cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Circle house residential treatment program

Abstract In summary, the Circle House Residential Treatment Program for abusive families did meet its goals of protection of the child without separation from the family. The program was also effective in making and executing permanent plans for children in a relatively short period of time, but at huge financial cost. Residential care tor abusive families may be feasible if planned for 12–18 families at a time, thus utilizing staff fully. Also, in the Circle House program the single-parent families were clearly able to utilize the program to deal with their child-care techniques. Because the program was primarily geared to improving child-rearing patterns, some fathers in two-parent families, who viewed themselves as only occasional disciplinarians, never really participated in the program. Some were successful in learning new techniques, others were not. Residential care may also be more feasible if utilized as a diagnostic and prognostic facility with enhanced opportunity for long-term relationships to be formed, rather than as a primarily treatment facility, with the expectation of improvement and “cure.” Treatment of abusive families then becomes long-term supportive care no matter how intense the initial intervention. Even with the multitude of services of Circle House at the beginning phase of diagnosis and treatment of a family, this does not reduce or remove the need for ongoing long-term services. The true results of present intervention will be measured in future generations.
Onset of superconductivity, antiferromagnetism, and exchange-mediated pairing in La2-xSrxNiO4

The onset of superconductivity in La2-xSrxNiO4 (with nominal composition x = 0.2) is discussed. The onset temperature Tco up to 70 K was observed, depending on thermal-cycling conditions. A pronounced anisotropy between in-plane and orthogonal c-axis components of magnetic moment has been found for Tco < 20 K. A strong competition between canted-antiferromagnetic and diamagnetic parts of the field-induced moment is interpreted in terms of a structural separation below 70 K. The existence of superconductivity in this system with Ni2+ ions in S = 1 state has far-reaching consequences for the exchange-mediated pairing; we propose that the latter takes place primarily between p holes in a singlet s-wave state.
Metabolism of several 14C-nonylphenol isomers by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): in vivo and in vitro microsomal metabolites.

1. Gas chromatographic/mass spectroscopic analysis of a mixture of 14C-nonylphenols produced by alkylation of 14C-RUL-phenol with n-1-nonene indicated that the radio-synthesis produced three major isomers, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-nonane, 3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-nonane and 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-nonane.2. Bile from rainbow trout exposed to a mixture of these isomers of 14C-nonylphenol was found to contain the glucuronic acid conjugates of three radiolabelled metabolites, which were more polar than their parent compounds.3. Incubation of trout hepatic microsomes with NADPH and the 14C-nonylphenol isomers resulted in the production of three radiolabelled metabolites whose mobility on silica thin layer chromatography were similar to the deglucuronidated metabolites recovered from trout bile.4. Metabolism of the 14C-nonylphenol isomers by trout hepatic microsomes was inhibited by omission of NADPH from the incubations as well as by addition of a P450 inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide to the incubations.5. Analysis of the me...
The behavior of a linear, damped modal system with a non-linear spring-mass—dry friction damper system attached, part II

Abstract A component mode analysis is carried out based upon the use of constraint conditions and Lagrange multipliers. It is used to generalize the well known results for a single-degree-of-freedom dry friction damper to a multi-mode linear system with a spring-mass-dry friction damper attached. The dry friction damper law (Coulomb damping) is approximated by its first harmonic.
Monolayer Cell Cultures as Model Systems for Studying Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation

m p n m w p i b t o m c l c s f b Atrial fibrillation is often paroxysmal in nature, haracterized by periods of rapid irregular activity nter-dispersed with periods of normal sinus hythm. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) is often ssociated with serious symptoms, such as dizziess, increased chance of thrombosis, and may also ead to sustained atrial fibrillation via remodeling of he tissue over time(1). The mechanisms that lead o PAF are thought to be similar to sustained AF, in hat they include reentrant mechanisms, rapid pulonary vein ectopy, or a combination of the two 2,3). Mechanisms that lead to the initiation and ermination of AF are difficult to elucidate due to he complex geometry of the atria, which displays ignificant intra and inter species differences. Peraps the greatest difficulty in understanding PAF is ue to the heterogeneous nature of the substrate, hich consists of pacemaker cells embedded in xcitable and fibrotic tissue. A first step to undertanding PAF is to develop an experimental and heoretical framework for studying the dynamics uch heterogeneous substrates. This paper outlines issue culture models that are potential systems for tudying fundamental processes related to the suden onset and offset of complex rhythms.
Facile Preparation of Homo- and Hetero-dimetallic Complexes with a 4-Phosphino Substituted NHC Ligand. Toward the Design of Multifunctional Catalysts

A series of bimetallic complexes have been synthesized that are supported by a 4-phosphino-substituted NHC ligand. The use of this stable ligand reduces the number of synthetic steps and allows for a wide range of metal combinations to be introduced into the complexes.
Serious games for training, rehabilitation and workforce development

