cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AV block induced by drinking cold liquids.

8. Levine MD: Acute myocardial infarction following wasp sting. AM HEART J 91:365, 1976. Brasher GW. Sanchez SA: Reversable electrocardiographic changes assdciated with wasp sting anaphylaxis. -JiMA 299:1210, 1974. Bernreiter M: Electrocardiogram of patient in anaphylactic shock. JAMA 170:628, 1959. Booth BH, Patterson R: Electrocardiographic changes during human anaphylaxis. JAMA 211:627, 1970. Ginsburg R, Bristow M, Stinson EB, Harrison DC: Histamine receptors in the human heart. Life Sci 26:2245, 1980. Ginsburg R, Bristow M, Kantrowitz NE, Bairn DS, Harrison DC: Histamine provocation of clinical coronary artery spasm: Implications concerning pathogenesis of variant angina pectoris. AM HEART J 102:819, 1981. Bristow MR, Ginsburg R, Kantrowitz NE, Bairn IS, Rosenbaum JT: Coronary spasm associated with urticaria: Report of a case mimicking anaphylaxis. Clin Cardiol 5:238, 1982.
BLOOD CHEMISTRY CHANGES IN MICE FED HIGH LEVELS OF POLYOXYETHYLENE SORBITAN DERIVATIVES.

Summary Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (PSML) or polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate (PSMS) was fed to two series of C57BL/6 mice at either 5% or 10% concentrations for periods of 12 and 26 weeks. A depressed blood glucose concentration was shown for all experimental male diet groups. Male controls exhibited a significantly higher blood glucose level than did female controls. Blood urea nitrogen concentrations were slightly decreased in both sexes fed PSML-10%, PSMS-5%, or PSMS-10%. No sex difference was noted. All experimental diet groups, male and female, exhibited increased total serum protein. The most elevated total serum protein values were in male diet groups fed PSML-5% or PSML-10%. Male controls showed a significantly higher serum cholesterol concentration than did females, but no general pattern could be established for experimental diet effects.
Further consideration of indicators of community attachment

Two studies of contradictory results concerning models of community attachment are briefly reviewed, one of which reported strong support for a ‘systemic’ model while the other placed greater emphasis on the relationship of size of place with attachment. Using data from 27 communities located in Iowa, measures used in both studies are replicated to the extent possible. Length of residence, age, and local social ties, important elements in the ‘systemic’ model of community attachment, are more strongly related to attachment than is size of place in this restudy.
Physical activity and liver cholesterol.

The effects of various types and intensities of exercise on hepatic cholesterol and fecal sterol levels of rats fed a high fat diet was investigated. The results demonstrate that liver cholesterol of such animals trained either by running or swimming are lower than non-trained controls.
Identification of Structural and Catalytic Classes of Highly Conserved Amino Acid Residues in Lysine 2,3-Aminomutase

Lysine 2,3-aminomutase (LAM) from Clostridium subterminale SB4 catalyzes the interconversion of (S)-lysine and (S)-beta-lysine by a radical mechanism involving coenzymatic actions of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a [4Fe-4S] cluster, and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). The enzyme contains a number of conserved acidic residues and a cysteine- and arginine-rich motif, which binds iron and sulfide in the [4Fe-4S] cluster. The results of activity and iron, sulfide, and PLP analysis of variants resulting from site-specific mutations of the conserved acidic residues and the arginine residues in the iron-sulfide binding motif indicate two classes of conserved residues of each type. Mutation of the conserved residues Arg134, Asp293, and Asp330 abolishes all enzymatic activity. On the basis of the X-ray crystal structure, these residues bind the epsilon-aminium and alpha-carboxylate groups of (S)-lysine. However, among these residues, only Asp293 appears to be important for stabilizing the [4Fe-4S] cluster. Members of a second group of conserved residues appear to stabilize the structure of LAM. Mutations of arginine 130, 135, and 136 and acidic residues Glu86, Asp165, Glu236, and Asp172 dramatically decrease iron and sulfide contents in the purified variants. Mutation of Asp96 significantly decreases iron and sulfide content. Arg130 or Asp172 variants display no detectable activity, whereas variants mutated at the other positions display low to very low activities. Structural roles are assigned to this latter class of conserved amino acids. In particular, a network of hydrogen bonded interactions of Arg130, Glu86, Arg135, and the main chain carbonyl groups of Cys132 and Leu55 appears to stabilize the [4Fe-4S] cluster.
Willstatter-Stoll theory of leaf reflectance evaluated by ray tracing

The widely accepted Willstatter-Stoll (W-S) theory of leaf reflectance has been investigated by extensive ray tracing through a model (W-S model) in which the leaf cellular structure is approximated by circular arcs. Calculations were performed on an IBM 1800 computer. The W-S model is treated as a two-dimensional, uncentered optical system consisting of a single medium and air. Optical properties of the medium are specified by a complex index of refraction. Given an incident ray, new reflected and transmitted rays are produced at each interface with properties determined by the laws of Snell, Fresnel, and Lambert. Calculations indicate that the W-S model, as exemplified by their artist's conception, is too transparent, that is, the magnitude predicted for transmittance is too high. Transmittance is still too high if each interface is treated as a diffusive instead of a smooth surface. The W-S model can be easily improved, however, by introduction of more intercellular air spaces. The modified W-S model promises to be an excellent representation of physical reality. Accurate predictions, however, require an inordinate amount of computer time.
Cross-talk between serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B regulates Src activation and adhesion of integrin αIIbβ3 to fibrinogen

