cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing an updated set of VS profiles for the central United States seismic observatory with estimates of uncertainty between different methods

Abstract Deep dynamic site characterization was conducted at the Central United States Seismic Observatory (CUSSO), which is a 587 m deep vertical seismic array situated in the Mississippi embayment. This characterization included a combination of active and passive source surface wave methods and horizontal to vertical spectral ratio (HVSR). These measurements were used in a multimodal joint inversion of Rayleigh and Love dispersion data and the natural site frequency from HVSR (f0) to develop non-invasive VS profiles for the site. Downhole seismic measurements were also made down to 425 m to validate the surface wave method results and understand the uncertainty between the various measurements at the site. The developed VS profiles are compared to published site specific VS profiles from direct measurements, velocity models, and reference VS profile for the embayment to understand the variability and uncertainty between different methods. Major differences in the Vs profiles were noticed in the top 50 m, near the Memphis sand layer, and the Paleozoic bedrock layer. Site signatures from experimental dispersion data, HVSR f0 and empirical transfer function (ETF) were evaluated to assess the appropriateness of the candidate VS profiles. Comparison results indicate the developed VS profiles in this study performed well in capturing the site signatures. However, the theoretical dispersion fits from published VS profiles demonstrated a larger misfit with the experimental data. Theoretical transfer function and Rayleigh ellipticity from published profiles also exhibited considerable differences with the HVSR f0 and ETF amplification factor.
Gender-based depression trajectories following heart disease onset: significant predictors and health outcomes

Using a nationally representative sample of U.S. older adults (50+), this study investigates gender-based depression trajectories following heart disease onset and associated risk of disability and...
Tracking Student Argumentation Skills across General Chemistry through Argument-Driven Inquiry Using the Assessment of Scientific Argumentation in the Classroom Observation Protocol

Current research suggests that students often fail to focus equally on the three aspects of scientific argumentation (cognitive, epistemic, and social) when they are given an opportunity to engage in argumentation. This study examined student argumentation within a two-semester general chemistry laboratory sequence at East Carolina University to explore how the three aspects of argumentation change over time with repeated exposure through the Argument-Driven Inquiry (ADI) instructional model for laboratory instruction. Video recordings of group argumentation across five investigations were transcribed and coded using the Assessment of Scientific Argumentation in the Classroom (ASAC) observation protocol. A positive increase was seen in the total ASAC scores for each of the experiments. A significant increase was seen within each of the three subcategories of the ASAC observation protocol, cognitive, epistemic, and social, over the two-semester sequence. These results support the idea that increased opportunities to engage in argumentation improves an essential scientific practice.
Surface Modification of Black Phosphorus with Group 13 Lewis Acids for Ambient Protection and Electronic Tuning.

Herein we introduce a facile, solution-phase protocol to modify the Lewis basic surface of few-layer black phosphorus (bP) and demonstrate its effectiveness at providing ambient stability and tuning of electronic properties. Commercially available group 13 Lewis acids that range in electrophilicity, steric bulk, and Pearson hard/soft-ness are evaluated. The nature of the interaction between the Lewis acids and the bP lattice is investigated using a range of microscopic (optical, atomic force, scanning electron) and spectroscopic (energy dispersive, X-ray photoelectron) methods. Al and Ga halides are most effective at preventing ambient degradation of bP (>84 h for AlBr3 ), and the resulting field-effect transistors show excellent IV characteristics, photocurrent, and current stability, and are significantly p-doped. This protocol, chemically matched to bP and compatible with device fabrication, opens a path for deterministic and persistent tuning of the electronic properties in bP.
Risk of Postpartum Urinary Stone Disease in Women with History of Urinary Stone Disease During Pregnancy.

Objective: To determine the risk of postpartum urinary stone disease in women with a history of stone disease during pregnancy. Methods: Using the Optum® de-identified Clinformatics® Datamart we identified pregnant women with urinary stone disease in the United States between January 2003 to December 2017 by standardized International Classification of Diseases Ninth and Tenth Editions (ICD-9 and ICD-10), and Current Procedural Terminology code criteria. We limited the cohort to include women without evidence of urinary stone disease before pregnancy. We abstracted patient demographic characteristics, clinical risk factors for stone disease, and data for urinary stone disease encounters and related procedures after pregnancy. Encounters occurring within 1 year of pregnancy were excluded. Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyze for significance. Results: We identified a total of 1,395,783 pregnant women with a median postpartum follow-up of 4.0 years, including 5971 (0.4%) women with a urinary stone during pregnancy. Of these, 736 (12.3%) had an additional urinary stone diagnosis claim after pregnancy, compared with 13,275 (0.95%) women without a history of stone disease during pregnancy (p < 0.0001). In multivariable proportional hazards models urinary stone disease during pregnancy (hazards ratio 12.8, 95% confidence interval [11.8-13.8]) was independently associated with a higher hazard of urinary stone disease after pregnancy. Conclusion: Women with urinary stone disease during pregnancy were more likely to present with recurrent urinary stone disease after pregnancy. Given the one in eight chance of needing further care, women with history of stone disease during pregnancy may benefit from risk counseling, surveillance, or secondary prevention efforts in the postpartum period.
Impact of Sex on Sleep Disorders Across the Lifespan

