cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
UFOs I Have Loved and Lost

Our program committee suggested that the members might like a brief account of my experiences in conducting a study of Unidentified Flying Objects, from late 1966 to the summer of 1968, at the request of the U.S. Air Force. The full report has been published under the title, Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects, in paperback by Bantam Books, and in hardback by E.P. Dutton and Co.
An Evaluation of Recurrent Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Fragmentation of Care, and Mortality Across Chicago, Illinois

Objective A portion of patients with diabetes are repeatedly hospitalized for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), termed recurrent DKA, which is associated with poorer clinical outcomes. This study evaluated recurrent DKA, fragmentation of care, and mortality throughout six institutions in the Chicago area. Research design and methods A deidentified Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant data set from six institutions (HealthLNK) was used to identify 3,615 patients with DKA (ICD-9 250.1x) from 2006 to 2012, representing 5,591 inpatient admissions for DKA. Demographic and clinical data were queried. Recurrence was defined as more than one DKA episode, and fragmentation of health care was defined as admission at more than one site. Results Of the 3,615 patients, 780 (21.6%) had recurrent DKA. Patients with four or more DKAs (n = 211) represented 5.8% of the total DKA group but accounted for 26.3% (n = 1,470) of the encounters. Of the 780 recurrent patients, 125 (16%) were hospitalized at more than one hospital. These patients were more likely to recur (odds ratio [OR] 2.96; 95% CI 1.99, 4.39; P Conclusions Recurrent DKA was common and associated with increased fragmentation of health care and increased mortality. Further research is needed on potential interventions in this unique population.
Antecedents of Patient-Centric Collaboration in the Emergency Department

As a boundary spanner, the Emergency Department (ED) nurse co-creates care with the patient and collaborates with the ED team to provide patient-centric healthcare services and solutions. Effective collaboration by healthcare providers is linked to improved patient outcomes (Finkelman and Kenner 2009). Our research examines the impact of emotional (EI) and cultural intelligence (CQ) on collaboration within the special context of the information-intensive and service-critical work of the ED. Information, organizational navigation and inter-professional capabilities are examined as critical antecedents for patient-centric collaboration. Results of this study with 197 ED nurses from across the United States provide evidence that EI and CQ enhance nurses’ communications with their team members in the ED and with others within the hospital whose help is needed to do their job. Navigation and inter-professional capabilities both enhance collaboration for patient care. As hypothesized, patient-centric collaboration was positively related to patient satisfaction, while surprisingly, information capability was not significantly associated with EI, CQ or collaboration.
Method for Precision Nitrogen Management in Spring Wheat: I Fundamental Relationships

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fields in the semi-arid Northern Great Plains are spatially variable in soil N fertility and crop productivity. Consequently, there is interest in applying variable, rather than uniform rates of fertilizer N across the landscape. Intensive soil sampling as a basis for variable-rate fertilizer management is too costly when compared to the value of wheat in this region. The objective of this research was to determine relationships between yield and protein, and protein and available N as needed to develop a cost-effective variable-rate N fertilizer strategy for spring wheat. A three-year study (1996–1998) was carried out at a site near Havre, Montana, USA (48°30′N, 109°22′W). Treatments consisted of three water regimes, four cultivars, and five fertilizer N levels per water regime in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Scatter diagrams of relative yield vs. grain protein were consistent with earlier investigators, and indicated protein concentrations at harvest provided a method for indexing N nutrition adequacy (deficiency vs. sufficiency) in wheat. A critical protein concentration of 13.2% was defined using a graphical Cate-Nelson analysis. This value appeared to be consistent across the three water regimes and four cultivars as 159 (88%) of the 180 water×cultivar×N level episodes were in positive quadrants. No correlation could be found between relative yield and protein for episodes below the critical level (r2=0.1). Hence, grain protein concentrations could not be used to predict the magnitude of yield losses from N deficiency. Grain protein content would be useful for prescribing fertilizer recommendations where N deficiency (<13.2% protein) reduces grain yield under semi-arid conditions. Inverse slopes (dy/dx) of the protein-available N curves reveal that it takes 12–18 kg N/ha to change protein 1% (e.g., 12% vs. 13%) where wheat is under water stress during grain fill. The total N requirement could then be computed by summing the N required for raising protein and the N removed by the crop in the year when the grain was harvested.
Thoughts About Gene Regulation and Mammalian Development

The properties and capacities of each of the several thousand different kinds of cells in an animal body represent a composite of the properties and capacities of the proteins that each cell contains or secretes. In turn, the array of messenger RNAs in a cell and the frequency of translation of these mRNAs determine the protein content of the cell. The precursors of mRNAs are produced in the cell nucleus by RNA polymerase II, and which genes are copied by this enzyme is therefore the primary basis for determination of the nature of any particular cell. Enormous progress has been made in the past 5 years in understanding the mechanisms of this most important step in the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic cells [9, 16, 21, 32].
Resistance of Spodoptera frugiperda to Bacillus thuringiensis Proteins in the Western Hemisphere

Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1 insecticidal proteins expressed in genetically modified plants (Bt maize and other Bt crops) has been documented in the fall armyworm (FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda [J.E. Smith]) in South America. The factors that led to the onset of resistance include less-than-optimal product characteristics (dose) and poor compliance with the requirement for structured refuges of non-Bt maize. In this article, we review the documented cases of resistance in FAW and explore the path forward to the implementation of effective insect resistance management (IRM) programs to support the sustainable deployment of this technology, particularly in tropical regions. Effective IRM plans require effective product design and management of Bt maize technology. Due to the challenges presented in tropical regions, the development of effective Bt maize pyramids combining highly effective and novel modes of action is fundamental to a successful IRM strategy. The integration of IRM and business imperatives through the development of a multilayer, multi-stakeholder strategy to ensure the proper use of the technology, and particularly to adequate compliance with refuge requirements, is another critical element of an IRM strategy for Bt crops.
Context in Quality of Care: Improving Teamwork and Resilience

Quality improvement in health care is an ongoing challenge. Consideration of the context of the health care system is of paramount importance. Staff resilience and teamwork climate are key aspects of context that drive quality. Teamwork climate is dynamic, with well-established tools available to improve teamwork for specific tasks or global applications. Similarly, burnout and resilience can be modified with interventions such as cultivating gratitude, positivity, and awe. A growing body of literature has shown that teamwork and burnout relate to quality of care, with improved teamwork and decreased burnout expected to produce improved patient quality and safety.
Tricellular junctions: how to build junctions at the TRICkiest points of epithelial cells

Tricellular contacts are the places where three cells meet. In vertebrate epithelial cells, specialized structures called tricellular tight junctions (tTJs) and tricellular adherens junctions (tAJs) have been identified. tTJs are important for the maintenance of barrier function, and disruption of tTJ proteins contributes to familial deafness. tAJs have recently been attracting the attention of mechanobiologists because these sites are hot spots of epithelial tension. Although the molecular components, regulation, and function of tTJs and tAJs, as well as of invertebrate tricellular junctions, are beginning to be characterized, many questions remain. Here we broadly cover what is known about tricellular junctions, propose a new model for tension transmission at tAJs, and discuss key open questions.
Electromagnetics education: Past, present, and future directions

Electromagnetics education has changed dramatically in the past two decades. Innovations in wireless communication and other consumer applications have fueled strong interest in the field. New tools including visualizations, videos and simulations, and lower-cost equipment enabling hands-on design labs make teaching and learning electromagnetics much more engaging. Engineering careers today are broad, global, varied, and collaborative. Students need skills in communication and public outreach and experience working in diverse, multidisciplinary teams. New student-centered teaching methods––including active learning, flipped or hybrid classrooms, and problem-based learning––provide opportunities to more deeply understand the spatiotemporal characteristics of electromagnetic fields. These new teaching approaches provide numerous opportunities for experiential learning that can help students gain a deeper understanding of how electromagnetic fields behave and how we can control them to design functional devices. A review of the past and present electromagnetics education and education research informs any discussion of future developments of what we teach (i.e., the changing electromagnetics curriculum), how we teach (i.e., new advances in pedagogy), and whom we teach (i.e., the opportunities and challenges of diversity).
What is “Hyper” in the ALS Hypermetabolism?

The progressive and fatal loss of upper (brain) and lower (spinal cord) motor neurons and muscle denervation concisely condenses the clinical picture of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Despite the multiple mechanisms believed to underlie the selective loss of motor neurons, ALS aetiology remains elusive and obscure. Likewise, there is also a cluster of alterations in ALS patients in which muscle wasting, body weight loss, eating dysfunction, and abnormal energy dissipation coexist. Defective energy metabolism characterizes the ALS progression, and such paradox of energy balance stands as a challenge for the understanding of ALS pathogenesis. The hypermetabolism in ALS will be examined from tissue-specific energy imbalance (e.g., skeletal muscle) to major energetic pathways (e.g., AMP-activated protein kinase) and whole-body energy alterations including glucose and lipid metabolism, nutrition, and potential involvement of interorgan communication. From the point of view here expressed, the hypermetabolism in ALS should be evaluated as a magnifying glass through which looking at the ALS pathogenesis is from a different perspective in which defective metabolism can disclose novel mechanistic interpretations and lines of intervention.
Everydayness and the “Norm” of Addictive Practices

