Activity of Desulfotomaculum nigrificans

Rhodanese activity, partially purified from Desulfotomaculum nigrificans, was shown to reside in a protein fraction separate from thiosulfate reductase.
Induction and repression of nitrate reductase in Neurospora crassa.

Abstract Synthesis of wild-type Neurospora crassa assimilatory nitrate reductase is induced in the presence of nitrate ions and repressed in the presence of ammonium ions. Effects of several Neurospora mutations on the regulation of this enzyme are shown: (i) the mutants, nit-1 and nit-3, involving separate lesions, lack reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADPH)-nitrate reductase activity and at least one of three other activities associated with the wild-type enzyme. The two mutants do not require the presence of nitrate for induction of their aberrant nitrate reductases and are constitutive for their component nitrate reductase activities in the absence of ammonium ions. (ii) An analog of the wild-type enzyme (similar to the nit-1 enzyme) is formed when wild type is grown in a medium in which molybdenum has been replaced by vanadium or tungsten; the resulting enzyme lacks NADPH-nitrate reductase activity. Unlike nit-1, wild type produced this analog only in the presence of nitrate. Contaminating nitrate does not appear to be responsible for the observed mutants' activities. Nitrate reductase is proposed to be autoregulated. (iii) Mutants (am) lacking NADPH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase activity partially escape ammonium repression of nitrate reductase. The presence of nitrate is required for the enzyme's induction. (iv) A double mutant, nit-1 am-2, proved to be an ideal test system to study the repressive effects of nitrogen-containing metabolites on the induction of nitrate reductase activity. The double mutant does not require nitrate for induction of nitrate reductase, and synthesis of the enzyme is not repressed by the presence of high concentrations of ammonium ions. It is, however, repressed by the presence of any one of six amino acids. Nitrogen metabolites (other than ammonium) appear to be responsible for the mediation of “ammonium repression.”
The socio-economic consequences and limits of the information revolution

The socio-economic consequences of advancements in information and communication technology are reviewed. The importance of information for the present society is illustrated and it is predicted that there are no significant limits to the future information society. Restraining factors might be:--slow development of communication facilities;--the rate of adoption of standards;--government interference;--employee attitudes.A plea is made for a free, international flow of information with appropriate privacy protection. The major conclusion is that the information revolution presents an exciting opportunity to enhance the quality of life.
CHAPTER K4 – Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 (SCA2)

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is a neurodegenerative disease, caused by expansion of an unstable CAG repeat in the SCA2 or ataxin-2 gene on human chromosome 12. SCA2 typically shows a phenotype of progressive ataxia accompanied by slow saccadic eye movements, but a wide phenotypic spectrum is observed including l-dopa-responsive parkinsonism. Ataxin-2 is a member of a novel protein family that is evolutionarily conserved. The transgenic SCA1 and SCA2 mouse models share several crucial features that permit comparisons of the phenotype. In both models, the transgene is expressed under control of the PcP2 promoter that targets expression to Purkinje cells. In addition, both models express a full-length cDNA. The most significant difference lies in the observation that in the SCA1 mouse model intranuclear localization of the gene product is necessary for pathogenesis. Cytoplasmic expression of ataxin-1 in Purkinje cells obtained by deletion of a nuclear localization signal in ataxin-1 results in mice with a normal behavioral phenotype without altered Purkinje cells. In contrast, in the SCA2 model cytoplasmic localization of ataxin-2 is sufficient.
T Cell Costimulatory Molecule Function Determines Susceptibility to Infection with Pneumocystis carinii in Mice

Loss of T cell number and function during HIV infection or secondary to pharmacologic immunosuppression renders individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections, including Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Because costimulatory receptors are critical for optimal T cell function, we hypothesized that these proteins would regulate susceptibility to opportunistic infections. We found that despite normal T cell numbers, mice deficient in the costimulatory molecules CD2 and CD28 spontaneously developed P. carinii pneumonia. In experiments using intratracheal injection of P. carinii organisms to induce infection, the loss of CD28 alone was sufficient to render mice susceptible to acute infection; however, the organism was eventually cleared. Examination of inflammatory responses to P. carinii revealed that mice deficient in both CD2 and CD28 accumulated CD8 + T cells in their lungs in response to infection and demonstrated markedly reduced specific Ab titers. Analysis of cytokine profiles suggested that regulation of IL-10 and IL-15 may be important elements of the response to this pathogen. Thus, costimulatory molecule function is critical in determining the initial susceptibility to infection with P. carinii . Analysis of immunologic responses in these mice may provide important insights into the defects that render individuals susceptible to opportunistic infection, and provide opportunities for novel immunologically based therapies.
Wegener's granulomatosis followed by development of sarcoidosis

