cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Practical Guidelines for High-Resolution Epigenomic Profiling of Nucleosomal Histones in Postmortem Human Brain Tissue

Abstract Background The nervous system may include more than 100 residue-specific posttranslational modifications of histones forming the nucleosome core that are often regulated in cell-type-specific manner. On a genome-wide scale, some of the histone posttranslational modification landscapes show significant overlap with the genetic risk architecture for several psychiatric disorders, fueling PsychENCODE and other large-scale efforts to comprehensively map neuronal and nonneuronal epigenomes in hundreds of specimens. However, practical guidelines for efficient generation of histone chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) datasets from postmortem brains are needed. Methods Protocols and quality controls are given for the following: 1) extraction, purification, and NeuN neuronal marker immunotagging of nuclei from adult human cerebral cortex; 2) fluorescence-activated nuclei sorting; 3) preparation of chromatin by micrococcal nuclease digest; 4) ChIP for open chromatin-associated histone methylation and acetylation; and 5) generation and sequencing of ChIP-seq libraries. Results We present a ChIP-seq pipeline for epigenome mapping in the neuronal and nonneuronal nuclei from the postmortem brain. This includes a stepwise system of quality controls and user-friendly data presentation platforms. Conclusions Our practical guidelines will be useful for projects aimed at histone posttranslational modification mapping in chromatin extracted from hundreds of postmortem brain samples in cell-type-specific manner.
Comparative Study of the Calcanea of the Pinnipedia

Calcanea of seals belonging to 16 genera (21 species) are compared and described. Some indices are valuable in separating members of the Otariidae from the Phocidae. Secondary sexual characters are not involved in differentiation of species. A re-examination of the taxonomic position of Mirounga angustirostris and possibly Arctocephalus pusillus should be made. Cystophara cristata has characteristics of the Phocinae as suggested by King.
Monitoring of CoS2 reactions using high-temperature XRD coupled with gas chromatography (GC)

High-temperature X-ray diffraction with concurrent gas chromatography (GC) was used to study cobalt disulfide cathode pellets disassembled from thermal batteries. When CoS2 cathode materials were analyzed in an air environment, oxidation of the K(Br, Cl) salt phase in the cathode led to the formation of K2SO4 that subsequently reacted with the pyrite-type CoS2 phase leading to cathode decomposition between ~260 and 450 °C. Independent thermal analysis experiments, i.e. simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry/mass spectrometry (MS), augmented the diffraction results and support the overall picture of CoS2 decomposition. Both gas analysis measurements (i.e. GC and MS) from the independent experiments confirmed the formation of SO2 off-gas species during breakdown of the CoS2. In contrast, characterization of the same cathode material under inert conditions showed the presence of CoS2 throughout the entire temperature range of analysis.
Peroxide passivation technology for chemical cleaning drum boiler

To expound the advantage of alkaline peroxide passivation technology in the boiler Chemical-cleaning's passivation.The economical and clean alkaline peroxide passivation technology is the certain trend of drum boiler chemical-cleaning's passivation technology.
Discussion about the Characteristics and Methods of EMBA Teaching

The method of EMBA teaching must suit the characteristics of EMBA teaching In this article,case－teaching,simulation－teaching,project－benefit－teaching,question－answering teach－ing and contract－teaching are most suitable for the demand of the EMBA teaching．
Analysis of bacterial food poisoning of Haining from 2004 to 2009

Objective:Investigation of food poisoning pathogen pollution in recent years of the city,to provide a scientific basis for the sampling of food poisoning incidents,testing and prevention.Methods: Reference to the GB/T 4789 method,isolated and identified pathogens of specimens.Results:Among 41 food poisoning incident,the detection rate was82.9%,the highest for the detection was Vibrio parahaemolyticus,accounting for 43.9%,followed by Salmonella and pathogenic Escherichia coli,accounting for 14.6% and 7.3%.Food poisoning occurred mainly in the second quarter and third quarter,and accounted for 46.3% and 31.7%.Conclusion:The main pathogen of food poisoning in our city was Vibrio parahaemolyticus which occured in the second and third quarter,the incidence in rural areas than cities,it need do a good job of prevention and advocacy efforts.
Nursing care of elderly persons throughout the cancer experience. A quality of life framework.

The nursing profession is becoming more involved with an increasing number of persons who are living longer and who are developing cancer. Older patients with cancer have complex clinical care needs that require integration of gerontologic and oncologic nursing principles. Cancer nursing gerontology, the scientific study of nursing care for older adults during a cancer experience, is emerging as nurse clinicians, educators, and researchers begin to identify the specific needs, concerns, and problems of this patient population.
Cancer metabolism: cross talk between signaling and O-GlcNAcylation.

