cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scissionable bile acid nanostructures for lithography

Pixelated photoresists, i.e. resists that compartmentalize photochemistry into discrete imaging elements are an emerging design for improved resolution. A pixelated design seeks to overcome chaotic organization in complex resist formulations through application of small regular or symmetric imaging species, and/or through the application of preorganization of resist components. [1] Another approach, backbone scission, has also emerged as a powerful method to improve resist performance. [2] In this approach, the parts of the resist structure that have undergone radiation driven chemistry are disconnected from the unaffected material. This enhances contrast and also confers an additional mechanism: structural disruption. Bile acids have been used recently as building blocks to enable host-guest chemistry [3] and have been incorporated as additives in photoresists [4] and structural elements [5]. They as a class are fairly large (mw ~400) highly functionalized molecules possessing a hydrophobic face, alcohol groups and a carboxylic acid group. We describe here a scissionable pixelated resist architecture based on bile acids bound by acid-sensitive tertiary ester linkages into dendrimeric arrays. This design seeks to employ structural disintegration and catalyst pre-organization in addition to solubility switching as contrast mechanisms. Preliminary EUV and ebeam studies have shown G0 and G1 materials capable of sub-micron imaging.
Addiction Training in Social Work Schools: A Nationwide Analysis

Social workers are needed to implement science-based treatments for alcohol and other drug (AOD) problems. Changes in insurance coverage through the Affordable Care Act will increase the demand for licensed Master of Social Work (MSW) clinicians. This national study of MSW programs (N = 210) examines prevalence of addiction courses and specializations. Web-based analyses showed that only 14.3% of accredited schools offered specialization; only 4.7% of accredited schools had one or more required courses. Social work education has not met addiction workforce development needs; there is no evidence this pattern will change.
Capitation adjustment for pediatric populations.

To the Editor. The paper by Fowles and Anderson is a welcome addition to the literature on a subject of considerable practical importance in this managed care era. As the developers of one of the systems assessed (ambulatory care groups [ACGs]), we wish to clarify some points about that system. The authors characterize this system as …
Nursing Education at Western Governors University: A Modern, Disruptive Approach

Over 1 million working registered nurses (RNs) currently do not have a bachelor's degree in nursing and comprise the critical group needing to return to school in order to achieve the Institute of Medicine's goal of 80% bachelors of science in nursing (BSNs) by 2020. Western Governors University (WGU) has developed a transformative educational model, incorporating 4 operational pillars (competency-based learning, technology, disaggregated faculty roles, and a student-centric management system), to revolutionize RN–BSN education. This article describes a successful contemporary model, disrupting most all of the traditional aspects of university education for professional nursing practice. The program design is of particular value to working adults and addresses the flexibility they need to accommodate academic advancement. The WGU nursing program currently serves over 5,000 students seeking BSN and Master of Science in Nursing degrees in all 50 states.
Design and Synthesis of 1-Aminocycloalkane-1-carboxylic Acid-Substituted Deltorphin Analogues: Unique δ and μ Opioid Activity in Modified Peptides

Deltorphin analogues were substituted by a series of achiral Cα,α-dialkyl cyclic α-amino acids (1-aminocycloalkane-1-carboxylic acids, Acxc, where x = a hexane, pentane, or propane cycloalkane ring) in position 2, 3, 4, or 2 and 3 in deltorphin C, and in position 2 in [Ac6c2,des-Phe3]deltorphin C hexapeptide. Receptor assays indicated that even though Ac6c2 and Ac6c3 exhibited a diminished Kiδ by ca. 20-fold (2.5−3.3 nM) relative to deltorphin C (Kiδ = 0.15 nM), selectivity was marginally elevated (Kiμ/Kiδ = 1250) or enhanced by about 70%, and both peptides fitted stringent iterative calculations for a two-site binding model (η = 0.625 and 0.766, respectively, P < 0.0001). The disubstituted [Ac6c2,3]- or [Ac6c2,des-Phe3]deltorphin analogues yielded peptides with decreased Kiδ, such that the latter peptide was essentially inactive. The presence of Ac5c or Ac3c in place of Phe3 further diminished Kiδ (15.4 to 19.0 nM), yet δ selectivity only fell about one-half (Kiμ/Kiδ = 440 and 535, respectively), and onl...
The Effect of Using a Hypermedia Learning Model for a CBI Design Course.

This paper chronicles the effect of using a hypermedia learning (HL) model for graduate students to learn about hypermedia authoring for the creation of computer-based instruction (CBI). The stagebased, learner-centered HL model details how students feel and act in each of the five sequential stages: dependent; interested; involved; engaged; and independent. It also specifies the expected learning outcomes of students and the role of the instructor at each stage. A qualitative research approach was employed, including the use of a follow-up telephone interview and an open-ended written questionnaire, to examine the effect of the model. The findings revealed that through the execution of the HL model, the graduate students reached independence in CBI design by using the selected hypermedia authoring tool, ToolBook.
Current status of systemic sclerosis biomarkers: applications for diagnosis, management and drug development

