cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nuclear DNA markers in systematics and evolution

Systematic biology studies the organization and origin of biological diversity. Systematists analyze patterns of variation among the products of evolution (species) and attempt to infer the processes involved in evolutionary change from the observed pattern. A variety of approaches have traditionally been used to infer systematic or evolutionary relationships among plant species including morphology, anatomy, cytology, breeding systems, cross-compatibility, secondary compounds (e.g. flavonoids), and isozymes. Each of these approaches has its limitations. For example, although isozymes are useful in analyzing variation within and among closely related species, they are generally not applicable to the study of more distantly related taxa (Crawford 1990). In contrast, morphological comparisons can be made among widely divergent species, but our ignorance of the underlying mechanism of morphological evolution creates uncertainty about the extent to which morphological similarity accurately reflects evolutionary relationships.
Not only TKI! Targeting FLT3-ITD by autophagy.

In this issue of Blood, Larrue et al identify the downstream posttranslational regulation of the Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) internal tandem duplication (ITD) protein.1 This study adds further to the understanding of beneficial impact of using “dirty” proteasome inhibitor in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This study also provides a novel antileukemia role of autophagy, since it is a well-known physiological process that controls normal cell homeostasis through protein degradation and turnover of cell organelles.1
The European Society of Gynecologic Oncology (ESGO) 19th biannual meeting: Overview and summary of selected topics.

• The 19th biannual meeting of the European Society of Gynecologic Oncology featured a broad array of original research.
Efficient Solutions of the Euler Equations in a Time-Adaptive Space-Time Framework

The inviscid Euler equations are solved using a space-time finite-volume discretization. The method inherently accounts for deforming computational meshes. Traditional implicit unsteady discretizations rely on solving the spatial problem with appropriate temporal terms added in an implicit sense at each time level while advancing forward in time one time-step at a time. The approach in this paper is to unify both time and space dimensions and operate on a single computational mesh that spans both the spatial and temporal domains of interest. In essence all unknowns at all spatial and temporal locations in the domain of interest are solved implicitly in one shot. The primary advantage of this approach is the spatially non-uniform variation of the time-step size. The goal is to reduce the total degrees-of-freedom by requiring that only certain spatial locations advance with high resolution in time. The adjoint weighted residual method is used to identify regions in the space-time domain that require higher temporal resolution, thus targeting only certain spatial locations that have to be advanced slowly in time while maintaining overall solution accuracy. Both the reduction of the total unknowns in the solution and the faster convergence due to implicit coupling in time combine to form a efficient unsteady solver. The actual non-linear problem is solved using the Newton-Krylov preconditioned GMRES method with ILU(0) as the preconditioner. While the method converges rapidly, the memory requirements are high even for relatively small problems. This problem is alleviated by splitting the time domain into a limited number of slabs and solving for all unknowns within a slab implicitly while advancing in time slab-by-slab.
Hypothermia associated with autonomic dysreflexia after traumatic spinal cord injury

Individuals with traumatic upper thoracic and cervical spinal cord injuries are at increased risk for the development of both thermoregulatory dysfunction and autonomic dysreflexia. It is unclear, however, what effect reflex autonomic sympathetic outflow has on thermoregulatory dysfunction during episodes of autonomic dysreflexia. The following case of an individual with C5 tetraplegia and both thermoregulatory dysfunction and autonomic dysreflexia illustrates the profound effects that the autonomic nervous system may have on body temperature in individuals at risk for this complication.
Algorithms in the Diagnosis and Management of Exotic Diseases. XXIV. Leishmaniases

generalized visceral leishmaniasis. The leishmaniases are endemic in many areas of the world, and it has recently been estimated that 12 million individuals have different forms of this protozoan infection. Leishmania invade the reticuloendothelial cells, and the resulting disease is determined both by the parasite species and by the host response [1]. In central Asia, India, the Mediterranean littoral, and West Africa, cutaneous leishmaniasis or "Oriental sore" is caused by Leishmania tropica. In Central and South America, Leishmania mexicana and Leishmania braziliensis infections result in cutaneous ulcers that may spread to mucous membranes and cause severely mutilating facial lesions, e.g., "chiclero ulcer" and "espundia." Visceral leishmaniasis or "kala azar" results from infection with Leishmania donovani and is endemic in parts of China, the Indian subcontinent, the Mediterranean littoral, East Africa, and South America [2]. In the United States, three cases of autochthonous dermal leishmaniasis have been reported in Texas with serological evidence of infections due to Leishmania in dogs from the same area [3]. A total of several hundred cases of visceral leishmaniasis have
How to Cut the Cake Fairly?——A study of the gain-sharing outsourcing contract

The gain-sharing outsourcing contract is emerging.How to share gains between the customer and the vendor is an under-researched area.Thus far research on this topic is predominantly descriptive and the output is too vague to be applied in reality.This research mathematically proves several important principles of a gainsharing outsourcing contract.These results provide a practical guideline for managers.
A New Emitter Position Location Algorithm

In the presence of jamming, a 3-D radar cannot measure the target’s range. An emitter position location method based on the generalized triangulation, which uses two azimuth angles and one elevation angle from two 3-D radars, and data fusion is presented. First, the two intersection points corresponding to the emitter position are obtained by using the generalized triangulation. Then, in the sense of MMSE (minimum mean squares estimation), the emitter position is determined by fusing the two intersection points. The Monte Carlo simulation results show that the proposed method has better performance in shorter baseline case and high estimation accuracy near the baseline.
Central Band Interosseous Membrane Reconstruction For Forearm Longitudinal Instability.