Integrin αIIbβ3 signaling mediated by kinases and phosphatases participate in hemostasis and thrombosis, in part, by supporting stable platelet adhesion. Our previous studies indicate that the genetic manipulation of PP2Acα (α isoform of the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A) negatively regulate the adhesion of human embryonal kidney 293 cells expressing αIIbβ3 to fibrinogen. Here, we demonstrated that small interference RNA (siRNA) mediated knockdown of PP2Acα in 293 αIIbβ3 cells led to the dephosphorylation of Src Tyr-529, phosphorylation of Src Tyr-418 and an increased Src kinase activity. Conversely, overexpression of PP2Acα decreased the basal Src activity. Pharmacological inhibition of PP2Ac in human platelets or PP2Acα knockdown in primary murine megakaryocytes resulted in Src activation. PP2Acα-depleted 293 αIIbβ3 cells did not alter the serine (Ser) phosphorylation of Src but enhanced the Ser-50 phosphorylation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B) with a concomitant increase in the PTP-1B activity. Src activation in the PP2Acα-depleted 293 αIIbβ3 cells was abolished by siRNA mediated knockdown of PTP-1B. Pharmacological inhibition of Src or knockdown of Src, PTP-1B blocked the enhanced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and the increased adhesiveness of PP2Acα-depleted 293 αIIbβ3 cells to fibrinogen, respectively. Thus, inactivation of PP2Acα promotes hyperphosphorylation of PTP-1B Ser-50, elevates PTP-1B activity, which dephosphorylates Src Tyr-529 to activate Src and its downstream ERK1/2 signaling pathways that regulate αIIbβ3 adhesion. Moreover, these studies extend the notion that a cross-talk between Ser/Thr and Tyr phosphatases can fine-tune αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling.
New approach to high-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy of polar materials: Studies of water and methanol adsorption on ultrathin MgO(100) films.

A novel approach to the application of high-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy to polar materials is demonstrated in this Letter. By using a high-impact-energy beam and an off-specular scattering geometry, losses due to excitation of the adsorbates are observed in the 1000--4000-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ range with little interference from the intense losses due to multiple surface optical phonons (Fuchs-Kliewer modes). Adsorption of water and methanol on ultrathin MgO(100) films on Mo(100) have been studied using this new approach.
A pilot study of botulinum toxin injection for the treatment of delayed gastric emptying following esophagectomy.

Objective Esophagectomy may lead to impairment in gastric emptying, unless a pyloroplasty or pyloromyotomy is performed. These procedures may be technically challenging during minimally invasive esophagectomy, and they are associated with a small but definable morbidity, such as leakage and dumping syndrome. We sought to determine the results of our early experience with injecting the pylorus with botulinum toxin instead of conventional pyloric drainage.
The qualification of evaluative adjectives by frequency adverbs

All possible combinations of positive and negative frequency adverbs with 15 evaluative adjectives were rated as to favorableness by 150 college students. The ratings were analyzed by the scaling method of successive intervals and subsequently analyzed to reveal the relationship between the component words and the scale value of the combination. A multiplicative function previously proposed by Cliff was found to fit the data very adequately.
Subcellular site of glycoprotein synthesis in liver

Abstract The smooth and rough microsomal fractions of rat and rabbit liver were shown to carry out transfer of N-acetylhexosamine, galactose and mannose to endogenous protein acceptors from corresponding sugar-nucleotides. The rough microsomal fraction was more active than the smooth microsomal fraction for the incorporation of hexosamine and mannose, but only one-third as active for the incorporation of galactose. Data also are presented which suggest that among the subcellular fractions only the microsomal fractions are active in the hexosamine and mannose transfer reactions.
Resistance to extinction as a function of delay of reinforcement and the opportunity to retrace in the runway

Two experiments are reported in which rats were allowed to retrace from the goal box during extinction. The main results were that, contrary to an implication of the interference theory of extinction, rats so treated did not show reduced resistance to extinction, and, as a matter of fact, showed some statistically reliable improvements in running time.
The method of parsimony: an experimental test and theoretical analysis of the adequacy of molecular restoration studies☆

Abstract The ability of the principle of parsimony to accurately reconstruct molecular evolutionary pathways from an analysis of amino acid or nucleic acid sequences from extant organisms is tested by direct comparison with a known pathway. Topological errors occur under specified conditions. Importantly, given no errors in the topology, and error-free experimental sequences, the ancestral sequences inferred by the parsimony principle err significantly, the magnitude of the error increasing with the distance of the nodal sequence from the present. These errors are irreducible as an inherent consequence of any evolutionary process in which chance processes operate within the constraints imposed by Darwinian selection. Formulae are derived which predict the errors in the ancestral sequences from a knowledge of only the internodal distances. The parsimony solution is not a reliably good solution. It is necessary to develop a detailed understanding of the interaction between chance processes and natural selection to further advance our understanding of molecular change in proteins and nucleic acids.
Four cases with complex Philadelphia translocations, including one with appearance de novo of a “masked” Ph

