cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regional differences in normally occurring cell death in the developing hamster lateral geniculate nuclei

Normal cellular degeneration occurs in the lateral geniculate nuclei (LGN) of the hamster thalamus early in postnatal development. Degenerative debris can be observed in the ventral and dorsal nuclei at postnatal days 2-10 and is present in greater and more variable amounts in the ventral nucleus. Cell degeneration in the dorsal LGN is maximal at postnatal day 5, identical to the degeneration pattern of the hamster retina and superior colliculus, but shows a second peak at postnatal day 8 which may relate to the establishment of cortical connectivity. The incidence of degenerative debris is significantly higher in the peripheral margins of the dorsal nucleus, a pattern also seen in the retina and the superior colliculus, suggesting that a differential cell death may be involved in the formation of regional specializations in the visual system.
Book Review of Essentials of Plastic Surgery

Jeffrey E. Janis, ed. Essentials of Plastic Surgery . 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2014. $125.00 ISBN-10: 1576263851 ![Graphic][1] The second edition of the Essentials of Plastic Surgery is a widely utilized, popular textbook among medical students and trainees of plastic surgery. Conceived and edited by Jeffrey E. Janis, MD, former faculty at UT-Southwestern and professor of plastic surgery at Ohio State University, it provides a comprehensive overview of the entire spectrum of plastic surgical practice. More than 90 authors have contributed to the book, many of whom are prominent figures in the specialty. The book comprises 102 chapters distributed among 7 clinical topic headings: Fundamentals and Basics; Skin and Soft Tissue; Head and Neck; Breast; Trunk and Lower Extremity; Hand, Wrist, and Upper Extremity Surgery; and Aesthetic Surgery. In this second edition, not only are the standard topics within aesthetic and reconstructive surgery covered, but thoughtful updates also have been added. New chapters on current topics include vascularized composite allotransplantation, negative-pressure wound therapy, surgical treatment of migraines, lymphedema, and fat grafting. Also new with this edition is an online eBook that can be accessed via the Internet or read offline via a downloadable app. The book is well organized and structured … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Introduction 55 + 1 = 1 or the Strange Calculus of Chinese Nationhood

An intriguing demographic equation resides at the heart of the People’s Republic of China. The equation reads: 55 minorities + the Han = the PRC or, in shorthand format, 55+1=1. Where did this rema...
On the Boundary Behavior of One Class of Mappings in Metric Spaces

We study the problem of extension to the boundary of continually ring Q-homeomorphisms relative to a p-module between continual domains in metric spaces with measures and formulate the conditions for the function Q and the boundaries of domains under which every continually ring Q-homeomorphism admits a continuous or homeomorphic extension to the boundary. The accumulated results yield, in particular, important applications to fractals in ℝ n , n ≥ 2.
Stress constraints in optimality criteria design

Procedures described emphasize the processing of stress constraints within optimality criteria designs for low structural weight with stress and compliance constraints. Prescreening criteria are used to partition stress constraints into either potentially active primary sets or passive secondary sets that require minimal processing. Side constraint boundaries for passive constraints are derived by projections from design histories to modify conventional stress-ratio boundaries. Other procedures described apply partial structural modification reanalysis to design variable groups to correct stress constraint violations of unfeasible designs. Sample problem results show effective design convergence and, in particular, advantages for reanalysis in obtaining lower feasible design weights.
Vapor Sensing Characteristics of Nanoelectromechanical Chemical Sensors Functionalized Using Surface-Initiated Polymerization

Surface-initiated polymerization has been used to grow thick, uniform poly(methyl methacrylate) films on nanocantilever sensors. Cantilevers with these coatings yielded significantly greater sensitivity relative to bare devices as well as relative to devices that had been coated with drop-cast polymer films. The devices with surface-initiated polymer films also demonstrated high selectivity toward polar analytes. Surface-initiated polymerization can therefore provide a straightforward, reproducible method for large-scale functionalization of nanosensors.
Process Engineering Strategy for Recombinant Protein Recovery from Canola by Cation Exchange Chromatography

