cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ionospheric Specification and Forecast Modeling

The ionosphere is a highly dynamic medium that exhibits weather disturbances at all latitudes, longitudes, and altitudes. Unfortunately, the weather disturbances can have adverse effects on numerous civilian and military systems/operations, and consequently, a major effort has been devoted to developing ionospheric specie cation and forecast models. Over the years, a wide range of models have been developed, including empirical, parameterized, numerical, tomographic, and physics-based data assimilation models. The status of the various modeling approaches is briee y reviewed. The review covers the philosophy underlying the approaches and the strengths and limitations of the approaches. In each case, a representative example is given to show the attributes of the approach. The review should be useful to practitioners who are affected by the ionosphere, and it should serve as a benchmark against which future progress can be measured.
Seismotectonics of Mid-Ocean Ridge Propagation in Hess Deep

Hydroacoustic data from the eastern equatorial Pacific reveal low-magnitude seismicity concentrated at the propagating tip of the Galapagos Rise in Hess Deep. The patterns of seismicity and faulting are similar to those observed in the process zone of laboratory-scale propagating tensile cracks. Because the fracture energy required for propagation scales with crack length and process zone size, it follows that ridges can propagate stably in the brittle crust without exceptional resisting forces as proposed by previous models based on linear elastic fracture mechanics.
Optimization of Interruptions in HIV treatment using a multiscale mechanistic model

Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) regimens are employed to control HIV infection for extended periods of time, but with significant monetary cost and toxic side-effects. To mitigate these difficulties while achieving a similar viral suppression, interruptions in treatment have been explored. In this paper, we use a multiscale model of HIV infection with drug-resistant mutant strains to optimize these treatment interruptions for maximal viral suppression and minimal drug intake. Specifically, a genetic algorithm is used to maximize the duration of viral load below detection limit (<100 virions/mL), while minimizing the average maximal plasma drug concentration (Cmax) for triple-drug HAART regimens with NFV, AZT, and 3TC. Five treatment regimens of increasing complexity are investigated and compared with that of two optimized continuous HAART. The optimized treatment schedules lead to similar viremia-free periods while achieving significant reduction in the amount of drug used.
Introducing Mutual Heating Effects in the Ladder-Type Soil Model for the Dynamic Thermal Rating of Underground Cables

The proper modeling of the transient thermal behavior of mutual heating effects between underground power cables is very important for the rating of transmission and distribution cables. The IEC standards proposed an accurate model based on exponential integrals that it can be difficult to implement in basic electrical software. The model is not consistent with the layered modeling of the cable thermal resistances. In this paper, a simple and easy-to-use alternative model is presented. It consists of injecting the correct current at the right position of the RC circuit representing the soil. The new model can accurately reproduce the full physics of the transient phenomenon and is consistent with the modeling of the cable used in the IEC standards themselves. The new model is tested and validated against numerous finite-element simulations for realistic cable installations.
Association of Retinal Sensitivity to Integrity of Photoreceptor Inner/Outer Segment Junction in Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema

Purpose To evaluate the relationship between retinal sensitivity and the photoreceptor inner segment/outer segment (IS/OS) layer status in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME). Design Cross-sectional study. Participants Twenty-five adult patients (37 eyes) diagnosed with DME and managed at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, MD). Methods We obtained simultaneous fundus microperimetry (MP) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) of patients with DME using a combined MP/OCT system. The device recorded retinal sensitivity and retinal thickness on a 3-dimensional tomography map, and we performed a point-by-point analysis of the IS/OS layer integrity at every MP point. We also reviewed OCT scans to determine the type of DME, cystoid macular edema, or diffuse macular edema (absence of any cysts). In addition, fixation stability and fixation location were analyzed. Main Outcome Measures Retinal point sensitivity measured by MP. Results Twenty-five patients (37 eyes: 29 male and 8 female; mean age, 64.16 years) with DME were enrolled. Fixation was centric in 30 eyes (81%), paracentric in 3 eyes (8%), and eccentric in 4 eyes (11%). Twenty-seven eyes had cystoid macular edema, and 10 eyes had diffuse macular edema. Mean central subfield thickness was 325 μm. We analyzed a total of 1036 individual MP points. Mean point sensitivity was 10.51 dB. A total of 793 points (76.5%) had IS/OS layer present, and 243 points (23.5%) had IS/OS layer disrupted. A mixed linear model, constructed to adjust for potential confounders and account for dependence between retinal points, revealed that the absence of the IS/OS junction was significantly associated with a 3.28-dB decrease in retinal point sensitivity ( P Conclusions This novel index study demonstrates that disruption of the IS/OS junction is correlated with a significant decrease in point sensitivity in eyes with DME. Further studies are indicated to confirm and validate this relationship. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
An Exploration of the Juxtaposition of Professional and Political Accountability in Local Law Enforcement Management

