cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hezbollah and Israel: Deterrence in the Face of Mutual Hate

The Middle East is rife with conflict between a legion of different religious and secular groups, each vying for either power, territory, or simply the destruction of their enemy. One of the longer rivalries in the region pits the nation of Israel against the Shiite Muslim organization known as Hezbollah.
A Discussion on Relationship between Water Resource and Sustainable Development

The importance of water resource in sustainable development was elucidated and based on which the paper put forward the measures against water pollution and discussed the law enforcement and reforms of present water resource management system.
Educational Technologies to Support Linguistically Diverse Students, and the Challenges of Classroom Integration

Though one of the main benefits of educational technologies is their ability to provide personalized instruction, many systems are still built with a one-size-fits-all approach to culture. In our work, we’ve demonstrated that there may be learning benefits when technologies use the same non-standard dialects as students, but that educators are likely to be initially resistant to technologies that bring non-standard dialect practices into the classroom. Based on what we have uncovered about teachers’ needs and expectations regarding this type of classroom technology, our future work will investigate how systems designed to align with these needs may be able to support both students and teachers in this complex educational problem and promote a positive classroom culture.
Indicial functions of arterial remodeling in response to locally altered blood pressure.

We investigated the effect of locally altered blood pressure on the remodeling processes of the cells and extracellular matrices of the splenic and ileal arteries and used an indicial function appr...
Access to Public Library Services for Spanish-Speakers

This article analyzes best practices on access for Spanish-speakers through personal practices, providing library services to the target population, exploration of a library system, and researching work done by other professionals in the library field. Based on resources that guide librarians in the areas of facilities, collection development, programs and services for the community, as well as other critical concerns such as knowing and understanding the community, outreach, and advocacy, I reaffirm that twenty-first century best practices include a collaborative effort. This article proposes working with a plan that includes partnerships and committees which would focus on services for the Spanish-speaking population; doing that would result in greater awareness for both library and community, and help them achieve access at a level appropriate to the twenty-first century.
Induction of Multiple Myeloma-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Using HLA-A2.1-Specific CD19 and CD20 Peptides.

We have identified novel CD19 and CD20 antigen-derived HLA-A2.1-specific immunogenic peptides, CD19150–158 (KLMSPKLYV) and CD20188–196 (SLFLGILSV), for generating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) against malignant B-cell diseases. Initial testing showed that the CTLs displayed antigen-specific and HLA-A2.1-restriced cytotoxic activity against both Burkitt’s lymphoma and chronic lymphoid leukemia cell lines. The observed cytotoxic activity of the CTLs was shown to be specific to the CD19150–158 or the CD20188–196 peptides. Additionally, the CTLs displayed a distinct phenotype (majority CD69+/CD45RO+) along with a significant ( p <0.05) increase in cell proliferation and IFN-γ release following re-stimulation with HLA-A2.1+/CD19+/CD20+ tumor cell lines. Based on emerging information that clonogenic myeloma cells express CD19 and/or CD20, we evaluated the activity of the CD19 and CD20 peptide specific-CTLs against several multiple myeloma cell lines. Five of 10 myeloma cell lines evaluated were HLA-A2.1-positive and expressed both CD19 and CD20 antigens. CD19 peptide specific-CTLs generated from normal donors were able to specifically lyse CD19+/HLA-A2.1+ MM cell lines (30% lysis; 10:1 E:T ratio) but did not lyse CD19−/HLA-A2.1+ or CD19+/HLA-A2.1− cell lines. Similarly, the CD20-specific CTLs generated from normal donors lysed CD20+/HLA-A2.1+ MM cell lines (25% lysis; 10:1 E:T ratio), in a manner restricted to HLA-A2.1 and specific to antigens. We next showed IFN-γ production by the CTLs after exposure to CD19+/HLA-A2.1+ or CD20+/HLA-A2.1+ MM cells. Moreover, we have demonstrated the ability to expand CD20-CTLs under serum-free culture conditions while maintaining their cytotoxic activity (28–49%). In ongoing studies, we are evaluating the ability of CD19- and CD20-specific CTLs to eliminate clonogenic myeloma cells in vitro and in vivo in a SCID mouse model of myeloma. These preclinical studies strongly suggest that immunogenic CD19 and CD20 peptide-based vaccines represent a promising immunotherapeutic approach in myeloma.
Inhibited Maturation of Ter119+CD71+ Erythroid Precursors in Mice with Chronic Sterile Abscess.

