cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Microgravity and Space Flight on the Chemical Senses

The effect of space flight and microgravity on the chemical senses is reviewed. Skylab-4 and Soyuz 30-31 studies revealed changes in taste thresholds while no effect was found in a Canadian investigation (41-G) and conflicting results were obtained on another Soyuz mission. Two simulated microgravity studies found no effect on taste or smell sensitivity; while 5 other studies found an effect. Microgravity induces physiological changes including an upward shift of body fluids toward the head, which may lead to an attenuation of the olfactory component in the flavor of foods. Chemosensory changes may also relate to space sickness, Shuttle atmosphere, stress, radiation, and psychological factors.
A Proof of the Continued Fraction Expansion of 1/M

(2006). A Proof of the Continued Fraction Expansion of e1/M. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 113, No. 1, pp. 62-66.
Is there a middle way? Categorical programs for PHC.

Comprehensive primary health care and selective primary health care are often unnecessarily considered mutually exclusive positions. It is frequently assumed that as they are defined the frameworks of each are different and that acceptance of 1 approach precludes the acceptance of the other. A problem-oriented approach is suggested as a middle way. This approach takes a middle ground by defining a series of tasks or strategies that are focused and manageable. Although individual government institutions such as health ministries necessarily operate in only 1 sector taking a problem--solving approach does not necessarily imply that the strategy will be a top-down effort. This may be appropriate in some circumstances where the intervention. The tasks may just as well include the establishment of community organizations to assure autonomous management of specific activities and inevitably must include information education and communication programs where personal behavioral change is essential for effective implementation as for example with educational activities. The point is that a categorical program that is poblem-oriented sets out some specific goals and tasks with designated endpoints to be reached. Relating inputs to outputs and to impact is permitted. The family planning movement could be considered a categorical program that clearly stands somewhere between what is defined as comprehensive primary care and selective primary care.
Masculinity-femininity and response to somatic discomfort

Multiple samples of male and female college students were studied to determine the relationship of sex and degree of masculinity-femininity to frequency of symptom reports, symptom site, frequency of medical treatment, and attitudes toward various aspects of the medical establishment. The results indicated that sex and sex role are not consistently or strongly correlated with total symptom frequency, delay in seeking medical consultation, or frequency with which medical treatment is obtained. They are also not correlated with attitudes toward physicians and other health care figures. However, interesting and rather consistent relationships were observed between masculinity-femininity and sites of somatic discomfort.
Effect of pulse width on object movement in vitro using holmium:YAG laser.

Background and Purpose: The holmium:YAG laser is an effective modality for intracorporeal lithotripsy. The fiber tip needs to be in contact with the calculus for maximal effect. Laser energy can ca...
Defining Social Problems

Although problem, social problem and problem solving are part of the theory of the social studies, one looks in vain for any evidence that problem solving actually occurs in most classrooms. An exa...
Spectral multiplexing and coherent-state decomposition in Fourier ptychographic imaging

Information multiplexing is important for biomedical imaging and chemical sensing. In this paper, we report a microscopy imaging technique, termed state-multiplexed Fourier ptychography (FP), for information multiplexing and coherent-state decomposition. Similar to a typical Fourier ptychographic setting, we use an array of light sources to illuminate the sample from different incident angles and acquire corresponding low-resolution images using a monochromatic camera. In the reported technique, however, multiple light sources are lit up simultaneously for information multiplexing, and the acquired images thus represent incoherent summations of the sample transmission profiles corresponding to different coherent states. We show that, by using the state-multiplexed FP recovery routine, we can decompose the incoherent mixture of the FP acquisitions to recover a high-resolution sample image. We also show that, color-multiplexed imaging can be performed by simultaneously turning on R/G/B LEDs for data acquisition. The reported technique may provide a solution for handling the partially coherent effect of light sources used in Fourier ptychographic imaging platforms. It can also be used to replace spectral filter, gratings or other optical components for spectral multiplexing and demultiplexing. With the availability of cost-effective broadband LEDs, the reported technique may open up exciting opportunities for computational multispectral imaging.
Geographical and seasonal variability of the global “practical” wind resources

Abstract This paper provides global and seasonal estimates of the “practical” wind power obtained with a 3-D numerical model (GATOR-GCMOM) that dynamically calculates the instantaneous wind power of a modern 5 MW wind turbine at 100-m hub height at each time step. “Practical” wind power is defined as that delivered from wind turbines in high-wind locations (year-average 100-m wind speed ≥ 7 m/s) over land and near-shore, excluding both polar regions, mountainous, and conflicting land use areas, and including transmission, distribution, and wind farm array losses. We found that seasonal variations in the global practical wind resources are significant. The highest net land plus near-shore capacity factors globally are found during December–January–February and the lowest during June–July–August. The capacity factors in the transitional seasons (March–April–May and September–October–November) are rather similar to one another in terms of geographical patterns and frequency distributions. The yearly-average distributions of capacity factors, whether in terms of geographic patterns or frequency distributions, differ from those in all four seasons, although they are closest to the transitional seasons. Regional practical wind resources are sensitive to seasons and to thresholds in year-average wind speed and bathymetry, but are more than enough to supply local electricity demand in all regions except Japan.
A CMOS highly linear channel-select filter for 3G multistandard integrated wireless receivers