Abstract Cancer cells exhibit a unique metabolic shift to aerobic glycolysis that has been exploited diagnostically and therapeutically in the clinic. Oncogenes and tumor suppressors alter signaling pathways that lead to alterations of glycolytic flux. Stemming from glycolysis, the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway leads to elevated posttranslational addition of O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) on a diverse population of nuclear and cytosolic proteins, many of which regulate signaling pathways. This unit outlines techniques used to detect metabolic alterations in cancer cells, regulation by signaling pathways, and cellular O-GlcNAcylation.
Associations between Consumption of Dairy Foods and Anthropometric Indicators of Health in Adolescents

Childhood obesity is associated with a greater chance of a lifetime of obesity. Evidence suggests dairy at recommended levels could be beneficial in maintaining normal weight and body composition. We assessed whether dairy consumption is associated with anthropometric indicators of health (z-scores for weight-for-age (WAZ); height-for-age (HAZ) and body mass index (BMIZ); waist-to-height ratio (WHtR); fat-free mass (FFM); and fat mass (FM)) in adolescents. In a cross-sectional study, 536 males and females ages 12–18 completed a 151-item semi-quantitative web-based food frequency questionnaire that included 34 dairy-containing foods. Dairy foods were categorized into milk, cheese, sweetened dairy, and total dairy. Anthropometrics were measured during school visits. Total dairy intake was associated with WAZ (β = 0.25 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.49), p = 0.045) and HAZ (β = 0.28 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.52), p = 0.021). In boys, total dairy was associated with WHtR (β = 0.02 (95% CI: 0.00, 0.04), p = 0.039), FFM (β = 4.83 (95% CI: 1.79, 7.87), p = 0.002), and FM (β = 3.89 (95% CI: 0.58, 7.21), p = 0.021), and cheese was associated with FFM (β = 4.22 (95% CI: 0.98, 7.47), p = 0.011). Dairy consumption seems to influence growth in both genders, and body composition and central obesity in boys. Prospective studies are needed to identify how types of dairy relate to growth, body composition, and central obesity of adolescents.
Low-Income Parents’ Socialization of Their Preschoolers’ Early Reading and Math Skills

Children from low-income and Black and Latino families are often at risk for reading and math difficulties. We examined whether there were differences in Black and Latino Head Start parents' beliefs about reading and math socialization, frequency of children's engagement in reading and math, and children's reading and math skills. There were differences in parents' socialization beliefs, children's reading and math activities, and associations with children's reading and math outcomes. Although reading/math engagement was more limited than what is reported among middle-income families, findings show the importance of parental beliefs and practices for children's reading and math outcomes.
Some Remarks Concerning Material Symmetry

Two methods for imposing on a mechanical constitutive equation of the functional type the restrictions due to material symmetry are discussed critically. Some fallacies in Noll’s material symmetry criterion for distinguishing between simple solids and simple fluids are pointed out.
Where do the children play?: An investigation of the intersection of nature, early childhood education and play

ABSTRACTWhat is the role of early education and care in advocating and providing for nature play in an era when children’s exposure to nature play and risk is threatened? This review deconstructs the word ‘nature,’ as well as discusses nature’s role in centuries of theorists and early childhood care pioneers. The article concludes with some hopeful current directions in early childhood education, advocating for the role of teachers and institutions as powerful activists in providing intentionally risky affordances for nature play in early childhood settings.
Enthalpy relaxation in binary amorphous mixtures containing sucrose.

Purpose. To compare the enthalpy relaxation of amorphous sucrose and co-lyophilized sucrose-additive mixtures near the calorimetric glass transition temperature, so as to measure the effects of additives on the molecular mobility of sucrose.
Canonical Quantization of Gravity

In Roman Catholic canon law permission of the bishop is required for the publication of any work on Sacred Scripture, dogmatic, moral or ascetical theology, or, in general, writings containing anything of peculiar significance to religion or morality (can. 1385, sec. 1).
Laser‐induced Deflagration for the Characterization of Energetic Materials

Standard propellant and detonation tests typically performed to characterize the performance of energetic materials require large quantities of material (at least tens of grams) and can be expensive and time-consuming. This work introduces a method for characterizing the deflagration of energetic materials in a laboratory setting, using only 15–20 mg of energetic material. Temperature, energy release and emission signatures were measured and analyzed for the laser-induced deflagration of 8 different conventional military explosives. Graphite nanoparticles and micron-sized aluminum powder were added to the explosive compositions to investigate their effect on the emission signatures. A high-speed color camera recorded the deflagration events and was utilized as a full-color pyrometer to calculate the average temperatures and image hotspots; the temperatures maps were compared to those measured by conventional two-color pyrometry. The laboratory-scale method presented here can be applied to novel energetic materials under development that may be available only in limited quantities to evaluate their potential as propellants or reduced emission signature explosives prior to scale-up.
Bound-Preserving High Order Finite Volume Schemes for Conservation Laws and Convection-Diffusion Equations