Anemia associated with inflammation or chronic disease (AICD) is a mild, normocytic, normochromic anemia that is additionally characterized by a blunted response of erythroid precursors to erythropoietin, decreased erythrocyte survival, adequate or increased iron in macrophages, and low serum iron. AICD is classically associated with chronic disease states that generate systemic inflammatory mediators, including rheumatoid arthritis, infections, severe trauma, congestive heart failure, chronic renal failure, and cancer. Many laboratory animal models of AICD have been developed based on relatively short periods of inflammation (less than 24 hours) and resulting hypoferremia. To investigate the anemia associated with chronic inflammation, we induced experimental chronic sterile abscess in C57BL/6 mice. Three weeks of abscess resulted in a mild anemia similar to that of mice with chronic over-expression of the hepcidin (hepc) transgene, but additionally characterized by moderately elevated interleukin-6 production. We previously found hepc transgenic mice have significantly reduced serum iron and non-heme liver iron concentrations, but we found no significant reduction in serum iron concentration or liver non-heme iron stores in mice with abscess at this time point. To better understand changes in erythroid precursor development in the sterile abscess model, we analyzed markers of erythroid maturation in mouse bone marrow. Flow cytometric analysis of bone marrow erythroid progenitor-precursors revealed elevated mean CD71 expression in Ter119+CD71+ precursors from mice with sterile abscess as compared to controls. This result suggests a greater proportion of Ter119+CD71+ precursors are less mature in mice with abscess. These data support the hypothesis that chronic inflammation may continue to inhibit maturation of erythroid precursors even after iron sequestration is relieved. Mice with sterile abscess are a valuable in vivo model for assessment of the various regulatory systems contributing to AICD.
Effects of extending the π-conjugation of the acetylide ligand on the photophysics and reverse saturable absorption of Pt(II) bipyridine bisacetylide complexes

The synthesis and photophysics of four platinum(II) bipyridine (bpy) bisacetylide complexes with different degrees of π-conjugation and an electron-donating diphenylamino (NPh2) or electron-withdrawing benzothiazolyl (BTZ) terminal substituent on the acetylide ligands are reported. The UV-vis absorption spectra of these complexes are composed of intense ligand-localized 1π,π* transitions at 330–430 nm and broad, moderately strong ligand-to-ligand charge transfer/metal-to-ligand charge transfer (1LLCT/1MLCT) transitions at 430–530 nm. All complexes are phosphorescent in solutions at room temperature and exhibit very broad and moderately strong triplet excited-state absorption in the visible to the NIR spectral region (425–800 nm). It is found that extending the π-conjugation of the acetylide ligands via adding one or two more ethynylfluorenyl unit(s) to the acetylide ligand does not change the energies of the 1π,π* and 1LLCT/1MLCT transitions pronouncedly except for increasing the molar extinction coefficients of the 1π,π* transitions. The emitting triplet excited states of the four complexes are the 3MLCT/3LLCT states and have the same energy. However, the complex that contains the tris(ethynylfluorenyl) units and the terminal NPh2 substituent on the acetylide ligand exhibits longer triplet lifetimes than the corresponding complex that has the bis(ethynylfluorenyl) units. The transient absorption band maxima of the complexes with tris(ethynylfluorenyl) units are slightly red-shifted in comparison to those of their respective counterparts with bis(ethynylfluorenyl) units. The nature of the terminal substituent does not influence the parentage and energies of the lowest singlet and triplet excited states. However, the triplet excited-state lifetimes of the complexes with the NPh2 terminal substituent on the bis(ethynylfluorenyl) or tris(ethynylfluorenyl) ligands are much longer than that of their counterpart with monofluorenylacetylide ligands; while the triplet lifetimes of the complexes containing the BTZ terminal substituent are similar to their counterpart with monofluorenylacetylide ligands. All complexes exhibit strong reverse saturable absorption (RSA) at 532 nm for nanosecond laser pulses.
Unlawful Killing with Combat Drones: A Case Study of Pakistan, 2004-2009

Within days of his inauguration as president, Barack Obama authorized the CIA to continue President Bush’s policy of attacks using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones) in Western Pakistan. In fact, President Obama authorized a significant increase in drone attacks. These attacks cannot be justified under international law for a number of reasons. First drones launch missiles or drop bombs, the kind of weapons that may only be used lawfully in armed conflict hostilities. Until the spring of 2009, there was no armed conflict on the territory of Pakistan because there was no intense armed fighting between organized armed groups. International law does not recognize the right to kill with battlefield weapons outside an actual armed conflict. The so-called “global war on terror” is not an armed conflict. In addition, members of the CIA are not lawful combatants and their participation in killing—even in an armed conflict—is a crime. Members of the United States armed forces could be lawful combatants in Pakistan if Pakistan expressly requested United States assistance in an armed conflict against insurgent forces. No express request of this nature has been made. Even if it were made, drone attacks may well be unlawful under the international law governing the conduct of conflict. The CIA’s intention in using drones is to target and kill individual leaders of al-Qaeda or Taliban militant groups. Drones have rarely, if ever, killed just the intended target. By October 2009, the ratio was about 20 leaders killed for 750-1000 unintended victims, raising serious questions about compliance with the principle of proportionality. Even if the loss of civilian lives is not disproportionate, counter-terrorism studies show that military force is rarely effective against terrorism, making the use of drones difficult to justify under the principle of necessity.
Opioid Misuse Trends in Treatment Seeking Populations: Revised Prescription Opioid Policy and Temporally Corresponding Changes.

