cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wild Ungulate Herbivory of Willow on Two National Forest Allotments in Wyoming

Abstract Willows (Salix) are important riparian plants and often used to indicate riparian condition. Many herbivores feed on willows, but there is limited information about willow browsing by wildlife except in national parks. This study was conducted to estimate wild ungulate herbivory of willow on two US Forest Service allotments in northern Wyoming and to compare these values to published estimates for national parks. We also compared total annual and seasonal willow utilization by wildlife between sites dominated by willows of different heights. The effects of height category, site, and season on willow utilization were determined with a repeated measures analysis. Four permanent willow utilization transects were established at each of six study sites per allotment on two allotments, in communities supporting planeleaf (Salix planifolia Pursh), Wolf's (Salix wolfii Bebb), Drummond's (Salix drummondiana Barratt ex Hook.), or Eastwood's (Salix eastwoodiae Cock. ex A. Heller) willow. Twenty-five twigs w...
Is the Probability of Lymph Node Involvement a Prognostic Indicator in Stage III Rectal Cancer Patients

METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the University of Wisconsin CRC database from 1995 to 2013 was used to identify patients diagnosed with stage III rectal cancer. Patients were divided into 3 lymph node ratio (LNR) and LODDS groups, based on the range of calculated values. Demographic and survival analyses were performed. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analyses. Log-rank test and Cox regression analyses were used to identify potential differences among groups.
Agency in Rgveda Book 2: Comparative Examination and Philosophical Implications

This paper outlines observations concerning agency in Rgveda Book 2, which it compares to agency in Sumerian proverbs and wisdom literature and Shang oracle bone inscriptions. These observations indicate an affinity on important aspects of agency between the Rgveda 2 and Sumerian conceptions, on one hand, and a marked contrast with the outlook on agency that transpires from Shang oracle bone inscriptions, on the other hand. Rgveda 2 and Sumerian texts share a genetic conception of agency. Nevertheless, Rgveda 2 is distinctive in profiling a conception of agency that incorporates multiple determination, pluripotency, the explicit expression of universality, and mutual interaction. The paper will briefly explain these characteristics and their significance. All three conceptions of action, nevertheless, agree on one common feature: they do not present an inner driving power that brings about action. A broader implication of this study is that it is helpful to pay closer attention to generally under examined conceptions of agency, since they may reveal insights that are commonly overlooked.
Applied innovation [Oracle's innovation network]

The paper describes how to create a corporate culture and Oracle's innovation network. Sustainable innovation flourishes best in an organisation where customers are directly and continually engaged in the process. For Oracle, unlocking the innovation inherent in the sales and consulting force has been a key competitive advantage. The business benefits are very clear and the Oracle experience carries important lessons for many other organisations.
15 RACISM, MONEY AND THE LANGUAGE: A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF SPANISH-SPEAKING LATINO PATIENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF HEALTHCARE IN THE UNITED STATES

Background Thirty-five million Latinos live in the United States. With 14% of the total population, Latinos form the largest ethnic minority group in the United States. They are less healthy than the general population, in part due to lack of culturally-competent care. Latino populations are increasing nationwide, often in areas beyond historical concentrations in border and agricultural regions. This is increasing the need to understand and overcome barriers to care for Latinos nationwide. The present study was designed to identify health care issues of importance to members of the rapidly-growing Latino population of Salt Lake County, Utah. Methods Patients of a Spanish-speaking clinic operated by the University of Utah described their health care experiences in Utah, other regions in the US, and other countries. Seventeen participants in 5 focus groups discussed barriers and other concerns about health care in the US. Investigators analyzed transcripts of the sessions for recurring themes. Discussion Culturally sensitive care for Latino patients should address these five areas of concern. Future research will be necessary to identify the relative importance of these concerns to Latino patients of varying ethnic and demographic backgrounds.
Design and Research of FTU Based on DSP and μC/OS-II

As the fundamental control unit of Feeder Automation,the feeder terminal unit(FTU) plays an important role in realizing the Feeder Automation and distribution automation.This paper analyzes the essential characteristic of FTU,and presents a design of FTU based on DSP and RTOS(Real-Time Operating System) μC/OS-II.
Thrombocytopenia in hospitalized patients with severe clostridium difficile infection