Four cases of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) with complex Philadelphia (Ph) translocations are described. The first case was that of a 50-year-old woman in the chronic phase of CML. Her leukemic cells showed a complex Ph translocation involving chromosomes #9, #11, and #22 [i.e., t(9;9;22;11)(11qter----11q11::9q11----9q34:: 9p11----9pter;22qter----22q11::9q34?;11 pter----11q11::22q11----22qter)]. In addition to the complex Ph translocation, the leukemic cells contained del(10)(p13). The second case was that of a 21-year-old man whose leukemic cells contained a translocation involving chromosomes #5, #9, and #22 [i.e., t(5;22;9)(q31;q11;q34)], resulting in a "masked" Ph chromosome. The third case was that of a 37-year-old man whose leukemic cells had a complex Ph translocation involving chromosomes #8, #9, and #22 [i.e., t(8;9;22)(q13;q34;q11)]. The fourth patient was a 41-year-old woman diagnosed as having CML in myeloid blastic phase, at which time the first specimen was examined by us. This blood sample showed a karyotype of 45,XX, -9, -17, -22, +mar1, +mar2,9q+. No Ph chromosome was present. A standard Ph translocation was detected in the cells obtained from the spleen, when the patient underwent splenectomy for treatment of the blastic crisis. Subsequent specimens obtained from the blood and bone marrow showed that the leukemic cells contained three clones: 45,XX, -9, -17, -22, +mar1, +mar2,9q+/46,XX, -17, +mar1,t(9;22)(q34;q11)/46,XX,t(9;22)(q34;q11). Cells with the "masked" Ph chromosome were thought to have been derived from the clone with the standard Ph translocation. We postulate that some variant Ph translocations, including those with a "masked" Ph chromosome, may be generated by a stepwise process following the genesis of a standard Ph translocation.
Perfect Elimination and Chordal Bipartite Graphs

We define two types of bipartite graphs, chordal bipartite graphs and perfect elimination bipartite graphs, and prove theorems analogous to those of Dirac and Rose for chordal graphs (rigid circuit graphs, triangulated graphs). Our results are applicable to Gaussian elimination on sparse matrices where a sequence of pivots preserving zeros is sought. Our work removes the constraint imposed by Haskins and Rose that pivots must be along the main diagonal.
Progressive cerebellar ataxia associated with Hand-Schüller-Christian disease.

SUMMARY A patient is reported who displayed progressive cerebellar signs manifested principally by ataxia. After 10 years, Hand-Schuller-Christian disease was established. The finding of hyperuricemia was of additional interest. It is proposed that the patient's slowly progressive neurological deterioration was secondary to Hand-Schuller-Christian disease. A plan of therapy is outlined. RESUME Ataxie cerebelleuse progressive associee a une maladie de Hand-Schuller-Christian Les auteurs rapportent le cas d'un malade ayant presente des signes cerebelleux evolutifs se traduisant principalement par une ataxie. Apres 10 ans le diagnostic de maladie de Hand-Schuller-Christian a pu etre porte. En outre, il fut decouvert une hyperuricemie. II est suggere que la deterioration neurologique lentement progressive du malade etait secondaire a la maladie de Hand-Schuller-Christian. Un plan therapeutique est defini. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Progressive Cerebellare Ataxie in Verbindung mit der Hand-Schuller-Christiarischen Krankheit Es wird uber einen Patienten berichtet, der fortschreitende cerebellare Zeichen entwickelte, die sich haupsachlich durch Ataxie ausdruckten. Nach 10 Jahren wurde eine Hand-Schuller-Christian' sche Krankheit festgestellt. Von zusatzlichem Interesse war der Befund einer Hyperuricaemie. Es wurde angenommen, das die langsam fortschreitende neurologische Storung eine Folge der Hand-Schuller-Christian' schen Krankheit ist. Ein Therapieplan wurde ausgearbeitet. RESUME N Ataxia cerebelosa progresiva asociada con la enfermedad de Hand-Schuller-Christian Se aporta el caso de un paciente con signos cerebelosos progresivos manifestados en forma de ataxia. Diez anos mas tarde se establecio el diagnostico de enfermedad de Hand-Schuller-Christian. Anadio interes el hallazgo de una hiperuricemia. Se propone la idea de que la progresiva deterioration neurologica lenta del paciente era secundaria a la enfermedad de Hand-Schuller-Christian. Se esquematiza un plan terapeutico.
Integrating restoration and scheduling decisions for disrupted interdependent infrastructure systems