Background The Essex-Lopresti injury results from injuries to the stabilizing structures of the forearm, the radial head, the interosseous membrane, and the triangular fibrocartilage complex. Case Description/Literature Review We describe principles in approaching the patient with an acute or chronic Essex-Lopresti injury and describe surgical techniques to address these challenging cases both in the acute and chronic setting and describe outcomes of these techniques. Clinical Relevance Further research into the role of the interosseous ligament in providing longitudinal and transverse stability to the forearm is likely to change our understanding of the Essex-Lopresti injury and alter management strategies.
APRIL Promotes Survival and Proliferation of T Cells: Implications for T-Cell Lymphoma.

Background: Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is an incurable lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by the clonal expansion of malignant CD4+ T cells. Currently there is a poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms in the development and progression of this disease. Members of the TNF superfamily have been shown to be important mediators in the formation and regulation of normal T cell responses. A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), a newly identified member of the TNF superfamily, has been shown to stimulate tumor cell growth as well as proliferation of primary B and T lymphocytes. APRIL transcript levels are reported to be low in normal tissues with the highest levels found in peripheral blood leucocytes. In contrast, higher mRNA levels have been detected in tumor cell lines and primary tumor tissues and various tumor cell lines have been shown to respond to APRIL with increased tumor cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis. The striking effects of APRIL on tumor cell growth and survival raise the possibility that the APRIL and its receptors-TACI and BCMA may be involved in the pathogenesis and maintenance of T cell malignancies. Goal: To explore the involvement of APRIL on normal and malignant T cell growth and survival. Results: Under resting conditions, there was minimal APRIL binding to normal T-cells and no TACI or BCMA expression. However, stimulation of resting T cells with OKT3 (anti-CD3) or a combination of PMA and ionomycin resulted in an increase in APRIL binding and TACI expression on a subset of activated T-cells. When CD3+ resting human T cells were cultured in the presence of APRIL, IL-2, or OKT3 alone or a combination, normal T cells had greater viability compared to the nil control and APRIL mediated-T cell survival was similar level to that seen with IL-2 or OKT3 alone. CSFE labeled T cells were activated with suboptimal dose of OKT3 and incubated in the presence of APRIL and /or IL-2. Both APRIL and IL-2 alone induced cell proliferation, while treatment with the combination of APRIL and IL-2 had a synergistic effect on T cell proliferation. Malignant T cells isolated from the blood of patients with Sezary Syndrome exhibited a similar pattern of APRIL binding and APRIL also enhanced their survival. Gene array experiments were performed to identify genes involved in APRIL-mediated survival. In normal and primary malignant T cells the anti-apoptotic genes BCL2A1, BIRC6, CHK1, MCL-1, and MDM2 were upregulated and the pro-apoptotic genes CASP5, DR5, and TNFR2 were downregulated in response to APRIL. Conclusion: APRIL promotes the survival of normal and malignant T cells and co-stimulates CD3-mediated T cell proliferation. The gene array experiments suggest that APRIL regulates the expression of anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic genes in both normal and malignant T cells. Taken together, these data indicate an important role for APRIL in the biology of normal T cells and in the pathophysiology of T cell lymphoma.
A return mapping algorithm for isotropic and anisotropic plasticity models using a line search method

Abstract The numerical integration of constitutive models in computational solid mechanics codes allows for the solution of boundary value problems involving complex material behavior. Metal plasticity models, in particular, have been instrumental in the development of these codes. Most plasticity models implemented in computational codes use an isotropic von Mises yield surface. The von Mises, or J 2 , model uses a predictor–corrector algorithm–the radial return algorithm–to integrate the model. For non-quadratic yield surfaces, including anisotropic yield surfaces, no simple algorithm exists. This paper presents and analyzes a line search algorithm for the return mapping problem that shows excellent improvement over a Newton–Raphson model. Two non-quadratic yield surfaces–one isotropic and one anisotropic–are studied in this paper. The line search algorithm used for integrating the models is shown to be reliable and robust. The theory and implementation of the models, the details of the return mapping algorithm, and results that show the effectiveness of the method are presented. Finally, a few simple boundary value problems verify the implementation and show the impact of the models. For the internal pressurization of a cylinder, the importance of modeling anisotropy correctly is shown.
Predicting Return Flows from Irrigation