This study focuses on one arena of public administration in which the balancing act between various accountability considerations is especially visible: local law enforcement management, and one of...
English in South Africa: Expansion and nativization in concert

In a departure from language policy in most other African countries, the 1996 South African Constitution added nine indigenous languages to join English and Afrikaans as official languages. This policy was meant to provide equal status to the indigenous languages and promote their use in power domains such as education, government, media and business. However, recent studies show that English has been expanding its domains at the expense of the other ten languages. At the same time, the expanded use of English has had an impact on the varieties of English used in South Africa. As the number of speakers and the domains of language use increase, the importance of Black South African English is also expanding. The purpose of this paper is to analyze current studies on South African Englishes, examining the way in which expanded use and domains for BSAE speakers will have a significant impact on the variety of English which will ultimately take center stage in South Africa.
Framing for sustainability: the impact of language choice on educational outcomes

Because what people do is not based entirely on what they know, the way educators frame sustainability concepts is critical. Framing influences recognized antecedents of pro-environmental behavior such as attitudes, and traditional educational outcomes such as critical thinking. Yet, because commonly used frames are based in metaphors that tend to portray nature as resource and resist ecological complexities, sustainability educators may be undermining their own goals. This paper makes the case for a promising new construct synthesized from the education and attitude literature, called critical elaboration, and examines the impact of framing on this variable. College student participants read texts portraying humans as either a part of nature (systems metaphor) or apart from nature (non-systems metaphor) in either an active or passive voice, then responded using a thought-listing technique. Frames employing a systems metaphor rather than a non-systems metaphor elicited significantly more critical elaboration, as did frames that employed active voice. Data suggest that education for sustainability requires thoughtful consideration of metaphor underlying message frames.
Estuarine Ecosystem Response Captured Using a Synoptic Climatology

Estuarine and coastal ecosystems respond strongly to proximate climate forcing. In this study, we present a regional, synoptic climatology as an approach to classify weather patterns that generate interannual variability in coastal and estuarine ecosystems. Synoptic climatology is a method that classifies sea level pressure data into distinct patterns representing common weather features for a specified region. A synoptic climatology was developed for the eastern United States and used to quantify surface conditions affecting Chesapeake Bay during wet and dry years. In a synthesis analysis, several mechanisms were identified that explained the link between weather patterns and ecosystem structure, principal among them is the delivery of freshwater to the Bay during spring. Wet and dry years were characterized by shifts in biogeography of the Chesapeake Bay. The shifts resulted from habitat changes and trophic interactions and included the timing and magnitude of the spring phytoplankton bloom, the distribution/abundance of mesozooplankton and gelatinous zooplankton, and juvenile indices of fish. Synoptic climatology resolved regional weather variability at a spatial scale not strongly controlled by larger-scale climate indices and explained ecosystem responses in Chesapeake Bay.
A proximate perspective on reciprocal altruism

The study of reciprocal altruism, or the exchange of goods and services between individuals, requires attention to both evolutionary explanations and proximate mechanisms. Evolutionary explanations have been debated at length, but far less is known about the proximate mechanisms of reciprocity. Our own research has focused on the immediate causes and contingencies underlying services such as food sharing, grooming, and cooperation in brown capuchin monkeys and chimpanzees. Employing both observational and experimental techniques, we have come to distinguish three types of reciprocity. Symmetry-based reciprocity is cognitively the least complex form, based on symmetries inherent in dyadic relationships (e.g., mutual association, kinship). Attitudinal reciprocity, which is more cognitively complex, is based on the mirroring of social attitudes between partners and is exhibited by both capuchin monkeys and chimpanzees. Finally, calculated reciprocity, the most cognitively advanced form, is based on mental scorekeeping and is found only in humans and possibly chimpanzees.
C(60) molecular bearings and the phenomenon of nanomapping.

Inspired by suggestions of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ ``nanobearings,'' we have measured sliding friction on fixed and rotating ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ layers to explore whether a lubricating effect is present. We refer to this general phenomenon as ``nanomapping,'' whereby macroscopic attributes are mapped in a one on one fashion to nanoscale entities. Our measurements are the first to directly link friction to a documented molecular rotation state. Friction is, however, observed to be higher for rotating layers, in defiance of the ball-bearing analogy. Thus, no direct mapping of macro- to nanoscale attributes can be established.
Prototyping for Industrial Applications [Industry Forum]

An FPGA is a good vehicle for creating a prototyping system for checking out an industrial product concept and functionality. High nonrecurring engineering (NRE) cost makes an ASIC suitable only for very high-volume products, such as handheld game terminals and cellular phones. For medium-volume products, the HardCopy ASIC is a lower-cost and lower-power replacement for an FPGA. The HardCopy ASIC is a custom device that is created by incorporating the advantages of an ASIC into an FPGA by removing the resources that are not required in the final device. The power and performance of Hard-Copy ASICs are comparable to those of standard-cell ASICs. Altera's design software enables a single-toolset transition from an FPGA to the HardCopy ASIC.
The crescentic advancement flap revisited.