We consider the problem faced by managers of critical civil interdependent infrastructure systems of restoring essential public services after a non-routine event causes disruptions to these services. In order to restore the services, we must determine the set of components (or tasks) that will be temporarily installed or repaired, assign these tasks to work groups, and then determine the schedule of each work group to complete the tasks assigned to it. These restoration planning and scheduling decisions are often undertaken in an independent, sequential manner. We provide mathematical models and optimization algorithms that integrate the restoration and planning decisions and specifically account for the interdependencies between the infrastructure systems. The objective function of this problem provides a measure of how well the services are being restored over the horizon of the restoration plan, rather than just focusing on the performance of the systems after all restoration efforts are complete. We test our methods on realistic data representing infrastructure systems in New York City. Our computational results demonstrate that we can provide integrated restoration and scheduling plans of high quality with limited computational resources. We also discuss the benefits of integrating the restoration and scheduling decisions.
Immortalization of cloned mouse splenic macrophages with a retrovirus containing the v-raf/mil and v-myc oncogenes

The recombinant retrovirus J2, which contains the v-raf/mil and v-myc oncogenes, was used to immortalize mouse splenic macrophages that had been cloned in soft agar. When added to freshly harvested colonies, J2 failed to yield cell lines but it immortalized up to 30% of the clones if they had been maintained for at least 4 months in medium containing colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1). All of the cell lines grew in agar in a CSF-1-independent manner, and they produced tumors in nude and syngeneic mice. The cell lines were judged to be macrophage based on morphological criteria and because they secreted lysozyme, were phagocytic for antibody-coated particles, and expressed both the Mac-1 antigen and the CSF-1 receptor. The cell lines could be divided into three groups based on their expression of Ia and their ability to present an antigen to a T-cell hybridoma. The majority of the lines did not constitutively express Ia or present antigen, but a lymphokine did induce Ia in all of the lines, with most of them also acquiring antigen-presenting activity. However, a small proportion of lymphokine-treated lines continued to lack antigen-presenting activity despite their ability to express Ia. The third and smallest group of cell lines constitutively expressed both Ia and antigen-presenting activity. These results show that the J2 recombinant retrovirus is a useful means of immortalizing functionally distinct populations of cloned splenic macrophages.
Taking Culture into Account in Social Cognitive Development

Cultural explanations have often been ignored in developmental psychology. The reasons for rejecting them are discussed and it is maintained that theories of development need to be culturally depen...
Overproduction or Absence of the Periplasmic Protease DegP Severely Compromises Bacterial Growth in the Absence of the Dithiol: Disulfide Oxidoreductase DsbA

Facultative phototrophic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus DsbA-null mutants are proficient in photosynthesis but are defective in respiration especially in enriched growth medium at 35 °C. They also exhibit severe pleiotropic phenotypes extending from motility defects to osmofragility and oxidative stresses. In this work, using a combined proteomics and molecular genetics approach, we demonstrated that the respiratory defect of R. capsulatus DsbA-null mutants originates from the overproduction of the periplasmic protease DegP, which renders them temperature-sensitive for growth. The DsbA-null mutants reverted frequently to overcome this growth defect by decreasing, but not completely eliminating, their DegP activity. In agreement with these findings, we showed that overproduction of DegP abolishes the newly restored respiratory growth ability of the revertants in all growth media. Structural localizations of the reversion mutations in DegP revealed the regions and amino acids that are important for its protease-chaperone activity. Remarkably although R. capsulatus DsbA-null or DegP-null mutants were viable, DegP-null DsbA-null double mutants were lethal at all growth temperatures. This is unlike Escherichia coli, and it indicates that in the absence of DsbA some DegP activity is required for survival of R. capsulatus. Absence of a DegQ protease homologue in some bacteria together with major structural variations among the DegP homologues, including a critical disulfide bond-bearing region, correlates well with the differences seen between various species like R. capsulatus and E. coli. Our findings illustrate the occurrence of two related but distinct periplasmic protease families in bacterial species.
The Strict Relationship Between Surface Turbulence Intensity and Wind Shear Coefficient Daily Courses: A Novel Method to Extrapolate Wind Resource to the Turbine Hub Height

Based on power law, a novel method is proposed to extrapolate surface wind speed ( v ) to the wind turbine (WT) hub height, via prediction of the wind shear coefficient (WSC) daily course, by only using the surface turbulence intensity ( I ) daily course. Work’s main outcome is a strict (almost 1:1) relationship between WSC and I daily courses which was found after applying a linear regression analysis. Practical usefulness of this finding for wind energy applications is straightforward, as merely using I values routinely collected at surface heights a WSC predicting model may be used to fairly estimate energy yield at WT hub height. A 2–year (2012–2013) dataset from the meteorological mast of Cabauw (Netherlands) was used, including 10–min records collected at heights of 10, 20, 40, and 80 m. Methods were trained over a 1–year period (2012) and then validated over an independent 1–year period (2013). WT hub heights of 40 and 80 m have been targeted for the extrapolation, being accomplished based on I observations at two surface levels: 10 and 20 m. As a result, good scores were returned by the proposed method over the most challenging height intervals: between 10 and 80 m, a 5% mean bias was achieved in extrapolated v values and at worst a 11.51% in calculated energy yield; between 20 and 80 m, extrapolated v values were biased by 2%, while energy output at worst by 6.62%.
Evaluation of the Sensititre MycoTB Plate for Susceptibility Testing of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex against First- and Second-Line Agents