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a common cause of nosocomial diarrhea and colitis. The incidence and prognostic significance of thrombocytopenia as related to mode of acquisition (hospital vs. community), NAP1/027 strain, and disease severity has not been examined. We performed a single-institution retrospective analysis of all adult inpatients from 2013 to 2014 diagnosed with CDI during their hospitalization to document the incidence/prevalence of thrombocytopenia and associated outcomes. Severe disease was defined by a composite endpoint of inpatient death, death within 30 days of discharge, presence of septic shock, or need for colectomy during hospitalization. Of the 533 patients diagnosed with CDI, moderate thrombocytopenia (platelet count <100 × 109/L at time of CDI diagnosis) was present in 15 % of the total cohort and incident thrombocytopenia developed in 3 % of patients after admission. Thrombocytopenia was more common in hospital-acquired disease and associated with increased length of stay, but was not associated with treatment failure. Those with moderate thrombocytopenia were more likely to have severe disease, after controlling for white blood cell count, albumin, and creatinine. Moderate thrombocytopenia is associated with poor prognosis and is a potential risk stratification tool for severe CDI.
ANNUAL BALI INTERNATIONAL COMBINED CLINICAL MEETING

Background: This valuable collaboration between Adelaide and Bali was first convened by Prof. I G. Surya, the late Prof. Made Kornia and Associate Prof. John Svigos in May 2011 at Sanglah General Hospital, Bali-Indonesia. This is a three day clinical meeting consisting of a daily Plenary Session for formal presentations running along with a Concurrent Session predominantly for “hands on” and interactive teaching. The meeting has a multidisciplinary focus which is in tune with contemporary Maternal Fetal Medicine practice and consists of obstetricians, midwives, neonatologists and obstetric anaesthetists from both cities sharing their respective experiences. From an initial modest meeting with 80 registrants this has now grown to over 300 registrants in 2015. A fourth day was trialed in 2014 in which a Field Day was incorporated into the program and enabled the overseas participants to gain some first hand experience in the workings of an orphanage (Anak Anak Bali Kids), a midwife obstetric unit (Bumi Sehat) and a level two hospital (Sanjiwani Hospital, Gianyar). Further Field Days are anticipated at future meetings. The Visiting Faculty from Australia are predominantly from the Women’s and Children’s Hospital with input from The Lyell McEwin Hospital both in Adelaide, The Royal North Shore Hospital and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Sydney and the King Edward Memorial Hospital in Perth. The broader strategic aspects of the collaboration have seen the rotation of three MFM Trainees from the Trigonum (Denpasar, Surabaya and Malang) through Adelaide for two months in 2011 and 2012 as part of their MFM training. Unfortunately AusAID funding has not been forthcoming for further rotations to occur but in 2016 a multidisciplinary group from Sanglah General Hospital will be making a one week visit to the Women’s and Children’s Hospital as a forerunner to further visits. Meantime the collaborations with the Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya and the Saiful Anwar Hospital, Malang are being further strengthened with members of the Visiting Faculty also visiting the MFM units at these hospitals prior to the BICCM. The Convenors for the 2016 BICCM meeting in May will be Dr. Ryan Mulyana assisted by Dr Jaya Kusuma, Feto Maternal Division, Sanglah General Hospital and Dr Rosalie Grivell assisted by Associate Prof John Svigos, MFM Service, Women’s and Children’s Hospital.
Benefits of Complementary SEU Mitigation for the LEON3 Soft Processor on SRAM-Based FPGAs

A variety of mitigation techniques have been demonstrated to reduce the sensitivity of FPGA designs to soft errors. Without mitigation, SEUs can cause failure by altering the logic, routing, and state of a design operating on an SRAM-based FPGA. Various combinations of SEU mitigation and repair techniques are applied to the LEON3 soft-core processor to study the effects and complementary nature of each technique. This work focuses on Triple modular redundancy (TMR), configuration memory (CRAM) scrubbing, and internal block memory (BRAM) scrubbing. All mitigation methods demonstrate some improvement in both fault injection and neutron radiation testing. Results in this paper show complementary SEU mitigation techniques working together to improve fault-tolerance. The results also suggest that fault injection can be a good way to estimate the cross section of a design before going to a radiation test. TMR with CRAM scrubbing demonstrates a $27\times $ improvement whereas TMR with both CRAM and BRAM scrubbing demonstrates approximately a $50\times $ improvement.
Pure-Tone–Spondee Threshold Relationships in Functional Hearing Loss: A Test of Loudness Contribution

Purpose The purpose of this article is to examine explanations for pure-tone average–spondee threshold differences in functional hearing loss. Method Loudness magnitude estimation functions were ob...
Rad52 competes with Ku70/Ku86 for binding to S-region DSB ends to modulate antibody class-switch DNA recombination