Background. When closing surgical defects, optimal aesthetic results are obtained when cosmetic units are preserved and, whenever possible, when scars are placed in naturally occurring creases and folds. This is particularly challenging in the perialar region, where surgical defects can encompass more than one cosmetic subunit. Objective. To examine the reconstructive options and to demonstrate that the crescentic advancement flap for closures of defects in the perialar area is a superior alternative. Methods. This is a review of surgical approaches, a historical examination of perialar repairs, and an illustrative case. Results. A patient with a perialar defect was reconstructed using the crescentic advancement flap with excellent postoperative results. Conclusion. When compared with the other options, whenever feasible, the crescentic advancement flap, which has evolved over the years, remains a superior option for defects in the perialar location.
A Novel Presenilin 1 Mutation in Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease With Prominent Frontal Features.

Familial Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a rare disorder involving known autosomal dominant mutations in the amyloid precursor protein and presenilin (PSEN) 1 and 2. Here, we present a case of early-onset AD with prominent frontal features associated with a novel deletion of codon 40 in the PSEN1 gene. Serial brain magnetic resonance imaging and 18F florbetapir imaging show prominent involvement of the frontal lobes, corresponding with the clinical presentation. This case report illustrates a possible link between a novel PSEN1 mutation and frontal variant AD.
Intracellular Ionic Activities and Transmembrane Electrochemical Potential Differences in Gallbladder Epithelium

Intracellular ion activities inNecturus gallbladder epithelium were measured with liquid ion-exchanger microelectrodes. Mean values for K, Cl and Na activities were 87, 35 and 22mm, respectively. The intracellular activities of both K and Cl are above their respective equilibrium values, whereas the Na activity is far below. This indicates that K and Cl are transported uphill toward the cell interior, whereas Na is extruded against its electrochemical gradient. The epithelium transports NaCl from mucosa to serosa. From the data presented and the known Na and Cl conductances of the cell membranes, we conclude that neutral transport driven by the Na electrochemical potential difference can account for NaCl entry at the apical membrane. At the basolateral membrane, Na is actively transported. Because of the low Cl conductance of the membrane, only a small fraction of Cl transport can be explained by diffusion. These data suggest that Cl transport across the basolateral membrane is a coupled process which involves a neutral NaCl pump, downhill KCl transport, or a Cl-anion exchange system.
A Matrix model for Predicting Foliage Weight of Trees by Age Classes

Abstract A Leslie-type matrix has been developed to model the annual growth of foliage on individual trees for any species that retains its foliage for more than one year. In order to apply the model to any given species, one must know: (1) age-specific foliage photosynthetic efficiencies; (2) the proportion of foliage of each age class that remains to become one year older; and (3) the diameter of the tree at any two points in time, several years apart. These diameters are used to estimate the maximum eigenvalue of the matrix, which is needed in the determination of the specific numerical matrix which corresponds to a particular individual tree. Although the model is a general one, applicable to any species that has age classes of foliage, it is developed with occasional references to balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. For a data set of 66 dominant and codominant balsam fir trees, the model predicted the weights of the first three age classes of foliage accurately (less than 10% error) over a 6-year period. There was a 23% error for all age classes combined.
A hydrodynamic model calculation of linear and nonlinear optical response in an asymmetric parabolic quantum well

Abstract We develop model calculations of the optical response of asymmetric parabolic quantum wells using a hydrodynamic description of the confined electrons' dynamics. Both first and second order responses are found, and the latter yield susceptibilities for second harmonic generation and optical rectification. The spectral dependence of each response coefficient shows a rich structure due to various plasmon standing wave resonances.
Racial Formation and Success among Korean High School Students

This article ethnographically examines the relationship between success, racial identity, and racial formation among Korean students in one New Jersey public high school. Using Racial Formation theory (Omi & Winant, [1986. Racial formation in the United States from the 1960s to the 1990s. New York: Routledge]; Winant, [1994. Racial conditions: Politics, theory, comparisons. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press]), the author demonstrates how students at this particular high school use competing racial projects of neutrality and visibility to embrace and/or contest the dominant, white notion of what it means to be an academically successful student. The findings emphasize the need to look beyond cultural explanations of success and failure to include an analysis of the ways that schools themselves affect the constantly shifting terrain of racial formation.
Extracardiac Findings on Routine Echocardiographic Examinations

