cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revelation and Kunstreligion in W.H. Wackenroder and Ludwig Tieck

I argue that Herzensergiesungen eines kunstliebenden Klosterbruders and Phantasien uber die Kunst , co-authored by Wilhelm Wackenroder and Ludwig Tieck, employ a “proto-theological” strategy to defend the meaningfulness of the idea of revelation in the romantic age. On the surface, these works argue for a natural affinity between art and religion due to a common dependence on supernatural inspiration. In the eyes of many scholars, however, the various markers of a modern sensibility in the text call into question whether the idea of Kunstreligion can or is even meant to be viable. Against this suspicion, I suggest that the scholarship has not adequately appreciated the total, and quite modern, strategy for representing divine action in these texts. Instead of being grounded in specific religious images—such as Rafael’s vision of the Madonna, which can be explained away as metaphor—the concept of divine action can most reliably be inferred from a more general quality of the text, namely the unsystematic heterogeneity of divine phenomena that it represents. When intuitive certainty of the divine is combined with an irreducible diversity of forms, we are pushed beyond the realm of rational-scientific competency and into a “proto-theological” realm viable even in modernity.
The life span of the biosphere revisited.

How much longer the biosphere can survive on earth is reexamined using a more elaborate model than that of Lovelock and Whitfield (1982). The model includes a more accurate treatment of the greenhouse effect of CO2, a biologically mediated weathering parametrization, and the realization that C4 photosynthesis can persist to much lower concentrations of atmospheric CO2. It is found that a C4-plant-based biosphere could survive for at least another 0.9 Gyr to 1.5 Gyr after the present time, depending respectively on whether CO2 or temperature is the limiting factor. Within an additional 1 Gyr, earth may lose water to space, thereby following the path of Venus.
Food intake in the real world: implications for nutrition and aging

Nutrient intakes are affected by two classes of factors, physiological and environmental. In the real world, environmental variables such as social factors, palatability, and the time of eating appear to have large influences on amounts ingested in the short-term. Physiological control mechanisms also operate to regulate intake, and they induce compensatory responses to deviations from the norm. These physiological influences only appear to have weak influences on short-term intake unless there are large deviations from the normal state, but over the long-term they act patiently and persistently to rectify the excesses produced by environmental fluctuations and thereby tend to maintain a relative balance between energy intake and expenditure. As individuals age there is a progressive decline in physiological function including the mechanisms that act to control intake in the young. This should not produce a problem in a healthy individual in a stable environment: however, if that situation should change due to illness or an environmental change such as the death of a spouse, which produces decline in intake, elderly individuals would not have the physiological mechanisms present to compensate. Thus, the deficit in energy intake would not be replaced, and the lower level of intake would be maintained as long as the new health condition or environment remains stable. Hence, the decline in the effectiveness of the physiological systems with age makes the elderly particularly vulnerable and unable to rebound from deficits. Although the elderly have difficulty compensating for deficits automatically by physiologically-induced adjustments, the studies of real world intake reviewed in this article suggest that compensation can be produced by adjustments to the environment. The elderly appear to be as responsive to environmental factors as younger individuals. In particular, they appear to increase intake in response to social facilitation, diurnal rhythms, the eating environment, and palatability to the same extent as their juniors. These data suggest that alterations in the social, temporal, environmental, or hedonic conditions of eating could induce desired alterations in the nutrient intakes of the elderly. The study of real world eating behavior has produced evidence that suggests that this strategy can work. It remains for future applied investigations to ascertain whether or not this strategy is effective in treating undernutrition in the elderly.
Numerical Modeling of Space-Charge-Limited Charged-Particle Emission on a Conformal Triangular Mesh

Orbit tracing is a numerical technique to design high-current charged particle guns and transport systems. Although most available programs use the finite-difference approach to calculate electric fields, the finite-element method has advantages for accuracy and versatility. This paper describes an effective algorithm to model space-charge-limited emission and a procedure to apply it to variable-resolution conformal triangular meshes with multiple emission regions. Improved tabulations of space-charge solutions for sharply curved emission surfaces are given. In a benchmark Pierce diode simulation, the procedure gives an absolute current prediction within 0.2% of the analytic value and particle orbits within 0.1° of the predicted exit angle.
Postoperative Portomesenteric Venous Thrombosis: Lessons Learned From 1,069 Consecutive Laparoscopic Colorectal Resections