This chapter show how the “life-situation” of the addict can provide an example, or in Heidegger’s terms, “formally indicate” the pre-philosophical, pre-theoretical background that we all share—addict and non-addict alike—out of which any genuine understanding of the problem of addiction can first arise. Following the basic precepts of Heidegger’s hermeneutic phenomenology, we will appeal to the life-story or testimonial of the addict, in order to make explicit the self’s immersion in the struggle of existing, the foremost issue of having “to be,” as the pre-theoretical backdrop for understanding addiction. In this way, a broader philosophical horizon will emerge that will enable us to address the phenomenon of addiction outside the traditional dualisms of mind and body, mental and physical, which underlie psychology.
LB-1, an inhibitor of serine-threonine protein phosphatase PP2A, suppresses the growth of glioblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo

5693 We previously reported that nuclear receptor co-repressor (N-CoR) is over-expressed in glioblastoma multiforma (GBM) cells [Park et al, Cell Cycle 6:467-70: (2007)]. N-CoR forms a complex with histone deacetylases and retinoic acid receptor that represses the transcription of targeted genes for tumor stem cell differentiation resulting in increased cell proliferation. We had found that okadaic acid, an inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatase (PP2A), inhibits GBM proliferation in vitro and decreases N-CoR expression. We have now developed a new PP2A inhibitor, LB-1, that mimics the effects of okadaic acid on GBM cell growth, differentiation, and N-CoR expression. LB-1 suppressed the growth of U251, U373 and U87 GBM cell lines at micro-molar concentrations (5.0-25.0 uM) in vitro . In SCID mice bearing subcutaneously transplanted U87 cells, LB-1 (1.5 and 2.0 mg/kg/day ip for 20 days) suppressed (~80%) tumor growth (by caliper measurement in vivo ) compared to mice receiving vehicle (PBS) alone, without apparent toxicity. Histological analysis of the growing tumor in control animals on day 21 revealed an essentially pure mass of robust-appearing U87 malignant cells. In LB-1 treated animals, however, the small residual tumor mass consisted primarily of apoptotic tumor cells densely infiltrated by polymorphonuclear cells, which comprised about 50% of the total cell mass. U87 cells exposed to LB-1 both in vitro and in vivo showed a marked decrease in the expression of N-CoR, induction of histone acetylation, and apoptosis without comparable changes in control tumor cells. The results raise the possibility that LB-1 may be a useful agent for the treatment of GBM and other tumor types over-expressing N-CoR.
The Association Between Religiosity and Substance Use Patterns Among Women Involved in the Criminal Justice System

A growing body of research is exploring the association between religiosity and drug use. Thus, this analysis examines the association between religiosity and substance use patterns among females i...
Successful Gene Transfer in Plants Using Electroporation and Electrofusion

Electroporation and electrofusion of plant tissues are rapid, reliable, techniques for genome modification. To accomplish these procedures two different wave forms have been developed and successfully used in plants during the last decade. We have shown that both square and exponential wave pulses are capable of incorporating genetic material into tobacco protoplasts. The production of an insect resistant potato hybrid, verified by phenotypic and genetic traits, has demonstrated the utility of electrofusion by the combination of two separate genomes. Specific genomic modifications are also possible as shown by the electroporation of marker genes into germinating tobacco pollen. The impact of these continuing investigations into the biological effects of electrical fields on plant cells, will enhance our ability to genetically manipulate biological systems.
Spectral Holeburning in Titanium-Doped Sapphire and YAG

Spectral holeburning in the zero-phonon lines of Al2O3:Ti3+ (6165A) and YAG:Ti3+ (6502A) is reported. In Al2O3:Ti3+, the holes are predominantly transient due to two-level saturation but a shallow persistent hole can be produced which is attributed to photoionization of Ti3+. Substantial hole narrowing was observed in external magnetic fields up to 22 kG. In YAG:Ti3+, persistent holes 90 MHz wide were readily observed and the holeburning was shown to be linear in laser power, i.e., a one-photon process. The observation that hole burning is essentially non-permanent in Al2O3:Ti3+ and permanent in YAG:Ti3+ suggests that the photostability of Ti3+ ions depends strongly on the host crystal.
Roll Control of Low-Aspect-Ratio Wings Using Articulated Winglet Control Surfaces

The use of tip mounted winglets with independently variable cant angles was investigated as a means of roll control on wings with an aspect ratio of one. Wind-tunnel testing was performed in which ...
Long-Term Combinatorial Exposure to Trichloroethylene and Inorganic Arsenic in Genetically Heterogeneous Mice Results in Renal Tubular Damage and Cancer-Associated Molecular Changes.