Background Incidental extracardiac findings (ECFs) have been described and studied in myocardial perfusion imaging, cardiac computed tomography, and cardiac magnetic resonance scanning. The literature is surprisingly limited with regard to ECFs in echocardiography. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and the clinical significance of ECFs in routine echocardiographic studies. Methods The literature in other cardiovascular modalities was searched to identify and classify ECFs. ECFs in reports of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic studies performed at Temple Health Network between 2009 and 2011 were sought. A sensitivity analysis was performed by reviewing the actual echocardiographic images for a subset of studies ( n = 350) to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the results. The electronic medical records of patients with ECFs on echocardiography were then retrospectively reviewed, except for those with pleural effusions and descending aortic atheroma. Results A total of 41,067 echocardiographic studies performed between September 2008 and September 2011 (39,269 transthoracic and 1,798 transesophageal studies) were screened. Of these studies, 66.5% were performed in the inpatient setting and 33.5% in the outpatient setting. The prevalence of ECFs was 4.4% (1,797 findings) and was constant during the study years. Pleural effusion was the most common ECF on transthoracic echocardiography, while descending aortic atheroma was the most common ECF on transesophageal echocardiography. Detailed chart reviews were performed in all patients with ECFs, except those with pleural effusion and descending aortic atheroma (351 cases). ECFs on echocardiography led to new diagnoses and altered management in the majority of patients with vascular or liver findings. Conclusions In this large consecutive series, ECFs on echocardiography were relatively uncommon and had variable clinical implications. The majority or ECFs are likely low-risk findings (pleural effusion, ascites, and hiatal hernia) and can be managed conservatively. "Higher risk" findings such as liver abnormalities, inferior vena cava filling defects, mediastinal masses, and descending aortic dilatation frequently lead to significant changes in clinical management. There is a need for uniform reporting, appropriate training, and the establishment of national guidelines for ECFs on echocardiography.
Large Area Microchannel Plate Imaging Event Counting Detectors With Sub-Nanosecond Timing

Progress towards the development of a 20 cm sealed tube optical detector with imaging and photon event time stamping is presented. Novel microchannel plates employing borosilicate micro-capillary arrays have been tested. These provide many performance characteristics typical of conventional MCPs, but have been made in sizes up to 20 cm, have low intrinsic background (0.08 events cm-2s-1) and very stable gain behavior for at least 7 C cm-2 of charge extraction. Bialkali (Na2KSb) photocathodes with >20% quantum efficiency have also been made on 20 cm borofloat-33 windows compatible with a large sealed tube device.
Grazing Initiation Date and Stocking Rate Effects on Pasture Productivity

Date of grazing initiation in spring and stocking rate have large effects on both animal and pasture productivity. A grazing experiment with yearling steers (Bos taurus L.; average 320 kg) was conducted in the growing season of three years to compare two dates of grazing initiation (differing by 2 wk) at three stocking rates (3, 4, and 5 steers ha −1 ) on set-stocked naturalized pasture in the Appalachian USA. Pasture botanical composition, herbage mass and accumulation, and animal liveweight changes were measured. Early grazing initiation increased percentage grass in the pasture compared with late initiation. Crude protein concentration was higher, and acid- and neutral-detergent fiber were lower in pastures on which grazing was initiated earlier [...]
Technology Adoption in the Presence of an Exhaustible Resource: The Case of Groundwater Extraction

In this paper we integrate technology diffusion within Hotelling's exhaustible resource model. The modern technology is a conservation technology such as drip irrigation used with groundwater. Resource quality heterogeneity and rising water prices are responsible for the gradual adoption of the modern technology, and under reasonable conditions the diffusion curve is an S-shaped function of time. Without intervention, the diffusion process will be slower than is socially optimal, and optimal resource use tax will accelerate the diffusion of the conservation technology and slow down excessive resource depletion caused by market failure due to open access conditions.
Long-term alterations in brain function following cocaine administration during the preweanling period

Abstract This report examines the long-term effects of cocaine exposure during postnatal days (P) 11–20 on the metabolic function of major central neuronal systems. Cocaine (50mg/kg) or vehicle was administered subcutaneously to rat pups during P 11–20. At 60–64 days of age, the rats were examined for cerebral glucose metabolic patterns. In cocaine-treated females 18 of the 46 structures evaluated showed increased metabolic rates including 5 of 6 structures within the motor system and 7 of 17 limbic structures. No decreased rates were seen. In males, cocaine had no effects in the motor structures or hypothalamus while 2 of 17 structures within the limbic system showed decreased rates of glucose utilization and 2 of 11 structures within the sensory systems showed increased rates. These results indicate that female rats show greater long-term metabolic effects than males and that cocaine exposure during P 11–20 produces different metabolic effects than cocaine exposure during P 1–10 which we previously reported.
Energy Transfer between the Low-Lying Energy Levels of Pr 3 + and Nd 3 + in La Cl 3