Finite volume schemes evolve cell averages based on high order reconstructions to solve hyperbolic conservation laws and convection-diffusion equations. The design of the reconstruction procedure is crucial for the stability of the finite volume schemes. Various reconstruction procedures, such as total variation diminishing (TVD), total variation bounded (TVB), essentially non-oscillatory (ENO) and weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) reconstructions have been developed in the literature to obtain non-oscillatory and high order finite volume schemes. However, it is a challenge to design strictly bound-preserving finite volume schemes which are genuinely high order accurate, including at smooth extrema. These include maximum-principle-preserving schemes for scalar conservation laws and convection-diffusion equations, and positivity-preserving (for relevant physical quantities such as density, pressure or water height) for systems. In this presentation we survey strategies in the recent literature to design high order bound-preserving finite volume schemes, including a general framework in constructing high order bound-preserving finite volume schemes for scalar and systems of hyperbolic conservation laws through a simple scaling limiter and a convex combination argument based on first order bound-preserving building blocks, and a non-standard finite volume scheme which evolves the so-called “double cell averages” for solving convection-diffusion equations which can maintain the bound-preserving property and high order accuracy simultaneously.
Link!: Potential Field Guidance Algorithm for In-Flight Linking of Multi-Rotor Aircraft

Link! is a multi-center NASA e ort to study the feasibility of multi-aircraft aerial docking systems. In these systems, a group of vehicles physically link to each other during flight to form a larger ensemble vehicle with increased aerodynamic performance and mission utility. This paper presents a potential field guidance algorithm for a group of multi-rotor vehicles to link to each other during flight. The linking is done in pairs. Each vehicle first selects a mate. Then the potential field is constructed with three rules: move towards the mate, avoid collisions with non-mates, and stay close to the rest of the group. Once a pair links, they are then considered to be a single vehicle. After each pair is linked, the process repeats until there is only one vehicle left. The paper contains simulation results for a system of 16 vehicles.
Modification of Spastic Stretch Reflexes at the Elbow by Flexion Synergy Expression in Individuals With Chronic Hemiparetic Stroke

Abstract Objective To systematically characterize the effect of flexion synergy expression on the manifestation of elbow flexor stretch reflexes poststroke, and to relate these findings to elbow flexor stretch reflexes in individuals without neurologic injury. Design Controlled cohort study. Setting Academic medical center. Participants Participants (N=20) included individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke (n=10) and a convenience sample of individuals without neurologic or musculoskeletal injury (n=10). Interventions Participants with stroke were interfaced with a robotic device that precisely manipulated flexion synergy expression (by regulating shoulder abduction loading) while delivering controlled elbow extension perturbations over a wide range of velocities. This device was also used to elicit elbow flexor stretch reflexes during volitional elbow flexor activation, both in the cohort of individuals with stroke and in a control cohort. In both cases, the amplitude of volitional elbow flexor preactivation was matched to that generated involuntarily during flexion synergy expression. Main Outcome Measures The amplitude of short- and long-latency stretch reflexes in the biceps brachii, assessed by electromyography, and expressed as a function of background muscle activation and stretch velocity. Results Increased shoulder abduction loading potentiated elbow flexor stretch reflexes via flexion synergy expression in the paretic arm. Compared with stretch reflexes in individuals without neurologic injury, paretic reflexes were larger at rest but were approximately equal to control muscles at matched levels of preactivation. Conclusions Because flexion synergy expression modifies stretch reflexes in involved muscles, interventions that reduce flexion synergy expression may confer the added benefit of reducing spasticity during functional use of the arm.
Quality assurance and best research practices for non-regulated veterinary clinical studies

Veterinary clinical trials generate data that advance the transfer of knowledge from clinical research to clinical practice in human and veterinary settings. The translational success of non-regulated and regulated veterinary clinical studies is dependent upon the reliability and reproducibility of the data generated. Clinician-scientists that conduct veterinary clinical studies would benefit from a commitment to research quality assurance and best practices throughout all non-regulated and regulated research environments. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidance documents from the FDA provides principles and procedures designed to safeguard data integrity, reliability and reproducibility. While these documents maybe excessive for clinical studies not intended for regulatory oversight it is important to remember that research builds on research. Thus, the quality and accuracy of all data and inference generated throughout the research enterprise remains vulnerable to the impact of potentially unreliable data generated by the lowest performing contributors. The purpose of this first of a series of statement papers is to outline and reference specific quality control and quality assurance procedures that should, at least in part, be incorporated into all veterinary clinical studies.
Virtual modeling, stereolithography, and intraoperative CT guidance for the optimization of sagittal synostosis reconstruction: a technical note.

