cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional status after primary surgical therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the base of the tongue.

INTRODUCTION: Quality-of-life analysis is essential in determining the eventual outcome after treatment for head and neck cancer. This is particularly important when functional sequelae of treatment cause significant morbidity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the functional status of a group of patients who had undergone primary surgical therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the base of the tongue. METHODS: At our institution from 1979 to 1993, we identified 93 patients who had undergone resection of the base of the tongue as primary treatment for squamous cell carcinoma. Patients who required laryngectomy were excluded from this group. Forty-eight survivors were identified, and the questionnaires included the Performance Status Scale for Head and Neck Cancer Patients (PSS) and the Karnofsky Performance Status Scale (KPS). The data were reported numerically, with 0 representing the worst score and 100 representing the best score. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients completed the questionnaires. There were 19 men and 7 women. Their mean survival time was 8.6 years. Two patients had their primary tumors staged as T1, 17 patients had T2, and 7 patients had T3 disease. When evaluating the normalcy of diet, the mean score for the whole group was 73.1 (range, 20-100), the mean score for understandability of speech was 80.8 (range, 50-100), and the mean score for eating in public was 79.8 (range, 0-00). The mean KPS was 90 (range, 60-100). When comparing early (T1 and T2) with advanced (T3) disease, there were no significant differences in PSS and KPS. When comparing younger ( 50 years) patients, there were no significant differences in PSS scores. Younger patients had a significantly higher KPS than older patients: mean, 97.5 vs 86.4 (p <.02). CONCLUSIONS: The long-term functional status for these patients who had undergone resection of a significant portion of the base of their tongue was good. The outcome did not seem to be related to either the stage of the lesion or the age of the patient. More studies are needed to examine the functional outcome of this patient population.
Effects of handling on endocrinology and reproductive performance of the fathead minnow

Anaesthesia with MS-222 followed by intra-peritoneal (ip) injection (with a 10% ethanol in corn oil carrier) of fathead minnow either as one or three (weekly) treatments did not affect survival, behaviour or secondary sexual characteristics of the fish. Fecundity of the fish, as indicated by fertility and hatching success, was also unaffected. Gonadal condition (relative gonad mass, histopathology) was not altered in either sex. Male and female plasma sex steroids (β;-oestradiol, testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone) and male vitellogenin concentrations were not significantly affected by the treatments. Females subjected to either ip treatment regime had significantly higher plasma vitellogenin concentrations than control females. However, based on previous data, this difference did not appear to be treatment-related. Overall, exposure of fathead minnows to chemicals via the ip route should not confound the interpretation of toxicity tests with potential endocrine disrupting chemicals.
Terahertz magneto-optical polarization modulation spectroscopy

We report the development of new terahertz (THz) techniques for rapidly measuring the complex Faraday angle in systems with broken time-reversal symmetry. Using the cyclotron resonance of a GaAs two-dimensional electron gas in a magnetic field, we have tested the performance of the techniques. We have made polarization modulation, high sensitivity (<1 mrad) narrowband rotation measurements with a cw optically pumped molecular gas laser, and, by combining the distinct advantages of THz time domain spectroscopy and polarization modulation techniques, we have demonstrated rapid broadband rotation measurements to <5 mrad precision.
Comparison of Lives Saved Tool model child mortality estimates against measured data from vector control studies in sub-Saharan Africa

Background: Insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) and indoor-residual spraying have been scaled-up across sub-Saharan Africa as part of international efforts to control malaria. These interventions have the potential to significantly impact child survival. The Lives Saved Tool (LiST) was developed to provide national and regional estimates of cause-specific mortality based on the extent of intervention coverage scale-up. We compared the percent reduction in all-cause child mortality estimated by LiST against measured reductions in all-cause child mortality from studies assessing the impact of vector control interventions in Africa. Methods: We performed a literature search for appropriate studies and compared reductions in all-cause child mortality estimated by LiST to 4 studies that estimated changes in all-cause child mortality following the scale-up of vector control interventions. The following key parameters measured by each study were applied to available country projections: baseline all-cause child mortality rate, proportion of mortality due to malaria, and population coverage of vector control interventions at baseline and follow-up years. Results: The percent reduction in all-cause child mortality estimated by the LiST model fell within the confidence intervals around the measured mortality reductions for all 4 studies. Two of the LiST estimates overestimated the mortality reductions by 6.1 and 4.2 percentage points (33% and 35% relative to the measured estimates), while two underestimated the mortality reductions by 4.7 and 6.2 percentage points (22% and 25% relative to the measured estimates). Conclusions: The LiST model did not systematically under- or overestimate the impact of ITNs on all-cause child mortality. These results show the LiST model to perform reasonably well at estimating the effect of vector control scale-up on child mortality when compared against measured data from studies across a range of malaria transmission settings. The LiST model appears to be a useful tool in estimating the potential mortality reduction achieved from scaling-up malaria control interventions.
Haemoglobin levels in autoimmune haemolytic anaemias at diagnosis: relationship with immunoproteins on red blood cells