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a clinically heterogeneous orphan disease of unknown etiology and no effective therapy. It is characterized by protean manifestations, an unpredictable disease course and variable outcomes. Clinical manifestations reflect underlying autoimmunity, small vessel vasculopathy and progressive multi-organ fibrosis. Predicting disease progression, pattern and severity of complications and response to therapy in SSc remain major challenges both for the management of patients and for the development of effective disease-modifying therapies. This review summarizes contemporary understanding of novel and emerging biomarkers for SSc. We focus on the development of new classification criteria, the utility of SSc-specific autoantibodies as diagnostic and prognostic markers, and on biomarkers for skin and lung involvement. Finally, we review genome-wide expression analysis as a tool to predict therapeutic responses. We anticipate that the development, validation and application of these biomarkers, singly or more likely in combination, will have a transformative impact in SSc, informing early diagnosis, classification and management, as well as the design, execution and interpretation of clinical trials of novel therapeutic agents.
Conformational and thermodynamic properties modulate the nucleotide excision repair of 2-aminofluorene and 2-acetylaminofluorene dG adducts in the NarI sequence

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a major repair pathway that recognizes and corrects various lesions in cellular DNA. We hypothesize that damage recognition is an initial step in NER that senses conformational anomalies in the DNA caused by lesions. We prepared three DNA duplexes containing the carcinogen adduct N-(2'-deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-7-fluoro-2-acetylaminofluorene (FAAF) at G(1), G(2) or G(3) of NarI sequence (5'-CCG(1)G(2)CG(3)CC-3'). Our (19)F-NMR/ICD results showed that FAAF at G(1) and G(3) prefer syn S- and W-conformers, whereas anti B-conformer was predominant for G(2). We found that the repair of FAAF occurs in a conformation-specific manner, i.e. the highly S/W-conformeric G(3) and -G(1) duplexes incised more efficiently than the B-type G(2) duplex (G(3)∼G(1)> G(2)). The melting and thermodynamic data indicate that the S- and W-conformers produce greater DNA distortion and thermodynamic destabilization. The N-deacetylated N-(2'-deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-7-fluoro-2-aminofluorene (FAF) adducts in the same NarI sequence are repaired 2- to 3-fold less than FAAF: however, the incision efficiency was in order of G(2)∼G(1)> G(3), a reverse trend of the FAAF case. We have envisioned the so-called N-acetyl factor as it could raise conformational barriers of FAAF versus FAF. The present results provide valuable conformational insight into the sequence-dependent UvrABC incisions of the bulky aminofluorene DNA adducts.
Habitat segregation and temporal variation in some tropical intertidal populations

Observations were made to document habitat segregation and seasonal changes in density for the most common intertidal organisms at a study site on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. The pulmonate limpets Siphonaria gigas (Sowerby) and Siphonaria maura (Sowerby) were more abundant in the mid-high- and high-intertidal zone, whereas the keyhole limpet Fissurella virescens (Sowerby) was more abundant in the mid zone. Coiled gastropods were found in the mid- and mid-high-intertidal zone but were absent or scarce in the high zone. Barnacles and coralline algae were found throughout the intertidal zone and foliose algae were mostly present in the splash zone. Abundance of all species changed over the 2-yr period of the study. S. gigas and S. maura and the barnacle Chthamalus fissus Darwin exhibited well-defined fluctuations in density related to recruitment. No recruitment was observed for F. virescens or Tetraclita panamensis Pilsbry and populations of both species declined. Changes also occurred for coiled gastropods and were probably related to movement of adults. Coralline and foliose algae were more abundant during the rainy season than during the dry months. Far from being constant, populations on these tropical shores were highly dynamic with temporal changes rivaling those in the temperate zone.
Effect of Skin Binding on Percutaneous Transport of Benzocaine from Aqueous Suspensions and Solutions

Various aqueous suspensions of benzocaine containing nonionic surfactants exhibited the same rate of in vitro penetration through hairless mouse skin. Saturated solutions yielded a lower rate of benzocaine penetration due to depletion of drug from the donor portion of the diffusion cell. Extensive skin binding was responsible.
1578 RAPID GROWTH IN YOUNG CHILDREN AFTER RENAL TRANSPLAN TATION USING CYCLOSPORINE (CsA) AND PREDNISONE (PRED)

Pediatric patients, 2-20 y.o., who received renal transplants (TX) after Jan, 1984, were treated with CsA+PRED immunosuppression. Oral CsA was initiated at 14mg/kg/d and tapered individually by clinical course and trough serum CsA (SCsA), to 7-9mg/kg/d by 6 mon. High dose PRED, 2-3mg/kg/d, was begun the day of surgery, tapered to 1mg/kg/d by 1 mon and maintained at low dose, 0.2-0.4 mg/kg/d, after 2 mon. Nine grafts are all functioning after short term follow-up (F/U) (54 patient mon). The youngest recipients, ages 2-6 y.o. (n=5:4 LRD, 1 CAD), demonstrated rapid growth rates, 0.96-1.25cm/mon, during 4-9 mon F/U. Estimated GFR at last F/U was 75-109ml/min/1.73m2 (range Scr 0.5-0.8mg/dl). One patient experienced reversible acute rejection at 2mon, but still grew rapidly (1.25cm/mon). No young child had CsA nephrotoxicity. Trough SCsA was always 13 y.o. and demonstrated little growth (0-0.16cm/mon) in 3-8mon F/U; Scr was 1.4-2.2mg/dl and GFR 55-58ml/min/1.73m2. One had reversible acute rejection during wk one. Another had reversible CsA nephrotoxicity. Other CsA toxic side effects were hirsuitism (9/9), hand tremor (5/9) and asymptomatic high serum uric acid (6.7-13.5mg/dl) (9/9). Our experience suggests CsA+PRED in pediatric TX recipients 1) permits rapid growth, especially in young children, 2) is not limited, at least initially, by nephrotoxicity and 3) leads to early successful pediatric TX outcome.
Translating Stem Cell Research: Challenges at the Research Frontier