Portomesenteric venous thrombosis (PVT) is a known complication after open and laparoscopic colorectal (LCR) surgery. Risk factors and the prognosis of PVT have been poorly described. This study is a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database. Patients with new-onset postoperative abdominal pain were evaluated with a computed tomography scan of the abdomen. Patients found to have PVT were analyzed. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of PVT. A total of 1,069 patients undergoing LCR surgery for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or nonmetastatic cancer between June 2002 and June 2012 were included. Altogether, 37 (3.5 %) patients experienced symptomatic postoperative PVT. On univariate analysis, IBD (p < 0.001), ulcerative colitis (p = 0.016), preoperative therapy with steroids (p = 0.008), operative time ≥220 min (p = 0.004), total proctocolectomy (TPC) (p < 0.001), ileoanal pouch anastomosis (p = 0.006), and postoperative intraabdominal septic complications (p < 0.001) were found to be significant risk factors. By multivariate analysis, TPC (p = 0.026) and postoperative intraabdominal septic complications (p < 0.001) were independent predictors of PVT. In the PVT group, postoperative length of stay was longer (14.8 vs. 7.4 days, p < 0.001). Of the patients evaluated with a hematologic workup, 72.7 % were found to have a hypercoagulable condition. All patients were managed with oral anticoagulation for at least 6 months. No death or complications related to PVT occurred. PVT is a potentially serious complication that is more likely to occur after TPC and in the presence of postoperative intraabdominal septic complications, particularly in patients with a coagulation disorder. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with oral anticoagulation are recommended to avoid long-term sequelae.
Exploring a US Immigrant–Intra-Industry Trade Link

We extend two strands of literature: the determinants of intra-industry trade (IIT) and the effect of immigration on trade flows. Product-level (HS10) data for US trade with 62 nations spanning the years 1989–2001 are used to construct industry-level (HS6) IIT values. A positive relationship is reported between immigration and the level of aggregate IIT. Immigration also increases vertical IIT and horizontal IIT; however, coefficients are of greater magnitude for the latter measure. Examining variation across home countries, immigrants from lower income countries appear to exert a greater influence on IIT measures than do immigrants from higher income countries.
Optimal allocation of testers to products with a queue time restriction in sort testing

The test of each wafer product in Sort (final IC testing) is done by allocating a tester and an appropriate Sort Interface Unit (SIU) to the product, to perform the test programs over the wafer. This allocation problem is a more complex allocation problem in the presence of a queue time restriction. In this paper, this problem is formulated and solved to determine the optimal allocation of testers and SIU's to wafer products over a planning horizon, such that overall WIP throughout the planning horizon is minimized. The optimal solution also comprehends restrictions on the amount of wafers that may be shipped to other testing sites and replenishment policies regarding new SIU's.
Mechanical Design and Kinematic Analysis of a 10 D.O.F. Robot Manipulator

Abstract In this paper, a 10 degree-of-freedom (D.O.F.) robot manipulator consisting of a 6 D.O.F. light-weight arm and a 4 D.O.F. cable driven hand is presented with the morphological analysis. The robot manipulator, Roppie, has been developed as a service robot by Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) in Taiwan. Its main features are 10 degrees of freedom, light-weight design, and flexible object manipulation by integrating motion control and vision feature recognition. Its weight is 5.7 kg, its payload is 1.2 kg, and its tip point velocity is up to 1 m/s.
Neurotrophins and Sensory Neurons: Role in Development, Maintenance and Injury. A Thematic Summary

Cells in sensory ganglia have constituted a very productive model system to examine the biology of the neurotrophins. Reasons for this have included the accessibility of the cells and their processes to studies of development, function and plasticity after injury. Despite their apparent homogeneity at the gross level sensory neurons are highly differentiated in their anatomy, physiology, chemistry, etc. Their response to neurotrophins varies among the different cell types which has helped to elucidate the action of these agents. It is the purpose of this brief review to summarize a number of overriding themes that emerge from these studies as discussed at the meeting on Neurotrophins and sensory neurons: role in development, maintenance and injury . Reference is made throughout to contributions of the speakers at this meeting whose papers may be consulted for further detail and for the appropriate references.
A single-chip alphameric character-generator

An integrated circuit that generates vertical and horizontal signals to display high-quality alphameric symbols on a CRT will be discussed. Each symbol, composed of seven srokes, may have virtually any length and angle. The complete generator-an analog read-only memory-is fabricated on a 65-mil square bi-polar chip.
Nonsurgical Management of Osteoarthritis in Dogs

Osteoarthritis (OA), although superficially considered to be deterioration of the joint associated with pain and dysfunction, is actually quite a complex condition. When considering treatment of OA, a multitude of biochemical, physical, and pathologic alterations must be recognized. This article presents a review of the published material regarding various nonsurgical treatments for OA. When there are no data regarding a specific treatment or when a statement is the opinion of the authors, such a deficiency is identified.
Analysis of electromagnetic and electrostatic effects of particle impacts on spacecraft