Previous investigations of the relationship between characteristics of immunoproteins on red blood cells (RBCs) and the occurrence of autoimmune haemolysis yielded divergent results. Here, we studied these characteristics in autoimmune haemolytic anaemias (AIHAs) to determine their relationship with the degree of anaemia at diagnosis. We studied at diagnosis 52 cases of warm AIHA with positive direct antiglobulin test. Immunohaematological testing and determination of immunoglobulin class, complement, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) were performed using gel technology (GCT). Median haemoglobin (Hb) levels significantly differed between cases with IgG1 only or negative for IgG subclasses (7.4 g/dl), those with IgG3 or IgG1 + IgG3 (6.5 g/dl), and those with multiple immunoglobulins (5 g/dl). Logistic regression indicated that IgG3 detection was the only variable significantly related to the occurrence of RBC transfusion in AIHA (odds ratio 4.05, 95 % CI 1.1–14.7). In our study, the type of immunoprotein(s) on the RBC surface was associated with different Hb levels at AIHA diagnosis. IgG3 and multiple immunoglobulins were associated with lower Hb levels; IgG3 was also associated with a higher percentage of patient transfusions in the first week after diagnosis. Thus, qualitative differences in these immunoproteins may lead to deeper and more prolonged anaemia levels, influencing the need for RBC transfusion.
The clearing of excess potassium from extracellular space in spinal cord and cerebral cortex.

Summary The relative importance of active and passive transport processes in the clearing of potassium released from active neurons was estimated. Extracellular potassium activity [K + ] 0 was measured with ion-selective microelectrodes in the sensory area of the neocortex and in lumbosacral spinal cord of cats. Transient elevation of [K + ] 0 was evoked in cortex by stimulation of VPL and in spinal cord by stimulation of afferent nerves. The rate which excess [K + ] 0 was cleared was either feebly or not at all influenced by variation of the intensity and frequency of stimulation. The half-decay times of [K + ] 0 were however prolonged when the duration of stimulus trains was increased. Only small differences were seen in the rate of decay of [K + ] 0 transients recorded at different locations within the gray matter; the shortest half-decay times occured where K + responses were largest. The different profiles of distribution of Δ [K + ] 0 in response to stimulation of the cortical surface and of VPL nucleus were mapped. As in spinal cord also in cortex the distribution of the evoked sustained shifts of electric potential mirrored the distribution of [K + ] 0 transients. The rate at which K + could diffuse out of volume sources similar in magnitude to the volumes of distribution of [K + ] 0 responses in gray matter were calculated. The observed half-decay times of [K + ] 0 transients were more than a hundred times shorter than those calculated for diffusion either in spinal cord or in cortex. Intravenous administration of digitoxigenin was shown to retard the clearing of [K + ] 0 and caused an elevation of the unstimulated [K + ] 0 baseline. Seizures were frequently induced by digitoxigenin when the [K + ] 0 baseline was only slightly elevated, and the occurr3nce of seizures was not associated with a definable threshold level of [K + ] 0 . It is concluded that active reuptake is the principal mechanism of the clearing of [K + 0 released by neurons. Redistribution of K + by diffusion must have been negligible under the conditions of these experiments, but may be more important when only a few neurons release K + amongst many inactive cells. Considerations of a glial transport network are probably inconsequential for theories of the generation of seizures.
The kinetics of wustite scale formation on iron

Abstract The kinetics of scale formation on iron in carbon dioxide atmospheres have been determined in the temperature range 600°–1100°C by a thermogravimetric technique. The scale constituents were identified by means of X-ray and microscopic examinations. The oxidation rates obeyed linear and parabolic time laws for short and long exposures respectively. Linear scaling was determined by the rate of incorporation of chemisorbed oxygen into the wustite lattice at temperatures lower than 910°C, and by dissociation of carbon dioxide and incorporation of oxygen into wustite at higher temperatures. The theoretical temperature coefficient of the parabolic rational rate constant for wustite formation was evaluated over the temperature range of its stability. Results from the literature on parabolic oxidation of iron in oxygen were in good agreement with the theoretical evaluation, whereas the results obtained for oxidation in carbon dioxide were of smaller magnitude above the Curie temperature of iron. This behavior was explained by the consideration that the chemical activity of oxygen in wustite at the oxide-gas interface was insufficient for equilibration of wustite with magnetite.
Lumber Futures, Price Expectations, and Short-Run Production Adjustments in the Softwood Lumber Industry