Trichloroethylene (TCE) and inorganic arsenic (iAs) are environmental contaminants that can target the kidney. Chronic exposure to TCE is associated with increased incidence of renal cell carcinoma, while co-exposure to TCE and iAs likely occurs in exposed human populations, such as those near Superfund sites. In order to better understand the kidney health consequences of TCE and/or iAs exposure, a genetically heterogeneous mouse population derived from FVB/NJ and CAST/EiJ mouse strains and deficient for multidrug resistance genes (Abcb1atm1Bor, Abcb1btm1Bor) was chronically exposed for 52-weeks to varying concentrations of TCE and iAs. Although no exposure group resulted in primary renal cell tumors, kidneys from exposed mice did have significant increases in histologic and biochemical evidence of renal tubular disease with each toxicant alone and with combined exposure, with males having significantly higher levels of damage. Although no added increase in tubular disease was observed with combination exposure compared to single toxicants, molecular changes in kidneys from mice that had the combined exposure were similar to those previous observed in an embryonic stem cell assay for the P81S TCE-induced renal cell carcinoma mutation in the Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL) gene. While this model more accurately reflects human exposure conditions, development of primary renal tumors observed in humans following chronic TCE exposure was not reproduced even after inclusion of genetic heterogeneity and co-carcinogenic iAs.
Phase estimation at the quantum Cramér-Rao bound via parity detection

We show that, in two-path optical interferometry, the measurement of photon number parity achieves maximal phase sensitivity at the quantum Cram\'er-Rao bound for a certain type of path-symmetric states. All pure states of light proposed for sub--shot-noise phase sensitivity thus far in the literature are of the form of these path-symmetric states. Thus, parity measurement presents an optimal detection strategy for all of them. Our scheme is applicable for local phase estimation.
Up to speed: Library staff and first-generation students get together

Developing campus-wide programs to foster equity, diversity, and inclusion continues to be an ongoing priority for many colleges and universities across the country. Academic libraries are well positioned to support this work because they are embedded in so many of the functions of their institutions. Moreover, academic library staff have been writing about and practicing critical information literacy and intersectional feminist pedagogy in service of creating spaces in which all patrons can learn and grow. For example, the Oberlin Group, of which Wellesley College is a member, has collaboratively drafted a guide specifically for aggregating resources that promote equity, diversity, and inclusion in libraries.
80 ‘He’s not helping us, so we are not helping him’: the police as gatekeepers to victim services for victims of street violence

Objective The dynamics surrounding gunshot victimizations in urban areas may not embody the typical ‘good’ victim/’bad’ offender dichotomy that has been the narrative in the fields of victimology and criminal justice. The characteristics of the incident may be different, as urban gun violence often includes offenders and victims who are acquainted with each other and involve victims who may have precipitated the crime incident. Given these differing dynamics, it becomes important to better understand how the victim-first responder interaction might influence the help-seeking behavior of victims of nonfatal shootings, as first responders are considered the gatekeepers to victim support services. Method Perceptions of victim treatment by police first responders were examined through semi-structured interviews and surveys with 14 male and female victims of urban gun violence. Qualitative analyses were used to document themes describing victim sentiments toward the police response and how characteristics of the interaction and/or perceptions of the treatment victims received might be associated with the pursuit of and access to victim services. Results Although three very different themes emerged that captured the variation in perceptions by the victims of the police response, the majority of victims reported that they believed police held either general prejudices or specific biases directed at the victim, with many victims indicating they believed police purposely withheld information on victim services. Conclusion Study findings that victims view the police-victim interaction as being rife with biases that limit access to victim services information suggest that police agencies could benefit from implicit bias training and reviews of victim rights policies and practices to help increase access to social, legal and support services for victims of nonfatal shootings.
Changes of the serum heart-type fatty acid-binding protein and

Objective To observe the changes of serum heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (h-FABP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) for assessing the clinical values in children with chronic heart failure (CHF). Methods A total of 50 patients with CHF, including 22 endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) cases and 28 dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) cases, were enrolled. Thirty healthy children were enrolled as controls. The concentrations of serum h-FABP and BNP were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS), and cardiac index (CI) were measured by echocardiography. Results The concentrations of serum h-FABP and BNP in patients with CHF were significantly higher than those in control group (22.68±4.18 ng/mL vs. 6.31 ± 1.72 ng/mL; 565.52±179.64 pg/mL vs.31.22±9.83 pg/mL, all, P 0.05). The h-FABP concentration in CHF patients was positively correlated with BNP ((r=0.782, P<0.01). The h-FABP concentration in CHF patients was positively correlated with LVESD, LVEDD (r = 0.626, 0.662, respectively; all, P<0.01), and negatively correlated with LVEF, LVFS, and CI (r = -0.652, -0.636, -0.709, respectively; all, P<0.01). The BNP concentration was also positively correlated with LVESD, LVEDD (r = 0.733, 0.689, respectively; all, P<0.01), and negatively correlated with LVEF, LVFS, and CI (r=-0.745, -0.612, -0.791, respectively; all, P<0.01). Conclusions Serum concentrations of h-FABP and BNP can be used as biomarkers to evaluate the severity of chronic heart failure. Key words: Heart failure, chronic; Fatty acid-binding protein, Heart-type; Brain natriuretic peptide; heart function; Changes; Correlation; Biomarkers; Children
Multimodal Coordination of Sound and Movement in Music and Speech