We present a set of demonstrations of current work in the Clemson University Virtual Environments Group involving the development and testing of interactive virtual environments for applications in training, rehabilitation and workforce development. All of these applications are designed to leverage commodity hardware such as HDTVs, game controllers, and the Kinect sensor.
Fracture mechanics and the survival of wave-swept macroalgae

Abstract Wave-swept macroalgae are constructed from materials which are brittle compared to most biological structural materials. As a consequence, these plants are susceptible to breakage when they receive a sharp-ended surface injury. Field tests indicate that injuries such as razor cuts can result in rapid mortality even under benign surf conditions. However, because algal blade material is highly extensible, it allows for a rounding of the apex of a surface flaw, resulting in a substantial lowering of the stress concentration in the material. For all but the most sharply ended initial cracks, the rounding of the flaw is sufficient to make the local stress concentration the limiting factor in fracture. In this fashion macroalgal blades manage largely to avoid the dire consequences of being constructed from brittle materials.
Instabilities and Pattern Transformation in Periodic, Porous Elastoplastic Solid Coatings

Pattern transformation in periodic microporous elastoplastic solid coatings is caused by a buckling of the struts and a rotation of the nodes under compressive stresses. The results of a nonlinear numerical investigation confirm the critical role of the bifurcation of the periodic solid under compressive stresses. In striking contrast to the earlier observations of elastic instabilities in porous elastomeric solids, the elastic-plastic nature of the cross-linked periodic microstructure studied here provides the ability to lock in the transformed pattern with complete relaxation of the internal stresses. The study unveils a novel deformation mode in porous periodic solids in the form of organized buckling instability of weak strut elements.
Electromechanical response in liquid crystal gels and networks

The uniqueness of liquid crystals (LCs) lies in the large anisotropies in their properties, which can be utilized to generate high electromechanical responses. In a properly oriented liquid crystal polymer system, an external electric field can induce re-orientation of the mesogenic units possessing a dielectric anisotropy, which, when coupled with the shape anisotrophy of the mesogenic units, can in turn produce large mechanical strain. Anisotropic liquid crystal gels, which can be obtained by in situ photopolymerization of the reactive LC molecules in the presence of non-reactive LC molecules in an oriented state, are an example of such liquid crystal polymer systems. It has been shown that a homeotropically aligned liquid crystal gel in its nematic phase exhibits high electrically induced strain (>2%) with an elastic modulus of 100MPa and a high electromechanical conversion efficiency (75%) under an electric field of 25 MV/m. These anisotropic LC polymeric materials could provide a technologically compatible system for such applications as artificial muscles and as micro-electromechanical devices.
The Mirtron Pathway Generates microRNA-Class Regulatory RNAs in Drosophila

Summary The canonical microRNA (miRNA) pathway converts primary hairpin precursor transcripts into ∼22 nucleotide regulatory RNAs via consecutive cleavages by two RNase III enzymes, Drosha and Dicer. In this study, we characterize Drosophila small RNAs that derive from short intronic hairpins termed "mirtrons." Their nuclear biogenesis appears to bypass Drosha cleavage, which is essential for miRNA biogenesis. Instead, mirtron hairpins are defined by the action of the splicing machinery and lariat-debranching enzyme, which yield pre-miRNA-like hairpins. The mirtron pathway merges with the canonical miRNA pathway during hairpin export by Exportin-5, and both types of hairpins are subsequently processed by Dicer-1/loqs. This generates small RNAs that can repress perfectly matched and seed-matched targets, and we provide evidence that they function, at least in part, via the RNA-induced silencing complex effector Ago1. These findings reveal that mirtrons are an alternate source of miRNA-type regulatory RNAs.
Experimental vesicular stomatitis virus infection: Ultrastructural pathology

Abstract Vesicular stomatitis virus infection in mice and hamsters was rapidly lethal, but primary target organs and pathogenesis varied with the route of inoculation. Ultrastructural observations of brain tissue after intracerebral inoculation indicated widespread neuronal infection with viral maturation upon plasma membranes. This was associated with the development of interstitial edema and necrosis. When virus was inoculated intramuscularly, the most important target organs were liver and kidney. Focal necrosis of tubular epithelium of the kidney was prominent, and in the liver a clear progression of infection through Kupffer cells and into parenchyma was extremely destructive. Virus particle production from liver littoral cells appeared to be a major potential source of virus for spread to other organs, but the peracute course of disease in these rodents precluded development of other lesions or an inflammatory response.
1,4-Bis(p-tolylethynyl)benzene.

The rod-like molecule of the title hydro­carbon, C24H18, is centrosymmetric, with the centroid of the central benzene ring residing on an inversion center. The molecules display a planar conformation of the benzene rings and aggregate into stacks along the [010] direction via Csp3—H⋯π(arene) interactions, thus forming a stair-like pseudo-two-dimensional network. Each molecule acts as both a C—H hydrogen donor and a π-arene acceptor, forming four hydrogen bonds per molecule.
Man-made death: a neglected mortality.

