cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoinduced Electron-Transfer Cope Rearrangements of 3,6-Diaryl-2,6-octadienes and 2,5-Diaryl-3,4-dimethyl-1,5-hexadienes: Stereospecificity and an Unexpected Formation of the Bicyclo[2.2.0]hexane Derivatives

Under the 9,10-dicyanoanthracene-sensitized photoinduced electron-transfer conditions, (Z,Z)-, (E,E)-, (E,Z)-3,6-diaryl-2,6-octadiene and (d,l),(meso)-2,5-diaryl-3,4-dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene stereospecifically undergo the Cope rearrangement to give a Cope photostationary mixture. Remarkably, the photoinduced electron-transfer Cope rearrangements of the 4-methylphenyl derivatives are concurrent with the formation of trans- or endo,cis-1,4-bis(4-methylphenyl)-2,3-dimethylbicyclo[2.2.0]hexane in a Cope photostationary mixture. Observed stereospecificity of the Cope rearrangement and the formation of the bicyclo[2.2.0]hexane derivatives demonstrate the intermediacies of both the chair and boat 1,4-diaryl-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane-1,4-diyl and cation radical intermediates in a Cope rearrangement cycle. Photoreactions of trans- and exo,cis-1,4-diaryl-5,6-dimethyl-2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-enes further support the interventions of the diyl intermediates in the Cope rearrangement cycle. By photoacoustic analysis, ...
‘A proper medium’: Early motorists’ perception of the European landscape

The dozens of writings on traveling Europe by motor car published between 1900 and 1914 suggest a broad enthusiasm regarding novel modes of seeing that were afforded by the new technology: consistently, the authors emphasized the degree of flexibility and spontaneity offered by the motor car, and contrasted travel by car with train travel, which was often cast as undesirably rigid. They also stressed the speeds attainable in motor cars, and began to describe a related development of perceptual habits, claiming that motorists gradually learned to see the landscape through a series of increasingly rapid and detailed impressions. Above all, however, these accounts accented the immediacy of experience possible in the motor car, arguing that its openness granted motorists a fuller, more direct experience of the environment. Yet a close reading of the texts reveals that early motorists’ interactions with the landscape were never, in fact, fully unmediated. Instead, motorists saw their surroundings through a num...
High-resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy in organs and tissues using slow magic angle spinning

It is shown that high-resolution (1)H NMR spectra of intact excised tissues and organs can be obtained by rotating the sample slowly about an axis at the magic angle of 54 degrees 44' with the external magnetic field. In this way tissue and cellular damage invoked by standard magic angle spinning (MAS) experiments, where spinning speeds of several kHz are typically employed, are minimized. Special RF pulse sequences, developed originally in solid state NMR, can be used to produce a spinning sideband-free isotropic spectrum. In this article the first results are shown of the brain, heart, liver, gluteus muscle, and kidney excised from mice using the 2D-phase-altered spinning sidebands (PASS) technique and employing MAS spinning speeds of 43-125 Hz. It was found that with slow sample spinning similar, and in some cases even better, spectral resolutions are obtained as compared with fast MAS.
Red-Emission Oligofluorene Electrophosphorescent Diodes Based on Bis[2-(9,9-dihexyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)quinolineC3,N]acetylacetonatoiridium(III) and Solvent Treatment for Interface Modification

Efficient solution-processed organic light emitting diodes based on oligofluorene doped with bis[2-(9,9-dihexyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)quinoline-C3,N]- acetylacetonatoiridium(III) [Ir(C6flq)2(acac)] have been demonstrated. The oligofluorene and [Ir(C6flq)2(acac)] show excellent solubility and processibility, with a device performance of 7.83 ± 0.52 cd A−1 and 3.30 ± 0.10 lm W1− at 2479 ± 45 cd m−2 brightness with Commission International de L’Eclairage coordinates (0.66, 0.33). It was discovered that the efficiency can be further enhanced by exposing the finished organic thin film to a polar solvent or solvent vapor before deposition of the cathode contact. As a result, a peak efficiency of 12.20 ± 0.16 cd A−1 and 6.35 ± 0.03 lm W1− at 1821 ± 238 cd m−2 brightness is achieved. This efficiency enhancement can be attributed to the presence of interface dipoles between the light-emitting layer and cathode contact.
Time estimation of a secondary event.

