cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Precipitation of Iron in Polycrystalline Silicon

A systematic study is performed of the precipitation of interstitial iron in polycrystalline silicon for photovoltaic applications. The material is grown by the edge-defined, film-fed ribbon growth (EFG) technique and intentionally contaminated with iron at high temperature. Comparing different grains of the same ribbon, the iron precipitation rate is found to correlate directly with the carrier diffusion length. The precipitation rate is much greater than can be explained by the observed dislocation density. In high-oxygen EFG silicon, iron precipitation kinetics show that an order of magnitude increase in dislocation concentration, from 5 × 106 to 5 × 107 cm−2, does not significantly increase the rate of iron precipitation over that observed in dislocation-free standard EFG material. These results indicate that a high concentration of hitherto unidentified bulk defects exists in EFG material, which act as nucleation sites for iron precipitation, and might limit the carrier lifetime in this material. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wird uber die Ausscheidungen von interstitiellem Fe in poly-kristallinem Silizium berichtet. Das Ausgangsmaterial wird nach dem “edge-defined, film-fed ribbon growth” (EFG) Verfahren gezogen und zusatzlich bei hohen Temperaturen mit Fe diffundiert. Aus dem Vergleich verschiedener Korner desselben Materials ergibt sich, das die Ausscheidungsrate von Fe direkt mit der Diffusionslange der Ladungstrager korreliert ist. Die deutlich erhohte Rate kann nicht mit der ermittelten Versetzungsdichte erklart werden. In EFG Silizium mit hohem Sauerstoffgehalt wird anhand der Fe Ausscheidungskinetik gefunden, das die Ausscheidungsrate von Fe durch eine Erhohung der Versetzungsdichte um eine Grosenordnung (von 5 × 106 zu 5 × 107 cm−2) nicht signifikant uber den Wert von versetzungsfreiem Standardmaterial verandert wird. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, das in EFG Kristallen eine hohe Konzentration von bisher unbekannten Defekten existiert, die als Ausscheidungszentren fur Fe agieren und daher moglicherweise die Ladungstragerlebensdauer in diesen Materialien begrenzen.
Study of skeletal muscle glycogenolysis and glycolysis in chronic steroid myopathy, non-steroid histochemical type-2 fiber atrophy, and denervation.

Abstract Objective: Muscle biopsies from chronic steroid (glucocorticoid) myopathy, non-steroid histochemical type-2 fiber atrophy, and muscle denervation patients were studied to determine if their glycogen contents, or enzymes involved in glycogenolysis and glycolysis might be related to their fiber atrophy. Design and methods: Fast frozen muscle biopsies from the above patients and from patients later judged by histochemistry to be normal were assayed enzymatically for glycogen content, for enzymes involved in glycogenolysis, and for 6 of the enzymes involved in glycolysis. Results and conclusion: All three groups of patients had glycogen content, but only the chronic steroid myopathy muscle had statistically less glycogen content than did normal human muscle. All 3 groups had statistically low mean values compared to normal muscles for glycogen phosphorylase activity. This suggests that the biosynthesis and phosphorolysis of glycogen are not involved in muscle fiber atrophy, and glucocorticoid administration does not activate muscle glycogen biosynthesis. Histochemical type-2 fiber atrophy muscles were low compared to normal muscles in three glycogenolysis enzyme activities plus four glycolysis enzyme activities. Muscles from denervation patients were low compared to normal muscles in three glycogenolysis enzyme activities plus five glycolysis enzyme activities. This suggests that muscle denervation may lower the rate of glycolysis enough to fail to provide sufficient pyruvate for mitochondrial ATP biosynthesis, resulting in insufficient protein biosynthesis in both fiber types.
The Effect of Freezing on the Amino Acid Content of Fried Chicken

Abstract Ambler (1929) reported that amino acids could be destroyed through condensation with accompanying aldehydes. The reaction occurred when the medium containing the two was heated (but not boiled) and the aldehydes were not removed rapidly. Schonberg and Moubacker (1952), in reporting on the Strecker degradation of amino acids, found that the fate of the amino acids depends upon the nature of the carbonyl compound involved. Ballance (1961) reported that degradation of methionine could be responsible for some of the volatile sulphur compounds detected in the odor of nonirradiated foods. Swanson and Sloan (1953) invested protein changes in frozen poultry and reported that freezing changed the amount of amino nitrogen. Colombo and Gervasini (1958) found changes in several amino acids when they compared fresh, refrigerated and frozen meat samples. Miller et al. (1965) found that, with only a few exceptions, free amino acid content of dark meat was greater than that…
Evidence for an intracytoplasmic membrane in the core of spores ofBacillus popilliae