A new approach for designing digitally programmable CMOS integrated baseband filters is presented. The proposed technique provides a systematic method for designing filters exhibiting high linearity and low power. A sixth-order Butterworth low-pass filter with 14-bit bandwidth tuning range is designed for implementing the baseband channel-select filter in an integrated multistandard wireless receiver. The filter consumes a current of 2.25 mA from a 2.7-V supply and occupies an area of 1.25 mm/sup 2/ in a 0.5-/spl mu/m chip. The proposed filter design achieves high spurious free dynamic ranges (SFDRs) of 92 dB for PDC (IS-54), 89 dB for GSM, 84 dB for IS-95, and 80 dB for WCDMA.
Synthesis and Antineoplastic Evaluation of α-Substituted Alkanesulfonates: Analogues of Clomesone

2-Chloroethyl (methylsulfonyl)methanesulfonate (clomesone) is highly effective against certain experimental neoplasma and is now undergoing initial clinical trials.Two groups of analogues have been prepared to explore further the anticancer activity of this type of sulfonates.The first group is comprised of several 2-chloroethyl sulfonates that have electron-attracting groups α to the sulfonate group; among these, the α-chloroethanesulfonate and the (trifluoromethyl)- methanesulfonate caused increases in lifespan of 45 and 72%, respectively, in tests against P388 leukemia in mice. The second group is comprised of several (methylsulfonyl)methanesulfonates that possess alkylating groups other than the 2-haloethyl groups. 2-Hydroxyethyl (methylsulfonyl)methanesulfonate was active against P388 leukemia (increases in lifespan, 66 and 94%), but was less effective than clomesone, which effects cures. The 3-chloropropyl and the propyl derivatives caused modest increases in lifespan. Therefore, several 2-chloroethyl α-substituted methanesulfonates are less effective against P388 leukemia than is the α-(methylsulfonyl) derivative (clomesone), and several substituted alkyl (methylsulfonyl)methanesulfonates are also less effective than is the 2-chloroethyl derivative (clomesone). The synthesis of clomesone was simplified to one operational step from methanesulfonyl chloride.
A description and evaluation of light-emitting diode displays for generation of visual stimuli

A description of the design and function of light-emitting diode (LED) display modules is given. A method is presented for the construction of LED display devices and their on-line use with a small real-time computer. An assessment was made of the perceptual confusion of the alphanumeric characters generated by the LED displays. Presenting the characters briefly so that recognition errors would occur, it was found that perceptual confusions between items were minimal for most characters. The few confusions that did occur could be predicted by the formal similarity of the characters.
Mercury accumulation in yellow perch in wisconsin seepage lakes: Relation to lake characteristics

We studied relations between lacustrine characteristics and the total mercury (Hg) content of calendar age-2 yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in 10 seepage lakes in north-central Wisconsin. Mean concentrations and burdens (masses) of Hg in whole perch varied widely among lakes, were negatively correlated with lake pH and were positively correlated with total Hg concentration in surficial profundal sediment. Approximately 80 to 90% of the variation in Hg concentration and burden in whole perch was explained with multiple regressions containing two independent variables: either lake pH or alkalinity, and Hg concentration in surficial sediment. Variation among lakes in the Hg concentration in yellow perch was unrelated to their relative rates of growth. The mean concentration of Hg in axial muscle tissue of age-5 walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) from five of the study lakes was highly correlated with the mean concentration in whole age-2 perch in the same lakes. We hypothesized that the high Hg concentrations often seen in piscivorous fish in low-alkalinity lakes (relative to high-alkalinity lakes) is at least partly due to a greater dietary intake of Hg in such waters. Furthermore, the analysis of small yellow perch—the preferred prey of adult walleyes and an important forage species for many predatory fishes in the north-central United States—may be an effective approach to assessing Hg bioavailability in the region's lakes.
Simultaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and reticuloendothelial malignancies

Abstract Background: Multiple primary neoplasms have been reported in 4% to 26% of patients with a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck. The vast majority of these second primaries are SCC and occur in the upper aerodigestive tract; however, head and neck SCC patients are also at higher risk for nonepidermoid neoplasms at any site. Reticuloendothelial malignancies (REM) have been reported in many patients that have SCC of the head and neck as well. Methods: Retrospective case series of 5 advanced cases of SCC of the head and neck with synchronous REM. Results: There was 40% mortality with 19.4 months mean follow-up. Fifty percent of the cases had simultaneous cervical involvement with both processes. Conclusion: REM can occur simultaneously with SCC of the head and neck and confound staging of nodal status. Head and neck SCC patients are at increased risk for REM secondary to age and treatment factors.
Intrapersonal Communication and Listening Goals: An Examination of Attributes and Functions of Imagined Interactions and Active-Empathic Listening Behaviors