The energy-transfer mechanisms acting between the low-lying energy levels of ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$ in La${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$ have been investigated. In all cases studied the ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$ ions acted as donors and the ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$ ions acted as acceptors. Fluorescence-intensity measurements have been made on the ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}^{3}F_{3}$ and $^{3}H_{6}$ donor systems. The shape of the time decay of the ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}^{3}F_{3}$ level has been investigated. For low Pr concentrations (2%) the excitation is transferred directly to the ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$ ions without significant migration between the ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$ ions. The experimental results are consistent with a dipole-dipole interaction mechanism with donor-acceptor energy-transfer constants of $C=6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}38}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{6}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for the ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}^{3}F_{3}$ donor system and $C=2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}38}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{6}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for the ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}^{3}H_{6}$ donor system. For Pr concentrations \ensuremath{\ge} 2 at.% the effects of donor-donor transfer between ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$ ions are evident from both the fluorescence-intensity measurements and the shape of the decay curves; diffusion constants were obtained from these decays. The diffusion rates indicate a donor-donor transfer constant of $C\ensuremath{\sim}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}38}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{6}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$ ions excited to the $^{3}F_{3}$ manifold. Diffusion-limited decay was observed but the limit of fast diffusion was not reached.
Zeeman splitting of the density of states of superconducting Ga thin films

Abstract The tunneling conductance d I d V of Al-Al2O3-Ga junctions in a parallel magnetic field reveals Zeeman splitting of the superconducting quasiparticle density of states of the Ga. The magnitude of the splitting implies an unexpectedly small spin-orbit parameter b=0.6.
Expanding the repertoire of small molecule transcriptional activation domains.

Abstract Molecules that can reconstitute the function of transcriptional activators hold enormous potential as therapeutic agents and as mechanistic probes. Previously we described an isoxazolidine bearing functional groups similar to natural transcriptional activators that up-regulates transcription 80-fold at 1 μM in cell culture. In this study, we analyze analogs of this molecule to define key characteristics of small molecules that function as transcriptional activation domains in cells. Conformational rigidity is an important contributor to function as is an overall amphipathic substitution pattern. Using these criteria, we identified additional molecular scaffolds with excellent (∼60-fold) activity as transcriptional activation domains. These results point the way for the creation of new generations of small molecules with this function.
The Impact of Land-Surface Wetness Heterogeneity on Mesoscale Heat Fluxes

Vertical heat fluxes associated with mesoscale circulations generated by land-surface wetness discontinuities are often stronger than turbulent fluxes, especially in the upper part of the atmospheric planetary boundary layer. As a result, they contribute significantly to the subgrid-scale fluxes in large-scale atmospheric models. Yet they are not considered in these models. To provide some insights into the possible parameterization of these fluxes in large-scale models, a state-of-the-art mesoscale numerical model was used to investigate the relationships between mesoscale heat fluxes and atmospheric and land-surface characteristics that play a key role in the generation of mesoscale circulations. The distribution of land-surface wetness, the wavenumber and the wavelength of the land-surface discontinuities, and the large-scale wind speed have a significant impact on the mesoscale heat fluxes. Empirical functions were derived to characterize the relationships between mesoscale heat fluxes and the spatial distribution of land-surface wetness. The strongest mesoscale heat fluxes were obtained for a wavelength of forcing corresponding approximately to the local Rossby deformation radius. The mesoscale heat fluxes are weakened by large-scale background winds but remain significant even with moderate winds.
Political repression and its psychological effects on Honduran children

Abstract This paper, based on an exploratory study in Honduras, examines the psychological effects of political disappearance and assassination on surviving child family members. There are few, if any, comparative field studies of non-immigrant, non-refugee or non-clinical populations of children with forcibly disappeared and assassinated parents. In Latin America, violent state power has been exercised in a number of ways, including physical intimidation, jailing, murder and “disappearance”. This research compares 16 Honduran children who have experienced the loss of a parent through forced disappearance with 11 Honduran children who suffered a similar loss from a political assassination. Surviving parents or caretakers of these children were also interviewed. Differences between children of the disappeared and assassinated were analyzed using a Rorschach object relations scale, post-traumatic stress and symptom and behavior scales and interviews with the children and the surviving parents. Both groups of children have symptoms of traumatic stress, depression, anxiety and aggressive feelings. Children of both groups remain symptomatic for many years after their loss and children with disappeared parents present more unconscious emotional disturbance in the Rorschach object relations scale than children with assassinated parents. The lack of physical, emotional and legal resolution in forced disappearance appears to impede mourning and a return to age-appropriate concerns.
Chemical‐Mechanical Polishing of Parylene N and Benzocyclobutene Films

