cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Agency approaches to common quality problems in home care: a scenario study.

ABSTRACT In a study of best practices in home care quality assurance (QA), a sample of 128 respondents from exemplary home care agencies were presented with 7 brief scenarios depicting common problems in home care quality. Agency respondents were asked to describe their likelihood of identifying the problem in each scenario, how they would identify the problem, and how they would correct it. We found that agencies expressed considerable confidence they would identify the problems, but were unlikely to view their QA efforts as contributing to detecting the problems. Identification was more often perceived to come from ordinary care, with considerable burden placed on paraprofessional staff or clients to bring the problem to the attention of the agency. Medically-oriented agencies were significantly more likely than socially-oriented to rely on formal QA to identify deteriorating patient conditions and depression. Across all agencies, a relationship existed between the type of problem in the scenario and th...
Export Processing Zones in the Dominican Republic: A Comment on Kaplinsky

Abstract Kaplinsky maintains that export processing zones in the Dominican Republic are immiserizing and fail to transfer technology. This paper disputes this claim and recommends that incentives now limited to production in the zones be extended to all nontraditional exports in order to induce backward linkages and increase domestic value added.
Plasmon coupling measures up.

Coupling of localized surface plasmon resonances offers a potential alternative to FRET for measuring nanometer-scale distances.
The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire: Changes during psychological treatment of social phobia

Thirty-nine individuals completed 12 weekly group sessions of psychological therapy for social phobia (social anxiety disorder). Before and after treatment, participants filled out the Tridimensional Personality Questionnnaire (TPQ, [Cloninger C.R., 1987a. A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 573-58]) and measures of social anxiety and depression. Treatment led to a significant reduction in social anxiety, depression, harm avoidance, and reward dependence. However, only pre-post changes in harm avoidance and depression were significantly correlated with pre-post changes in social anxiety. These results suggest that harm avoidance shows state-dependent changes during the course of treatment for social phobia. The implications of these findings for the trait/state distinction of the TPQ scales are discussed.
The Relationship of Household Routines to Morbidity Outcomes in Childhood Asthma

PURPOSE. The major purpose of this study was to explore the effect of routines on asthma management and morbidity outcomes for children with asthma and their parents. DESIGN AND METHODS. This study is a secondary data analysis in a sample of 150 children, which was originally used for an intervention study. RESULTS. Parents who had fewer routines in their homes had lower quality-of-life scores and higher burden of asthma scores when compared to parents in households with more routines. More routines were associated with improved asthma morbidity outcomes as measured by nurse rankings of routines. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Assisting families to establish routines may result in improved asthma morbidity outcomes.
Analytic solution of the velocity-saturated MOSFET/MODFET wave equation and its application to the prediction of the microwave characteristics of MODFETs

An AC model for the saturated MODFET is reported. The MOSFET/MODFET wave equation accounting for velocity saturation and channel length modulation is derived. An exact solution of the wave equation is obtained in terms of Bessel functions. A frequency power series is used to derive analytic expressions for the intrinsic Y-parameters. This AC model is applied to the prediction of the microwave characteristics of 1- mu m AlGaAs/GaAs MODFETs and GaAlAs/InGaAs/GaAs pseudomorphic MODFETs. The parameters used by the AC model are extracted by fitting the I-V characteristics. The parasitics are either estimated or measured. A good prediction of the scattering parameters measured from 2 to 18.4 GHz is achieved for different biases. The deviation of the calculated unilateral power gain from the measured values was on average 1.25 and 2.18 dB for the conventional MODFET and the pseudomorphic MODFET, respectively. >
Surgical resident supervision in the operating room and outcomes of care in Veterans Affairs hospitals

Abstract Background There has been concern that a reduced level of surgical resident supervision in the operating room (OR) is correlated with worse patient outcomes. Until September 2004, Veterans’ Affairs (VA) hospitals entered in the surgical record level 3 supervision on every surgical case when the attending physician was available but not physically present in the OR or the OR suite. In this study, we assessed the impact of level 3 on risk-adjusted morbidity and mortality in the VA system. Methods Surgical cases entered into the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database between 1998 and 2004, from 99 VA teaching facilities, were included in a logistic regression analysis for each year. Level 3 versus all other levels of supervision were forced into the model, and patient characteristics then were selected stepwise to arrive at a final model. Confidence limits for the odds ratios were calculated by profile likelihood. Results A total of 610,660 cases were available for analysis. Thirty-day mortality and morbidity rates were reported in 14,441 (2.36%) and 63,079 (10.33%) cases, respectively. Level 3 supervision decreased from 8.72% in 1998 to 2.69% in 2004. In the logistic regression analysis, the odds ratios for mortality for level 3 ranged from .72 to 1.03. Only in the year 2000 were the odds ratio for mortality statistically significant at the .05 level (odds ratio, .72; 95% confidence interval, .594–.858). For morbidity, the odds ratios for level 3 supervision ranged from .66 to 1.01, and all odds ratios except for the year 2004 were statistically significant. Conclusions Between 1998 and 2004, the level of resident supervision in the OR did not affect clinical outcomes adversely for surgical patients in the VA teaching hospitals.
A Hybrid Architecture for Interactive Verifiable Computation