Die Arbeit bringt den elektronenmikroskopischen Beweis fur das Bestehen einer intracytoplasmatischen Membran im Cytoplasma (‘core’) der Sporen vonBacillus popilliae.
Clinical reasoning, looking back

Expert clinical reasoning is a vital skill for occupational therapists, particularly in today's rapidly changing health care environment. Clinical reasoning may be the strongest building block of the profession as it diversifies and grows to meet the challenges of the new millennium. Therefore, it is a critical time to continue the research to understand, further develop, and expand occupational therapy's knowledge of clinical reasoning. This article describes the development of the occupational therapy clinical reasoning process and compares it to that of medicine and nursing.
Biochemical standards of health: I.V. three-hour oral glucose tolerance test

The present physiologic blood glucose ranges for the three-hour oral glucose tolerance test are based upon the means and two standard deviations of a presumably healthy population. An attempt is made in this report to analyze the blood glucose status of a group of dental practitioners and their wives according to traditional methods. These same data are reexamined by a technique which permits the identification of the blood glucose scores in a relatively healthier subgroup of the entire sample. The findings suggest that, in the relatively symptomless and signfree individual, the blood glucose range is more narrow than conventionally held.
Premature vascular calcification in a case of POEMS syndrome.

Abstract A patient with classical POEMS syndrome associated with a myeloproliferative disorder is presented, in whom extensive arterial calcification was seen at an early age in the absence of other predisposing factors. Radiograps also demonstrated several small discrete sclerotic foci elsewhere in the skeleton and areas of new bone formation around the spine which were described in previous cases. Histological studies in this patient demonstrated an osteosclerotic solitary plasmacytoma of bone and Castleman's disease of lymph nodes, both of which have previously been causally associated with POEMS syndrome. In addition, dermal infiltration by mast cells was demonstrated.
Prevalence and Correlates of Screen-Based Media Use Among Youths with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Anecdotal reports indicate that individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are often preoccupied with television, computers, and video games (screen-based media). However, few studies have examined this issue. The current study examined screen-based media use among a large, nationally representative sample of youths participating in the National Longitudinal Transition Study—2 (NLTS2). The majority of youths with ASD (64.2%) spent most of their free time using non-social media (television, video games), while only 13.2% spent time on social media (email, internet chatting). Compared with other disability groups (speech/language impairments, learning disabilities, intellectual disabilities), rates of non-social media use were higher among the ASD group, and rates of social media use were lower. Demographic and symptom-specific correlates were also examined.
Personality characteristisc of the female alcoholic

Utilized the Personal Reaction Inventory (PRI-100) on a sample of 47 hospitalized female alcoholics and a control group of 47 individually matched nonalcoholic Ss. A measure of drinking behavior was established by the Volume Variability Index (V/V) administered to each S immediately prior to the administration of the PRI-100. A test-retest experimental design over a 2-week period yielded an average reliability coefficient of 0.88 for the PRI-100. The findings show that the personality characteristics associated with Assertive Antisocial Behavior, one of the factors of the PRI-100, are valuable predictors of drinking behavior. The two other personality factors of the PRI-100, Lack of Order and Lively Social Presence, were found to be unrelated to drinking behavior and therefore inadequate predictors.
Kinetics of luminescence of isoelectronic rare-earth ions in III-V semiconductors.

In this work we have developed a kinetics model of energy transfer from the host lattice to the localized core excited states of rare-earth isoelectronic structured traps (REI traps). The presence of lowlying empty core orbitals in rare-earth impurities introduces new excitation and recombination phenomena. To adequately describe the energy transfer to a REI trap, the buildup and decay kinetics of rare-earth luminescence, we consider six separate states of the REI impurity (unoccupied, electron occupied, electron occupied excited, exciton occupied, excited electron occupied, and excited exciton occupied)
Effects of diets rich in saturated fatty acids with or without added cholesterol on plasma lipids and lipoproteins

Semi-synthetic diet I which contained 16% hydrogenated coconut oil and 5% cholesterol, and diet II, identical to I but without cholesterol supplement, were fed to dogs for four months to determine the effects of added cholesterol on lipemia produced by diets high in saturated fatty acids (FA) and lacking essential FA. In addition, diet I was fed to another group of dogs for 12 to 16 months. The initiation of lipemia was very similar in all experimental animals. Plasma from dogs on diets I and II showed significant increases in lipid concentration and changes in FA per cent composition within the first week, as compared to controls, while during the first month there was no difference in lipid concentration or FA distribution in all lipid fractions between I and II. At the 10th and 16th weeks plasma total and free cholesterol and phospholipid were significantly higher in the group on diet I, with the cholesterol supplement, than on diet II with no added cholesterol, but there was no difference in triglyceride concentration between these groups. Dogs on diet I for 12 to 16 months showed a further and substantial increase in plasma FA concentration; these changes were most marked in cholesteryl esters. Little or no lipoprotein with electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal properties of alpha-lipoprotein was present in the plasma. Immunotechniques showed that it was present. The composition of dietary FA had great influence in producing this hyperlipemia. Lipemia produced was not a simple reflection of the FA in these diets as evidenced by the increase in some FA, e.g., C16∶1, which was absent in the experimental diets and C18∶1, which contributed only 3.4% of the FA. Large increases in palmitoleate and oleate indicate synthesis or mobilization or both from other tissues. Diets composed predominantly of saturated medium chain length fatty acids, with or without added cholesterol were equally effective in the initiation of hyperlipemia. Data also suggest that added cholesterol is necessary for sustaining hyperlipemia.
Assay of cardiolipin peroxidation by high-performance liquid chromatography