An analytical method for computing return flow or drainage from irrigation applications is presented and discussed. Computations consider aquifer properties, drain spacing, and deep percolation. A graph for determining the fractional part of percolation remaining in transient storage is included. By using the graph and simple digital procedures, realistic estimates of irrigation return flow can be determined. The method was used to determine monthly quantities for 13 yr of return flows in the Mesilla Valley, New Mexico-Texas. This study is reported.
Harness Interference for Performance Improvement in Underwater Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose a new communication scheme, called the mirror node assisted communication (MNAC), to improve the channel efficiency in underwater sensor networks (UWSNs). In the new scheme, a mirror node is selected properly for each specified source node so that the signals from the source and the mirror nodes could add destructively at a protected receiver. This new communication scheme could prevent potential intrusions to the communication between the protected receiver and its intended senders. By applying the MNAC, multiple data streams can be sent in parallel without causing any collisions, thereby improving the utilization of an acoustic channel. In addition to reducing the interference at the protected receiver, MNAC also enhances the communication quality of the intended receiver through a cooperative data transmission. The results from real sea experiments and simulations verify that MNAC is a promising scheme to improve the communication reliability and efficiency in a UWSN.
A smart power outlet for electric devices that can benefit from Real-Time Pricing

Under Real-Time Pricing (RTP) the cost per kWh varies with time as a consequence of the changing supply and demand conditions in the market. Customers that are able to shift their electricity consumption patterns can reduce their costs by using their devices when price is low. This requires a smart power outlet that can turn itself on/off based on price, and customer preferences. This paper is about a smart power outlet that uses a Belkin WeMo Mini Smart Plug (WeMo) [1], which can be autonomously turned on/off using an Intel Edison (Edison) [2] through a WiFi connection. The JavaScript code, which runs on the Intel Edison, currently turns on (resp. off) the electric device that is connected to the WeMo if the current price is negative (resp. positive). This code can be modified to incorporate other criteria like customer preferences if necessary. Our ongoing work involves the design and validation of a suite of switching-algorithms for this platform.
INCIDENTAL CORONARY ARTERY CALCIFICATION ON COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY IN PATIENTS WITH EARLY STAGE NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR CARDIOVASCULAR RISK OPTIMIZATION

Early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is associated with improving 5-year survival of 58%. Survivors are at increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) is a strong predictor of CV events. Incidental CAC noted on non-gated non-contrast chest
A Meta-Analysis of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Management

Although stand-alone and integrated management techniques have been cited as viable approaches to managing Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.], it continues to impact annual cropping and perennial systems worldwide. We conducted meta-analyses assessing effectiveness of management techniques and herbicide mechanism of action groups for controlling C. arvense using 55 studies conducted in annual cropping systems and 45 studies in perennial systems. Herbicide was the most studied technique in both types of systems and was effective at reducing C. arvense. However, integrated multitactic techniques, with or without herbicides, were more effective than sole reliance on herbicides for long-term control in both annual cropping and perennial systems. A variety of management techniques such as biocontrol, crop diversification, mowing, and soil disturbance provided control similar to that of herbicide. Our results suggest that many management techniques aimed at reducing C. arvense can also improve crop yield or abundance of desired plants. This study highlights the need to devote more research to nonchemical and integrated management approaches for C. arvense control.
1T Non-Volatile Memory Design Using Sub-10nm Ferroelectric FETs

In this letter, we propose one-transistor ferroelectric NOR type (Fe-NOR) non-volatile memory based on HfZrOx ferroelectric FETs (FeFETs). The enhanced drain-channel coupling in ultra-short channel FeFETs is utilized to dynamically modulate the memory window of storage cells, thereby resulting in simple erase-, program-, and read-operations. The simulation analysis predicts sub-1V program/erase voltages in the proposed Fe-NOR memory array and, therefore, presents a significantly lower power alternative to conventional FeRAM and NOR flash memories.
Using Behavioral Research to Address Drug Abuse and AIDS

Drug abuse and the spread of HIV/AIDS are intertwined public health problems that require many and multifaceted solutions. Behavioral and social science research plays an important role in helping us to understand and develop solutions to these related epidemics. Behavioral research supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) has demonstrated that drug users are amenable to behavior change strategies. Drug abuse treatment, prevention and community-based outreach programs have all been found to be effective in reducing drug use, needle-sharing practices, unsafe sex behaviors, as well as risk for HIV infection.
The Halogenated Sulphatides