Sleep throughout a woman's life impacts her quality of life and medical comorbidities. The prevalence of sleep symptoms and disorders varies throughout a woman's life in association with the reproductive milestones of pregnancy and menopause. Studies have failed to identify a clear sex predominance of sleep disorders in childhood and adolescence. Sleep disturbances in pregnancy are common and may be associated with increased risk for adverse maternal outcomes. Menopause is associated with sleep disruption owing to increased rates of sleep-disordered breathing, development of insomnia owing to vasomotor symptoms and hormonal changes, circadian derangements, and changes in sleep architecture.
Using Sociological Theories of Isomorphism to Evaluate the Possibility of Regime Change through Trade Sanctions

Trade sanctions occur when one polity institutes a policy that limits or prohibits trade with another polity to support a policy largely unrelated to trade. Trade sanctions have a long history. Scholars often point to the Megarian Decree, in which Pericles banned all trade between his Athenian Empire and the state of Megara in 432 B.C.E., as one of the earliest uses of trade sanctions.1 Some argue that Pericles hoped that using economic tools against Megara would prevent war with Sparta; others suggest that Pericles merely wanted to punish the Megarians for their support of Corinth—in either case the trade measure supported another policy.2 Most scholars agree that Pericles’s trade sanction contributed to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War.3
Value-ordering heuristics: search performance vs. solution diversity

We examine the behavior of dynamic value-ordering heuristics in a CSP under the requirement to generate a large number of diverse solutions as fast as possible. In particular, we analyze the trade-off between the solution search performance and the diversity of the generated solutions, and propose a general probabilistic approach to control and improve this trade-off. Several old/new learning-reuse heuristics are described, extending the survivors-first value-ordering heuristics family. The proposed approach is illustrated on a real-world set of examples from the Automatic Test Generation problem domain, as well as on several sets of random binary CSPs.
Where the Baryons Are

A fair and complete accounting of cosmic baryons now appears possible, because most of them are in states which are either directly observable or reliably constrained by indirect arguments. More than three-quarters of the baryons are probably in hot ionized gas clustering, along with galaxies and dark matter, in the cosmic web. The rest are in galaxies, roughly equally distributed between old stellar populations and star-forming disk populations; within the latter, mass is distributed about equally between stars and (mostly neutral and molecular) gas. The total amount of matter agrees with that required for concordance of cosmic light element abundances with Standard Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, a neat result inviting deeper studies of baryon evolution.
Evidence for an Aspartyl Phosphate Residue at the Active Site of Sodium and Potassium Ion Transport Adenosine Triphosphatase

In order to characterize part of an active center of sodium and potassium ion transport adenosine triphosphatase, namely the active site of phosphorylation, the enzyme was phosphorylated with [32P]ATP and denatured with acid. The denatured [32P]phosphoenzyme was digested to a limit [32P]phosphotripeptide with Pronase. The limit phosphotripeptide was compared with the synthetic model compounds, [32P]prolylphosphoaspartyllysine and [32P]prolylphosphoglutamyllysine with respect to pH-hydrolysis profile, sensitivity to digestion by carboxypeptidase B, and isoelectric point. The active site phosphotripeptide closely resembled the synthetic phosphoaspartyl peptide and clearly differed from the synthetic phosphoglutamyl peptide in these respects. These similarities are strong, but not conclusive, evidence that the active site of this enzyme is the β-carboxyl group of an aspartic acid residue. Previous work has shown that the limit phosphotripeptide contains an NH2-terminal serine or threonine residue and a COOH-terminal lysine residue. The enzyme source was guinea pig kidneys. In order to characterize the active site before denaturation, the sensitivity of the phosphate group to hydroxylamine was tested. The enzyme was first treated with N-ethylmaleimide to inhibit acceleration of dephosphorylation due to a resemblance between hydroxylamine and potassium ion. The treated enzyme was subsequently phosphorylated by [32P]adenosine triphosphate and the phosphoenzyme was chased with unlabeled adenosine triphosphate. During the chase, addition of hydroxylamine produced a dephosphorylation which was 45-fold faster than that of the isolated phosphotripeptide under the same experimental conditions. It is concluded that the phosphoenzyme has sufficient sensitivity to hydroxylamine before denaturation to qualify as an acyl phosphate.
Prediction of chronic disability in work-related musculoskeletal disorders: a prospective, population-based study.

Background Disability associated with work-related musculoskeletal disorders is an increasingly serious societal problem. Although most injured workers return quickly to work, a substantial number do not. The costs of chronic disability to the injured worker, his or her family, employers, and society are enormous. A means of accurate early identification of injured workers at risk for chronic disability could enable these individuals to be targeted for early intervention to promote return to work and normal functioning. The purpose of this study is to develop statistical models that accurately predict chronic work disability from data obtained from administrative databases and worker interviews soon after a work injury. Based on these models, we will develop a brief instrument that could be administered in medical or workers' compensation settings to screen injured workers for chronic disability risk.
The Genetics of Flowering Response in Cotton. V. Fruiting Behavior of GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM and GOSSYPIUM BARBADENSE in Interspecific Hybrids.