Antibody class-switch DNA recombination (CSR) is initiated by AID-introduced DSBs in the switch (S) regions targeted for recombination, as effected by Ku70/Ku86-mediated NHEJ. Ku-deficient B cells, however, undergo (reduced) CSR through an alternative(A)-NHEJ pathway, which introduces microhomologies in S-S junctions. As microhomology-mediated end-joining requires annealing of single-strand DNA ends, we addressed the contribution of single-strand annealing factors HR Rad52 and translesion DNA polymerase θ to CSR. Compared with their Rad52+/+ counterparts, which display normal CSR, Rad52-/- B cells show increased CSR, fewer intra-Sμ region recombinations, no/minimal microhomologies in S-S junctions, decreased c-Myc/IgH translocations and increased Ku70/Ku86 recruitment to S-region DSB ends. Rad52 competes with Ku70/Ku86 for binding to S-region DSB ends. It also facilitates a Ku-independent DSB repair, which favours intra-S region recombination and mediates, particularly in Ku absence, inter-S-S recombination, as emphasized by the significantly greater CSR reduction in Rad52-/- versus Rad52+/+ B cells on Ku86 knockdown.
Design Principles in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinical Trials

Summary Adherence to the research design and statistical guidelines of randomized clinical trials provides the most realistic and unbiased answers to clinical questions that face oral and maxillofacial surgeons. The RCT remains the strongest research method for comparing the efficacy of treatments because of the features of randomization, masking, the intent-to-treat analysis, sample size and power calculations, careful consideration of outcomes and comparison groups, and standardization of procedures for patient care and assessment.
Grief counselling and therapy: The case for humility

In response to the article by Larson and Hoyt in the previous issue of Bereavement Care in which they challenge his ‘pessimism’ about the efficacy of grief counselling, Robert Neimeyer here reviews what is currently known about the empirical status of bereavement interventions, drawing in particular on a recent comprehensive meta-analysis of over 60 controlled studies. He concludes from this evidence that grief counsellors indeed have much to offer bereaved people who have the greatest support needs following a death, but that they also need to acknowledge the limits to their knowledge of what works, with which clients, when, and why.
Rev-Erb co-regulates muscle regeneration via tethered interaction with the NF-Y cistrome.

Abstract Objective The loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength are a central feature of traumatic injury and degenerative myopathies. Unfortunately, pharmacological interventions typically fail to stem the long-term decline in quality of life. Reduced Rev-Erb-mediated gene suppression in cultured C2C12 myoblasts has been shown to stimulate myoblast differentiation. Yet the mechanisms that allow Rev-Erb to pleiotropically inhibit muscle differentiation are not well understood. In this study, we sought to elucidate the role of Rev-Erb in the regulation of muscle differentiation and regeneration in vivo. Methods Using Rev-Erbα/β shRNAs, pharmacological ligands, and Rev-Erbα null and heterozygous mice, we probed the mechanism of Rev-Erbα/β regulation of muscle differentiation and muscle regeneration. Results ChIP seq analysis of Rev-Erb in differentiating myoblasts showed that Rev-Erbα did not transcriptionally regulate muscle differentiation through cognate Rev-Erb/ROR-response elements but through possible interaction with the cell fate regulator NF-Y at CCAAT-motifs. Muscle differentiation is stimulated by Rev-Erb release from CCAAT-motifs at promoter and enhancer elements of a number of myogenesis proteins. Partial loss of Rev-Erb expression in mice heterozygous for Rev-Erbα accelerated muscle repair in vivo whereas Rev-Erb knockout mice showed deficiencies in regenerative repair compared to wild type mice. These phenotypic differences between heterozygous and knockout mice were not apparently dependent on MRF induction in response to injury. Similarly, pharmacological disruption of Rev-Erb suppressive activity in injured muscle accelerated regenerative repair in response to acute injury. Conclusions Disrupting Rev-Erb activity in injured muscle accelerates regenerative muscle repair/differentiation through transcriptional de-repression of myogenic programs. Rev-Erb, therefore, may be a potent therapeutic target for a myriad of muscular disorders.
PP139: Outcome of intravenous methotrexate in recurrent or persistent squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck

Background Recurrence or progressive disease in head and cancers is considered to have poor prognosis. Although various chemotherapeutic agents have been tried in palliative settings but there is a lack of definitive standard protocol. The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the outcome of methotrexate in recurrent or persistent squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck in our institution. Material and methods Between January 2006 to December 2009, 103 patients with recurrent or persistent head and neck cancers were identified from Head and Neck Database at Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center. All the patients had good performance status (ECOG 0–1) prior to the start of palliative chemotherapy. All the patients received intravenous methotrexate 40 mg/m 2 weekly. Response, toxicity and mean time to progression were determined. Results Response to methotrexate; complete response (CR) in 10 (10%), partial response (PR) in 11 (11%), stable disease (SD) in 60 (60%) and progressive disease (PD) in 19 (19%) of patients respectively. Chemotherapy related toxicity were; grade 4 febrile neutropenia in 6 (5%), grade 4 mucositis in 6 (5%), deranged liver functions in 17 (16%) patients. Mean time to progression was 7.5 months (range: 1–39 months). Conclusions The disease control in our study is comparable in the already published literature. Although various drug regimens have been employed in the past very little has been gained in slowing the progression of the disease.
Acute Social Stress Engages Synergistic Activity of Stress Mediators in the VTA to Promote Pavlovian Reward Learning