ABSTRACT The Sensititre MycoTB plate (TREK Diagnostic Systems, Cleveland, OH) uses a microtiter plate MIC format for susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates against first- and second-line antituberculosis agents. Categorical agreement versus the agar proportion method for 122 M. tuberculosis complex isolates was 94% to 100%.
An EPR Investigation of the Products of the Reaction of Cytosolic and Mitochondrial Aconitases with Nitric Oxide

Cellular studies have indicated that some Fe-S proteins, and the aconitases in particular, are targets for nitric oxide. Specifically, NO has been implicated in the intracellular process of the conversion of active cytosolic aconitase containing a [4Fe-4S] cluster, to its apo-form which functions as an iron-regulatory protein. We have undertaken the in vitrostudy of the reaction of NO with purified forms of both mitochondrial and cytosolic aconitases by following enzyme activity and by observing the formation of EPR signals not shown by the original reactants. Inactivation by either NO solutions or NO-producing NONOates under anaerobic conditions is seen for both enzyme isoforms. This inactivation, which occurs in the presence or absence of substrate, is accompanied by the appearance of the g = 2.02 signals of the [3Fe-4S] clusters and the g ≈ 2.04 signal of a protein-bound dinitrosyl-iron-dithiol complex in the d7 state. In addition, in the reaction of cytosolic aconitase, the transient formation of a thiyl radical,g ∥ = 2.11 and g ⊥ = 2.03, is observed. Disassembly of the [3Fe-4S] clusters of the inactive forms of the enzymes upon the anaerobic addition of NO is also accompanied by the formation of the g ≈ 2.04 species and in the case of mitochondrial aconitase, a transient signal atg ≈ 2.032 appeared. This signal is tentatively assigned to the d9 form of an iron-nitrosyl-histidyl complex of the mitochondrial protein. Inactivation of the [4Fe-4S] forms of both aconitases by either superoxide anion or peroxynitrite produces the g = 2.02 [3Fe-4S] proteins.
Urban development and flooding in Houston Texas, inferences from remote sensing data using neural network technique

The effects of urban development on the natural ecosystem and its link to the increased flooding in Houston, Texas were evaluated. Houston is suitable for this type of analysis due to its 1.95 million population, large geographic area and fast growth rate. Using neural network techniques, four Landsat Thematic Mapper images were grouped into five land use classes for the period 1984 to 2003: vegetation, bare ground, water, concrete and asphalt. Results show that asphalt and concrete increased 21% in the time period 1984–1994, 39% in 1994–2000 and 114%, from 2000 to 2003, while vegetation suffered an overall decrease. When change detection data are compared with runoff ratio data, a relationship between increased runoff and urban development is apparent, which indicates increased chances of flooding. Initial results of this work are made available to the public in GIS format via internet using Arc Internet Map Server (ArcIMS) at http://geoinfo.geosc.uh.edu/Houston.
Pavlovian influences on goal-directed behavior in mice: The role of cue-reinforcer relations

Two experiments refined procedures to study Pavlovian influences on goal-directed behavior in mice and studied the effects of CS-US relations in Pavlovian-instrumental interactions. Independent groups of mice underwent Pavlovian training to associate either a 10-sec or 2-min auditory stimulus (CS) with reward. We next assessed the ability of the response-contingent CS presentations to reinforce novel instrumental responding (conditioned reinforcement; CRf) or the ability of noncontingent CS presentations to increase ongoing instrumental responding (Pavlovian-instrumental transfer; PIT). Whereas 10-sec training conditions produced strong CRf (and no PIT), 2-min training conditions produced robust PIT (but no CRf).
TRANSPORTING WELFARE BEYOND THE CITY: A GIS METHODOLOGY TO GUIDE RURAL TRANSIT PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION

As part of the welfare-to-work legislation, state and local welfare agencies receiving grants are given wide latitude in the designation of transportation services subsidization for welfare recipients. Meeting transportation needs in rural areas can be more difficult than in urban areas since rural public transportation generally does not exist. This paper describes the creation of a systematic methodology commission by a central Texas government agency to evaluate the prospect of developing a rural transportation infrastructure for welfare recipients. The result of the methodology was a comprehensive geographic information system (GIS)-based evaluation tool for designating key components of a welfare-related rural transportation system. GIS and census data were used simultaneously to identify commuting patterns and risk of welfare dependency. By mapping workers' commuting patterns to various employment hubs, it was possible to designate rural public transportation possibilities for currently unemployed workers in need of subsidized transportation. The methodology also makes it possible to identify future rural residents who might require welfare assistance and allows for the designation of transportation locations that have an increased likelihood of self-sustaining in the event of terminated subsidization funds.
Lactic Acidosis: An Update

Lactic acidosis is an etiologically and biochemically heterogeneous disorder that is due to the overproduc tion of lactic acid or the underutilization of lactate. It occurs with disorders in which tissue oxygenation is impaired (Type A) and with disorders in which it is not (Type B). Lactic acidosis is an anion-gap metabolic acidosis in which the lactate concentration is greater than or equal to 5 mM and the systemic pH is less than 7.30. Treatment is largely empiric and generally unsatis factory. The use of sodium bicarbonate in lactic acidosis is currently controversial. The adverse effects of bicar bonate and the beneficial effects of dichloroacetate in experimental models of lactic acidosis are reviewed.
The mammalian Doublesex homolog DMRT6 coordinates the transition between mitotic and meiotic developmental programs during spermatogenesis