Background Over the last two decades, U.S. rates of prescription opioid (PO) misuse have risen drastically. In response, federal and state governments have begun to implement new PO policies. Recent legislative changes warrant up-to-date assessments of today's misuse rates. Objective To explore potential changes in opioid misuse trends among substance-using treatment seekers, in temporal relation to legislative response. Methods Substance-use data were collected from two cross-sectional Florida-based inpatient cohorts during periods preceding (pre-policy; n = 647) and following (post-policy; n = 396) statewide PO policy initiatives. Participants provided information concerning their most frequently used drugs before treatment. PO and illicit opioid (IO) use prevalence, frequency and route of administration were examined for pre-policy vs. post-policy cohort differences. Results Relative to the pre-policy cohort, a greater percentage of the post-policy cohort reported recent misuse, daily use, and intravenous administration of POs. IO use was also more frequently reported post-policy. Non-opioid drug use prevalence did not significantly differ between cohorts. Among the opioid-using subsample, equivalent percentages of the pre- and post-policy cohorts reported the use of POs without IOs, IOs without POs, and POs/IOs concurrently. Conclusions/Importance: Florida's PO policy amendments were temporally accompanied by a higher prevalence of PO misuse and IO use among treatment-seekers assessed in this study. Whether our data reflect increased awareness of and treatment seeking for opioid use disorders or insufficient efficacy of new policies to reduce opioid misuse remains in question. Regardless, findings suggest the need for enhanced emphasis on mitigating hazardous PO-use behaviors (e.g., IV use).
Adsorption and Structure of Chiral Epoxides on Pd(111): Propylene Oxide and Glycidol

The adsorption of enantiopure versus racemic propylene oxide (PO) on Pd(111) is studied by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) to explore possible differences in their saturation coverage. It is found that that the saturation coverage of enantiopure PO on Pd(111) is identical to that of racemic PO, in contrast to results on Pt(111) where significant coverage differences were found. The surface structures of enantiopure PO on Pd(111) were characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), which shows the formation of linear chains and hexagonal structures proposed to be due to freely rotating PO, in contrast to the relatively disordered PO overlayers found on Pt(111). STM experiments were carried out for enantiopure glycidol, which contains the same epoxy ring as PO, but where the methyl group of propylene oxide is replaced by a −CH2OH group to provide a hydrogen-bonding sites. Glycidol STM images show the formation of completely different surface structures; at low coverages, glycidol forms pseudoh...
Prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Qatari women aged between 18 to 40 from Qatar Biobank

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Qatari women aged between 18 to 40 from Qatar Biobank. 1Abeer Elshewehy, 1Soha Dargham, 2Eric Kilpatrick, 1Lina Ahmed, 1Youssra Dakroury, 1Stephen L Atkin 1Weill Cornell Medicine- Qatar, 2 Sidra Medical and Research Center Background: The Qatar STEPwise surveillance reported that the prevalence of type 2 diabetes amongst Qatar nationals was 16.7% in 2012. This high prevalence of diabetes will translate into significant morbidity and mortality through diabetes complications. Methods: Qatar Biobank extracted data from all women between 18 to 40 years (inclusive), 749 women in total. Women with (Group A: HbA1c ≥ 6.5%; n = 12/708; 1.7%) and without (Group B; HbA1c ≤ 5.6%; 608/708; 85.9%) type 2 diabetes were identified and their demographic details compared. Prediabetes was found in 88/708 women (HbA1c 5.6-6.4%; 11.7%). Biostatistical analysis was undertaken using SPSS. Results: Group A (HbA1c ≥ 6.5%) had worse Framingham Risk Score (2%) than Group B (HbA1c ≤ 5.6 %) ( < 1%). All results are reported as mean value Group A versus Group B. Conclusion: In this small young cohort, 1.7% of women had a WHO diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and 11.7% with prediabtes. Diabetes is perceived to be a disease of the middle aged and older individuals, but this study shows that there is a need for early screening and intervention for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in young Qatari women below the age of 40. Limitation of the study: Small number of participants and that latent type 1 diabetes could not be excluded that may have affected the overall prevalence, though this was expected to have a minimal impact. Acknowledgments: We are grateful to the Qatar Foundation and the Qatar Biobank for their support and assistance, and for Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Biomathematics Research Core at Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar
Tissue Specimen Documentation, Record Keeping, and Sample Storage

A busy practice specializing in Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) will treat several dozen or more patients and generate hundreds or perhaps even thousands of frozen section pathology slides in a typical week. Over a year, this means that a practice must manage tens of thousands of glass slides in addition to the paper or electronic documentation associated with each patient. A single mislabeled, lost, or switched specimen may lead to devastating consequences for a patient. To reduce and prevent medical errors, developing a detailed plan for handling this volume of frozen section pathologic specimens is necessary. This chapter highlights the importance of proper methods for documentation, storage, and record keeping that are vital to providing high-quality care for patients undergoing MMS.
Aldehyde as fixative for histochemical study of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase.