Abstract Particle impacts on spacecraft can cause considerable damage, even leading to complete failure. A theory for the resulting vehicle potential changes and the electromagnetic radiation from impact-induced plasma has been published by Close et al. (2010) . Here we compare this theory to impacts registered by the Radio and Plasma Wave Science instrumentation on the Cassini spacecraft. We study both low-velocity (16 km/s) large particles (2.6 μm radius) detected in Saturn’s rings and high-velocity (450 km/s) small particles (1 nm radius) in the solar wind. The agreement with the theory is quite good. We also apply these results to earth orbit and conclude that both Electrostatic Discharge and Electromagnetic Pulse radiation are likely and could lead to spacecraft failure.
The breast reconstruction evaluation of acellular dermal matrix as a sling trial (BREASTrial): design and methods of a prospective randomized trial

Background:Recent literature has focused on the advantages and disadvantages of using acellular dermal matrix in breast reconstruction. Many of the reported data are from low level-of-evidence studies, leaving many questions incompletely answered. The present randomized trial provides high-level dat
CHONDRULE VOLUME PERCENTS: STATISTICAL BEHAVIOR AND VISUAL-ESTIMATION GUIDES PRODUCED BY NUMERICAL SIMULATION

Estimates of the volume percents of chondrules in petrographic thin sections are notoriously unreliable, ranging widely among different observers for the same meteorite or even for the same thin section. The set of visual-estimation guides presented herein should help narrow the uncertainties in such estimates and lead to a more consistent picture of chondrule abundances than is now apparent from the literature. In generating this set of guides other quantitative measures were also retained and examined. First, the expected error in the volume abundance of chondrules, due solely to sampling of homogeneous rocks by random thin sections, decreases as the inverse of the volume abundance of the chondrules. Second, our experiments of “softly” settled chondrules could not exceed chondrule abundances of 60 vol %. If chondrule-bearing rocks are found to exceed this value, the physical environment where they accreted must have had a greater gravity field than is available on asteroid-size bodies.
Winifred Ward: Progressively Queer

This article examines Winifred Ward's life and her writing to illustrate that Ward was both a progressive and a Queer author who used the language of the historical moment to advance her often subversive and revolutionary ideas. Scholars have often referred to Winifred Ward as the “mother” of the field of creative dramatics. This article locates Winifred Ward's writing in the progressive education movement and acknowledges the connection between Ward and other progressive-era educators, namely John Dewey, William Kirkpatrick, Francis Parker, and Hughes Mearns, all of whom promoted the education of what they termed the whole child. However, the article goes a step further, considering the influence of Ward's intimate relationship with Hazel Easton on her professional work and her writing. Furthermore, the article examines the ways that children and childhood, and the women who taught them, were constructed in the United States at the turn of the century. Ultimately, the article analyzes Ward's writing thro...
HIGH‐ALUMINA CLAYS OF PULASKI AND SALINE COUNTIES, ARKANSAS

Extensive deposits of kaolinitic clay and closely associated bauxite occur in Pulaski and Saline counties, Arkansas, as products of early Cenozoic weathering of nepheline syenite. The clays of the bauxite-kaolin deposits normally contain more than 35% of alumina. Siderite is the principal impurity. The deposits for the most part are buried beneath sediments of Wilcox age or younger, but the overburden is thin or absent near outcrops of syenite. Deposits beneath overburden that does not exceed 50 feet in thickness probably total more than 100 million tons.
Type-2 fuzzy sets and systems: an overview

This paper provides an introduction to and an overview of type-2 fuzzy sets (T2 FS) and systems. It does this by answering the following questions: What is a T2 FS and how is it different from a T1 FS? Is there new terminology for a T2 FS? Are there important representations of a T2 FS and, if so, why are they important? How and why are T2 FSs used in a rule-based system? What are the detailed computations for an interval T2 fuzzy logic system (IT2 FLS) and are they easy to understand? Is it possible to have an IT2 FLS without type reduction? How do we wrap this up and where can we go to learn more?
Bridges to Humanity: Narratives on Anthropology and Friendship

Bridges to Humanity: Narratives on Anthropology and Friendship. BRUCE GRINDAL and FRANK SALAMONE. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1995. 260 pp., references.
p53 Transcriptional Activation Mediated by Coactivators TAFII40 and TAFII60

The tumor suppressor protein p53 is a transcriptional regulator that enhances the expression of proteins that control cellular proliferation. The multisubunit transcription factor IID (TFIID) is thought to be a primary target for site-specific activators of transcription. Here, a direct interaction between the activation domain of p53 and two subunits of the TFIID complex, TAFII40 and TAFII60, is reported. A double point mutation in the activation domain of p53 impaired the ability of this domain to activate transcription and, simultaneously, its ability to interact with both TAFII40 and TAFII60. Furthermore, a partial TFIID complex containing Drosophila TATA binding protein (dTBP), human TAFII250, dTAFII60, and dTAFII40 supported activation by a Gal4-p53 fusion protein in vitro, whereas TBP or a subcomplex lacking TAFII40 and TAFII60 did not. Together, these results suggest that TAFII40 and TAFII60 are important targets for transmitting activation signals between p53 and the initiation complex.
Remarks on a limit value of the sound directional diffusion coefficient in rooms