HERMAN Biggs, an American pioneer in public health, identified "the reduction in the death rate" as "the principal statistical expression and index of human and social progress." 2 In Twentieth Century Book of the Dead , 1 a seminal but neglected 1972 study, Scottish writer Gil Elliot distinguishes between biologic death—death from natural causes directly—and man-made death—death from war, political violence, and their attendant privations. Historians and statisticians seldom have examined man-made death beyond counting the number of combatants killed, Elliot notes, although "the scale of man-made death is the central moral as well as material fact of our time." 1(p6) Elliot's "nation of the dead," 100 million corpses, challenges that evasion with a powerful metaphor. Statistics on homicide and other unofficial violence locate and enumerate "private" man-made deaths for sociological examination and for comparison among political entities— cities, regions, and nations—by quality of life. By contrast, "public" man-made death is
Large-angle xenon ion scattering in Xe-propelled electrostatic thrusters: differential cross sections

Elastic scattering between xenon ions and xenon atoms can produce ion currents at large angles with respect to the axis of electrostatic thrusters. Differential scattering cross sections are needed to properly predict off-axis currents that can cause significant material erosion due to sputtering. Guided-ion beam differential cross section measurements are presented for Xe+ + Xe and Xe2+ + Xe elastic scattering at laboratory ion energies between 5 and 40 eV per ion charge. For the singly charged system, the experimental absolute differential cross sections are in excellent agreement with classical elastic scattering calculations based on the most recent ab initio ion–atom interaction potentials. The measurements for the doubly charged system are used to derive an approximate effective Xe2+–Xe interaction potential. The potentials are used to calculate absolute differential cross sections for both ion charge states at a typical Hall thruster ion energy of 270 eV per unit charge. The differential cross sections for the doubly charged ions are approximately a factor of 3 smaller than those of the singly charged system at large scattering angles. The importance of doubly charged ions with respect to material erosion is discussed on the basis of known sputtering yields as a function of ion energy for molybdenum and boron nitride. It is concluded that at typical charge-state ratios, doubly charged ions only have an impact at elastic scattering angles where the scattered ion energy in the laboratory (thruster) frame of reference is low and the sputtering yields depend very strongly on ion kinetic energy.
Enzymes in Energy Metabolism, Introduction

Several years ago, the bioenergetics subgroup decided to broaden the more narrow definition of bioenergetics to include all pathways involved in energy production. The importance of studying them in combination can be illustrated by the very different metabolic behavior of cancer cells that, in contrast to healthy cells, derive most of their energy from glycolysis and at the same time show a lack of apoptosis. While each presentation in this workshop will be focused on specific topics, glycolysis, the mitochondrial membrane system, the pyruvate dehydrogenase as part of the TCA cycle and the fumarate reductase as one of the enzymes in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, emphasis will be given to the interconnection between the different systems.
Responsibility and the Kinds of Freedom

In this paper I seek to identify different sorts of freedom putatively linked to moral responsibility; I then explore the relationship between such notions of freedom and the Consequence Argument, on the one hand, and the Frankfurt-examples, on the other. I focus (in part) on a dilemma: if a compatibilist adopts a broadly speaking “conditional” understanding of freedom in reply to the Consequence Argument, such a theorist becomes vulnerable in a salient way to the Frankfurt-examples.
Gallbladder cancer: lessons from a rare tumour

Gallbladder cancer is a relatively rare form of malignancy about which our knowledge is scant. However, a unique combination of predisposing factors - including genetic predisposition, geographic distribution, female gender bias, chronic inflammation and congenital developmental abnormalities - makes this type of cancer unique and offers potential for understanding cancer pathogenesis in general. An understanding of how these risk factors contribute to the molecular basis of the disease is essential for understanding the origins of this unusual cancer.
Contribution of diffusion to the oxygen dependence of energy metabolism in cells.

In suspensions of normally respiring human neuroblastoma cells, respiration has an oxygen dependence similar to that of suspensions of isolated mitochondria in medium with a comparable phosphorylation state ratio. When mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is uncoupled, the metabolically imposed oxygen dependence is very small. The respiration of uncoupler treated cells at limiting oxygen pressures is indicative of the diffusion induced oxygen pressure difference between the extracellular medium and the mitochondria. This P50 is proportional to the cellular respiratory rate, with a value of 0.15 Torr for the respiratory rate of normal neuroblastoma cells. The oxygen pressure difference between the cytoplasm surrounding the mitochondria and the mitochondria is probable only a few tens of milliTorr.
Temperature Dependent Stress Relaxation in a Model Diels–Alder Network