Speech and music emerge from a spectrum of nested motor and perceptual coordination patterns across timescales of brief movements to actions. Intuitively, this nested clustering in movements should...
GW0742 activates miR-17-5p and inhibits TXNIP/NLRP3-mediated inflammation after hypoxic-ischaemic injury in rats and in PC12 cells.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of PPAR-β/δ receptor agonist GW0742 on neuroinflammation in a rat model of hypoxia-ischaemia (HI) and in PC12 cells in OGD model. HI was induced by ligating the common carotid artery and inducing hypoxia for 150 minutes. Immunofluorescence was used for quantification of microglia activation and for determining cellular localization of PPAR-β/δ. Expression of proteins was measured by Western blot. Activation of miR-17-5p by GW0742 was assessed in PC12 cells by Dual-Luciferase Reporter Gene Assay. The endogenous expression of TXNIP, NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1 and IL-1β was increased after HI. GW0742 treatment significantly reduced the number of activated pro-inflammatory microglia in ipsilateral hemisphere after HI. Mechanistically, GW0742 significantly decreased the expression of TXNIP, NLRP3, IL-6 and TNF-α. Either PPAR-β/δ antagonist GSK3787, miR-17-5p inhibitor, or TXNIP CRISPR activation abolished the anti-inflammatory effects of GW0742. Activation of PPAR-β/δ by GW0742 activated miR-17-5p expression in PC12 cells and increased cell viability after OGD, which was accompanied by decreased expression of TXNIP and reduced secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α. In conclusion, GW0742 may be a promising neurotherapeutic for the management of HI patients.
Energy-Efficient Beam Management in Millimeter-Wave Shared Spectrum

Efficient transmit and receive beam management is necessary in millimeter-wave spectrum due to the inherently directional nature of antenna array transmissions in this regime. Energy efficiency of beam sweeping is further complicated when operating in shared or unlicensed spectrum, since receiving nodes are unaware if their designated transmitter has actually gained access to the medium. This article studies energy-efficient beam management from the perspective of a mobile node or user equipment (UE) that seeks to optimize the overall beam-sweeping period and the properties of each individual beam. Beam sweeping has an associated energy expenditure since the UE utilizes multiple RF chains to form the beams and incurs a processing overhead due to signal detection per beam. Two case studies are analyzed for UE beam management: downlink reception from a base station and uplink channel sensing based on directional listen-before-talk. The subsequent insights are particularly relevant for fifth-generation cellular networks that are currently being designed for operation in millimeter-wave shared spectrum.
Cell phone mobility data reveals heterogeneity in stay-at-home behavior during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Abstract As COVID-19 cases resurge in the United States, understanding the complex interplay between human behavior, disease transmission, and non-pharmaceutical interventions during the pandemic could provide valuable insights to focus future public health efforts. Cell-phone mobility data offers a modern measurement instrument to investigate human mobility and behavior at an unprecedented scale. We investigate mobility data collected, aggregated, and anonymized by SafeGraph Inc. which measures how populations at the census-block-group geographic scale stayed at home in California, Georgia, Texas, and Washington since the beginning of the pandemic. Using nonlinear dimensionality reduction techniques, we find patterns of mobility behavior that align with stay-at-home orders, correlate with socioeconomic factors, cluster geographically, and reveal subpopulations that likely migrated out of urban areas. The analysis and approach provides policy makers a framework for interpreting mobility data and behavior to inform actions aimed at curbing the spread of COVID-19.
A Hybrid Integration Platform of Silicon Photonics

In this paper, we demonstrated the hybrid silicon photonics platform developed in ITRI. The functions of this platform include full-wafer high speed photonic measurement, active and passive device fabrication, and the photonic packaging technology.
Does IT Level the Playing Field for Small Establishments? Evidence from Manufacturing

We examine whether information technology investments benefit from economies of scale. Using U.S. Census non-public microdata, we examine the productivity benefits of IT investments for over 11,000 manufacturing plants over a nine year period. We find evidence that large plants exhibit differential productivity benefits from IT investments relative to smaller plants. These differences are robust to a range of alternative estimators and cannot be explained by cross-sectional variance in firm size, plant and firm age, and position in the supply chain. The results have important implications for small plants that firm-level studies have been unable to reveal.
Identifying Regional Environmental and Sustainability Issues: Adoption of an Interdisciplinary Design Charrette Approach:

Charrettes are a useful tool to facilitate stakeholder discussion and generate useful end products to address regional issues. To identify regional environmental and sustainability issues, we held ...
A Community-based Survey of Infant Sleep Position

Objective. To determine prevalent infant sleep positions before and after the American Academy of Pediatrics position statement of 1992 and to identify determinants of sleep position. Method. Design: cross-sectional survey. Setting: private and hospital-sponsored general pediatric offices. Participants: parents of infants younger than 7 months of age. Results. Eight hundred fifty-two care givers completed surveys during the 5-week study. Fifty-four percent of the study infants were put to sleep in the prone position. In 416 families with more than one child, however, 75% of the youngest siblings had been put to sleep in the prone position at the same age. Gender, race, family income, maternal smoking, and birth weight were not associated with choice of sleep position. Conclusions. There has been a change in infant sleep positioning in the desired direction since the American Academy of Pediatrics statement. However, 54% of the study infants were still being put to sleep prone.
Contrasting mechanisms of de novo copy number mutagenesis suggest the existence of different classes of environmental copy number mutagens.