The suitability of canola as a recombinant protein production host was evaluated in terms of the potential for simple chromatographic recovery by ion exchange. To investigate the influence of the charge of a recombinant protein on recovery from canola, a series of mutants of T4 lysozyme of varying charge were used to model the situation of transgenic expression by being spiked into nontransgenic canola protein extracts. This mixture was then fractionated by cation exchange chromatography. Two different means of charge modification were compared, namely, point mutations and fusions. Point mutations proved the better means for adding positive charges. A linear relationship between the protein charge and the eluent conductivity, which could be used to guide the genetic engineering for protein recovery from canola, was found. It showed that an increase of +1 charge on T4 lysozyme increased the required conductivity (molarity) of the eluent by 0.068 mS/cm (27.8 mM NaCl). For this specific case, T4 lysozyme with a nominal charge of +7 moves the point of elution into a valley between two major native canola protein peaks, where substantial one-step enrichment can be obtained. Equivalent charge changes provided by polyarginine fusions gave very wide elution patterns that were ascribed to either proteolytic degradation within the polyarginine fusion or interaction of the polyarginine with polyanions present in canola. While the above results came after a dialysis step to adjust the canola extract, elimination of the dialysis step did not significantly influence the purification behavior of the cation-exchange column. However, a more severe resin regeneration scheme was needed to maintain the column's performance.
Coexpression with Auxiliary β Subunits Modulates the Action of Tefluthrin on Rat Nav1.6 and Nav1.3 Sodium Channels

Abstract We expressed the rat Nav1.3 and Nav1.6 sodium channel α subunit isoforms in Xenopus oocytes either alone or with the rat β1 and β2 auxiliary subunits in various combinations and assessed the sensitivity of the expressed channels to resting and use-dependent modification by the pyrethroid insecticide tefluthrin using the two-electrode voltage clamp technique. Coexpression with the β1 and β2 subunits, either individually or in combination, did not affecting the resting sensitivity of Nav1.6 channels to tefluthrin. Modification by tefluthrin of Nav1.6 channels in the absence of β subunits was not altered by the application of trains of high-frequency depolarizing prepulses. By contrast, coexpression of the Nav1.6 channel with the β1 subunit enhanced the extent of channel modification 2-fold following repeated depolarization. Coexpression of Nav1.6 with the β2 subunit also slightly enhanced modification following repeated depolarization, but coexpression of Nav1.6 with both β subunits caused enhanced modification following repeated depolarization that was indistinguishable from that found with Nav1.6 + β1 channels. In contrast to Nav1.6, the resting modification by tefluthrin of Nav1.3 channels expressed in the absence of β subunits was reduced by repeated depolarization. However, tefluthrin modification of the Nav1.3 α subunit expressed with both β subunits was enhanced 1.7-fold by repeated depolarization, thereby confirming that β subunit modulation of use-dependent effects was not confined to the Nav1.6 isoform. These results show that the actions of pyrethroids on mammalian sodium channels in the Xenopus oocyte expression system are determined in part by the interactions of the sodium channel α subunit with the auxiliary β subunits that are part of the heteromultimeric sodium channel complexes found in neurons and other excitable cells.
Adherence to RIASEC Structure as a Key Career Decision Construct.

The present study examined the relation between individual cognitive structure and several key career decision variables. Specifically, in a sample of college students enrolled in a career development class, the usage of the RIASEC (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional) circumplex (adherence) was examined as it varied across individuals and with career certainty, career decision-making self-efficacy, and interest-occupation congruence. Individual adherence to the RIASEC circumplex as a cognitive structure was related to better career decision outcomes. Changes in adherence as a function of taking a career class were found to be associated with changes in career certainty, career decision-making self-efficacy, and interest-occupation congruence. The results support the importance of thinking about careers in a manner similar to the RIASEC circumplex and the potential value of direct instruction of this model.
Life's Work: Geographies of Social Reproduction

Katharyne Mitchell, Sallie A. Marston, and Cindi Katz, eds. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2004. 233 pp. $36.95 paper (ISBN: 1-4051-1134-8).
Yale Conference on Behavioral Medicine: A proposed definition and statement of goals

The Yale Conference on Behavioral Medicine brought a diverse group of behavioral and biomedical scientists together for the purpose of arriving at an interdisciplinary yet consensual definition, statement of goals, and set of recommendations regarding the emerging field of behavioral medicine. It was proposed that behavioral medicine be defined as “the field concerned with the development of behavioral science knowledge and techniques relevant to the understanding of physical health and illness and the application of this knowledge and techniques to prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. Psychosis, neurosis, and substance abuse are included only insofar as they contribute to physical disorders as an end point.” The rationale behind this definition and proposals for future developments in the field are discussed.
Matching Up Learning Styles with Learning Objects: What's Effective?