In mammals, a key transition in spermatogenesis is the exit from spermatogonial differentiation and mitotic proliferation and the entry into spermatocyte differentiation and meiosis. Although several genes that regulate this transition have been identified, how it is controlled and coordinated remains poorly understood. Here, we examine the role in male gametogenesis of the Doublesex-related gene Dmrt6 (Dmrtb1) in mice and find that Dmrt6 plays a crucial role in directing germ cells through the mitotic-to-meiotic germ cell transition. DMRT6 protein is expressed in late mitotic spermatogonia. In mice of the C57BL/6J strain, a null mutation in Dmrt6 disrupts spermatogonial differentiation, causing inappropriate expression of spermatogonial differentiation factors, including SOHLH1, SOHLH2 and DMRT1 as well as the meiotic initiation factor STRA8, and causing most late spermatogonia to undergo apoptosis. In mice of the 129Sv background, most Dmrt6 mutant germ cells can complete spermatogonial differentiation and enter meiosis, but they show defects in meiotic chromosome pairing, establishment of the XY body and processing of recombination foci, and they mainly arrest in mid-pachynema. mRNA profiling of Dmrt6 mutant testes together with DMRT6 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing suggest that DMRT6 represses genes involved in spermatogonial differentiation and activates genes required for meiotic prophase. Our results indicate that Dmrt6 plays a key role in coordinating the transition in gametogenic programs from spermatogonial differentiation and mitosis to spermatocyte development and meiosis.
Mitigating Environmental Effects on Free-Space Laser Communications

Robust link margin stability is critical to maintaining successful laser communications at long range through the atmosphere. Laser power impinging on the receiver must sufficiently exceed all noise for adequate link closure and bit determination. Losses associated with statistical terms can heavily reduce received signal power, which will cause the bit error rate (BER) to rise. A high BER can lead to unacceptable data loss. Large statistical losses are manifested in platform jitter, and atmospheric scintillation. It is essential for system performance that these combined losses are represented as accurately as possible. A detailed picture of system dynamics is achieved through combining numerical simulation of these two terms and including the mitigating influence of forward error correction (FEC) and interleaving. Trade space analysis is performed that incorporates platform jitter, atmospheric fades and various FEC-interleaver combinations. A sensitivity analysis is shown that illustrates the affects of various signal to noise ratios (SNR) on BER and how link efficiency can be increased through these mitigating techniques. FEC-interleaver combinations show a two order of magnitude decrease in BER when implemented
Technology and the Work of Children

Summary form only given. One of the most enduring and marvelous traditions of children's culture has been that of craftwork - the creation of personal, homemade items from everyday materials. Often, this tradition is described as a kind of counterweight to the influence of technology: where technology is associated with (say) the Web, or video games, or robotics, children's crafts by contrast are assumed to be low-tech, somewhat old-fashioned activities. In point of fact, though, children's crafts have always taken advantage of technological advance; and in that sense, the current era is no different. The capabilities of digital media and new tangible materials herald what could be a marvelous reinvigoration of children's crafts. This talk will describe a variety of current projects at the Craft Technology Laboratory at the University of Colorado as an illustration of new possibilities for children's work. The talk will also include a variety of free project ideas for the offering - ideas that we ourselves haven't undertaken, and may never get to try at all, but that somebody somewhere ought to try.
Genetic variation in mortality of chinook salmon during a bloom of the marine alga Heterosigma akashiwo

Mortality in a netpen-reared population of 3-year-old chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha during an extensive 1997 bloom of the alga Heterosigma akashiwo in Puget Sound, Washington, was low (7.2%), and corresponded to a reduction in variance effective population size of 9.4%. Under a liability threshold model, the heritability of mortality (± S.E.), based on paternal half-sibs, was estimated at 0.15 ± 0.04. No significant genetic variation was detected for date of death. Despite the low overall mortality, the consequences for variation in family size underscore the importance of maximizing genetic variation in cultured fish populations later released to the wild as a precaution against mortality and losses of genetic variation over the life cycle. The pattern of family variation in response to this algal bloom provides evidence for potentially selective mortality of anadromous salmonids in the marine environment during natural perturbations.
The Measurement of Sexual Maturity and Persistency

Abstract LERNER and Taylor (1937) have presented evidence that the length of the biological laying year cannot be considered an adequate measure of inherent persistency. They have shown that it is conditioned both by the age at first egg and the age at last egg previous to or at the onset of fall molt. Consequently it reflects both sexual maturity and persistency rather than the latter alone. When it is desired to determine persistency separately and when age at first egg is used to describe sexual maturity, age at last egg presents itself as a measure for such purpose. However, the biological laying year may be determined on the basis of the calendar year rather than on the basis of age. In that case, it may be considered to be conditioned by the date of first egg on the one hand and by the date of last egg on the one . . .
Conductor geometry independence of phase velocity in TEM-mode transmission lines