Abstract The analytical form of the Thiele's coefficient of sound field directional diffusion has been derived for the case of a diffuse field existing at the presence of the sound source. The derived formula gives the largest value of the coefficient which can be expected in the room of the assumed acoustical absorption, at the given distance from the sound source. The value of the coefficient has also been estimated for real conditions by means of the sound field numerical model based on the ray method. It has been shown that at the non-uniform distribution of sound-absorbing materials in a room, for example in a full concert hall, sound field diffusion is significantly smaller than that resulting from the commonly assumed statistical nature of the sound field in rooms.
Optimizing the sample size and the retention parameters to achieve maximum production rates for enantiomers in chiral chromatography.

The optimum experimental conditions (sample size and mobile phase composition) are calculated for maximum production rate of either one of two enantiomers contained in feeds of different compositions (1/1, 1/10, and 10/1). The products are obtained at 99% purity. The calculations use the equilibrium-dispersive model of chromatography and the equilibrium isotherms determined experimentally from the rear, diffuse boundary of overloaded elution profiles. The production rate measured experimentally under the optimum conditions calculated agree with 4% of the calculated values. There is an optimum value for the retention factor which is higher than predicted by a model assuming constant separation factor, because both separation factor and retention decrease with increasing organic solvent concentration in the mobile phase. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Wideband EM coupler/applicator design and characterization for the clinical benchmarking tests of microwave stethoscope (MiSt)

The MiSt is a novel non-invasive vital signs sensor that can simultaneously measure and extract multiple vital signs parameters including the heart rate, respiration rate, heart waveform, and changes in lung water content from a single microwave measurement. The microwave applicator used to couple the microwave signal to the patient's chest and to measure the reflection from various body tissues play an important role in the MiSt operation for detecting multiple vital signs. In this paper, the design and characterization results of four different broadband electromagnetic couplers and their inherent tradeoffs are presented and discussed. It is shown that it is possible to achieve more than 10∶1 bandwidth.
Identification of a Stat Gene That Functions in Drosophila Development

A Drosophila Stat gene (D-Stat) with a zygotic segmental expression pattern was identified. This protein becomes phosphorylated on Tyr-704 when coexpressed in Schneider cells with a Drosophila janus kinase (JAK), Hopscotch (HOP). The phosphorylated protein binds specifically to the consensus sequence TTCCCGGAA. Suppressor mutations of hopTum-I, a dominant hyperactive allele of hop whose phenotype is hematocyte overproduction and tumor formation, were selected. One of these mutants, statHJ, mapped to the same chromosomal region (92E) as does D-Stat, had an incompletely penetrant pair rule phenotype, and exhibited aberrant expression of the pair rule gene even skipped (eve) at the cellular blastoderm stage. Two D-STAT-binding sites were identified within the eve stripe 3 enhancer region. Mutations in either of the STAT-binding sites greatly decreased the stripe 3 expression in transgenic flies. Clearly, the JAK-STAT pathway is connected to Drosophila early development.
Asthma Self-Management is Sub-Optimal in Urban Hispanic and African American/Black Early Adolescents with Uncontrolled Persistent Asthma

Introduction. Youth as young as 11 are given responsibility to manage their asthma. Yet, little is known regarding early adolescents’ asthma self-management behaviors. This study characterizes urban early adolescents’ asthma self-management behaviors and perceived responsibility to manage asthma, exploring demographic differences and examining the relationship between asthma responsibility and disease management. Methods. About 317 Hispanic and African American/Black early adolescents (mean age = 12.71) with persistent, uncontrolled asthma reported prevention and symptom management steps, and responsibility for asthma care. We used Poisson, cumulative logistic, logistic, and linear mixed-effects regression models to assess the relationships among demographic predictors, prevention and management behaviors, and responsibility for asthma care. Results. Fifty percent took 7–9 prevention steps; few saw physicians when asymptomatic or took daily medication. When symptomatic, 92% used medication to treat sympto...
Apomorphine priming alters the response of striatal outflow pathways to D2 agonist stimulation in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats

Abstract Chronic treatment with dopaminergic agonists is associated with response fluctuations to L-dihydroxyphenylalanine in Parkinson's disease and enhanced motor activity to D 1 and D 2 dopamine agonists in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway. In dopamine-depleted rodents this phenomenon has been referred to as “priming” or reverse tolerance. The neurochemical changes that underlie “priming” of dopaminergic agonist responses are poorly understood. Some aspects of priming of D 1 agonist-mediated rotation in the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat have been characterized, but priming of D 2 -agonist-dependent motor responses has been less thoroughly studied. In this study, examination of rotational behaviour and induction of Fos-like immunoreactivity were used to investigate changes in the striatal outflow systems in response to treatment with the D 2 agonist quinpirole in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats that had been primed with apomorphine. Administration of apomorphine (0.5 mg/kg; three injections at three to six day intervals) permitted an otherwise inactive dose of quinpirole (0.25 mg/kg) to produce robust contralateral rotation and to induce the expression of Fos in striatal neurons belonging to the striato-nigro-entopeduncular (“direct”) pathway. The increase in contralateral rotation and ipsilateral striatal Fos expression following administration of quinpirole to apomorphine-primed rats was mediated by a D 2 -like receptor and did not appear to be due to a change in sensitivity of D 2 receptors. Apomorphine priming also enhanced the ability of quinpirole to induce Fos expression in the globus pallidus, a target of the striatopallidal (“indirect”) pathway. Western blot analysis confirmed that treatment with quinpirole induced the expression of c-Fos protein with no change in the expression of 35–37,000 mol. wt Fos-related antigens in apomorphine-primed rats treated with water or quinpirole. Induction of Fos expression in the striatum generally results from blockade of D 2 receptors and the striato-nigro-entopeduncular pathway preferentially expresses D 1 receptors. Thus, the quinpirole-dependent induction of striatal Fos in apomorphine-primed 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats represents a qualitative alteration in striatal outflow. These studies demonstrate that pretreatment of 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats with apomorphine increases the activity of the “direct” and “indirect” striatal outflow pathways in response to D 2 receptor stimulation. These changes have the net result of enhancing thalamocortical activity and likely underlie the enhanced contralateral rotation produced by quinpirole in apomorphine-primed rats. Changes in striatal outflow, particularly in the striato-nigro-entopeduncular pathway, may contribute to alterations in D 2 -dependent motor responses observed after chronic dopaminergic stimulation in the dopamine-depleted striatum.
Socioeconomic Disparity in Use of Eye Care Services Among US Adults With Age-Related Eye Diseases: National Health Interview Survey, 2002 and 2008

Importance Individuals with age-related eye disease (ARED) need to use eye care services for detection, assessment, and care at regular intervals. Objective To explore the association between socioeconomic position (SEP) and use of eye care services among US adults with self-reported ARED during 2002 and 2008. Design Data were from the National Health Interview Survey 2002 and 2008. We used multiple logistic regression to estimate predictive margins, controlling for other factors, and we used the slope index of inequality to measure the relationship between SEP and use of eye care services across the entire distributions of poverty-income ratio (PIR) and educational attainment. Setting A cross-sectional, nationally representative sample of adults, with prevalence estimates weighted to represent the civilian, noninstitutionalized US population. Participants The sample included US participants in the 2002 (n = 3586) and the 2008 (n = 3104) National Health Interview Survey who were at least 40 years old and reported any ARED (age-related macular degeneration, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, or glaucoma). Main Outcomes and Measures Use of eye care services; SEP was measured by the PIR and educational attainment. Results In 2002, persons with ARED and a PIR of less than 1.50 were significantly less likely than those with a PIR of at least 5 to report visiting an eye care provider (62.7% vs 80.1%; P P P P P = .006), and in 2008, it showed a significant difference for eye care provider visits across the levels of educational attainment (25.2; P = .049) and PIR (21.8; P = .01). Conclusions and Relevance Significant differences in the use of eye care services by SEP persist among US adults with eye diseases.
A social status perspective of network utility over electronic channels in academic communities

Early research on the social implications of e-mail has promoted the role of electronic communication channels in fostering social equality and reducing gaps between the social classes. Follow-up studies, however, suggest that people continue to rely on social cues in electronic communication as a way of dealing with uncertainties and reducing feelings of discomfort associated with unfamiliar contexts. Based on a review of the Social Cognitive Theory, social status and electronic communication literatures, along with the results of a previous qualitative study, we propose a formal model that indicates how self-perceptions of social status are related to the use of e-mail and the acquisition of social resources over electronic channels. The model is tested using data collected from 206 faculty members in a major U.S. university. The empirical results support the proposed model implying that self-perceptions of social status influence social assertiveness, which in turn reinforces the use of e-mail to seek help and acquire social resources from others. The use of e-mail for the acquisition of social resources is associated with a socially diverse network whose contacts are perceived to acquire valuable information and to extend instrumental support for career development. Implications are drawn for both theory and practice.
Matrix converter with a series Z-source

