cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of hands-on tutoring and guided self-directed learning versus self-directed learning alone to educate critical care fellows on mechanical ventilation - a pilot project.

Background : Physicians require extensive training to achieve proficiency in mechanical ventilator (MV) management of the critically ill patients. Guided self-directed learning (GSDL) is usually the method used to learn. However, it is unclear if this is the most proficient approach to teaching mechanical ventilation to critical care fellows. We, therefore, investigated whether critical care fellows achieve higher scores on standardized testing and report higher satisfaction after participating in a hands-on tutorial combined with GSDL compared to self-directed learning alone. Methods : First-year Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (PCCM) fellows ( n =6) and Critical Care Internal Medicine (CCIM) ( n =8) fellows participated. Satisfaction was assessed using the Likert scale. MV knowledge assessment was performed by administering a standardized 25-question multiple choice pre- and posttest. For 2 weeks the CCIM fellows were exposed to GSDL, while the PCCM fellows received hands-on tutoring combined with GSDL. Results : Ninety-three percentage (6 PCCM and 7 CCIM fellows, total of 13 fellows) completed all evaluations and were included in the final analysis. CCIM and PCCM fellows scored similarly in the pretest (64% vs. 52%, p =0.13). Following interventions, the posttest scores increased in both groups. However, no significant difference was observed based on the interventions (74% vs. 77%, p =0.39). The absolute improvement with the hands-on-tutoring and GSDL group was higher than GSDL alone (25% vs. 10%, p =0.07). Improved satisfaction scores were noted with hands-on tutoring. Conclusions : Hands-on tutoring combined with GSDL and GSDL alone were both associated with an improvement in posttest scores. Absolute improvement in test and satisfaction scores both trended higher in the hands-on tutorial group combined with GSDL group. Keywords: fellows; critical care; pulmonary and critical care; education; mechanical ventilators (Published: 29 September 2016) Citation: Med Educ Online 2016, 21: 32727 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/meo.v21.32727
Lifetime of the 7 s 6 d D 1 2 atomic state of radium

The lifetime of the $7s6d$ ${^{1}D}_{2}$ state of atomic radium is determined to be $385(45)\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{s}$ using cold $^{226}\text{R}\text{a}$ atoms prepared in a magneto-optical trap. The ${^{1}D}_{2}$ state is populated from the decay of the ${^{1}P}_{1}$ state which is excited by a pulse of 483 nm light. The decay of the ${^{1}D}_{2}$ state is observed by detecting delayed fluorescence at 714 nm from the last step in the decay sequence ${^{1}P}_{1}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{^{1}D}_{2}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{^{3}P}_{1}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{^{1}S}_{0}$. The measured lifetime is compared to a number of theoretical calculations. An improved value of the $7s7p$ ${^{1}P}_{1}$ level of $20\text{ }715.598(6)\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is obtained.
Recent Advances in Biochemical Calorimetry

The rapidly expanding applications of calorimetry to biochemical and biological systems are discussed. Brief attention is given to purely analytical applications which, though of relatively little interest in connection with the study of the nature of biochemical processes, may nevertheless prove to be of great importance.
Radiation Budget of the Southern Hemisphere

The earth as a planet receives virtually all of its energy from solar radiation. The incoming solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere is approximately 2.00 calories per minute through a 1-cm2 surface perpendicular to the solar beam when the earth is at mean distance from the sun (Johnson, 1954).4 The heating of the earth, however, is not uniform, primarily due to its spherical shape. Geographic variation of the earth’s albedo and the nonuniform absorptivity of the earth’s surface produce further modifications to the heating distribution. This horizontal differential heating is a potential source of energy to drive the circulation of the atmosphere and the ocean which transports heat from equatorial to polar regions and eventually adjusts the earth-atmosphere system toward an energy balance between the heating by insolation and the cooling by emission of terrestrial radiation. The manner in which radiative processes interact with the general circulation of the atmosphere has been investigated in a number of recent numerical studies (see, for instance, Manabe et al., 1965; Mintz, 1968; Manabe, 1969; Sellers, 1969; Washington and Kasahara, 1970; Kasahara and Washington, 1971) where the computed mean distribution of the radiation fluxes is usually specified. Most of these studies are based on radiation calculations developed from Northern Hemisphere climatology, although some applications to the Southern Hemisphere make use of the results of Gabites (1950).
Accept or Reject? Predicting Ideation Outcomes through Enterprise Social Media

Implementing social media in the workplace may make it easier for employees to participate in knowledge sharing activities such as Q&A and ideation. However, vetting the quality of answers and ideas becomes more complex when anyone in the company can contribute. Research on the use of social media for Q&A has shown that certain characteristics and reputation algorithms can help determine the best answers. Less is known about the ideation process and the way it plays out in social media. This paper explores the use of enterprise social media (ESM) for ideation by employees in a large Russian organization distributed across nine time zones. In particular, we explore which characteristics of both ideas and their contributors predict whether ideas get accepted or rejected. Our analysis is based on logistic regression analysis of a sample of 488 ideas contributed in an ESM tool used in the organization as well as a content analysis of the types of ideas generated. Our results suggest that rather than being truly democratic and decentralized, ideation in ESM is driven by those in (or proximate to) positions of organizational power.
Synthesis of Organotin Polyesters from Reaction of the Salt of d -Camphoric Acid and Organotin Dihalides and Initial Anticancer Activity