Several compounds of the aldehyde group have been tested as fixatives for histochemical localization of GOT activity in the rat kidney. A brief fixation of cryostat tissue sections in 1% glutaraldehyde results in well localized enzymatic activity which is not greatly further affected by an additional treatment in 4% formaldehyde.
Surgical subinternships: bridging the chiasm between medical school and residency: A position paper prepared by the Subcommittee for Surgery Subinternship and the Curriculum Committee of the Association for Surgical Education

Abstract Background Surgery subinternship rotations are clinical rotations intended to provide senior medical students with experiential exposure and increased autonomy during the care of surgical patients in clinical settings. Due to the lack of guidelines from national surgical organizations, these rotations remain largely unstructured and unstandardized with wide variability in the goals and experiences they provide for medical students. Methods Through synthesis of the literature and by applying an iterative process among members of the subcommittee for surgery subinternship and the curriculum committee of the Association for Surgical Education (ASE) consensus recommendations were established. Recommendations Five defined domains were identified as essential for establishing surgery subinternship rotations. These are: administrative structure, goals and objectives, curricular elements, instructional methods, and assessment tools. Conclusions These recommendations should serve as a blue print for establishing a structured, educationally sound, and rewarding clinical rotation for medical students. Applying these recommendations may also provide educators with opportunities for scholarships and academic advancement.
Perioperative Intravesical Chemotherapy for Patients WithNon-Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: Understanding the Extent of and Sources of Variation in Guideline-recommended Use.

Abstract Objective To examine intravesical chemotherapy (IVC) use according to non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer patient disease risk, and the contributions of multilevel factors to variation in proficient use among patients with low-intermediate disease. Methods This study included 988 patients diagnosed with non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer in an integrated health system in Northern California from 2015-2017. We calculated IVC receipt by disease risk, and among patients with low-intermediate risk disease, assessed the relationship between multilevel factors and IVC receipt using a logistic regression model with random intercepts for provider and service area, and patient-, provider-, and service area-level fixed effects. We further assessed the association of provider- and service area-level factors with IVC use by examining intraclass correlation coefficients. Results Similar proportions of low-intermediate (36%) and high-risk (34%) patients received IVC. In the multivariate analysis, including low-intermediate risk patients, service area volume was strongly and statistically significantly associated with IVC use (adjusted odds ratio, high- vs low-volume: 0.08, 95% Confidence Interval: 0.01-0.58). Provider- and service area-level intraclass correlation coefficients were large, (38%, P = .0009 and 39% P = .03, respectively) indicating that much of the variance in IVC use was explained by factors at these levels. Conclusion Our findings highlight opportunities to improve proficient use of IVC. Future research should assess provider- and practice-level barriers to IVC use among low-intermediate risk patients.
Benign and Malignant Tumours of the Ear and Temporal Bone

Benign and malignant tumours of the temporal bone are rare but may involve a morphology and function of the temporomandibular joint. Among benign neoplasms, the most common are adenoma, chondroma, lipoma, meningioma, neurofibroma and schwannoma. Malignancies are usually represented by acinic cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, haemato-lymphoid tumours (including lymphoma), rhabdomyosarcoma, melanoma, malignant neuroma and paraganglioma as well as metastatic lesions and infiltration by pharyngeal, parotid and central nervous system tumours. Bone-related tumours and tumour-like disease such as fibrous dysplasia, Paget’s disease, osteoma and exostosis may also be visible in such localization. Magnetic resonance and computed tomography are the method of choice for their evaluation. However, position emission tomography is applied for systemic spreading, while ultrasound is used to examine a spreading into head and neck lymph nodes.
Bayesian estimation of discrepancy in dynamics model prediction

Abstract We present a methodology to predict the discrepancy in modeling dynamic system response for untested system inputs. In particular, the methodology focuses on multi-component systems, where discrepancy in the system response is caused by model form errors in some of the system components. We combine a deterministic time-series artificial neural network (ANN) with Bayesian state estimation to formulate a relationship between inputs to the system and the corresponding discrepancies in the model estimates of system responses. We also identify the system components affected by model form errors, and predict discrepancies even in unmeasured locations of the system. The proposed approach is illustrated on a linear multi-degree of freedom dynamic system, and on an air cycle machine – a multi-component dynamic system.
“I Solemnly Swear that I Am up to No Good”: Mapping My Way through TESOL Teacher Education

This article documents my 2-year sojourn from voicelessness – in the face of normalizing discourses about race, privilege, and difference in teacher education scholarship – to an authentic voice ca...
Precipitation behavior and hardness response of Alloy 625 weld overlay under different aging conditions