Sagittal synostosis affects 1 in 1000 live births and may result in increased intracranial pressure, hindrance of normal neural development, and cosmetic deformity due to scaphocephaly. Historically, several approaches have been utilized for surgical correction and recently, computed tomography (CT)-guided reconstruction procedures are increasingly used. In this report, the authors describe the use of a CT-derived virtual and stereolithographic (3D printed) craniofacial models, which are used to guide intraoperative bone placement, and intraoperative CT guidance for confirmation of bone placement, to ensure the accuracy of surgical correction of scaphocephaly, as demonstrated to parents. Preoperative high-resolution CT imaging was used to construct 3D image sets of the skulls of two infants (a 14-month-old female and a 6-month-old male) with scaphocephaly. These 3D image sets were then used to create a virtual model of the proposed surgical correction for each of the infants’ deformities, which was then printed and made available for use intraoperatively to plan the bone flap, fashion the bone cuts, and optimize graft placement. After the remodeling, adherence to the preoperative plan was assessed by overlaying a CT scan of the remodeled skull with the virtual model. Deviations from the preoperative model were noted. Both patients had excellent postoperative cosmetic correction of head shape and contouring. The mean operative time was 5 h, blood loss was 100 ml, and one child required modification of the subocciput after intraoperative imaging showed a deviation of the reconstruction from the surgical goal as depicted by the preoperative model. The addition of neuro-navigation to stereolithographic modeling ensured the accuracy of the reconstruction for our patients and provided greater confidence to both surgeons and parents. While unisutural cases are presented for clarity, correction was still required for one patient. The cost of the models and the additional CT required must be weighed against the complexity of the procedure and possibly reserved for patients with potentially complicated corrections.
Empowerment discourses in transnational sporting contexts: the case of Sarah Attar, the first female Saudi Olympian.

This article starts with the occasion of the 2012 London Olympics as “The Women’s Olympics” and looks both backward and forward to situate this occasion within the global north’s discourses of global human rights and neoliberal feminism. The global north’s coverage of the 2012 Olympics and Oiselle’s branding campaigns of Sarah Attar acts as data. I use transnational feminist analysis in combination with Foucauldian discourse analysis to trace how the global north’s discourses of human rights and neoliberal feminism travel and operate in transnational sporting contexts. As such, I trace the female athlete’s representation as white, middle-class, and heterosexual as a regime of truth. The discourses of human rights and neoliberal feminism, when networked with commodified images of women from the middle east and the politics of US feminism and the middle east, uncovers the neoliberal feminist cultural logics surrounding the branding of Attar.
A Gender-Aware Gamified Scaffolding of Mathematics for the Middle School Level

Coined the "leaky pipeline", young women entering college enroll significantly less in STEM majors than do their male peers. Researchers have attributed these leaks in part, to gender-influenced perceived competencies (self-efficacy) and pedagogical biases that lead to inadequate preparation for the requisite advanced mathematics in a wide range of STEM core subject areas. This paper presents our work in progress of a gamified scaffolding for mathematics. With grounding in constructionist theory, this approach targets young females at the 7th grade level by providing a pedagogical augmentation of the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (CCSSM).
Operator Trust Function for Predicted Drone Arrival

To realize the full benefit from autonomy, systems will have to react to unknown events and uncertain dynamic environments. The resulting number of behaviors is essentially infinite; thus, the system is effectively non-deterministic but an operator needs to understand and trust the actions of the autonomous vehicles. This research began to tackle non-deterministic systems and trust by beginning to develop a user trust function based on intent information displayed and the prescribed bounds on allowable behaviors/actions of the non-deterministic system. Linear regression shows promise on being able to predict a person’s confidence of the machine’s prediction. Linear regression techniques indicated that subject characteristics, scenario difficulty, the experience with the system, and confidence earlier in the scenario account for approximately 60% of the variation in confidence ratings. This paper details the specifics of the liner regression model – essentially a trust function – for predicting a person’s confidence.
The Remarkable Tokamak

The name tokamak comes from the Russian words toroidalnaya kamera magnitnaya katushka meaning “toroidal chamber magnetic coils,” though it might have been appropriate to name it after the Russian word tok, meaning current. As mentioned in Chap.4 , this device was unveiled at the 1958 Geneva Conference. In those days, the Russians had the lead in space satellites, but their fusion research was done with poor equipment and considered primitive. The Americans and Britons, by contrast, had shiny, expensive, and well-engineered machines which they proudly displayed. The tokamak, however, turned out to be the one that worked the best and is the leading type of magnetic plasma container today. It was developed by a team led by Academician Lev Artsimovich on an idea of Andrei Sakharov and Igor Tamm and has been adopted by all nations working on magnetic fusion energy.
Kallistatin in blood pressure regulation transgenic and somatic gene delivery studies.

Abstract Kallistatin, first discovered as a human kallikrein-binding protein in the circulation, shares high homology with other plasma serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins). It forms a covalently linked complex with tissue kallikrein and inhibits kallikrein's activity. Substantial evidence has accumulated in recent years indicating that kallistatin may play a role in blood pressure regulation independent of its interaction with tissue kallikrein. Intravenous injection of kallistatin into rats and mice results in a rapid and transient reduction of blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner. Functional analysis in transgenic mice over-expressing rat kallikrein-binding protein, an analogue of human kallistatin, revealed that these mice have significantly lower blood pressure compared with control littermates. Adenovirus-mediated delivery of the human kallistatin gene can cause significant blood pressure reductions for 4 weeks in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Finally, kallistatin can induce vasorelaxation in isolated rat aortic rings and reduce renal perfusion pressure in the isolated, perfused kidney. Together, these findings suggest a direct role for kallistatin in regulating blood pressure and raise the possibility for the development of new pharmacological treatments for hypertension. (Trends Cardiovasc Med 1997;7:307–311). © 1997, Elsevier Science Inc.
Plant Sterols: Protective Role in Chemical Carcinogenesis