This study explored time estimation for a secondary event while the subjects were attentively engaged in a primary one. It also examined whether the perception of time is hemispherically lateralized as estimated by the dichotic listening technique. A tone of 500 Hz was delivered to either ear equally often while the subject was shadowing a recorded passage also presented to either ear. At the end of the tone, the subject estimated the tone's duration. There were three levels of shadowing demands, i.e., control, slow and fast, and four tonal durations, i.e., 6, 14, 27, 63 sec. Subjects tended to underestimate more the tonal duration when the primary task, i.e., shadowing the passage, was more demanding. No clearcut indication of hemispheric lateralization of temporal duration was found.
An improved algorithm for optimizing a closed queueing network model of a flexible manufacturing system

Vinod and Solberg (1985) address an optimization problem within the framework of a closed queueing network model for a Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS). The above problem is referred to as the Optimal System Configuration Problem of an FMS. The optimization parameters in the problem are the number of machines at each workstation and the total number of jobs circulating in the system. In this paper we suggest a more efficient algorithm for the solution of the above-mentioned problem. Our algorithm is of an implicit enumeration nature and derives its efficiency from the exploitation of properties of the throughput function of a closed queueing network. The efficiency of the algorithm is demonstrated with the use of extensive computational results.
Convection induced by centrifugal buoyancy

The onset of convection is observed in a cylindrical annulus which is heated from the outside, cooled from the inside and rotating about its vertical axis of symmetry. The dynamical constraint exerted by the dominating Coriolis force inhibits the instability when the top and bottom boundaries of the annulus are conical so as to make the vertical height vary with distance from the axis. The experimental observations are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions by Busse (1970a). This confirmation indicates the absence of subcritical finite amplitude instabilities and suggests that the annulus experiment provides a close dynamical model for convection in the liquid core of the earth.
SYSTEMATIC IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTHOCYANINS BY HPLC-ESI-MS/MS IN COMMON FOODS IN THE UNITED STATES: FRUITS AND BERRIES

Anthocyanins were systematically identified and characterized by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS coupled with diode array detection in common fruits from U.S. food markets and other commercial sources. Of the 25 different fruits that were screened, 14 fruits were found to contain anthocyanins; the number of anthocyanins varied from 2 in peaches and nectarines to 31 in Concord grape. The individual anthocyanins were identified by comparing their mass spectral data and retention times with those of standards and published data. In all of the samples analyzed, only 6 common anthocyanidins, delphinidin, cyanidin, pelargonidin, petunidin, peonidin and malvidin, were found. In addition to the well-known major anthocyanins, a number of minor anthocyanins were identified for the first time. Some possible guidelines that help to identify anthocyanins in foods with complex anthocyanin composition were deduced and discussed. For the first time, this paper presents complete anthocyanin HPLC profiles and MS spectral data of common fruits using the same uniform experimental conditions.
Early supersonic combustion studies at NACA and NASA

Supersonic combustion studies carried out at the Lewis Research Center at NASA (NACA) during the period between 1952 and 1959 are reviewed. The results of some of these studies may have pertinence in present-day applications of supersonic combustion. The effects of combustion on the flow in supersonic ducts, mixing, and the effects of combustion on mixing in supersonic ducts are also described. In addition, the effects of combustion on pressure and flow around airfoils in supersonic streams and the effects of windtunnel interactions are also described. References to the more detailed descriptions contained in the early NACA and NASA publications are included.
Spectral clustering for multiclass Erdös-Rényi graphs

In this article, we study the properties of the spectral analysis of multiclass Erdos-Renyi graphs. With a view towards using the embedding afforded by the decomposition of the graph Laplacian for subsequent processing, we analyze two basic geometric properties, namely interclass intersection and interclass distance. We will first study the dyadic two-class case in details and observe the existence of a phase transition for the interclass intersection. We then focus on the general multiclass case, where we introduce an appropriate notion of diagonal concentration and derive a statistical model that allows sampling graphs whose expected diagonal concentration is fixed. The simulations provided yield useful guidelines for practitioners to choose appropriately parameters in the context of spectral clustering.
Normal range of mechanical variables in pulmonary hypertension: a tissue Doppler imaging study.

BACKGROUND Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) has been quite useful in determining the mechanical properties of right ventricular (RV) function in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). However, to what extent these mechanical properties are expected to identify RV dysfunction in PH patients is less clear. METHODS Our echocardiography database was queried for patients with PH of different etiologies (111 patients, age 55 +/- 14 years, mean pulmonary artery pressure 63 +/- 24 mmHg) who had undergone TDI analysis and compared to similarly collected data from a group of healthy individuals (35 patients, mean age 45 +/- 15 years, mean pulmonary artery pressure 27 +/- 5 mmHg). RESULTS ROC analysis demonstrated that a mechanical delay between the RVFw and IS > 25 ms detects PH while a delay > 37 ms detects abnormal RV performance. Peak RV strain < -20% identifies PH greater than 40 mmHg and a reduced RV systolic function. However, on a stepwise multiple regression analysis model RV dyssynchrony was the most significant predictor of PH (r = 0.515; P = 0.0003) over peak longitudinal RV strain (r = 0.553; P = 0.02) and RVFAC (r =-0.603; P = 0.01). Peak longitudinal strain was the most significant predictor (r =-0.722; P < 0.0001) of an abnormal RVFAC over PH (r =-0.603; P = 0.004) and RV dyssynchrony (r =-0.471; P = 0.01). CONCLUSION A normal range of RV mechanical variables in PH patients are provided that can be applied in the assessment of RV performance.
Effects of rewarded pretraining and partial reinforcement on lever pulling by retarded and nonretarded children.