ABSTRACT Online instruction is quite prevalent on campuses and within libraries. Librarians are engaged in the creation of learning objects that can either be linked to or embedded within course-management systems. But are those instructional tools designed to best accommodate diverse learners or are they constructed to reflect the teaching and learning style of the designer? Results from a study (a survey of librarians, student usability studies, and interviews) document both considerations made in the creation of learning objects, and the effectiveness of learning objects from students’ perspectives. The findings may be useful for future modifications of these tools (e.g., tutorials, videos, podcasts, and PowerPoints).
Cygnus X-3 observed at photon energies above 500 GeV

High-energy gamma rays from Cyg X-3 have been observed with the twin 11-m mirrors of NASA JPL's solar energy facility, using the atmospheric Cerenkov technique, resulting in data from about 100,000 air shower events with an approximate threshold energy of 500 GeV for the August 29 to September 6, 1981 period. A positive signal whose amplitude is 10.9 + or - 2.5% of the background cosmic ray rate appears near phase 0.6 of the 4.8-hour cycle, where phase 0.0 corresponds to minimum X-ray emission. This, together with previous Cerenkov detections, indicates that the high energy emission from Cyg X-3 is evolving on a time scale of a few years and suggests that the present form of the system has a recent origin.
Temperature and bacterial profile of post chill poultry carcasses stored in processing combo held at room temperature.

: Post chill whole poultry carcasses from a commercial processing plant were stored in a processing combo at room temperature (70 °F/21 °C) for 54 h to mimic the scenario of temperature abuse before further processing. Temperature data were collected in 1-min intervals and averaged each hour by 9 temperature data loggers. Two linear regressions were developed for the combo and internal breast temperature and slopes were nearly identical. Microbial data was collected by performing whole bird carcass rinses that were enumerated for aerobic plate count (APC), Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, and total coliform. Samples were collected from the chiller chute at time zero for initial bacterial counts. Carcass sampling continued once the internal breast temperature achieved 45 °F (7 °C 10 h) and continued every 2 h until the final internal breast temperature was 63 °F (17 °C 54 h). Linear regressions were developed for the first 26 h, which exhibited no statistically significant growth except for Enterobacteriaceae. A 2nd linear regression (28 to 54 h) exhibited significant growth for all analyses. Overall, APC increased from a log10 colony forming unit (CFU)/mL count of 2.86 to 7.02, Enterobacteriaceae increased from 0.66 to 6.64, coliform increased from 0.72 to 4.81, and E. coli increased from 0.53 to 4.45. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was performed to detect changes in the bacterial populations, which indicated 95% similarity within sampled groups, but the overall percent similarity among samples collected over 54 h was 8%. From the data, microbial growth demonstrates a period of 26 h for minimal growth; therefore, the product could be further processed rather than designated as waste.
Quicksilver from cinnabar: The first documented mechanochemical reaction?

Theophrastus’ book On Stones, written in the fourth century b.c., is the earliest known work on minerals, their properties, and applications. The book is full of interesting information compiled in a clear, easy-to-read style. The excerpt examined in this article is especially important, as it represents the first known mechanochemical reaction, as well as the first description of any process for obtaining a pure metal from a compound.
Increased productivity in the subantarctic ocean during Heinrich events.

Massive discharges of ice to the North Atlantic Ocean plunged the region into harsh cold and windy conditions eight times during the last ice age. These cold snaps, or ‘Heinrich events’, had a great impact on climate and circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean, but their influence beyond that region remains uncertain. Now an analysis of molecular tracers of algal growth and sedimentation shows that each event coincided with soaring growth of plankton in the distant Southern Ocean around Antarctica. Knowledge of how the Southern Ocean responded to these perturbations contributes to our understanding of the role of the ocean in climate change. Massive iceberg discharges from the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, ‘Heinrich events’, coincided with the coldest periods of the last ice age1. There is widespread evidence for Heinrich events and their profound impact on the climate and circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean, but their influence beyond that region remains uncertain1. Here we use a combination of molecular fingerprints of algal productivity and radioisotope tracers of sedimentation to document eight periods of increased productivity in the subpolar Southern Ocean during the past 70,000 years that occurred within 1,000–2,000 years of a Northern Hemisphere Heinrich event. We discuss possible causes for such a link, including increased supply of iron from upwelling and increased stratification during the growing season, which imply an alteration of the global ocean circulation during Heinrich events. The mechanisms linking North Atlantic iceberg discharges with subantarctic productivity remain unclear at this point. We suggest that understanding how the Southern Ocean was altered during these extreme climate perturbations is critical to understanding the role of the ocean in climate change.
Apparently irreversible GTP hydrolysis attends tubulin self‐assembly

The pathway of GTP hydrolysis associated with microtubule polymerization was investigated using an assay of intermediate 18O-exchange reactions. Under a variety of conditions influencing tubulin self-assembly, GTP was hydrolyzed without any evidence of multiple reversals characteristic of reversible phosphoanhydride-bond cleavage. These results also accord with published findings that ATP hydrolysis during actin polymerization fails to display intermediate exchange reactions [Carlier, M. F., Pantaloni, D., Evans, J. A., Lambooy, P. K., Korn, E. D. and Webb, M. R. (1988) FEBS Lett. 235, 211–214].
Kinetics of yolk precursor uptake in Hyalophora cecropia: Stimulation of microvitellin endocytosis by vitellogenin