PREVIOUS reports on the genetics of flowering response in cotton have dealt with intraspecific hybrids. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of studies of flowering response in interspecific hybrids involving Gossypium hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L. In all intraspecific hirsutum hybrids between short-day photoperiodic primitive stocks and day-neutral Upland stocks, flowering response has been found to be under multigenic control. In the study of the perennial race marie-galante crossed to day-neutral Upland (LEWIS and RICHMOND 1957), gene action was characteristically additive, However, genes for late maturity were present and may have caused some bias in the direction of the nonflowering type. The annual race latifolium was found free of the influence of genes for late maturity and consistently exhibited a high degree of partial dominance for the flowering type (WADDLE, LEWIS and RICHMOND 1961; KOHEL and RICHMOND 1962). Results of the study of flowering response in intraspecific barbadense hybrids contrasted with those in hirsutum (LEWIS and RICHMOND 1960). Flowering response was under monogenic control and the nonflowering type was completely dominant.
Preschoolers’ dyadic speech about nonpresent entities during joint play∗

This study examined speech about nonpresent entities (immediate/task; local/nontask perceptually present; distant/nontask perceptually nonpresent) in the conversations of same‐aged dyads of 2‐ through 5‐year‐olds in two task situations. It also examined the portion of task speech that related to the sharing and use of task objects and to task themes or goals. For all subjects, there was a high rate of talking (one utterance every 2 s), and speech was predominantly about the task. Within task speech the youngest children produced more speech about task objects while the older children produced more speech about abstract task themes. Within nontask speech, there was an increase with age in speech about perceptually nonpresent entities. These effects varied with type of task.
An Alternative Method for Obtaining Performance Figures

A performance figure indicates the ability of a system to perform a task. At present, several checkout systems obtain performance figures by employing the prime equipment directly in a mission simulation. The measure-compute approach is proposed as an alternative which might sometimes be applied more advantageously. In the measure-compute approach, the prime equipment is not directly involved in the mission simulation; hence, the simulation need not occur in real time. This paper first discusses general considerations related to performance figures. Then, the foundations for the measure-compute approach are presented, including techniques for overcoming certain measurement problems. Finally, two possible applications are discussed.
Relocation and Internment: Civil Rights Lessons from World War II

Beginning in March 1942, three months following the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor, and lasting until as many as 16 months following the end of World War II, slightly more than 120,000 persons of Japanese ancestry were excluded, detained, and held in “relocation centers” by the United States government, ostensibly because they were considered a threat to national security. Nearly 70% were American citizens by birth; the rest were Japanese nationals who were legally barred from naturalization because of the de jure racist policies of the time (Daniels, Taylor, and Kitano 1991). Despite this treatment, over 1,200 individuals volunteered to serve in the U.S. armed forces while several thousand others were drafted from the relocation centers. Most served in a segregated unit in the European Theater, while others served as interpreters in the Pacific Theater, all while their families remained behind barbed wire in relocation centers. These individuals served with great distinction within some of the most highly decorated units of the U.S. Army (Crost 1994).
The Golgi apparatus mediates the transport of phytohemagglutinin to the protein bodies in bean cotyledons.

When developing cotyledons of Phaseolus vulgaris L. were labeled with [3H]fucose, fucose-labeled phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was found in organelles with average densities of 1.13 g cm-3 and 1.22 g cm-3. The position of these organelles on isopycnic sucrose gradients was independent of the presence of MgCl2 and ethylenediaminetetraacetate in the media, indicating that the fucose-labeled PHA was not associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The organelles with a density of 1.13 g cm-3 were identified as membranes of the Golgi apparatus on the basis of the similarity of their sedimentation properties and those of the Golgi marker enzyme, inosine diphosphatase, in both isopycnic and rate-zonal sucrose gradients. The organelles with a density of 1.22 g cm-3 were identified as small (0.1–0.4 μm), electron-dense vesicles with a protein content similar to that of the protein bodies. Pulsechase experiments with [3H]fucose indicated that fucose-labeled PHA first appeared in the Golgi-apparatus-derived membranes and later in the dense vesicles. Fucose-labeled PHA chased out of the Golgi apparatus first, then out of the dense vesicles, and accumulated in the soluble portion of the homogenate which contained the contents of the broken protein bodies. Fucose-labeled PHA chased out of the two types of organelles with a t1/2 of 20–30 min, a rate three to four times faster than newly synthesized PHA chases out of the bulk of the ER (Chrispeels, M.J., Bollini, R., 1982, Plant Physiol. 70, 1425–1428). This result indicates that the Golgi apparatus is a much smaller compartment than the ER in the storage parenchyma cells. The sodium ionophore, monensin, which interferes with the function of the Golgi apparatus of animal cells, blocks the biosynthesis and—or transport of fucose- and galactose-labeled macromolecules to the cotyledon cell walls. Monensin also blocks the transport of labeled PHA out of the Golgi apparatus and into the protein bodies. These results provide the first biochemical evidence that a specific storage protein which accumulates in seeds is modified in, and passes through, the Golgi apparatus on its way to the protein bodies.
Nucleation, Growth, and Relaxation of Thin Films: Metal(100) Homoepitaxial Systems