Based on Caratheodory's (1952) generalization of the Riemann mapping theorem, it is shown that a proof is possible for the conductor geometry independence of phase velocity in transverse electromagnetic (TEM)-mode transmission lines. Specifically, an effort is made to show that a proof of the invariance of phase velocity with conductor geometry is possible from essentially circuital considerations. The argument implies that it is obvious that any TEM-mode transmission line which consists of two conductors, each of arbitrary section, one totally enclosed within the other, can be transformed into a concentric, right circular, coaxial line. Since solutions of Laplace's equation are invariant under conformal transformation, the inductance and capacitance per unit length of the original and transformed lines must be the same. To establish that fact generally, it remains then only to observe that, for a normal coaxial line, a problem to which there is a simple analytic solution, phase velocity is independent of geometry. >
Toward a Theory of Goal Detection in Social Interaction Effects of Contextual Ambiguity and Tactical Functionality on Goal Inferences and Inference Certainty

The inferences individuals make about others' goals is an integral, but neglected, aspect of empirical and theoretical work on social interaction. An original theoretical framework is proposed to account for interindividual agreement and certainty of goal inferences. Two experiments applied the framework to explain how contextual ambiguity and tactical functionality affected agreement and certainty. Results generally support hypotheses regarding agreement, such that goal inferences converged (i.e., interobserver agreement increased) as the context and tactic became more compatible, yet results largely do not support hypotheses for inference certainty, as the only significant effect that emerged was that certainty was higher in unambiguous than ambiguous contexts. A reconsideration of the theoretical framework on goal detection is discussed and implications are advanced.
Micro‐environment of olive ridley turtle nests deposited during an aggregated nesting event

The hatching success of nests deposited by olive ridley turtles Lepidochelys olivacea during aggregated nesting events (‘arribada’) is typically low and the underlying mechanisms are not clear. In this study, temperature, oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures (PO2 and PCO2 )o fin situ nests as well as nests relocated into a hatchery with clean sand were monitored throughout incubation. Hatching success of hatchery nests was significantly higher than in situ nests (83.1 vs. 21.6%) and mainly resulted from higher mortality of early-stage embryos. During the first half of incubation, temperature and PCO2 were higher (by 0.61C and 0.7 kPa, respectively) and PO2 was lower (by 1.1 kPa) within in situ relative to hatchery nests. Because embryo metabolism does not interfere significantly with nest gas contents during the first half of incubation, these results suggest that the greater content of organic matter and/or microorganisms in the sand surrounding in situ nests had an effect on nest gas contents. As PO2 and PCO2 differences were relatively small, microbial activity (such as fungal and bacterial infection) may have caused the early embryo mortality found in situ. Moreover, our results suggest that during the second half of incubation, neither PO2 nor PCO2 reached threshold levels that resulted in the death of embryos or hatchlings. Overall, this study showed a clear benefit of using clean sand to increase hatchling production in arribada beaches and highlights the importance of further investigating the relationship between nest micro-environment, sand microbial activity and embryo development under natural conditions during these unique nesting events.
A Staff Dialogue on a Socially Distanced Patient: Psychosocial Issues Faced by Patients, Their Families, and Caregivers

The Oncologist 2002;7(suppl 2):50-57 www.TheOncologist.com Correspondence: Richard T. Penson, M.D., Hematology-Oncology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Cox Building, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114-2617, USA. Telephone: 617-726-5857; Fax: 617-7266974; e-mail: rpenson@partners.org Accepted for publication September 27, 1999. ©AlphaMed Press 10837159/2002/$5.00/0 The Oncologist
Nonsingular solutions for s-branes

Exact, non-singular, time-dependent solutions of Maxwell-Einstein gravity with and without dilatons are constructed by double Wick rotating a variety of static, axisymmetric solutions. This procedure transforms arrays of charged or neutral black holes into s-brane (spacelike brane) solutions, i.e. extended, short-lived spacelike defects. Along the way, new static solutions corresponding to arrays of alternating-charge Reissner-Nordstrom black holes, as well as their dilatomic generalizations, are found. their double Wick rotation yields s-brane solutions which are periodic in imaginary time and potential large-N duals for the creation/decay of unstable D-branes in string theory.
Demographics, clinical characteristics and outcomes of neonates diagnosed with fetomaternal haemorrhage

Objective To determine clinical characteristics, demographics and short-term outcomes of neonates diagnosed with fetomaternal haemorrhage (FMH). Design The authors analysed the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 1993 to 2008. Singleton births diagnosed with FMH were identified by International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9) code 762.3. Descriptive, univariate and multivariable regression analyses were performed to determine the national annual incidence of FMH over time as well as demographics and clinical characteristics of neonates with FMH. Results FMH was identified in 12 116 singleton births. Newborns with FMH required high intensity of care: 26.3% received mechanical ventilation, 22.4% received blood product transfusion and 27.8% underwent central line placement. Preterm birth (OR 3.7), placental abruption (OR 9.8) and umbilical cord anomaly (OR 11.4) were risk factors for FMH. Higher patient income was associated with increased likelihood of FMH diagnosis (OR 1.2), and Whites were more likely to be diagnosed than ethnic minorities (OR 1.9). There was reduced frequency of diagnosis in the Southern USA (OR 0.8 vs the Northeastern USA). Conclusions Diagnosis of FMH is associated with significant morbidity as well as regional, socioeconomic and racial disparity. Further study is needed to distinguish between diagnostic coding bias and true epidemiology of the disease. This is the first report of socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in FMH, which may represent disparities in detection that require national attention.
A unified architecture for efficient data and Non-Data Aided frequency estimation for FPGA implementation and application to satellite communications