Summary.-The task of pulling 2 levers for marble rewards was given to 72 retarded and 72 nonretarded children matched for mental age (approximately 7 yr.). Half of the children were given a pretraining task on which they experienced success and the other half a control pretraining procedure. On the lever pulling task half the Ss received 50% reward on the firsc lever and the other half 100% reward on the firsc lever, both groups being always rewarded after pulling the second lever. Rewarded pretraining led to a slowing down of starting speeds on both levers which was more marked in retarded than in nonretarded children. For nonretarded Ss the 50% reinforcement condition led to consistently faster responding on both levers, but this partial reward superiority was seen in retarded Ss only on the early trials. Interpretations of these effects in terms of Amsel's theory of frustrative nonreward and Zigler's concept of a retardate negative reaction tendency were offered.
Using information and information technology for sustainable competitive advantage: some empirical evidence

Abstract In the anecdotal literature on the strategic use of information resources, the notions of information and information technology are often used interchangeably. This paper emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between these two types of information resources to enable the identification and development of strategic applications. Empirical evidence based on a survey of 84 US firms indicates that the profiles of application of the two resources are indeed quite different. The survey results also suggest key organizational factors that may inhibit or facilitate effective exploitation of these information resources.
Failure of desferrioxamine to modify the toxicity of paraquat in rats.

The feasibility of using desferrioxamine (DF), an iron chelator, as a therapeutic agent against paraquat (PQ/sup + +/) toxicity in male Sprague-Dawley rats was explored, based on the rationale of limiting toxic hydroxyl radical production from hydrogen peroxide by removing redox-active iron. Body weights, mortality, and lung histopathology were followed for periods up to 14 days after intraperitoneal injection of PQ/sup + +/ (20 or 25 mg/kg body weight) with or without concurrent daily subcutaneous injections of DF (300 mg/day). Animals receiving PQ/sup + +/ showed the expected typical patterns of mortality and of lung histopathology, namely: marked edema, subpleural hemorrhage, acute inflammation, perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrates, sloughing of alveolar and bronchiolar lining cells, and diffuse interstitial fibrosis. Desferrioxamine alone was non-toxic. Surprisingly, results when both PQ/sup + +/ and DF were administered indicated a failure of DF to ameliorate toxic effects of PQ/sup + +/ in the lung, and even suggested an accentuation of PQ/sup + +/-induced damage by DF. Mortality data showed that PQ/sup + +//DF animals died in greater numbers (20 mg PQ/sup + +//kg) or died earlier (25 mg PQ/sup + +//kg) than animals receiving DF alone. Qualitative histopathology in PQ/sup + +//DF animals was comparablemore » to PQ/sup + +/ animals in early stages, but damage was more severe in both incidence and severity of lesions in PQ/sup + +//DF animals, particularly at the 25 mg PQ/sup + +//kg dose level. After 14 days, surviving animals receiving PQ/sup + +/ alone showed almost complete resolution of previous inflammation and other acute effects, whereas in the only surviving PQ/sup + +//DF animal initial fibrosis had persisted and become more generalized. 51 references, 6 figures, 2 tables.« less
Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene over carbonaceous catalysts

Abstract The catalytic activity of some carbonaceous adsorbents in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethyl-benzene was investigated. By proper selection of conditions, the results of these studies indicate that comparable conversions and selectivities can be attained with these catalysts at significantly lower temperatures than those reported for metal oxide catalysts. The effects of oxygen concentration in the carrier gas, contact time, and the addition of dopants and inhibitors to the reaction have been studied. Changes in these variables produce substantial changes in the conversion and selectivity of the reaction. One of the shortcomings of this reaction is coke formation. Studies with inhibitors suggest the cause of coke formation and methods for inhibiting it.
A note on the roots of trinomials over a finite field

For non-negative integers n we determine the roots of the trinmial , with a ≠ 0, over a finite field of characteristic p.
Personality and Perceptual Expertise: Individual Differences in Perceptual Identification

We hypothesized that people become expert at perceiving information that is related to concepts they think about a great deal, because of their extensive perceptual experience with this material To test this idea, we manipulated the capitalization of a series of briefly exposed words If expertise emerges because of perceptual experience, then people should show facilitation identifying words that they think about a great deal, but only when capitalization of these words is consistent with prior perceptual experience with these words Support for this hypothesis was found in two experiments—one in which trait words were presented to depressed and nondepressed subjects, and one in which food words were presented to anorexic and nonanorexic subjects Thus, these experiments demonstrated that personality, as well as personality disorder, has the potential to change the nature of the input people receive from the perceptual system
Being Urban: A Sociology of City Life

Being Urban:. Sociology of City Life. David A. Karp. Gregory P. Stone. and William C. Yoels. 2nd Edition. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1991. 334 pp. $55.00 (cloth), $17.95 (paper).
Carbon and iron ion radiation-induced cytotoxicity and transformation in vitro