While gene copy number variations (CNVs) are abundant in the human genome, and often are associated with disease consequences, the mutagenic pathways and environmental exposures that cause these large structural mutations are understudied relative to conventional nucleotide substitutions in DNA. The members of the environmental mutagenesis community are currently seeking to remedy this deficiency, and there is a renewed interest in the development of mutagenicity assays to identify and characterize compounds that may induce de novo CNVs in humans. To achieve this goal, it is critically important to acknowledge that CNVs exist in two very distinct classes: nonrecurrent and recurrent CNVs. The goal of this commentary is to emphasize the deep contrasts that exist between the proposed pathways that lead to these two mutation classes. Nonrecurrent de novo CNVs originate primarily in mitotic cells through replication-dependent DNA repair pathways that involve microhomologies ( 10,000 bp), without an associated paternal age effect. Given the biological differences between the two CNV classes, it is our belief that nonrecurrent and recurrent CN mutagens will probably differ substantially in their modes of action. Therefore, each CNV class may require their own uniquely designed assays, so that we as a field may succeed in uncovering the broadest possible spectrum of environmental CN mutagens.
Profiling the Growth Oriented Nascent Entrepreneur in the US - Evidence from Representative Samples

High growth new firms are of considerable interest, in no small part due to their disproportionate contribution to overall job growth; among the 13 million nascent entrepreneurs present in the US in 2001, the 675,000 that aspire to provide 50 or more jobs five years after the firm birth would account for 40% of all new firm jobs. Estimating the impact of demographic (entrepreneur-related) and organizational variables that influence firm growth expectations at the time of business start-up is a major step toward understanding the unique features of high growth new firms. This assessment makes use of two publicly available, harmonized data sets, namely GEM 2001 data from the US and the first PSED data set, assembled from 1998-2003. Gender, start-up team size, and features of the opportunity recognition process are statistically significant factors affecting projected job growth in the first five years of new firm operation; educational attainment, age, and a focus on manufacturing did not have a significant impact. Comparison of answering patterns to opportunity recognition items in GEM vs. PSED suggests that extreme caution is needed when wording questionnaire items; individuals would rather describe themselves as "planning entrepreneurs" instead of "necessity entrepreneurs".
Bone mineral density and osteoarthritis: Data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Abstract Background: Numerous cross-sectional studies have shown that persons with radiographic features of osteoarthritis (OA) of the hips and knees have higher adjusted levels of bone mineral density (BMD). Objective: Data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging were examined to determine (1) whether persons with radiographic features of OA of the hands and knees had different rates of bone loss than subjects with normal knee radiographs, and (2) whether persons with normal knee radiographs who had higher adjusted levels of BMD were at greater risk of developing radiographic features of knee OA. Design: Longitudinal cohort study. Subjects: 298 Caucasian men and 139 Caucasian women aged 20 and above who had radiographs of the hands and knees read for features of OA and two or more measurements of BMD at the forearm at least 4 years apart. 179 Caucasian men and 110 Caucasian women aged 20 and above who had longitudinal knee radiographs on average 10 years apart, a subgroup of whom had baseline measurement of lumbar spine and/or femoral neck BMD. Results: Women with radiographic OA of the hand had a significantly greater adjusted rate of bone loss at the radius than women with normal hand radiographs; no such differences were noted in men for hand OA. There were no significant differences in adjusted rate of bone loss at the radius in men or women by presence of radiographic knee OA. Higher BMD at the lumbar spine but not at the femoral neck was associated with an increased risk of developing incident radiographic knee OA after adjustment for age, gender, and body mass index. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that persons with radiographic OA lose bone at different rates than those with normal radiographs and that this relationship varies between the site of OA and the site of measurement of BMD. In addition, they further support a role for higher bone mass in the development of radiographic knee OA. Further studies are needed to examine the relationship between changes in bone mass and radiographic progression of OA.
On testing of classes in object-oriented programs

Object-oriented technology has been widely studied and applied. Substantial research has been carried out in object-oriented analysis, design and programming language. However, relatively little attention has been paid to testing of object-oriented programs. In this paper, we review several techniques proposed in the literature for testing object-oriented software, and investigate the impact of object-oriented approach on the design of testing strategies. In particular, we focus on the test case selection problem in class testing. We observe that an effective test case should consists of a tuple (s, ψ) where s is a class state and ψ a sequence of operations that may be applied to the state. State space analysis and trace analysis techniques are discussed, which may be used to characterize the class state space and the interactions of operations, so that effective test data can be selected.
Isolated Peritoneal Donor-Related Plasmacytoma 3 Years After Liver Transplantation: A Case Report