Modern codes such as Turbo and LDPC codes operate at low signal-to-noise ratios, which makes carrier synchronization a challenging problem. Hence in many waveforms, some known symbols are inserted periodically into the data stream to achieve Data-Aided (DA) synchronization. However, these known symbols decrease the throughput of the transmissions. The data symbols which are unknown can also be used for synchronization, in which case it is known as Non-Data Aided (NDA) synchronization. In this paper, we present an efficient structure which is almost the same for both the DA and NDA methods,especially suitable for implementation on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA). We discuss the implementation complexity and trade-offs involved in the FPGA implementation of this structure. We illustrate its utility by applying it a satellite communications waveform, popularly known as DVB-S2.
Jehovah's Witnesses and autonomy: honouring the refusal of blood transfusions

This paper explores the scriptural and theological reasons given by Jehovah's Witnesses (JWs) to refuse blood transfusions. Julian Savulescu and Richard W Momeyer argue that informed consent should be based on rational beliefs and that the refusal of blood transfusions by JWs is irrational, but after examining the reasons given by JWs, I challenge the claim that JW beliefs are irrational. I also question whether we should give up the traditional notion of informed consent.
Spatial and Temporal Scales of Precipitating Tropical Cloud Systems in Satellite Imagery and the NCAR CCM3

Abstract Testing general circulation model parameterizations against observations is traditionally done by comparing simulated and observed, time-averaged quantities, such as monthly mean cloud cover, evaluated on a stationary grid. This approach ignores the dynamical aspects of clouds, such as their life cycle characteristics, spatial coverage, temporal duration, and internal variability. In this study, a complementary Lagrangian approach to the validation of modeled tropical cloudiness is explored. An automated cloud detection and tracking algorithm is used to observe and track overcast decks of cloud in a consecutive set of hourly Meteosat-5 images and the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model version 3 (NCAR CCM3). The algorithm is applied to the deep convective cloud systems of the tropical Indian Ocean region during a 49-day period of the 1999 winter monsoon season. Observations of precipitation are taken from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite in add...
Lack of Toilets and Violence Against Indian Women: Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications

It is now well-accepted among policy makers that the provision of water, sanitation and hygiene is a basic human right. Yet, millions of people lack access to basic toilet facilities, which anecdotal evidence suggests may increase violence against women. We examine the relationship between the lack of toilet facilities in the Indian household on non-family violence (i.e. not family member) against Indian women. Using the latest 2005-2006 National Family Health Surveys (NFHS-3) data, we relate the lack of toilet facilities in Indian households (when members use bush or pit latrines to relieve themselves) to non-family violence against Indian women. Multilevel logistic regression results, using data from 60,847 Indian women, indicate that after controlling for economic prosperity and other covariates, lack of toilet facilities in the household is positively related to non-family violence against urban Indian women but not for rural Indian women. Further, this relationship is stronger for poor urban women. Additional analysis indicate that the findings are robust. The paper’s insights indicate that the lack of toilet facilities in households is a source of violence against urban Indian women. We offer policy recommendations to reduce non-family violence against urban Indian women.
QTL and major genes influencing grain yield potential in soft red winter wheat adapted to the southern United States

The aim of this study was to identify quantitative trait locus (QTL) associated with grain yield (GY) in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population from a cross between two elite soft red winter wheat (SRWW) cultivars (‘Pioneer 26R61’ and ‘AGS2000’). The RIL population was grown from 2011 to 2014 in 12 site-year combinations throughout the southeastern US. Overall, AGS2000 was the higher yielding parental line, out-performing 26R61 in seven of the 12 environments. Mean GY for the RILs ranged from 3.39 to 7.16 t ha−1 with significant genotype, environment and genotype by environmental interaction effects. Nine stable QTL were detected for yield, explaining up to 53 % of the phenotypic variation when fit into a multiple-QTL model. The QTL with the largest effect was detected at the Vrn-B1 locus with the short vernalization winter allele from AGS2000 favorable for yield. In addition, vrn-B1 acted additively with a region on chromosome 2B near the Ppd-B1 locus, indicating that a shorter vernalization requirement combined with the Ppd-B1b allele for photoperiod sensitivity may play a key role in adaptation of SRWW to the southern US. Single nucleotide polymorphism markers linked to additional QTL on chromosomes 3A and 3B were in agreement with a previous genome-wide association study in spring wheat, confirming the importance of these regions for yield across environments and germplasm pools. Overall the stable QTL were more predictive of GY compared to individual site-year QTL, indicating that a targeted QTL approach can be utilized by breeding programs to enrich for favorable loci.