The pathogenesis of colorectal cancer is currently unknown. Epidemiological studies in man and studies in experimental animals have implicated various classes of compounds as potential tumor promoters or tumor inhibitors. Plant sterols, a group of compounds found in vegetables, will be the focus of this review.
SUICIDE, NEUROENDOCRINE DYSFUNCTION AND CSF 5-HIAA CONCENTRATIONS IN DEPRESSION

ABSTRACT Disinhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) neuroendocrine system is characterized by high CSF cortisol concentrations and abnormal dexamethasone suppression test (DST) results. These two variables are strongly correlated. Abnormal DST results are strongly associated with serious suicidal behavior in melancholic patients. Low CSF 5-HIAA concentrations are dissociated from abnormal DST results. Thus the neuroendocrine disturbance and the neurotransmitter disturbance appear to be unrelated biochemical markers in depressed patients. Since there is evidence that both markers may predict suicide behavior, however, further studies of each marker in the same patients should be performed.
LatisTM catheter: New technology for thrombectomy of vascular access grafts.

Purpose The most common complication of vascular access surgery is thrombosis. This study compared the gold standard Fogarty Thrombectomy Catheter, to the new latis Catheter with an advanced monofilament matrix. Methods 30 patients with thrombosed access grafts were randomly assigned to undergo thrombectomy with the Fogarty or latis catheter. An angioscope measured remaining graft thrombi. Results Twenty-nine of 30 subjects were successfully thrombectomized. No statistical differences in age, gender, race, or extension graft requirements were found. Catheter use in the latis group was: 1 in 14 procedures, and 2 in 1 procedure; Fogarty group: 1 in 10 procedures, 2 in 3 procedures, and 3 in 2 procedures. The average number of catheter passes was: latis 3.06 (1-6 passes) and Fogarty 4.13 (1-9 passes). A trend in favor of the latis catheter was demonstrated; however, statistical significance was not reached (p = 0.067). The overall 6-month primary patency rates were latis (40%) and Fogarty (30%). The estimated patency at the 50th percentile for latis is 120 days and Fogarty 108 days. Statistical significance was not reached with a p-value of the Log-Rank statistic of 0.68 and a p-value of the Wilcoxon statistic of 0.78. Conclusions The latis and Fogarty catheters are very similar. However, the latis balloon is more rugged with fewer catheters used and reduced number of passes. A difference in primary patency could not be demonstrated. The angioscope identified significant residual thrombus despite no returning thrombus from the catheter. Consequently, our protocol is modified to include the angioscope.
Technetium-99m-sulfur colloid identification of a mediastinal mass: Case report

The authors present a case of an 8-yr-old boy who had a tracheoesophageal fistula repaired shortly after birth. At that time, a right posterior chest mass was noted. Since he remained asymptomatic and all other studies were negative, he was followed with serial chest x-rays. A question arose as to whether the mass was enlarging out of proportion to the growth of the thorax, and the etiology of the mass was sought. A liver-spleen scan was performed, which demonstrated liver parenchyma in the area of the mass noted on chest x-ray. Diaphragmatic herniations (congenital or traumatic) should always be considered whenever mediastinal masses are noted on chest x-ray.
The Sanctifying Work of the Holy Spirit: Revisiting Alston’s Interpersonal Model

Of the various loci of systematic theology that call for sustained philosophical investigation, the doctrine of sanctification stands out as a prime candidate. In response to that call, William Alston developed three models of the sanctifying work of the Holy Spirit: the fiat model, the interpersonal model, and the sharing model. In response to Alston’s argument for the sharing model, this paper offers grounds for a reconsideration of the interpersonal model. We close with a discussion of some of the implications of one’s understanding of the transforming work of the Holy Spirit for practical Christian spirituality.
A Simple and Noninvasive DOSY NMR Method for Droplet Size Measurement of Intact Oil-In-Water Emulsion Drug Products

In a typical oil-in-water emulsion drug product, oil droplets with varied sizes are dispersed in a water phase and stabilized by surfactant molecules. The size and polydispersity of oil droplets are critical quality attributes of the emulsion drug product that can potentially affect drug bioavailability. More critically, to ensure accuracy in characterization of the finished drug product, analytical methods should introduce minimal physical perturbation (e.g., temperature variation or dilution) before the analysis. The classical methods of dynamic light scattering or electron microscopy can be used but they generally require sample dilution or harsh preparation conditions, respectively. By contrast, the size distribution of emulsion formulations can be assessed with a simple and noninvasive solution nuclear magnetic resonance method, namely, two-dimensional Diffusion Ordered SpectroscopY. The two-dimensional Diffusion Ordered SpectroscopY method probed signal decay of methyl resonances from oil and sorbate molecules and was applied to 3 types of U.S.-marketed emulsion drug products, that is, difluprednate, cyclosporine, and propofol, yielding measured droplet sizes of 40-280 nm in diameter. The high precision of ±6 nm of the new nuclear magnetic resonance method allows analytical differentiation of lot-to-lot and brand-to-brand droplet size differences in emulsion drug products, critical for drug-quality development, control, and surveillance.
Relative equilibria of point vortices and linear vortex sheets