Organ transplantation carries a risk of disease transmission from donor to recipient, primarily infection or malignancy. Although donors are thoroughly screened, donor-related malignancies are reported to occur in 0.01% of solid organ transplants. Plasma cell neoplasm, to the best of our knowledge, has not been reported as a donor-transmitted malignancy in liver transplantation. We describe a liver transplant from a donor with unrecognized plasmacytoma requiring retransplantation. Three years after the first transplant a single peritoneal mass was detected on surveillance imaging and radically excised; HLA phenotyping confirmed the mass to be an isolated extra-medullary plasmacytoma of chimeric donor and recipient origin.
Interplay Between Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling and HIV: Virologic and Biologic Consequences in the CNS

Considerable studies have evaluated the interaction between Wnt/β-catenin signaling and numerous cellular processes. Emerging findings now demonstrate that Wnt/β-catenin signaling interacts with the life cycle of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1). Wnt/β-catenin is a restrictive pathway to HIV replication in multiple target cells including peripheral blood mononuclear cells and astrocytes. The molecular interaction between Wnt/β-catenin signaling and HIV has been evaluated in astrocytes because they express robust level of this pathway. The cross talk that occurs between these two components has significant biologic consequences to HIV-mediated neuropathogenesis. This perspective highlights current knowledge regarding the interaction between Wnt/β-catenin signaling and HIV, the interplay between these two pathways as it impacts key features of NeuroAIDS, and provides an assessment of knowledge gaps in the field that could propel our understanding of this interaction to inform novel strategies to exploit Wnt signaling for therapeutic intervention in HIV/NeuroAIDS.
Toward a Common Event Model for Multimedia Applications

Although events are ubiquitous in multimedia, no common notion of events has emerged. Events appear in multimedia presentation formats, programming frameworks, and databases, as well as in next-generation multimedia applications such as eChronicles, life logs, or the Event Web. A common event model for multimedia could serve as a unifying foundation for all of these applications
Attention in the representation of sequence: Experiment and theory ☆

Abstract Cohen, Ivry and Keele (1990) showed that sequences of events involving some unique events could be learned in the presence of distraction and without awareness. In contrast, sequences in which all events are repeated in different orders in different parts of the sequence require attention. Cohen et al. hypothesized that the latter type of sequence requires division into parts and the assignment of representational codes in hierarchic fashion. These notions are tested in simulations involving a connectionist model developed by Jordan (1990).
Graduate and post-graduate medical education with the synchronous systems model

Behavioral sciences have an important new role, particularly in medicine and prevention (Revans, 1990; Starr, 1982). A decade ago when the ideology of medical care shifted from a biomedical to a biopsychosocial model, behavioral and social factors ascended in importance in modern health concerns (see Engel, 1977). Now, a living systems model called Synchronous Systems (Jasnoski & Schwartz, 1985) incorporates environmental (including the social and physical) along with physiological and psychological factors into its structure. The environment has been gaining recognition as an important determinant in health, disease, and wellness (Daniel, 1990; Demick & Wapner, 1990; Lawton, 1990; Stokols, 1990). The phrase "Synchronous Systems" departs from the traditional linear thought patterns to depict contemporaneous occurrences. Synchrony refers to simultaneous experiences or events, with an emphasis on healthy, congruent process and function. Positive, beneficial process in human functioning emphasizes prevention as found in public health efforts but refers also to dysfunctional and recuperative foundation of medicine as a departure from the healthy norm. These process and functional dynamics in the Synchronous Systems Model derive conceptually from systems theory, specifically from control and cybernetic theories (Cannon, 1932; Weiner, 1948). The dynamic complexity of health in the whole human system, which also incorporates the environment, requires synthesis of knowledge from the biological, social, behavioral, and ecological sciences. This article provides the fundamentals of the structural and functional synthesis possible in the Synchronous Systems Model. Its direct application to multidisciplinary research is also presented along with its specific application to medical education, policy, research, and service delivery.
634 SPONTANEOUS REMISSION OF ACQUIRED VON WILLEBRAND'S DISEASE (VWD) FOLLOWING RESECTION OF WILM'S TUMOR