Although both Wegener's granulomatosis and sarcoidosis are considered granulomatous disorders, their clinical courses differ markedly, and typically patients with these two diseases are readily distinguishable. We report an unusual case in which the patient presented with a systemic vasculitis consistent with Wegener's granulomatosis that remitted with therapy and then, months later, developed sarcoidosis. This is the first case report of the sequential development of the two diseases. We review the relationship of vasculitis to sarcoidosis and speculate on the etiopathogenesis that might link the two.
Studies on gene activity in synchronized cultures of mammalian cells

Abstract Cultures of KB cells synchronized by excess thymidine treatment were used to study the synthesis of DNA-like RNA (D-RNA) and the enzymes lactic dehydrogenase and fumarase during the mammalian cell cycle. Hybridization competition experiments were employed to determine whether the populations of D-RNA molecules synthesized during two different portions of the mammalian cell cycle were completely different. No difference could be demonstrated suggesting that at least some of the same species of D-RNA were synthesized during both time periods examined. An investigation of the pattern of synthesis of the enzymes lactic dehydrogenase and fumarase in synchronized cells indicated that both enzymes were synthesized continuously. The possibility that some mammalian genes function continuously during interphase is discussed.
Optical Spectroscopy Study of Transparent Non-Carious Human Dentin and Dentin-Enamel Junction

Improving our knowledge of the morphology, composition and properties of the dentin, enamel, and the dentin-enamel junction (DEJ) is vital for the development of improved restorative materials and clinical placement techniques. Most studies of dental tissues have used light microscopy for characterization. In our investigation, the spectroscopic properties of normal and non-carious transparent human root dentin, and the dentin-enamel junction were investigated using emission imaging microscopy, and micro-spectroscopy. Experimental results reveal new information on the structural and biochemical characteristics of these dental tissues.
Mallomonas wujekii (Synurophyceae), a new species from Florida, U.S.A.

A new species of Mallomonas, M. wujekii sp. nov., belonging to the Series Tonsuratae is described from a dilute, acidic locality in Florida, U.S.A. Bristle bearing domed scales are restricted to the anterior end, and scales are orientated with their longitudinal axes at a 60° to 90° angle with the longitudinal axis of the cell. Cells have three types of scales, domed anterior scales, domeless body scales and spined posterior scales. All scales possess papillae that are restricted to the shield and have one rib positioned on each end of the posterior flange. The new species is believed to be most closely related to Mallomonas tonsurata and M. galeiformis. The combination of characters of the bristles is unique among taxa of Mallomonas.
Behavior of descriptive fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis using ordered categorical data

The purpose of this study was to examine the behavior of 8 measures of fit used to evaluate confirmatory factor analysis models. This study employed Monte Carlo simulation to determine to what extent sample size, model size, estimation procedure, and level of nonnormality affected fit when polytomous data were analyzed. The 3 indexes least affected by the design conditions were the comparative fit index, incremental fit index, and nonnormed fit index, which were affected only by level of nonnormality. The measure of centrality was most affected by the design variables, with values of n2>. 10 for sample size, model size, and level of nonnormality and interaction effects for Model Size x Level of Nonnormality and Estimation x Level of Nonnormality. Findings from this study should alert applied researchers to exercise caution when evaluating model fit with nonnormal, polytomous data.
Direct and indirect cues of predatory risk and patch use by fox squirrels and thirteen-lined ground squirrels