Nucleation and growth of materials are kinetically-determined processes. As such, they typically lead to nonequilibrium morphologies, which relax in some fashion afterward. This set of topics--nucleation, growth, and subsequent relaxation (NGR)--provides a framework for understanding many aspects of the world around us, from geological erosion to pharmaceutical sedimentation to nano-fabrication. As such, the topic is immensely important and scientifically ancient. This paper deals with one small, but important, arena in which fresh insights about NGR are emerging, namely, epitaxial metal films on metal surfaces. The authors work in the laboratory that has shed new light on nucleation, growth, and relaxation processes in thin metal films. The progress comes from the synergistic and synchronous implementation of theory and experiment, which reveals surprising secrets hidden a very simple model system.
Phenotypic plasticity in the growth of the self-fertilizing hermaphroditic fish Rivulus marmoratus

Temperature, salinity, food ration and interactions among them had significant effects on overall growth of hatchlings of the self-fertilizing hermaphrodite Rivulus marmoratus. Low temperature (19° C) suppressed growth. At 26° C, the treatment groups at 12 and 40‰ salinity had higher final wet masses than the group at 1‰. When provided with high food ration, individuals whose parents were provided with low food had a significantly higher specific growth rate in the first month than those whose parents were provided with high food ration. This effect was also found in the final wet masses. It appears that genetic variation in this species occurs only between strains, yet within a strain there is considerable scope for phenotypic plasticity. The combination of a fixed genotype and plastic expression, along with a suite of specialized physiological characteristics, may explain how a self-fertilizing hermaphrodite can thrive in such an abiotically stressful and variable habitat as an estuary.
Influence of task on interlimb coordination in adults with cerebral palsy.

Abstract Langan J, Doyle ST, Hurvitz EA, Brown SH. Influence of task on interlimb coordination in adults with cerebral palsy. Objective To examine movement time and kinematic properties of unilateral and bilateral reaching movements in adults with cerebral palsy (CP), focusing on how different types of bilateral movements, simultaneous or sequential, may influence interlimb coordination. Design Quantitative study using between-group repeated-measures analyses. Setting Motor control laboratory at a research university. Participants Adults with hemiplegic CP (n=11; mean age ± SD, 33±10y; 4 men) and age-matched controls (mean age ± SD, 32±9y; 4 men). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Movement time (MT), maximum deviation from a straight trajectory to the target, and peak speed. Results Although adults with hemiplegic CP showed strong unilateral deficits, bilateral simultaneous reaching movements were temporally and spatially coupled. Movement of the less affected arm slowed to match the movement of the more affected arm. In contrast, bilateral sequential movements improved MTs of the less affected and more affected arms. Conclusions Bilateral sequential movements were conducive to faster MT compared with unilateral or bilateral simultaneous movements. Training that includes bilateral sequential movements may be beneficial to adults with hemiplegic CP. Upper-limb movements are coordinated in a variety of ways to perform routine bilateral tasks. Some bilateral tasks, such as stacking boxes, require more symmetric movements of the upper limbs. Other bilateral tasks, such as opening the refrigerator with 1 hand while placing an item on the shelf with the other hand, emphasize coordinated sequential action between upper limbs. Despite the prevalence of integrative upper-limb use, the control of different forms of bilateral movement is not well understood. A more comprehensive knowledge of upper-limb bilateral movements may hold important implications for developing more effective upper-limb movement therapies.
Assay of Pertussis Vaccine Reactivity Factors by Measurement of the Paw Swelling Response, Endotoxin and Histamine-sensitizing Factor

Bordetella pertussis is composed of a series of active components: (1) a heat-labile or dermonecrotic toxin (HLT); (2) a lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS); (3) pertussis toxin; (4) filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA); (5) agglutinogens; (6) outer membrane proteins; (7) adenylate cyclase; and (8) tracheal cytotoxin. Pertussis toxin (PT), also called lymphocytosis-promoting factor (LPF), encompasses a series of biological activities including: (1) histamine-sensitization (HSF); (2) leukocytosis-promoting activity (LPF); (3) LPF-hemagglutinin (LPF-HA); and (4) pancreatic islet-activating protein (IAP). The heat-labile toxin is inactivated during vaccine production. Pertussis toxin is inactivated when heated to 80 degrees C for 30 min and endotoxin at a temperature greater than 120 degrees C for 30 min. The effect of pre- and post-heat treatment on DTP vaccine, Bordetella pertussis endotoxin, pertussis toxin and a pertussis toxin/endotoxin combination, was determined as related to: (1) paw swelling response; (2) LAL activity (endotoxin); and (3) HSF activity. With the exception of DTP and B. pertussis endotoxin, the average paw swelling response after injection of non-treated and heat-treated test samples was similar to the saline control at all measured time intervals. Contrary to anticipated results, heat treatment enhanced the paw-swelling response of DTP vaccine and B. pertussis endotoxin. Endotoxin levels, as measured by LAL, were significantly lower after heat-treatment, with the exception of B. pertussis endotoxin and the E-1 control. The addition of pertussis toxin, B. pertussis endotoxin or pertussis toxin/endotoxin did not restore LAL values to the levels seen for non-treated DTP vaccine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The erosion of structural alloys, cermets and in situ oxide scales on steels