We consider interactive, proof-based verifiable computation: how can a client machine specify a computation to a server, receive an answer, and then engage the server in an interactive protocol that convinces the client that the answer is correct, with less work for the client than executing the computation in the first place? Complexity theory and cryptography offer solutions in principle, but if implemented naively, they are ludicrously expensive. Recently, however, several strands of work have refined this theory and implemented the resulting protocols in actual systems. This work is promising but suffers from one of two problems: either it relies on expensive cryptography, or else it applies to a restricted class of computations. Worse, it is not always clear which protocol will perform better for a given problem.We describe a system that (a) extends optimized refinements of the non-cryptographic protocols to a much broader class of computations, (b) uses static analysis to fail over to the cryptographic ones when the non-cryptographic ones would be more expensive, and (c) incorporates this core into a built system that includes a compiler for a high-level language, a distributed server, and GPU acceleration. Experimental results indicate that our system performs better and applies more widely than the best in the literature.
MHD Simulations for the Origin and Magnetic Topology of Solar 3 He Events

The origin and magnetic topology of impulsive solar energetic particle (SEP) events (also called solar 3He-rich events) are numerically investigated by using a three-dimensional axisymmetric time-dependent self-consistent magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model. The results indicate that when a counterclockwise (or normal) magnetic flux rope is emerged from the photosphere at the open field region near the closed magnetic field lines, the magnetic topology produced by the MHD simulation is that proposed by Reames to lead to impulsive SEP events. The flux emergence initiates the magnetic configuration which produces the magnetic reconfiguration and reconnection at the coronal base. The magnetic reconnection at the coronal base strongly disturbs the magnetic fields in the solar corona and interplanetary space, and generates fast jetlike plasma outflows (or non-flux-rope coronal mass ejections). The magnetic field line disturbances could scatter charged particles and therefore accelerate them to high energies through the Fermi acceleration mechanism.
RANKL is an essential cytokine mediator of polymethylmethacrylate particle-induced osteoclastogenesis

RANKL is a TNF superfamily member and an essential cytokine mediator of developmental osteoclastogenesis. We examined the role of RANKL in PMMA particle-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro. In murine whole bone marrow cultures, PMMA particles stimulate a 2.5 fold increase in secreted RANKL, a 5–8 fold increase in osteoclast number and induce the formation of giant multinuclear osteoclasts. RANKL and TNF, potential cytokine mediators of PMMA, had similar osteoclastogenic effects. The RANKL inhibitor OPG was utilized to define the role of RANKL in mediating the PMMA response and was found to inhibit basal and PMMA particle-induced osteoclastogenesis. Additionally, particles stimulate osteoclast formation in RANKL-primed osteoclast precursor cells (devoid of supporting stromal cells) while RANKL untreated osteoclast precursors demonstrate no osteoclastogenic response to particles. Since TNF can potentiate RANKL action and is thought to mediate implant osteolysis we analyzed TNF−/− whole bone marrow cultures to elucidate the role of this cytokine. In TNF−/− cultures basal osteoclastogenesis remains intact, yet the PMMA effect is blunted. Finally, we show that PMMA, RANKL and TNF all activate the NF-kB and c-jun/AP-1 signaling pathways which are both fundamental to osteoclast formation and are potential sites of signal convergence in RANKL-mediated particle osteoclastogenesis.
Stimulus specific habituation in a protozoan

Abstract The protozoan, Stentor coeruleus , can contract in an all-or-none fashion in response to mechanical and photic stimuli. Upon repeated presentation of either of these stimuli a decrement in the probability of eliciting a contraction is observed. However repeated mechanical stimulation does not affect the animals' sensitivity to photic stimuli and conversely. This stimulus specificity suggests that habituation occurs in processes which are not common to the photic and mechanical stimulus-response sequences. Action potentials are shown to be produced by both stimuli. However the receptor potentials generated by photic and mechanical stimuli differ in form and in sensitivity to polarizing currents. It is concluded that the receptor potential and transduction mechanisms are not common to both forms of stimulation and therefore one or both of these mechanisms may be changing during the course of habituation.
The maleinization of low molecular weight guayule rubber

The reactions of low molecular weight Guayule rubber (LMWGR) and maleic anhydride (MA) at varying mole ratios were studied in the polar solvent, cyclohexanone, and in p-xylene, a nonpolar solvent, by conventional free radical catalysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) were used to confirm product formation and identification. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Local search heuristics for Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO)

We present a family of local-search-based heuristics for Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO), all of which start with a (possibly fractional) initial point, sequentially improving its quality by rounding or switching the value of one variable, until arriving to a local optimum. The effects of various parameters on the efficiency of these methods are analyzed through computational experiments carried out on thousands of randomly generated problems having 20 to 2500 variables. Tested on numerous benchmark problems, the performance of the most competitive variant (ACSIOM) was shown to compare favorably with that of other published procedures.
Ultrafast graphene photodetector