The hardness response of Alloy 625 weld overlay on low alloy steel was evaluated under a range of aging conditions to determine how the properties of the overlay change during postweld heat treatment (PWHT). It was presumed that the hardening compared to the as-welded condition occurs due to the precipitation of gamma double-prime (γ″). To confirm this assumption, an investigation was conducted on weld overlay samples under different aging conditions, using Vickers hardness testing, SEM microstructure characterization, SEM/EDAX analysis, and nanoindentation. The Alloy 625 weld overlay hardness values initially increased but eventually decreased with increasing aging temperature. γ″ precipitation was found in the interdendritic regions of the weld overlay samples. In the overaged condition, dissolution and coarsening of γ″ precipitates occurred. Delta (δ) phase also formed in the interdendritic regions, generally at higher temperatures than for γ″ precipitation. Nanoindentation revealed that the precipitation of γ″ is responsible for the hardening in the interdendritic regions of Alloy 625 weld overlay. The time-temperature-precipitation curves of interdendritic regions are altered from that of wrought Alloy 625 due to higher Nb, Ti, and Mo contents and lower dislocation density. The peak temperatures achieved in service for heating coke drum may result in interdendritic γ″ precipitation which can cause significant hardening of the overlay and promote cracking.
An efficient synthesis of furano analogs of duocarmycin C1 and C2: seco-iso-cyclopropylfurano[e]indoline-trimethoxyindole and seco-cyclopropylfurano[f]quinoline-trimethoxyindole

seco-Iso-cyclopropylfurano[e]indoline-trimethoxyindole 1 and seco-cyclopropylfurano[f]quinoline-trimethoxyindole 2 are potent cytotoxic agents. Previous synthesis of these compounds was inefficient and the approach required separation of a mixture containing the isomeric indoline and quinoline intermediates 11 and 12, formed from radical cyclization of allylic bromide 10. Reported herein is an efficient and selective synthesis of either intermediate 11 or 12, thus product 1 or 2, as needed. The conditions of the Stobbe condensation, bromination, 5-exo-trig radical cyclization, amine-carboxylic acid coupling, and debenzylation were optimized for multi gram scale. As a result, the reaction times were shortened, the products were readily isolated, and the yields and purity improved.
The Impact of Road Configuration in V2V-Based Cooperative Localization: Mathematical Analysis and Real-World Evaluation

Cooperative map matching (CMM) uses the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) position information of a group of vehicles to improve the standalone localization accuracy. While increasing accuracy is expected by increasing the number of participating vehicles, fundamental questions on how the vehicle membership within CMM affects the performance of the CMM results need to be addressed to provide guidelines for design and optimization of the vehicle network. This paper presents a theoretical study that establishes a framework for quantitative evaluation of the impact of the road constraints on the CMM accuracy. More specifically, a closed-form expression of the CMM error in terms of the road constraints and GNSS error is derived based on a simple CMM rule. The asymptotic decay of the CMM error as the number of vehicles increases is established and justified through numerical simulations. Moreover, it is proved that the CMM error can be minimized if the directions of the roads on which the connected vehicles travel obey a uniform distribution. Finally, the localization accuracy of CMM is evaluated based on the real traffic data. The contributions of this paper include establishing a theoretical foundation for CMM as well as providing insight and motivation for applications of CMM.
Voltage Balancing of Four Series-Connected SiC MOSFETs under 2 kV Bus Voltage using Active dv/dt Control

This paper demonstrates the voltage balancing performance and switching behavior of four series-connected SiC MOSFET devices. Both multilevel and two-level topologies are capable of achieving higher blocking voltages in high-power converter applications. Compared to multilevel topologies, twolevel switching topologies are of interest due to less complex circuitry, higher density, and simpler control techniques. In order to balance the voltage between series-connected MOSFETs, device turn-off speeds are dynamically controlled on each gate-driver with active gate control. The implementation of the active gate control technique is described in this paper. Experimental results of the voltage balancing behavior across four non-commercial 1.7 kV SiC MOSFET devices in series (2 kV total dc bus voltage) with the selected active dv/dt control scheme are shown.
Parasocial Relationships with Musicians

Extending research on the development of parasocial relationships (PSR), the present study fits into a long line of research beginning with Rubin and McHugh’s (1987) seminal work investigating the how communication, liking, and intimacy interact as audiences form relationships with mediated characters. The current study applied Ruben and McHugh’s model to the unique connection consumers feel with their favorite musicians. Structural equation modeling reveals that these parasocial relationships with musicians differ from those previously found with more traditional media characters. The model confirms that music fans develop parasocial relationships with musicians, as well as reinforce previous findings that exposure is a powerful predictor of physical attraction. The results provide justification for extending the theoretical expectations of parasocial relationships to musicians.
Communal coping: A multi-method approach with links to relationships and health:

Communal coping is defined as the appraisal of a problem as shared and collaboration to address the problem. The goals of the present study were to apply a multi-method approach to (1) disentangle ...
Radical chemistry in oxidation flow reactors for atmospheric chemistry research