We used giving-up densities in food patches to measure the effects of several direct (left by the predator) and indirect (environmental correlates of risk) cues of predatory risk on the foraging behavior of free-living fox squirrels (Saurus nigrt) and thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Spermophihis tridtctm&neatus). Increases in giving-up density in response to stimuli allow quantitative comparisons of the effects of different types of cues. We used olfactory (urine of red fox) and visual (plastic models of owls) direct cues. As indirect cues, we used mkrohabitat (near or far from a refuge), background coloration (white, green, and brown tarpaulins), and escape substrate (canvas tarpaulins versus natural surrounding substrates). Both squirrel species responded most strongly to microhabitat Fox squirrels increased their giving-up density by 97% when feeding 4-6 m from a tree compared to feeding at the tree base. Thirteen-lined ground squirrels increased giving-up densities 84% when feeding 2 m from their burrows compared to feeding at the burrow entry. In response to an unfavorable escape substrate (canvas versus grass), fox squirrel giving-up densities increased 61%. Fox squirrels and ground squirrels increased giving-up densities 26% and 35%, respectively, in response to a plastic owL Background coloration had no demonstrable effect on the giving-up densities of fox squirrels. In contrast to other work on nocturnal mammalian herbivores and granivores, the diurnal fox squirrels did not respond to olfactory cues.
The changing epidemiology of multiple births in the United States.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To describe changes in the epidemiology of multiple births in the United States from 1980 to 1999 by race, maternal age, and region; and to examine the impact of these changes on birth weight-specific infant mortality rates for singleton and multiple births. METHODS: Retrospective univariate and multivariable analyses were conducted using vital statistics data from the National Center for Health Statistics. RESULTS: Between 1980 and 1999, the overall multiple birth ratio increased 59% (from 19.3 to 30.7 multiple births per 1000 live births, P CONCLUSION: It is important to understand the changing epidemiology of multiple births, especially for women at highest risk (advanced maternal age, white race, Northeast residents). The attribution of infertility management requires further study. The differential birth weight-specific infant mortality for singletons and multiples demonstrates the importance of stratifying by plurality when assessing perinatal outcomes.
Zeeman transition strengths in photodetachment from O- and S-

We have probed the relative weight of the first Zeeman transition in photodetachment from ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\mathrm{S}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ at the ${}^{2}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{{P}_{3/2}}}^{3}{P}_{2}$ detachment threshold, using laser light polarized perpendicular to a 1T field. For both ion species, we find a nonzero transition strength at the first threshold, a clear discrepancy with previously published theory based on LS coupling in the ion and the atom.
Efficiency in Prediction of Egg Weight from Early Measurements

Abstract AFTER the introduction of the trapnest, workers have been endeavoring to establish short-term measures of egg production which accurately predict the annual record. Interest in short-period measures was stimulated after it was shown that increase in expected rates of gain in improving egg production was possible by using pullets as breeders (Lerner and Taylor, 1940; Dempster and Lerner, 1947). Short-term or early measures of egg weight have been investigated as well. The average weight of the first ten eggs has been considered (Maw and Maw, 1932) as a method of estimating annual egg weight. Godfrey (1933) studied the increased predictability of annual egg weight by including body weight at first egg and age at first egg in the regression equation in addition to the mean weight of the first ten eggs. Egg weight measured in November was shown to be a more efficient criterion of selection for April egg weight…
Pesticide residues and acute risk assessment--the US EPA approach.

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) assesses acute dietary exposure to pesticide residues using a tiered approach, proceeding from conservative to more refined assumptions as the risk management situation requires. Toxicity and food residue data used by EPA in assessing acute dietary risk are obtained from studies submitted by chemical companies in support of pesticide registration and tolerance setting. The primary source of food consumption data used by EPA in acute dietary risk assessments is the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) 1989–1991.
Separation of phosphorylated nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors by capillary electrophoresis

Capillary electrophoretic (CE) conditions were established to separate multiple nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor triphosphates (NRTI-TPs). These are the active drug forms of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) used to treat HIV-infected patients and two NRTIs are always used as part of a three or four drug regimen. Two buffer systems were suitable to separate multiple NRTI-TPs using CE. A carbonate/borate buffer under a positive applied voltage provided for the separation of six different NRTI-TPs of interest. A phosphate buffer, however, under suppressed electroosmotic flow conditions (i.e., low pH) and a negative applied voltage proved to be more effective than the carbonate/borate system. Addition of EDTA to the run buffer improved resolution and overall peak shape of the NRTI-TP. The established experimental conditions can be used to separate multiple NRTI-TPs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from human whole blood.
Organizational neuroscience: The promise and prospects of an emerging discipline

We review and discuss an Organizational Neuroscience perspective on management science research. Reviewing recent findings in the brain sciences, we provide concrete examples of how an organizational neuroscience perspective can advance organizational behavior research. We conclude that this new paradigm offers powerful insights and tools that complement traditional organizational research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generalized Area Operators on Hardy Spaces

Abstract We show that if 0 0, and 1 − βp > 0 then the operatorGfmaps the Hardy–Sobolev spaceHpβintoLp(|dζ|) if and only if the functionGμ(ζ) = ∫Γ(ζ)dμ/(1 − |z|) belongs to the Morrey spaceLp, 1 − βp. In casep = 1, this condition is equivalent to the condition that μ(T(I)) ≤ C|I|1 − βfor all arcsIcontained in the circle, whereT(I) is the tent overIcontained in the unit disk.
Rituximab therapy is effective for posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders after solid organ transplantation: results of a phase II trial.