Series Z-source network, an expansion of the popular concept of Z-source dc link, was originally proposed for boosting the output voltage of power electronic inverters. In this paper, that idea is extended onto a three-phase indirect matrix converter. The converter is based on the ultra-sparse matrix topology characterized by the minimum number of semiconductor switches. The series Z-source network is placed between the three-switch input rectifier stage and the six-switch output inverter stage in either the positive or negative rail. A brief shoot-through state produces the voltage boost. The inrush current and Z-source capacitor's voltage stress are reduced. An optimal pulse width modulation technique was developed for higher boosting capability of the converter and minimization of switching losses.
Methods in Peat Petrology and their Application to Reconstruction of Paleoenvironments

In order to reconstruct the environments of peat deposition in southern Florida and to better understand the coal-forming processes, it was necessary to improve the techniques for collecting and analyzing modern phytogenic sediments. The need for minimizing compaction and distortion of organic sediments during field sampling required the development of a modified piston corer. The partial vacuum created by such a piston reduces compaction and holds the sediment in proper position in the coring tubes on the downstroke as well as during the uplift. Relatively undistorted microtome sections (15μ thick) were cut from oriented samples of peat impregnated with paraffin. By comparison with reference slides of modern plant tissues, it was possible to identify the genera and sometimes the species of plants contributing to the peat even though there were only much-altered fragments of these plants present. Vertically oriented sections are especially useful, because they can be easily compared with thin sections of coals. The method proved successful for study of peats of many different compositions and textures. A field test of the environmental interpretations made from oriented microtome sections showed a very good correspondence between actual surface environments and environments which had been predicted solely from analysis of microtome sections of surface peat. However, describing the vegetation in terms of the relative proportions of particular species proved to be more speculative. A relatively close correspondence was also exhibited between paleoecological interpretations made from oriented microtome sections of peat and those made by palynologic analyses. However, each method has its advantages, and interpretations based on the combined data of both methods are superior to those obtained by using either one alone.
General Bang-Bang Control Method for Lorentz Augmented Orbits

Anorbital control framework is developed for theLorentz augmented orbit. A spacecraft carrying an electrostatic chargemoves through the geomagnetic field. The resulting Lorentz force is used in the general control framework to evolve the spacecraft’s orbit. The controller operateswith a high degree and order spherical-harmonicmagneticfield model by partitioning the space of latitude in a meaningful way. The partitioning reduces the complexity of the problem to amanageable level. A successful maneuver developed within this bang-off control framework results in a combined orbital plane change and orbit raising. The cost of this maneuver is in electrical power. Reductions in the power usage, at the expense of longermaneuver times, are obtained by using information about local plasma density.
Estimation of Exposure Time Distributions

In many demographic analyses, such as the assessment of environmental cancer risks, one may be interested not only in the age-by-state distribution of the population but also in the distribution of the population by time spent in a given state. States can represent geographic areas, marital statuses, labor force participation, or states of epidemiologic exposure. Recursive formulas for the calculation of the distribution of the population according to exposure time are derived under time-invariant state transition rates. Although populations can have identical growth rates and identical age-by-state distributions, they can have very different distributions by exposure time. An application to the analysis of carcinogenic exposure states is given, using data from Finland. The effect of population heterogeneity on the estimated exposure time distributions is studied.
Characterizing trophic ecology of generalist consumers: a case study of the invasive lionfish in The Bahamas

Population sizes of generalist consumers are increasing in many ecosystems because of various human activities, and it is critical to understand the trophic role of these generalist spe- cies if we are to predict how they may affect food web structure and ecosystem function. Lionfish Pterois volitans/miles have spread throughout the Western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico and they may have significant effects on native faunal communities. We characterized the trophic ecology of lionfish in back reef habitats on Abaco Island, Bahamas, drawing on recently developed analyt- ical tools that employ both direct diet information and stable isotope data. Although δ 15 N and δ 13 C bi-plot data appeared to suggest substantial niche overlap with native gray snapper and school- master snapper, Bayesian analytical tools suggested differences in core isotopic niches among the species. This was consistent with direct diet information, as lionfish fed almost exclusively on small prey fishes and snapper fed more commonly on crustaceans. When combining empirical iso- tope and diet data in a simulation model, individual lionfish appear to be more specialized in their diets than schoolmaster snapper. We suggest that this pattern may be driven by high site-fidelity of lionfish, in conjunction with distinct prey assemblages at the patch scale. Lionfish are widely considered to be generalist predators, and our data reveal aspects of this trophic generality that must be considered as the role of lionfish in their invaded habitats continues to be examined.
A case of neonatal Jeune syndrome expanding the phenotype

Key Clinical Message We report the case of a premature, very low birth weight, newborn with stigmata of Jeune syndrome, a rare skeletal dysplasia, and marked renal involvement (i.e. remarkable prenatal oligohydramnios, histologic nephronophthisis-like pattern, macroscopic renal cysts, and renal failure), expanding the phenotype consistent with the continuum of syndromic ciliopathies.
Amyloid-beta peptide degradation in cell cultures by mycoplasma contaminants.