The effect of temperature on the complex shear modulus (G*(ω)) of a model reversible covalent network formed by the Diels–Alder reaction was studied. The gel temperature of 119°C and the functional group conversion at this temperature were determined by the Winter–Chambon criterion. The complex modulus of the cross-linked network was measured from 110°C to 121°C, near the gel temperature, to determine the frequency ranges over which stress relaxation could occur. The crossover time was found to have a strong dependence on temperature (Ea ∼ 260 kJ mol–1); greater than would be expected from a typical thermally-activated retro-Diels–Alder process. Low frequency scaling of G*(ω) over the experimental frequency and temperature range was interpreted to be a result of the existence of a distribution of transient clusters in these thermoreversible covalent gels.
Markets for Fuel-Cell Auxiliary Power Units in Vehicles: Preliminary Assessment

Fuel cells are widely expected to replace internal combustion engines in vehicles. However, their high initial costs preclude their introduction into the mass market for some time. A new approach is needed that focuses on niche markets. The potential use of fuel cells in auxiliary power units (APUs) on board various types of automobiles and trucks- in luxury passenger automobiles, law enforcement vehicles, contractor trucks, specialized utility trucks, recreational vehicles, refrigerated trucks, and line-haul heavy-duty trucks-is explored. Power requirements, volume and weight targets, costs, market sizes, and potential benefits for several fuel cell technologies and fuels are analyzed. The attributes of market applications are matched with fuel cell attributes to assess the market potential of fuel-cell APUs. Although data are insufficient and more analysis is needed, several market applications apparently could play key roles in introducing fuel cell technologies to the transportation sector.
Human pathogen subversion of antigen presentation.

Summary: Many pathogens have co-evolved with their human hosts to develop strategies for immune evasion that involve disruption of the intra-cellular pathways by which antigens are bound by class I and class II molecules of che major histocompatibility complex (MHC) for presentation ro T cells. Here the molecular events in these pathways are reviewed and pathogen interference is documented for viruses, extracellular and intra-cellular bacteria and intracellular parasites. In addition to a general review, data from our studies of adenovirus, Chlamydia tmchamatis and Coxiella burnetii are summarized. Adenovirus E19 is the first viral gene product described that affects class I MHC molecule expression by two separate mechanisms, intracellular retention of the class I heavy chain by direct binding and by binding to the TAP transporter involved in class I peptide loading. Coxiella and Chlamydia both affect peptide presentation by class II MHC molecules as a result of their residence in endocytic compartments, although the properties of the parasitophorous vacuoles they form are quite different. These examples of active interference with antigen presentation by viral gene products and passive interference by rickettsiae and bacteria are typical of the strategies used by these different classes of pathogens, which need to evade different types of immune responses. Pathogen–host co-evolution is evident in these subversion tactics for which the pathogen crime seems tailored to fit the immune system punishment.
Influence of sex on reinstatement of cocaine-conditioned place preference

Abstract To explore sex differences in reinstatement of conditioned place preference, we subjected intact male and female Long Evans rats to an extended conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm, which included observations of acquisition, extinction, and reinstatement of a preference to cocaine-paired stimuli. In a series of experiments, separate groups of animals were given six 30-min pairings of one chamber with cocaine (3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 mg/kg) and six of the other with saline on alternate days. Overall, there were no sex differences in acquisition of cocaine CPP at any of the six doses tested ( p > 0.05). All animals established cocaine CPP at each of the six doses tested during the acquisition test, with the exception of the group of females conditioned with 5 mg/kg. Preferences for the cocaine-paired chamber were successfully extinguished for both males and females after an extinction-training period. CPP reinstatement was achieved by the groups of males and females given training and priming doses of 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg/kg ( p p p
Ambivalent Sexism and the Sexual Double Standard

The sexual double standard is the notion that women are evaluated negatively and men positively for engaging in similar sexual behaviors. Because traditional, gender-based stereotypes are reflected in the attitudes that people hold towards men and women, it is likely that sexism plays a part in the manifestation of the double standard. The goal of the present study is to investigate the relationship between sexism (prejudice against individuals based on their gender) and the sexual double standard. There are two types of sexism: hostile (negative prejudice) and benevolent (positive prejudice). We hypothesized that participants displaying high levels of either type of sexism would be most likely to exhibit the sexual double standard. A US-sample of 232 undergraduates from a Southwestern university completed the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) and the Ambivalence Towards Men Inventory (AMI) and then evaluated a hypothetical target individual who reported having zero, one or 12 sexual partners. Results show that participants’ sexist attitudes towards men and women were related to their exhibition of the sexual double standard. Specifically, men and women’s hostile attitudes towards targets of their own gender were related to negative evaluations of highly sexually active targets of the same gender, while men and women’s benevolent attitudes towards the opposite gender were related to positive evaluation of highly sexually active targets of the opposite gender. Implications of the present results and directions for future research are discussed.
Influencing Crystallization Damage in Porous Materials through the Use of Surfactants: Experimental Results Using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and Cetyldimethylbenzylammonium Chloride