Organotin polyesters were synthesized from d-camphoric acid. Since d-camphoric acid is a natural product, this is part of the green chemistry initiative. Further, synthesis occurred employing commercially available reactants and the interfacial system which is used industrially to synthesize aramids and polycarbonates. Thus, scale-up is straightforward. Polymers were synthesized employing the interfacial reaction between various organotin dihalides and the salt of d-camphoric acid. Reaction was rapid occurring in 30 s and less. Product yield was good except for the product from dioctyltin dichloride. The products are polymeric with chain lengths from 230 to 2200. Structural characterization with infrared spectrometry and MALDI MS are consistent with the formation of organotin polyesters containing the camphoric acid moiety within its backbone. IR shows formation of the Sn–OOC(O) linkage with the polymer having a combination of bridging and non-bridging geometrical arrangements about the tin atom. MALDI MS shows ion fragment to two and three repeat units. The products exhibit good ability to inhibit a battery of cancer cells including those from pancreatic cancer. The effective concentration for inhibition of the cancer cell lines are generally in the same range as those found for cisplatin and in the ng/mL range.
Shelf Projects: The Political Life of Exploration Geology in Senegal

Since the early 2000s, southeastern Senegal has emerged as a premier gold exploration and mining frontier. At present, the Sabodala gold mine, owned by the Canadian company Teranga Gold, is the only operational gold mine and mill in Senegal. But two more open-pit gold operations are scheduled to open this year, and several other companies have announced discoveries of industrial-scale deposits. By documenting the shifting ownership and exploration of the Sabodala deposit, this article draws attention to how the protracted phase of mineral research shapes the political life of mining operations in Africa and elsewhere in the global South. Geological exploration in colonial and post-colonial Senegal, as in much of Africa, has relied heavily on the expertise of indigenous miners and smelters. Mining Sabodala has thus unearthed multi-vocal and contested histories of gold discovery. Historians of science have established that field assistants and experts in Africa have produced agronomic and medical knowledge typically credited to “the West.” By extending this argument to gold exploration, the article brings African history into dialogue with an emergent anthropology of subterranean knowledge production.
Asf1a resolves bivalent chromatin domains for the induction of lineage-specific genes during mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation.

Bivalent chromatin domains containing repressive H3K27me3 and active H3K4me3 modifications are barriers for the expression of lineage-specific genes in ES cells and must be resolved for the transcription induction of these genes during differentiation, a process that remains largely unknown. Here, we show that Asf1a, a histone chaperone involved in nucleosome assembly and disassembly, regulates the resolution of bivalent domains and activation of lineage-specific genes during mouse ES cell differentiation. Deletion of Asf1a does not affect the silencing of pluripotent genes, but compromises the expression of lineage-specific genes during ES cell differentiation. Mechanistically, the Asf1a–histone interaction, but not the role of Asf1a in nucleosome assembly, is required for gene transcription. Asf1a is recruited to several bivalent promoters, partially through association with transcription factors, and mediates nucleosome disassembly during differentiation. We suggest that Asf1a-mediated nucleosome disassembly provides a means for resolution of bivalent domain barriers for induction of lineage-specific genes during differentiation.
Absolute Stress Determination from Angular Dependence of Ultrasonic Velocities in Orthotropic Materials

The characteristic dependence of ultrasonic velocity on stress has for a long time been thought a promising for making residual stress measurements in materials. For a review of theory and experimental methods the reader is referred to [1–3]. Different wave modes were proposed for stress determination. Through-thickness average stress can be obtained using longitudinal wave data at normal incidence [4, 5] or transverse waves with different polarizations [6–8]. Near-surface stresses can be determined using Rayleigh waves [9–11] and surface-skimming longitudinal [12] and SH [12, 13] waves.
Regulation of Myocardial Perfusion by Purine Metabolites

This review of the roles of cardiac purines in the regulation of myocardial perfusion begins with brief descriptions of the general characteristics of models of the metabolic control of tissue blood flow and of cellular energy potential. The body of the review, an analysis of the evidence for the participation of adenosine in coronary regulation, is divided into four sections: 1) the enzymatic synthesis of adenosine and the coupling of production to cardiac energy state; 2) the regulation of adenosine concentration at the coronary resistance vessels; 3) the mechanism of adenosine coronary vasodilation; and 4) the relationship of adenosine to other vasodilatory metabolites and mechanisms that might participate in coronary flow regulation. Two recent reviews provide additional information about the role of adenosine in the metabolic control of coronary flow (43, 57).
Energy harvesting from quasi-static deformations via bilaterally constrained strips:

Piezoelectric energy harvesting from ambient vibrations is well studied, but harvesting from quasi-static responses is not yet fully explored. The lack of attention is because quasi-static actions ...
Variable/Feature Selection

As we mentioned in Chap. 16, variable selection is very important when dealing with bioinformatics, healthcare, and biomedical data, where we may have more features than observations. Variable selection, or feature selection, can help us focus only on the core important information contained in the observations, instead of every piece of information. Due to presence of intrinsic and extrinsic noise, the volume and complexity of big health data, and different methodological and technological challenges, this process of identifying the salient features may resemble finding a needle in a haystack. Here, we will illustrate alternative strategies for feature selection using filtering (e.g., correlation-based feature selection), wrapping (e.g., recursive feature elimination), and embedding (e.g., variable importance via random forest classification) techniques.
Implementing an Integrated Team-Based Model of Care

Team-based methods of delivering primary care were launched nationally within the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) through the Patient Aligned Care Teams (PACT) initiative in 2010. The most essential component of PACT is the establishment of partnerships between veterans and their health care teams. The purpose of PACT is to improve and transform the way in which veterans receive health care. This partnership is aimed at promoting efficiency and improving the quality of care and clinical outcomes by providing holistic care that embodies the whole person.
Pain and sleep problems predict quality of life for veterans with serious mental illness.

Purpose Poor sleep and pain are common in veterans with serious mental illness (SMI), yet it is unclear how these may impact dimensions of quality of life. As such, this study examined independent and additive contributions of sleep and pain difficulties on quality of life (QoL) among a sample of veterans with SMI and insomnia. Method Participants were 57 veterans with SMI (schizophrenia spectrum, bipolar, or major depressive disorders with significant functional impairment) and at least subthreshold insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index ≥8). Measures assessed sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), pain intensity (Pain Numeric Rating Scale [PNRS]), pain interference (Short Form 12 Health Survey), and QoL (World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF). Multivariate multiple regression analyses examined the effects of sleep quality and pain on QoL. Results Forty-one veterans (71.9%) reported moderate-to-severe pain (PNRS ≥4). Poorer sleep quality was associated with greater pain interference and worse physical, emotional, and environmental QoL. Sleep quality, not pain, explained significant variance in environmental QoL (b = -2.30; 95% confidence interval [CI: -4.16, -.43]). Pain interference, not sleep quality, explained significant variance in physical health-related QoL (b = -.23; 95% CI [-.38, -.08]). Conclusions Results reveal the importance of screening for insomnia and chronic pain among veterans with SMI. For these veterans who already struggle with daytime functioning, interventions such as integrated cognitive-behavioral therapy for pain-related insomnia are warranted. Such treatments must account for how sleep disturbance and chronic pain may differentially impact multiple facets of QoL. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Clean Water Act Developments: The Aftermath Of TMDL Litigation: Consent Decrees and Settlement Agreements

This article provides the latest developments about TMDL lawsuits nationally. It concludes that the results of TMDL settlements are mixed, least so where it matters most. The glory is that EPA has reviewed anew, or had the states review, readily existing and available water quality related data and information for 40,000 waters, finding 20,000 more ones impaired, bringing the national total to 60,000. EPA has agreed to "backstop" TMDL development for about 20,000 of these, and set or approved TMDLs for 10,000 impaired waters. EPA has for the first time reviewed and evaluated CPPs in six states. It has conducted dozens of associated ESA consultations. EPA's Office of Watersheds and Wetlands now incorporates TMDL planning into all facets of its operations. Every EPA Region, state and territory now boasts at least one FTE TMDL coordinator and program. Congress and state legislators have dedicated millions of dollars to TMDLs. The legal, policy and scientific academies know the language of TMDLs. The glum is that TMDLs have had little or no impact where they matter most: restoring over-polluted waters. The program is both administratively mature and practically irrelevant. Thirty years plus into the program and the CWA's hope of an ambient-based response to the nation's overly polluted waters is at best ossified and at worst over.
Eco-friendly Scapegoats

This chapter demonstrates how collective guilt can be wielded to undermine the potential of and desire for collective action—how, paradoxically, collective guilt can be a powerful individualizing force. Through analysis of public relations campaigns and marketing, I illustrate how corporations have intentionally employed rhetorics of personal responsibility to contain political pressure and diffuse demands for more corporate accountability. The strategic dispersal of accountability into individual acts of “eco-friendly” consumerism both provoke and alleviate collective guilt for the individual, yet mitigate environmental damage in only the most minimal and marginal of ways. Collective guilt, I argue, calls for collective action.
The Pharmacology of Phencyclidine

Phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust, peace pill, cadillac, crystal joints, DOA) was synthesized in the 1960s by Parke–Davis Laboratories. The drug was originally intended for use as a surgical anesthetic, but it was found to produce violent postoperative psychosis (1,2). Because of its side effects, which included muscular rigidity as well as nightmares and frank delirium with frightening hallucinations and delusions, PCP was removed from the market for human use a few years after its introduction. It is still used as a tranquilizer in veterinary surgery.
Product-Service System Modularization: A Systematic Review