BACKGROUND Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) remain an uncommon complication of solid organ transplantation with a high mortality rate reported after conventional therapies. Alternative treatments such as rituximab have been explored. METHODS Eleven patients with PTLD, who were CD20 positive, received an intravenous dose of rituximab, 375 mg/m2, weekly × 4 weeks, repeated every 6 months for 2 years in responding patients. The median age of the patients was 56 years (range, 43–68 yrs), and 9 patients were male. The type of solid organ transplantation that these patients received included lung (five patients), kidney (four patients), heart (one patient), and kidney/pancreas (one patient). The median time from transplantation to a PTLD diagnosis was 9 months (range, 1–122 mos). Diagnostic B-cell histology was diffuse large cell lymphoma or polymorphous process. No patient had bone marrow or central nervous system involvement. Primary extranodal disease was noted in 82% of patients. Immunosuppressive therapy was decreased at the time of diagnosis. RESULTS Rituximab was well tolerated, with mild infusional blood pressure alterations noted in two patients. The median follow-up period was 10 months (range, 1–32 mos). The overall response rate was 64%, with 6 complete responses (CR), 1 partial response, 2 cases of progressive disease, and 2 deaths. The median duration of CR was 8 months (range, 2–19+ mos). The median time to treatment failure was 10 months (range, 5–25+ mos). The median survival was 14 months (range, < 1–32+ mos). Four patients were alive at the time of last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Single-agent rituximab may offer a response and survival advantage in patients with PTLD. Further evaluation of rituximab in these disorders, potentially in combination with other therapies, is warranted. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Adaptive Modified Positive Position Feedback for Active Vibration Control of Structures

The modified positive position feedback (MPPF) controller, an active vibration control method that uses collocated piezoelectric actuator actuators and sensors, is developed using an adaptive controller. The adaptive mechanism consists of two main parts: (1) frequency adaptation and (2) adaptive controller. Frequency adaptation only tracks the frequency of vibrations using fast Fourier transforms. The obtained frequency is then fed to MPPF compensators and the adaptive controller. This provides a unique feature for MPPF by extending its domain of capabilities from controlling tonal vibrations to broadband disturbances. The adaptive controller mechanism consists of a reference model that is of the same order as the MPPF system and its compensators. The adaptive law provides the additional control force that is needed for controlling frequency changes caused by broadband vibrations. The experimental results show that the frequency adaptation method that is derived has worked quite well. The results also ind...
A Low‐Cost Fish‐Delivery Method for Planting Fish via Helicopter

Abstract Our inexpensive method to load and to transfer fish via helicopter proved efficient for mass outplanting of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Fish loads were transferred to a preloading holding box at the staging site and then rapidly dispensed into a helicopter-transported fire bucket modified for water aeration. Rapid turnaround time and use of the fire bucket significantly reduced costs and fish handling for mass outplanting of fish in remote areas.
Study of the electronic structure of molecules. XV. Comments on the molecular orbital valency state and on the molecular orbital energies

The valency state (vs) concept is analyzed in the Hartree–Fock approximation. A valency state “standard” is defined for atoms at infinite separation. A molecular orbital valency state (Movs) is defined from a partitioning technique (bond energy analysis) previously introduced for the Hartree–Fock molecular wave functions. The Movs for a given atom in a molecule is much higher in energy than the vs and its energy varies from molecule to molecule depending on the exact field of the surrounding atoms. The examples selected in the discussion are the CH4 CH3F, CH2F2, CHF3 and CF4 molecules. An analysis of the orbital energies is then given in terms of the bond energy. The importance of the rearrangement effects following ionization of inner shell electrons (simulation of ESCA type experiments) is illustrated with computations of the positive ion for methane and its fluoroderivatives. It is concluded that rearrangement following ionization from inner shells is as important as rearrangements following ionization from valency electrons. A direct consequence is that the orbital energies should not be equated to the inner shell ionization potentials. The computation of such ionization potentials agrees to about 99.5% with ESCA data, when the energy of both the neutral and ionic species are computed; the use of the orbital energies limits this agreement to about 95%.
Relationships among milk yield, metabolism, and reproductive performance of primiparous Holstein cows treated with somatotropin.