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the halogenated sulfatides. The marine organisms that have yielded halogenated compounds have yielded nearly exclusively bromo compounds, with occasional exceptions. It is possible to obtain a bromo analogue of a natural chloro compound in almost all cases. Such analogues are obtained by culturing the microorganism in a chloride-free medium, and adding bromide in appropriate concentration. The chapter discusses the chlorinated alkyl sulphates of Ochromonas danica. These curious lipids, chlorinated alkyl sulphates, are the only known chlorolipids to date. They are rather well characterized, and have only been reported in phytoflagellates. In addition to unusual chemical structures, these substances are also characterized by an unusual physiology. A very significant aspect of these unusual lipids is the structure of the alkyl disulphates. The occurrence of the second sulfate ester on the 14 or 15 carbon of an alkyl chain implies that the lipid molecule has polar groups at both ends of the chain. This is unique in lipid chemistry. The fact that all other lipids whose structures are known have polar groups at only one end of the aliphatic chain is a foundation stone of the current theories of membrane structure. This unique structure has broad ramifications as a membrane component.
Autologous Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons to Treat Parkinson's Disease

In 2012, we planned a program to develop a neuron replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) that would have the greatest promise to help the patients. PD is a movement disorder caused by the progressive, inevitable loss of a specific type of dopamine neuron in the brain. The only viable treatment to reverse the progress of the disease is to replace those neurons; we decided to make dopamine neurons that matched the patients, by differentiating induced pluripotent stem cells that we generated from individuals with PD. This autologous cell therapy is entering the regulatory approval process this year with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to begin to transplant the cells in the following 1 to 2 years.
Gay Patients in the Medical Setting

Approximately 20 million people in this country are predominantly homosexual for some part of their lives.1,2 An even larger number engage in homosexual activity from time to time. Although the average physician may not be aware of the sexual orientation of most patients, he can expect that about 5%–10% of patients are homosexual. This chapter examines the special needs and problems of the gay patient in seeking health care from non-gay physicians.
Computing Accurate Morse-Smale Complexes from Gradient Vector Fields

Approaches for computing geometrically accurate Morse-Smale complexes with discrete Morse theory utilize a probabilistic approach to mitigate the negative impact of restricting flow to the edges of a mesh. The most accurate technique (Gyulassy et al., IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 18:2014–2022, 2012) builds a discrete gradient field by computing the probability that a cell belongs to any ascending manifold. The limiting factor to the scalability and parallelism in this approach is the reliance on processing cells in order of increasing function values, in practice, involving a global sort of the data. In this paper, we generalize the approach to operate on gradient vector fields, replacing the sorted ordering with a dependency graph. We present a technique to convert a continuous gradient field to a dependency graph with weights on edges, and adapt the accurate Morse-Smale complex algorithm to this setting. We demonstrate the utility of our technique by computing accurate segmentations for both gradient vector fields obtained by sampling scalar functions as well as rotation-free vector fields.
Gnome: A Practical Approach to NLOS Mitigation for GPS Positioning in Smartphones

Accurate positioning in urban areas is important for personal navigation, geolocation apps, and ride-sharing. Smartphones localize themselves using GPS position estimates, and augment these with a variety of techniques including dead reckoning, map matching, and WiFi localization. However, GPS signals suffer significant impairment in urban canyons because of limited line-of-sight to satellites and signal reflections. In this paper, we focus on scalable and deployable techniques to reduce the impact of one specific impairment: reflected GPS signals from non-line-of-sight (NLOS) satellites. Specifically, we show how, using publicly available street-level imagery and off-the-shelf computer vision techniques, we can estimate the path inflation incurred by (the extra distance traveled by) a reflected signal from a satellite. Using these path inflation estimates we develop techniques to estimate the most likely actual position given a set of satellite readings at some position. Finally, we develop optimizations for fast position estimation on modern smartphones. Using extensive experiments in the downtown area of several large cities, we find that our techniques can reduce positioning error by up to 55% on average.
Comparison of Gaussian Processes Methods to Linear methods for Imputation of Sparse Physiological Time Series

Physiological timeseries such as vital signs contain important information about a patient and are used in different clinical application; however, they suffer from missing values and sampling irregularity. In recent years, Gaussian Processes have been used as sophisticated nonlinear value imputation methods on time series, however there is a lack of comparison to other simpler methods. This paper compares the ability of five methods that can be used in missing data imputation in physiological time series. These models are linear interpolation as the baseline, cubic spline interpolation, and three non-linear methods: Single Task Gaussian Processes, Multi-Task Gaussian Processes, and Multivariate Imputation Chained Equations. We used seven intraoperative physiological time series from 27,481 patients. Piecewise aggregate approximation was employed as a dimensionality reduction and resampling strategy. Linear interpolation and cubic splining show overall superiority in prediction of the missing values, compared to the other complex models. The performance of the kernel-based methods suggest that they are highly sensitive to the kernel width and require incorporation of domain knowledge for fine-tuning.
The self and eating disorders