The present study was undertaken to characterize carbon and iron ion radiation-induced adverse biological effects in terms of toxicity and transformation in vitro. HTori-3 human thyroid epithelial cells were irradiated with 0.3-GeV/n (13.6 KeV/µm) carbon ions and 1-GeV/n (150 KeV/µm) iron ions, both of which represent high-mass, high atomic number (Z) and high-energy particles known as HZE particles, as well as γ-rays. The survival of the irradiated cells was determined by a clonogenic survival assay. The yield of colonies growing in soft agar was used as a surrogate endpoint biomarker for transformation in vitro. The results showed that HZE particles and γ-ray radiations are effective in increasing the yield of anchorage-independent colonies. Based on the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) values in the clonogenic survival assays, 0.3-GeV/n carbon ions and 1-GeV/n iron ions were 2.9 and 2.4 times, respectively, as effective as γ-rays at killing the irradiated HTori-3 cells. At a dose of 200 cGy, 0.3-GeV/n carbon ions and 1-GeV/n iron ions were found to be 3.5 and 7.3 times, respectively, as effective as γ-rays at inducing anchorage-independent growth. These results suggest that the carcinogenic potential of 0.3-GeV/n carbon ions, as represented by the ability to induce anchorage-independent growth, may be lower than that of 1-GeV/n iron ions.
Measuring severity of psoriasis: methodological issues

A validated measure of psoriatic severity is needed for effective treatment and research of the disease. The absence of such a measure has led many investigators to create their own methods of assessing psoriasis, while many others use such popular measurement techniques as the psoriasis area and severity index (PASI). Though few studies have been conducted to investigate the accuracy and usefulness of the PASI, investigators worldwide continue to use it in the evaluation of treatment. Investigators in the psychological sciences use an established set of measurement criteria (referred to as psychometrics) to evaluate and modify scales that measure psychological constructs. However, these same criteria also can be utilized in determining how well the PASI, as well as the various other methods of psoriatic assessment, measure severity. In this paper, the scale of properties of validity and reliability are discussed, including a review of the research addressing these properties within the PASI. Finally, a d...
Structural, physiological, and stable carbon isotopic evidence that the enigmatic Paleozoic fossil Prototaxites formed from rolled liverwort mats

New structural, nutritional, and stable carbon isotope data may resolve a long-standing mystery — the biological affi nities of the fossil Prototaxites , the largest organism on land during the Late Silurian to Late Devonian (420 – 370 Ma). The tree trunk-shaped specimens, of varying dimensions but consistent tubular anatomy, fi rst formed prior to vascular plant dominance. Hence, Prototaxites has been proposed to represent giant algae, fungi, or lichens, despite incompatible biochemical and anatomical observations. Our comparative analyses instead indicate that Prototaxites formed from partially degraded, wind-, gravity-, or water-rolled mats of mixotrophic liverworts having fungal and cyanobacterial associates, much like the modern liverwort genus Marchantia . We propose that the fossil body is largely derived from abundant, highly degradation-resistant, tubular rhizoids of marchantioid liverworts, intermixed with tubular microbial elements. Our concept explains previously puzzling fossil features and is consistent with evidence for liverworts and microbial associates in Ordovician-Devonian deposits, extensive ancient and modern marchantioid mats, and modern associations of liverworts with cyanobacteria and diverse types of fungi. Our interpretation indicates that liverworts were important components of Devonian ecosystems, that some macrofossils and microfossils previously attributed to “ nematophytes ” actually represent remains of ancient liverworts, and that mixotrophy and microbial associations were features of early land plants.
Dislocation Dependence of Cationic Diffusion in SrTiO3

Cation self-diffusion was measured in single-crystal strontium titanate. Nonhomogeneous diffusion kinetics were observed and were interpreted by the Fisher model. The composite diffusion coefficient, P, of the Fisher model is shown to have a dependence on dislocation density, ρ, in single crystals at 1875°C given by: for strontium, and for titanium. It has previously been shown that oxygen ions have enhanced diffusivities in dislocation pipes; therefore, in SrTiO3 all ions exhibit enhanced dislocation diffusion. Based on an assumed maximum value for lattice diffusion, the temperature dependence of strontium dislocation pipe diffusion is given by: where h2 is the dislocation core area.
The Social and Geographic Patterns of Sexual Offending: Is Sex Offender Residence Restriction Legislation Practical?

AbstractThe development of sex offender residence restriction legislation was predicated on the assumption that sex offenders pose an increased risk to the public. The goal of such legislation was to create “sex-offender-free” zones in an effort to decrease sex offenders’ access to potential victims. Such legislation prohibits registered sex offenders from residing near landmarks where children are known to congregate. Empirical evidence thus far has failed to demonstrate that residing near these landmarks contributes to sex offenders’ ability to access victims, and may actually be doing more harm than good. The current study questions the rationale behind the implementation of residence restrictions and if this rationale is consistent with the realities of victim selection and sexual offending among incarcerated sex offenders. The sample consisted of 270 males incarcerated in a New Jersey correctional facility. The results demonstrate that most sex offenders resided within a 2,500-foot restricted landmar...
Asymptomatic congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung: is it time to operate?