Abstract Thirty-two primiparous Holsteins were assigned to receive 0, 5.15, 10.3, or 16.5 mg/d recombinant bST. Treatment began between 28 and 35 d postpartum and continued until 60 d prior to next expected calving or 400 d postpartum. Metabolic hormones and metabolites were measured in blood weekly during the first 10 wk of treatment, and progesterone was measured in milk twice weekly to assess ovarian activity until conception. Milk production (305 d, actual) was 8350 ± 562, 8348 ± 515, 9571 ± 515, and 9070 ± 515 for cows given 0, 5.15, 10.3, or 16.5 mg/d and did not differ statistically. Insulin, glucose, NEFA and blood urea nitrogen were not influenced by dose of bST. However, insulin-like growth factor-I increased linearly with dose of bST. Days from parturition to first detected estrus, days open, and services per conception did not differ among groups; however, days from parturition to first service increased with dose of bST. Rate of detection of estrus decreased with dose of bST, resulting in a longer interval to first insemination. The lower rate of detection of estrus in bST-treated cows may have been associated with reduced expression of estrus. Additional statistical analyses were conducted to determine the relationship between metabolism, milk production, and reproduction over all doses of bST. There was a negative correlation between 305-d milk yield and glucose (r = –.44) and insulin (r = –.46) concentrations during 30 to 100 d postpartum. In stepwise regression analyses, insulin accounted for 21% of the variance in 305-d milk yield. Glucose and NEFA accounted for 18% of the variance in days open, and there was a negative correlation (r = –.32) between glucose and days open. Days open and milk production were not correlated.
Report from the field: street vendors and the informal sector in Hanoi

Since Vietnam's doi moi ("Renovation") reforms of 1986, the nation's nominally communist political economy now permits a domestic free market, private ownership, and participation in international free trade. Some epiphenomena of doi moi?urbanization, tourism, and the burgeoning informal economy?were brought into view this summer during a state campaign to rationalize urban space by eliminating street vending from several sectors of Hanoi. As Regina Austin points out in her discussion of African American street vendors in Philadelphia: "Cities have a long history of trying to drive vendors from the streets or to restrict their access" (Austin 1994, p. 2121). Contests over informal trade in the public sphere are not new, globally or in Hanoi, but each struggle is uniquely shaped by local history, political economic forces, and ideological contests. In this brief discussion, I inquire what is at stake materially and symbolically in the Hanoi government's ban on street vending. The informal economy in Hanoi is heavily staffed, energetic, and ubiquitous. In the Old Quarter, women with shoulder poles carry meat, fish, eggs, bread, vegetables, bananas, mangoes, fresh coconuts, flowers, and plastic bags of sliced pineapple all over town; tourists sometimes borrow the vendor's baskets and conical hat to pose for a photograph. From early morning to midnight, vendors maneuver bicycles, carts, and wagons stacked with merchandise through traffic. Vending is highly specialized and the goods are diverse: baskets, feather dusters, lottery tickets, incense, haircuts, chewing gum, and motorbike taxis; for tourists, postcards, purses, and photocopy editions of Bao Ninh's The Sorrow of War and Graham Greene's The Quiet American are on offer. In July 2008, citing an imperative to "beautify the city," Hanoi's city government announced a partial ban on street vendors and sidewalk-based commerce. Authorities generated a list of 62 streets?commercial
Molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise

The strength and oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle are major determinants of physical performance, whether in elite athletes or in patients with congestive heart failure or other circulatory disorders. Exercise training augments the functional capacity of skeletal muscle, in part by altering the abundance of proteins essential for contraction and energy metabolism. These adaptations result from exercise-induced changes in the abundance of specific mRNA transcripts, suggesting that gene transcription is an important target for signaling pathways that couple contractile activity to changes in muscle phenotype. Understanding the genetic control mechanisms involved in the adaptive capacity of skeletal muscle could lead to novel approaches to the therapy of patients with cardiovascular disease, either by improving peripheral utilization of oxygen in patients with limited cardiac output or by contributing to the successful application of skeletal muscle grafts to assist the failing heart.
Norepinephrine–gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interaction in limbic stress circuits: effects of reboxetine on GABAergic neurons