Commercial preparations of bovine cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycerol) in chloroform solution contain substantial amounts of oxidation products. These oxidized derivatives, characterized by the presence of varying amounts of hydroperoxides and conjugated dienes, can be separated from unoxidized cardiolipin by normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using UV detection. When purified cardiolipin is subjected to autoxidation in aqueous media, oxidation products of similar HPLC properties are produced. Storage of cardiolipin in chloroform induces both autoxidation and hydrolysis whereas storage in ethanol and other solvents does not. It is recommended not to use chloroform for the long-term storage of cardiolipin.
Modeling the Pacific Ocean

Two numerical models utilizing primitive equations two momentum equations and a mass continuity equation simulate the oceanography of the Pacific Ocean from 20Â°S to 50Â°N. Results show Kelvin waves thousands of kilometers long propagating from the equator to the northeast Pacific Ocean. Kelvin waves are very long waves that propagate along the equator and along solid boundaries with the boundary to their right. They are important to simulations of ocean circulation along the North American coast because they carry information at seasonal and longer periods from the equator poleward. Modeling an extensive region such as the Pacific Ocean with adequate two-dimensional resolution places heavy demands on computer memory and storage. We have found that the best way to examine the abundant model data is through visualization, by animating the appro priate model fields and viewing the time history of each model simulation as a color movie. The animations are used as research products to aid our understanding of ocean circulation. Several animations are reproduced in the accompanying video.
Film and Video

Film reviewed in this issue. In the Wilderness of a Troubled Genre: Conversations with Ethnographic Filmmakers 2000–2012 John Melville Bishop
Constrained efficient global optimization with support vector machines

This paper presents a methodology for constrained efficient global optimization (EGO) using support vector machines (SVMs). While the objective function is approximated using Kriging, as in the original EGO formulation, the boundary of the feasible domain is approximated explicitly as a function of the design variables using an SVM. Because SVM is a classification approach and does not involve response approximations, this approach alleviates issues due to discontinuous or binary responses. More importantly, several constraints, even correlated, can be represented using one unique SVM, thus considerably simplifying constrained problems. In order to account for constraints, this paper introduces an SVM-based "probability of feasibility" using a new Probabilistic SVM model. The proposed optimization scheme is constituted of two levels. In a first stage, a global search for the optimal solution is performed based on the "expected improvement" of the objective function and the probability of feasibility. In a second stage, the SVM boundary is locally refined using an adaptive sampling scheme. An unconstrained and a constrained formulation of the optimization problem are presented and compared. Several analytical examples are used to test the formulations. In particular, a problem with 99 constraints and an aeroelasticity problem with binary output are presented. Overall, the results indicate that the constrained formulation is more robust and efficient.
Predicting performance of face recognition systems: An image characterization approach

Predicting performance of face recognition systems on previously unseen data is very useful for deploying these systems in different places. Different extrinsic and intrinsic factors like illumination, pose, expression, etc. affect matching performance of even the best of face recognition algorithms. This makes it difficult for one to accurately predict how a system will perform at a new deployment location with novel imaging conditions. With this motivation, we present a novel framework to predict performance of face matching systems on unseen data without the need of subject-wise labeling of images typically necessary for evaluations. The framework relies on learning a mapping from a space characterizing imaging conditions to the score space using Multi-dimensional Scaling. Extensive evaluation on the Multi-PIE data using different algorithms demonstrates the usefulness of the prediction framework. Experiments using training data which is completely different from the test data further justifies the use of the proposed approach for the task of performance prediction.
Discontinuous stabilizing feedback using partially defined Lyapunov functions