ABSTRACT Stressful events rapidly trigger activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in certain brain areas, driving the formation of aversive memories. However, it remains unclear how stressful experience affects plasticity mechanisms to regulate learning of appetitive events, such as intake of addictive drugs or palatable foods. Using rats, we show that two acute stress mediators, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and norepinephrine (NE), enhance plasticity of NMDA receptor-mediated glutamatergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) through their differential effects on inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP)-dependent Ca2+ signaling. In line with this, acute social defeat stress engages convergent CRF and NE signaling in the VTA to enhance learning of cocaine-paired cues. Furthermore, defeat stress enables learning of a food-paired cue with no delay between the cue onset and food delivery. We propose that acute stress mediators synergistically regulate IP3-Ca2+ signaling in the VTA to promote appetitive Pavlovian conditioning, likely enabling learning of cues with no predictive value.
The Notion of an Ideal Audience as an Analytical Tool

There is a passage towards the end of the monumental Treatise of Human Nature, in which Hume addressed himself to the question of how good government and human progress are at all possible. Hume started from two important premises: first, that men were naturally endowed with only limited altruism; and second, that they had a natural tendency to prefer short-run advantages, even at the expense of what was in their long-term interest. Given these assumptions, how was the material and social betterment of the human condition possible? To answer that question in the affirmative, Hume resorted to an ingenious expedient. He suggested that an affirmative answer was possible because in a well-functioning society, such as the Great Britain of his day, one could create a class of leaders and load them down with economic and social advantages, thereby creating a ruling class which had a short-term interest in maintaining the stability and proper functioning of society. Moreover, through this arrangement, one could do more than maintain the status quo. In Hume’s own words: But government extends farther its beneficial influence; and not contented to protect men in those conventions they make for their mutual interest, it often obliges them to make such conventions, and forces them to seek their own advantage, by a concurrence in some common end or purpose. There is no quality in human nature, which causes more fatal errors in our conduct, than that which leads us to prefer whatever is present to the distant and remote, and makes us desire objects more according to their situation than their intrinsic value. Two neighbors may agree to drain a meadow, which they possess in common; because ‘tis easy for them to know each others mind; and each must perceive, that the immediate consequence of his failing in his part, is the abandoning the whole project. But ‘tis very difficult, and indeed impossible, that a thousand persons shou’d agree in any such action; it being difficult for them to concert so complicated a design and still more difficult for them to execute it; while each seeks a pretext to free himself of the trouble and expence, and wou’d lay the whole burden on others. Political society easily remedies both these inconveniences. Magistrates find an immediate interest in the interest of any considerable part of their subjects. They need consult no body but themselves to form any scheme for the promoting of that interest. And as the failure of any one piece in the execution is connected, tho’ not immediately, with the failure of the whole, they prevent that failure, because they find no interest in it, either immediate or remote. Thus bridges are built; harbours open’d; ramparts rais’d; canals form’d; fleets equip’d; and armies disciplin’d; every where, by the care of the government, which, tho’ compos’d of men subject to all human infirmities, becomes, by one of the finest and most subtle inventions imaginable, a composition, which is, in some measure, exempted from all these infirmities.1
What can we learn from the Van Allen probe measurements of the electric drift E × B/B 2 in the inner magnetosphere? — An update

Although electric fields play a fundamental role in space physics, they are difficult to observe experimentally. This is particularly true close to Earth, because of accuracy issues around spacecraft perigee. Yet, to improve our understanding of the plasmasphere dynamics, ground-truth about the low-L convection field could be key. With that in mind, we developed a unique database of equatorial electric drifts E × B/B2 below L= 3, using more than two years of magnetic and electric field measurements from the two Van Allen Probe spacecraft. In previous work, we demonstrated that the Van Allen Probes had the accuracy required to provide reliable measurements of the electric drift close to spacecraft perigee. We performed a first statistical analysis of the database and we derived typical values of the electric drift below L= 3, in both radial and azimuthal directions. We studied the dependences of the electric drift on radial distance, magnetic local time, and geographic longitude. Then we investigated the Van Allen Probe electric drift database with a focus on anomalous behavior, i.e., with a focus on those electric drifts that significantly diverge from expectations. We will present the results of our investigation. The circumstances that lead to such anomalous values together with the consequences on the overall dynamics of the plasmasphere will be assessed. To our best knowledge, this work represents the most comprehensive observational description of the electric drift around magnetic equator below L∼3. It can be used for example to question the suitability of different electric field models in the low L-region.
Minimally Invasive Approach for Shoulder Arthroplasty