In this paper, we have investigated the quality of benzocyclobutene (BCB) and parylene N (PA-N) films after chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy. The change of surface chemical structure of both BCB and PA-N films after CMP is mainly dependent on the slurry composition and the quality of as-deposited film. Some slurries do not alter the surface structure for PA-N film, but the surface structure changes for all the slurries investigated for BCB. On the other hand, for both PA-N and BCB we find that the higher the quality of the as-deposited film or postdeposition treated film, the higher the quality of the polished film. The polishing time has little effect on the surface chemistry of high quality PA-N films, but does affect the BCB films. The surface morphology for these two polymers becomes worse after CMP. The root-mean-square surface roughness for as-deposited PA-N is 90 A, but after CMP is larger than 200 A. The roughness for as-spin-coated and polished BCB film is 5 and 20 A, respectively. A slurry which is good for BCB polishing is not good for PA-N polishing, and vice versa. We conclude that the nature of the polymer film, including its chemical structure as well as the quality of the as-deposited/postdeposition treated film, plays an important role in polymer CMP.
Tubby is required for trafficking G protein-coupled receptors to neuronal cilia

Background Tubby is the founding member of the tubby-like family of proteins. The naturally occurring tubby mutation in mice causes retinitis pigmentosa, hearing loss and obesity. Tubby has been proposed to function as an accessory factor in ciliary trafficking. We directly examined a role for tubby in ciliary trafficking in vivo.
Scanning Electron Microscopy Shows that both Antigen Mobility and Membrane Deformation Occur in the Hemagglutination Reaction

. A scanning electron microscopic examination of antibody-induced hemagglutination of human red cells by an improved enzyme-labeled antibody technique and fixation of the reaction sequence with glutaraldehyde shows that both antigen mobility and membrane deformation are necessary for the reaction to occur.
The attribution of incentive salience to a stimulus that signals an intravenous injection of cocaine

A central premise of a number of theories of addiction is that discrete environmental stimuli repeatedly paired with drugs of abuse acquire incentive salience as a result of Pavlovian learning. There is, however, no unequivocal evidence supporting this assumption. Thus, we employed a Pavlovian conditioning procedure known to imbue non-drug reinforcers with incentive salience and extended it to study the effects of intravenous cocaine. Specifically, we examined whether a cue paired with intravenous cocaine administration would come to elicit approach towards it (sign-tracking), even if no behavioral response were required to receive the cue or drug. We found that when a cue was paired with intravenous cocaine delivery (but not when it was unpaired) rats came to approach and investigate the cue, and did so with increasing rapidity. We conclude that Pavlovian learning can imbue drug-paired cues with incentive salience, making them attractive and “wanted” stimuli. Delineating the neurobiological mechanisms responsible for this process will be important for understanding and treating drug addiction.
Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of arylboronic acids to gold(III)

Gold(III) is prominent in catalysis, but its organometallic chemistry continues to be restricted by synthesis. Metal–carbon bond formation often relies on organometallic complexes of electropositive elements, including lithium and magnesium. The redox potential of gold(III) interferes with reactions of these classic reagents. Resort to toxic metals is common, including reagents based on mercury and thallium. We report that the palladium-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of arylboronic acids extends to cyclometalated gold(III) chlorides. Both monoarylation and diarylation are achieved. We propose a mechanism where oxidative addition to palladium with rearrangement at gold(III) fixes the stereochemistry of monoarylated intermediates. Singly arylated species form as thermodynamic isomers. These entities then go on to form diarylated complexes. Reactions proceed at room temperature, and the products are stable to air, moisture, and chromatography.
The future of radiology in the new health care paradigm: the Moreton Lecture.

Health care reform will catalzye a wave of experimentation with new forms of Medicare payment as well as reorganization of the care system. These changes could profoundly affect not only the discipline of radiology but the evolution of its core technologies. To respond successfully to these challenges, radiology must aggressively build out the prognostic power of its imaging tools. It must also help create new, subspecialty clinical disciplines to use those tools and develop new payment models that capture the value created for patients and for society.
Phosphorus source alters host plant response to ectomycorrhizal diversity

We examined the influence of phosphorus source and availability on host plant (Pinus rigida) response to ectomycorrhizal diversity under contrasting P conditions. An ectomycorrhizal richness gradient was established with equimolar P supplied as either inorganic phosphate or organic inositol hexaphosphate. We measured growth and N and P uptake of individual P. rigida seedlings inoculated with one, two, or four species of ectomycorrhizal fungi simultaneously and without mycorrhizas in axenic culture. Whereas colonization of P. rigida by individual species of ectomycorrhizal fungi decreased with increasing fungal richness, colonization of all species combined increased. Plant biomass and N content increased across the ectomycorrhizal richness gradient in the organic but not the inorganic P treatment. Plants grown under organic P conditions had higher N concentration than those grown under inorganic P conditions, but there was no effect of richness. Phosphorus content of plants grown in the organic P treatment increased with increasing ectomycorrhizal richness, but there was no response in the inorganic P treatment. Phosphorus concentration was higher in plants grown at the four-species richness level in the organic P treatment, but there was no effect of diversity under inorganic P conditions. Overall, few ectomycorrhizal composition effects were found on plant growth or nutrient status. Phosphatase activities of individual ectomycorrhizal fungi differed under organic P conditions, but there was no difference in total root system phosphatase expression between the inorganic or organic P treatments or across richness levels. Our results provide evidence that plant response to ectomycorrhizal diversity is dependent on the source and availability of P.
Deactivation of hydrodesulfurization catalysts by metals deposition