We generalize earlier results on the construction of discontinuous feedback laws from smooth but partially defined control Lyapunov functions. The resulting feedback law is continuous at the origin and smooth except on a hypersurface of codimension 1. We provide a formula for the feedback law which is in a sense "universal". The new results presented cover situations where trajectories of the closed loop system switch an infinite number of times between regions where smooth control Lyapunov functions exist. The conditions on the system vector fields can be verified without solving the differential equations and are therefore in the spirit of the "direct" methods of Lyapunov. Using a recently developed formula we are also able to guarantee certain bounds on the feedback controls provided that the Lyapunov property can be satisfied using controls values in the unit ball. >
Ab initio study of hydrogen bonding in the phenol-water system

Three hydrogen-bonded minima on the phenol-water, C6H5OH—H2O, potential energy surface were located with 3–21G and 6–31G** basis sets at both Hartree–Fock and MP2 levels of theory. MP2 binding energies were computed using large “correlation consistent” basis sets that included extra diffuse functions on all atoms. An estimate of the effect of expanding the basis set to the triple-zeta level (multiple f functions on carbon and oxygen and multiple d functions on hydrogen) was derived from calculations on a related prototype system. The best estimates of the electronic binding energies for the three minima are –7.8, –5.0, and –2.0 kcal/mol. The consequences of uncertainties in the geometries and limitations in the level of correlation recovery are analyzed. It is suggested that our best estimates will likely underestimate the complete basis set, full CI values by 0.1–0.3 kcal/mol. Vibrational normal modes were determined for all three minima, including an MP2/6–31G** analysis for the most strongly bound complex. Computational strategies for larger phenol–water complexes are discussed. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Transformative Higher Education: A Meaningful Degree of Understanding

College mission statements often describe learning that is intended to transform students and communities. This study revealed that 35% of participating college students reported experiencing transformative learning as a result of critical reflection on disorienting college experiences. This study explores curricular and pedagogical interventions designed to move critical reflection and perspective transformation from the periphery of higher education curriculum into a central framework for teaching, as an act of intentionality and decision making. These interventions require substantial curriculum and assessment rethinking and redesign from faculty in teacher education programs—as well as faculty of all disciplines—in order for higher education students to earn a meaningful degree of understanding.
Molecular Recognition and Ligand Association

We review recent developments in our understanding of molecular recognition and ligand association, focusing on two major viewpoints: (a) studies that highlight new physical insight into the molecular recognition process and the driving forces determining thermodynamic signatures of binding and (b) recent methodological advances in applications to protein-ligand binding. In particular, we highlight the challenges posed by compensating enthalpic and entropic terms, competing solute and solvent contributions, and the relevance of complex configurational ensembles comprising multiple protein, ligand, and solvent intermediate states. As more complete physics is taken into account, computational approaches increase their ability to complement experimental measurements, by providing a microscopic, dynamic view of ensemble-averaged experimental observables. Physics-based approaches are increasingly expanding their power in pharmacology applications.
Lessons learned from recent moderate earthquakes

The Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) has, since its inception in 1949, conducted postearthquake investigations. The EERI Learning from Earthquakes (LFE) Program activities in the past 11 years have resulted in the development of extensive procedures for mobilizing investigating teams, for conducting postearthquake disaster investigations, and disseminating these lessons. These multidisciplinary studies have been conducted by geoscientists, engineers, architects, planners and social scientists
Peripheral Blood Leukocyte Production of BDNF following Mitogen Stimulation in Early Onset and Regressive Autism

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is critical for neuronal differentiation and synaptic development. BDNF is also implicated in the development of psychological disorders including depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Previously, elevated BDNF levels were observed in neonatal blood samples from infants who were later diagnosed with autism when compared with children who developed normally, suggesting that BDNF may be involved in the development of autism. BDNF is produced by activated brain microglial cells, a cellular phenotype that shares several features with peripheral macrophages, suggesting an important role for the immune system in BDNF production. We hypothesized that under mitogenic stimulation, peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from children with autism may have altered BDNF production compared with age-matched typically developing control subjects. In addition, we examined the differences between the production of BDNF in classic/early-onset autism and children who had a regressive form of autism. We show here that plasma levels of BDNF levels are increased in children with autism, especially in early onset autism subjects. Furthermore, under mitogenic stimulation with PHA and LPS, BDNF production is significantly increased in children with autism compared with typically developing subjects. However, stimulation with tetanus toxoid results in a decreased response in children with autism. This data suggest that immune cell-derived production of BDNF could be an important source for the increased BDNF that is detected in some subjects with autism. As a neurotrophic factor produced by immune cells, BDNF could help elucidate the role of the immune system in neurodevelopment and neuronal maintenance, which may be dysregulated in autism.
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Placenta

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a 41-amino acid neuropeptide identified in the central nervous system as well as in several peripheral tissues. CRH has been found in the placentae of different primates. In humans, CRH can be measured in the maternal circulation, with very high levels as labor approaches, suggesting its usefulness as a marker of the timing of parturition. In this article, the regulation of placental CRH during human pregnancy, its maternal effects, and its putative significance for the fetus are discussed.
Affective symbolism, social norms, and mental illness.