Abstract Background Reboxetine is a selective norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibitor that exerts significant antidepressant action. The current study assessed norepinephrine–γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic mechanisms in reboxetine action, examining glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) mRNA expression in limbic neurocircuits following reboxetine within the context of chronic stress. Methods Male rats received 25 mg/kg reboxetine/day, p.o. Reboxetine and vehicle animals were exposed to 1 week of variable stress exposure or handling. Behavioral responses to stress (open field) were tested on day 7, and animals were killed on day 8 to assess neuroendocrine stress responses and limbic GAD65/67 mRNA regulation (in situ hybridization). Results Reboxetine significantly decreased behavioral reactivity in the open field. Reboxetine administration did not affect expression of GAD65/67 mRNA in handled rats; however, administration to stressed animals reduced GAD67 (but not GAD65) mRNA in the medial amygdaloid nucleus, posteromedial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and dentate gyrus. In contrast, GAD65 mRNA expression was increased by reboxetine in the lateral septum of stressed animals. Conclusions Norepinephrine pathways appear to modulate synthesis of GABA in central limbic stress circuits. Decreases in GABA synthetic capacity suggest reduced activation of stress-excitatory pathways and enhanced activation of stress-inhibitory circuits, and is consistent with a role for GABA in the antidepressant efficacy of NE reuptake inhibitors.
Select ionotropic glutamate AMPA/kainate receptors are expressed at the astrocyte-vessel interface.

Abstract Ionotropic AMPA/kainate (KA) glutamate receptors are important for vasculature–astrocyte interaction in the central nervous system (CNS). To date, little is known about the expression of AMPA/KA receptors in the perivascular environment. Using double labeling immunohistochemistry on mouse and rat spinal cord sections, we show first evidence that perivascular astrocytic processes express specifically GluR4 (AMPA) and GluR5 (KA) subunits in both species. In contrast, astrocytes display GluR2/3 and GluR6/7 immunoreactivity throughout the cell but not limited to vascular profiles. Interestingly, KA2 immunoreactivity appears perivascular only in rats but not in mice. No perivascular labeling for any of the probed subunits was found in peripheral sciatic nerve. These data suggest that, in both mice and rats, few and select AMPA/KA subunits are uniquely positioned to mediate the effects of glutamate on astrocyte–vessel interactions.
The epitaxial growth of ZnO on sapphire and MgAl spinel using the vapor phase reaction of Zn and H2O

The gas phase reaction of Zn and H2O in a He carrier gas has been used as the basis for the chemical vapor deposition of ZnO on sapphire and MgAl spinel. Deposit characteristics were studied as a function of reactor linear gas stream velocity, Zn/H2O vapor phase ratio, temperature and substrate preparation. It was round that the substrate support can influence the surface morphology significantly and that in situ pretreatment can affect epitaxial relationships between deposit and substrate. Transparent, visually smooth deposits of (11–24) ZnO can be obtained on chemically polished (0001) sapphire at 815°C using average linear gas stream velocities, ν, of 6-12 cm/sec referenced to room temperature in conjunction with a Zn/H2O reactor input-pressure ratio of 0.02–0.09 (using Zn reactor pressures of 1.2–5.0 × 10−3 atm) . The substrates are given an H2O in situ pretreatment at 900°C prior to deposition at ν = 3 cm/sec with the partial pressure of H2O in He = 5.7 × 10 atm.
A tutorial on the measurement of paper stock consistency

Abstract This paper is a general review of the instrumentation used for measuring paper stock consistency. An overall introduction of the problem is presented first, followed by a description of the leading types of sensors. The operating range, environmental concerns, and any special considerations for use of each gauge are discussed. A brief mention is made of gauges under development which employ special technology. Finally, typical examples of control loop arrangements are suggested.
Fault diagnosis in analog circuits using element modulation

Analog fault diagnostic methods are reviewed. A branch fault-diagnosis technique that requires a single excitation source at one test frequency is introduced. The technique lets users construct linearly independent branch-diagnosis equations by modulating selected network elements. An example of the technique applied to a two-stage amplifier is given. >
Antagonism between PTEN/MMAC1/TEP-1 and Androgen Receptor in Growth and Apoptosis of Prostatic Cancer Cells