The continuous progress of the globalization of manufacturing industry and competition between manufacturing companies is becoming stronger. Nowadays, the simple product’s production does not fully meet the market demands. That is why manufacturing companies are being forced to create new strategies for survival and development. As a result, many manufacturers began to seek benefits by adding services to the final products, which means moving from selling products to selling products and services (PSS) systems. PSS enables innovations for products and business processes, and its result is the growth of business activities with new and current customers. In addition, modularized PSS can solve conflicts between customization and low cost. Therefore, this article analyze the techniques used for PSS modularization and the advantages it brings to companies and customers. This study allowed observing that current techniques and/or methods for PSS modularization are house of quality approach, fuzzy logic, clustering method, correlation analysis, mathematical optimization models and other qualitative-empirical models described as well.
An Evaluation of the Global Effects of Tritium Emissions from Nuclear Fusion Power

Abstract Tritium, like all hydrogen isotopes, is difficult to confine and easily diffuses through most materials. As currently planned, fusion power plants will process and handle large quantities of deuterium and tritium as fuel, and therefore, will become sources of tritium input into the environment. Tritium releases from a worldwide distribution of tritium sources (fusion or fission) will lead to higher tritium levels overall and have global impact. This report investigates the hydrologic partitioning of yearly tritium releases assuming 1 g/yr loss per 500 MW of nuclear power generation for varying scales of power generation. On large scales, it is found that the worldwide average levels of tritium could exceed some public health goals and regulatory guidelines. Tritium concentrations at such levels may also have other impacts on the environment through increased ion-pair generation.
FGFR4: A promising therapeutic target for breast cancer and other solid tumors

The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway has long been known to cancer researchers because of its role in cell survival, proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Dysregulation of FGFR signaling is frequently reported in cancer studies, but most of these studies focus on FGFR1-3. However, there is growing evidence implicating an important and unique role of FGFR4 in oncogenesis, tumor progression, and resistance to anti-tumor therapy in multiple types of cancer. Importantly, there are several novel FGFR4-specific inhibitors in clinical trials, making FGFR4 an attractive target for further research. In this review, we focus on assessing the role of FGFR4 in cancer, with an emphasis on breast cancer. First, the structure, physiological functions and downstream signaling pathways of FGFR4 are introduced. Next, different mechanisms reported to cause aberrant FGFR4 activation and their functions in cancer are discussed, including FGFR4 overexpression, FGF ligand overexpression, FGFR4 somatic hotspot mutations, and the FGFR4 G388R single nucleotide polymorphism. Finally, ongoing and recently completed clinical trials targeting FGFRs in cancer are reviewed, highlighting the therapeutic potential of FGFR4 inhibition for the treatment of breast cancer.
214-LB: Brain Mitochondrial Function and Cognition Are Impaired in Brain Insulin Receptor Knockout Mice

Insulin resistance has been linked to cognitive dysfunction and increased risk for Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. It is unclear if cognitive decline during insulin resistance is due to systemic or brain-specific insulin resistance. Previous studies demonstrated that brain mitochondrial function is reduced concurrent to diminished insulin signaling in high fat-fed mice. However, it remains to be determined whether insulin signaling in the brain directly impacts brain mitochondrial function and cognition. Therefore, we developed a tamoxifen inducible brain-specific insulin receptor knockout (BIRKO) mouse by breeding C57/BL6J mice with a floxed insulin receptor gene with mice that express a tamoxifen-inducible Nestin-Cre. These BIRKO mice were used to identify if brain insulin signaling is required for maintenance of brain mitochondrial function and cognition. Four weeks after tamoxifen administration, we confirmed using western blotting that the insulin receptor was completely absent in all regions of the brain, but not the muscle, heart, liver, kidney, or adipose from the BIRKO mice. Spatial learning was reduced (P Disclosure M.W. Pataky: None. G. Ruegsegger: None. K. Klaus: None. P. Starski: None. K. Nair: None. Funding National Institutes of Health (T32DK07352)
Airway cholinergic history modifies mucus secretion properties to subsequent cholinergic challenge in diminished chloride and bicarbonate conditions.