Abstract The results of several investigations to determine how the mechanical and physical properties of iron, nickel and cobalt base alloys could be modified by composition changes and mechanical or thermal treatments to improve their small solid particle erosion resistance are presented in this review paper. It has been found that the near room temperature erosion behavior of essentially all these structural alloys is very similar in rate and mechanism regardless of their strength or other property levels. No definitive alloy selection criteria for erosion could be established. The addition of hard, carbide particles to metal matrices does not improve erosion resistance until approximately 80 vol.% of the composite is a continuous skeleton of carbide particles. However, in combined erosion-corrosion, of the type that occurs in coal burning energy generation equipment, it is the nature of the oxide scales that form on the metals and not the erosion behavior of the metals that governs metal wastage. Relatively low alloy content steels with scale morphologies that are segmented in nature can have much lower metal wastage rates than higher alloy content steels whose scales are more continuous in nature.
Ligand‐independent orphan receptor TR2 activation by phosphorylation at the DNA‐binding domain

In a previous report we demonstrated protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated phosphorylation of the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of orphan nuclear receptor TR2. In this report, we provide the evidence of PKC-mediated phosphorylation of the DNA-binding domain (DBD) of TR2. Two PKC target sites were predicted within the DBD, at Ser-170 and Ser-185, but only Ser-185 was confirmed by MS. Phosphorylation of DBD facilitated DNA binding of the TR2 receptor and its recruiting of coactivator p300/CBP-associated factor (P/CAF). Ser-185 was required for DNA binding, whereas both Ser-170 and Ser-185 were necessary for receptor interaction with P/CAF. The P/CAF-interacting domain of TR2 was located in its DBD. A double mutant (Ser-170 and Ser-185) of TR2 significantly lowered the activation of its target gene RARbeta2. This study provides the first evidence for ligand-independent activation of TR2 orphan receptor through PTM at the DBD, which enhanced its DNA-binding ability and interaction with coactivator P/CAF.
Operation and Improvement of the Cornell 10 GeV Electron Synchrotron

Performance figures for the past year are presented. Several improvements in equipment and technique that have had a significant impact on our physics program are discussed. Among these are the installation of two external electron beam systems, chopping of the linac beam, adjustable beam bump shaping, improved shielding, remote controlled targets, new methods of beam sharing and new modulators for the RF system. A brief presentation of our future plans is made.
Particle bounce errors in cascade impactors

Abstract In a series of field measurements on atmospheric aerosols using cascade impactors, it was found that the nature of the impaction surface has a significant effect on the apparent size distribution. For each measurement, two identical cascade impactors were operated simultaneously. Dry impaction surfaces were used in the first and, as a reference, grease-coated foils were used in the second. The types of dry impaction surfaces which were tested include aluminum foil, glass fiber filter material and wax-coated paper. From a comparison of the measured size distributions, it can be concluded that the use of dry impaction surfaces leads to a distorted measurement of the size distribution. The distortion is attributed to particles bouncing off of the dry impaction surfaces and being collected on subsequent stages or on the backup filter.
Analytical treatment and convergence of the Adomian decomposition method for a system of coupled damped wave equations

An abstract result is proved for the convergence of Adomian decomposition method for partial differential equations that model evolutionary systems. Moreover, we prove that this decomposition scheme applied to a system of wave equations coupled in parallel with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions, is convergent in a suitable Hilbert space. Furthermore, this technique is utilized to find closed-form solutions for the problem under consideration.
Clinical presentation, management, and outcomes of angiographically documented early, late, and very late stent thrombosis

Objectives The aim of this study was to describe differences in treatment and in-hospital mortality of early, late, and very late stent thrombosis (ST). Background Early, late, and very late ST may differ in clinical presentation, management, and in-hospital outcomes. Methods We analyzed definite (angiographically documented) ST cases identified from February 2009 to June 2010 in the CathPCI Registry. We stratified events by timing of presentation: early (≤1 month), late (1 to 12 months), or very late (≥12 months) following stent implantation. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was performed to compare in-hospital mortality for each type of ST after adjusting for baseline comorbidities. Results During the study period, 7,315 ST events were identified in 7,079 of 401,662 patients (1.8%) presenting with acute coronary syndromes. This ST cohort consisted of 1,391 patients with early ST (19.6%), 1,370 with late ST (19.4%), and 4,318 with very late ST (61.0%). Subjects with early ST had a higher prevalence of black race and diabetes, whereas subjects with very late ST had a higher prevalence of white race and a lower prevalence of prior myocardial infarction or diabetes. In-hospital mortality was significantly higher in early ST (7.9%) compared with late (3.8%) and very late ST (3.6%, p Conclusions Significant differences exist in the presentation and outcomes of early, late, and very late ST. Among patients with acute coronary syndromes who are undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for angiographically documented ST, early ST is associated with the highest in-hospital mortality.
Glutamine synthetase immunoreactivity is present in oligodendroglia of various regions of the central nervous system