Graphene research so far has focused on electronic rather than photonic applications, in spite of its impressive optical properties. These include its ability to absorb approximately 2% of incident light over a broad wavelength range despite being just one atom thick. Here, we demonstrate ultrafast transistor-based photodetectors made from single- and few-layer graphene. The photoresponse does not degrade for optical intensity modulations up to 40 GHz, and further analysis suggests that the intrinsic bandwidth may exceed 500 GHz. The generation and transport of photocarriers in graphene differ fundamentally from those in photodetectors made from conventional semiconductors as a result of the unique photonic and electronic properties of the graphene. This leads to a remarkably high bandwidth, zero source-drain bias and dark current operation, and good internal quantum efficiency.
On the Vague Meaning of “Gender” in Education Research: The Problem, Its Sources, and Recommendations for Practice

Writers for both academic and popular audiences often use the term gender when considering differences between the educational experiences of male and female students, and the distinction often appears to be based on a traditional understanding of the term sex. The authors of this article argue that gender and sex should be distinguished more clearly in education research and that the pattern of unclear, conflated, and even synonymous use of the terms has slowed progress in understanding how gender influences students’ educational experiences. The authors present evidence of conflated use, review the wide diversity in orienting perspectives and definitions of gender, show how current American Psychological Association publication guidelines fail to provide clear guidance on the use of the terms, and make recommendations for improving research practice.
Enalapril versus Triple-Drug Therapy in the Treatment of Renovascular Hypertension

18 renovascular hypertensive patients were entered into a randomised, double-blind protocol to assess the safety and efficacy of enalapril (5 to 20mg twice-daily) and hydrochlorothiazide (50 to 100 mg/day), versus triple-drug therapy employing hydrochlorothiazide (50 to 100 mg/day), timolol (10 to 30mg twice-daily) and hydralazine (50 to 150mg twice-daily). Specifically monitored were the effects of each drug regimen on blood pressure, plasma renin activity and angiotensin II, glomerular filtration rate by inulin clearance, and effective renal plasma flow by para-aminohippurate clearance. Results indicate that enalapril/hydrochlorothiazide was more effective than triple-drug therapy in lowering blood pressure. All patients on enalapril/hydrochlorothiazide had excellent control of blood pressure, and there were no adverse effects. In contrast, 50% of the patients on triple-drug therapy had either uncontrolled blood pressure or significant drug-related side effects. Patients who were uncontrolled or intolerant of triple-drug therapy were well controlled on enalapril/hydrochlorothiazide. Patients on enalapril/hydrochlorothiazide demonstrated stimulation of plasma renin activity with inhibition of plasma angiotensin II, indicating adherence with therapy. Therapy for both unilateral and bilateral renovascular hypertension with enalapril/hydrochlorothiazide did not result in reductions in either glomerular filtration rate or effective renal plasma flow, except in 1 patient with a functional solitary stenotic kidney. In contrast, triple-drug therapy was generally associated with modest reductions in glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow, with a severe reduction in glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow occurring in 1 patient with bilateral symmetrical renovascular disease. We conclude that the combination of enalapril and hydrochlorothiazide is a safer and more effective regimen, compared with triple-drug therapy, for the treatment of renovascular hypertension.
Environmental processes mediated by iron-reducing bacteria

Considerable progress has been made towards enhancing our understanding of the phylogeny, ecology and biogeochemical role of dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria. The known phylogenetic range of iron-reducing bacteria has expanded considerably, as has the known range of iron minerals that serve as a source of Fe(III) for anaerobic respiration. In addition, the number of biotechnological applications of iron-reducing bacteria, including remediation of soils and sediments contaminated with metals, radionuclides and organics, is rapidly expanding.
Arab Americans’ Motives for Using the Internet as a Functional Media Alternative and Their Perceptions of U.S. Public Opinion

This exploratory study employed uses and gratifications theory to understand Arab Americans’ salient motives for using the internet and whether the internet served as a functional alternative to other media to satisfy Arab Americans’ information-seeking and interpersonal needs. Spiral of silence theory also was used to investigate the relationship between Arab Americans’ perceptions of U.S. public opinion and their motives for using the internet. Results from an online questionnaire survey (N= 124) indicated that information seeking was the most salient motive for using the internet and that the internet did serve as a functional alternative, with a significant percentage of the internet sources used being foreign based. There was, however, no relationship between Arab Americans’ perceptions of U.S. public opinion and their motives for using the internet. The findings are discussed with respect to the use of the internet by members of this marginalized cultural group.
Potential difference responses to nutrient K+, Na+ and Cl- changes with varying nutrient HCO3- in resting frog stomach.