This paper will address the translation of basic stem cell research into clinical research. While "stem cell" trials are sometimes used to describe established practices of bone marrow transplantation or transplantation of primary cells derived from bone marrow, for the purposes of this paper, I am primarily focusing on stem cell trials which are far less established, including use of hESC derived stem cells. The central ethical challenges in stem cell clinical trials arise in frontier research, not in standard, well-established areas of research.
Electrostatic Origin of the Catalytic Effect of a Supramolecular Host Catalyst

The development of enzyme mimetic catalysts as well as the analysis of the catalytic effects of such catalysts has been a major challenge for synthetic chemists. One of the impressive examples of artificial catalysts has been the development of a highly charged host compound that provides a significant acceleration to the hydrolysis of orthoformates and other systems. However, the origin of the catalytic effect has not been quantified, and its origin remains somewhat unclear. The understanding of the corresponding supramolecular catalysis has thus become a major challenge, both in terms of computational modeling and in terms of the analysis of the corresponding acid-catalyzed reaction. Here we present a computer simulation study and kinetic analyses that reproduce the experimentally observed catalytic effect, establishing that this effect is due to electrostatic stabilization of the positively charged transition state (relative to the uncharged bound complex). Our study illustrates the crucial need for ca...
Effects of Social Incentives on Task Performance in the Elderly

The performance of 60 elderly volunteers (mean age = 74.5 years) on two cancellation tasks was examined under one of three experimental conditions: social praise, social reproof, or no comment. When compared with the no-comment group, subjects in the reproof condition showed response increments over baseline performance (p less than.05). Praise, when compared with no comment, failed to reach statistical significance. RESULTS are interpreted in terms of the possible negative reinforcement, challenge, or informational properties of reproof. The clear implications from these data are that social incentives may well facilitate behavioral change in the aged and that there is a need for further examination of the effects of this variable. Language: en
Optimal feedback-controlled point process decoder for adaptation and assisted training in brain-machine interfaces

Closed-loop decoder adaptation (CLDA) improves brain-machine interface performance by estimating the decoder parameters in closed-loop operation. By allowing the subject to use an initialized decoder, CLDA techniques infer the intended movement in closed loop, and refine the decoder parameters based on this inference and the recorded neural activity. In some cases, an initialized decoder may be far from optimal. This may cause the initial decoded trajectories to be biased towards a specific region of space, hence affecting the speed of parameter convergence by not allowing the decoder to explore the space. Moreover, this can lower the subject's motivation level due to low initial performance. Here we propose a new combined assisted training and CLDA algorithm based on an infinite-horizon optimal feedback control design for the BMI. We derive an adaptive optimal feedback-controlled point process decoder (FC-PPF) that estimates the subject's intended movement based on the visual feedback of the decoded kinematics and the target position. Using closed-loop BMI simulations that explicitly model the visual feedback delay, we show that decoder parameter values in the adaptive FC-PPF converge to the true values even when initialized arbitrarily. We also show that adaptive FC-PPF can be used as both a combined assisted training and CLDA technique or as a CLDA technique without assistance, hence providing a possible unified framework for closed-loop decoder adaptation.
Excited-state 1 s -2 p absorption by aluminum ions with partially filled L shells

The purpose of this paper is to quantify the role of initial configurations that have an electron beyond the L shell in 1s-2p absorption of aluminum ions. The study is done in the context of a recent x-ray transmission experiment and is based on a theoretical model that is in good agreement with the measurements. In addition, the method of Epstein will be used to study the temperature-dependent effect of excited states on the cross section for the individual ions. Results indicate that about 50% of the absorption is due to initial configurations that have an excited electron beyond the L shell, and the overall opacity of the 1s-2p manifold of transitions can be enhanced by these configurations at elevated temperatures for some ion species.
MODELS FOR INTERLIBRARY LENDING

The various methods of providing an interlibrary loan service include centralised lending, interlending through union catalogues and direct interlending. These services can be compared by estimating the cost per loan, average service time and failure rate. This provides a simple model of the cost effectiveness of the alternatives, which can be used to predict the effects of changes in the level of demand or funds available.
Organizational Culture: A Framework and Strategies for Facilitating Employee Whistleblowing

Seven dimensions of organizational culture that influence the employee reflection process that ultimately leads to whistleblowing behavior are presented. These include 1) vigilance, 2) engagement, 3) credibility, 4) accountability, 5) empowerment, 6) courage, and 7) options. Key considerations within each dimension are discussed and a compliance framework is used to identify strategies for encouraging a culture that supports employee communication, questioning, and reporting of illegal, unethical, and illegitimate practices within organizations.
DNA synthesis of sublethally injured cells in heterokaryons and its relevance to clonal senescence.