Glutamine synthetase immunoreactive oligodendrocytes were identified in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brain stem, and spinal cord. They were mostly confined to the gray matter, particularly close to neurons and processes. The white matter showed few immunoreactive oligodendroglia. It was suggested that some type of oligodendrocytes, specially those in perineuronal location, might fulfill a functional role more akin to astrocytes than to the normally myelinating oligodendroglia.
Thermal tumour ablation: Devices, clinical applications and future directions

Tumour ablation is clinically applied mainly for non-operable liver tumours, with increasing application to other organ sites like kidney, lung, adrenal gland and bone. Most current devices use radiofrequency (RF) current to heat tumour tissue surrounding the applicator, which is introduced into the tumour under imaging guidance. Tissue temperatures in excess of 100 degrees C are achieved, with cell death due to coagulative necrosis occurring above 50 degrees C. Limitations of current ablation devices include inadequate imaging, limited size of coagulation zone and reduced performance next to large vessels. This paper reviews current interstitial RF and microwave devices, clinical applications and future research directions in the field of high-temperature tumour ablation.
Alternating hemiplegia of childhood: insights into its pathophysiology.

Alternating hemiplegia of childhood is a rare disorder characterized by episodic paroxysmal attacks of neurologic dysfunction and has historically been thought to represent a migraine equivalent, an unusual form of epilepsy, or a movement disorder. Medical treatment with a variety of anticonvulsants and migraine agents is largely unsuccessful, and progressive mental deterioration is universally expected. Despite extensive laboratory studies, the pathophysiologic basis of this condition has thus far eluded identification. Recently, an international workshop was held to generate testable hypotheses regarding the pathophysiology of alternating hemiplegia of childhood. This paper summarizes the major proceedings of that workshop, and hopes to stimulate further interest in elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this unusual disorder. (J Child Neurol 1998;13:39-45).
Intravenous catheter training system: computer-based education versus traditional learning methods.

Abstract Background Virtual reality simulators allow trainees to practice techniques without consequences, reduce potential risk associated with training, minimize animal use, and help to develop standards and optimize procedures. Current intravenous (IV) catheter placement training methods utilize plastic arms, however, the lack of variability can diminish the educational stimulus for the student. This study compares the effectiveness of an interactive, multimedia, virtual reality computer IV catheter simulator with a traditional laboratory experience of teaching IV venipuncture skills to both nursing and medical students. Methods A randomized, pretest-posttest experimental design was employed. A total of 163 participants, 70 baccalaureate nursing students and 93 third-year medical students beginning their fundamental skills training were recruited. The students ranged in age from 20 to 55 years (mean 25). Fifty-eight percent were female and 68% percent perceived themselves as having average computer skills (25% declaring excellence). The methods of IV catheter education compared included a traditional method of instruction involving a scripted self-study module which involved a 10-minute videotape, instructor demonstration, and hands-on-experience using plastic mannequin arms. The second method involved an interactive multimedia, commercially made computer catheter simulator program utilizing virtual reality (CathSim). Results The pretest scores were similar between the computer and the traditional laboratory group. There was a significant improvement in cognitive gains, student satisfaction, and documentation of the procedure with the traditional laboratory group compared with the computer catheter simulator group. Both groups were similar in their ability to demonstrate the skill correctly. Conclusions This evaluation and assessment was an initial effort to assess new teaching methodologies related to intravenous catheter placement and their effects on student learning outcomes and behaviors. Technology alone is not a solution for stand alone IV catheter placement education. A traditional learning method was preferred by students. The combination of these two methods of education may further enhance the trainee’s satisfaction and skill acquisition level.
COLLECTION AND TOXICITY STUDIES OF ANT VENOM.

SummaryVenom from the desert ant, Pogonomyrmex barbatus, collected by 3 different techniques has been described. The observed effects of ant venom, when delivered by the intact viable animal into human skin, indicated a material of cholinergic properties which resulted in piloerection and sweating, and the capacity of eliciting an extensive and prolonged triple response. Absorption of the microgram quantities of venom are postulated to occur very slowly as a result of the time required for dissipation of the triple response and the absorption of the material through the lymphatics seems likely in view of the time course and distribution of the deep pain observed. Extracted venom by any one of the means described, was very toxic to female weanling mice and when given intraperito-neally the LD50 was 45 (AU) per kilogram of body weight.
Attachment Theory as an Organizing Framework: A View From Different Levels of Analysis

In recognition of the broad influence of attachment theory, the articles in this issue cut across diverse areas of psychology and multiple levels of analysis. T. R. Insel (2000) focuses on the mole...
Identifying chromosomal fragile sites from individuals: a multinomial statistical model