Using data from 485 college student participants, this study investigated relations among mental representations of conversations and reported tendencies towards active-empathic listening (AEL). Results showed that low usage of imagined interactions (IIs) for rehearsal and self-understanding and high usage of IIs as compensation were associated with lower reported active-empathic responding. In describing IIs, low levels of proactivity and variety were associated with lower reported AEL processing and responding, suggesting individuals who do not engage in IIs before conversations or imagine a variety of potential conversations to gain understanding do not report engaging in behaviors that act to acknowledge partners in conversation. The primary contribution of these findings is to forward an empirical integration of social cognitive and listening research and theory.
Anisotropic Slope Distribution and Bidirectional Reflectance of a Rough Silicon Surface

Both one-dimensional (ID) and two-dimensional (2D) slope distributions were obtained from the surface topographic data, measured using an atomic force microscope for a rough silicon surface. The resulted slope distributions deviate significantly from the Gaussian distribution, with noticeable side peaks. The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of the same surface, measured with a laser scatterometer at 635 nm and 785 nm, exhibits subsidiary peaks. The measured slope distributions are implanted into a geometric optics model to predict the in-plane BRDF for different azimuthal angles. The ID slope distribution has some success in predicting the BRDF at limited azimuthal angles, but is not applicable to other cases, On the other hand, the BRDF predicted using the 2D slope distribution matches well with the experimental results for any azimuthal angles. The method developed here may also help predict the BRDF for other rough surfaces with microstructures.
Trust us, we are experts!

Just because you are, or once were, good at something doesn't mean you are going to be as successful at predicting the future.
Mars Exploration Rover candidate landing sites as viewed by THEMIS

The analysis of six landing sites that were candidates for the two NASA Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) benefited from recently available image data from the Thermal Emission Imaging Spectrometer (THEMIS) onboard the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft. The combination of daytime and nighttime thermal infrared images from THEMIS supplemented by additional data sets has lead to new or expanded insights into the nature of each landing site. In Meridiani Planum, a layer of lighter-toned, higher thermal inertia material is observable just below the hematite-bearing layer. Gusev Crater displays a more complex stratigraphy than previously observed, including an upper layer with lobate margins. The highest inertia unit of southern Isidis Planitia is confined to topographic lows in the rim/basin margin and does not appear to be due to highland material transported onto the basin floor. The enigmatic, ovoid, blocky terrain on the floor of Melas Chasma displays higher thermal inertia than its surroundings, an indication that it contains coarser or more indurated material than the adjacent aeolian bedforms. The myriad channels of Athabasca Valles display distinctive thermal signatures despite the presence of a bright layer of dust covering the region. The presence of alluvial fans produced from spur-and-gulley erosion of the walls of Eos Chasma demonstrates that mass movements have occurred following the canyon scouring floods.
A neural network for coding of trajectories by time series of neuronal population vectors

The neuronal population vector is a measure of the combined directional tendency of the ensemble of directionally tuned cells in the motor cortex. It has been found experimentally that a trajectory of limb movement can be predicted by adding together population vectors, tip-to-tail, calculated for successive instants of time to construct a neural trajectory. In the present paper we consider a model of the dynamic evolution of the population vector. The simulated annealing algorithm was used to adjust the connection strengths of a feedback neural network so that it would generate a given trajectory by a sequence of population vectors. This was repeated for different trajectories. Resulting sets of connection strengths reveal a common feature regardless of the type of trajectories generated by the network: namely, the mean connection strength was negatively correlated with the angle between the preferred directions of neuronal pair involved in the connection. The results are discussed in the light of recent experimental findings concerning neuronal connectivity within the motor cortex.
Assessment of two biotypes of Solanum ptycanthum that differ in resistance levels to imazamox

Summary Glasshouse and laboratory experiments were conducted on acetolactate synthase (ALS) homozygous resistant Solanum ptycanthum biotypes from Illinois (IL-R) and Indiana (IN-R), and homozygous susceptible biotypes from Illinois (IL-S) and Indiana (IN-S). Genetic similarity of biotypes was assessed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, which determined that the Illinois biotypes are more similar to each other than to the IN-R biotype. ALS enzyme activity from the IL-R and IN-R biotypes had I50 values of 362 and 352 μM imazamox respectively. Dose–response experiments using three- to four-leaf-stage plants of the IL-R and IN-R biotypes had GR50 values of 242 and 69 g ae ha−1 imazamox respectively. Whole-plant and ALS enzyme results are different than previously reported values in the literature, which was attributed in the current study to the original IN-R population having individuals that were segregating for ALS resistance. Metabolism studies showed no difference in percentage [14C]imazamox remaining between the IL-R and IN-R biotypes up to 72 h after treatment. The IL-S biotype metabolised [14C]imazamox approximately two times faster than the IL-R and IN-R biotypes and this trait was heritable. Response of F3 plants containing homozygous ALS-resistant alleles from the IL-R biotype in a genetic background of 50% Illinois and 50% Indiana biotypes suggests that genetic factors other than an altered target site or metabolism may also contribute to the magnitude of resistance at the whole-plant level in resistant biotypes.
Twospotted spider mite (Acari : Tetranychidae) population dynamics and growth of Euonymus alata Compacta in response to irrigation rate