In our review, we focus on self-related constructs in the context of eating disorders with four aims. First, we examine a variety of self-related constructs that have been theoretically and empirically linked to the development and course of eating disorders. In addition to the more well-researched constructs of self-esteem and self-efficacy, we also report on findings related to selflessness, contingent self-worth, self-objectification, ego-syntonicity, self-concept clarity, self-compassion, social comparison, self-oriented perfectionism/self-criticism, and narcissism. Second, we discuss self-related constructs that may be especially relevant to comorbidities common among those with eating disorders. Third, we review intervention and prevention programs where self-related constructs play a prominent role. Lastly, we share future research directions regarding self-related constructs and eating disorders that we believe will advance a deeper understanding of the role of the self in the eating disorders.
Evolution: Ancient Fossilized Amoebae Find Their Home in the Tree

Ancestral test morphologies predicted from a new phylogeny of arcellinid amoebae show a striking resemblance to microscopic fossilized tests found worldwide in rocks 790–730 million years old.
Synthesis, structure evolution, and optical properties of gold nanobones

Anisotropic nanoparticles, such as rods or bones, exhibit new properties due to their specific geometries. The development of unique properties on the surface of gold nanorods, such as sharp corners or edges that form gold nanobones, adds more catalytic and optical characteristics. However, because of the difficulty and lack of good facet control of the gold nanorods’ surface, the achievement of high precision of the transformation from gold nanorods to gold nanobones remains challenging. Herein, we developed a method for the growth of {200} facets of single crystalline gold nanorods to form gold nanobones using an anionic aromatic additive, 5-bromosalicylic acid, as a co-factor that will lead the evolution of the gold nanorods’ geometry throughout their overgrowth. An increase in the amount of 5-bromosalicylic acid plays a key role in the development of uniform and high yield bone shape. Several high-index facets appear at the corners during the transformation of gold nanorods to gold nanobones. The synthesized gold nanobones exhibit different mechanisms of assembly in water as well as unique optical properties compared to gold nanorods, which display a high extinction coefficient. In conclusion, we developed a new growth technique using 5-bromosalicylic acid to produce a high-yield of highly uniform gold nanobones. Studying their structural evolution and optical properties could be a useful tool for many catalytic and optical applications. Scheme of the synthesis of gold nanobones using 5-bromosalicylic acid.
A Social Networks Approach to Viral Advertising: The Role of Primary, Contextual, and Low Influencers:

The diffusion of social networking platforms ushered in a new age of peer-to-peer distributed online advertising content, widely referred to as viral advertising. The current study proposes a socia...
Electronic Health Record Use in Public Health Infectious Disease Surveillance, USA, 2018-2019.

Electronic health records (EHRs) are an excellent source of data for disease symptoms, laboratory results, and medical treatments. Thus, EHR data may improve the completeness of notifiable disease case reporting and enable longitudinal collection of disease data. The purpose of this review is to examine the current state of EHR use in public health infectious disease surveillance in the USA. A wide variety of EHR data is used in infectious disease surveillance. EHR data were used to assess the incidence of Lyme disease and identify newly diagnosed HIV infections. EHR disease detection algorithms combined laboratory reports, diagnosis codes, and medication orders to identify cases and, in the case of Lyme disease, found incidence rates 4–7 times higher than those from traditional surveillance. EHR data were also used to evaluate temporal trends in sexually transmitted disease testing, positivity, and re-testing in several primary care settings. Multiple studies were also able to control for additional confounders in multivariable models, such as number of sexual partners and concurrent infections, because of the breadth of data available in EHR systems. Studies highlighted in this review demonstrate that EHR data enhance provider-based and laboratory-based disease reports and may facilitate more complete case reporting. EHR data also provides corollary patient information that enables longitudinal disease reporting and analysis of important health outcomes. As public health infrastructure and investment allow health departments to establish closer relationships with healthcare providers, EHR data use in public health surveillance activities should continue to increase.
Ideology, Reflection, and Alienation in Rhetorical and Argumentative Practice

The essay argues (a) that rhetorical and argumentation theorists need to theorize ideology as a complex rhetorical totality and (b) that the subject of validity and legitimacy must be addressed in ...
In search of a queer Buddhist theology

ABSTRACTThis review article celebrates the massive contributions Jose Ignacio Cabezon’s Sexuality in Classical South Asian Buddhism has made to the fields of Buddhist studies, South Asian studies, ...
Epigenetic attire in ovarian cancer: The Emperor's new clothes