The inability to identify fragile sites from data for single individuals remains the major obstacle to determining whether these chromosomal loci are predisposed to cancer-causing and evolutionary rearrangements. We describe a novel statistical model that is amenable to data from single individuals and that establishes site-specific chromosomal breakage as nonrandom with respect to the distribution of total breakage. Our method tests incrementally smaller subsets of the data for homogeneity under a multinomial model that assigns equal probabilites to a maximal set of nonfragile sites and unrestricted probabilities to the remaining fragile sites with significantly higher numbers of breaks. We show how standardized Pearson's chi-square (X 2) and likelihood-ratio (G 2) statistics can be appropriately used to measure goodness-of-fit for sparse contingency (individual-based) data in this model. A sample application of this approach indicates extensive variation in fragile sites among individuals and marked differences in fragile-site inferences from pooled as opposed to per-individual data.
Characterization of the SgcF epoxide hydrolase supporting an (R)-vicinal diol intermediate for enediyne antitumor antibiotic C-1027 biosynthesis

C-1027 is a chromoprotein antitumor antibiotic consisting of an apoprotein and the C-1027 chromophore. The C-1027 chromophore possesses four distinct structural moieties—an enediyne core, a deoxy aminosugar, a benzoxazolinate, and an (S)-3-chloro-5-hydroxy-β-tyrosine—the latter two of which are proposed to be appended to the enediyne core via a convergent biosynthetic strategy. Here we report the in vitro characterization of SgcF, an epoxide hydrolase from the C-1027 biosynthetic gene cluster that catalyzes regio- and stereospecific hydrolysis of styrene oxide, serving as an enediyne core epoxide intermediate mimic, to form a vicinal diol. Abolishment of C-1027 production in the ΔsgcF mutant strain Streptomyces globisporus SB1010 unambiguously establishes that sgcF plays an indispensable role in C-1027 biosynthesis. SgcF efficiently hydrolyzes (S)-styrene oxide, displaying an apparent Km of 0.6 ± 0.1 mM and kcat of 48 ± 1 min−1, via attack at the α-position to exclusively generate the (R)-phenyl vicinal d...
Arthrodesis of the equine proximal interphalangeal joint: a biomechanical comparison of three 4.5-mm and two 5.5-mm cortical screws.

Objective— To compare the biomechanical characteristics and mode of failure of 2 parallel-screw techniques for proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis in horses. Study Design— Randomized block design, blocking for horse (1–5), method of screw fixation (three 4.5-mm vs two 5.5-mm), side (left limb vs right limb), and end (front limb vs hind limb). Constructs were loaded to failure in 3-point bending in a dorsal-to-palmar (plantar) direction. Sample Population— Twenty limbs (10 limb pairs) from 5 equine cadavers. Methods— A combined aiming device was used to facilitate consistent screw placement. Three parallel 4.5-mm cortical screws were placed in lag fashion in 1 limb of a pair, and 2 parallel 5.5-mm cortical screws were placed in lag fashion in the contralateral limb. Arthrodesis constructs were tested in 3-point bending in a dorsal-to-palmar (plantar) direction using a materials-testing machine. Loading rate was 19 mm/s. Maximal bending moment at failure and composite stiffness were obtained from bending moment—angular deformation curves. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and χ2 analysis. Results— There were no significant differences in bending moment (P > .05, power = 0.8 @δ= 19%) or composite stiffness (P > .05, power = 0.8 @δ= 19%) between the 2 fixation techniques. Higher maximal bending moment was found in front limbs than hind limbs, and front limbs with two 5.5-mm screws than hind limbs with two 5.5-mm screws. In all cases, constructs completely failed. A greater number of 4.5-mm cortical screws failed than 5.5-mm cortical screws. Conclusions— In pastern arthrodesis constructs loaded in 3-point bending, end (front limb vs hind limb) affected maximal bending moment at failure of constructs. There was no significant effect of horse, treatment, or side on maximal bending moment or stiffness. Two 5.5-mm cortical screws should provide a surgically simpler pastern arthrodesis than three 4.5-mm cortical screws while maintaining similar biomechanical characteristics. Clinical Relevance— Three 4.5-mm screws or two 5.5-mm screws will provide similar biomechanical characteristics in bending when performing equine pastern arthrodesis.
Effect of Magnetic Shear on Dissipative Drift-Wave Instabilities

We report the results of a linear radial-eigenmode analysis of dissipative drift waves in a plasma with magnetic shear and spatially varying density gradient. The results of the analysis are shown to be consistent with a recent experiment concerned with dissipative drift-wave instabilities in a toroidal stellarator.
Color Doppler imaging of infrainguinal arterial occlusive disease

Abstract Few reports in the literature validate the use of color Doppler imaging (CDI) for the evaluation of lower extremity arterial occlusive disease, particularly in the tibial and peroneal arteries. This prospective, blinded study compares CDI to arteriography to address the following questions: (1) how well does CDI visualize arterial segments, including those below the knee? and (2) can CDI alone accurately classify the degree of occlusive disease? Twenty-nine men undergoing arteriography before a lower extremity arterial reconstructive procedure were studied with a color ultrasound scanner from the level of the inguinal ligament to the ankle. Color images were examined for the presence or absence of triphasic flow, poststenotic turbulence, color bruits, and collateral vessels. Among 636 arterial segments adequately visualized by arteriography, ≥90% were identified with color Doppler imaging, including the tibial and peroneal arteries. With color criteria only, specificity was ≥92% for distinguishing
The influence of temperature and alkaline pH on the labeling of free and conjugated MAG3 with technetium-99m.