Objective The optimal management of congenital adenomatoid malformation of the lung remains controversial. Prenatal ultrasonographic analysis has increasingly discovered asymptomatic lesions, raising questions about the need for and timing of surgical treatment for asymptomatic congenital adenomatoid malformation. The aim of our study was to analyze the short-term postoperative outcome of symptomatic congenital adenomatoid malformations compared with asymptomatic malformations. Methods All the data of patients presenting with congenital adenomatoid malformations histologically diagnosed and operated on between 1998 and 2005 at our institution were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into 2 groups: group A comprised asymptomatic infants, and group B comprised symptomatic infants. Major outcomes considered were the length of ventilation, pleural drainage, and hospital stay. Postoperative morbidity and mortality were also evaluated. Asymptomatic patients were further stratified for age at the time of the operation to evaluate whether age at surgical intervention affects the outcome. The Fisher's exact and Mann–Whitney tests were used as appropriate. Results Fifty-seven patients were consecutively treated. Thirty-five patients were given diagnoses of asymptomatic lesions and were enrolled into group A, whereas 22 patients presenting with symptoms were entered into group B. The lengths of ventilation, pleural drainage, and hospital stay were significantly longer in patients with symptomatic congenital adenomatoid malformations. Moreover, symptomatic patients presented with a higher postoperative complication rate. The age-based stratification of asymptomatic children did not show any difference on either postoperative mortality or major outcome considered. Conclusion Children with congenital adenomatoid malformations operated on when asymptomatic present a better short-term outcome than symptomatic children. In addition, age at the time of the operation does not negatively affect the outcome. Our findings support early surgical treatment for asymptomatic congenital adenomatoid malformation.
Micro-mechanical and electrical properties of monolithic aluminum nitride at high temperatures

Micromechanical spectroscopy of aluminum nitride reveals it to possess extremely low background internal friction at less than 1 x 10 (exp -4) logarithmic decrement (log dec.) from 20 to 1200 C. Two mechanical loss peaks were observed, the first at 350 C approximating a single Debye peak with a peak height of 60 x 10 (exp -4) log dec. The second peak was seen at 950 C with a peak height of 20 x 10 (exp -4) log dec. and extended from 200 to over 1200 C. These micromechanical observations manifested themselves in the electrical behavior of these materials. Electrical conduction processes were predominately intrinsic. Both mechanical and electrical relaxations appear to be thermally activated processes, with activation energies of 0.78 and 1.32 eV respectively.
Clinical Research in Pediatric Dermatology

Pediatric specific research in dermatology is essential in order to provide evidence-based care for pediatric patients. Yet, there are many unique considerations when conducting research with children as compared to their adult counterparts. The minimal risk standard, parental permission with child and adolescent assent, autonomy, and the label of a vulnerable population for pediatric subjects are some of the important issues that must be considered. Despite these complexities, there are specific strategies that can be adopted in order to run a successful pediatric dermatology clinical research unit. In the last several years, federal legislation has been passed prioritizing pediatric research, suggesting a promising future for researchers working with children and adolescents.
Identification of location and timing of guidance cues in sympathetic preganglionic axons of the chick.

The outgrowth of preganglionic axons into the sympathetic trunk of the chick occurs at stages 26–27 (5–5 1/2 d), beginning with C16 and T1 and followed by progressively more caudal spinal cord segments. The direction of preganglionic projections is segment specific, with T1 preganglionic neurons projecting predominantly in the rostral direction and T4 preganglionic neurons projecting predominantly in the caudal direction. These projections are correct from the outset. A previous study (Yip, 1987) has shown that removal of the neural crest, precursors of target ganglion cells, did not alter the trajectories of preganglionic axons, indicating that target cues are not required for the guidance of these axons. The present work extends that study and examines, through surgical manipulations of the developing embryo, the location and time of appearance of preganglionic axonal guidance cues. Spinal cord transplantation experiments show that segment-specific patterns of preganglionic outgrowth are determined by the local environment of axonal growth and not by the identity of preganglionic populations. In addition, spinal cord transplants of age-mismatched donors and hosts indicate that the timing of preganglionic outgrowth is also under local environmental control. These findings suggest that preganglionic axonal outgrowth is guided by local cues which may appear in a controlled spatiotemporal manner.
Contributions of Discriptively Coded Type Traits to Longevity of Holstein Cows

Abstract Official type classifications and production records of Holstein cows calving between January 1, 1967, and June 1, 1976, were used to estimate contributions of appraisals in first lactation of descriptive type traits to first lactation and lifetime production, herdlife, and first calving intervals. Herdlife, production variables, and calving intervals were deviations from contemporary averages. Contributions of individual type components to these were estimated from least squares constants adjusted for all other descriptive type traits and for linear and quadratic effects of final score, age at first calving, herdlife opportunity, stage of lactation, and age when classified. Differences in herdlife, lifetime production, and first calving intervals were generally small but in some instances equalled 10% of means for all cows. Largest differences in lifetime milk yield among alternative codes for a trait were for front end, udder support, and miscellaneous codings, all of which exceeded 2000kg. Largest positive constants for lifetime milk yield were for cows with weak front ends, firmly attache rear udders, and bulgy fore udders. Large negative constants were associated with cows having coarse front ends, broken suspensory ligaments, undesirably shaped teats, and crampiness. Most type codes considered conformationally ideal were, for a given final score, associated with slightly less than average herdlife and lifetime production.
Will China’s Nutrition Transition Overwhelm Its Health Care System And Slow Economic Growth?