In 1980, from the last week in March to the last week in April, cash lumber prices received by producers rose $35 per thousand board feet from $165 to $190. Within twelve months following the oil embargo, cash prices fell nearly 40% and production was cut in half. These examples illustrate the volatile and risky circumstances, with respect to short-term price, that have become characteristic of the softwood lumber industry in the 1970s and 1980s. As a result of increased price volatility increasing pressure has been put on lumber producers to make better marketing decisions in the short run. A prerequisite to improved marketing decisions is the ability to anticipate correctly future price changes. Producers form expectations about future prices in a variety of ways. From these expectations they can adjust their production, if the production process allows, in order to capitalize on expected developments. For example, if a producer expects the price to decline in the months ahead, he may hasten production and marketing now to avoid the lower price. Conversely, if he expects higher prices to come in the future, he may postpone marketing until a later period. Considering the tremendous potential for short-term gains or losses, it seems reasonable to presume that producers would adjust short-run production and marketing to the extent possible, to enhance profitability. The mid-to-late 1960s saw the advent of futures for nonstorable commodities including lumber. Producers of nonstorable commodities gained the means to transfer risk to speculators and a mechanism through which they could anticipate short-run changes in price. Some research indicates that the futures price for nonstorable commodities can be interpreted to be the consensus of what traders believe will be the cash price at some future date (Leuthold 1974). Lumber is produced from cut logs called stumpage which is obtained from standing timber. Because this analysis deals strictly with the conversion of stumpage to lumber, which must be accomplished within a few months to avoid deterioration of the logs, stumpage may for practical purposes be considered a nonstorable commodity. If producers use the futures market to develop price expectations, and they find that these expectations are often accurate, they may adjust production in response to changes in futures prices. The lumber futures have been traded on the Chicago Mercantile since the late 1960s (Jan., March, May, July, Sep., Nov.). By 1971 the open interest on nearby futures was always in excess of 500 contracts. The delivery unit consists of 130,000 board feet of random length 2 x 4s from 8 to 20 feet. The unit must also meet required grade standards and be manufactured and produced in specific areas of the U.S. and Canada (CME).
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FLUORESCENCE, BIREFRINGENCE AND HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE RAT OVARY DURING THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE1

THE rapid changes which occur during the reproductive cycle make the ovary an ideal subject for investigations designed to correlate structure and function. During the four-day period of this cycle in the rat, graafian follicles grow to maturity, rupture, and in the subsequent cycle become reorganized into mature corpora lutea which later degenerate. The histological features and physiological concomitants of these ovarian events are well known for the rat (Long and Evans, 1922; Allen, Hisaw and Gardner, 1939; Boling, Blandau, Soderwall and Young, 1941), and an impressive amount of circumstantial evidence relates these events to the biochemical aspects of steroid hormone metabolism (cf. Allen, Hisaw and Gardner, 1939; Doisy, 1939, 1943). Thus a substantial background of information exists which may be used as a cross-check on the results of any new procedure.
CRUSTAL STRUCTURE, GEOPHYSICAL MODELS AND CONTEMPORARY TECTONISM OF THE COLORADO PLATEAU

A regional analysis of the crust and upper mantle of the Colorado Plateau is presented, using existing geophysical and geological data combined with new surface wave dispersion and groundwater geothermometry data; the tectonic implications of these models are also investigated. Surface wave and seismic refraction data indicate that the crust of the interior of the Colorado Plateau is 44 + or - 3 km thick, and its crustal structure is typical of stable continental areas. Pn velocities, however, appear to be lower (7.8 km/s) than would be expected in a stable region, while silica geothermometry indicates that the average heat flow for the plateau is 55 mW per sq m (1.3 HFU).
A histochemical study of the keratotic process in oral lesions diagnosed clinically as leukoplakia

Abstract The keratotic process was studied microscopically and histochemically in eighty oral lesions diagnosed clinically as leukoplakia. In all lesions the stratum corneum was thickened and presented varied degrees of hyperkeratosis or parakeratosis, separately or in combination. Several histochemical differences between the hyperkeratotic and parakeratotic lesions were noted. Of particular interest was the observation that hyperkeratotic lesions were characterized by an increase in disulfides and a diminution in sulfhydryls in the stratum corneum which did not occur in parakeratotic lesions. An intermittent type of keratosis was also described.
On deep-current and hydrographic observations from a mudwave region and elsewhere in the Argentine Basin

Near-bottom current measurements from both sides of a mudwave, in an extensive mudwave region of the mid-Argentine Basin, are examined for evidence of lee waves. Such waves appear to exist when the across-crest flow exceeds a critical value [predicted by Flood (1988), Deep-Sea Research, 35, 973–983] of about 9 cm s−1. The observations agree with the predictions of Blumsack and Weatherly (1989, Deep-Sea Research, 36, 155–172) in three of four cases. However, if it is assumed that the flow perturbations induced by lee waves are shifted slightly downcurrent from that predicted by the Blumsack and Weatherly model, then there is agreement in all four cases. The mudwave region is characterized as having a strong (∼ 10 cm s−1), steady (eddy kinetic energy < mean kinetic energy) current. The westward flow is consistent with the anticyclonic abyssal gyre centered about the Zapiola Drift inferred by Flood and Shor (1987, Deep-Sea Research, 35, 973–983). Near-bottom flow measurements made further to the west, in the region of confluence of the Brazil and Malvinas Current Extensions, reveal relatively energetic fluctuations, and equatorward flowing deep western boundary currents along the continental slope. Along the continental rise a poleward flow is observed, consistent with that inferred by Reid (1989, Progress in Oceanography, 23, 149–244). Too-cold bottom layers were found to be common only on the lower continental slope (4000 m depth) and at the mid-basin, mudwave site.
Circulating tumor cells in sarcomas: a brief review