(1956). Affective Symbolism, Social Norms, and Mental Illness. Psychiatry: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 77-85.
Seizure Versus Syncope

A 21-year-old right-handed female presented to clinic with a diagnosis of “seizure disorder.” Birth, labor, delivery, and development were normal. At 14 years of age she experienced her first “blackout.” She was taken to the local Emergency Department (ED) and was diagnosed with syncope. She injured her elbow and was admitted with a normal neurological examination. Following admission, a brain MRI and laboratory testing was normal. Following her discharge, she continued to experience infrequent breakthrough events several times a year usually during stress or missed meals. She was seen by the Epilepsy service and underwent a brain MRI which was normal. An EEG demonstrated “bifrontal polyspikes that are potentially epileptogenic discharges and that are suspicious for a seizure disorder.” Clinical correlation was “strongly advised.” She subsequently was placed on phenytoin (PHT). A recent episode had witnessed “jerking.” Higher doses of PHT titrated to 400 mg nightly resulted in mild intermittent dizziness, blurry vision, and incoordination. She eventually graduated high school with difficulty, though was unable to find employment due to transportation limitations since she did not drive. She became pregnant despite using the birth control pills and had her pregnancy terminated due to the fear of birth defects from her PHT. She was subsequently seen for another opinion.
mHealth Technology: Towards a New Mobile Application for Caregivers of the Elderly Living with Multiple Chronic Conditions (ELMCC)

mHealth (healthcare using mobile technologies) can be a worthy tool in the care, tracking and management of chronic diseases. It also has the potential to enhance the health and the quality of life for the elderly living with multiple chronic conditions (ELMCC), especially ones who depend on others to help care for them. Critical to being able to achieve this potential, however, an application should both support the needed health management tasks and also support people's motivation to use the tool itself. To identify the desired content and features of such a mobile application for caregivers of the ELMCC, a qualitative research study of caregiving and mHealth support tools was conducted. Four focus group sessions with 27 English speaking caregivers were held in the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The data was analyzed with respect to reported functional needs as well as aspects related to motivation or persuasive design. The latter analysis was based on a new synthesis of frameworks of Self-determination theory [1], Fogg's functional role triad [2], and Persuasive system design (PSD) [3,4,5]. Looking at current health tools, we found that software can function as a social actor by providing personal outreach and chat forums and can incorporate persuasive technology through games and virtual rewards, health to-do-lists, and simulations on how to communicate with ELMCC. Participants reported several desired functions including: Calendar, reminders/alerts, charts/graphs, microphone, and display of lab results. No current software appears to address all of the desired aspects predicted by our framework. Findings from the focus groups and our analysis of how software can address their motivational needs should guide the design of better mobile applications for ELMCC caregivers.
Epidemiological analysis of the acute flaccid paralysis cases in Shuyang city in 2006-2009

To further understand the popular features of acute flaccid paralysis(AFP) cases in Shuyang city and to improve the quality of monitoring AFP cases.The AFP case were statistically analyzed according to the case investigation form.The results showed that a total of 28 cases of AFP are reported in 2006-2009 by Shuyang AFP Surveillance System.The mean annual morbidity of AFP cases under the age of 15is 2.31/100 000,67.86% cases occured in children aged 0～4 years.89.29% of cases have undergone the full immunization,reported cases of city level hospital counted for 32.14%.The fecal specimen collection ratio of AFP cases is 100%.The AFP Surveillance system in Shuyang is in a good operating state,but there are also some weak links.The recommendation is made that some measures should be taken to deal with that,just as improving the ability of the primary health care workers to identify the AFP case and the awareness to report in order to eliminate weaknesses and improve the quality of AFP surveillance.
Diagnosing gastrointestinal illnesses using fecal headspace volatile organic compounds

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from stool are the components of the smell of stool representing the end products of microbial activity and metabolism that can be used to diagnose disease. Despite the abundance of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane that have already been identified in human flatus, the small portion of trace gases making up the VOCs emitted from stool include organic acids, alcohols, esters, heterocyclic compounds, aldehydes, ketones, and alkanes, among others. These are the gases that vary among individuals in sickness and in health, in dietary changes, and in gut microbial activity. Electronic nose devices are analytical and pattern recognition platforms that can utilize mass spectrometry or electrochemical sensors to detect these VOCs in gas samples. When paired with machine-learning and pattern recognition algorithms, this can identify patterns of VOCs, and thus patterns of smell, that can be used to identify disease states. In this review, we provide a clinical background of VOC identification, electronic nose development, and review gastroenterology applications toward diagnosing disease by the volatile headspace analysis of stool.
Learning and reachability analysis for stochastic hybrid systems using mixtures of Gaussian processes