New findings What is the central question of this study? What is the impact of airway cholinergic history on the properties of airway mucus secretion in a cystic fibrosis-like environment? What is the main finding and its importance? Prior cholinergic challenge slightly modifies the characteristics of mucus secretion in response to a second cholinergic challenge in a diminished bicarbonate and chloride transport environment. Such modifications might lead to retention of mucus on the airway surface, thereby potentiating exacerbations of airway disease. Abstract Viral infections precipitate exacerbations in many airway diseases, including asthma and cystic fibrosis. Although viral infections increase cholinergic transmission, few studies have examined how cholinergic history modifies subsequent cholinergic responses in the airway. In our previous work, we found that airway resistance in response to a second cholinergic challenge was increased in young pigs with a history of airway cholinergic stimulation. Given that mucus secretion is regulated by the cholinergic nervous system and that abnormal airway mucus contributes to exacerbations of airway disease, we hypothesized that prior cholinergic challenge would also modify subsequent mucus responses to a secondary cholinergic challenge. Using our established cholinergic challenge-rechallenge model in pigs, we atomized the cholinergic agonist bethanechol or saline control to pig airways. Forty-eight hours later, we removed tracheas and measured mucus secretion properties in response to a second cholinergic stimulation. The second cholinergic stimulation was conducted in conditions of diminished chloride and bicarbonate transport to mimic a cystic fibrosis-like environment. In pigs previously challenged with bethanechol, a second cholinergic stimulation produced a mild increase in sheet-like mucus films; these films were scarcely observed in animals originally challenged with saline control. The subtle increase in mucus films was not associated with changes in mucociliary transport. These data suggest that prior cholinergic history might modify mucus secretion characteristics with subsequent stimulation in certain environmental conditions or disease states. Such modifications and/or more repetitive stimulation might lead to retention of mucus on the airway surface, thereby potentiating exacerbations of airway disease.
Utilization of Hepatitis C Viremic Donors for Liver Transplant Recipients without Hepatitis C. A Veterans Transplant Center Report

Background We report our experience utilizing liver donors with HCV Viremia (RNA+) for HCV negative recipients (HCV D+R-) at a Veterans Affairs (VA) transplant center. Methods In 2018 we introduced an informed consent process for HCV D+R- liver transplants. Results Eight HCV D+ R- liver transplants (LT) were performed. Median time from listing to LT was 189 days (range 41 to 511). Median MELD at LT was 23.5 (median MELD at LT of 31 for center). All recipients developed HCV viremia after transplant. Median time to DAA initiation was 10 days after viremia (range 3 to 25). After transplant the DAAs used were Mavyret in five recipients and Epclusa in three, all for 12 weeks. All eight patients completed DAA therapy and achieved negative HCV RNA by end of therapy (ETR) and seven reached sustained virologic response (SVR) by 12 weeks after end of therapy. One patient died from chronic ischemic encephalopathy after ETR, before SVR. Conclusions HCV D+R- is a practical strategy to expand the pool of donor organs. It shortened waiting time, allowing patients to receive transplants at lower MELD scores. VA liver transplant programs have provided universal and timely access to post transplant HCV DAA therapy after donor derived infection.
The Case for Face Shields: Improving the COVID-19 Public Health Policy Toolkit

As the United States battles the later stages of the first wave of COVID-19 and faces the prospect of future waves, it is time to consider the practical utility of face shields as an alternative or complement to face masks in the policy guidance. Without face shields specifically noted in national guidance, many areas may be reluctant to allow their use as an alternative to cloth face masks, even with sufficient modification. In this piece, we discuss the benefits of face shields as a substitute to face masks in the context of public health policy. We further discuss the implications and opportunity costs of creating policy guidance with only a small subset of scientific data, much of which is limited. We conclude by arguing that existing federal guidance should be expanded to include face shields as a policy option.
Comparing Newborn Outcomes After Prenatal Exposure to Individual Antidepressants

Background: Up to 1 out of 5 women experience depression during their childbearing years, with 20-33% treating with drugs. However, data are limited on individual drugs’ effects on pregnancy outcomes. The objective of this study was to compare associations between individual antidepressants and pregnancy outcomes. Study Methods: Deidentified demographic, medical and obstetric data from women who received at least one antidepressant (SSRI or SNRI) prescription prior to conception through delivery were obtained from Regenstrief Institute. Drugs were were compared using standard statistics and multivariable regression. Results: A total of 3801 women took bupropion (n=311), citalopram (n=355), fluoxetine (n=520), sertraline (n=1557), duloxetine (n=112), escitalopram (n=534), venlafaxine (n=105), paroxetine (n=45), desvenlafaxine (n=12), or multiple antidepressants (n=250). Most women were white (86.5%), and had either commercial (50.3%) or government (48.1%) insurance. Race (p=0.002), hospital (p<0.001), and insurance (p<0.001) were associated with selection of drug. Incidence of diabetes (p<0.001), gestational diabetes (p=0.005), hypertension (p=0.015), and gestational hypertension (p=0.006) varied between drugs, with highest rates in women taking duloxetine. NICU admission (p<0.001), transient tachypnea of newborn (TTN) (p=0.001), and adaptation syndrome (p<0.001) were significantly different between drugs, with duloxetine having highest NICU admission (42.9%) and TTN (20.5%). Paroxetine was associated with higher rates of adaptation syndrome (13.3%). After controlling for maternal age, race, hospital, and insurance, adaptation syndrome was increased with citalopram OR[95%CI] = 2.358[1.147-4.849], duloxetine 3.180[1.362-7.424], escitalopram 2.832[1.418], paroxetine 3.347[1.138-9.847], and multiple drugs 2.603[1.222-5.545] compared to bupropion. Adding hypertension and diabetes to the model above, increased NICU admission rates were seen with citalopram 1.498[1.036-2.168], fluoxetine 1.565[1.109-2.208], duloxetine 2.568[1.593-4.139], escitalopram 2.045[1.458-2.869], and multiple drugs 2.009[1.362-2.964] compared to bupropion. Conclusion: Different antidepressants have associations with individual maternal and newborn outcomes. Duloxetine and paroxetine appear to have the strongest associations with NICU admission and adaptation syndromes, respectively. These outcomes require further investigation by exposure trimester.
Complexity and then some: Theories of action and theories of learning in data-informed decision making