Environmental chambers have been playing a vital role in atmospheric chemistry research for seven decades. In last decade, oxidation flow reactors (OFR) have emerged as a promising alternative to chambers to study complex multigenerational chemistry. OFR can generate higher-than-ambient concentrations of oxidants via H2O, O2 and O3 photolysis by low-pressure-Hg-lamp emissions and reach hours to days of equivalent photochemical aging in just minutes of real time. The use of OFR for volatile-organic-compound (VOC) oxidation and secondary-organic-aerosol formation has grown very rapidly recently. However, the lack of detailed understanding of OFR photochemistry left room for speculation that OFR chemistry may be generally irrelevant to the troposphere, since its initial oxidant generation is similar to stratosphere. Recently, a series of studies have been conducted to address important open questions on OFR chemistry and to guide experimental design and interpretation. In this Review, we present a comprehensive picture connecting the chemistries of hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxy radicals, oxidized nitrogen species and organic peroxy radicals (RO2) in OFR. Potential lack of tropospheric relevance associated with these chemistries, as well as the physical conditions resulting in it will also be reviewed. When atmospheric oxidation is dominated by OH, OFR conditions can often be similar to ambient conditions, as OH dominates against undesired non-OH effects. One key reason for tropospherically-irrelevant/undesired VOC fate is that under some conditions, OH is drastically reduced while non-tropospheric/undesired VOC reactants are not. The most frequent problems are running experiments with too high precursor concentrations, too high UV and/or too low humidity. On other hand, another cause of deviation from ambient chemistry in OFR is that some tropospherically-relevant non-OH chemistry (e.g. VOC photolysis in UVA and UVB) is not sufficiently represented under some conditions. In addition, the fate of RO2 produced from VOC oxidation can be kept relevant to the troposphere. However, in some cases RO2 lifetime can be too short for atmospherically-relevant RO2 chemistry, including its isomerization. OFR applications using only photolysis of injected O3 to generate OH are less preferable than those using both 185 and 254 nm photons (without O3 injection) for several reasons. When a relatively low equivalent photochemical age (<∼1 d) and high NO are needed, OH and NO generation by organic-nitrite photolysis in the UVA range is preferable. We also discuss how to achieve the atmospheric relevance for different purposes in OFR experimental planning.
Leveraging Electrostatic Interactions for Drug Delivery to the Joint

Arthritis is a debilitating joint disease with a high economic burden and prevalence. There are many challenges delivering therapeutics to the joint, including low bioavailability when administered systemically and low joint retention after intra-articular injection. Therefore, drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, and carrier proteins have been utilized to overcome some of these limitations. To enhance joint tissue localization and retention, there are opportunities to leverage electrostatic interactions between drug carriers and various tissues and cells. These opportunities, as they pertain to specific joint tissues, are explored in this review. Further, the impact that electrostatic interactions has on various drug delivery parameters, such as the formation of a protein corona, the uptake and cytotoxicity, and the biodistribution of the drug delivery systems, is discussed. Lastly, this review summarizes key findings from studies that have investigated the use of electrostatic interactions to increase targeting of specific joint tissues and limitations in preclinical investigations are identified. As more novel targets are discovered in treating arthritis, there will be a continued need to localize therapeutics to specific tissues for greater therapeutic outcomes and hence attention must be paid in designing the drug delivery systems.
Symbolic Indexing in Oromo

This paper identifies a general phonic pattern of indexing on referential, spatiotemporal, and logical structures in Oromo. Final –n(V) marking across these different grammatical forms correlates with assumed accessibility of referents and of other information in discourse across a range of syntactic and semantic elements. The primary data for this study are from a spontaneous Guji narrative. Previous research on the form of referring expressions and the cognitive status of their referents in other Oromo dialects is extended through the consideration of the nominal constructions in this narrative. Furthermore, by the examination of other constructions, this –n(V) indexical is identified as a general pragmeme that functions to mark expressions for accessible referents and information on a range of forms across a discourse in Oromo.
Framework for simulating stationary spherical flames

Abstract Understanding and quantifying the effects of flame stretch rate on the laminar flame speed and flame structure plays an important role from interpreting experimentally-measured laminar burning velocities to characterizing the impact of turbulence on premixed flames. Unfortunately, accounting for these effects often requires an unsteady reacting flow solver and may be computationally expensive. In this work, we propose a mathematical framework to perform simulations of stationary spherical flames. The objective is to maintain the flame at a constant radius (and hence a constant stretch rate) by performing a coordinate change. The governing equations in the new flame-attached frame of reference resemble the original equations for freely-propagating spherical flames. The only difference is the presence of additional source terms whose purpose is to drive the numerical solution to a steady state. These source terms involve one free parameter: the flame stretch rate, which may either be computed in real time or imposed by the user. This parameter controls ultimately the steady state flame radius and the steady state flame speed. That is why, at a given stretch rate, the results of the stationary spherical flame simulations match those of a freely-expanding spherical flame. As an illustration, the dependence of the laminar flame speed on the stretch rate is leveraged to extract Markstein lengths for hydrogen/air mixtures at different equivalence ratios, as well as for hydrocarbon/air mixtures (CH4 and C7H16). Numerical predictions are in good agreement with experimental measurements (within experimental uncertainties). Finally, the proposed methodology is implemented in the chemical kinetic software FlameMaster. The use of a dedicated steady-state solver with a non-uniform optimized mesh leads to significant reductions in the computational cost, highlighting that the proposed methodology is ideally suited for other chemical kinetic software such as Chemkin/Premix and Cantera.
How Do We Make the Virtual World a Better Place? Social Discrimination in Online Gaming, Sense of Community, and Well-being