Potted dwarf burning bush, Euonymus alata ‘Compacta’, plants were maintained at trickle irrigation rates of 500, 800, 1,100, or 1,400 ml water per day during most of the 1987 and 1988 growing seasons. Burning bush plants obtained from a nursery arrived in May 1987 infested with small populations of twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch. All plants were treated with carbaryl to suppress predators. Spider mite populations and leaf abscission were monitored weekly in July and August. Plants tested in 1987 were held over the winter and given the same irrigation treatments again in 1988. Water stress to plants held at low irrigation rates in 1987 was manifested as reduced stem diameter of new growth in spring 1988. Burning bush leaf abscission was correlated with T. urticae populations in 1987 (T2 = 0.50-0.73) and 1988 (T2 = 0.15-0.75) but not with irrigation rates (T2 = 0.03-0.09). In 1987, mite population growth was similar on plants at all irrigation rates. However, mite populations in 1988 developed more rapidly on plants receiving 500 and 800 ml of water per day than on plants receiving 1,100 and 1,400 ml of water per day.
Improving Fracturing Fluid Performance and Controlling Formation Fines Migration with the Same Agent: Is it Achievable?

Traditionally, hydraulic fracturing (frac-packing) and controlling formation fines migration treatments are separate operations that incur high costs for operators, especially for offshore asset developments. Hydraulic fracturing or frac-packing treatment can reduce fines generated in the near-wellbore region, but not the fines migrating from deep hydrocarbon-producing formations. Separate treatment for fines migration control is usually required for maintaining wellbore productivity. Recent studies have found that some inorganic nanoparticles can significantly improve the performance of surfactant micellar fluids in hydraulic fracturing and frac-packing applications, including fluid thermal stability and fluid loss control properties. A theoretical model illustrates that the nanoparticles are first associated with the energetically unfavorable endcaps of surfactant micelles and then become the junctions of the wormlike micelles. Hydrophobic components as internal breakers are placed within wormlike surfactant micelles during surface mixing. After fluid pumping is completed, the internal breakers act to collapse the wormlike surfactant micelle structures. This causes the viscous frac-fluid significantly lose its viscosity and the nanoparticles are released. The released nanoparticles precipitate and attach to nearby proppants to act as formation fine fixators to capture fines when they flow through this region. Our lab tests detail this dual functional performance improvement of surfactant micellar fluid and the controlled migration of formation fines.
Nanogels from metal-chelating crosslinkers as versatile platforms applied to copper-64 PET imaging of tumors and metastases

Metals are essential in medicine for both therapy and diagnosis. We recently created the first metal-chelating nanogel imaging agent, which employed versatile, reproducible chemistry that maximizes chelation stability. Here we demonstrate that our metal chelating crosslinked nanogel technology is a powerful platform by incorporating (64)Cu to obtain PET radiotracers. Polyacrylamide-based nanogels were crosslinked with three different polydentate ligands (DTPA, DOTA, NOTA). NOTA-based nanogels stably retained (64)Cu in mouse serum and accumulated in tumors in vivo as detected by PET/CT imaging. Measurement of radioactivity in major organs ex vivo confirmed this pattern, revealing a high accumulation (12.3% ID/g and 16.6% ID/g) in tumors at 24 and 48 h following administration, with lower accumulation in the liver (8.5% ID/g at 24 h) and spleen (5.5% ID/g). Nanogels accumulated even more efficiently in metastases (29.9% and 30.4% ID/g at 24 and 48 h). These metal-chelating nanogels hold great promise for future application as bimodal PET/MRI agents; chelation of β-emitting radionuclides could enable radiation therapy.
Blind identification of Laguerre systems

Laguerre filters have infinite impulse responses but with finite tapped delay-line parameterizations. This paper investigates subspace-based blind identification of single-input, multiple-output (SIMO) Laguerre filter tap coefficients, the internal filter state and the input, given only noisy observations of the output. A state space model for the SIMO Laguerre system is derived from which blind estimation algorithms are developed. The Laguerre filter tap coefficients can be estimated from the column space of a certain Hankel matrix constructed from noisy output observations while the internal state and input can be estimated from the row space by exploiting state space structure.
Increased permeability of intestinal epithelial monolayers mediated by electroporation