Abstract Ovarian follicles of Hyalophora cecropia selectively incorporate several extracellular proteins into yolk. In order to determine how the proportions of these proteins in the yolk are established two of them, vitellogenin and microvitellin, were presented to vitellogenic follicles in vitro . When the two were presented to follicles together, they did not compete for the uptake mechanism, suggesting separate binding sites. On the contrary, vitellogenin accelerated the uptake of microvitellin by a factor of two. It had a similar effect on fluid phase uptake, and therefore appears, unlike microvitellin or any other protein tested, either to enhance the rate of endocytotic activity or to suppress resecretion during membrane recycling. Estimates of K uptake lead to the conclusion that vitellogenin saturates its endocytotic mechanism in situ , but microvitellin may not.
Allelic loss at the GPx-1 locus in cancer of the head and neck

Glutathione peroxidase is a selenium-containing, antioxidant enzyme previously implicated in the risk and development of lung and breast cancer, in part the result of allelic loss at the GPx-1 locus. This study examined allelic loss at the same locus in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. The frequency of a polymorphism at codon 198 resulting in either a leucine or a proline at that position was surveyed by comparing 133 DNA samples obtained from head and neck tumors and 517 samples obtained from cancer-free individuals. Tumor DNAs exhibited fewer pro/leu heterozygotes as compared to DNA obtained from the cancer-free population. Fewer GPx-1 heterozygotes were verified by determining the frequency of highly polymorphic alanine repeat sequences in the same gene. The analysis revealed an approximately 42% reduction in heterozygosity in the DNA from the tumor samples. In order to assess loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the GPx-1 locus, DNA was genotyped from peripheral lymphocytes, tumor tissue, and microscopically normal tissues adjacent to the tumor, derived from the same patients. These studies indicated LOH at the GPx-1 locus in each of the three tumor/normal tissues sample sets examined. Furthermore, LOH in the microscopically normal tissues at the tumor margin occurred in two of the three sample sets examined. These data implicate GPx-1 in the development of squamous cell carcinoma the head and neck and suggest that allelic loss of this gene, or one tightly linked to it, is an early event in the development of this type of malignancy.
Partitioning of resources in production: an empirical analysis

Abstract Industrial economies ingest materials, energy and information to produce goods and services and excrete wastes and emissions. Wastes can be minimized and the relative amounts of resources, which go into goods and services, as opposed to waste, are essential to clean production and to the sustainability of the production system. A regression model based on empirical data is presented that provides a partition coefficient expressing the ratio of energy (or material) resources invested in goods to energy going to waste. Partition coefficients are developed for five countries and are shown to be related to GDP, energy and material consumption and energy and waste intensities. Higher partition coefficients mean higher productivity and lower energy, waste and material intensities. In addition, energy use/capita and pollution/capita is lower. The price of energy to the industrial sector is related to the partition coefficient. The policy implications are that partitioning of resources to goods should be maximized and waste minimized for economic as well as environmental reasons.
Wall-wake - Flow behind a leading edge obstacle

as our present one is just those truncation errors which are gradually being eliminated. These difficulties raise a crucial question, which concerns all numerical solutions of complex problems; namely, how good are the resulting numerical solutions? Where exact-analytical solutions or pertinent experimental results are on hand, the previous question can be readily answered. In our present problem we have on hand the shockless supercritical hodograph solutions calculated by Nieuwland, and will shortly have two-dimensional, high Reynolds number tests by Rainbird for the NACA 64A-410 airfoil, which will serve for comparison purposes. Although the calculation for the Nieuwland profile requires further refinement, and a high Reynolds number comparison test is yet to be obtained for the NACA 64A-410 profile, we hope that the present results will serve to demonstrate the potential of the present unsteady finite difference procedure.
Defining the Regulatory Elements in the Proximal Promoter of ΔNp63 in Keratinocytes: Potential Roles for Sp1/Sp3, NF-Y, and p63