Although rare, sarcomas represent a source of significant morbidity and mortality with nearly one reported death for every two new diagnoses. The detection and surveillance of circulating tumor cells (or CTCs) has been found to have significant clinical utility in epithelial malignancies, such as carcinoma of the colon, breast and prostate. Here, we summarize what is known regarding CTCs in sarcomas. Although still in its relative infancy, the detection of CTCs in sarcoma patients may help to diagnose and predict recurrence or metastasis as well as improve the overall management of sarcoma patients. CTCs are most often detected via reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction or antibody-based detection of cell surface proteins, including flow cytometry. Samples may be obtained from either peripheral blood or bone marrow. CTC detection in translocation sarcomas is perhaps most promising, as a recurrent abnormal gene fusion product can be detected in involved individuals but not in the normal patient. Studies in Ewing's sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumor, synovial sarcoma and alveolar soft part sarcoma have confirmed the feasibility of this approach. Other investigators have turned toward detection of more universal markers of sarcomas, such as the pan-mesenchymal marker Vimentin. In the case of osteosarcoma, more specific markers of osteogenic differentiation (Type I Collagen) have been utilized. In summary, although in its relative nascency, the use of CTC detection for the management of sarcoma patients shows initial promise.
MODELS OF GERIATRIC PRACTICE: Progress Toward a Restraint‐Free Environment in a Large Academic Nursing Facility

OBJECTIVE: To review the implementation and evolution of a successful physical restraint reduction program in a large nursing facility. INTERVENTION AND MEASUREMENTS: An initiative to reduce physical restraint began in March of 1990 with formation of a Restraint Review Committee (RRC), which developed and guided a program of inservice education, policy change, and procedural innovation. Progress was measured by monthly prevalence surveys of restraint use, both unit-specific and facility-wide. PATIENTS AND SETTING: The study took place in an 816-bed not-for-profit nursing facility with academic affiliation and closed medical staff. Mean age of residents was 85.5; 74% were female and 26% male. RESULTS: Physical restraint prevalence in our facility was reduced from 39% to 4% over 3 years, with marked decrease in variation among nursing units. Prevalence initially decreased to 20% after policy modifications and inservice education programs. Further innovations in procedure and policy resulted in continued reduction of physical restraint to 4%. The facility-wide rate of falls and accident-related injuries did not change over the 3-year period. Decrease in physical restraint was not accompanied by a change in the percentage of residents prescribed psychotropic medications such as benzodiazepines and neuroleptics. CONCLUSIONS: In response to the mandate to provide a least-restrictive environment, our institution has developed a successful system resulting in a dramatic reduction in physical restraint use. Changes in institutional culture and barriers to change are discussed, as well as issues of cost and generalizability. J Am Geriatr Soc 43:914–918, 1995.
The role of alkali metals as promoters in the methanation and Fischer-Tropsch reaction: an in situ study

Abstract The effect of alkali metals as catalytic modifiers on the methanation and Fischer-Tropsch reaction over a series of silica-supported Ru catalysts has been studied. When hydrocarbon product distributions were compared at constant CO conversion or at constant CH 4 formation turnover frequencies, rather than at constant temperature, differences in selectivity were small for the series of catalysts studied. The temperature-programmed desorption of CO from these catalysts showed the presence of three desorption maxima, centered at 100, 220, and 450 °C, respectively. The relative intensity of the maximum centered at 220 °C was observed to increase slightly on the catalysts modified by the addition of alkali metals. However, this slight increase in binding energy did not appear to promote the formation of surface carbon. The high-temperature maximum centered at 450 °C was assigned to CO formed by the reaction between surface carbon and H 2 O from the support. An “ in situ ” infrared study of the CO surface species present on the catalyst surface during reaction showed only one band centered at 2030 cm −1 on supported Ru. This was in contrast to the two bands centered at 2020 and 1950 cm −1 , which were observed for the K- and Cs-promoted catalysts. The results of this study suggest a depression in the rate of hydrogenation of the surface carbon species as a result of the addition of the alkali metal modifier. This is explained by invoking site blocking by the alkali metal adatoms rather than by an electronic effect.
DESIGN, FABRICATION, AND TEST OF WFIRST/AFTA GRISM ASSEMBLY

The Wide-Field Infra-Red Survey Telescope (WFIRST) is designed to perform wide-field imaging and slitless spectroscopic survey of the sky. A compound Grism assembly is selected as its slitless dispersing element. Compared to the grisms in several instruments installed on the Hubble space telescope, the challenge of this grism is the much wider Field Of View (FOV), larger dispersion, and smaller f. The image quality of the slitless spectrometer is directly related to how deep of the sky the spectrometer is able to see. This paper discusses how to use a diffractive lens surface to compensate the wavelength dependent aberration created by the grating in non-collimated space to make the spectrometer diffraction limited, as well as how to intelligently combine the two diffractive surfaces (lens and grating) to reduce the unwanted diffraction orders from the grating. The paper also discusses how to improve the diffraction efficiency of the diffractive surfaces, as well as how to align and assemble the optics.
Sources of Individual Differences in Reading Comprehension and Reading Fluency.