A new exact method is presented for obtaining uniformly rotating distributions of vorticity in a two dimensional ideal fluid. The vorticity is confined to the union of a straight line and a finite collection of points; i.e., the distribution is a collection of point vortices together with a number of vortex sheets lying on the common line. The vorticity density of the vortex sheets and the velocity field of the fluid are expressed in terms of a rational function in which the point vortex positions and strengths appear as parameters. For many values of these parameters, the vortex sheet portion of the distribution is not unique, and there is a continuous family of vortex sheets which combine with the point vortices to form relative equilibria. Several examples are worked out in detail.
Initiating patient discussions about oocyte cryopreservation: Attitudes of obstetrics and gynaecology resident physicians.

This study examined the attitudes of obstetrics and gynaecology (OB/GYN) resident physicians to initiating patient discussions regarding medical and elective oocyte cryopreservation (OC). The study used a cross-sectional online survey of OB/GYN medical residents in the USA, sampled from residency programmes approved by the American Council for Graduate Medical Education. In total, 208 medical residents, distributed evenly between postgraduate years 1-4, participated in the study. Residents' fertility knowledge and attitudes to initiating discussions about OC were gathered. Forty percent (n = 83) believed that OB/GYN residents should initiate discussions about OC with patients (initiators), while 60% (n = 125) did not (non-initiators). Initiators were less likely to overestimate the age at which a woman's fertility begins to decline, and were more likely to believe that discussions about OC and age-related fertility decline should take place during a well-woman annual examination. Initiators and non-initiators did not differ in their attitudes towards discussing OC with patients undergoing cancer treatments; however, initiators were significantly more likely to discuss elective OC with patients who were currently unpartnered or who wished to delay childbearing to pursue a career. Given the increasing age of childbearing among women, and the fact that women prefer to receive reproductive information from their healthcare providers, it is critical that such topics are discussed in consultations to assist patients in making more informed reproductive decisions. Further research is needed to assess the existing barriers to these discussions from both physician and patient perspectives.
Relief and revolution: Russian émigrés’ political remittances and the building of political transnationalism

This article examines the transnational networks based in Britain between 1881 and 1914 that aspired to affect Russian politics from abroad. It contends that the emigration of Russian revolutionari...
Temperature Dependence of the Reaction of Chlorine Atoms with CH3OH and CH3CHO.

Rate constants of the reactions Cl + CH3OH → CH2OH + HCl ( k1) and Cl + CH3CHO → CH3C(O) + HCl ( k3) were measured at 100 Torr over the temperature range 230.3-297.1 K. Radical chemistry was initiated by pulsed laser photolysis of Cl2 in mixtures of CH3OH and CH3CHO in a flow reactor. Heterodyne near-IR wavelength modulation spectroscopy was used to directly detect HO2 produced from the subsequent reaction of CH2OH with O2 in real time to determine the rate of reaction of Cl with CH3OH. The rate of Cl + CH3CHO was measured relative to that of the Cl + CH3OH reaction. Secondary chemistry, including that of the adducts HO2·CH3OH and HO2·CH3CHO, was taken into account. The Arrhenius expressions were found to be k1( T) = 5.02-1.5+1.8 × 10-11 exp[(20 ± 88)/ T] cm3 molecule-1 s-1 and k3( T) = 6.38-2.0+2.4 × 10-11 exp[(56 ± 90)/ T] cm3 molecule-1 s-1 (2σ uncertainties). The average values of the rate constants over this temperature range were k1 = (5.45 ± 0.37) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 and k3 = (8.00 ± 1.27) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 (2σ uncertainties), consistent with current literature values.
Plasma Spheroidization of Vitreloy 106A Bulk Metallic Glass Powder

Inert ground Vitreloy 106A powder was used as the starting material for inductively coupled plasma spheroidization. The processed powders were characterized to determine their morphology, flowability, chemistry, and thermal transitions. Processed powder samples were shown to have a particle size distribution that was consistent with the starting material indicating that no significant agglomeration of particles occurred. The average circularity of the processed powder increased when compared to the starting powder. This resulted in higher apparent and tap densities and the flowability also increased. Fine particles that were high in oxygen and copper were vaporized resulting in tightening of the chemistry distribution. XRD and DSC indicated that the starting powder was fully crystallized while the processed powder had both amorphous and crystalline structures present. Raman spectroscopy was used to detect NiO on the surface of the processed powder particles. Powder characterization indicated that the processed powder had better properties compared to the starting powder when considering flowability, amorphous content, and sphericity.
PRC2 engages a bivalent H3K27M-H3K27me3 dinucleosome inhibitor