p63, a homolog of the tumor suppressor p53, plays an important role in the formation of stratified epithelium such as those in the epidermis of the skin. The p63 gene gives rise to multiple functionally distinct protein isoforms, including the ΔNp63 class of isoforms, which lacks the N-terminal transactivation domain and is synthesized from an internal promoter. ΔNp63 proteins are the predominant isoforms expressed in keratinocytes and are thought to be important for maintenance of the proliferative capacity of these cells. Here, we have examined the transcriptional control mechanisms that govern the expression ΔNp63 in keratinocytes. We first performed DNase I hypersensitive site mapping and demonstrated that the promoter region of ΔNp63 is in open chromatin state in keratinocytes. To identify the cis -elements that regulate ΔNp63, we have performed transient transfection assays in keratinocytes with several ΔNp63 promoter constructs. This identified a short evolutionarily conserved fragment that harbors most of the transcriptional activity of the ΔNp63 promoter. Biochemical studies of this element have revealed critical roles for CCAAT-box-binding factor (CBF/NF-Y) and Sp1/Sp3 family of proteins. In addition, our data suggest that ΔNp63 is recruited to and can activate its own promoter, possibly through protein–protein interactions, thus providing an auto-regulatory loop of self-regulation. These studies support the notion that unique and distinct pathways control the expression of individual p53 family members and their various isoforms.
High performance, low complexity vertical PNP BJT integrated in a 0.18/spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS technology

An isolated vertical PNP BJT with f/sub T/ and f/sub MAX/ of 20GHz available as a modular component in a 0.18/spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS technology is described. The VPNP device is fabricated using a low complexity integration scheme and is optimized to complement the high breakdown SiGe NPN HBT.
Ordered Adlayers of a Nonplanar Molecule on a Surface: Misfit Monolayers and Intercalated Bilayers as the Result of a Dialkyl Amino Group

Monolayer and bilayer structures of a nonplanar molecule, 5-(N,N-didecylamino)-2,4-pentadienal, physisorbed onto highly oriented pyrolytic graphite have been characterized using several scanning probe techniques, including scanning tunneling microscopy, and both contact and noncontact atomic force microscopy. These structures indicate several important components of this molecule in determining and enforcing an ordered packing motif that may be generalizable to other supramolecular design schemes. In the monolayer structure, the geometry of the amino group enforces a motif in which part of the molecule lies upon the graphite surface and one of the alkyl chains extends away from the surface. This extended chain is a structure director for the formation of bilayer structures. The apparent thickness and stability of the bilayer structures are shown to be dependent on the presence of water or other admixtures, suggesting intercalation of small, polar molecules into this bilayer.
Identification of defective illegitimate recombinational repair of oxidatively-induced DNA double-strand breaks in ataxia-telangiectasia cells

Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is an autosomal-recessive lethal human disease. Homozygotes suffer from a number of neurological disorders, as well as very high cancer incidence. Heterozygotes may also have a higher than normal risk of cancer, particularly for the breast. The gene responsible for the disease (ATM) has been cloned, but its role in mechanisms of the disease remain unknown. Cellular A-T phenotypes, such as radiosensitivity and genomic instability, suggest that a deficiency in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) may be the primary defect; however, overall levels of DSB rejoining appear normal. We used the shuttle vector, pZ189, containing an oxidatively-induced DSB, to compare the integrity of DSB rejoining in one normal and two A-T fibroblast cells lines. Mutation frequencies were two-fold higher in A-T cells, and the mutational spectrum was different. The majority of the mutations found in all three cell lines were deletions (44-63%). The DNA sequence analysis indicated that 17 of the 17 plasmids with deletion mutations in normal cells occurred between short direct-repeat sequences (removing one of the repeats plus the intervening sequences), implicating illegitimate recombination in DSB rejoining. The combined data from both A-T cell lines showed that 21 of 24 deletions did not involve direct-repeats sequences, implicating a defect in the illegitimate recombination pathway. These findings suggest that the A-T gene product may either directly participate in illegitimate recombination or modulate the pathway. Regardless, this defect is likely to be important to a mechanistic understanding of this lethal disease.
Neurovirulence of an herpes simplex type 1 thymidine kinase negative mutant determined by virus biochemical defect and host immune system in mice

While the biochemical defect of the thymidine kinase negative HSV-1 mutant restricts virus replication in mouse neural tissue, and thereby reduces neurovirulence, the host immune system also limits HSV-1 TK-replication in permissive glial cells in immunocompetent mice, and reduces neurovirulence.
Nonfood-Related Challenges and Resources Affect Functioning of Food Banks

The purpose of the authors in this study was to examine challenges that threaten food banks' continued operations and identify desirable resources to improve the functions of food banks. A questionnaire was mailed to all 69 food banks located in the county of California's capital, yielding 20 usable questionnaires. Ninety-three percent more meals were served daily during weekdays than weekends. Food banks received the most food donations and monetary donations from individuals. The most significant challenges of the food banks were insufficient money to operate and lack of space/location, which were also identified as desirable resources to serve more meals.
The Contribution of Social and Environmental Factors to Race Differences in Dental Services Use