This report concerns a child with a Wilm's tumor and laboratory evidence of vWD. The vWD was characterized by a prolonged PTT, low factor VIII (VIIIc), low ristocetin cofactor activity (VIIIr), low factor VIII antigen (VIIIag) and a prolonged bleeding time. In addition, she had low von Willebrand's disease antigen II (vWagII) that has been shown by Montgomery and Zimmerman (Am Soc Hematol Plenary Session, Dec 1977) to be decreased in patients with classical vWD. The following studies were obtained: Since this child underwent an earlier uneventful tonsillectomy and both parents and a sibling have normal VIIIc, VIIIr, VIIIag and vWagII, this is felt to represent a spontaneous remission of an acquired vWD without VIIIc or VIIIr inhibitors. This picture of vWD with an VIIIag that is decreased more than the VIIIc and VIIIr has not previously been reported. Since VIIIag and vWagII are physically and immunologically distinct, the finding of decreased VIIIag and vWagII in this case of acquired vWD,as previously found in hereditary classical vWD, suggests that both are under similar genetic and/or synthetic control.
Expectations of teachers-in-training: The influence of a student's sex and a behavioral vs. descriptive approach in a biased psychological report

Abstract Ninety-four undergraduate teachers-in-training were introduced to a hypothetical child through biased psychological reports that differed according to the described child's sex, the favorability of the report, and the behavioral vs. descriptive style of the psychological reports. The subjects rated an essay and a report card for the hypothetical child. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant effect for the favorability dimension and the interaction of the child's sex and the favorability of the report. A need exists to examine the subtleties of the process of forming expectancies in terms of both the actual information that reaches teachers and the means that is used to convey that information. The potential that feedback to teachers from a psychological report holds for influencing teachers emphasizes the importance of utilizing this medium in the most effective and positive manner possible.
Network topology and device discovery for flight test systems

Modern flight test systems are only now starting to deploy IP-based networks to carry instrumentation data. These newer systems are replacing their traditional fixed serial interconnects and multiplexers. With this evolution comes the need for network management solutions in flight test environments, which includes all aspects of configuring, controlling, and monitoring a multitude of network elements. These elements include the various system processes, including data acquisition, recording, real-time data processing, as well as the underlying networking devices themselves. Southwest Research Institutereg (SwRIreg) has been involved in the development of a network management system that is part of a network based flight test system being developed for a customer transitioning to network based flight test systems for certifying their next generation commercial airplanes. This paper describes part of that network management approach, concentrating on the key issue of automatic network topology and device discovery.
009 Solid mechanics aspects in scale-up vitrification: From visualization of physical effects to the analysis of structural damage

The coupled phenomena affecting cryopreservation success display a quite complex picture, with effects typically classified as resulting from the kinetics of ice crystallization, the toxicity of ice-controlling agents (ICAs), the degradation of biological material in a suspended state, and the development of thermo-mechanical stress—the focus of the current presentation. Cryopreservation success is not merely dependent upon the instantaneous state of the material, but primarily on the evolution of events along the cryopreservation protocol, which makes the process path dependent. While the analysis of cryopreservation effects in small specimens frequently benefits from spatial uniformity in temperature and in ICA concentration, higher complexity is introduced to the analysis of large-size specimens, resulting from significant temperature and concentration gradients. In vitrification of large specimens for example, the cooling rate history as a function of temperature vary across the specimen, leading to spatial distributions of the probability to suppress crystallization and the toxicity potential. Furthermore, the temperature gradients drive a non-uniform thermal expansion distribution in the material, potentially giving rise to thermo-mechanical stress, with fracture formation as its most dramatic outcome. In the absence of alternative means, the analysis of scale-up cryopreservation represents an integration of inspections at end states—at cryogenic storage temperature and at room temperature, with extrapolation from small-scale effects—observed with cryomicroscopy. Recently recorded movies of the path-dependent process of vitrification in large specimens are displayed in the current presentation, obtained with the scanning cryomacroscope—a new visualization device for the analysis of scale-up cryopreservation. The principles of thermo-mechanical stress are reviewed in the current presentation to explain the observed phenomena and draw conclusions from corresponding computer simulations. Finally, effects of combining synthetic ice modulators (SIMs) with cryoprotective agents (CPAs) in the ICA cocktail are discussed based on recently measured physical properties. In conclusion, this presentation provides a broader view on the role of solid mechanics analysis in the development of scale-up vitrification. Source of funding: This project is supported by Award Number R21EB009370 from the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, Award Number 5R21RR026210 from the National Center for Research Resources, and Award Number 8R21GM103407 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. Conflict of interest: None declared. rabin@cmu.edu
Self-quenching of the semiconductor laser linewidth below the Schawlow-Townes limit by using optical feedback

We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally self-quenching of the fundamental semiconductor laser frequency fluctuations to a level that is orders of magnitude below the Schawlow-Townes limit for a solitary laser. It is shown that the main operative mechanism is the combined action of a frequency-dependent internal loss and amplitude-to-phase coupling. The internal frequency-dependent loss is introduced by means of spectrally narrow external optical feedback, which provides a strong frequency-dependent dispersion. Linewidth reduction by a factor of 2 X 10^3 is demonstrated by using a narrow Doppler-free Faraday resonance in Cs vapor.