Ovarian cancer is an aggressive epithelial tumor that remains a major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality in women. Epigenetic alterations including DNA methylation and histone modifications are being characterized in ovarian cancer and have been functionally linked to processes involved in tumor initiation, chemotherapy resistance, cancer stem cell survival, and tumor metastasis. The epigenetic traits of cancer cells and of associated tumor microenvironment components have been shown to promote an immunosuppressive tumor milieu. However, DNA methylation and histone modifications are reversible, and therapies targeting the epigenome have been implicated in potential reinvigoration of the antitumor immunity. In this review, we provide an overview specifically of DNA methylation and histone modifications as "clothes of the ovarian cancer genome" in relationship to their functional effects and highlight recent developments in the field. We also address the clinical implications of therapeutic strategies to remove or alter specific articles of genomic "clothing" and restore normal cellular function. As the clothes of the genome continue to be deciphered, we envision that the epigenome will become an important therapeutic target for cancer.
Chapter Eight – HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of hypothesis testing. It makes inferences about an entire population on the basis of a random sample. That is what estimating and hypothesis testing is all about. Hypothesis testing is a procedure for determining, from information contained in a random sample from a population, whether to accept or reject a certain statement (hypothesis) about the random variable determining the population. A statistical hypothesis is usually stated as a proposition concerning the distribution of this random variable. It may be a statement about the values of one or more of the parameters of a given distribution; it also may concern the form of the distribution. The chapter presents examples of statistical hypotheses. It also presents a statistical hypothesis test, which is a formal, step-by-step procedure. It is based on the intuitively appealing idea that events with low probabilities do not occur very often, that is, if a hypothesis implies a certain event to have a low probability, its occurrence is evidence against the hypothesis. The chapter discusses various types of statistical tests. It also discusses some tests concerning population means and population variances.
Examining Elementary Education Teacher Candidates’ Experiences Completing edTPA

This study examined 388 elementary education teacher candidates (n = 388) across four semesters in one educator preparation program about their experiences completing the performance-based assessme...
Adventure in Topological Phase Transitions in 3+1 -D: Non-Abelian Deconfined Quantum Criticalities and a Possible Duality

A new theoretical analysis explores quantum phase transitions in the absence of symmetry breaking and identifies several strange and surprising quantum critical phenomena.
Gerbode defect following surgical mitral valve replacement and tricuspid valve repair: a case report.

Background Gerbode defect is a congenital or acquired communication between the left ventricle and right atrium. While the defect is becoming a more well-recognized complication of cardiac surgery, it presents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for providers. This case highlights the predisposing factors and imaging features that may assist in the diagnosis of Gerbode defect, as well as potential approaches to treatment. Case summary We report a patient with severe mitral stenosis as a result of remote mediastinal radiation who underwent extensive decalcification during surgical mitral valve replacement and tricuspid valve repair. Following the procedure, he developed progressive heart failure refractory to medical management. Extensive workup ultimately led to the diagnosis of iatrogenic acquired Gerbode defect. Close collaboration between adult cardiology, cardiothoracic surgery, and the congenital cardiology services led to an optimal treatment plan involving percutaneous closure of the defect. Discussion Gerbode defect is a rare complication of invasive procedures involving the interventricular septum or its nearby structures. An understanding of the key echocardiographic features will aid providers in timely diagnosis. Percutaneous repair should be strongly considered for patients who may be poor surgical candidates.
Enhanced nuclear-spin hyperpolarization of amino acids and proteins via reductive radical quenchers.

Abstract Low-concentration photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (LC-photo-CIDNP) has recently emerged as an effective tool for the hyperpolarization of aromatic amino acids in solution, either in isolation or within proteins. One factor limiting the maximum achievable signal-to-noise ratio in LC-photo-CIDNP is the progressive degradation of the target molecule and photosensitizer upon long-term optical irradiation. Fortunately, this effect does not cause spectral distortions but leads to a progressively smaller signal buildup upon long-term data-collection (e.g. 500 nM tryptophan on a 600 MHz spectrometer after ca. 200 scans). Given that it is generally desirable to minimize the extent of photodamage, we report that low-μM amounts of the reductive radical quenchers vitamin C (VC, i.e., ascorbic acid) or 2-mercaptoethylamine (MEA) enable LC-photo-CIDNP data to be acquired for significantly longer time than ever possible before. This approach increases the sensitivity of LC-photo-CIDNP by more than 100%, with larger enhancement factors achieved in experiments involving more transients. Our results are consistent with VC and MEA acting primarily by reducing transient free radicals of the NMR molecule of interest, thus attenuating the extent of photodamage. The benefits of this reductive radical-quencher approach are highlighted by the ability to collect long-term high-resolution 2D 1H-13C LC-photo-CIDNP data on a dilute sample of the drkN SH3 protein (5 μM).
Association of Obesity with Worse Operative and Oncologic Outcomes for Patients Undergoing Gastric Cancer Resection.