The interactions of two ionic surfactants on the decay of ornamental stone (porous limestone) by salt crystallization, a common and damaging weathering process, were studied. Conductivity and/or surface tension measurements allowed calculations of the critical micellar concentration (cmc) of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (CDBAC) in distilled water and saturated sodium sulfate solution (both with and without the addition of calcite), total surfactant adsorption onto calcite (Γtot), and the area (As) which a surfactant molecule occupies at the liquid−air interface. In aqueous calcite suspensions SDS shows a strong cmc reduction due to Ca2+ binding to the micelles that undergo sphere-to-rod transition at SDS concentrations > cmc, while calcium dodecyl sulfate (Ca(DS)2) precipitation contributes to a reduction of DS- concentration in the bulk solution. Adsorption of DS- on calcite is promoted in the saturated saline solution where Γtot reaches values of 1 × 10-2 mmol m-...
Predicting agency awareness acquiescence in physicians

Abstract This study replicated previous research which had shown that agency awareness estimates found in the typical needs assessment study are probably inflated. Physician respondents who exhibited “agency awareness acquiescence” (i.e. reported being aware of a fictitious agency) also reported being aware of more real agencies. Unfortunately, the study was not able to identify many variables that were correlated with agency awareness acquiescence. Age, expression of acquiescence on other measures, and knowledge of the elderly were not correlated with agency awareness acquiescence. Although there was some evidence to suggest that social desirability is correlated with agency awareness acquiescence, this study did not use a conventional measure of social desirability.
Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction

Elevated blood pressure is the most common chronic illness in the United States, affecting more than 50 million people. Hypertension is an even greater problem in the African American community. Traditionally, management of hypertension and cardiovascular risk reduction has focused on drug therapy; however, several studies have shown the benefits of therapeutic lifestyle changes for blood pressure lowering and cardiovascular risk reduction. Therapeutic lifestyle changes to reduce blood pressure have enormous potential as a means for preventing and controlling hypertension and thereby reducing the risk of coronary heart disease. Although the reductions in blood pressure are relatively modest with these approaches, they could potentially have a beneficial impact on overall cardiovascular morbidity and mortality when applied to the whole population. Because of their high prevalence of certain cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., obesity, diabetes mellitus) and greater salt sensitivity, therapeutic lifestyle changes have particular relevance for African Americans.
Unreading Borges's Labyrinths

Borges's stories often valorize the figures of text and labyrinth, and, in "The Garden of Forking Paths," an identity is posited between them. This identity is the means to deconstructing the story and, at the same time, for refusing both structuralist and metaphysical readings of the work. The text of the story gradually subsumes the world it seeks to represent under and within an all-encompassing textuality without origin and without any clearly delimited meaning except absence, the destruction of meaning, death. The solution of the labyrinth is its dissolution, that is, the deconstruction of the text. This easily thematizable deconstruction is actually a far more radical and subtle deconstruction of the text as structure or "meaning." Intertextuality and fragmentation undo the work and underline what amounts to a series of transgressions. These transgressions, that is, the text itself, are attempts to fill the void of the signified with signifier. And these transgressions, read, understood, and thereby iterated by the reader, are the signs of the deferred desire central to the work, its fundamental and radical difference. This article is available in Studies in 20th Century Literature: http://newprairiepress.org/sttcl/vol10/iss2/3 UNREADING BORGES'S LABYRINTHS LAWRENCE R. SCHEHR University Of South Alabama Poor intricated soul! Riddling perplexed labyrinthical soul! John Donne Pour WFM avec mes amities
Accumulation of selenium by different plant species grown under increasing sodium and calcium chloride salinity

High levels of naturally occurring selenium (Se) are often found in conjunction with different forms of salinity in central California. Plants considered for use in phytoremediation of high Se levels must therefore be salt tolerant. Selenium accumulation was evaluated for the following species under increasing salt (NaCl and CaCl) conditions:Brassica napus L. (canola),Hibiscus cannibinus L. (kenaf),Festuca arundinacea L. (tall fescue), andLotus tenuis L. (birdsfoot trefoil). The experimental design was a complete randomized block with four salt treatments of <1, 5, 10, and 20 dS m-1, four plant species, three blocks, and six replicates per treatment. Ninety days after growing in the respective salt treated soil with a Se concentration of 2 mg Se kg-1 soil, added as Na2SeO4, all plant species were completely harvested. Among the species tested, shoot and root dry matter yield of kenaf was most significantly (p<0.001) affected by the highest salt treatment and tall fescue and canola were the least affected species. Generally there was a decrease in tissue accumulation of Se with increasing salt levels, except that low levels of salinity stimulated Se accumulation in canola. Canola leaf and root tissue accumulated the highest concentrations of Se (315 and 80 mg Se kg-1 DM) and tall fescue the least (35 and 7 mg Se kg-1 DM). Total soil Se concentrations all harvest were significantly (p<0.05) lower for all species at all salt treatments. Removal of Se from soil was greatest by canola followed by birdsfoot trefoil, kenaf and tall fescue. Among the four species, canola was the best candidate for removing Se under the tested salinity conditions. Kenaf may be effective because of its large biomass production, while tall fescue and birdsfoot trefoil may be effective because they can be repeatedly clipped as perennial crops.
Lipomas in the Corpus callosum and the forehead, associated with a frontal bone defect