Abstract The effects of changes in nutrient concentrations of K + , Na + and Cl − on the transmucosal potential difference (PD) and resistance were compared for 25 and 5 mM nutrient HCO 3 − in resting fundus. With 25 mM HCO 3 − , increase of K + from 4 to 40 mM, decrease of Na + from 100 to 10 mM and decrease of Cl − from 81 to 8.1 mM gave, 10 min after the change, ΔPD values of −23.2, −15.1 and −21.3 mV, respectively. With 5 mM HCO 3 − , the same changes in nutrient ion concentration gave ΔPD values of −11.9, −9.4 and −10.0 mV, respectively. From these results, in going from 25 to 5 mM HCO 3 − it follows that the resistances of the ionic pathways for K + , Na + and Cl − increased. The anomalous PD response following the increase in nutrient K + from 4 to 40 mM with 5 mM nutrient HCO 3 − gave further evidence that the resistance of the simple K + conductance pathway increased prior to the increase to 40 mM K + . The fact that 2 mM Ba 2+ in the 25 mM HCO 3 − nutrient gave a smaller increase in resistance, compared to the decrease in nutrient HCO 3 − from 25 to 5 mM, supported the inference that resistances of ion pathways other than that of the K + pathway increased.
TWO-POINT DISCRIMINATION: ASYMMETRY IN SPATIAL DISCRIMINATION ON THE TWO SIDES OF THE TONGUE, A PRELIMINARY REPORT

Su?nmary.-25 young adult Ss were used in a study of asymmetry in spatial discrimination on the rwo sides of the tongue. 10 two-point limen values were established on the left and right tongue margins of each S. Analysis showed statistical evidence of asymmetry in spatial discrimination ability in 14 of the 25 Ss, supporting the concept that "sensory sidedness" in the tactile sensory system may be a normal neurological phenomenon. Recent research has provided evidence of possible relationships between somesthetic sensory deprivation and abnormal oral motor behavior (Bosma, 1967). In attempting to understand these relationships, one should be interested in the oral-facial sensory system in general and in the manner in which it provides an individual with the types of integrated information needed for learning movements used in speaking, chewing and swallowing. The perception of motion of the articulators probably is a synthesis of different sensations, principally kinesthesis and touch. Researchers such as Boyd ( 1940-41 ) , Cooper ( 1953), and Law ( 1954) have called attention to the probable role of oral touch receptors in subserving a proprioceptive function. As Boyd theorized, it is possible that the superficial sensations from the oral area have come to play a particular role in proprioceptive functioning, perhaps acting vicariously for specialized muscular proprioceptors. Spatial discrimination is a basic sensory function of the tactile sensory system that appears to have a priori relevance to the acts of speaking, chewing and swallowing. Classically, the threshold of two-point discrimination has been considered the index of tactile spatial discrimination ability. Previous investigators have demonstrated excellent two-point discriminatory capacity for the tongue tip (Ruch, 1951; Silverman, 1961; Okoyd, 1963; Grossman, 1964; Ringel & Ewanowski, 1965; Knight, 1966; Ashby, 1966). Ringel and Ewanowski (1965) reported larger two-point limen values for the lateral aspects of the tongue tip as compared to the midline. Olroyd (1963) observed two-point limens on the lateral margins of the tongue, posterior to the tip, to be significantly larger than limen values on the tongue tip in midline. The present scudy was designed to investigate bilateral symmetry in two-point limens on the tongue margins.
Evaluating current automatic de-identification methods with Veteran’s health administration clinical documents

The increased use and adoption of Electronic Health Records (EHR) causes a tremendous growth in digital information useful for clinicians, researchers and many other operational purposes. However, this information is rich in Protected Health Information (PHI), which severely restricts its access and possible uses. A number of investigators have developed methods for automatically de-identifying EHR documents by removing PHI, as specified in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act “Safe Harbor” method. This study focuses on the evaluation of existing automated text de-identification methods and tools, as applied to Veterans Health Administration (VHA) clinical documents, to assess which methods perform better with each category of PHI found in our clinical notes; and when new methods are needed to improve performance. We installed and evaluated five text de-identification systems “out-of-the-box” using a corpus of VHA clinical documents. The systems based on machine learning methods were trained with the 2006 i2b2 de-identification corpora and evaluated with our VHA corpus, and also evaluated with a ten-fold cross-validation experiment using our VHA corpus. We counted exact, partial, and fully contained matches with reference annotations, considering each PHI type separately, or only one unique ‘PHI’ category. Performance of the systems was assessed using recall (equivalent to sensitivity) and precision (equivalent to positive predictive value) metrics, as well as the F2-measure. Overall, systems based on rules and pattern matching achieved better recall, and precision was always better with systems based on machine learning approaches. The highest “out-of-the-box” F2-measure was 67% for partial matches; the best precision and recall were 95% and 78%, respectively. Finally, the ten-fold cross validation experiment allowed for an increase of the F2-measure to 79% with partial matches. The “out-of-the-box” evaluation of text de-identification systems provided us with compelling insight about the best methods for de-identification of VHA clinical documents. The errors analysis demonstrated an important need for customization to PHI formats specific to VHA documents. This study informed the planning and development of a “best-of-breed” automatic de-identification application for VHA clinical text.
Forms of a self associating autoantibody complex between a monoclonal human IgG1 and human serum albumin.