Abstract Human diploid fibroblast-like (FL) cells were exposed to sublethal doses of amino acid analogs or to mitomycin C, resulting in a level of DNA synthesis, as judged by autoradiographic analyses of [3H]thymidine labeling indices, comparable to that observed in late passage FL “senescent” cultures. The [3H]thymidine labeling indices of such drug-treated cells were assessed in heterokaryons with HeLa and young passage FL cells, cell types that had previously been shown to give contrasting results in fusions with FL cells from senescent cultures. It was found that the results with the drug-treated nuclei were entirely comparable to previous experiments; in fusions with HeLa cells, there was an initial reinitiation of DNA synthesis, while in fusions with young passage FL cells, there was a failure to reinitiate synthesis in drug-treated cells as well as an inhibition of DNA synthesis in the young FL cells. While such results are consistent with the view that the lesions in senescent cells include DNA crosslinks and abnormal proteins, there are clear differences between the phenotypes of the drug-treated cells and the senescent cells as regards morphology and, in the case of analog-treated cells, the potential for clonal recovery. Cells which leave the proliferative pool as a result of a variety of mechanisms may therefore behave similarly in these heterokaryon systems.
A Detailed Analysis of the Stellar and Nebular IUE Spectrum of the Peculiar ``O VI Sequence'' Planetary Nebula NGC 40

A detailed analysis of archival individual and co-added low- and high-dispersion IUE spectra of the planetary nebula NGC 40 has been performed, using NEWSIPS extracted spectra. More than 50 emission lines and numerous absorption features have been identified, and emission-line fluxes and equivalent widths were measured. Terminal wind velocities from P Cygni profiles and electron densities were redetermined. Several inconsistencies were found in earlier works for this peculiar low-excitation planetary that is excited by a 90,000 K "O VI sequence" WC8 star. The detection of Fe II lines that are resonantly excited by the O VI λ1031 line supports the O VI classification for the central star.
Assessing online issue threats: issue contagions and their effect on issue prioritisation

To be effective, issue managers must develop a sophisticated understanding of the Internet's effect on issues management. Our current understanding is in an early phase of description. We know that the Internet makes it easier for publics to form so they can press an issue but precious little is known of how the dynamic operates. The issue contagion perspective is offered as an explanatory and prescriptive device. The idea of an issue contagion posits that the Internet provides a means for altering issue priorities, often with blinding speed. One route for change is altering the likelihood; a common evaluative tool for prioritising issues that assesses the probability of an issue gaining strength and requiring action. Through various Internet communication channels, attempts can be made to change the likelihood of an issue requiring attention and action — an issue manager will witness shifts in issue prioritisation. This paper details why likelihood is important, how it can be altered via the Internet, and the implications for issue managers. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications.
The influence of apolipoprotein E phenotype on the response to lovastatin therapy in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.

Apolipoprotein E (apo E) phenotypes have been previously shown to influence plasma lipoprotein concentrations in normal populations and to affect the response to some lipid lowering drugs. The purpose of the present study was to determine if variations in the apo E phenotype also affect basal lipoprotein concentrations in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and if the apo E phenotype influenced their subsequent response to lovastatin. Apo E phenotypes were determined on plasma from 134 FH patients. The relative frequencies of the epsilon 2, epsilon 3, and epsilon 4 alleles were .090, .772, and .138, respectively. Plasma triglycerides were found to be 34% higher in E3/2 heterozygotes relative to E3/3 patients. Baseline concentrations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in untreated FH patients were not influenced by the apo E phenotype; the hypolipidemic response to lovastatin (20 or 40 mg twice daily) was also independent of the apo-E phenotype of the patients.
Effect of structure in the electronic density of states on the temperature dependence of the electron mass enhancement

Abstract The effect of structure in the electronic density of states on the temperature dependence of the phonon renormalized electron mass and electronic specific heat coefficient is calculated in the energy space representation. Results are presented for the APW density of states of palladium and for a model density of states for V 3 Ga. Comparisons are made to the free electron results.
Galerkin approximations for singular linear elliptic and semilinear parabolic problems

We prove the existence of exact solutions and convergence of numerical (Galerkin) approximations for the semilinear degenerate parabolic problem ut+Lu = F(t,u) and for the degenerate elliptic problem Lu = f where L is a highly singular linear elliptic operator. The class of operators L contains in particular the operators of generalized bi-axially symmetric potential theory.
Spectral analysis of the Elatina series