This report concerns a case of lipomas in the corpus callosum, possibly both lateral ventricles, and the forehead, which were associated with a defect in the frontal bone. It is thought that the lipoma originated in the interhemispheric fissure and extended to the forehead by at least the second month of gestation. It interfered with the development of the corpus callosum, and the collagenous capsule of the lipoma remained till birth. It caused a defect in the frontal bone in the midline, in spite of the development of both frontal bones.
Metastatic pain in the parturient: treatment with patient-controlled epidural sufentanil

A 30-year-old primigravid woman presented at 28 weeks gestation with severe pain related to metastatic gastric carcinoma. Pain control was achieved with epidural sufentanil, administered via a patient-controlled analgesia pump, for 5 days, prior to caesarean delivery. Considerations in deciding the optimal therapeutic regime are discussed.
Iloperidone for the Treatment of Schizophrenia: An Updated Clinical Review

Iloperidone is a second-generation "atypical" antipsychotic whose primary mechanism of action is within the subclass of combined D2/5HT2A antagonism. Iloperidone was approved by the FDA in May 2009 for the treatment of schizophrenia. This review is a comprehensive synthesis of the history and clinical trials data leading up to approval, and evaluates iloperidone within the clinical context of how it compares with other available antipsychotics.
Theoretical analysis of single electron spin surface detections

The ultimate spintronic devices based on electron spins will utilize a single electron as one quantum bit, thus spatial detections of a single electron become essential. This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the unpaired single electron spin detection with considerations of spin noises and coherent spontaneous emissions. The classic electron spin resonance spectrometer uses a high Q-factor tuned microwave cavity, which is capable of detecting the free electron spin density in the range from 106 to 1011 spins. The key for single electron spin detection relies on the detections of the energy exchange between the electron and microwave virtual photons. Furthermore, for such a tiny energy, the free induction decay signal will be overwhelmed by the surrounding noises. The possibility of increasing the sensitivity of the ESR spectrometer to one single spin using magnetic field modulation is presented.
Dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Dyslipidemia is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. The characteristic features of diabetic dyslipidemia are a high plasma triglyceride concentration, low HDL cholesterol concentration and increased concentration of small dense LDL-cholesterol particles. The lipid changes associated with diabetes mellitus are attributed to increased free fatty acid flux secondary to insulin resistance. The availability of multiple lipid-lowering drugs and supplements provides new opportunities for patients to achieve target lipid levels. However, the variety of therapeutic options poses a challenge in the prioritization of drug therapy. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia is not increased in patients with diabetes mellitus, but mortality from coronary heart disease increases exponentially as a function of serum cholesterol levels, and lowering of cholesterol with statins reduces diabetic patients' relative cardiovascular risk. Although drug therapy for dyslipidemia must be individualized, most people with diabetes mellitus are candidates for statin therapy, and often need treatment with multiple agents to achieve therapeutic goals.
Multifrequency Microwave-Induced Thermal Acoustic Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection

Microwave-induced thermal acoustic imaging (TAI) is a promising early breast cancer detection technique, which combines the advantages of microwave stimulation and ultrasound imaging and offers a high imaging contrast, as well as high spatial resolution at the same time. A new multifrequency microwave-induced thermal acoustic imaging scheme for early breast cancer detection is proposed in this paper. Significantly more information about the human breast can be gathered using multiple frequency microwave stimulation. A multifrequency adaptive and robust technique (MART) is presented for image formation. Due to its data-adaptive nature, MART can achieve better resolution and better interference rejection capability than its data-independent counterparts, such as the delay-and-sum method. The effectiveness of this procedure is shown by several numerical examples based on 2-D breast models. The finite-difference time-domain method is used to simulate the electromagnetic field distribution, the absorbed microwave energy density, and the thermal acoustic field in the breast model.
Measurement of Near-Wall Liquid Temperatures in Single-Phase Flows Through Silicon Microchannels

A technique for quantitative temperature visualization of single-phase liquid flows in silicon (Si) microchannels using infrared thermography is presented. This technique offers a new way to measure, non-intrusively, local variations in wall temperature, or fluid temperature at the fluid-wall interface, in a microchannel fabricated entirely of silicon. The experimental setup and measurement procedure required to obtain a high desired signal-to-noise ratio is elaborated. A single 13-mm long and 50 μm wide by 135 μm deep Si microchannel is used in this study. Experiments were performed with a constant electrical heat input to the heat sink surface for four fluid flow rates between 0.6 g/min and 1.2 g/min, corresponding to a Reynolds number range from 200 to 300. Temperature profiles of water in contact with the visualized wall of the microchannel indicate a monotonically increasing trend from the channel inlet for all cases, which is expected of a hydrodynamically and thermally developing flow. The estimated experimental fully developed Nusselt number matches the solution provided in literature for laminar flows. Measurements of the heat sink surface temperature are performed to determine axial variation in heat flux to the visualized channel wall. Results indicate that axial non-uniformity can be significant for the larger Peclet number flows.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Craft Apprenticeship Courses at Ford Motor Company … 2