PTEN/MMAC1/TEP-1 (PTEN) tumor suppressor and androgen receptor play important roles in prostatic tumorigenesis by exerting opposite effects on homeostasis of prostatic epithelium. Here, we describe a mutual repression and selective dominance between PTEN and the androgen receptor (AR) in the growth and the apoptosis of prostatic cancer cells. On the one hand, PTEN and an inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase repressed the transcriptional activity of the AR as well as androgen-induced cell proliferation and production of prostate-specific antigen. On the other hand, androgens protected prostate cancer cells from PTEN-induced apoptosis in an AR-dependent manner. Whereas the repression of the transcriptional activity of the AR by PTEN is likely to involve the down-regulation of AKT, androgens protected prostate cancer cells from PTEN-induced apoptosis without an effect on AKT activity, demonstrating a differential involvement of AKT in the interaction between PTEN and the AR. Our data suggest that the loss of PTEN function may induce tumorigenesis through unopposed activity of the AR as well as contribute to the resistance of prostate cancers to androgen ablation therapy.
Give me information, not technology

Don't confuse technology with business solutions, focusing instead on what users value most---information.
Visual cycle retinoid processing proteins are present in HEK293S cells.

In HEK293S cells expressing opsin, rhodopsin regenerates on addition of all-trans retinol. This study was to determine if key proteins in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are present in these cells. Cellular retinoid binding protein, cellular retinoic-acid binding protein, RPE65, caveolin-1-α- and -β-isoforms, interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein, and 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase, but not lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT), were identified by Western blot analysis. LRAT transcripts were found by RT-PCR and Southern blot analysis. Small interference RNA specific to LRAT reduced ester formation, confirming that the enzyme is present. Therefore, HEK293S cells contain the functional components of the retinoid cycle found in the RPE.
Convulsive seizures following subdural application of fibrin sealant containing tranexamic acid in a rat model.

Objectives Tranexamic acid (t-AMCA) has been shown to cause severe convulsions in humans and cats when applied topically to the central nervous system. We wanted to determine whether pure t-AMCA or fibrin sealant (FS) containing t-AMCA would induce similar effects when applied to the spinal cord in a rat model. Methods Following low-thoracic laminectomy, the dura was incised to expose the dorsal surface of the lumbar enlargement. Rats were allocated to one of the following treatments: 1) t-AMCA (10 mg/ml), 2) vehicle (phosphate buffered saline), 3) FS containing t-AMCA, 4) FS containing aprotinin. The response of the rats was evaluated based on neurological and behavioral observations. Additionally, motor function was scored in the rats that had received FS. Results Application of either 10 mg/ml t-AMCA or FS containing t-AMCA caused severe hind limb spasms that developed into spontaneous generalized convulsions. Two of the three rats that had received FS containing t-AMCA died of respiratory failure. In contrast, application of vehicle or FS containing aprotinin did not cause any abnormal conditions of the animals. Conclusion Tranexamic acid may cause severe complications when used in the central nervous system. Thus, fibrin sealants containing t-AMCA should not be used in neurosurgery.
Regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in Escherichia coli by carbohydrate metabolism.

Abstract The gluconeogenic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase is glucose repressible in Escherichia coli . Other carbohydrates tested, excluding lactose, are much less effective, and pyruvate is completely ineffective in producing catabolite repression. Mutant strains with enzyme deletions preventing adequate carbon flow through either the glycolytic or pentose phosphate pathway contain PEP carboxykinase activity which is only partially susceptible to glucose repression. Inability to metabolize glucose via the Entner-Dudoroff pathway does not prevent repression of the enzyme. Increased aeration of the growth media which can produce repression of gluconeogenesis and PEP carboxykinase in Tetrahymena pyriformis is ineffective in Escherichia coli .
History and identity in the narratives of rural elders

Abstract The growing body of oral history research with elders has rarely focused on the reflections of rural elders. The purpose of this study was to gather the oral histories of both community-dwelling and institutionalized elders in a small Midwestern rural community. Of particular interest were the historical events that shaped the elders' lives, their personal histories and sources of identity, and their recollections of rural community life. Tape-recorded oral histories were gathered with 37 rural elders in four community settings: a congregate meal site, a semi-independent living setting, an assisted living facility, and a nursing home. Major themes that emerged from the content analysis were the importance of the two World Wars and Great Depression as the defining events in the elders' lives, values of self-reliance, hard work, and religion, attachment to place and community, and centrality of family and work. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Quantitative nitric oxide release to study the effects on dorsal root ganglion cells