The Elatina formation in South Australia, which provides a rich fossil record of presumptive solar activity in the late Precambrian, is of great potential significance for the physics of the Sun because it contains laminae grouped in cycles of about 12, an appearance suggestive of the solar cycle. The actual spectrum of the lamina-thickness series is rather complex, 20 or more spectral lines having been recognized by Fourier analysis. It is shown how these numerous lines arise as combination frequencies, from a much simpler intrinsic spectrum, by rectification. Optical studies of the Sun have shown that there is a magnetic polarity reversal on the Sun every 11 years approximately, but terrestrial consequences of solar activity, for example in the ozonosphere or ionosphere, do not respond to solar magnetism; thus the negative-going semi-cycles of the full magnetic cycle are in effect rectified according to a linear law. Application of this knowledge to the Elatina formation shows that derectification simplifies the spectrum of the laminathickness series in exactly the way that one would expect if the solar cycle were at work here also. Zig-zag effect, an alternation of cycle thickness, is taken to be due, not to a beat phenomenon, but to rectification in the presence of a weak 345-year oscillation; subtraction of this oscillation after derectification is essential to the simplifying procedure. The fundamental period is established at a new sharper value of 23.7 ± 0.2 years as compared with the looser 22.2 ± 1.8 years for the modern sunspot series. This paper treats the laminae as varves laid down yearly and modulated in thickness in accordance with the late Precambrian sunspot activity for the year of deposition. Since the difference between 23.7 and 22.2 is less than a standard deviation it is premature to speculate that the sunspot cycle period has undergone secular change; indeed the possibility that the solar oscillator has been secularly stable is not ruled out. The high Q now demonstrated for the varve oscillator (around 120 compared with a previous value of 12) weakens support for that part of solar dynamo theory that ascribes the solar cycle to a self-sustaining relaxation osculation; conversely, the evidence for an internal solar clock mechanism is strenghtened. A wave propagation zone intervening between the clock and the solar surface could produce the intrinsic spectrum.
Diversification of biological control strategies in agriculture.

Abstract The factors that cause pest outbreaks depend on the complex nature of crops, pests, physical habitats and the natural biota. Despite all efforts to control pests, approximately 35% of all crop production is lost to pests. Thus, the biological controls used to control the 67 000 pest species that exist world wide should be expanded and diversified. Host-plant resistance plus natural parasites and predators are the two dominant measures that regulate plant-feeding organisms. At present these two types of biological controls dominate pest control in agriculture. One of the major problems with the use of host-plant resistance in agricultural crops is that a single gene for resistance is bred into the crop. It is therefore relatively easy for the pest species to evolve and to overcome the resistance in the crop. In nature, however, most host-plant resistance is based on multiple genes and a diverse set of resistant factors. This diverse, polygenic resistance system helps to prevent plant-feeding species from overcoming the resistance in the host plant. Increasing diversity in host-plant resistance could improve stability of crop resistance in agriculture. The selection of parasites and predators from relatives of the target pest for introduction instead of introducing natural enemies from the native home of the pest for biological control improves the success rate of this technology. The use of this ‘new association’ approach takes advantage of diversity and has been shown to increase threefold the effectiveness of biological control. Furthermore, it is a way to control native pests, which make up the largest portion of crop pests. Equally important, this technique increases the arsenal of natural enemies that can be successfully employed in biological control. Finally, combining the use of host-plant resistance and use of natural enemies via the ‘new association’ technique enhances the effectiveness of both biological controls. These methods are compatible and the diversity they contribute increases the success and stability needed for effective control.
Biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease.

Purpose of reviewInflammatory bowel disease is characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation in the absence of a recognized pathogen. In its classic description, there are two principal forms of inflammatory bowel disease: Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. The clinical heterogeneity of these
Update in Endocrine Autoimmunity

Context: The endocrine system is a common target in pathogenic autoimmune responses, and there has been recent progress in our understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of autoimmune endocrine diseases. Synthesis: Rapid progress has recently been made in our understanding of the genetic factors involved in endocrine autoimmune diseases. Studies on monogenic autoimmune diseases that include endocrine phenotypes like autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 and immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked have helped reveal the role of key regulators in the maintenance of immune tolerance. Highly powered genetic studies have found and confirmed many new genes outside of the established role of the human leukocyte antigen locus with these diseases, and indicate an essential role of immune response pathways in these diseases. Progress has also been made in identifying new autoantigens and the development of new animal models for the study of endocrine autoimmunity. Finally, although hormone r...
Ion Pair Basicity of Some Amines in THF: Implications for Ion Pair Acidity Scales1

Amines form proton-transfer ion pairs of the type BH+ In- with acidic indicator hydrocarbons InH in THF. Relative equilibrium constants measured for a number of amines in THF differ substantially from ionic pKa values for BH+ in acetonitrile or DMSO. The results show that ion pair dissociation constants of the protonated amine ion pairs in THF vary by several orders of magnitude and point out that at the present time amines cannot be placed quantitatively on any of the ion pair acidity scales currently in use for neutral acids in THF.
Fluid conduits in carbonate‐hosted seismogenic normal faults of central Italy

[1] We studied the structures and stable isotope geochemistry of carbonate fault rocks in four normal faults of central Italy. The faults juxtapose Meso-Cenozoic carbonates of the footwalls against continental basins of the hanging walls. Footwall rocks exposed along fault scarps have been exhumed from depths of ∼1 km. The fault rocks are systematically arranged in each fault and can be separated into five distinct domains. Farthest from the main fault contact are undeformed host rock and fractured host rock (domain 1). Progressively closer to the fault contact, in the core of the fault, are gouge (domain 2), cataclasite (domain 3), and cement-dominated horizons with planar slip surfaces (domain 4). Thin horizons of brecciated hanging wall sediments (domain 5) are adjacent, and locally accreted, to the footwall. Structural and stable isotope data are consistent with compartmentalization of fluid in the faults during exhumation. The data are most consistent with these fluids being predominantly evolved meteoric water rather than fluids from the mantle, crustal magmas, and/or devolatilizing carbonate rocks. Meteoric water infiltrated domains 4 and 5 of the faults, either from hanging wall sediments or directly at the land surface. The gouge and cataclasites of domains 2 and 3 were impermeable barriers to movement of meteoric water into domain 1 and undamaged host rocks of the footwall. The results of this study do not support models of earthquake nucleation and rupture that envision large volumes of deep-seated fluids passing upward through shallow portions of these seismogenic faults.
Preparative isolation of DNA and biologically active mRNA from diethylaminoethyl membrane