Abstract This article presents a synthesis of the complexity of using data in education and highlights some of the promise and challenges of adequately understanding data use across the continuum of accountability to instructional influence in the classroom. Several common themes around the complexity of data use were identified: (1) The nature of the data used, (2) the importance and difficulty of educator data capacity building and sense-making, (3) the importance of characteristics of collaboration, (4) the influence of contextual factors of schools, districts and international settings, (5) the potential negative influence of data use in equity considerations, and (6) the difficulty of determining impact of data use and discerning explanations of why data use initiative work some of the times were examined across the articles. This synthesis concludes with a call for an approach to research in data use in education that concurrently engages multiple aspects of the educational system with a focus on multiple levels of theories of learning that address students, teachers, and organizations.
Current U.S. State Cannabis Sales Limits Allow Large Doses for Use or Diversion

Introduction Legal limits on the amount of cannabis sold per transaction in states with recreational cannabis may promote moderate use and limit diversion. However, state sales limits are heterogeneous and difficult to interpret in terms of tetrahydrocannabinol dose equivalents. Methods This cross-sectional study examined how transaction sales limits on recreational cannabis translate to tetrahydrocannabinol doses among U.S. states allowing commercial cannabis sales as of January 1, 2020. Weight-based quantity limits by cannabis type (flower/bud, concentrates, and edibles) were converted into grams of tetrahydrocannabinol content per transaction using known potency values in 2020. Results Weight-based sales limits for flower and concentrate vary considerably across states (range=1.0–2.5 oz for flower and 3.5–15.0 g for concentrate), whereas limits for edible cannabis are heterogeneous. A total of 4 states have independent limits for each product category, and 6 states place limits across all products sold in the transaction. Because no states impose limits on the potency of flower or concentrates, the small differences in the weight-based limits translate into large differences in grams of tetrahydrocannabinol allowed to be sold. Assuming a typical dose of 10 mg of tetrahydrocannabinol, current laws allow for sales of up to 560 (Alaska) to 2,283 (Michigan) doses per transaction on the basis of median product potencies. Conclusions All states allow a large number of tetrahydrocannabinol doses per transaction, larger than what is typically consumed by daily users over a month. States concerned about public health and diversion should consider reducing sales limits and basing them on total tetrahydrocannabinol content across all purchased products.
Obesity in kidney transplantation

The prevalence of obesity among patients with chronic kidney disease continues to increase as a reflection of the trend observed in the general population. Factors affecting the access to the waiting list and the transplantability of this specific population will be analysed. From observational studies, kidney transplantation in obese patients carries an increased risk of surgical complications compared to the nonobese population; therefore, many centres have been reluctant to proceed with transplantation, despite this treatment modality confers a survival advantage over dialysis. As a consequence, obese patients continue to face decreased access to the waiting list, with a lower likelihood of being transplanted and higher waiting times when compared to the nonobese candidates. In this review will be described the current strategies for treatment of obesity in different settings (pretransplant, at transplant and post-transplant). Obesity represents a risk factor for surgical complications but not a contraindication for kidney transplantation; outcomes could be greatly improved with its multidisciplinary and multimodal treatment. The modern technology with minimally invasive techniques, mainly using robotic platform, allows a reduction in the surgical complications rate, with graft and patient survival rates comparable to the nonobese counterpart.
Comparison of Clinical Outcomes with Initial Norepinephrine or Epinephrine for Hemodynamic Support After Return of Spontaneous Circulation