Abstract The mode of association of an unusual human autoantibody complex, composed of a monoclonal immunoglobulin. Tu IgG, and human serum albumin was investigated. A crystalline complex forms from these components in the cold and we have shown that it consists of IgG and albumin in a 1:2 molar ratio [Jentoft et al. , Biochemistry 21 , 289–294 (1982)]. The crystalline complex was analyzed by electron microscopy and the soluble natural complexes (formed by dissolving the crystals at 20°C) were studied by sedimentation velocity. The sedimentation studies demonstrated that the soluble Tu IgG-albumin complexes are in equilibrium with free Tu IgG and albumin molecules and that the major soluble sedimenting species has a s 20,w value of 12.5S. At a constant concn of complex, the size of the sedimenting complex can be reduced by lowering the pH, increasing the ionic strength, or adding CaCl 2 , citrate, ascorbate or urea. These intermediate, soluble forms have s 20,w values that are consistent with 1:1 and 1:2 Tu IgG-albumin complexes. Parameters of repeat distances and angles that were obtained from electron micrographs of the crystalline form of the Tu IgG-albumin complex were used to propose a model for the 12.5S species and were also incorporated into a three-dimensional model for the complex. The 12.5S complex is proposed to form by dimerization of the 1:2 Tu IgG-albumin complex via interactions of albumin with the Fc region of the antibody. The 12.5S dimer may be the nucleating species for subsequent rapid associations that lead to spontaneous formation of crystals. In the proposed model for the Tu IgG-albumin crystals, the angle between the Fab arms of each Tu IgG molecule is 90°, the antigenic determinant on the albumin is located near one end of the long axis of the cylindrical molecule, the site of interaction with Fc is located at the other end of the cylinder, and the CH3 domain of the IgG contains the binding site for albumin that is responsible for the formation of the dimeric 12.5S species. A series of sedimentation velocity experiments suggest that the association between the CH3 domain of IgG and albumin requires the prior formation of the antibody-antigen complex.
Predicting in-hospital mortality during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Abstract On the average, 10–15% of patients who undergo cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) following a cardiopulmonary arrest in the hospital environment will survive to be discharged. The purpose of this study was to determine objective factors influencing patient outcome after CPR to determine who should be resuscitated and when to end CPR efforts. The records of 266 patients who underwent in-hospital CPR over a 3-year period were retrospectively analyzed with regard to age, gender, co-morbid conditions, setting of arrest, duration of resuscitation, initial pH and PO2 during resuscitation, and outcome of resuscitative efforts. Twenty-four (9%) patients survived to be discharged from hospital. Eighty-seven (33%) patients arrested in the intensive care unit, 77 (29%) on the ward, 91 (34%) in the emergency room, six (2%) in the cardiac catheterization laboratory and five (2%) in the operating room. There was no significant difference in survival based on location of arrest. Factors associated with a poor prognosis included age greater than 60, co-morbid disease (i.e. pneumonia, sepsis, renal failure, heart disease, etc.), an initial PO2
Endothelium-derived relaxing factor: presence in pulmonary and systemic arteries of the newborn guinea pig.

Endothelium-Derived Relaxing Factor: Presence in Pulmonary and Systemic Arteries of the Newborn Guinea Pig
Alluvial sandstone composition and paleoclimate; II, Authigenic mineralogy

ABSTRACT Various empirical and theoretical arguments suggest that early formed cement in sandstone is a product of meteoric water whose chemistry is controlled by climate. The nature and distribution of early silicate cement in Gondwana, Fountain, and Cutler sandstone support this supposition. Sandstones from all three units have experienced a broadly similar diagenetic history characterized by two stages of authigenesis. Stage I was typified by neomorphic development of kaolinite, chlorite, smectite, quartz, and, additionally in the Cutler Formation, laumontite. Stage II was dominated by replacement reactions involving the production mostly of illite, iron oxide, carbonate minerals, and, mostly in the Gondwana sandstone, a second generation of quartz. Thermodynamic relations, hydrologic constraints, and radiometric dating of the late-stage illite indicate that early authigenesis took place within a few million years of deposition at burial depths measured in hundreds of meters. Consequently, the nature of the silicate cement was a function of the groundwater chemistry, as controlled by climate. During times of relative aridity, ionic concentration of the groundwater was high, and high proportions of smectite, chlorite, and, more rarely, laumontite formed. Such was the case in Petrofacies I, IV, V of the Gondwana Supergroup (for a definition of Gondwana petrofacies see part I of this study) in the Cutler Fm., and in the upper 150 m of the Fountain Fm. During times of high precipitation, pore water was dilute, which promoted authigen c formation of kaolinite and quartz. This is represented by sandstones in petrofacies II and VI of the Gondwana and by sandstones in the lower 200 m of the Fountain Fm. Illite is especially abundant as a pseudomorphic replacement of kaolinite in the older Gondwana sandstones. Illitization apparently began at burial depths of about 1,600 m at a temperature of about 75°C. Illite is not common in the Cutler Formation and is present only in subordinate amounts in the Fountain Formation from the study area. The 18O values of early clay cement in the Gondwana sandstones range systematically from base to top from 5.00 to 13.20. The systematic variation in 18O value of Gondwana clay reflects the gradual migratory drift of the Gondwana harm toward lower latitudes through time. Average 18O values for Cutler cement (13.23) and Fountain cement (19.82) are greater than the analogous values for Gondwana cements. This is consistent with the lower-latitude setting of deposition for the Cutler and Fountain relative to the latitudinal location of the Gondwana basins. However, the values are anomalously lower than what have been observed in modern-day neoformed clays in weathering profiles from low latitudes.
Towards on-line voltage stability assessment using synchrophasors