Abstract This study investigates the experience of social discrimination and its potential influences on users’ psychological well-being and sense of community in the context of online gaming. A survey of 890 players of World of Tanks, a team-based massively multiplayer online vehicle combat game, found evidence of social discrimination experienced by gamers. Specifically, the players were treated differently based on their group membership whereby low-ranked and young people were likely to be discriminated against in game. Additionally, personal traits such as neuroticism and low agreeableness were significantly positively associated with experienced discrimination, suggesting the role of individual differences in predicting the likelihood of one experiencing discrimination. Encountering online discrimination was further associated with gamers’ lowered feelings of belonging to the online community and decreased sociopsychological well-being, though the latter was contingent on personality. The theoretical and empirical contributions of the study are discussed, including possible antecedents and consequences of online discrimination in gaming and beyond.
Diffusion Properties of Brain Tissue Measured with Electrode Methods and Prospects for Optical Analysis

In the context of this paper we shall discuss methods of measuring the diffusion of small molecules through the extracellular space of the brain. The study of such diffusion properties has relevance to the transport of metabolites, the spread of neuromodulators and the application of drugs to the brain. The extracellular space (ECS) is a component of the brain cell microenvironment (Schmitt and Samson 1969, Nicholson 1980, Cserr 1986). The movement of neuromodulators and neuroactive substances through this environment - so-called volume transmission - has been the topic of a recent symposium (Fuxe and Agnati 1991).
Salsa, Soul, and Spirit: Leadership for a Multicultural Age (2nd ed.). Juana Bordas. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc., 2012. xix; 232 pp. $44 (paperback)

Salsa, Soul, and Spirit: Leadership for a Multicultural Age, written by Juana Bordas, is a book that focuses on leadership from the perspective of people of color (Latino, Black, and American India...
Effects of Dopant Metal Variation and Material Synthesis Method on the Material Properties of Mixed Metal Ferrites in Yttria Stabilized Zirconia for Solar Thermochemical Fuel Production

Mixed metal ferrites have shown much promise in two-step solar-thermochemical fuel production. Previous work has typically focused on evaluating a particular metal ferrite produced by a particular synthesis process, which makes comparisons between studies performed by independent researchers difficult. A comparative study was undertaken to explore the effects different synthesis methods have on the performance of a particular material during redox cycling using thermogravimetry. This study revealed that materials made via wet chemistry methods and extended periods of high temperature calcination yield better redox performance. Differences in redox performance between materials made via wet chemistry methods were minimal and these demonstrated much better performance than those synthesized via the solid state method. Subsequently, various metal ferrite samples (NiFe2O4, MgFe2O4, CoFe2O4, and MnFe2O4) in yttria stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) were synthesized via coprecipitation and tested to determine the most promising metal ferrite combination. It was determined that 10 wt.% CoFe2O4 in 8YSZ produced the highest and most consistent yields of O2 and CO. By testing the effects of synthesis methods and dopants in a consistent fashion, those aspects of ferrite preparation which are most significant can be revealed. More importantly, these insights can guide future efforts in developing the next generation of thermochemical fuel production materials.
The Sole Spokesman: Preface to the paperback edition

When it first appeared in 1985, The Sole Spokesman was seen as questioning ruling orthodoxies about historical processes that led to the partition of India. The publication of a new paperback edition eight years later might suggest that the book in the meantime has come to be recognized in scholarly circles as something of a new ‘orthodoxy’ surrounding the central event in the history of twentieth-century South Asia. For someone uncomfortable with orthodoxies of all kinds, this perception is at best a mixed compliment. While it is gratifying to find the main arguments of the book informing scholarly and intellectual debates on South Asia, The Sole Spokesman continues to represent a challenge to the fossilized political thinking sustaining centralized state structures and monolithic ideologies of sovereignty in the subcontinent. One of the principal aims of the book was to tease out the inwardness of the real political aims of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the All-India Muslim League in the final decade of the British raj in India. Whatever the merits or demerits of the Muslim claim to nationhood orchestrated after 1940, the lasting relevance of Jinnah's view of the imperative to renegotiate the union of India cannot be denied. Jinnah had held that at the moment of the British withdrawal the unitary centre of the colonial state would stand dissolved. Any new all-India arrangements had to be based on an agreement among the constituent units.
SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT FOR MULTIPLE RELEASES: INFLUENCE ON DEVELOPMENT EFFORT