A lysine-to-methionine mutation at lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27M) has been shown to promote oncogenesis in a subset of pediatric gliomas. While there is evidence that this "oncohistone" mutation acts by inhibiting the histone methyltransferase PRC2, the details of this proposed mechanism nevertheless continue to be debated. Recent evidence suggests that PRC2 must simultaneously bind both H3K27M and H3K27me3 to experience competitive inhibition of its methyltransferase activity. In this work, we used PRC2 inhibitor treatments in a transgenic H3K27M cell line to validate this dependence in a cellular context. We further used designer chromatin inhibitors to probe the geometric constraints of PRC2 engagement of H3K27M and H3K27me3 in a biochemical setting. We found that PRC2 binds to a bivalent inhibitor unit consisting of an H3K27M and an H3K27me3 nucleosome and exhibits a distance dependence in its affinity for such an inhibitor, which favors closer proximity of the 2 nucleosomes within a chromatin array. Together, our data precisely delineate fundamental aspects of the H3K27M inhibitor and support a model wherein PRC2 becomes trapped at H3K27M-H3K27me3 boundaries.
Optimization of DC-Link Decoupling Snubber Circuit for SiC-based EV Traction Inverters

DC-link decoupling snubber circuit is usually placed close to the power switches in power converters to suppress voltage ringing on the devices during the device turn-off transient. In this paper, the snubber circuit performance is analyzed numerically based on a detailed forth-order high-frequency equivalent circuit of a double pulse test circuit. The approach to optimize the snubber circuit, not only for the voltage spike suppression but also for the good thermal performance, is proposed. The thermal analysis and simulation results reveal that an additional resistor in the snubber circuit can release the thermal stress on the capacitors, which makes it more reliable at high switching frequency and high-power applications. Finally, the performance of an optimized snubber circuit is confirmed in a 100-kW traction inverter system operating at 40 kHz switching frequency and 105°C ambient temperature.
Accidental degeneracy in k-space, geometrical phase, and the perturbation of π by spin-orbit interactions

Abstract Since closed lines of accidental electronic degeneracies were demonstrated to be possible, even frequent, by Herring in 1937, no further developments arose for eight decades. The earliest report of such a nodal loop in a real material – aluminum – is recounted and elaborated on. Nodal loop semimetals have become a focus of recent activity, with emphasis on other issues. Band degeneracies are, after all, the origin of topological phases in crystalline materials. Spin-orbit interaction lifts accidental band degeneracies, with the resulting spectrum being provided here. The geometric phase γ ( C ) = ± π for circuits C surrounding a line of such degeneracy cannot survive completely unchanged. The change depends on how the spin is fixed during adiabatic evolution. For spin fixed along the internal spin-orbit field, γ(C) decreases to zero as the circuit collapses around the line of lifted degeneracy. For spin fixed along a perpendicular axis, the conical intersection persists and γ ( C ) = ± π is unchanged.
Sex, stress, and prefrontal cortex: influence of biological sex on stress-promoted cocaine seeking

Clinical reports suggest that females diagnosed with substance use disorder experience enhanced relapse vulnerability compared with males, particularly during stress. We previously demonstrated that a stressor (footshock) can potentiate cocaine seeking in male rats via glucocorticoid-dependent cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1R)-mediated actions in the prelimbic prefrontal cortex (PrL-PFC). Here, we investigated the influence of biological sex on stress-potentiated cocaine seeking. Despite comparable self-administration and extinction, females displayed a lower threshold for cocaine-primed reinstatement than males. Unlike males, footshock, tested across a range of intensities, failed to potentiate cocaine-primed reinstatement in females. However, restraint potentiated reinstatement in both sexes. While sex differences in stressor-induced plasma corticosterone (CORT) elevations and defensive behaviors were not observed, differences were evident in footshock-elicited ultrasonic vocalizations. CORT administration, at a dose which recapitulates stressor-induced plasma levels, reproduced stress-potentiated cocaine-primed reinstatement in both sexes. In females, CORT effects varied across the estrous cycle; CORT-potentiated reinstatement was only observed during diestrus and proestrus. As in males, CORT-potentiated cocaine seeking in females was localized to the PrL-PFC and both CORT- and restraint-potentiated cocaine seeking required PrL-PFC CB1R activation. In addition, ex vivo whole-cell electrophysiological recordings from female layer V PrL-PFC pyramidal neurons revealed CB1R-dependent CORT-induced suppression of inhibitory synaptic activity, as previously observed in males. These findings demonstrate that, while stress potentiates cocaine seeking via PrL-PFC CB1R in both sexes, sensitivity to cocaine priming injections is greater in females, CORT-potentiating effects vary with the estrous cycle, and whether reactivity to specific stressors may manifest as drug seeking depends on biological sex.
Chapter 24 – Magnesium Homeostasis