Rapid social and economic change is transforming China, with enormous implications for its population and economy. More than a fifth of China’s adult population is overweight, related to changing d...
Clinical outcomes for hostile versus favorable aortic neck anatomy in endovascular aortic aneurysm repair using modular devices

Background Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is not generally recommended for patients with hostile neck anatomy. This study analyzed the clinical implications of various clinical features of proximal aortic neck anatomy. Methods Prospectively collected data from 258 EVAR patients using modular devices were analyzed. Patients were classified as having favorable neck anatomy (FNA) or hostile neck anatomy (HNA). HNA was defined as any or all of length of 60°, diameter of >28 mm, ≥50% circumferential thrombus, ≥50% calcified neck, and reverse taper. Univariate, multivariate, and Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to compare early and late clinical outcomes. Results FNA was present in 37% and HNA was present in 63%. Clinical and demographic characteristics were comparable. Technical success was 99%. Mean follow-up was 22 months (range, 1-78 months). Perioperative complication rates were 3% for FNA vs 16% for HNA ( P = .0027). Perioperative deaths were 0% for FNA and 3% for HNA ( P = .2997). Proximal type I early endoleaks (intraoperative) occurred in 9% of FNA vs 22% for HNA ( P = .0202). Intraoperative proximal aortic cuffs were used to seal endoleaks in 9% of FNA vs 22% of HNA ( P = .0093). At late follow-up, abdominal aortic aneurysm expansion was noted in 6% of FNA vs 7% of HNA ( P = .8509). Rates of freedom from late type I endoleaks at 1, 2, 3, and 4 years were 97%, 97%, 97%, and 90% for FNA vs 89%, 89%, 89%, and 89% for HNA ( P = .1224); rates for late interventions were 95%, 90%, 90%, and 90% for FNA vs 95%, 93%, 91%, and 85% for HNA ( P = .6902). Graft patency at 1, 2, and 3 years was 99%, 99%, and 99% for FNA vs 97%, 92%, and 90% for HNA ( P = .0925). The survival rates were 93%, 84%, 76%, and 76% for FNA vs 88%, 82%, 74%, and 66% for HNA ( P = .2631). Reverse taper was a significant predictor for early type I endoleak (odds ratio [OR], 5.25, P P P = .0146) were for aortic cuff use; circumferential thrombus (OR, 2.44; P = .0448), and neck angle (OR, 3.38; P = .009) were for perioperative complications. Conclusions Patients with HNA can be treated with EVAR, but with higher rates of early (intraoperative) type I endoleak and intervention. The midterm outcomes are similar to FNA.
Effects of zoledronate (Z) on bone mineral density (BMD) among African Americans (AA) with advanced prostate cancer, without skeletal metastases, receiving androgen ablation therapy

15539 Background: Prostate cancer can be detrimental to bone health: it affects older men who have a higher risk of osteoporosis; common treatment is androgen ablation which can cause bone loss, an...
Acquired Resistance to P. aeruginosa

Infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa are difficult to acquire without a basic underlying condition such as immunosuppression or cystic fibrosis (CF). Innate resistance to this organism is high. Community-acquired infection is rare, limited mostly to non-life-threatening conditions such as folliculitis from a hot tub or whirlpool and otitis externa. Eye infections due to P. aeruginosa can be problematic, particularly for individuals who wear soft contact lenses,1 but again, trauma or some other predisposing ocular condition must usually be present for this organism to cause infection. In the presence of an underlying condition, P. aeruginosa can be a formidable pathogen. P. aeruginosa first gained notoriety as an opportunistic pathogen in burn patients and individuals undergoing chemotherapy that resulted in neutropenia.2 Over the 20–30 years, it has become the dominant pathogen in the lungs of CF patients, accounting for most of the morbidity and mortality in these individuals.3,4,5 P aeruginosa can infect virtually any part of the body,6 causing endocarditis, respiratory infections, bacteremia, central nervous system infections, ear and eye infections, bone and joint infections, and infections of the urinary tract, soft tissues and skin, and gastrointestinal tract.When given the opportunity, P. aeruginosa can evade many different types of host defenses to colonize and infect a human host.
Commissioning an Elekta Versa HD linear accelerator