This study examined the common and distinct contributions of context-free and context reading skill to reading comprehension and the contributions of context-free reading skill and reading comprehension to context fluency. The 113 4th-grade participants were measured in reading comprehension, read aloud a folktale, and read aloud the folktale's words in a random list. Fluency was scaled as speed (words read correctly in 1 min) and time (seconds per correct word). Relative to list fluency, context fluency was a stronger predictor of comprehension. List fluency and comprehension each uniquely predicted context fluency, but their relative contributions depended on how fluency was scaled (time or speed). Results support the conclusion that word level processes contribute relatively more to fluency at lower levels while comprehension contributes relatively more at higher levels. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
The endomembrane sheath: a key structure for understanding the plant cell?

Recent evidence suggests that integrin is abundant in endomembranes of plant cells, and the endomembranes are clad by a sheath of cytoskeleton including F-actin. A role for endomembrane integrin and the endomembrane sheath is proposed: this system might orchestrate metabolic regulation by providing and modulating loci for channelling, and might accelerate channeling as needed by dragging the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and organelles through the cytoplasm. To accomplish this "streaming", F-actin might lever against the rest of the endomembrane sheath and the ER might also lever against adhesion sites (i.e., plasmodesmata and plasmalemmal control centers). As an important agent in the control of cellular activities, according to this model, the endomembrane sheath would play a major part in responses to diverse signals and stresses, and under extreme stress cell survival would depend on the ability of the system to maintain enough integrity to direct critical syntheses and degradations.
Mismatch repair: Origin of species?

Mismatch repair reverses replication errors and inhibits recombination between diverged sequences. This has been suggested to be important in speciation, especially in prokaryotes, but theoretical analysis indicates that genetic divergence in bacterial populations is not constrained by naturally occurring recombination levels.
Bi, Buddhist, Activist: Refusing Intolerance, But not Refusing Each Other

In this personal essay, the authors reflect on their work as activists for lesbian, gay, bisexual, trangender rights and their attempts to nourish such activism through a Buddhist understanding of mindfulness about the suffering of self and other. Although many figure activism as a kind of ‘combat’ and ‘fight’ for equality, the authors want to understand the potential cost of vengeful and poisonous thinking about the other, even when having to show those others how they inflict suffering through prejudice. The authors conclude with some strategies for mindful activism that places the care of the self and mindfulness about all of our suffering at the center of activist practice.
Response to Comment on “Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology”

Hall et al . claim that it is not yet possible to infer the diel activity patterns of fossil archosaurs with high confidence. We demonstrate here that this assertion is founded on unscreened data, untenable assumptions, and inappropriate methods. Our approach follows ecomorphological and phylogenetic principles in a probabilistic framework, resulting in statistically well-supported reconstructions of diel activity patterns in Mesozoic archosaurs.
960 EVALUATION OF A NEW INDIRECT BLOOD PRESSURE SYSTEM FOR NEONATES

InfrasondeR (Sphyngometrics), a small, lightweight (6.2 lbs), battery-powered, indirect blood pressure system was tested under a variety of clinical conditions in neonates. This system consists of a passive transducer (lxl cm) placed under a disposable cuff which electronically senses arterial wall oscillations on a narrow subaudible (infrasonic) frequency band thereby improving accuracy by increasing the signal to noise ratio. Ten neonates (1360 to 4500 gms), catheterized for medical reasons (RDS, shock, sepsis), were studied. Approximately 20 readings each by experienced and inexperienced personnel were made on the right arm, left arm, and one leg, simultaneously recording the direct transducer pressure from an arterial catheter attached to a KDC monitor at the exact moment that the Infrasonde reading was taken. Comparing absolute differences between the Infrasonde and the direct arterial pressure over a wide range (diastolic 18 to 60 mm Hg, systolic 38 to 105 mm Hg), we were unable to detect any difference between experienced and inexperienced personnel, right and left arms, and arms and legs; therefore all the readings were combined. The correlation coefficient between direct arterial and Infrasonde pressures was r=.900, n=113 diastolic and r=.940, n=113 systolic. These data indicate that Infrasonde correlates well with direct arterial pressures and could be especially useful when there is no indwelling catheter present.
Determining the initial configuration of uninterrupted redundant manipulator trajectories in a manufacturing environment

In a manufacturing environment where a redundant manipulator is programmed to follow a specific trajectory such as welding, painting, and soldering, it is often the case that the manipulator reaches a singular configuration where the program is stopped, the manipulator has to be switched to a new configuration, and the motion continued. This paper presents a method of determining the initial configuration of robotic manipulators to traverse a path trajectory without halting the motion. The method consists of: (1) identifying singular curves/surfaces using the Jacobian rank deficiency method; (2) determining non-crossable curves/surfaces using acceleration-based crossability criteria; (3) finding if the path intersects any non-crossable singular curve/surface. If there is not any intersection, the manipulator does not interrupt with any initial configuration on the trajectory. Otherwise, the intersection is determined, and the non-crossable singular configuration at the intersection point is determined; (4) solving the differential algebraic system of equations (DAE) of index 2 using the Runge-Kutta method; and (5) solving the optimization problem. The method is illustrated through examples.
Fine‐needle aspirates of granular cell lesions of the breast: Report of three cases, with emphasis on differential diagnosis and utility of immunostaining for CD68 (KP1)