Background The optimal vasoactive agent for management of patients with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after cardiac arrest has not yet been identified. The Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) guidelines recommend initiation of either norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI), or dopamine (DA) to maintain adequate hemodynamics after ROSC is achieved. The goal of this study is to retrospectively assess the impact of initial vasopressor agent on incidence rate of rearrest, death, or need for additional vasopressor in post-cardiac arrest emergency department (ED) patients. Methods A retrospective review of electronic medical records was conducted at a tertiary care, academic medical center over a 32-month period. Inclusion criteria were any patient who received vasopressors in the ED after achieving ROSC from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), or in ED cardiac arrest. The incidence of the primary outcome was assessed during care within the ED, at six hours regardless of location (early resuscitation period), and throughout the entire hospitalization. Secondary outcomes included incidence of tachyarrhythmia while on vasopressor, type of additional therapy needed for refractory shock, and functional status at discharge as determined by discharge location (discharged home without assistance, or discharged to long term care facility, subacute rehabilitation, or assisted living). Results A total of 93 patients were included for analysis; 45 received NE, 42 EPI, and six DA. Due to small sample size, DA was excluded from reporting post hoc. Significantly more EPI patients met the primary outcome of refractory hypotension, rearrest, or death in the emergency department (EPI 21/42, 50% vs NE 10/45, 22.2%; p = 0.008). The incidence was no longer significantly different during the early resuscitation period of six hours (EPI 30/42, 71.4% vs NE 25/45, 55.6%; p = 0.182), or during the entire hospitalization (EPI 40/42, 95.2% vs NE 36/45, 80.0%; p = 0.051). Notably, the EPI group had higher rates of re-arrest prior to vasopressor initiation, potentially signaling more severe illness despite other prognostic variables being similarly distributed. In an adjusted regression model, which included adjustment for rearrest prior to vasopressor initiation, the odds of reaching the primary outcome in the ED were 3.94 [95%CI 1.38-12.2] (p = 0.013) times higher in the EPI group compared to NE treated patients. No difference in tachyarrhythmia or functional status at discharge was detected between groups. Conclusion These data suggest prospective study of initial vasopressors used for hemodynamic support after ROSC may be warranted. Rates of intra-emergency department refractory shock, rearrest, or death were higher amongst epinephrine treated patients compared to norepinephrine treated patients in this population. However, inability to control for potential confounding variables in retrospective studies limit the findings. These results are hypothesis generating and further study is warranted.
Faults resembling channel-like features

AbstractWe analyzed a synthetic transfer zone and its associated fault planes and relay ramp in Penobscot, a potential offshore field in the Scotian Basin. Transfer zones are structural areas where...
“They Aim for Me” versus “Under the Radar:” Understanding Women’s Experiences in the Oregon Criminal Legal System through an Intersectional Lens

This article draws on intersectional criminology to explore how privilege and marginalization shape women’s experiences in the criminal legal system. Utilizing a phenomenological feminist approach,...
Circular Dichroism as a Probe of Tertiary Structure

Chiral molecules, those which are not superimposable on their mirror images, have a distinctive property which depends critically on the details of their structure—they are optically active. That is, when linearly polarized light passes through a phase containing a uniform concentration of such molecules, the orientation of the plane of polarization varies smoothly with path length—the angle through which the plane rotates is simply proportional to the path length. Such behavior implies that the phase is circularly birefringent—right- and left-circularly polarized light are transmitted with different velocities. For light having a wavelength which falls within an absorption band of the chiral molecule, the medium will be circularly dichroic as well—circularly polarized light of one sense will be absorbed more than circularly polarized of the other sense. In this case not only does the plane of polarization of the linearly polarized light rotate as it passes through the phase, but the light also becomes elliptically polarized.
Passive mobile robot localization within a fixed beacon field

This paper describes an intuitive geometric algorithm for the localization of mobile nodes in networks of sensors and robots using range-only or angle-only measurements. The algorithm is a minimalistic approach to localization and tracking when dead reckoning is too inaccurate to be useful. The only knowledge required about the mobile node is its maximum speed. Geometric regions are formed and grown to account for the motion of the mobile node. New measurements introduce new constraints which are propagated back in time to refine previous localization regions. The mobile robots are passive listeners while the sensor nodes actively broadcast making the algorithm scalable to many mobile nodes while maintaining the privacy of individual nodes. We prove that the localization regions found are optimal–that is, they are the smallest regions which must contain the mobile node at that time. We prove that each new measurement requires quadratic time in the number of measurements to update the system, however, we demonstrate experimentally that this can be reduced to constant time.
Topiramate modulation of β1- and β3-homomeric GABAA receptors

Abstract The broad spectrum anticonvulsant topiramate modulates multiple voltage-gated and ligand-gated channels, including γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors. Previously, we found a strong β-subunit influence on the effects of topiramate on heteromeric GABAA receptors. Here, we tested the hypothesis that homomeric GABAA receptors comprised of either β1- or β3-subunits will contain a functional binding site for topiramate. For comparison, we also examined the effects of pentobarbital and loreclezole which exhibit β-subunit dependence as well. We expressed β1- and β3-homomeric receptors in Xenopus laevis oocytes and acquired electrophysiological responses using two-electrode voltage clamp techniques. Oocytes expressing β-homomers were insensitive to GABA and had hyperpolarized resting membrane potentials, decreased input resistances, increased holding currents and picrotoxin-induced outward currents consistent with the expression of non-ligand-mediated, spontaneous channel openings of β-homomers. Similar to picrotoxin, application of topiramate, pentobarbital and loreclezole inhibited β1-homomers. In contrast, these compounds activated β3-homomers. As with heteromeric receptors, topiramate and pentobarbital modulation of β1- and β3-homomers exhibited rebound currents indicating an open channel block or stabilization of desensitization. Interaction studies suggested competition between topiramate, loreclezole and pentobarbital for activation of β3-homomers, whereas topiramate inhibitory actions were non-competitive with pentobarbital but competitive with loreclezole. In summary, β1- and β3-subunits have binding site(s) for topiramate that elicit functional effects with similarities to heteromeric receptor responses. From this foundation, contributions of residues and other subunits in binary and ternary heteromeric receptors can be explored to gain a complete understanding of topiramate actions on complex heteromeric GABAA receptors.
Philanthropic Innovation and Creative Capitalism: A Historical and Comparative Perspective on Social Entrepreneurship and Corporate Social Responsibility