The purpose of this study is to report the dosimetric aspects of commissioning performed on an Elekta Versa HD linear accelerator (linac) with high-dose-rate flattening filter-free (FFF) photon modes and electron modes. Acceptance and commissioning was performed on the Elekta Versa HD linac with five photon energies (6 MV, 10 MV, 18 MV, 6 MV FFF, 10 MV FFF), four electron energies (6 MeV, 9MeV, 12 MeV, 15 MeV) and 160-leaf (5 mm wide) multileaf collimators (MLCs). Mechanical and dosimetric data were measured and evaluated. The measurements include percent depth doses (PDDs), in-plane and cross-plane profiles, head scatter factor (Sc), relative photon output factors (Scp), universal wedge transmission factor, MLC transmission factors, and electron cone factors. Gantry, collimator, and couch isocentricity measurements were within 1 mm, 0.7 mm, and 0.7 mm diameter, respectively. The PDDs of 6 MV FFF and 10 MV FFF beams show deeper dmax and steeper falloff with depth than the corresponding flattened beams. While flatness values of 6 MV FFF and 10 MV FFF normalized profiles were expectedly higher than the corresponding flattened beams, the symmetry values were almost identical. The cross-plane penumbra values were higher than the in-plane penumbra values for all the energies. The MLC transmission values were 0.5%, 0.6%, and 0.6% for 6 MV, 10 MV, and 18 MV photon beams, respectively. The electron PDDs, profiles, and cone factors agree well with the literature. The outcome of radiation treatment is directly related to the accuracy in the dose modeled in the treatment planning system, which is based on the commissioned data. Commissioning data provided us a valuable insight into the dosimetric characteristics of the beam. This set of commissioning data can provide comparison data to others performing Versa HD commissioning, thereby improving patient safety.
Characterization of bone marrow derived macrophage as Ia-bearing accessory cells.

Genetic restrictions operative in macrophage-T cell interactions have been shown to reside in the I region of the mouse H-2 major histocompatibility complex (1,2). Previous experiments to determine the role of Ia antigens in macrophage-T cell interactions have used macrophage isolated from spleen or peritoneum, preparations which contain a heterogeneous population of macrophage (3–5). It has been shown that only macrophage populations which express Ia are capable of presenting antigens to immune cells (4,5). Therefore, the use of a macrophage preparation homogeneously expressing I subregion antigens would afford a valuable opportunity to examine the role of Ia antigens in the regulation of the immune response. The use of murine bone marrow derived macrophage (BMDM) as a homogeneous source of antigen-presenting cells has been described by our laboratory (6). This present study characterized the MBDM for the expression of H-2I region gene products.
Phase II Trial of Docetaxel and Vinorelbine in Patients With Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

PURPOSE: Docetaxel and vinorelbine are active agents in advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and demonstrate preclinical synergism perhaps, in part, through their inactivation of the proto-oncogene bcl-2. We show that docetaxel (60 mg/m2) and vinorelbine (45 mg/m2) can be safely combined when given on an every 2-week schedule with filgrastim, with encouraging antitumor activity observed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-five chemotherapy naive patients with advanced NSCLC received vinorelbine as an intravenous push immediately followed by docetaxel as a 1-hour intravenous infusion once every 2 weeks. Prophylactic corticosteroids, ciprofloxacin, and filgrastim were used. RESULTS: We delivered median doses of 450 mg/m2 of vinorelbine and 600 mg/m2 of docetaxel. The major objective response rate was 51% (95% confidence interval [CI], 34% to 68%). With a median follow-up of 14 months, the predicted median survival time was 14 months, and the 1-year survival rate was 60% (95% CI, 44% to 80%). Febrile neutro...
The Diabetes Telephone Study: Design and challenges of a pragmatic cluster randomized trial to improve diabetic peripheral neuropathy treatment

Background:Challenges to effective pharmacologic management of symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy include the limited effectiveness of available medicines, frequent side effects, and the need for ongoing symptom assessment and treatment titration for maximal effectiveness. We present here the rationale and implementation challenges of the Diabetes Telephone Study, a randomized trial designed to improve medication treatment, titration, and quality of life among patients with symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy.Methods:We implemented a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial to test the effectiveness of an automated interactive voice response tool designed to provide physicians with real-time patient-reported data about responses to newly prescribed diabetic peripheral neuropathy medicines. A total of 1834 primary care physicians treating patients in the diabetes registry at Kaiser Permanente Northern California were randomized into the intervention or control arm. In September 2014, we...
Why Are Foreclosures Contagious

This article investigates the mechanism by which foreclosed properties depress neighboring property prices. Using a novel dataset on housing capital expenditure, I verify as accurate the claim of disinvestment theory made in earlier studies. When capital expenditure investment, neighborhood price trends, number of Multiple Listing Service listings and neighborhood fixed effects are controlled for, the negative effect on property prices is significant from nearby foreclosures, real estate owned (REO) listings and REO sales, but not from default and delinquent properties. The effect is larger in a depressed market than in an appreciating market. I argue that the most plausible explanation for these results is that a foreclosure discount drives down the reference prices for nearby properties and depresses neighborhood values. This discount information is revealed to the public through foreclosures, REO listings and REO sales.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and treatment.