Advances in technology has made possible the online monitoring and assessment of voltage stability. Synchrophasors measure voltage and current phasors with accurate time stamping with respect to Global Positioning System (GPS) clock reference. A novel voltage stability prediction algorithm using synchrophasors is proposed. Synchrophasor data is used to perform a fast state estimation of the system. This is a departure from conventional SCADA-based state estimation. The traditional method of VQ analysis for voltage stability is put to use in this algorithm to estimate the voltage stability margin. Since the data refresh rate is faster with synchrophasor data than SCADA-based data, the proposed algorithm is suitable for on-line stability assessment. The algorithm is tested on the CIGRE 10-bus system. The results are validated using the well-known modal analysis method.
Dust Deposits on Mars: The "Parna" Analog

Parna is an Autralian aboriginal word meaning 'sandy dust'. It has been applied to deposits of clay, silt, and sand which were initially transported by the wind as aggregates, or pellets, of sand size. Parna is distinguished by its silt and clay content, which in some cases exceeds 85% of the total volume of the deposit. Much of the fine-grained playa silt and clay is incorporated into the parna as sand-sized aggregates, which greatly facilitate their transportation and reworking by the wind. Rain following aggregate emplacement can cause their disintegration, rendering the parna immobile by the wind, yet some pellets can survive several wetting/drying episodes. Parna deposits on Earth occur both as dune forms and as sheet deposits which mantle older terrains. In both cases the deposits are typically derived from lacustrine (lake) beds, such as playas. There is substantial evidence to suggest that bodies of water existed on Mars in the past. Thus, the potential is high for lacustrine deposits and the formation of parna on Mars. Although no parna dunes have been identified, it is suggested that the deposits derived from White Rock (-8 deg, 335 deg W), near Mamers Valles (34 deg, 343 deg W), and elsewhere on Mars may represent sheet parna. Data obtained from Mars-94/96 missions and potential landed spacecraft may provide additional evidence for the existence of parna on Mars.
Use of fluorescence to measure the lubricant excess surface density during pool boiling

This paper presents what are believed to be the first measurements of the non-adiabatic lubricant excess surface density on a roughened, flat, plain horizontal pool-boiling surface. Pool boiling heat transfer data is given for pure R123 and a R123/lubricant mixture. Lubricant excess surface density data are given for the boiling R123/lubricant mixture. A spectrofluorometer was used to measure the lubricant excess density that was established by the boiling of a R123/lubricant mixture on a test surface. The fluorescent measurement technique was used to confirm the existence of the lubricant excess layer during refrigerant/lubricant mixture boiling. The refrigerant preferentially boils, thus, concentrating and accumulating the lubricant on the surface in excess of the bulk concentration. The excess lubricant resides in a very thin layer on the surface and influences the boiling performance. Accordingly, the ability to measure the lubricant excess density on the heat transfer surface would lead to a fundamental understanding of the mechanism by which lubricants can degrade or improve boiling performance. In support of this effort, heat transfer data are provided for both pure R123 and an R123/lubricant (1.8% lubricant mass fraction) mixture at 277.6 K. The heat transfer data shows that the lubricant excess causes an average degradation of 12% in the heat flux for a given superheat.
Looking for Martha

Deep Song: The Dance Story of Martha Graham By Ernestine Stodelle. Foreword by Pearl Lang. Illustrated. 328 pp. New York: Schirmer Books, 1984. $25.95.
Structure of a Heterophilic Adhesion Complex between the Human CD2 and CD58 (LFA-3) Counterreceptors

Interaction between CD2 and its counterreceptor, CD58 (LFA-3), on opposing cells optimizes immune recognition, facilitating contacts between helper T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells as well as between cytolytic effectors and target cells. Here, we report the crystal structure of the heterophilic adhesion complex between the amino-terminal domains of human CD2 and CD58. A strikingly asymmetric, orthogonal, face-to-face interaction involving the major beta sheets of the respective immunoglobulin-like domains with poor shape complementarity is revealed. In the virtual absence of hydrophobic forces, interdigitating charged amino acid side chains form hydrogen bonds and salt links at the interface (approximately 1200 A2), imparting a high degree of specificity albeit with low affinity (K(D) of approximately microM). These features explain CD2-CD58 dynamic binding, offering insights into interactions of related immunoglobulin superfamily receptors.
Studies of deformation mechanisms in ultra-fine-grained and nanostructured Zn