Minimally invasive surgical techniques in joint arthroplasty have received increased enthusiasm in the past decade. In addition to the obvious advantages in cosmesis and patient satisfaction with smaller incisions, minimally invasive approaches may potentially result in less trauma to soft tissues and may improve recovery rate and patient outcomes. While considerable advances have been made in minimally invasive surgery for the hip and knee, minimally invasive arthroplasty procedures for the shoulder have not yet been described.
Nonprotein Amino Acids

Approximately 25–30 amino acids are involved in primary metabolism (Miflin, 1980; Rosenthal and Bell, 1979). Many of these are listed in Fig. 13.1. These primary amino acids usually occur as components of peptides or proteins and are linked by peptide bonds (Fig. 13.1) or free only in small amounts, although, under unusual circumstances, free primary amino acids sometimes accumulate in unusual quantities. Examples are histidine (1) in ripening bananas, arginine (2) in apple trees and some Vicia species, and proline (3) in Caragana wood. A few primary amino acids such as cystine (4) and trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (5) do not occur in protein but are synthesized secondarily from primary amino acids. The latter of these is found in the cell wall proteins of higher plants.
The Socialization of Young Children

Thus far, in talking about early experience effects on social development, we have focused primarily on the young child’s immediate, proximal environment and its effects on the child, or on the effects of specific dyadic relationships. In this chapter we will turn our attention to the cultural context in which the young child is reared. More specifically, we will turn our attention to the context provided by the childrearing practices employed by parents, the context provided by the child’s peer group, and that provided by the larger cultural environment. Both parents and peers will be considered in terms of their roles as socializing agents.
Was SN 1054 A Type II Supernova

The Crab Nebula is the most studied of all supernova remnants, yet it has not been possible to reconcile its properties with either of the two commonly observed types of supernovae. This contribution is an attempt to do so, taking into account the information which is available on the present nebula, the pulsar, and the original supernova event in 1054.
Health-related quality of life after adverse bleeding events associated with antithrombotic drug therapy - A systematic review.

Abstract Little is known about the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) following adverse bleeding events associated with antithrombotic drug therapy. This systematic review assesses the HRQOL of patients who suffered a bleeding event related to antithrombotic drug use. A literature search was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library from inception through June 16, 2017. Studies measuring HRQOL after a bleeding event related to antithrombotic drug therapy for primary or secondary prevention of a thromboembolic event were included. Four studies with a total of 13,209 patients met the inclusion criteria, and of them, 3,649 patients developed a bleeding event. Patients who were included received antithrombotic drugs because of acute myocardial infarction or atrial fibrillation. EQ-5D, SF-36, and GHP MOS-13 were used to measure HRQOL. The follow-up time ranged from 6 to 29 months. Patients who suffered a bleeding event reported worse HRQOL compared to those who did not (EQ-5D – average increase on all domains of 0.09, p-values ranging from
Severe metabolic alkalosis-a diagnostic dilemma.

Abstract Background Cushing's syndrome due to ectopic ACTH secretion has been associated with many cancers; most commonly small cell carcinoma of the lung and bronchial carcinoid tumors. Usually, patients who confer this diagnosis have poor prognosis. Case presentation A 66-year-old female presented with worsening shortness of breath and weakness over three days. Initial laboratory derangements included severe hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. Treatment included high amounts of potassium chloride and acetazolamide. Imaging studies revealed anterior medial right upper lobe lung mass as well as suspicion for many liver metastases. Liver biopsy was sought and was positive for small cell carcinoma. Conclusion We describe a case of severe metabolic alkalosis and hypokalemia in a patient with Cushing's syndrome due to ectopic ACTH secretion from small cell lung cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first case identified which exhibited such significant metabolic derangements in the form of serum and arterial blood bicarbonate. As prognosis is quite poor, we recommend swift diagnosis and management.
Quantitative single molecule SERS sensing enabled by machine learning (Conference Presentation)