Abstract This study assessed whether electroporation enhances transport across intact intestinal epithelial monolayers that mimic the intestinal epithelium. Confluent Caco-2 monolayers were exposed to electroporation pulses and then monitored over time for transepithelial transport of calcein, a small fluorescent tracer, or fluorescein-labeled bovine serum albumin, a large protein. Cumulative transport of both molecules across the monolayers increased significantly (up to 34-fold) after electroporation and depended on electroporation voltage and pulse length and on molecular size. Increased transport was accompanied by a decrease in the transepithelial electrical resistance of the monolayers. Further analysis of these results suggests that the increase in transport observed after electroporation is due, at least in part, to the killing of a small fraction of cells, which increased transport across “leaky” dead cells that remained adherent and increased transport through small, temporary holes left by dead cells that detached, but appeared to reseal within minutes by monolayer restitution. These findings could form the basis for the development of electroporation as a clinical tool to increase intestinal permeability and, thereby, increase the absorption of poorly absorbed drugs.
The comparative effects of epinephrine versus phenylephrine on regional cerebral blood flow during carciopulmonary resuscitation

Epinephrine in larger doses than currently recommended during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has been shown to improve cerebral blood flow (CBF) following a 10-min arrest in a swine model. The purpose of this pilot study was to measure CBF during CPR, comparing high-dose epinephrine to a pure alpha-1 agonist, phenylephrine. Ten swine each weighing greater than 15 kg, were instrumented for regional CBF measurements using tracer microspheres. CBF was measured during normal sinus rhythm (NSR). Following 10 min of ventricular fibrillation, CPR was begun and regional CBF was again measured. Following 3 min of CPR, the swine were randomized to receive either epinephrine (0.2 mg/kg), or phenylephrine (0.1 mg/kg), through a peripheral intravenous line. Regional CBF was again measured 1 min after drug administration. Regional CBF following drug administration was compared using an analysis of covariance. Adjusted CBFs are expressed in ml/min per 100 g for epinephrine and phenylephrine, respectively: left cerebral cortex (12.5 vs. 2.3, P = 0.002); right cerebral cortex (13.0 vs. 2.8, P = 0.003); cerebellum (32.9 vs. 4.1, P = 0.004); midbrain (35.7 vs. 2.6, P = 0.0004), pons (30.3 vs. 2.9, P = O.006); medulla (49.5 vs. 13.6, P = 0.02) and cervical spinal cord (49.6 vs. 14.1, P = 0.003).
Fieldwork in Familiar Places: The UGA Workshop in Fieldwork Methods.

Fieldwork schools typically take place in distant, often exotic settings, far from instructors' home base. The University of Georgia (UGA) Summer Workshop in Fieldwork Methods, a project led by an interdisciplinary faculty at the UGA, summers 1992-95, reversed this pattern by bringing graduate students and postdoctoral scholars from colleges and universities in the United States and nearby countries to our home turf. Bringing strangers to our own backyards, we discovered, was something like holding a mirror before our faces. The reflection gave us a new perspective on who we were, what our surroundings were like, and how we related to one another.
Investigations on the impact of single direct and indirect, and multiple emission–control measures on cold–season near–surface PM2.5 concentrations in Fairbanks, Alaska

The impact of two direct (wood–burning device changeout, introduction of gas), an indirect (introduction of low–sulfur fuel) and a multiple (wood–burning device changeout plus introduction of low–sulfur fuel) emission control measure on near surface PM2.5 concentrations in Fairbanks, Alaska was examined for a cold season by WRF/Chem simulations and the 2008/09 hourly observations. The benefits for air quality would vary in persistence and the diurnal course among measures. None of these emission control measures would provide design values below the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (35 µg m –3 ). Substituting all wood–burning by gas would reduce PM2.5 emissions by 11% and the 2008 design value of 44.7 µg m –3 to 38.9 µg m –3 . The estimated 4% PM2.5 emission decrease due to changeout of noncertified by certified wood–burning devices would reduce the design value to 42.3 µg m –3 . The use of low–sulfur fuel in oil–fired furnaces and facilities would reduce total SO2 and PM2.5 emissions by 23 and 15%, respectively, but provide a similar design value. The multiple emission control measure would reduce these emissions by 36 and 19%, respectively, and the design value to 39.3 µg m –3 . The indirect emission control measure is most sensitive to meteorology. The efficiency of the multiple emission control measures is not generally the sum of the efficiency of the respective single measures.
Objects, Models, and Exemplary Works: Educating Sentiment in Colonial India