Each generation creates its own philanthropic bodies, with novel structures promising both increased sustainability and efficiency. From the seventeenth-century financial imperialists to today’s internet entrepreneurs, innovation, wealth, and philanthropy have moved in tandem, shaping one another and resulting in new philanthropic forms. The most recent of these emerging entities is the “for-profit charity,” which relies on market profits and market principles to replace donations and to maximize its impact. Current philanthropic literature praises these market-based structures as revolutionary innovations that enhance long-term sustainability, and the focus of legal reforms falls along these lines. Yet the legal literature fails to fully appreciate the lessons of history. Although state after state is authorizing or fostering the growth of such hybrid entities, and although these entities do have the potential to contribute to philanthropy in novel ways, without a broader set of legal and regulatory reforms, the new philanthropic entities now emerging will be unable to meaningfully harness market forces to enhance their philanthropic endeavors. This Article argues that the key philanthropic innovation transforming society today is not the public-private hybrid model. An examination of the history of philanthropic innovation in the U.S. and in other nations exposes what the current literature largely overlooks. That is, a historical and comparative analysis reveals that meaningful and lasting philanthropic change arises when philanthropic entities are able to capture and utilize the market innovations that are transforming society and leading to bursts of industrial or technological progress. Thus, groundbreaking philanthropic change comes when charitable entities can harness such transformative commercial and technological developments towards charitable ends. In this light, the most critical philanthropic innovation transforming society today is not the public-private hybrid idea, but rather the little studied phenomenon of firms applying to philanthropy the ideas that made them successful in the marketplace. Understanding this under-appreciated nexus between business and philanthropy is vital for harnessing the larger potential of the new philanthropy, as well as for promoting regulatory action that can enhance both business and philanthropic innovation. Recognizing philanthropic entrepreneurialism as a reflection of, and reaction to, commercial innovations such as the development of capital pooling models or internet social networks is imperative for the design of a more proactive and efficient regulatory regime.
Orthophosphate Requirement for the Formation of Phosphoenolpyruvate from Pyruvate by Enzyme Preparations from Photosynthetic Bacteria

Abstract The formation of phosphoenolpyruvate from pyruvate and adenosine 5′-triphosphate by enzymes from photosynthetic bacteria required inorganic phosphate, thus indicating that these organisms utilize pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase rather than phosphoenolpyruvate synthase in photosynthesis.
Prognostic effect of exercise capacity on mortality in older adults with diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prognostic effect of exercise capacity in older individuals with diabetes mellitus. DESIGN: Retrospective data review in a clinic-based cohort. SETTING: Veterans Affairs Medical Centers in Washington, District of Columbia, and Palo Alto, California. PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand eight hundred sixty-seven men aged 50 to 87 with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MEASUREMENTS: Exercise tolerance testing with fitness categories based on peak metabolic equivalents of task (METs) achieved adjusted for age. All-cause mortality in age groups 50 to 65 (Group 1; n=1,658) and older than 65 (Group 2; n=1,209) was analyzed using adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: After a mean ± standard deviation follow-up period of 7.8 ± 5.1 years, there were 324 deaths in Group 1 (20%) and 464 in Group 2 (38%). For each 1-MET increase in exercise capacity, mortality was 18% lower for the entire cohort (hazard ratio (HR)=0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.79–0.86), 23% lower for Group 1 (HR=0.77, 95% CI=0.73–0.82), and 16% lower for Group 2 (HR=0.84, 95% CI=0.8–0.89). When fitness categories were considered, the mortality risk was 30% to 80% lower for those who achieved more than 4 METs in both age groups. CONCLUSION: Augmented exercise capacity is associated with lower risk of mortality in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged 50 to 65 as well as in those older than 65. Thus, physical fitness, as represented by exercise capacity, lowers mortality risk in people with diabetes mellitus irrespective of age. These findings suggest that healthcare providers should be cognizant of the level of exercise capacity in individual patients and encourage a physically active lifestyle regardless of age.
Spontaneous breakdown and current algebras

We demonstrate the equivalence of spontaneously brokenSU2×SU2 chiral invariance and current algebras in a field-theoretic model. The model consists of an isospinor Fermi field («nucleon») and an isovector, pseudoscalar, massless bound state («pion»). The spontaneous breakdown of the chiralSU2 symmetry induces anE3 symmetry at the observational level. Its consequences are examined and are shown to be equivalent to conventionalSU2×SU2 current algebra results.