The temperature, strain rate, grain size and grain size distribution effects on plastic deformation in ultra-fine-grained (UFG) and nanocrystalline Zn are systematically studied. The decrease of ductility with the decrease of average grain size could be an inherent effect in nanocrystalline materials, that is, not determined by processing artifacts. The superior ductility observed in UFG Zn may originate from both dislocation creep within large grains and grain boundary sliding of small nanograins. The stress exponent for dislocation creep is about 6.6. The activation energy for plastic deformation in UFG Zn is close to the activation energy for grain boundary self diffusion in pure Zn.
A fast convenient method to prepare hybrid sol-gel materials with low volume-shrinkages

We present a simple and fast method for the synthesis of polyacrylates-silica hybrid materials with significantly low volume shrinkages through the sol-gel reactions of tetraethyl orthosilicate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate along with the free-radical polymerization of the acrylate monomer. The volume shrinkage from the processible sol to the final product was about 6–20% for the hybrid materials having the silica contents up to about 50 wt-%. As a result of the low shrinkage, crack-free, transparent and monolithic hybrid materials of relatively large sizes can be prepared within a short period of 6 to 12 hours. The formation of covalent bonding between the organic and the silica components in the hybrid materials was demonstrated. Thermal stability of the polyacrylate component in the hybrid materials were found to be higher than that of the bulk polymer. Other vinyl polymers such as poly(methyl methacrylate) and polyacrylonitrile have also been incorporated into the inorganic silica sol-gel matrix by using this method.
Small-angle X-ray scattering studies on yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase and its interactions with divalent metal ions, inorganic phosphate, and hydroxymethane bisphosphonate.

Small-angle x-ray scattering studies have been carried out on the enzyme yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPase), and its overall conformational changes on interaction with divalent metal ions (Mg/sup 2 +/ and Mn/sup 2 +/) and with phosphoryl ligands (inorganic phosphate (P/sub i/) and hydroxymethane bisphosphonate (PCHOHP), a nonhydrolyzable inorganic pyrophosphate analog) were assessed. The enzyme undergoes an apparent reduction in size on simultaneous addition of Mg/sup 2 +/ and high P/sub i/ concentration, although neither Mg/sup 2 +/ nor P/sub i/ added separately induced any measurable conformational changes. By contrast, simultaneous addition of Mn/sup 2 +/ and P/sub i/ to PPase does not result in an observable conformational change. However, the overall structure of the enzyme appears to enlarge in the simultaneous presence of Mn/sup 2 +/ ions and PCHOHP. The significance of the structural changes seen in PPase under various conditions is discussed. 21 references, 3 figures, 1 table.
P-119: New Multi-Domain Vertical Alignment LCD with High Contrast Ratio and Symmetrical Wide Viewing Angle Performance and Simplest Fabrication Design and Process

We invented and successfully fabricated a new multi-domain vertical alignment (MVA) LCD with high contrast ratio and wide symmetrical viewing-angle performance. The LCD has a simple fabrication process without rubbing, with no surface protrusion, and no ITO slit geometry. The new MVA LCD makes use of the intrinsic fringe field in each pixel to control the LC alignment, and manifesting 2 domains under column inversion and row inversion, and 4 domains under pixel inversion operation. The viewing angle can be enlarged by the use of optical compensation films, and transmission can be enlarged by improved LC material, drive voltage, pixel design and circular polarizers.
A Model for the Behavior of Battery Separators in Compression at Different Strain/Charge Rates

During charge and discharge of a lithium battery, intercalation of lithium ions into the electrodes can cause their noticeable expansion, compressing the soft separator between them. To assess the role of these effects on the battery performance, it is necessary to know the response of the battery separator under compressive loading. Here we develop a model for predicting the elastic response of a commercial separator immersed in fluid to compression at different strain rates. We show that the response of the separator is determined by combination of viscoelastic behavior of the polymer skeleton and poroelastic behavior, due to the flow of the fluid in the pores. Poroelastic behavior causes effective stiffening of the separator, which increases with the strain rate. For a sample of ca. 1 cm in diameter these effects become pronounced at strain rates 10−3 s−1 and have to be taken into account
Bridging and Damage Zones in Crack Growth

The equivalence between bridging and damage zones that may occur at crack tips during crack propagation is demonstrated. The physical insights provided by both approaches are introduced. Finally, some results for the crack velocity during the creep rupture of a material containing an amorphous phase are discussed.
Increased atmospheric deposition of mercury in reference lakes near major urban areas.

Atmospheric deposition of Hg is the predominant pathway for Hg to reach sensitive ecosystems, but the importance of emissions on near-field deposition remains unclear. To better understand spatial variability in Hg deposition, mercury concentrations were analyzed in sediment cores from 12 lakes with undeveloped watersheds near to ( 150 km) several major urban areas in the United States. Background and focusing corrected Hg fluxes and flux ratios (modern to background) in the near-urban lakes (68 � 6.9 m gm � 2 yr � 1 and 9.8 � 4.8, respectively) greatly exceed those in the remote lakes (14 � 9.3 m gm � 2 yr � 1 and 3.5 � 1.0) and the fluxes are strongly related to distance from the nearest major urban area (r 2 ¼ 0.87) and to population and Hg emissions within 50e100 km of the lakes.
Is ACARS and FANS-1A just another data link to the controller?