In 1918, NEAR THE CONCLUSION of the First World War, a British official in the Punjab provincial government suggested the use of "ocular demonstrations" in Lahore (the province's capital) to demonstrate the tangible benefits of British rule to the city's Indian residents. This measure was necessary, he argued, since Lahore's Indian pop ulation had grown increasingly skeptical of British intentions during the war. Accordingly, J. P. Thompson, chief secretary to the Government of Punjab, urged that a large group of journalists, students, and other "public men" in Lahore convene for a walk-through "ocular demonstration of the veterinary college,. . . the North West Railway workshops and stores, . . . the Flying Ground at Lahore Cantonment, the [canal] weir, the Physics and Biology laboratories at Government College, and the Indian Pictures [exhibition} in the Lahore Museum" (Government of Punjab, Proceedings of the Home Department [General], 118/1918, 35). Suitable explanatory lectures would be arranged at each stop. Thompson's rationale for the tour was that "at present there is no method to which Government can have recourse to directly [combat] a hostile press" and that "our deeds which ought to speak for us, are not made to speak" (Government of Punjab, Proceedings of the Home Department [General], 118/1918, 35; emphasis added). What Thompson proposed, in other words, was a walk through Lahore's colonial landscape organized in such a way as to "speak," and speak eloquently, of the benefits of British rule. Less than a year later, in April 1919, Indian protestors in Lahore gave an entirely different set of meanings to the landscape that Thompson promoted. Following the massacre of several hundred unarmed Indian civilians by General Reginald E. H. Dyer
Thrombospondin-1 modulates vascular endothelial growth factor activity at the receptor level

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a well-established stimulator of vascular permeability and angiogenesis, whereas thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a potent angiogenic inhibitor. In this study, we have found that the TSP-1 receptors CD36 and β1 integrin associate with the VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2). The coclustering of receptors that regulate angiogenesis may provide the endothelial cell with a platform for integration of positive and negative signals in the plane of the membrane. Thus, this complex may represent a molecular switch that regulates angiogenesis and determines endothelial cell behavior. In this context, physiological levels of TSP-1 appear to support VEGFR2 function on both the cellular and tissue level, because phosphorylation of VEGFR2 and vascular permeability in response to VEGF are decreased in TSP-1-null mice and isolated endothelial cells. A therapeutic agent based on the antiangiogenic domain of TSP-1, designated 3TSR (for three TSP-1 type 1 repeats), has significant antiangiogenic and antitumor efficacy. Systemic treatment of wild-type mice with 3TSR significantly decreased VEGF-induced permeability. Consistent with this result, VEGF-stimulated phosphorylation of VEGFR2 was also significantly decreased in lung extracts from 3TSR-treated mice. Moreover, 3TSR significantly decreased VEGF-stimulated VEGFR2 phosphorylation in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells in culture. Taken together, the results indicate that TSP-1 and 3TSR modulate the function of VEGFR2.—Zhang, X., Kazerounian, S., Duquette, M., Perruzzi, C., Nagy, J. A., Dvorak, H. J., Parangi, S., and Lawler, J. Thrombospondin-1 modulates vascular endothelial growth factor activity at the receptor level.
Reliability and reproducibility of spectral and time domain optical coherence tomography images before and after correction for patients with age-related macular degeneration

Purpose: To evaluate the reproducibility and reliability of optical coherence tomography scans obtained using the time domain (TD-OCT) Stratus TM OCT, and the Spectral Domain (SD-OCT) Spectralis TM and Cirrus TM OCT devices before and after manual correction in eyes with either Neovascular (NV-AMD) or Non-Neovascular (NNV-AMD) age-related macular degeneration. Design: Prospective observational study. Methods: Setting: University-based retina practice. Patients: Thirty-six patients (50 eyes) with NV-AMD or NNV-AMD. Procedure: OCT scans were taken simultaneously using one TD-OCT and two SD-OCT devices. Main Outcome Measures: Macular thickness measurements were assessed before and after correction of the algorithm by constructing Bland-Altman plots for agreement and calculating intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and coefficients of repeatability (COR) to evaluate intraclass repeatability. Results: Spectralis had the highest number of images needing manual correction. All machines had high ICCs, with Spectralis having the highest. Also, Bland-Altman plots indicated that there was low agreement between Cirrus™ and Stratus™, Spectralis™ and Stratus™, while there was good agreement between the Cirrus™ and Spectralis™. The CORs were lowest for Spectralis TM and similar and higher for Cirrus TM and Stratus TM. Agreement, CORs, and ICCs generally improved after manual correction, but only minimally. Conclusion: Agreement is low between devices, except between both SD-OCT machines. Manual correction tends to improve results.
A Goodness-Of-Fit Test for the Latent Class Model When Expected Frequencies Are Small

In this paper, a goodness-of-fit test for the latent class model is presented. The test uses only the limited information in the second-order marginal distributions from a set of k dichotomous variables, and it is intended for use when k is large and the sample size, n, is moderate or small. In that situation, a 2k contingency table formed by the full cross-classification of k variables will be sparse in the sense that a high proportion of cell frequencies will be equal to zero or 1, and the chi-square approximation for traditional goodness-of-fit statistics such as the likelihood ratio will not be valid. The second-order marginal frequencies, which correspond to the bivariate distributions, are rarely sparse even when the joint frequencies have a high proportion of zero cells. Results from Monte Carlo experiments are presented that compare the rates of Type I and Type II errors for the proposed test to the rates for traditional goodness-of-fit tests. Results show that under commonly encountered conditions, a test of fit based on the limited information in the second-order marginals has a Type II error rate that is no higher than the error rate found for full-information test statistics, and that the test statistic given in this paper does not suffer from ill effects of sparseness in the joint frequencies.
Downsizing and health at the United States Department of Energy.