Background Cell cultures have become an indispensable tool in Alzheimer's disease research for studying amyloid-β (Aβ) metabolism. It is estimated that up to 35% of cell cultures in current use are infected with various mycoplasma species. In contrast with common bacterial and fungal infections, contaminations of cell cultures with mycoplasmas represent a challenging issue in terms of detectability and prevention. Mycoplasmas are the smallest and simplest self-replicating bacteria and the consequences of an infection for the host cells are variable, ranging from no apparent effect to induction of apoptosis.
Microbial immobilization of ammonium and nitrate in relation to ammonification and nitrification rates in organic and conventional cropping systems

Agricultural systems that receive high or low organic matter (OM) inputs would be expected to differ in soil nitrogen (N) transformation rates and fates of ammonium (NH4 ) and nitrate (NO3 ). To compare NH4 availability, competition between nitrifiers and heterotrophic microorganisms for NH4 , and microbial NO3 assimilation in an organic vs. a conventional irrigated cropping system in the California Central Valley, chemical and biological soil assays, 15 N isotope pool dilution and 15 N tracer techniques were used. Potentially mineralizable N (PMN) and hot minus cold KCl-extracted NH4 as indicators of soil N supplying capacity were measured five times during the tomato growing season. At mid-season, rates of gross ammonification and gross nitrification after rewetting dry soil were measured in microcosms. Microbial immobilization of NO3 and NH4 was estimated based on the uptake of 15 N and gross consumption rates. Gross ammonification, PMN, and hot minus cold KCl-extracted NH4 were approximately twice as high in the organically than the conventionally managed soil. Net estimated microbial NO3 assimilation rates were between 32 and 35% of gross nitrification rates in the conventional and between 37 and 46% in the organic system. In both soils, microbes assimilated more NO3 than NH4 . Heterotrophic microbes assimilated less NH4 than NO3 probably because NH4 concentrations were low and competition by nitrifiers was apparently strong. The high OM input organic system released NH4 in a gradual manner and, compared to the low OM input conventional system, supported a more active microbial biomass with greater N demand that was met mainly by NO3 immobilization.
Individuality as Ideology and the Possibilities of Resistance

This paper tracks the pervasive appeal to individuality as a basis for blame ascription and moral responsibility. It is argued that the reification of individual responsibility has politically pernicious effects. In particular, atomization of the individual undermines possibilities of collective resistance. Indeed, the atomized postulate of critical thought serves to reinforce dominant ideology regarding blame, responsibility, and individual efficacy. By reviewing the work of William Connolly and Frantz Fanon, it is argued that ascriptions of individual blame function as colonial control mechanisms that isolate and decontextualize the occurrence of violence. While this first set of insights is not entirely novel, I argue that appeal to the isolated individual is not restricted to early modern or colonial thought. Rather, recent critical thinkers such as Louis Althusser and Michel De Certeau continue to appeal to the atomized individual as a basis for resistance. I criticize these authors for the contention that resistance can spontaneously emerge ex nihilo. In particular, given Althusser's commitment to ideological state apparatuses (ISAs), the atomized individual is inconsistent with his postulation of individual 'heroes' and as all individuals operate within prevailing ISAs. By appealing to what Fanon calls the lumpenproletariat, I recommend a historicized and properly contextualized conception of resistance that can explain the possibility of genuine resistance.
Two pulses of diversification across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in a montane Mexican bird fauna

Understanding the evolutionary history of the species in a particular region provides insights into how that fauna was formed. Of particular interest to biogeographers is examining the impact a geographical barrier had in generating temporal genetic diversity among codistributed species. We examined the impact a major New World barrier, the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (IT) in southern Mexico, had on a regional bird fauna. Specifically, genetic data from 10 montane-forest bird taxa were analysed using approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) to test the hypothesis of simultaneous intraspecific diversification at the IT. Because effective population size (Ne) has the greatest impact on coalescent times, thereby affecting tests of divergence among codistributed taxa, we chose priors for both current and ancestral Ne using empirical estimates of theta. The ABC method detected two discrete diversification events. Subsequent analysis with the number of diversification events constrained to two suggests that four taxa diverged in an older event, with the remaining six diverging more recently. Application of a range of mutation rates from 2.0 to 5.0% Myr−1 places both events within the Pleistocene or Late Pliocene, suggesting that fluctuations in montane habitat induced by climate cycles and a late Pliocene seaway may have fractured this montane bird fauna. The results presented here suggest this avian fauna responded in a relatively concerted fashion over the last several million years.
Opening the Window for Reform: Mandates, Crises, and Extraordinary Policy-Making