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) has been recognized as a safe and reliable procedure for evaluating breast lesions. We herein report cytologic findings for needle aspirates from three granular cell nodules of the breast. The nodules were detected by diagnostic imaging and ranged from 0.6 to 1 cm in diameter. Ultrasound-guided FNA was used in all cases and revealed cellular aspirates with similar cytomorphologic features consisting of sheets of large granular cells intersected by arborizing thin-walled blood vessels. The cells had round to oval nuclei, inconspicuous nucleoli, and abundant, often ill-defined granular cytoplasm. Tissue sections of resected specimens yielded final diagnoses of granular cell metaplasia of histiocytes and stromal cells in one case and granular cell tumor (GCT) in the other two cases. FNA smears in all three cases were strongly positive for the lysosomal marker CD68 (KP1) and S-100 protein; therefore, it was not possible to distinguish true GCT from granular cell metaplasia/granular histiocytes. When breast aspirates reveal granular cell changes, excisional biopsy should be done for a definitive diagnosis.
the modification of an interethnic boundary in Belize

Of Belize's several ethnic groups, the Mopan have been among the last to be drawn into the society's larger institutional system to a significant extent. This paper focuses on the interplay, across the Mopan/non-Mopan boundary, between outside influences and local Initiative. The steadily increasing flow of transactions through a growing number of points of intercultural articulation has resulted in an ongoing process of institutional assimilation. The ethnic assimilation of the Mopan, however, remains problematical.
Weight perception and weight-related sociocultural and behavioral factors in Chinese adolescents.

Background. Rapid economic development accompanied by imported Western media, advertising, fashion, and lifestyle in mainland China has resulted in shifts in cultural beliefs and beauty ideals in adolescents. The present study focused on understanding relationships among weight perception and weight-related sociocultural and behavioral factors in Chinese adolescents. Methods. Data collected in 2002 from 6863 middle and high school students and their parents from four large cities in mainland China were used. Weight status was determined by measured weight and height. Weight perception, media exposure, attitudes, and health behaviors were assessed by a structured questionnaire survey. Results. Boys were more likely to describe themselves as either too thin or relatively thin than girls (37.32% vs. 18.79%), while girls more often considered themselves either relatively heavy or too heavy than boys (50.83% vs. 26.54%). Girls who were actually normal or underweight were more likely than boys to describe themselves as either relatively heavy or very heavy (41.6% vs. 11.6%), while boys who were actually normal or overweight were more likely than girls to believe themselves as underweight (30.9% vs. 15.7%). Girls who were frequently exposed to media from Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, and placed high value on their physical appearance, were more likely to be dissatisfied with their body weight, which in turn were more likely to restrict consumption of certain foods, smoke cigarettes, and drink alcohol. Similar results were not observed in boys. Conclusions. Weight dissatisfaction was prevalent in Chinese adolescents and was significantly related to media exposure, attitudes towards physical appearance, and adoption of certain health-risk behaviors in girls. Our findings underscore the importance of sociocultural influences in shaping realistic body image and have implications for prevention and early intervention for establishing health behavioral practices during adolescence.
The malate-aspartate shuttle in heart mitochondria.

Abstract In the presence of pyruvate, glutamate and ADP, isolated heart mitochondria incorporate l -[U- 14 C] malate into 14 C labeled aspartate. The aspartate synthesized intramitochondrially, is rapidly transported to the extramitochondria space. The synthesis of aspartate was dependent on the presence of glutamate and increased over the range 1 to 4 m m glutamate. At a glutamate concentration of 4 m m , the rate of aspartate synthesis was 44.5 nmol/min/mg mitochondrial protein. This rate is more than adequate to account for the transport of reducing equivalents generated by maximal rates of glycolysis into the mitochondria as malate and the return of the carbon skeleton of malate to the cytoplasm as aspartate.
The 3,4-connected layered hybrid oxide poly[tetra­kis(μ-2,4′-bipyridine-κ2N:N′)(μ4-β-octa­molybdato-κ4O:O′:O′′:O′′′)tetra­copper(I)]

The title compound, [Cu4(β-Mo8O26)(C10H8N2)4]n, is a two-dimensional 3,4-connected network coordination polymer containing two crystallographically distinct T-coordinated CuI atoms, each of which is bound to two N atoms from two bridging 2,4′-bipyridine ligands and a terminal O atom belonging to a centrosymmetric β-octa­molybdate anion. Rippled cationic [Cu(2,4′-bpy)]nn+ chain motifs are linked into `brick-wall' two-dimensional layers by exo-tetra­dentate β-octa­molybdate anions. The layers stack via C—H⋯O inter­actions to form a three-dimensional structure.
Various Factors Affecting the Iodine-131 Uptake of Embryonic Thyroids,