Robust and efficient modeling and reachability analysis of stochastic hybrid systems for control and decision is very demanding and challenging task. In this paper, we develop a novel methodology which provides a model of stochastic hybrid systems based on Gaussian Processes. This model uses observed data to update the model in an online fashion. In addition, we provide an efficient reachability analysis methodology that utilizes mixtures of Gaussian Processes to predict the reachable states for a finite horizon. We demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach using a multi-room heating system. Despite dynamic changes in the system parameters, the results show that the model can adapt and efficiently predict the reachable states.
Gossip as Social Control: Informal Sanctions on Ethical Violations in Scientific Workplaces

Research on misconduct in science has largely focused on egregious violations such as fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism. Recent scholarship, however, calls for greater attention to forms of everyday misconduct and how scientists navigate ethical ambiguity when they are unable or unwilling to make formal accusations. Drawing on interview data from 251 physicists and biologists from both elite and non-elite universities and research institutes in the United States, United Kingdom, and India, we find that scientists are often reticent or unable to take formal action against many behaviors they perceive as unethical and irresponsible. As a result, they resort to informal gossip to warn colleagues of transgressors. Many express confidence that such pro-social gossip can serve as a means of social control by tarnishing the reputations of transgressors. Yet its effectiveness as a form of social control is limited, particularly when transgressors enjoy higher status than gossipers. We identify two types and three consequences of such gossip and assess the effectiveness of gossip as a means of social control. Finally, we consider the implications of our study for understanding and decreasing misconduct in science.
Rigorous characterization and analysis of the operating states in a passively mode-locked fiber laser

This work experimentally investigates the full spectrum of operational regimes that exist in a standard nonlinear polarization-rotation-based mode-locked fiber ring laser in order to understand and ultimately control these states within the cavity.
Application of neutral hydrophobic gels in hydrophobic chromatography

The adsorption of different serum proteins was chromatographically measured under standardized conditions. The results show that Sepharose 4B adsorbs serum proteins more strongly than a methyl-substituted sepharose gel (gel 2a). Gels with substituents with chain lengths from C1 to C5 show only relatively low adsorptivity. A protein dependent critical chain length of the substituents with stronger binding forces toward these proteins could be identified. A branching of the substituents and very voluminous groups reduce hydrophobic binding forces. Among the functional end groups investigated in this work, hydrophilic moieties, carboxylate, and cyano groups proved to be low serum protein adsorbing functional chemical groups.
On the role of power-grid and communication-system interdependencies on cascading failures

The mutual functional dependencies between a power grid and its supporting communication system demands that smart grids be studied as a single, electric-cyber system, especially when the reliability of the system is of concern. In this paper, we consider two functional dependencies of power grids on communication networks, namely, state estimation and transmission of critical control signals. Conversely, we consider the dependency of the communication system on the power grid for its power supply. By embedding the coupling effects in the DC power-flow optimization problem, we model the dynamics of cascading failures using successive changes in states of both systems. We show that as the level of dependencies increases severe cascading behavior is observed. Further, we show how the connectivity of the communication system affects the reliability of the power grid.
A Comparison of the Ocean Microbarom Recorded on the Ground and in the Stratosphere

The ocean microbarom is an acoustic signal generated via nonlinear interaction of ocean surface waves. It can propagate for thousands of kilometers and represents a significant infrasonic noise source for ground infrasound stations across the globe. However, wind noise often compromises detections at ground stations. Furthermore, the microbarom may travel in elevated acoustic ducts that do not transmit enough energy for detections on ground stations. Here, the presence of the ocean microbarom on two high altitude balloon flights is investigated. A spectral peak consistent with the microbarom was observed on sensors in the stratosphere but not on those deployed on the ground near the flight path of the balloon. This is probably due to an elevated acoustic duct and/or a superior signal to noise ratio in the stratosphere. Thus, microbarom activity quantified solely with ground based sensors may underestimate the occurrence of the phenomenon. However, high levels of interference from flight system electronics and/other other payloads may have obscured other microbarom episodes during the balloon deployments.
Automatic Composition in Design

About forty years ago, an important revolution took place in engineering design and education. Until that time, engineering practice relied on empirical approximations and rules of thumb for determining design performance. This revolution linked the performance of materials to physical science principles and led to the development of engineering science.
In Nachhaltigkeit investieren: Die Re-Regulierung von Kapitalströmen

Zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts befinden wir uns in einer kritischen Phase in Bezug auf die Zukunft der Weltwirtschaft. Die neo-liberale Agenda, die bis dato als Triebkraft einer neuen globalen Okonomie galt, ist durch zwei „Misserfolge“ in Frage gestellt. Zum einen scheiterten die Verhandlungen uber ein multilaterales Investitionsabkommen (Multilateral Agreement on Investment = MAI). Zum anderen konnte sich die Ministerkonferenz der Welthandelsorganisation (World Trade Organization = WTO) Ende 1999 in Seattle nicht auf eine neue Verhandlungsrunde zur Handelsliberalisierung verstandigen.
Influence of Markets and Forest Composition on Lumber Production in Pennsylvania

In this study, we examine regional differences in the hardwood timber resources of Pennsylvania and how the combined changes in inventory volume, forest composition, and lumber prices have influenced regional lumber production. Isolation of these relationships is important because shifts in lumber production reflect changes in harvesting activity. In turn, harvesting influences long-term forest composition and structure. We define three hardwood regions in Pennsylvania based on forest composition and present a chronology of regional changes in sawtimber volumes, sawtimber composition, and lumber production. Regional changes in hardwood lumber production were found to be positively related to changes in the price of No. 1 Common lumber adjusted for changes in forest composition between 1970 and 1999. This finding supports our contention that regional changes in lumber production are influenced by a combination of changes in interspecies lumber price and changes in species availability.
Calcific Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy-Achilles Repair With Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon Transfer: Case Series and Surgical Technique.

Abstract Calcific insertional Achilles tendinopathy (CIAT) is a relatively common musculoskeletal entity that results in significant pain and disability, as well as posterior muscle group weakness. There is a lack of evidence criteria to support the timing of operative intervention, choice of procedures, or whether equinus requires treatment. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively review 45 patients (48 feet) who have undergone surgical management of CIAT with concomitant posterior muscle group weakness with the single heel rise testing. All patients underwent debridement and repair of the Achilles tendon with reattachment of the Achilles tendon to the calcaneus, ostectomy of the calcaneus, and flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer. Those patients with equinus also underwent gastrocnemius recession. The focus includes patient-reported satisfaction, time to return to normal shoe gear, and the incidence of revision surgery. The overall average of time to weightbearing was 4.3 weeks. After surgery, 73.3% (n = 33) of the 45 patients responded to the following question: “Would you have this surgery done again?” Of these patients, 93.9% (n = 31) responded “Yes” and 6.1% (n = 2) responded “Unsure.” Of the same 33 patients, 84.8% (n = 28) responded that they were “Very Satisfied” with the procedure and 15.2% (n = 5) responded that they were “Satisfied.” Twelve patients (26.7%) did not respond to either question. One of the 12 patients (8.3%) who did not respond had bilateral procedures. None of the patients experienced tendon rupture, deep vein thrombosis, or the need for revision surgery. Four patients (8%) experienced a superficial infection, whereas 1 patient (2%) had development of a deep infection. No correlations were found when looking at the relationship between body mass index and return to weightbearing/normal shoe gear with Spearman analysis.
Racial Differences in Opioid Overdose Deaths in New York City, 2017.

This study evaluates racial differences in opioid overdose deaths in New York City for 2017.
Abstract P416: Objectively Measured Snoring is Not Associated With Maladaptive Arterial Remodeling in Overweight and Obese Adults

Introduction: We previously reported that snoring severity was related to carotid arterial remodeling as characterized by wider inter-adventitial diameter (IAD) and greater intima-media thickness (...
Postoperative complications of S2AI versus iliac screw in spinopelvic fixation: a meta-analysis and recent trends review.

Abstract BACKGROUND CONTEXT Iliac screw constructs have been a major advancement in spinopelvic fixation demonstrating superior biomechanics as compared with earlier pelvic spanning constructs. However, drawbacks such as screw site prominence and wound complication have led to the development of a lower profile S2AI iliac screw. PURPOSE In this study, we aimed to study the differences in complication rates between the traditional iliac and S2AI fixations via a pooled analysis of the available head-to-head comparisons between S2AI and iliac screws. We also aimed to study the iliac screw complications trend over the years particularly with reference to recent modifications in its screw insertion techniques. STUDY DESIGN A meta-analysis with attention to the comparison of patients who underwent iliac screws and S2AI screws was conducted. METHODS The following databases were utilized: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials database. Using the search terms: iliac, iliac bolts, S2AI, sacral 2 alar iliac, sacral two alar iliac, reviewers independently selected eligible studies, analyzed data and evaluated the risk of bias. Data analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 software. RESULT A total of 215 articles were identified, with 6 clinical studies directly comparing outcomes of S2AI pelvic fixation versus iliac screw fixation. A total of 477 patients were included, of which 255 patients (53.5%) underwent S2AI screw and 222 (46.5%) underwent iliac screw fixation. Our pooled analysis favored S2AI screws with regards to postoperative complications of screw prominence (odds ratio [OR]=5.99, 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.168–16.523, p CONCLUSION Spinopelvic fixation is an evolving technique. The results from this study showed that S2AI screws with a lower profile have made a significant impact in reducing complications associated with conventional iliac screws. With recent entry point modification and further advancement in the conventional iliac screw technique, such as the “subcrestal iliac screw technique” which reduces the iliac screw complication rate but avoids S2AI-associated SIJ violation. Further studies may be needed to investigate whether these newer iliac screw techniques can narrow the difference in complication rates between iliac screws and S2AI screw techniques.
Quantity Vs. Quality in Online Marketplaces: The Case of Kiva