Abstract A simple method is described for the preparative isolation of both DNA and mRNA after electrophoretic separation in agarose gels. The method is based on the quantitative binding of the nucleic acid to a membrane containing charged diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) groups, followed by elution under high salt conditions. Fragments of bacteriophage λ cut with Hind III, ranging in size from 565 to 9536 bp were recovered at efficiencies ranging from 84% to 35%, respectively. Poly A + mRNAs from hen oviduct were recovered with an efficiency of 65–80%. Recovery of biological activity was about 70%.
Experimental study of subsolidus phase relations and mixing properties of pyroxene in the system CaO-Al2O3-SiO2

Abstract Subsolidus phase relations in the system CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 (CAS) were experimentally determined with tight reversals of several univariant curves and with 14 equilibration experiments containing the assemblage pyroxene + anorthite, where pyroxene is a binary solid solution of Ca-Tschermak (CaTs-CaAl2SiO6) and Ca-Eskola (CaEs-Ca0.5AlSi2O6) endmembers. Reversals were obtained on the following reactions (bar, °C): 3An = Gr + 2Ky + Q (P = 22T − 700), 3An + Cor = Gr + 3Ky (P = 21.8T − 950), 3CaTs= Gr + 2Cor(P = 55T − 53900), and 6CaTs(1 − x)CaEsx = 2(1 − 2x)Gr + 4(1 − 2x)Cor + 9xAn. Observed slopes indicate 9.8 J/mol · K of Al-Si disorder in Ca-Tschermak pyroxene and 5.3 J/mol·K of Al-Si disorder in anorthite, at 1300°C. It is suggested that Al-Si disorder in anorthite increases by 1.9 J/mol · K from 700°C to 1300°C. Compositions of CaTs-CaEs pyroxene in equilibrium with anorthite and PbO-rich liquid were experimentally determined at 1400–1430°C and 22.7–30.8 kbar. Microprobe measurements gave compositions which are consistent with an ideal pyroxene solution and the following parameters for the reaction 3An = 2CaTs + 2CaEs (J, bar, K): 2RTln(XCaTs · XCaEs) + 60200 + 86.4T − (5.06 + 13 × 10−7P)P = 0, resulting in ΔH0j = −39.8 kJ/mol and S0 = 461.8 J/mol · K for the Ca-Eskola endmember at 1300°C. The obtained properties of the Ca-Eskola component are necessary for thermobarometry based on pyroxene bearing assemblages containing plagioclase, quartz, or kyanite.
Analytical gel chromatography of rabbit muscle amylo-1,6-glucosidase/4-α-glucanotransferase under denaturing and non-denaturing conditions

Abstract Rabbit muscle amylo-1,6-glucosidase/4-α-glucanotransferase has a molecular weight of 160 000–170 000 as determined by analytical gel chromatography under denaturing and non-denaturing conditions. Three different data analyses of the results of gel chromatography in the presence of 6 M guanidine. HCl on 4% agarose give values of 159 000, 161 000, and 165 000 for amylo-1,6-glucosidase/4-α-glucanotransferase from rabbit muscle. Analytical gel chromatography under non-denaturing conditions gives a value of 170 000 for the molecular weight and a value of 4.8 nm for the Stokes' radius. A calculation based on the Stokes' radius using the Svedberg equation gives a value of 160 000 for the molecular weight. This verifies by two independent methods the previously reported molecular weight for the protein using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results establish that the mammalian debranching enzyme is a single polypeptide chain containing two enzymatic activities.
Mass spectral evidence for Δ1‐ pyramlines from the 1,3‐dipolar addition of diazomethane to 1‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthoic acid and its methyl ester

Mass Spectral Evidence for △ 1 -Pyrazolines from the 1,3-Dipolar Addition of Diazomethane to 1-Hydroxy-2-Naphthoic Acid and Its Methyl Ester
Statistical thermodynamics of group interactions in n-alkanone pure liquids and solutions