Abstract AS EARLY as 1938, Hertz, Roberts and Evans reported that radioactive iodine was selectively taken up by the thyroid under normal conditions and the collection was increased several fold in thyroids exhibiting hyperplasia. Hertz et al. (1940) stated that following intravenous injection of radioiodine in rabbits the percentage collection from any given dose was found to reach a maximum within ten minutes. The normal thyroids collected 80 times the amount expected by diffusion alone, whereas hyperplastic thyroids collected several hundred times that expected by diffusion. Perlman et al. (1941) determined the radioiodine uptake in the rat thyroid after the administration of three different amounts of iodine: 0.5 mg., 0.03 mg., and an amount termed tracer dose. The amounts trapped were two, seven, and sixty-five percent, respectively. These researchers also showed that while it took twenty-four hours for maximum uptake (sixty-five percent) of the tracer dose, over fifty percent was trapped …
A Beta-Ray Microscope.

This is Paper No. I-79, presented at the 1953 Conference on Nuclear Engineering, held at the University of California, Berkeley, September 9-11, 1953.
58 Packaging trinucleotide repeats: the effect of CAG/CTG repeats on nucleosome formation

In neurological diseases such as fragile X syndrome, spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, myotonic dystrophy, and Huntington’s disease, the molecular basis of pathogenicity is the presence of an expanded trinucleotide repeat (TNR) tract (Ashley & Warren, 1995). TNRs implicated in many of these diseases are composed of CAG/CTG repeats. For example, in healthy individuals 5–35, CAG/CTG TNR repeats are present in the huntingtin gene. However, individuals with 40 or greater repeats will develop Huntington’s disease (Andrew et al., 1993). We are particularly interested in how these TNR sequences are packaged in chromatin. Recent evaluations of CAG/CTG TNR sequences in our laboratory have demonstrated that the repeats increase the propensity for the DNA sequences to incorporate into nucleosomes, where nucleosomes represent the minimal unit of packaging in chromatin (Volle & Delaney, 2012). In this work, we are interested in determining the minimum number of CAG/CTG repeats required to confer a significant increa...
Introduction to the REI Special Issue: "The Role of History, Biogeography, and Institutions for Comparative Development"

The importance of history, culture, and biogeography in shaping current institutions and the long-run process of economic development is the subject of an important and growing field of research, attracting prominent scholars from different backgrounds. This special issue brings together contributions that investigate both theoretically and empirically the potential mechanisms that mediate the link between institutional and economic development.
TIM-4 is the ligand for TIM-1, and the TIM-1–TIM-4 interaction regulates T cell proliferation

The newly identified TIM family of proteins is associated with regulation of T helper type 1 (T(H)1) and T(H)2 immune responses. TIM-1 is genetically linked to asthma and is a receptor for hepatitis A virus, but the endogenous ligand of TIM-1 is not known. Here we show that TIM-4, which is expressed by antigen-presenting cells, is the ligand for TIM-1. In vivo administration of either soluble TIM-1-immunoglobulin (TIM-1-Ig) fusion protein or TIM-4-Ig fusion protein resulted in hyperproliferation of T cells, and TIM-4-Ig costimulated T cell proliferation mediated by CD3 and CD28 in vitro. These data suggest that the TIM-1-TIM-4 interaction is involved in regulating T cell proliferation.
Intensities of galactic cosmic rays of ∼1.5 GV rigidity at Earth versus the heliospheric current sheet tilt

[1] In this paper we have compared the cosmic ray intensity variations at ∼1.5 GV rigidity with the corresponding time variations of the heliospheric current sheet tilt (HCST). These studies extend earlier work comparing neutron monitor variations with the HCST. In addition to the results of this earlier work we have found that (1) the delay of the cosmic ray intensity changes relative to the HCST changes is much less in 11-year cycles starting in a negative solar magnetic cycles. (2) During the specific periods of actual changeover of the solar magnetic field from positive to negative polarity, the cosmic ray intensity decrease is ∼50% of the total 11-year cycle intensity decrease. During the changeover from negative to positive polarity, the entire cosmic ray 11-year decrease has almost fully occurred before the polarity changeover. (3) In 11-year modulation cycles starting in a negative polarity period, the regression coefficient between the cosmic ray intensity and tilt is ∼0.9% per degree of tilt during both the decreasing and increasing phases. In the 11-year modulation cycles starting in a positive polarity cycle, the regression coefficient is much smaller, only ∼0.4% per degree during much of the cycle; then it becomes much steeper toward the end of the cycle. These features are discussed in terms of current models for cosmic ray modulation that include diffusion, convection, drifts, and the wavy current sheet.
Medieval Materials Available to Rutgers Students

Charanis states that of the materials available to the history student at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, that in the field of medieval history, both Greek and Latin, is among the richest. This is largely because of the extensive holdings of the New Brunswick Theological Seminary and the important acquisitions which the Rutgers University Library has made.
Molecular mechanism of antimicrobial peptides : The origin of cooperativity