Over twenty years have elapsed since the first report of single molecule surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) yet quantitative sensing in the single molecule regime remains elusive. We have recently introduced a new self-assembly method for fabricating sensor surfaces capable of single-molecule SERS with uniform SERS enhancements of 109 over 100s of μm. Yet, the main challenge in quantitative single molecule SERS is the complex, system dependent, hotspot occupancy rate of analyte. In this work, we solve this problem using a new big data method for quantifying analyte concentration in the single molecule regime. Specifically, deep convolutional neural networks are trained with SERS spectra acquired across large sensor surfaces. The universal approximation property of neural networks is used to automatically fit the hotspot occupancy rate of any molecule. We demonstrate quantitative detection of rhodamine 800 as low as 1 femtomolar, where the single molecule regime begins at approximately 100 picomolar concentrations. This method is validated by comparison with traditional, non-quantitative methods of single molecule SERS detection. Further, we use SERS’s rich spectral information and label free detection to demonstrate the simultaneous quantification of multiple analyte molecules. Finally, this new quantification method is used to sense small molecules produced by bacterial biofilms. The proposed method is not system specific and is thus broadly applicable to any SERS sensor capable of large-area, uniform single molecule detection.
Outcomes according to involved free light chain (FLC) levels in patients with normal FLC ratio after initial therapy in light chain amyloidosis (AL).

8049Background: Complete response in AL is defined as normal FLC ratio with negative serum and urine immunofixation. It is not clear if high involved serum FLC (hIFLC) in a patient with normal rati...
COL4A1 Mutations Cause Neuromuscular Disease with Tissue-Specific Mechanistic Heterogeneity.

Collagen type IV alpha 1 and alpha 2 chains form heterotrimers ([α1(IV)]2α2(IV)) that represent a fundamental basement membrane constituent. Dominant COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations cause a multisystem disorder that is marked by clinical heterogeneity and variable expressivity and that is generally characterized by the presence of cerebrovascular disease with ocular, renal, and muscular involvement. Despite the fact that muscle pathology is reported in up to one-third of individuals with COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations and in animal models with mutations in COL4A1 and COL4A2 orthologs, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying COL4A1-related myopathy are unknown. In general, mutations are thought to impair [α1(IV)]2α2(IV) secretion. Whether pathogenesis results from intracellular retention, extracellular deficiency, or the presence of mutant proteins in basement membranes represents an important gap in knowledge and a major obstacle for developing targeted interventions. We report that Col4a1 mutant mice develop progressive neuromuscular pathology that models human disease. We demonstrate that independent muscular, neural, and vascular insults contribute to neuromyopathy and that there is mechanistic heterogeneity among tissues. Importantly, we provide evidence of a COL4A1 functional subdomain with disproportionate significance for tissue-specific pathology and demonstrate that a potential therapeutic strategy aimed at promoting [α1(IV)]2α2(IV) secretion can ameliorate or exacerbate myopathy in a mutation-dependent manner. These data have important translational implications for prediction of clinical outcomes based on genotype, development of mechanism-based interventions, and genetic stratification for clinical trials. Collectively, our data underscore the importance of the [α1(IV)]2α2(IV) network as a multifunctional signaling platform and show that allelic and tissue-specific mechanistic heterogeneities contribute to the variable expressivity of COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations.
Interest Rates and Intertemporal Substitution for Indian Farm Households

This paper investigates how reported interest rates affect intertemporal substitution, or the substitution between present and future consumption. This is important since it indicates whether financial assets play a role in smoothing consumption. Most research in this area has represented the interest rate faced by households as either a fixed effect or an aggregate market rate. Using household level interest rate data for Indian farm households I find that interest rates affect intertemporal substitution and that the effects are not always monotonic. This implies that financial assets play a role in consumption smoothing and that actual borrowing costs are higher for some individuals compared to others even though their observed interest rate maybe lower.
The Limited Benefit of Follow-Up Echocardiograms After Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot

Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease, making up 10% of all congenital heart defects. Annual follow-up echocardiograms are recommended in patients with repaired ToF, but evidence-based guidelines do not exist. We hypothesized that most echocardiograms performed in asymptomatic patients with repaired ToF and no physical exam change do not result in an actionable change (AC) in management. We retrospectively reviewed records of all patients with ToF and prior complete repair at our institution between January 2000 and September 2015. Changes in echocardiograms resulting in hospital admission, medication addition/change, cardiac catheterization, or surgical procedure were identified via chart review. These changes were referred to as an AC. A total of 1135 echocardiograms were reviewed from 233 patients (160 with initial complete repair, 70 with prior shunt, and 3 with other initial surgery). The median number of echocardiograms per patient was 5. Of the 1135 echocardiograms, 15 (1.3%) were associated with AC. Of the 15 patients with AC echocardiograms, 9 underwent a shunt prior to complete repair (9/70, 12.9%) and 6 had undergone an initial complete repair (6/160, 3.8%). The median age at AC was 6.3 years (IQR 4.4, 6.8) in the shunt group and 0.90 years (IQR 0.87, 1.1) in the initial complete repair group. In asymptomatic patients with repaired ToF and no physical exam change, echocardiograms rarely lead to a change in clinical management. In conclusion, the likelihood and timing of AC echocardiograms and reinterventions vary based on the type of initial surgery.
Pediatric Acute Stroke Protocol Implementation and Utilization Over 7 Years