Nitric oxide (NO) has shown to play important and diverse biological roles. NO is suspected to be beneficial at low levels for a variety of cells, including retinal epithelial cells, lymphatic epithelial cells, and dorsal root ganglion cells, but can be detrimental at high levels or at certain periods of time in their growth. Currently, the beneficial or harmful levels and durations of NO have not been determined. We have developed an NO-generating polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) that contains S-nitroso-N-acetyl- d -penicillamine (SNAP) covalently linked to its backbone which is capable of stable and dynamic control of NO release in response to light. A solid core waveguide device has also been fabricated to propagate controllable levels of light along its surfaces. By coating this surface with the photosensitive SNAP-PDMS and growing cells on an additional polymer layer, a device has been developed that allows for specified variation in NO release and duration the cultured cells experience, without exposing the cells directly to light. The waveguide system allows precise levels of NO to be generated that will allow the determination of beneficial and damaging levels of NO the cells experience. In these experiments dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells were cultured with different levels of NO in order to determine cellular response. Future work includes varying the level and duration of NO release the cells are exposed to. This can lead to a better understanding of the effects of NO during spinal cord injury so that nerve growth and regeneration can become a possibility.
Principal Perceptions of School Safety

In a climate of continued national concern over school safety, school personnel are faced with a flood of statistics and advice about the prevalence of youth violence, and recommended responses. In the spring of 2000, a school safety survey (Sprague, Colvin, and Irvin, 1995) was sent to all public school principals in Oregon to assess their perceptions of risk and protective factors affecting school safety. We also asked questions about school safety concerns and intervention programs. We compared the results of the present survey with those found from administering the same survey in 1995. Results indicate that protective factors were rated higher than risk factors in 1995 and 2000. Bullying and harassment, poverty, and transiency were top rated risk factors in 2000 and these were different from results found in 1995. Principals rated response to conflict, suicide prevention, and staff training as top protective factors in 2000 and these also differed from the 1995 ratings. Regarding priorities for change, principals rated improvement of the academic program as their highest priority, followed by school safety and discipline improvement. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for local and state-level policy planning in education and government. We also address limitations of the current study and directions for future research. Language: en
Rhetoric as Currency: Hoover, Roosevelt, and the Great Depression

Hoover, the president of economic depression; Roosevelt the president of recovery--the public images of these two men are so firmly fixed that they offer shorthand ways to talk about the era we know as the Great Depression. Yet their views on economic policy for taking the country out of its greatest economic calamity were not so different as is often supposed. Indeed, the famed journalist Walter Lippmann once claimed that Roosevelt's legislative measures represented "a continuous evolution of the Hoover measures." Moreover, both Hoover and Roosevelt shared a Keynesian conviction that public confidence was vital to recovery. They differed markedly, of course, in their ability to restore that confidence. Roosevelt's advantage lay not just in his position in the changing of the guard. He employed a skilled staff of speech writers, and he had the negative example of Hoover before him from which to plot rhetorical strategies that would be more effective. In "Rhetoric as Currency, " Houck uses the historical context of the Great Depression to explore the relationship of rhetoric to the economy and specifically economic recovery. He closely analyzes Hoover's rhetorical corpus from March 4, 1929, through March 3, 1933, and Roosevelt's from January 3, 1930, through June 16, 1933. This longitudinal study allows him to understand rhetoric as a process rather than a series of isolated, discrete products. Houck first examines Hoover's presidential rhetoric, tracing its paradoxes and the radical shift that occurred in the final year of his administration. The Depression, in his rhetoric, was a foe to be vanquished by an optimistic Christian and civic faith, not federal legislation. Once he determined that federal intervention was indeed required, he could not return to the dais; rather, he relied on an antagonistic press to carry his message of confidence. Abdicating the rhetorical pulpit, he left it in the hands of those opposed to him. Houck then studies the economic rhetoric of Franklin Roosevelt as governor, candidate, president-elect, and finally president. He traces the key similarities and differences in Roosevelt's economic rhetoric with particular attention to an embodied economics, wherein recovery was premised less on mental optimism than a physical, active confidence.