How obesity has an impact on operative and oncologic outcomes for gastric cancer patients is unclear, and the influence of obesity on response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has not been evaluated. Patients who underwent curative gastrectomy for primary gastric cancer between 2000 and 2018 were retrospectively identified. After stratification for NAC, operative morbidity, mortality, overall survival (OS), and disease-specific survival (DSS) were compared among three body mass index (BMI) categories: normal BMI (< 25 kg/m2), mild obesity (25–35 kg/m2), and severe obesity (≥ 35 kg/m2). During the study period, 984 patients underwent upfront surgery, and 484 patients received NAC. Tumor stage did not differ among the BMI groups. However, the rates of pathologic response to NAC were significantly lower for the patients with severe obesity (10% vs 40%; p < 0.001). Overall complications were more frequent among the obese patients (44.3% for obese vs 24.9% for normal BMI, p < 0.001). Intraabdominal infections were also more frequent in obese patients (13.9% for obese vs 4.7% for normal BMI, p = 0.001). In the upfront surgery cohort, according to the BMI, OS and DSS did not differ, whereas in the NAC cohort, severe obesity was independently associated with worse OS [hazard ratio (HR) 1.87; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–3.48; p = 0.047] and disease-specific survival (DSS) (HR 2.08; 95% CI 1.07–4.05; p = 0.031). For the gastric cancer patients undergoing curative gastrectomy, obesity was associated with significantly lower rates of pathologic response to NAC and more postoperative complications, as well as shorter OS and DSS for the patients receiving NAC.
Design and Art. Documents of Contemporary Art, by Alex Coles (ed.)

(2009). Design and Art. Documents of Contemporary Art, by Alex Coles (ed.) Design and Culture: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 151-155.
The Color of Our Future: The Pitfalls and Possibilities of the Race Card in American Culture

We live in a country haunted by a past of slavery, segregation, racism, and violence. Though many systemic corrections have been attempted, a large percentage of African-Americans continue to fall behind their White counterparts in nearly every index of socio-economic well-being. The debate rages on as to why this situation exists and persists, and people on both sides of the color divide have become increasingly sensitive to perceptions and accusations of racial injustice. In his book, The Race Card: How Bluffing About Bias Makes Race Relations Worse, Richard Thompson Ford explores the phenomenon called “the race card,” wherein individuals play on the public’s sensitivity by deliberately invoking racial paranoia, suspicion, or sympathy in order to secure some personal or professional windfall. Ford points out that the use of the rhetoric and legacy of racism and racial injustice in this way is not only dishonest, but has serious discursive and material consequences beyond any personal gain that can be achieved. Each use of the race card effectively drains the reservoir of public sympathy, which can create a problematic situation for true victims of racial injustice. Instead, he advocates for an approach he terms “coolheaded pragmatism.” In this essay, I want to explore the idea of the race card more deeply, as well as discuss Ford’s idea of “coolheaded pragmatism.” Though deeply moved by the spirit of Ford’s book, I believe he looks only at a modern variant of the race card. In the first part of my essay, I will explore an alternative take on the history of the race card. Second, I will discuss some key differences between the true “classic form” of the race card and what I call the “neoclassical” race card, showing the neoclassical race card as a tool that can be used to promote social justice when used responsibly. Finally, I will offer a short critique of Ford’s “coolheaded pragmatism” and discuss how this alternative to the race card, while admirable, is normatively problematic.
A New Approach to Disturbance Accomodation and Servocompensator Design

A general formulation for a command following problem is introduced that includes the servocompensator and disturbance accommodation problems as special cases. A subspace observation constraint is used to allow the command dynamics to possess unstable modes.
Catalysis and surface chemistry. I. Cyclopropane reactions over reduced molybdena--alumina

Abstract The surface chemistry of an 8% Mo on alumina catalyst was varied by a previously described method which determines the extent of reduction, the hydroxyl concentration introduced into the molybdena layer, the number of anion vacancies formed by removal of H2O as the catalyst is reduced with H2, and the amount of reversibly adsorbed hydrogen, HR. The latter was found to correlate linearly with the vacancy concentration. The isomerization of cyclopropane was studied using a microcatalytic pulse technique at temperatures between 0 and 109°C. At a very low extent of reduction (H2 consumed as HC/Mo = 0.10 atom/atom) the mass balance was good when He-carrying gas was used and the only products observed were propene and a trace of ethene. As the extent of reduction was increased, however, nearly equal quantities of ethene and n-butenes appeared in the products in increasing amounts together with propene. Also, increasing amounts of carbonaceous material were retained by the catalyst. The isomerization reaction correlated linearly with the sum of the concentrations of vacancies and hydroxyls introduced as MoOH during the reduction with H2. Olefin metathesis and loss from the mass balance, on the other hand, could be correlated with vacancies, suggesting that these occur on coordinatively unsaturated Mo+4 centers. When H2-carrying gas was used, the olefins were completely hydrogenated under all conditions tested and the fraction of the cyclopropane reacted was increased considerably. At alow extent of reduction, the metathesis rate was about the same as in He as judged by the amount of ethane produced. As the extent of reduction was increased, however, both metathesis and formation of carbonaceous residues were repressed by H2 until propane was the only product. Hydrogenolysis of either cyclopropane or propane (to form methane) was not appreciable below 390°C. Both isomerization and metathesis were elevated temperatures, the isomerization reaction recovering faster with removal of H2O. Carbon monoxide was more weakly chemisorbed, but also exhibited poisoning effects.
Self-focused attention in anorexia nervosa