Background Downsizing and reorganization not only affect workers who lose their jobs, but even workers who retain their jobs are affected in negative ways. The present study measured how downsizing was accomplished at five Department of Energy facilities by evaluating communication with workers, perceived fairness of the process, and job characteristics, and how each of these were associated with worker health and well-being. Methods The researchers collected quantitative data using structured surveys, and captured qualitative data using interviews, focus groups, and open-ended survey responses. Results Employees, who felt that the downsizing process was fair, and that communication was open and honest, reported fewer medical symptoms, lower survivor syndrome, and more job security than their counterparts. Employees who were less immediately impacted by downsizing reported fewer medical symptoms than those who were more directly involved (e.g., delivered layoff notices, changed jobs, etc.) Thus, downsizing appears to affect the health of survivors, through the effects of the downsizing process. Conclusion This examination of the effect of downsizing on the physical and mental health of surviving employees supports the conclusion that the impact of downsizing is not limited to those who lose their jobs and highlights the potential repercussions of downsizing on the emotional health of employees. Am. J. Ind. Med. 44:481–491, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Low power, wide range threshold acceleration sensing system

A complete threshold acceleration detection system is presented in this paper, possessing (i) an array of threshold accelerometers, and (ii) a low power interface circuit. The sensors were designed and fabricated using a modified bulk silicon dissolved wafer process. This process offers a wide latitude in sensor threshold levels, as demonstrated in the fabrication of devices, with levels of 1.5 g to 1000 g, bandwidth of 45 Hz to 40 kHz, with mass sizes ranging from 15 programs to 0.7 /spl mu/grams, and low-resistance gold-gold contacts for the switch. The interface circuit is fabricated in-house, using a standard 3 /spl mu/m, p-well CMOS process and connected to the sensor chip, in a multi-chip module. Additionally, the system employs redundancy, to improve detection accuracy and fault tolerance, which is crucial in many applications. The system also supports communication with a standard microcontroller bus, in a smart sensor environment.
Rachel Schulkins, Keats, Modesty, and Masturbation

Review by James Najarian (Boston College) of Rachel Schulkins, Keats, Modesty, and Masturbation . Farnham: Ashgate, 2014. Pp. 190. $109.95. ISBN 9781472418791.
A method for dynamically balancing a point foot robot

In this paper we apply a general control framework, Whole-Body Operational Space Control (WBOSC), to an under-actuated point-foot biped. We use WBOSC to reproduce the behavior of the Prismatic Inverted Pendulum (PIP) as the center of mass dynamics for our point foot biped. We present and analyze a new algorithm that dynamically balances the PIP model by choosing footstep placements. Our algorithm uses the shooting method and numerical integration to find a footstep location even when the robot's constraints do not permit an analytic solution to the model dynamics. This approach stabilizes the robot in simulation, and keeps the physical robot upright for as many as 15 steps. The primary limitation appears to be inaccurate foot positioning.
Functional Fusion Angle for Thumb Interphalangeal Joint Arthrodesis.

Background: A thumb interphalangeal (IP) joint arthrodesis is typically performed in 0° to 30° of flexion; most daily activities involve increased flexion at the IP joint to facilitate pinch and grip. This study evaluates the preferred thumb IP joint position with certain tasks of daily living to determine a more satisfactory angle. Methods: Twenty-eight healthy volunteers were splinted at various degrees (0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, bilaterally) with thumb orthotics, leaving the tip free, to mimic various angles of IP fusion. Participants underwent power tasks (pouring from a gallon jug, opening/closing a tight jar, lifting a heavy glass, and opening a door), timed precision tasks (writing, buttoning/unbuttoning a shirt, translating coins, zipping/unzipping a jacket, and opening/closing Velcro), as well as pinch and grip strength testing. All tasks were performed both at baseline (without any splinting) and with the thumb splinted in each angle. Participants used a 10-point Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) to rate the...
Certificate revocation list distribution in vehicular ad hoc networks

The objective of this research is to investigate improved methods for distributing certificate revocation lists (CRLs) in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). VANETs are a subset of mobile ad hoc networks composed of network-equipped vehicles and infrastructure points, which will allow vehicles to communicate with other vehicles and with roadside infrastructure points. While sharing some of the same limitations of mobile ad hoc networks, such as lack of infrastructure and limited communications range, VANETs have several dissimilarities that make them a much different research area. The main differences include the size of the network, the speed of the vehicles, and the network security concerns. Confidentiality, authenticity, integrity, and availability are some of the standard goals of network security. While confidentiality and authenticity at times seem in opposition to each other, VANET researchers have developed many methods for enhancing confidentiality while at the same time providing authenticity. The method agreed upon for confidentiality and authenticity by most researchers and the IEEE 1609 working group is a public key infrastructure (PKI) system. An important part of any PKI system is the revocation of certificates. The revocation process, as well as the distribution of revocation information, is an open research problem for VANETs. This research develops new methods of CRL distribution and compares them to existing methods proposed by other researchers. The new methods show improved performance in various vehicle traffic densities.
Ground Reaction Forces for Various Standing Tasks Considering Generic Terrain