Objective To examine the implementation and utilization of a pediatric acute stroke protocol over a 7-year period, hypothesizing improvements in protocol implementation and increased protocol use over time. Study design Clinical and demographic data for this retrospective observational study from 2011 through 2018 were obtained from a quality improvement database and medical records of children for whom the acute stroke protocol was activated. The initial 43 months of the protocol (period 1) were compared with the subsequent 43 months (period 2). Results Over the 7-year period, a total of 385 stroke alerts were activated, in 150 children (39%) in period 1 and 235 (61%) in period 2, representing a 56% increase in protocol activation. Stroke was the final diagnosis in 80 children overall (21%), including 38 (25%) in period 1 and 42 (19%) in period 2 (P = .078). The combined frequency of diagnosed stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), and other neurologic emergencies remained stable across the 2 time periods at 39% and 37%, respectively (P = .745). Pediatric National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (PedNIHSS) documentation increased from 42% in period 1 to 82% in period 2 (P Conclusions Pediatric stroke protocol implementation improved over time with increased use of the PedNIHSS and use of MRI as the first imaging study. However, with increased utilization, the frequency of confirmed strokes and other neurologic emergencies remained stable. The frequency of stroke and other neurologic emergencies in these children affirms the importance of implementing and maintaining a pediatric acute stroke protocol.
Examining Trends of Youthful Offenders

Data collected by the U.S. Department of Justice Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) and other sources are presented to examine juvenile crime trends beginning as early as the 1960s. To provide context, demographics of the United States adolescent population is discussed, including trends based on age, gender, race, and type of crime. Violent crime and homicide rates are explored. Recent trends in juvenile courts and cases where adolescents and children are tried as adults are considered. Additionally, multiple facets of facilities that care for young offenders and the services they provide are described.
Nano-chevron quantum dot for spin-qubit applications.

We study the theoretical properties of a parabolic hBN/MoS2/hBN heterostructure quantum dot potential generated via electrostatic gates and its interaction with a cobalt nano chevron. We demonstrate that such an example system can undergo electric dipole spin resonance for a single electron isolated to the K′ valley within the MoS2 monolayer, and such a system can achieve pi-rotation times of approximately 5.5 ns under the influence of a 20.89 GHz driving field. Our proposed system requires operating conditions easily achievable with current experimental methods and would allow for the all-electrical control of a spin-qubit within an MoS2 device. Our results show that such a system is experimentally feasible and would have comparable properties to that of more traditional silicon based spin-qubits. Furthermore, the design of the device can be applied to other material systems beyond MoS2 and cobalt. In theory, the proposed structure could make use of any 2D material that experiences strong proximity exchange interactions with other magnetic materials, which makes our proposed design highly general.
Impact gardening on Europa and repercussions for possible biosignatures

Owing to its internal ocean, Jupiter’s moon Europa can potentially host extant life. However, because Europa’s orbit is within Jupiter’s magnetosphere, chemical biosignatures that are exposed to space may be destroyed by high-energy electron radiation. It has been suggested that biosignatures may be preserved below the radiation-penetration depth of the top few centimetres. Impact gardening, the process by which small impacts mechanically churn the uppermost surface of airless bodies, is known to disrupt near-surface stratigraphy; however, no comprehensive estimate of the effect of gardening has yet been determined for Europa. Here we use an impact gardening model to show that gardening is a global process on Europa, and has churned, on average, the top 30 cm over the last several tens of millions of years, thus, exposing all material within the top 30 cm to surface radiation. We suggest that morphologically immature craters and regions of mass wasting at mid-to-high latitudes could be weakly impacted by both gardening and radiation, and should be preferred locations for the search for life on Europa. Modelling shows that impact gardening on Europa has the potential to churn the shallow subsurface material down to 30 cm very efficiently and globally, thus destroying potential habitable niches just below the surface. Some areas where both gardening and radiation are relatively weak are, however, identified.
The Soleus Flap

The soleus muscle is located in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg deep to the gastrocnemius muscle and serves as the second plantar flexor of the foot. It is considered to be the flap of choice when reconstructing defects of the middle portion of the lower leg. It is a bipenniform muscle with independent neurovascular bundles for the medial and lateral components, allowing for harvest of a hemisoleus, or the entire soleus as needed. The blood supply of the soleus muscle, while constant, requires a very good anatomic knowledge for a successful dissection. In addition, the vascular supply is in close proximity to the tibia, and as a result, fractures to the tibia may result in compromise of the blood supply and failure of the attempted reconstruction. The soleus muscle can be used in conjunction with other local flaps to reconstruct more extensive defects (upper and middle third defects). In addition, it results in minimal donor site morbidity, both cosmetically and functionally and is an ideal pedicled local flap for reconstruction. The donor site can be closed primarily, while a split thickness skin graft can be applied on top of the transferred muscle at the same time to complete the reconstruction.
Organoid Models for Infectious Disease.