The statistical thermodynamics of group interaction previously developed for liquids of chain molecules is extended to their mixtures. The theory is applied to pure n-alkanone liquids, and solutions of n-alkanone/n-alkanone and n-alkane/n-alkanone systems. The interaction properties of methyl and methylene groups are taken from our previous work. The interaction properties of carbonyl group are determined and reported in this work. The calculated density and heat of vaporization of pure n-alkanone-2 liquids agrees with data over a wide temperature range. The calculated heats of mixing of n-alkanone/n-alkane and n-alkanone/n-alkanone solutions agree with available data. On etend, a leurs melanges, la thermodynamique statistique d'interaction de groupes qu'on a deja mise au point pour des liquides dont les molecules sont en chaines. On applique la theorie aux alcanones-n purs ainsi qu'aux solutions des systemes alcanone-n/alcanone-n et alcane-fn/alcanone-n. Les proprietes de l'interaction entre les groupes methyle et methylenique proviennent du travail precedent execute par les auteurs. On determine les proprietes d'interaction du groupe carbonyle et les expose dans le present travail. La densire et la chaleur de vaporisation calculees pour les alcanones-n-2 liquides et purs concordent bien avec les resultats experimentaux qu'on a obtenus pour un grande echelle de temperatures. Les chaleurs de melange calculees pour les solutions de alcanone-n/alcane-n et alcanone-n/alcanone-n correspondent bien avec les valeurs disponibles.
Intentional replantation of a mandibular second molar with long-term follow-up: report of a case.

– A case is reported of a mandibular second molar that underwent non-surgical endodontic treatment and intentional replantation in an effort to relieve continued symptoms. A 15.5-year follow-up clinical examination revealed the patient to be asymptomatic, the tooth to be still functional, and a recall film showed no evidence of root resorption. The indications for and limitations of intentional replantation as well as recommended literature on the subject are discussed.
IDENTIFICATION OF NUCLEOTIDE PYROPHOSPHATASE/ALKALINE PHOSPHODIESTERASE I ACTIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH THE MOUSE PLASMA CELL DIFFERENTIATION ANTIGEN PC-1

Abstract The protein responsible for both nucleotide pyrophosphatase (EC 3.6.1.9) and alkaline phosphodiesterase I (EC 3.1.4.1) activities was purified from MOPC 315 plasmacytoma cells. A single SDS/PAGE-purified 115-kDa protein band was used to produce a rabbit polyclonal antiserum. This antibody preparation precipitated alkaline phosphodiesterase I activity, indicating that the SDS/PAGE-purified protein was nucleotide pyrophosphatase/alkaline phosphodiesterase I. When used for Western blot analysis, the antiserum detected a 115-kDa protein as well as a 220-kDa protein band. Multiple overlapping cDNA clones were isolated from a cDNA expression library screened with this anti-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/alkaline phosphodiesterase I antiserum. Sequence analysis indicated that the isolated cDNA clones encoded PC-1, a murine plasma cell differentiation antigen. To confirm the suspected enzymatic identity of PC-1, a recombinant PC-1 fusion protein was expressed in bacteria, purified, and used to produce another rabbit polyclonal antiserum. This antiserum likewise immunoprecipitated alkaline phosphodiesterase I activity and recognized the 115-kDa and 220-kDa proteins in Western blot analyses of cell extracts. Furthermore, expression of nucleotide pyrophosphatase/alkaline phosphodiesterase I corresponded directly with mRNA and protein levels of PC-1 in cells known to express different levels of nucleotide pyrophosphatase/alkaline phosphodiesterase I activity. Finally, steroid induction of enzymatic activity was mirrored by levels of PC-1 mRNA and protein expression. Together, these data indicate that the plasma cell differentiation antigen PC-1 is a membrane-bound enzyme, nucleotide pyrophosphatase/alkaline phosphodiesterase I.
Equilibrium pressures over the systems bismuth trisulfate‐dibismuthmonoxydisulfate and dibismuthmonoxydisulfate‐dibismuthdioxymonosulfate. Slow transformation between two crystalline forms of dibismuthmonoxydisulfate

Equilibrium total pressures over the named solid systems were obtained in a static system. Simultaneous establishment of equilibrium (4) by platinum black catalyst mixed with the solids allows the data to be represented in terms of the equilibria (1), (2), and (3). Bi2(SO4)3=β‐Bi2O(SO4)2+SO3, (1) ΔH°=38.39, ΔS°=43.9, Tm=785, Bi2(SO4)3=α‐Bi2O(SO4)2+SO3, (2) ΔH°=33.71, ΔS°=38.1, Tm=760, β‐Bi2O(SO4)2=Bi2O2SO4+SO3, (3) ΔH°=41.93, ΔS°=37.3, Tm=950, SO3=SO2+1/2 O2. (4) The enthalpy (kcal mol−1) and entropy changes (cal K−1 mol−1) are assigned to the middle of the range of temperatures covered Tm (K). The unusually sluggish transformation between the low temperature α and a new high temperature β form of Bi2O(SO4)2 allowed equilibrium pressures for equilibrium (1) to be determined below the transformation temperature Tt, where the β form is metastable, as well as above Tt. Pressure data for equilibria (1) and (2) gave Tt=811±2 K. Annealing‐x‐ray diffraction methods gave Tt=808±3 K. The entropy change for t...
Building regional threat-based networks for estuaries in the Western United States.