Dental services use is a public health issue that varies by race. African Americans are less likely than whites to make use of these services. While several explanations exist, little is known about the role of segregation in understanding this race difference. Most research does not account for the confounding of race, socioeconomic status, and segregation. Using cross-sectional data from the Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities Study, we examined the relationship between race and dental services use. Our primary outcome of interest was dental services use within 2 years. Our main independent variable was self-identified race. Of the 1408 study participants, 59.3 % were African American. More African Americans used dental services within 2 years than whites. After adjusting for age, gender, marital status, income, education, insurance, self-rated health, and number of comorbidities, African Americans had greater odds of having used services (odds ratio = 1.48, 95 % confidence interval 1.16, 1.89) within 2 years. Within this low-income racially integrated sample, African Americans participated in dental services more than whites. Place of living is an important factor to consider when seeking to understand race differences in dental service use.
Pharmacy-Related Health Disparities Experienced by Non–English-Speaking Patients: Impact of Pharmaceutical Care

ABSTRACT Objectives To identify the availability of foreign language services in pharmacies near a medical clinic serving a large immigrant population and determine whether the type of observed drug therapy problems differed between English- and non–English-speaking patients at this clinic. Setting A community health care center in a diverse neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Participants 40 pharmacies near the clinic and in the surrounding Minneapolis–St. Paul area known to provide services to patients in languages in addition to English and 91 clinic patients, including 38 for whom English was not their primary language, seen for full pharmaceutical care assessments. Interventions Comprehensive drug therapy assessments were conducted for English- and non–English-speaking patients (with assistance from interpreters) in a primary care setting secondary to physician referral. Patient-specific data and the results of the pharmacist’s assessment were recorded in a patient management database. Main Outcome Measures Language services provided by area pharmacies, frequency of drug therapy problems in English- and non–English-speaking patients, and the status of patient’s medication conditions before and after provision of pharmaceutical care. Results Of the six primary languages other than English (Vietnamese, Hmong, Laotian, Somali, Spanish, and Cambodian) spoken by clinic patients, written or verbal information was available for five languages in one or more area pharmacies. The clinic pharmacist completed comprehensive assessments for 91 patients via 230 patient encounters, identifying 186 drug therapy problems. Problems related to adherence were significantly more prevalent in non–English-speaking patients compared with English-speaking patients (31% versus 12%). In all 91 patients, the percentage achieving desired drug therapy outcomes improved by 24% after a pharmacist joined the team of clinic providers. Conclusion Despite the availability of clinic-based interpreters and foreign language services in pharmacies, adherence-related problems are significantly more common in non–English-speaking patients. Pharmacists committed to providing pharmaceutical care must consider the impact of language barriers when working to optimize drug therapy outcomes.
Racial disparity in infant and maternal mortality: confluence of infection, and microvascular dysfunction.

Objectives: Racial disparities in infant and maternal mortality have been attributed to the unique stresses faced by Black women in the United States, but the underlying pathophysiological pathways are poorly understood. This paper reviews the literature related to potential causes of racial disparities in infant and maternal mortality. Methods: A review of the literature from 1966 to 2003 was conducted using a series of searches of Medline, obstetrical journals, and bibliographies. The review focused on potential contributing pathophysiological factors to infant and maternal mortality. Results: Racial disparities in neonatal mortality largely result from excess rates of preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, and neonatal sepsis while racial disparities in maternal mortality reflect greater prevalence and/or severity of cardiovascular/preeclamptic complications, hemorrhage, and infection among African American women. A large body of epidemiological, placental, and pathophysiological evidence suggests that racial disparities in these disparate outcomes result from two distinct, but potentially converging, pathways: infection and vascular. Racial disparities in intrauterine infection and microvascular dysfunction during pregnancy may result from a constellation of environmental and intergenerational risk factors including psychosocial stress, douching, bottle-feeding, lead exposure, diet, intrauterine growth, and genes. Conclusions: Disparities in infant and maternal mortality appear to reflect a confluence of infections and microvascular dysfunction during pregnancy among African American women. Interventions that target these conditions offer promise for reducing racial disparities in these critical outcomes.
Block time-recursive algorithm for the computation of short-time Fourier transform and its application to ISAR imaging

In this paper, we present a fast block time-recursive algorithm for the computation of short-time Fourier transform, and apply the algorithm to inverse SAR image processing. Simulation results are given and the computational complexity is discussed. The block time- recursive algorithm provides a fast vehicle for processing ISAR images on a real-time basis.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Flow of a temperature dependent power‐law model fluid between parallel plates: An approximation for flow in a screw extruder

This paper formulates concisely the problem of fully developed flow of a temperature dependent power-law fluid between parallel plates. An exact solution, in the absence of pressure gradients, is developed. The method has been validated by a comparison with an independent numerical solution. This work is applicable to melt transport in shallow partly filled screw channels, drag flow regimes in the metering zone of a screw extruder and, generally, to flows in hydrodynamically thin layers associated with negligible pressure gradients. A numerical example is included dealing with the extrusion of polypropylene. A general discussion is given concerning the utility of the new theory. Effects of pressure gradients are included in the discussion.
Phospholipid composition of hibernating ground squirrel (Citellus lateralis) kidney and low-temperature membrane function.