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL) became associated with HIV infection early in the course of the AIDS epidemic. Although NHL was first noted to be increased in young gay men1-8it soon became clear that it afflicted all subsets of HIV infected patients9-11 While AIDS-related lymphoma remains one of the most lethal complications of HIV disease12the management and outcomes of patients with this disease have changed over the last several years. This chapter will discuss current concepts surrounding AIDS-related lymphomas.
Charge–Spin Coupling at a Ferromagnet–Nonmagnet Interface

The topic of electrical spin injection from a ferromagnetic to a nonmagnetic material is presently attracting great interest and attention. A thermodynamic study of “spin injection” across a ferromagnetic–nonmagnetic material interface is presented. Using an entropy production calculation, the linear dynamic equations for interfacial transport of charge, heat, and spin magnetic moment are derived. A general equation for the fractional polarization of injected current is developed by matching boundary conditions at the interface. Polarization efficiency is sensitive to the intrinsic interface resistance, and to the resisivities and spin diffusion lengths of both materials. The physics of nonequilibrium spin diffusion across the interface is discussed, and the limiting case where “resistance mismatch” is important is identified. Example systems of interest are spin injection from a ferromagnetic metal to a nonmagnetic metal and from a ferromagnetic metal to a semiconductor. Charge–spin coupling and spin diffusion in one dimension, compared with higher dimension, are also discussed.
Using structure-function constraints in FRET studies of large macromolecular complexes.

The structural aspects of large macromolecular systems in solution can be conveniently addressed using the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) approach. FRET efficiency is the major parameter examined in such studies. However, its quantitative determination in associating macromolecular systems requires careful incorporation of thermodynamic quantities into specific expressions defining the FRET efficiencies. There are two widely used methods of obtaining FRET efficiencies, examination of both the donor quenching and of the sensitized emission of the FRET acceptor. Both approaches provide only apparent FRET efficiencies, not the true Forster FRET efficiency, which should be independent of the means to measure the efficiency.The accuracy of the determined distances in macromolecular systems depends on the accuracy of the determination of the FRET efficiency and the estimate of the parameter, κ², which depends on the mutual orientation of the donor and the acceptor. Known procedures, based on limiting anisotropy measurements, to estimate κ² are of limited use to deducing the functional conclusions about the studied systems. On the other hand, using multiple donor-acceptor pairs and/or donors and acceptors placed in interchanged locations in the macromolecular system is an equally rigorous procedure to empirically evaluate the possible effect of κ² on the measured distance. Protein-nucleic acid systems are particularly suited for FRET methodology. There is a plethora of commercial fluorescent markers, which can serve as donor-acceptor pairs. In the case of the nucleic acid, the markers can specifically be introduced in practically any location of the molecule. Application of the FRET measurements to examine structures of the large protein-nucleic acid complexes is particularly fruitful in cases where the presence of known structural constraints allows the experimenter to address the fundamental topology of the complexes. The discussed methodology can be applied to any associating macromolecular system.
A dRAStic RHOAdblock of Pyrin inflammasome activation.

The Pyrin inflammasome guard is disabled if the activity of small cellular GTPase is compromised, in response to defects in the mevalonate pathway and directly by mutations in Pyrin, resulting in the IL-1β-driven autoinflammatory diseases MKD and FMF.
Implementation in practice: adaptations to sexuality education curricula in California

BACKGROUND: Local implementation of evidence-based curricula, including sex education, has received increasing attention. Although there are expectations that practitioners will implement evidence-based programs with fidelity, little is known regarding the experiences of instructors in meeting such standards. During 2005 to 2009, the California Department of Public Health funded local agencies through its Teen Pregnancy Prevention Programs (TPP) to provide comprehensive sex education. METHODS: To improve understanding of how agencies implemented curricula, in-depth telephone interviews with 128 coordinators were conducted in 2008 to 2009. Qualitative data were analyzed for content and themes. Selected data were quantified and analyzed to examine differences in curriculum adaptations across settings and curricula type. RESULTS: Whereas over half of the TPP agencies (59%) implemented evidence-based curricula, most agencies (95%) reported adapting the curriculum, with the majority (83%) adding content. Reasons for adaptations included ensuring that the material was accurate and appropriate; responding to logistical or time constraints; and other factors, such as parental and institutional support. CONCLUSION: These adaptations reflected agencies' efforts to balance state and local requirements, maintain curriculum fidelity, and provide more up-to-date and accessible information. These experiences highlight the need for guidelines that enable appropriate adaptations, while maintaining fidelity to the core components of the original curriculum.© 2016, American School Health Association. Language: en
El desarrollo socioemocional de los hijos de padres del mismo sexo: logros y líneas futuras de investigación

La influencia de la orientacion sexual de los padres en el desarrollo de sus hijos ha traido atencion especial en los ultimos anos. La investigacion que ha explorado el efecto de la estructura familiar en el desarrollo socioemocional de los individuos no ha identificado diferencias entre los hijos de padres heterosexuales y aquellos criados por madres lesbianas, mientras que los factores interpersonales y sociales han mostrado una relacion cercana con el desenvolvimiento social. Aunque los resultados en este campo son prometedores, estos aun no son concluyentes. La mayoria de los estudios han sido de tipo transversal, con muestras de poblaciones no representativas, medidas centradas en dificultades psicologicas, entre otros. Se presentan algunas conclusiones generales con respecto al desarrollo socioemocional de los hijos criados por familias homoparentales, asi como algunas recomendaciones metodologicas para futuras investigaciones en esta area.