Based on very extensive studies on four peptides (alamethicin, melittin, magainin and protegrin), we propose a mechanism to explain the cooperativity exhibited by the activities of antimicrobial peptides, namely, a non-linear concentration dependence characterized by a threshold and a rapid rise to saturation as the concentration exceeds the threshold. We first review the structural basis of the mechanism. Experiments showed that peptide binding to lipid bilayers creates two distinct states depending on the bound-peptide to lipid ratio P/L. For P/L below a threshold P/L*, all of the peptide molecules are in the S state that has the following characteristics: (1) there are no pores in the membrane, (2) the axes of helical peptides are oriented parallel to the plane of membrane, and (3) the peptide causes membrane thinning in proportion to P/L. As P/L increases above P/L*, essentially all of the excessive peptide molecules occupy the I state that has the following characteristics: (1) transmembrane pores are detected in the membrane, (2) the axes of helical peptides are perpendicular to the plane of membrane, (3) the membrane thickness remains constant for P/L> or =P/L*. The free energy based on these two states agrees with the data quantitatively. The free energy also explains why lipids of positive curvature (lysoPC) facilitate and lipids of negative curvature (PE) inhibit pore formation.
Theory of polarization of crystalline solids

We consider the change in polarization \ensuremath{\Delta}P which occurs upon making an adiabatic change in the Kohn-Sham Hamiltonian of the solid. A simple expression for \ensuremath{\Delta}P is derived in terms of the valence-band wave functions of the initial and final Hamiltonians. We show that physically \ensuremath{\Delta}P can be interpreted as a displacement of the center of charge of the Wannier functions. The formulation is successfully applied to compute the piezoelectric tensor of GaAs in a first-principles pseudopotential calculation.
Axial Thermal Expansion of TetragonaI ZrO, Between 1150° and 1700°C

The lattice constants for three samples of tetragonal ZrO2 were measured in a high-temperature X-ray diffractometer in the range 1150° to 1700°C in an ambient air atmosphere. The unrefined lattice constants were the same for these materials only after each had been previously heat-treated at 1550° to 1750°C in an ambient air atmosphere. The thermal expansions of the two axes are linear and are given by: a value, A = 3.5882+ 4.50 X 10+(T), within 0.0013 A; and c value, A = 5.1882+ 7.57 × 10−5(T), within 0.0022 A, where T is in °C for the range 1150° to 1700°C. The lattice constant values are a= 3.6399 A and c= 5.2758 A at 1150°C and a= 3.6782 A and c= 5.3397 A at 1700°C.
The relative influences of molecular structure on brittle fracture by fatigue and under constant load in polyethylenes

The resistance to failure under an oscillating load, fatigue, and to failure under constant load (CL), are presented for a large number of linear polyethylenes. The effects of fatigue and a CL on brittle fracture are compared with respect to the influence of the molecular structure such as branching and the molecular weight. Molecular weight has a relatively greater influence on fatigue, whereas branching is more important under CL.
The dancing judicial zen masters: How many judges does it take to see the future?

Abstract American state judiciaries seem to have embraced futures studies more fully than any other governmental or private institution anywhere. Why might this be? Evidence comes primarily from the discussion on three panels during a recent General Assembly of the World Future Society by eight persons active in various aspects of judicial foresight.
How should structural adjustment programs be designed

Abstract More than seven years have elapsed since the onset of the generalized debt crisis of 1982, yet the affected countries have still not managed to stabilize their economies. These countries must now attempt structural adjustment in the midst of pervasive macroeconomic and political instability. Structural adjustment packages should be designed with this reality in mind. This paper argues that structural adjustment programs should strive for sustainability, rather than the economic liberalization that they presently stress. Illiberal policies which do not damage overall macro stability are preferable to liberal policies which are inherently unsustainable or engender macro instability. Liberalization programs that are not sustainable are likely to bring few benefits, but have high costs in terms of private investment. The paper discusses some of the chief implications of this opinion for the design of adjustment programs.
EF‐G‐catalyzed translocation of anticodon stem–loop analogs of transfer RNA in the ribosome

The authors apologise for an error in Figure 1C. The arrows pointing to the toeprint positions were off by one position. The corrected figure below shows the correct toeprint positions. Figure 1. Construction …
Stress and cracking behavior of plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings using an advanced constitutive model

Abstract A finite element simulation of a plasma sprayed thermal barrier coating (TBC) system represented as a three-layer structure with an interface asperity is presented. Loading due to thermal expansion mismatch and geometry changes from oxide growth are included. A realistic viscoplastic model is used to represent the behavior of the ceramic layer, which includes both time dependent behavior and strong yield stress asymmetry. Predicted stresses can be up to three orders of magnitude lower than those based on elastic analysis. Elastic–plastic analysis using symmetric yield stresses result in errors up to a factor of 5 on the stress and hence inclusion of tension compression yield asymmetry is essential if better than order of magnitude stress estimates are required. It is shown that residual stresses at room temperature never become large enough to propagate asperity size cracks based on linear elastic fracture mechanics. Instead, failure may need to be described in terms of volumetric damage. A simple representative approach based on Rankine failure theory is presented.