Publisher Summary Magnesium (Mg) is the fourth most abundant cation and the second most abundant intracellular cation in vertebrates. Mg is involved in numerous biological processes and is essential for life. Mg may be required for enzyme substrate formation. Free Mg2+ also acts as an allosteric activator of numerous enzyme systems, as well as playing a role in ion channels and for membrane stabilization. Mg is therefore critical for a great number of cellular functions, including oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, DNA transcription, and protein synthesis. Mg homeostasis is dependent on the amount of Mg ingested, efficiency of Mg intestinal absorption, and renal reabsorption and excretion. The mechanism(s) for intestinal Mg absorption includes passive diffusion and active transport. Mg is absorbed along the entire intestinal tract, including the large and small bowel, but the sites of maximal Mg absorption are the ilium and distal jejunum. Because of the prevalence of Mg in cells and bone, as well as its critical need for numerous biological processes in the body, this mineral plays a profound role in bone and mineral homeostasis. Mg influences the formation and secretion of hormones that regulate skeletal homeostasis and the effect of these hormones on bone. Mg can also directly affect bone cell function as well as influence hydroxyapatite crystal formation and growth. Finally, epidemiological studies have provided a major link associating dietary Mg inadequacy to osteoporosis.
Performing transparency, embracing regulations: corporate framing to mitigate environmental conflicts

This paper compares two cases of contested mining proposals in the Upper Midwest region of the U.S. to examine how mining companies attempt to respond to opposition and secure regulatory approval ....
Global Star Formation Rates in Disk Galaxies and Circumnuclear Starbursts from Cloud Collisions

We invoke star formation triggered by cloud-cloud collisions to explain global star formation rates of disk galaxies and circumnuclear starbursts. Previous theories based on the growth rate of gravitational perturbations ignore the dynamically important presence of magnetic fields. Theories based on triggering by spiral density waves fail to explain star formation in systems without such waves. Furthermore, observations suggest gas and stellar disk instabilities are decoupled. Following Gammie, Ostriker & Jog (1991), the cloud collision rate is set by the shear velocity of encounters with initial impact parameters of a few tidal radii, due to differential rotation in the disk. This, together with the effective confinement of cloud orbits to a two dimensional plane, enhances the collision rate above that for particles in a three dimensional box. We predict Sigma_{SFR}(R) proportional to Sigma_{gas} Omega (1-0.7 beta). For constant circular velocity (beta = 0), this is in agreement with recent observations (Kennicutt 1998). We predict a B-band Tully-Fisher relation: L_{B} proportional to v_{circ}^{7/3}, also consistent with observations. As additional tests, we predict enhanced star formation in regions with relatively high shear rates, and lower star formation efficiencies in clouds of higher mass.
Residence time distribution in RO channel

Abstract Residence time distribution (RTD) in a commercial Filmtec™ BW30-400 RO channel is determined using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and correlated with the Exponentially Modified Gaussian (EMG) model. The RTD, cumulative function of RTD, and flushing dynamics in RO channels are shown to be different from the analytical solutions derived for plane channels, due to the existence of spacer filaments in the former. The results for multiple channels connected in series are also acquired. The efficacy of purging after one displacement volume is estimated to be 90% for one RO element and 95% for seven RO elements connected in series.
Re(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes as Coordinate Covalent Inhibitors for the SARS-CoV-2 Main Cysteine Protease.

Since its outbreak, the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has impacted the quality of life and cost hundreds-of-thousands of lives worldwide. Based on its global spread and mortality, there is an urgent need for novel treatments which can combat this disease. To date, the 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro ), which is also known as the main protease, is considered among the most important pharmacological targets. The vast majority of investigated 3CLpro inhibitors are organic, non-covalent binders. Herein, the use of inorganic, coordinate covalent binders is proposed that can attenuate the activity of the protease. ReI tricarbonyl complexes were identified that demonstrate coordinate covalent enzymatic inhibition of 3CLpro . Preliminary studies indicate the selective inhibition of 3CLpro over several human proteases. This study presents the first example of metal complexes as inhibitors for the 3CLpro cysteine protease.
Spatio-temporal modeling for confirmed cases of lyme disease in Virginia

Epidemiological data often include characteristics such as spatial and/or temporal dependencies and excess zero counts, which pose modeling challenges. Excess zeros in such data may arise from imperfect detection and/or relative rareness of the disease in a given location. Here, we studied the spatio-temporal variation in annual Lyme disease cases in Virginia from 2001-2016 and modeled the disease with a spatio-temporal hierarchical Bayesian model. Using observed ecological and environmental covariates, we constructed a predictive model for the disease spread over space and time, including spatial and temporal random effects. We considered several different models and found that the negative binomial hurdle model performs the best for such epidemiological data. Among the various ecological predictors, the North-South (V component) of winds and relative humidity significantly contributed to predicting the Lyme cases. Our model results provide important insights on the spread of the disease in Virginia and the proposed modeling framework offers epidemiologists and health policymakers a useful tool for improving disease preparedness and control plans for the future.