Primary causes of deactivation of hydrodesulfurization catalysts are partial poisoning of the interior pore surface and pore-mouth plugging by deposition of metals from organo-metallic compounds in the reactor feed. A model is developed to account for both causes of deactivation. It can be used to predict which occurs first: complete surface poisoning or pore-mouth plugging. Equations are formulated for catalyst activity as a function of time for demetallization and also for desulfurization. The results depend upon particle geometry and geometry of deposited species, Thiele moduli for demetallization and desulfurization, and relative rates of desulfurization on fresh and partially poisoned catalytic surfaces. The treatment is for a single, isothermal catalyst particle.
In‐bond industries as development tools: A Mexican‐American example

(1979). In‐bond industries as development tools: A Mexican‐American example. Third World Quarterly: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 141-147.
Histone deacetylase inhibition rescues structural and functional brain deficits in a mouse model of Kabuki syndrome

Kabuki syndrome is caused by haploinsufficiency for either of two genes that promote the opening of chromatin. If an imbalance between open and closed chromatin is central to the pathogenesis of Kabuki syndrome, agents that promote chromatin opening might have therapeutic potential. We have characterized a mouse model of Kabuki syndrome with a heterozygous deletion in the gene encoding the lysine-specific methyltransferase 2D (Kmt2d), leading to impairment of methyltransferase function. In vitro reporter alleles demonstrated a reduction in histone 4 acetylation and histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) activity in mouse embryonic fibroblasts from Kmt2d+/βGeo mice. These activities were normalized in response to AR-42, a histone deacetylase inhibitor. In vivo, deficiency of H3K4me3 in the dentate gyrus granule cell layer of Kmt2d+/βGeo mice correlated with reduced neurogenesis and hippocampal memory defects. These abnormalities improved upon postnatal treatment with AR-42. Our work suggests that a reversible deficiency in postnatal neurogenesis underlies intellectual disability in Kabuki syndrome.
Continental speciation in the tropics: contrasting biogeographic patterns of divergence in the Uroplatus leaf-tailed gecko radiation of Madagascar

A fundamental expectation of vicariance biogeography is for contemporary cladogenesis to produce spatial congruence between speciating sympatric clades. The Uroplatus leaf-tailed geckos represent one of most spectacular reptile radiations endemic to the continental island of Madagascar, and thus serve as an excellent group for examining patterns of continental speciation within this large and comparatively isolated tropical system. Here we present the first phylogeny that includes complete taxonomic sampling for the group, and is based on morphology and molecular (mitochondrial and nuclear DNA) data. This study includes all described species, and we also include data for eight new species. We find novel outgroup relationships for Uroplatus and find strongest support for Paroedura as its sister taxon. Uroplatus is estimated to have initially diverged during the mid-Tertiary in Madagascar, and includes two major speciose radiations exhibiting extensive spatial overlap and estimated contemporary periods of speciation. All sister species are either allopatric or parapatric. However, we found no evidence for biogeographic congruence between these sympatric clades, and dispersal events are prevalent in the dispersal–vicariance biogeographic analyses, which we estimate to date to the Miocene. One sister-species pair exhibits isolated distributions that we interpret as biogeographic relicts, and two sister-species pairs have parapatric distributions separated by elevation. Integrating ecological niche models with our phylogenetic results finds both conserved and divergent niches between sister species. We also found substantial intra-specific genetic variation, and for the three most widespread species, poor intra-specific predictive performance for ecological niche models across the latitudinal span of Madagascar. These latter results indicate the potential for intra-specific niche specialization along environmental gradients, and more generally, this study suggests a complex speciation history for this group in Madagascar, which appears to include multiple speciation processes.
Evolutionary Cooperative Design Methodology: The Genetic Sculpture Park

The Genetic Sculpture Park seeks to engage artists and observers in a creative dialogue and to empower novices in the creation of complex computer-graphic models. Each visitor to the park experiences a unique set of sculptural forms and takes part in a cooperative conversation with the computer to produce more aesthetically pleasing designs. Inspired by Darwin's theory of evolution, the project uses genetic algorithms to allow visitors to “breed” forms tailored to their individual sense of aesthetics. In this article, the authors recount investigations into evolutionary design methodologies (using shampoo bottles and three-dimensional head models) and describe their implementation in the Genetic Sculpture Park, an interactive Java/Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) world.
Occurrence, Distribution, and Origins of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 6C, a Recently Recognized Serotype

The prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6C, a recently recognized serotype that cross-reacts serologically with serotype 6A, was investigated. Isolates of serotype 6A in various collections were recovered, and serotype 6C was differentiated from 6A by multiplex PCR of DNA extracts by using appropriate primers. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution, and selected isolates were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, repetitive sequence-based PCR typing, and rapid multilocus sequence typing (MLST) by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of PCR products. A total of 60 serotype 6C isolates were found: 30 of 122 Cleveland isolates collected from 1979 to 2007, 19 of 39 pediatric isolates collected nationwide in 2005 and 2006, and 11 pediatric isolates from Massachusetts collected in 2006 and 2007. Only four isolates were recovered prior to introduction of the conjugate pneumococcal vaccine in 2000; the earliest isolate was recovered in 1989. The sources of the isolates included blood (n = 5), the lower respiratory tract (n = 27), the sinus (n = 5), the ear (n = 2), and the nasopharynx (n = 18); isolates were recovered from 49 children and 11 adults. Pediatric isolates were found in all six major U.S. geographic regions. Antimicrobial susceptibility showed that 22 isolates were nonsusceptible to penicillin, macrolides, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 8 had other resistance patterns, and 30 were fully susceptible. The three typing methods used showed similar clusters of up to eight isolates per cluster. MLST showed five clusters related to serotype 6A, two clusters related to serotype 6B, one cluster related to serotype 3, and one cluster related to serotype 34. This study documents the occurrence, nationwide distribution, diversity, likely origins, and increasing incidence after 2001 of this recently recognized serotype. Serotype 6C warrants consideration for addition to future conjugate pneumococcal vaccines.
Unsafe Verdicts: The Need for Reformed Standards for the Trial and Review of Factual Innocence Claims

DNA analysis has resulted in a troubling number of exonerations in both capital and non-capital cases. While these cases show that significant numbers of factually innocent persons are convicted of crimes that they did not commit, most such convictions remain hidden because they occur in cases where DNA analysis has no application. This article seeks to show the coordinate failure of the two main current visions of the trial. On one hand, the standard model of the trial has obscured the proper normative warrant of the jury, while at the same time inappropriately insulating jury verdicts of guilt from review because of excessive deference to jury evaluation of live testimony. On the other hand, the model of the trial put forth by adversary enthusiasts celebrates the jury's normative warrants, but obscures the shortcomings of current adversary processes when such a normative warrant is inapplicable, that is, in criminal cases where the practical issue is the actual innocence in fact of the defendant. Either account of the trial allows judges, especially appellate judges, to avoid responsibility for conviction of the factually innocent. This article asserts that claims of actual innocence in fact (strictly defined) possess a moral purchase far superior to other moral claims that animate the legal process. It proposes reforms intended to recognize the special moral position of innocence-in-fact claims and to make real the legal system's commitment to truly responsive standards of reasonable doubt in regard to such claims. Specifically, the article proposes special trial rules for such claims aimed at curbing adversary excess, and review of convictions in such cases by a new standard of review borrowed in part from British jurisprudence, the "unsafe verdict" standard.
Ab Volvo/Régie Nationale Des Usines Renault S.A

In 1993, the chairmen of Volvo and Renault announced the terms under which their two firms would merge. The case describes the unusual structure of the strategic alliance that predated the merger proposal, the motives for merging, and the expected financial synergies. The tasks for the student are to evaluate the proposed terms of the merger and to recommend whether Volvo's shareholders should approve the merger. This case may be taught singly or in combination with the epilogue case, "Volvo/Renault: The Contest for Shareholder Approval" (UVA-F-1089). Student and instructor Excel spreadsheet files are available with this case and teaching note.
Simple model for effective thermal conductivity of bulk nanostructured materials

Abstract The ability to design and predict effective thermal transport properties in bulk nanostructured materials is becoming increasingly important as the demand for higher performance and higher efficiency electronics and energy conversion devices grows. A tremendous effort has been focused on understanding and improving our ability to predict thermal transport at an individual interface, resulting in new models that account for phonon populations and electron–phonon coupling. Despite the success of this work, there has been no effort to produce a simple analytic model to predict the effective thermal conductivity of bulk materials that include nanoscale features. This paper focuses on applying knowledge of thermal interface resistances to the development of a simple analytic model that can be used for the efficient prediction of effective thermal transport behavior to aid in the design of thermoelectric materials and microelectronic devices. To this end, molecular dynamics simulations are performed to generate an initial model based on the effective thermal conductivity of in-plane and cross-plane superlattices and embedded nanoparticle and nanowire arrays. The model is then validated and generalized by comparing to existing computational and experimental data. Results shows that the effective thermal conductivity calculated from the analytic model agrees well with that of various systems of different materials and geometries, and provides the ability to predict effective system thermal conductivity of these material systems with variable interface area for optimization of thermal transport properties.