Under what conditions are governments within established democratic political systems willing and able to launch ambitious reform programs? In other words, what conjunctural factors generally serve to open the “window” for reform? The central argument of this article is that extraordinary policy-making generally becomes possible only when a macro-window is opened by a government's achievement of an impressive mandate and/or by the onset of a severe socioeconomic crisis. The mandate-reform hypothesis is tested with data from Britain, France, and the United States, then the significance of both mandates and crises is demonstrated through an analysis of eight “reform government” case studies ranging from the New Deal to Thatcher's Britain.
Serving the Disabled Gifted through Educational Collaboration

Background information on gifted learners with disabilities is provided with the focus on learning disabled and physically impaired students. The need for collaborative interventions to meet the needs of these students is discussed and then a collaborative/consultation model is described. A brief summary looks at what we know, think we know, and need to know about meeting the needs of gifted students with disabilities.
A physics-based distributed collaborative design process for military aerospace vehicle development and technology assessment

This manuscript presents a design exploration and technology assessment process for military aerospace vehicles. The new process utilises physics-based analyses and a distributed collaborative computational environment to predict vehicle performance which in turn is used in mission level simulations to assess the impact of a given configuration or technology on the combat effectiveness of a system. The new process will be executable within the same time and resource constraints of the traditional process. This enables AFRL technology developers to have a quantifiable and traceable trail of the impact of their technologies on system performance parameters such as weight, lift, and drag into terms that Air Force leadership uses to measure system effectiveness – lethality, survivability, sustainability, and affordability. This leads to well informed decisions concerning technology investment and achievable capabilities.
TrzN from Arthrobacter aurescens TC1 Is a Zinc Amidohydrolase

TrzN, the broad-specificity triazine hydrolase from Arthrobacter and Nocardioides spp., is reportedly in the amidohydrolase superfamily of metalloenzymes, but previous studies suggested that a metal was not required for activity. To help resolve that conundrum, a double chaperone expression system was used to produce multimilligram quantities of functionally folded, recombinant TrzN. The TrzN obtained from Escherichia coli (trzN) cells cultured with increasing zinc in the growth medium showed corresponding increases in specific activity, and enzyme obtained from cells grown with 500 μM zinc showed maximum activity. Recombinant TrzN contained 1 mole of Zn per mole of TrzN subunit. Maximally active TrzN was not affected by supplementation with most metals nor by EDTA, consistent with previous observations (E. Topp, W. M. Mulbry, H. Zhu, S. M. Nour, and D. Cuppels, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:3134-3141, 2000) which had led to the conclusion that TrzN is not a metalloenzyme. Fully active native TrzN showed a loss of greater than 90% of enzyme activity and bound zinc when treated with the metal chelator 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid. While exogenously added zinc or cobalt restored activity to metal-depleted TrzN, cobalt supported lower activity than did zinc. Iron, manganese, nickel, and copper did not support TrzN activity. Both Zn- and Co-TrzN showed different relative activities with different s-triazine substrates. Co-TrzN showed a visible absorption spectrum characteristic of other members of the amidohydrolase superfamily replaced with cobalt.
Missing Links: The Case for a Social Psychology of the Life Course

The major purpose of this discussion is to demonstrate that the knowledge base has suffered as a result of insufficient cross-fertilization of social-psychological and life course/aging perspectives. The central focus of the article is identification of research issues of interest to life course and aging scholars that would be enriched by increased attention to social-psychological principles and, conversely, identification of social-psychological research topics that would be advanced by increased attention to life course and aging issues.
How system architectures impede interoperability

Interoperability problems arise when complex software systems are constructed by integrating distinct, and often heterogeneous, components. By performing interoperability analysis on the software architecture design of the system and its components, potential incompatibilities can be anticipated early in the design process. In this paper, we focus on an application’s structural requirements as reflected in values of particular architectural characteristics, describing how they can be incompatible with individual component system properties.
Observations on the Distribution of Ichthyoplankton within the Saco River Estuary System

Determining planktonic larval species composition and abundance data can serve to elucidate local patterns of distribution, determine an area's importance as a nursery ground, and help clarify broad-scale trends of adult distribution and spawning ranges. Although the Saco River and estuary is the fourth largest water- way system in Maine, this ecosystem has remained relatively unstudied over the last thirty years, and research describing the temporal ichthyoplankton composition and distribution is virtually absent. The present study examined the structure of the ichthyoplankton community and determined the temporal and spatial variation in species diversity and abundance within the Saco Bay estuary system. Weekly sam- pling trips during the months of June, July, and August in 2007 revealed ten species of ichthyoplankton present in the study area. Ulvaria subbifurcata (Radiated Shanny) and Tautogolabrus adsperus (Cunner) dominated the abundance data followed by Hippoglossoides platessoides (American Plaice) and Myoxocephalus octodecims- pinosus (Longhorn Sculpin).