Estuaries are ecologically and economically valuable and have been highly degraded from both land and sea. Estuarine habitats in the coastal zone are under pressure from a range of human activities. In the United States and elsewhere, very few conservation plans focused on estuaries are regional in scope; fewer still address threats to estuary long term viability.We have compiled basic information about the spatial extent of threats to identify commonalities. To do this we classify estuaries into hierarchical networks that share similar threat characteristics using a spatial database (geodatabase) of threats to estuaries from land and sea in the western U.S.Our results show that very few estuaries in this region (16%) have no or minimal stresses from anthropogenic activity. Additionally, one quarter (25%) of all estuaries in this study have moderate levels of all threats. The small number of un-threatened estuaries is likely not representative of the ecological variability in the region and will require working to abate threats at others. We think the identification of these estuary groups can foster sharing best practices and coordination of conservation activities amongst estuaries in any geography.
Tensile and fracture toughness properties of neutron-irradiated CuCrZr

Abstract Tensile and fracture toughness properties of a precipitation-hardened CuCrZr alloy were investigated in two heat treatment conditions: solutionized, water quenched and aged (CuCrZr SAA), and hot isostatic pressed, solutionized, slow-cooled and aged (CuCrZr SCA). The second heat treatment simulated the manufacturing cycle for large components, and is directly relevant for the ITER divertor components. Specimens were neutron irradiated at ∼80 °C to two fluences, 2 × 1024 and 2 × 1025 n/m2 (E > 0.1 MeV), corresponding to displacement doses of 0.15 and 1.5 displacements per atom (dpa). Tensile and fracture toughness tests were carried out at room temperature. Significant irradiation hardening and plastic instability at yield occurred in both heat treatment conditions with a saturation dose of ∼0.1 dpa. Neutron irradiation slightly reduced fracture toughness in CuCrZr SAA and CuCrZr SCA. The fracture toughness of CuCrZr remained high up to 1.5 dpa (JQ > 200 kJ/m2) for both heat treatment conditions.
Physiopathology and etiology of stone formation in the kidney and the urinary tract

All stones share similar presenting symptoms, and urine supersaturation with respect to the mineral phase of the stone is essential for stone formation. However, recent studies using papillary biopsies of stone formers have provided a view of the histology of renal crystal deposition which suggests that the early sequence of events leading to stone formation differs greatly, depending on the type of stone and on the urine chemistry leading to supersaturation. Three general pathways for kidney stone formation are seen: (1) stones fixed to the surface of a renal papilla at sites of interstitial apatite plaque (termed Randall’s plaque), as seen in idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers; (2) stones attached to plugs protruding from the openings of ducts of Bellini, as seen in hyperoxaluria and distal tubular acidosis; and (3) stones forming in free solution in the renal collection system, as in cystinuria. The presence of hydroxyapatite crystals in either the interstitial or tubule compartment (and sometimes both) of the renal medulla in stone formers is the rule and has implications for the initial steps of stone formation and the potential for renal injury.
Integration of Resilience Perspective Into Sustainability Assessment of Biofuel Production

The recent boom and collapse of the corn ethanol industry calls into question on the long-term sustainability of biofuels and traditional approaches to biofuel systems design. Compared with petroleum based transportation fuel production, biofuel production systems are so closely connected and heavily influenced by natural systems that they have to deal with high degrees of complexity, variability and unpredictability. Accordingly, a fundamental change in design philosophy is necessary for long-term viability of biofuel production. The new approach requires the system to be designed not for a narrowly defined efficiency (both economic and ecological), but for resilience (indicated by characteristics such as diversity, efficiency, cohesion and adaptability) to absorb unexpected disruptions and changes. Also, biofuel systems must be endowed with transformability to allow for “creative destruction” when current transportation fuels are eventually supplanted by new vehicle technologies and/or mode of transportation. This paper addresses important concepts in the design of coupled engineering-ecological systems (i.e. resilience, adaptability and transformability) that determine future system trajectories at multiple scales. In addition, several emerging biofuel conversion technologies are examined from a resilience perspective. It is suggested that the thermo-chemical conversion technologies may be preferable for biofuel production from resilience aspect. However, multiple technologies may increase the diversity and flexibility of the entire industry. This paper calls for the development of quantitative metrics for resilience assessment (similar to life cycle assessment for environmental sustainability) of industrial system, which are critical for integrating resilience into technology development and system design.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Supervised Fuzzy Mixture of Local Feature Models

This paper addresses an important issue in model combination, that is, model locality. Since usually a global linear model is unable to reflect nonlinearity and to characterize local features, especially in a complex sys-tem, we propose a mixture of local feature models to overcome these weaknesses. The basic idea is to split the entire input space into operating domains, and a recently developed feature-based model combination method is applied to build local models for each region. To realize this idea, three steps are required, which include clustering, local modeling and model combination, governed by a single objective function. An adaptive fuzzy parametric clustering algorithm is proposed to divide the whole input space into operating regimes, local feature models are created in each individual region by applying a recently developed fea-ture-based model combination method, and finally they are combined into a single mixture model. Corre-spondingly, a three-stage procedure is designed to optimize the complete objective function, which is actu-ally a hybrid Genetic Algorithm (GA). Our simulation results show that the adaptive fuzzy mixture of local feature models turns out to be superior to global models.
Erik H. Erikson's sex role theories: A rhetoric of hierarchical mystification

Applying concepts of Hugh Dalziel Duncan and Kenneth Burke to the rhetoric of Erik H. Erikson reveals that Erikson's thesis supports a social hierarchy that is based upon sex roles and supported by the mysteries of sex and science.