Abstract 1. 1. Phospholipid analysis of kidney lipids from active and hibernating ground squirrels ( Citellus lateralis ) indicate that molar quantities of phosphatidyl choline increase, while sphingomyelin decreases in hibernating animals. 2. 2. Both of these changes are in such a direction as to enhance membrane fluidity and possibly contribute to low-temperature membrane function in these organisms.
Addressing Fear of Crime in Public Space: Gender Differences in Reaction to Safety Measures in Train Transit:

Research has identified several factors that affect fear of crime in public space. However, the extent to which gender moderates the effectiveness of fear-reducing measures has received little attention. Using data from the Chicago Transit Authority Customer Satisfaction Survey of 2003, this study aims to understand whether train transit security practices and service attributes affect men and women differently. Findings indicate that, while the presence of video cameras has a lower effect on women’s feelings of safety compared with men, frequent and on-time service matters more to male passengers. Additionally, experience with safety-related problems affects women significantly more than men. Conclusions discuss the implications of the study for theory and gender-specific policies to improve perceptions of transit safety.
Radiofrequency ablation in children

Radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation has ushered in a new era in the management of patients with symptomatic tachyarrhythmias. By providing the ability to cure the underlying arrhythmic substrate, RF catheter ablation obviates the need for life-long antiarrhythmic drugs. In the reported series, the success has been high and the complications have been infrequent and relatively minor. Not unexpectedly, RF catheter ablation has become the treatment of choice for patients with symptomatic paroxysmal tachyarrhythmias. The role of radiofrequency catheter ablation in infants and small children remains controversial, and awaits a larger experience and longer follow-up data.
Multilevel structural analysis

Abstract Multilevel structural analysis links the macrostructures of large populations in successive steps to the network structures in face-to-face groups. Macrostructure is conceptualized as a multidimensional space of positions among which people are distributed. Three generic dimensions of social structure are heterogeneity, inequality and intersecting social differences (in various respects). All three promote intergroup relations. Any one of them can be decomposed into the part resulting from its equivalent differences within and that resulting from those among substructures. The further any differentiation penetrates into substructures, the more probable are intergroup relations.
The Fourth Gospel Since 1940

HOW far is it possible for us to use the Fourth Gospel as a.reliable witness to the earthly life and teaching of Jesus Christ?" Professor W. F. Howard of Birmingham, England, asked this question in 1931 in his valuable book, The Fourth Gospel in Recent Criticism and Interpretation, in which he surveyed a generation of work on the Fourth Gospel, a story outside the scope of this paper. In the third Christian century Clement of Alexandria set the Fourth Gospel apart from the synoptics as a "spiritual" gospel; in 1820 Bretschneider in his Probabilia set forth most of the questions that have ever been raised against its historicity, but the storm of protest, together with the preference for and defense of this gospel by the influential Schleiermacher, caused Bretschneider to withdraw his con-
A strategic plan for educational technology in accounting

Abstract On 5 June 1993, a group of educators met to discuss the future of educational technology in accounting education. The roundtable was conducted by the new Center for Educational Technology in Accounting (CETA) at the University of North Texas and was funded by the National Center for Automated Information Research, which supports research in the use of computers in accounting and law. Roundtable participants included individuals knowledgeable in accounting education, educational technology, or both. The procedure was very informal. The discussion was allowed to continue with little guidance from the moderator. The proceedings were recorded, and from that recording a plan document was compiled. This paper attempts to define the important elements of that meeting and to describe the initial efforts of CETA to respond to those findings. The document contains discussions of (1) the problems, importance, and potential applications of educational technology (ET) in accounting, (2) dissemination of ET, and (3) possible means of furthering ET.
Firearms in the central Sudan: a revaluation

The recent thesis propounded by Fisher and Rowland regarding the role of firearms in the Central Sudan requires considerable modification. While one must concede that the observable effects of firearms in the nineteenth century were not profound, this statement must be qualified to account for the incipient revolution in military technology, army organization, and political structure that occurred in many of the Central Sudanese states in the last quarter of the century. The relative ease with which European imperial powers conquered these states has tended to obscure from historians the dynamics of internal change that became manifest during the last decades of their independent existence. It is clear from the evidence presented in this article that the increasing use of firearms intensified the tendencies toward bureaucratization and the centralization of power in the states of the Central Sudan. The creation of regular standing armies, the formation of slave musketeer units commanded by slave officers, and the progressive devaluation of feudal institutions in favour of bureaucratized political and military structures, were the distinguishing characteristics of this period. Although history is irreversible, it is interesting to ponder the possible alternative outcomes of this nascent revolution. Its directions were clear, its destination unknown. In this article we have argued that these developments in politico-military organization did in fact represent a new departure which, if permitted to run its course, would have radically affected the subsequent history of the Central Sudan. It is our contention that the Fisher-Rowland thesis underestimates and misinterprets the nature of these changes.
Metallic iron nanoparticles for MRI contrast enhancement and local hyperthermia.