Infectious diseases affect individual health and have widespread societal impacts. New ex vivo models are critical to understand pathogenesis, host response, and features necessary to develop preve...
Medium Rare: Exploring Archives and their Conversion from Original to Digital Part One: Lessons from the History of Print Media.

This paper, which will be published in two parts, explores the physicality of archival materials in the context of the digital age. This first part reviews key lessons in the history of new technologies that have affected archival practice. The issues and problems we now face with conversion of physical archives to digital form are not entirely new. Throughout time, humans have gone through similar major transformations which affected not only culture and behavior but cognition in relation to information acquisition—the conversion from oral transmission to written or from locally available written media to mass-produced forms of communication are examples. This article provides a brief review of these historical processes and gives an overview of some of the lessons we can learn from them. Part Two (which will be published in the March 2011 issue of LIBRES) will explore a holistic understanding of paper-based knowledge transmission—specifically archives—in the context of the digital access movement.
Developing Learning in Faculty: Seeking Expert Assistance from Colleagues.

Interprofessionalism involves learning from faculty members in different professions and is gaining popularity rapidly in health care. Every college campus has a wide variety of experts specifically educated in areas associated with good educational practices. This chapter describes the many ways in which faculty members from different professional areas may be supportive of one another.
The Effect of Budget Authority and Budget Frame on Managerial Reporting and Welfare

One principle use of budgets is to elicit private information from subordinates in order to allow superiors to make better decisions. However, self-interested subordinates may bias their budget reports for personal gain, thus reducing the value of their budget reports to superiors. We examine whether the framing of the budget request and who has authority to set the budget affect subordinates’ budget reports, budget levels, production, and subsequent welfare. Research and practice use various budget frames when subordinates are requested to submit budget information. In addition, firms structure the budget setting process in different ways. One key budget structure variable is which party has final authority to set the budget. As such, understanding how budget frames and budget authority affect subordinates’ behavior is important for interpreting the results of past research and informing practice. We find that the framing of the budget request does not affect subordinates’ budget reports. However, we find that who has authority to set the budget has a substantial impact on subordinates’ budget reports. Specifically, we find that subordinates’ reports are more accurate when subordinates have authority to set the budget than when superiors have this authority. Furthermore, many budgets are rejected by subordinates when superiors have authority to set the budget. As a result, in our setting, superiors’ welfare is greater when subordinates have authority to set the budget than when superiors have authority to set the budget. Our results suggest that superiors may be better off relying on subordinates’ non-pecuniary preferences instead of instituting formal controls in budget settings with information asymmetry.
The Willingness of Auditee Personnel to Convey Negative Information to Internal Versus External Auditors

This study examines the willingness of information systems (IS) professionals to report critical negative information to an auditor about a major systems implementation. Borrowing from the whistle-blowing literature, we develop a model to test the influence of key variables on the choice of reporting channel. A decision case was administered to experienced IS developers. Consistent with the model, expectations as to whether management will correct the problems has a significant effect on the choice of to whom to report. The respondents are more likely to use direct organizational channels (i.e., go over the head of their immediate supervisor) than to convey the project's problems to an auditor when the expectancy that management will correct the problems is high. Conversely, respondents are more likely to convey the project's problems to an auditor when the expectancy that management will correct the problems is low. Neither promise of confidentiality nor perceptions of negative consequences have a direct effect on whistle-blowing but rather combine so that confidentiality is important only when the IS professionals perceive negative consequences to be likely. Finally, the respondents are more willing to report problems to an internal auditor than to an external auditor.
Properties of the H-guide at microwaves and millimeter waves

Wave propagation in the H-guide is investigated theoretically and experimentally. Relations are derived for description of the field distribution and for calculation of the distribution constants of the single- and double-slab guide. Higher modes are studied. The height of the guide can be increased without introduction of undamped higher modes. The attenuation constants are calculated and analyzed for X-band and millimeter waves. Conduction and dielectric losses are considered. Radiation losses and the corresponding attenuation are calculated. The radiation can be arbitrarily reduced by increasing the height of the guide. The maximum transmitted power at electric breakdown is calculated. Experiments are discussed which confirm the theoretically obtained results. The overall results suggest modifications of the original structure and permit the conclusion that the guide is particularly suitable for the frequency range above 20 KMC.