Many of the tasks presented to people in everyday life include standing on terrain that is not level or coplanar. Uneven terrain can affect the way in which people distribute their weight between their feet. This paper proposes a method for predicting human standing posture and the associated ground reaction forces (GRFs) taking into account a generic orientation of the ground support plane. Postures are predicted using multi-objective optimization (MOO) techniques and a 55 DOF digital human model. The human performance measures used in the cost function include musculoskeletal discomfort, delta potential energy, and visual displacement. The GRF are determined by a linear distribution model derived from the zero moment point (ZMP) and the Lagrangian recursive dynamic formulation. Postural stability based on the location of the ZMP will be discussed. Three postural cases are considered: standing on flat ground, standing with one foot on a stair, and standing with arbitrary support plane angles. Three different simulations are carried out for each case representing different tasks. Predicted GRFs have realistic values and follow the general trends expected for each of the postural cases.© 2011 ASME
Vortex-induced strain and magnetization in type-II superconductors

It is argued that the stress caused by vortex cores in the mixed state of superconductors may result in a measurable field-dependent contribution to the free energy and magnetization. For sufficiently strong stress dependence of the critical temperature, $\ensuremath{\partial}{T}_{c}/\ensuremath{\partial}p$, this contribution may result in the ``second peak'' in the field dependence of the reversible magnetization, the effect often masked by vortex pinning and creep.
Gender Disparity in Professional City Management: Making the Case for Enhancing Leadership Curriculum

Professionally trained administrators are critical to the operation and management of governmental agencies. That is particularly true with respect to local government, where city managers are situ...
Radioisotope renography in renovascular hypertension.

The radioisotope renogram is especially useful for screening large numbers of hypertensive patients in whom renovascular disease is suspected. An equally valuable application is the detection of ureteral obstruction. It also aids interpretation of pyelograms and renal arteriograms and may be used in their place for following response to treatment.
The Predictive Means of Gas Injecting Displacement Front Location and Application

Injecting gas tracer in the reservoir of gas injection development,It is important to diagnosis the connectedness of reservoir,physical property of reservoir,closure property,correspondent relationship,drived velocity,diagnosis gas breakthrough,displacement front and so on.It is one of the important way to dynamic monitoring reservoir.It is also important way to know flowing feature of injected fluid and displaced fluid in the reservoir of porous medium,At present,the gas tracer has already obtained good application to certain displacement front during gas injection.
Dynamic Execution of Temporal Plans for Temporally Fluid Human-Robot Teaming.

Introducing robots as teammates in medical, space, and military domains raises interesting and challenging human factors issues that do not necessarily arise in multi-robot coordination. For example, we must consider how to design robots that integrate seamlessly with human group dynamics. An essential quality of a good human partner is her ability to robustly anticipate and adapt to other team members and the environment. Robots should preserve this ability and avoid constraining their human partners’ flexibility to act. This requires that the robot partner be capable of reasoning quickly online, and adapting to the humans’ actions in a temporally fluid way. This paper describes recent advances in dynamic plan execution, and argues that these advances provide a potentially powerful framework for explicitly modeling and efficiently reasoning on temporal information for humanrobot interaction. We describe an executive named Chaski that enables a robot to coordinate with a human to execute a shared plan under different models of teamwork. We have applied Chaski to demonstrate teamwork using two Barrett Whole Arm Manipulators, and describe our ongoing work to demonstrate temporally fluid human-robot teaming using the Mobile-Dexterous-Social (MDS) robot.
Morphometry of myelin fibers in corpus callosum and optic nerve of aging rats.

Results of morphometric studies are presented, conducted on myelin fibers of corpus callosum and optic nerve of old rats. The studies were performed on 2 and 2.5 years old rats of Wistar strain. The control group consisted of 4 months old animals. The measurements were conducted on electron micrographs taken at magnification of 35,000 X. Aging was associated with increased thickness of myelin sheaths resulting both from increased number of myelin lamellae and from increased interlamellae distances (i.e. decreased compactness of myelin). The increased transversal size of myelin fibers, analogous to that observed in human material, was particularly evident in 2 years old rats. In the oldest, 2.5 years old rats size of myelin fibers decreased compared to 2 years old rats, approaching values observed in the control group. Moreover, disturbances in axon-myelin sheath ratio took place in the course od aging of rat brain white matter; axon cross-section area ratio to number of myelin lamellae in corpus callosum fibers was decreased while it was increased in fibers of optic nerve in 2 years old animals. In the process of aging most pronounced alterations were noted in thin fibers but thick fibers became more numerous and showed greater number of myelin lamellae.