Last month's article explained how Ford Motor Company has had more than thirty years' experience of sandwich courses for craft apprentices. It suggested that a sandwich comprising equal parts is not suitable for craft apprentices, but that a sandwich course providing a ratio of one to two between theory and practice is probably optimum for present‐day needs. This month's article is mainly concerned with examination results, the effect on these of the selection procedure, and the establishing of academic standards for craft apprentices.
Strategic repositioning: moving into radically unfamiliar markets: the experience of the defense sector

"Strategic repositioning" is the term applied to firms who are seeking to exploit opportunities for their core technologies in sectors that are far outside their home markets. Strategic repositioning has become a necessity for firms in many industries who find that radical structural shifts in their environment threaten their viability. A well-known case is the government defense and aerospace contractors following the end. of the Cold War. This paper reports on a multiyear study of how defense contractors successfully reposition their technologies into commercial markets. It analyzes the key technology, market, and organizational success factors, and draws strategy implications for the defense industry. Data sources include a survey of 52 contractors and interviews with 40 others. This paper extends those results.
Sex Differences in Problem Solving as a Function of Role Appropriateness of the Problem Content

Earlier studies have shown that there is a consistent sex difference in problem solving, and that this may be partially accounted for in terms of the sexrole identification of the Ss solving the problems (Milton, 1957). The present investigation has as its focus the role appropriateness of the problems which Ss are required to solve. The principal hypothesis may be stated as follows: When the characteristics of problems He altered so as to make them less appropriate to the msczlline sex role, the sex differences in problem-solving skill will be redgced. A preliminary survey showed that the content of problems which college men and women characteristically solve in their daily lives is different, and that problems conventional to psychological research are more often typically masculine (Milton, 1958, pp. 9-10). Two previous studies designed to test the hypothesis resulted in conflicting results (Milton, 1958, pp. 9-16, 29-43 ) , and the present experiment is an attempt to resolve these differences. Con~traction of problems.-Two parallel sets of problems were required. One set must be in the form conventional to the problem-solving literame, the other set must be in a form more appropriate to the feminine sex role, or less appropriate to the masculine role. These sets were formed by choosing 20 problems of the conventional sort and then constructing a parallel set in which the tasks remained the same but in which the content of the problems had been altered to be more appropriate to the female role. Role appropriateness was based upon the preliminary survey referred to above. An example may serve to illustrate the manner in which the alterations were made. The conventional problem chosen from earlier experiments reads: Snuffy, the tramp, rolls his own cigarettes from butts he collects in his travels. The tobacco from six butts produces one new cigarette. One day he collected a total of 72 buas. He smoked a cigarette every half hour, yet this supply lasted him seven hours. How did he manage this? The parallel problem in the female-role appropriate form is:
Stochastic shortest paths via Quasi-convex maximization

We consider the problem of finding shortest paths in a graph with independent randomly distributed edge lengths. Our goal is to maximize the probability that the path length does not exceed a given threshold value (deadline). We give a surprising exact nθ(logn) algorithm for the case of normally distributed edge lengths, which is based on quasi-convex maximization. We then prove average and smoothed polynomial bounds for this algorithm, which also translate to average and smoothed bounds for the parametric shortest path problem, and extend to a more general non-convex optimization setting. We also consider a number other edge length distributions, giving a range of exact and approximation schemes.
Influence of solvent and molecular weight on thickness and surface topography of spin‐coated polymer films

The influence of polymer molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and polymer-solvent interactions on the thickness and topography of spin-coated polymer films was examined. For films prepared from dilute solutions, highly volatile solvents or fair or “poor” solvents for the polymer adversely affect film surfaces causing nonuniformities (waves) to appear. However, if the concentration of these solutions is increased to approximately the concentration at which entanglements are formed, nearly uniform films are produced even if the solvent employed is highly volatile, such as dichloromethane. When toluene is employed as the solvent, which has a relatively low volatility and therefore forms nearly flat film surfaces, films prepared from dilute solution were found to have thicknesses, h, proportional to η Ω−0.49 for polystyrene and η Ω−0.49 for poly(methylmethacrylate) where ηo is the zero-shear rate solution viscosity and Ω is the rotational speed at which the films were prepared. These results suggest that the exponents associated with ηo and Ω may be nearly independent of the type of polymer used as long as flat films are produced. Finally, the molecular weight parameter most important in controlling final film thickness for films made from dilute solutions is Mv, the viscosity-average molecular weight.
A novel method for assessing respiratory deposition of welding fume nanoparticles