Objective The clinical presentation of anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by preoccupation with body experience, intrusive concerns regarding shape, and pathological fears of weight gain. These symptoms are suggestive of unrelenting self-focused attention. No research to date has characterized self-focused attention (SFA) in AN nor examined neurocognitive features that may facilitate an excessive, rigid, or sustained focus on one's appearance. Method This study examined SFA, body image disturbance, and executive functioning in women with current anorexia nervosa (AN-C; n = 24), a history of AN who were weight-restored at the time of the study (WR; n = 19), and healthy controls (n = 24). Results Private and public SFA were highest among WR and lowest among AN-C. Shape concerns were negatively correlated with SFA, especially among AN-C, after controlling for depression and social anxiety symptoms. Discussion Lower levels of SFA among AN-C were unexpected and suggest the acute state of AN may lessen pathological self-focus, negatively reinforcing symptoms. In addition, body image concerns may distract from general SFA. Deficits in executive attention may explain these findings, as each one unit increase in perseverative errors among AN-C participants was associated with an almost one-half unit decrease in public SFA. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:9–14)
Animal Behavior: Ants

Ant Encounters: Interaction Networks and Colony Behavior. By Deborah M. Gordon . 2010. Princeton University Press (ISBN 9780691138794). 184 pages. Paperback. $$19.95. It is clear that Deborah Gordon is passionate about ants. Not only that, but she has spent a great deal of time both in the field and in the library doing research on these fascinating creatures. She begins the book by describing the colony as a complex and agrees with Latreille (1798), who stated that ants are of one mind separated into many bodies. She goes on to state that ““ants see poorly, and they rely on chemical cues”” (p. 4). This is the main method of communication used by colonies, although all ants use a slightly different variation of the colony system. Reading further, one can see Gordon's many years in the field as she goes on to talk about the colony system: ““I realized that a colony's behavior changed over …
Direct Reprogramming of RESTing Astrocytes

Understanding the mechanisms underlying neuronal fate determination will provide important insights into brain development and regenerative approaches to neurological diseases. Now in Cell Stem Cell, Masserdotti et al. (2015) use neuronal conversion of astrocytes to dissect transcriptional mechanisms of fate determination and identify circuits that mediate cellular identity.
Characterization of New Regulatory Mutants of Bacteriophage T4

Plating techniques which eliminate T4 plaque formation on Escherichia coli by folate analogue inhibition of dihydrofolate (FH(2)) reductase (EC 1.5.1.3) allowed the isolation of folate analogue-resistant (far) mutants of T4. One class of far mutants overproduces the phage-induced FH(2) reductase. Deoxycytidylate deaminase (EC 3.5.4.12), thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.21), and deoxycytidine triphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.12) are also overproduced by 20 min after infection at 37 C. The overproduction of FH(2) reductase by these far mutants is not affected by the absence of DNA synthesis. Other types of mutations that affect the synthesis of early enzymes cause overproduction in the absence of DNA synthesis of some of the above enzymes but not of FH(2) reductase. Therefore, overproducing far mutants apparently have mutations in previously undescribed genes controlling the expression of the T4 genome. Three of four mutants under study map near gene 56, and one maps near gene 52. All of these mutants show delays in DNA synthesis, phage production, and lysis and appear to show decreased levels of RNA synthesis based on the cumulative incorporation of uridine.
Monomolecular films of poly [methyl(n‐alkyl)siloxanes] on organic liquids

A series of poly [methyl(n-alkyl)siloxanes] were studied as insoluble monomolecular films on the following organic substrates: tricresyl phosphate, propylene carbonate, diethyl phthalate, and a highly chlorinated polyphenyl (Aroclor 1242). The siloxanes were discovered to form stable, insoluble, reproducible monomolecular films at each organic liquid/air interface. Film pressure (F) vs. area/molecule (A) isotherms were determined in each instance and were compared with previously determined F-vs.-A isotherms for polydi-methylsiloxanes on the same organic substrates as well as on water. By combining the film balance data with molecular dimensions calculated from ball models, it was possible to make several tentative conclusions regarding the conformation of the adsorbed siloxane molecules as a function of film pressure, n-alkyl chain length and substrate composition. The F-vs.-A curves for the poly(methylethylsiloxane) and polydimethylsiloxane films were consistent with the assumption that they assume a helical configuration when compressed at organic liquid/air interfaces; however, there is little evidence to indicate whether the polymer chains become fully extended at higher areas/molecule or remain in a somewhat coiled configuration.
Believing is Seeing The Co-Construction of Everyday Myths in the Media about College Drinking

This article argues that ordinary and mundane everyday life myths are the products of co-constructed meanings. It examines how images that students garner from the media may shape their views of everyday experiences in subtle and often pervasive ways. The myth of dangerous college drinking as a pervasive social norm is examined as a case in point. Despite the reality that most college students do not drink dangerously, news reports, media images, and extraordinary experiences converge to create a misperception of drinking as the norm. This article uses a classical metaphor of image and reality to discuss these issues.