Current magnetic-nanoparticle technology is challenging due to the limited magnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). Increasing the saturation magnetization of magnetic nanoparticles may permit more effective development of multifunctional agents for simultaneous targeted cell delivery, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast enhancement, and targeted cancer therapy in the form of local hyperthermia. We describe the synthesis and characterization of novel iron-based nanoparticles (FeNPs) coated with biocompatible bis-carboxyl-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (cPEG). In comparison to conventional IONPs similar in size (10 nm), FeNPs particles have a much greater magnetization and coercivity based on hysteresis loops from sample magnetometry. Increased magnetization afforded by the FeNPs permits more effective generation of local hyperthermia than IONPs when subjected to an oscillating magnetic field in a safe frequency range. Furthermore, FeNPs have a much stronger shortening effect on T2 relaxation time than IONPs, suggesting that FeNPs may be more effective MRI contrast agents. Next-generation FeNPs with a biocompatible coating may in the future be functionalized with the attachment of peptides specific to cancer cells for imaging and therapy in the form of local hyperthermia.
RECIDIVISM AMONG PAROLED PROPERTY OFFENDERS RELEASED DURING A PERIOD OF PRISON REFORM

Data from four successive yearly cohorts and one special early release cohort of parolees are used to explore the question of whether rapid statewide changes in the administration of criminal justice affected the patterns of recidivism among persons on parole for property offenses. Given the earlier broadly constructed research reported by Ekland–Olson et al. (1993), and their conclusion that variation in shifting policies would have different effects on different types of offenses, we decided to sharpen the focus of the research questions posed by concentrating on recidivism patterns among property offenders. Three alternative explanations—compositional effects, administrative discretion, and deterrence—are explored to interpret the differences found across cohorts While suggestive, these alternative explanations remain open to question given the limitations inherent in quasi-experimental research. Conclusions related to issues of prison construction policy suggest that more attention be paid to the “replacement factor,” whereby “vacancies” left by incarcerated offenders are rapidly filled by others. If future research supports the rapid replacement hypothesis, increased levels of incarceration will yield a larger, more experienced criminal “work force” and ironically a heightened collective potential for crime.
Characterization of corroded metallic uranium fuel plates

Abstract A brief background on the history of the corrosion of uranium metal fuel plates from the Zero Power Physics Reactor (ZPPR) and the findings of a recent characterization of the corrosion are presented. The characterization encompassed visual examination, metallography, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Corrosion of the plates has been observed essentially since their manufacture. The corrosion was found to have both general and localized forms. A black powder corrosion product associated with areas of localized attack was determined to be UH 3 , while the remainder of the corrosion product was UO 2+ x .
A Randomized Study of Neighborhood Effects on Low-Income Children's Educational Outcomes.

Experimental data from the Moving to Opportunity for Fair Housing Demonstration were used to examine (a) if moving from high- to low-poverty neighborhoods (via randomization) was associated with low-income minority children's achievement, grade retention, and suspensions/expulsions; (b) if moving minimized gender differences in these outcomes; and (c) potential mediators of observed program effects. Data on school-age children (mean age = 11.79 years, SD = 3.26) were obtained from standardized assessments and parent and adolescent interviews during the New York City site's 3-year follow-up evaluation (N = 588). Moving to low-poverty neighborhoods had positive effects on 11-18-year-old boys' achievement scores compared with those of their peers in high-poverty neighborhoods. These male adolescents' scores were comparable to females' scores, whereas male adolescents in high-poverty neighborhoods scored 10 points lower than female peers. Homework time and school safety partially accounted for program effects. From a policy perspective, the program benefited disadvantaged male adolescents at high risk for dropping out of school.
Learning From Lorreltag An Urban, Community–School–University Partnership

This case explores the first two years of the Lorreltag Partnership Initiative (LPI)*, an urban, community-5 school–university partnership. It provides a history of the community and elucidates key factors influencing partnership development. The case relies on the perspectives of a community leader, a university faculty member, a new principal, and a new teacher to explore matters related to relationships, team structures, and new leadership development in collaborations. Their experiences with the LPI surface issues related to the construct of collaboration, sustainable systemic renewal, and the role of evaluation in strategic partnerships.