Software Configuration Management (SCM) evolves together with the discipline of softwareengineering. Teams working on software products become larger and are geographically distributedat multiple sites. Collaboration between such groups requires well evaluated SCMplans and strategies to easy cooperation and decrease software development cost by reducingtime spent on SCM activities – branching and merging, that is effort utilized on creation ofrevisions (’serial’ versions) and variants (’parallel’ versions). This paper suggests that SCMpractices should be combined with modular design and code refactoring to reduce cost relatedto maintenance of the same code line. Teams which produce several variants of thesame code line at the same time should use approaches like components, modularization, orplug-ins over code alternations maintained on version branches. Findings described in thispaper were taken by teams in charge of development of radio communication systems inMotorola GEMS divisions. Each team collaborating on similar projects used different SCMstrategies to develop parts of this system.
New approach to measurement of impact characteristics of brittle materials

ABSTRACT A dynamic Fracture Energy-Drop Weight Test (DFE-DWT) is described. This machine is the dynamic equivalent of the ASTM flexural test and is the linear equivalent of the Charpy impact test. A convenient method of data reduction is explained with the aid of some typical results for two thermosetting resins. An impact mass is dropped from a preselected height, the specimen fractures, and the energy remaining after fracture is determined by measuring the indentation of a material which has previously been calibrated. One may vary both the impact weight and the drop height to obtain an energy large enough to break the materials of interest.
Infrared Excess Emission From Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud

Figure 1 shows plots of excess versus luminosity for oxygen-rich, carbonrich and extreme AGBs. The 8 μm excess in each case admits a power-law fit, as does the 24 μm plot for extreme AGBs. There is a large scatter to the relation, partly due to the fact that the variability has not been taken into account. These relations hint towards a similar rise of mass-loss rate with luminosity on the AGB.
Design decisions from the history of the EUVE science payload

Some of the design issues that arose during the development of the EUVE science payload and solutions to the problems involved are examined. In particular, attention is given to the use of parallel and serial busses, the selection of the the ROM approach for software storage and execution, implementation of memory error detection and correction, and the selection of command structures. The early design decisions paid off in the timely delivery of the scientific payload and in the successful completion of the survey phase of the EUVE science mission.
Management of Atrial Tachycardia in the Newborn With Enterovirus Myocarditis

Neonatal enterovirus myocarditis is a rare but serious infection that is often an underrecognized cause of cardiovascular collapse. Enterovirus myocarditis in patients with such collapse should be suspected when signs of congestive heart failure and tachyarrhythmia are present. The majority of reported electrical disturbances associated with enterovirus myocarditis are ventricular in origin, but the infection can present as atrial tachyarrhythmia. Atrial tachyarrhythmias associated with enterovirus myocarditis are difficult to manage because of their resistance to conventional antiarrhythmic therapy. We present 2 cases of neonates with atrial tachycardia associated with enterovirus myocarditis who responded to a combination of amiodarone and flecainide.
Opening the black box of clinical skills assessment via observation: a conceptual model.

Medical Education 2011: 45: 1048–1060 Objectives This study was intended to develop a conceptual framework of the factors impacting on faculty members’ judgements and ratings of resident doctors (residents) after direct observation with patients. Methods In 2009, 44 general internal medicine faculty members responsible for out-patient resident teaching in 16 internal medicine residency programmes in a large urban area in the eastern USA watched four videotaped scenarios and two live scenarios of standardised residents engaged in clinical encounters with standardised patients. After each, faculty members rated the resident using a mini-clinical evaluation exercise and were individually interviewed using a semi-structured interview. Interviews were videotaped, transcribed and analysed using grounded theory methods. Results Four primary themes that provide insights into the variability of faculty assessments of residents’ performance were identified: (i) the frames of reference used by faculty members when translating observations into judgements and ratings are variable; (ii) high levels of inference are used during the direct observation process; (iii) the methods by which judgements are synthesised into numerical ratings are variable, and (iv) factors external to resident performance influence ratings. From these themes, a conceptual model was developed to describe the process of observation, interpretation, synthesis and rating. Conclusions It is likely that multiple factors account for the variability in faculty ratings of residents. Understanding these factors informs potential new approaches to faculty development to improve the accuracy, reliability and utility of clinical skills assessment.
An electronics manufacturing minor in engineering with emphasis on rapid prototyping

This paper describes an Electronics Manufacturing curriculum development project at Penn State. This pilot project is intended to enhance the design and practical experiences of undergraduate engineering students by combining the resources of the Electrical Engineering Department, the Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Department, and the Center for Electronic Design, Communications, and Computing (CEDCC). The EE Department curriculum and laboratories support electronic circuit design and microelectronic processing, while the IE Department has significant expertise and laboratory facilities in printed circuit board assembly with a strong emphasis on surface mount technology processes. The Center for Electronic Design, Communications, and Compacting (CEDCC) has in place a supporting infrastructure for rapid electronic system design and prototyping which complements both the EE and IE department programs.