This paper studies Kiva, the world’s largest online, peer-to-peer social lending marketplace. We consider two stages in the development of the Kiva marketplace: a growth stage when Kiva was focused on quantity, and a maturity stage when Kiva shifted to emphasize quality (broadly defined). Our starting point is the common hypothesis that marketplace success is driven by network effects which facilitate growth – a quantity focus. We argue, however, that as a marketplace becomes mainstream, it focus shifts to improving quality – creating additional sources of value for users by adding capabilities and improving the user experience. We test this proposition using data from Kiva. Our proposition is supported: while network effects are strong and significant during the early growth phase of the marketplace, they become weak or disappear as the marketplace becomes mainstream. We study the implications of our findings for the deployment, implementation and management of online marketplaces.
Estimation of THD, Harmonic Components and Power Factor in Three-Phase Rectifiers

Three-phase apparatus such as rectifiers and inverters are widely used in industrial applications. To achieve the required performance, these power converters are controlled using digital signal processors (DSPs) that implement relatively complex embedded control software. Along with the mandatory real-time code that controls the switching of the converter, these DSPs also need to measure, compute, estimate, monitor and report other quantities of interest like active and reactive power, rms value of voltages and currents, magnitude of the fundamentals and of the 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th harmonics, total harmonic distortion (THD), power factor etc. Therefore, along with the primary control code that generates switching signals for the converter, the DSP needs software that computes all these quantities and reports or displays them. This paper considers a three-phase rectifier and presents a method to compute the rms value of the line current, the magnitude of the fundamental, the magnitudes of the 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th harmonics, the THD; also, the harmonic power factor, the displacement power factor and the total power factor. The paper shows the mathematics involved as well as simulations. The method can be applied to other three-phase converters.
CHAPTER 12 – FOOD MICROBIOLOGY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the aspects of food microbiology that are related to food quality and safety. The chapter provides an account of the microorganisms responsible for foodborne illness and discusses how handling influences the occurrence of serious disease, which can be unpleasant, fatal, and economically devastating. Major factors that influence the survival and growth of microorganisms include pH; temperature; gases in the environment; moisture content of the food and the atmosphere; water activity; oxidation–reduction potential; available nutrients; and the presence of antimicrobial agents. If microorganisms are detrimental to the quality of the product, then methods to control their growth or to destroy them are based on making the environment of the microorganisms undesirable with respect to these factors. If a microorganism is beneficial, then these factors are controlled to favor growth of the organism.
This Is Us: Discourses of Community Within and Beyond Literacy Research:

In this 2019 presidential address, I reflect on the significance of community across four areas: with youth and in school communities, within literacy teacher education, in community-engaged theori...
Solo Dance in Archaic and Classical Greek Literature: Representing the Unruly Body

“Ancient Greek dance” traditionally evokes images of stately choruses or lively Dionysiac revels – communal acts of performance. This is the first book to look beyond the chorus to the diverse and complex representation of solo dancers in Archaic and Classical Greek literature. It argues that dancing alone signifies transgression and vulnerability in the Greek cultural imagination, as isolation from the chorus marks the separation of the individual from a range of communal social structures. It also demonstrates that the solo dancer is a powerful figure for literary exploration and experimentation, highlighting the importance of the singular dancing body in the articulation of poetic, narrative, and generic interests across Greek literature. Taking a comparative approach and engaging with current work in dance and performance studies, this book reveals the profound literary and cultural importance of the unruly solo dancer in the ancient Greek world.
Combination Therapies for HPV-Associated Malignancies

Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated malignancies cause almost all cases of cervical cancer in women, and a significant percentage of head and neck cancer, together totaling almost 5% of the global cancer burden, and representing an important public health issue. The approval and use of two prophylactic HPV vaccines, Gardasil® and Cervarix®, have significantly decreased infections with HPV, but unfortunately, prophylactic vaccination does not treat established infections or malignancies resulting from HPV. Therefore, therapies for HPV-associated malignancies are necessary to improve the quality of life and survival in patients with these diseases. This review will detail new combinations of therapies in clinical development for HPV-associated malignancies.