This report investigates issues surrounding TBO procedures for the current aircraft fleet when requesting deviations around weather. Air and ground procedures were developed to stringently follow TBO principles using three types of communication: Voice, ACARS, and FANS. ACARS and FANS are both text-based communication systems, but FANS allows uplinked flight plans to be automatically loaded into the FMS, while ACARS does not. From the controller perspective, though, all flight plan modifications were completed using a trial planner and delivered via voice or data comm, making FANS and ACARS similar. The controller processed pilots' request and approved or modified them based on traffic management constraints. In this context, the rate of non-conformance across all conditions was higher than anticipated, with off path errors being in excess of 20%. Controllers did not differentiate between the ACARS and FANS data comm, and showed mixed preferences for Voice vs data comm (ACARS and FANS).
Practices And Value Of A Professional Learning Community In Higher Education

It is important for leadership teams and faculty members in higher education to create an atmosphere of trust as new and improved ideas are addressed in a professional learning community setting. Prior to the past ten years, many faculty members at the university have been accustomed to working somewhat independently in their own discipline. However, today, more university leaders and faculty members are reaching out to one another to discuss issues or concerns within the organization. For the purpose of this research, emphasis will be placed on definition of a professional learning community, characteristics of a professional learning community, ways to improve teaching and learning, models of collaborative learning, effectiveness of professional learning communities and evaluating a professional learning community.
ON THE INACTIVATION OF ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE.

1. In the absence of protective agents, highly purified ascorbic acid oxidase is rapidly inactivated during the enzymatic oxidation of ascorbic acid under optimum experimental conditions. This inactivation, called reaction inactivation to distinguish it from the loss in enzyme activity that frequently occurs in diluted solutions of the oxidase prior to the reaction, is indicated by incomplete oxidation of the ascorbic acid as measured by oxygen uptake; i.e., "inactivation totals." 2. A minor portion of the reaction inactivation appears to be due to environmental factors such as rate of shaking of the manometers, pH of the system, substrate concentration, and oxidase concentration. The presence of inert protein (gelatin) in the system ameliorates the environmental inactivation to a considerable extent, and variation of the above factors in the presence of gelatin has much less effect on the inactivation totals than in the absence of gelatin. 3. A major portion of the reaction inactivation of the oxidase appears to be due to some factor inherent in the ascorbic acid-ascorbic acid oxidase-oxygen system, possibly a highly reactive "redox" form of oxygen other than H2O2 or H2O. The inactivation cannot be attributed to dehydroascorbic acid, the oxidation product of ascorbic acid. 4. Small amounts of native catalase, native peroxidase, native or denatured methemoglobin, and hemin when added to the system, markedly protect the oxidase against inactivation. Cytochrome c has no such protective action. Likewise proteins such as egg albumin, gelatin, denatured catalase, or denatured peroxidase show no such protective action. 5. None of the protective agents mentioned above affect the initial rate of oxygen uptake or change the total oxygen absorbed for complete oxidation of the ascorbic acid, and hence do not act by removal of hydrogen peroxide, per se. 6. Sodium azide and hydroxylamine hydrochloride which inhibit catalase and peroxidase activity also inhibit the protective action of these iron-porphyrin enzymes.
Carbon Nanotube Quantum Capacitance for Nonlinear Terahertz Circuits

In this paper, analog circuit applications of a nonlinear carbon nanotube (CNT) quantum capacitance such as frequency doublers and mixers are proposed. We present a balanced circuit implementation and derive the transconductance conversion gain for the nonlinear CNT quantum capacitor circuit. The balanced topology results in robust circuit performance that is insensitive to extrinsic capacitances and parasitic resistances, and is immune to the resistance of metallic nanotubes that may be in the channel. The ballistic quantum capacitance is useful up to several terahertzs (THzs), making it suitable for low-noise THz sources. Additionally, the fundamental bandwidth and performance limitations imposed by the quantum conductance and inductance are discussed.
Diagnostic modeling of trace metal partitioning in South San Francisco Bay

The two-dimensional numerical model ELAmet was used to investigate the effect of adsorption kinetics on the apparent distribution coefficients of Cu, Cd, and Zn in south San Francisco Bay, California. The numerical experiments were designed to determine whether adsorption kinetics can control the basin-scale variability of the observed partitioning and to define the conditions under which adsorption kinetics could account for strong interannual variability in partitioning. The numerical results indicate that aqueous speciation will control basin-scale spatial variations in the apparent distribution coefficient, K,“, if the system is close to equilibrium. However, basin-scale spatial variations in Kdu are determined by the location of the sources of metal and the suspended solids concentration of the receiving water if the system is far from equilibrium. The overall spatial variability in Kda also increases as the system moves away from equilibrium.