Welders are exposed to high concentrations of nanoparticles. Compared to larger particles, nanoparticles have been associated with more toxic effects at the cellular level, including the generation of more reactive oxygen species activity. Current methods for welding-fume aerosol exposures do not differentiate between the nano-fraction and the larger particles. The objectives of this work are to establish a method to estimate the respiratory deposition of the nano-fraction of selected metals in welding fumes and test this method in a laboratory setting. Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) are commonly found in welding fume aerosols and have been linked with severe adverse health outcomes. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and ion chromatography (IC) were evaluated as methods for analyzing the content of Mn, Ni, Cr, and Cr(VI) nanoparticles in welding fumes collected with nanoparticle respiratory deposition (NRD) samplers. NRD samplers collect na...
FUZZY FEEDBACK CONTROL FOR REAL-TIME DYNAMIC TRAFFIC ROUTING: USER EQUILIBRIUM MODEL FORMULATIONS AND CONTROLLER DESIGN

The formulation of a system dynamics model for the dynamic traffic routing (DTR) problem is addressed, specifically for the application of real-time feedback control. Also addressed is the design of fuzzy feedback control laws for this problem. Fuzzy feedback control is suitable for solving the DTR problem, which is nonlinear and time varying and contains uncertainties. To illustrate the applicability of fuzzy logic in the design of feedback control for DTR, a simple software simulation was conducted that provided encouraging results.
Beyond Impoverished Anti-poverty Paradigms

Abstract More subtle than the manifestations of poverty are the paradigmatic means of sustaining, deepening or lessening it. Indeed, dominant knowledge structures are insinuated in policy making and conventional anti-poverty measures, some of which reflect the poverty of the intellect. Ensconced in distinctive contexts, poverty itself is shaped by the template of neoliberal globalisation. This paradigm promises that economic gain will benefit all who are faithful to its principles. It evokes a vision not only of economic well-being but also of distributive justice, including poverty reduction. In its centrist and reformist guises, the orthodox anti-poverty paradigm may be best understood as a chain of relationships: neoliberal concepts, a preoccupation with methods for measuring results, a loathness to tackle underlying factors that generate widespread privation, gender ideology, and the delinking of economic reform and social policy. On the rise, too, is growing resistance to this consensual thinking, ma...
Conjugated estrogens for the treatment of menopausal symptoms: a review of safety data.

Introduction: Conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) are widely used for the treatment of menopausal symptoms, such as vasomotor symptoms and vulvovaginal atrophy, and for the prevention of bone loss, in postmenopausal women. The safety profile of CEE has been extensively published over the past 20 years. Areas covered: Data from randomized controlled trials and from observational studies on the effects of CEE on the risk of breast cancer, endometrial cancer or hyperplasia, other cancers, cardiovascular outcomes, and cognitive function are reviewed. When used alone, CEE are not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer and may be associated with reduced mortality. The risk of cardiovascular events with CEE may be reduced in women who are more recently postmenopausal. Expert opinion: Numerous clinical studies have evaluated the safety of CEE. The data reviewed in this article describe the breast, endometrial, and cardiovascular safety of unopposed CEE. International recommendations describe CEE as the ...
Using Growing Degree Days, Agrometeorological Variables, Linear Regression, and Data Mining Methods to Help Improve Prediction of Sweetpotato Harvest Date in Louisiana

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Ipomoea batatas, heat units, phenology SUMMARY. Predictive models of optimum sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) harvest in relation to growing degree days (GDD) will benefit producers and researchers by ensuring maximum yields and high quality. A GDD system has not been previously characterized for sweetpotato grown in Louisiana. We used a data set of 116 planting dates and used a combination of minimum CV, linear regression (LR), and several algorithms in a data mining (DM) mode to identify candidate methods of estimating relationships between GDD and harvest dates. These DM algorithms included neural networks, support vector machine, multivariate adaptive regression splines, regression trees, and generalized linear models. We then used candidate GDD methods along with agrometeorological variables to model US#1 yield using LR and DM methodology. A multivariable LR model with the best adjusted r 2 was based on GDD calculated using this method: maximum daily temperature (Tmax) ‐ base temperature (B), where if Tmax > ceiling temperature [C (90 � F)], then Tmax = C, and where GDD = 0 if minimum daily temperature <60 � F. The following climate-related variables contributed to the improvement of adjusted r 2 of the LR model: mean relative humidity 20 days after transplanting (DAT), maximum air temperature 20 DAT, and maximum soil temperature 10 DAT (log 10 transformed). In the DM mode, this GDD method and the LR model also demonstrated high predictive accuracy as quantified using mean square error. Using this model, we propose to schedule test harvests at GDD = 2600. The harvest date can further be optimized by predicting US#1 yield using GDD in combination with climate-based predictor variables measured within 20 DAT.