Abstract Benzoyl-protected mercaptoacetyltriglycine ( S -benzoyl MAG 3 ) is radiolabeled by tartrate transchelation at elevated temperatures or basic pH. The object of this investigation was to establish whether the same 99m Tc labeled species are formed when S -acetyl ( S -acetyl MAG 3 )-conjugated compounds are radiolabeled by tartrate transchelation at ambient temperature and neutral pH in contrast to labeling at 95°C and pH 11. S -acetyl MAG 3 was conjugated to biocytin and to the amine-derivitized oligomers DNA and PNA. Along with free S -acetyl MAG 3 , these were radiolabeled under the different conditions. Although labeling efficiencies were always lower when labeled at ambient temperature and neutral pH relative to labeling at 95°C or pH 11 (free S -acetyl MAG 3 could not be labeled at all), size exclusion and reverse phase HPLC showed no difference with labeling conditions in the radiochemical profiles for labeled DNA and biocytin. In the case of DNA, a cysteine challenge also failed to demonstrate a difference. However, in the case of PNA, some important differences were observed in the size exclusion HPLC radiochromatograms. In addition, PNA labeled at ambient temperature and neutral pH was less stable to transchelation to cysteine. In conclusion, S -acetyl MAG 3 conjugated compounds may be radiolabeled at ambient temperature and neutral pH. In most cases, the radiochemical species produced appear to be identical to those formed when labeling is accomplished at 95°C or pH 11.
Deep levels and shallow-deep transitions in ZnSe/Zn1−x MnxSe superlattices

Abstract A theory of deep impurity levels in superlattices is outlined, and applied to ZnSe/Zn 0.5 Mn 0.5 Se with the substitutional dopant Ga Zn . Ga is predicted to undergo a shallow-deep transition as a function of x in bulk Zn 1 − x Mn x Se, and so Ga dopes ZnSe n-ty but prevents Zn 0.5 Mn 0.5 Se from being doped n-type even by modulation doping. In ZnSe/Zn 0.5 Mn 0.5 Se superlattices, the band edges are quite sensitive to changes in the layer thicknesses, but the deep levels are not. As a result, shallow-deep transitions as functions of layer thickness are predicted to occur. The physics of shallow-deep transitions in superlattices is elucidated, and its relevance to the II–VI doping problem is discussed.
Perfect foresight dynamics in games with linear incentives and time symmetry

This paper investigates absorption and global accessibility under perfect foresight dynamics in games with linear incentives. An action distribution in the society is absorbing if there is no equilibrium path escaping from the distribution, and globally accessible if, from every initial distribution, there exists an equilibrium path which converges to the distribution. Using time symmetry of the dynamics, we show that every absorbing strict Nash equilibrium, if it exists, is globally accessible under zero rate of time preference. With the additional assumption of supermodularity, we prove that there generically exists an absorbing strict Nash equilibrium. Relations with a global game and a reaction-diffusion model also become clear.
EMLAR Cream for Topical Local Anesthesia

The commercially available eutectic mixture of local anesthetic cream that recently became available is described. This formulation is used as a topical local anesthetic on normal intact skin. Studies of efficacy and pharmacokinetics are reviewed as are reports of adverse reactions. Dosing, indications and contraindications are described. Comparative trials with other local anesthetic formulations are discussed.
Interviewing for Sense of Place

James “Pete” Shortridge laid the groundwork for the study of place meanings by meticulously drawing the connections between the historical perceptions of places and the attitudes, policies, and very real economic consequences resulting from those perceptions. In so doing, he gave much-needed credibility and practical significance to humanistic geography, especially the study of place perceptions, regional identity, and sense of place. Though he and his students continue to produce work along these lines, humanistic geography lacks a substantial body of research methods that might encourage more geographers to take the humanistic plunge. I assert that geographers need to seriously develop and test a body of robust qualitative methods for assessing what places mean to people, and toward that goal, I present in this essay interview techniques developed and refined during a study of sense of place on the American High Plains. I include specific examples and personal experience to help demystify the process of...
The crystal structure of copper bromide triselenide, CuBrSe3

Abstract The crystal structure of CuBrSe 3 has been determined. The compound is orthorhombic with unit cell dimensions a = 14.363 A, b = 4.488 A, c = 7.696 A, Z = 4, and space group Pmna . Three-dimensional counterdiffraction intensity data (Mo Kα ) were refined with block-diagonal and full-matrix least squares to a conventional unweighted R of 0.0515. The structure consists of six-membered selenium rings, in a chair-type configuration, separated in one axial direction by rows of bromine atoms and in the other by staggered layers of copper and bromine atoms. The rings are parallel to one another in rows along the c -direction, but the rows of rings alternate orientation in the a -direction.