cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Which cannulae fit the Ipas™ manual vacuum aspiration syringe?

Abstract Background The Ipas™ double-valve manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) syringe is an alternative to electrical vacuum aspiration. Methods This study determines which US cannulae (flexible, rigid-straight and rigid-curved) work with the Ipas MVA syringe. Cannulae from Ipas, MedGyn™, Berkeley™ and Milex™, in sizes 6–12 mm, were randomized and affixed to the MVA syringe. A pressure gauge was attached to the cannula with rubber tubing. Pressure readings were recorded initially and over 30 s. Results Milex cannulae were not compatible. For the remaining brands, initial vacuum pressures ranged from 55 to 65 mmHg. Flexible cannulae from Ipas, Berkeley and MedGyn maintained initial pressures without leaks, as did the 6–12-mm straight- and curved-rigid cannulae by Berkeley. Eight of the 13 tested MedGyn rigid cannulae lost >10% pressure over 30 s. Conclusion Several US manufacturers produce cannulae that fit on the Ipas MVA syringe without a leak, including Ipas flexible cannula; Berkeley flexible, rigid-straight and rigid-curve cannulae and MedGyn flexible cannula, but not their rigid cannulae.
Mechanism-Based Inactivation of CYP3A by HIV Protease Inhibitors

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (PIs) are inhibitors of CYP3A enzymes, but the mechanism is poorly defined. In this study, time- and concentration-dependent decreases in activity as defined by maximum rate of inactivation (k(inact)) and inhibitor concentration that gives 50% maximal inactivation (K(I)) of CYP3A by amprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir were quantified using testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation as a marker for CYP3A activity with recombinant CYP3A4(+b(5)), recombinant CYP3A5, and pooled human liver microsomes (HLMs). All the PIs, except indinavir, displayed inactivation with CYP3A4(+b(5)) and HLMs. Ritonavir was the most potent (K(I) = 0.10 and 0.17 microM) and demonstrated high k(inact) values (0.32 and 0.40 min(-1)) with both CYP3A4(+b(5)) and HLMs. Ritonavir was not significantly depleted by high-affinity binding with CYP3A4(+b(5)) and confirmed that estimation of reversible inhibition was confounded with irreversible inhibition. For CYP3A5, nelfinavir exhibited the highest k(inact) (0.47 min(-1)), but ritonavir was the most potent (K(I) = 0.12 microM). Saquinavir and indinavir did not show time- and concentration-dependent decreases in activity with CYP3A5. Spectrophototmetrically determined metabolic intermediate complex formation was observed for all of the PIs with CYP3A4(+b(5)), except for lopinavir and saquinavir. The addition of nucleophilic and free aldehyde trapping agents and free iron and reactive oxygen species scavengers did not prevent inactivation of CYP3A4(+b(5)) by ritonavir, amprenavir, or nelfinavir, but glutathione decreased the inactivation by saquinavir (17%) and catalase decreased the inactivation by lopinavir (39%). In conclusion, all the PIs exhibited mechanism-based inactivation, and predictions of the extent and time course of drug interactions with PIs could be underestimated if based solely on reversible inhibition.
A COMPARISON OF CONTROL SYNTHESIS USING DIFFERENTIAL GAMES (H-INFINITY) AND LQR

Recent papers have related Hinfinity control design to a certain limit of a steady-state linear-quadratic differential game (SSLQDG). This paper gives two examples, one single-input single-output (SISO) and the other multiinput, multi-output (MIMO) and compares these control designs with linearquadratic-regulator (LQR) designs. We consider the SSLQDG of finding a control vector history u(t) to minimize, and a disturbance vector history w(t) to maximize, a quadratic performance index, with a specified integral-square norm on w(t). The solution to this game involves an algebraic Riccati equation of the same form encountered in LQR synthesis. The worst disturbance is a certain positive_ linear feedback of the system states, which determines its time history and its spectrum. In the examples H-infinity design produces high bandwidth controllers, where the increased bandwidth is used mainly to counter high frequency disturbances which do not significantly affect the controlled output.
Autism Prevalence Following Prenatal Exposure to Hurricanes and Tropical Storms in Louisiana.

Hurricanes and tropical storms served as natural experiments for investigating whether autism is associated with exposure to stressful events during sensitive periods of gestation. Weather service data identified severe storms in Louisiana from 1980 to 1995 and parishes hit by storm centers during this period. Autism prevalences in different cohorts were calculated using anonymous data on birth dates and parishes of children diagnosed with autism in the state mental health system, together with corresponding census data on all live births in Louisiana. Prevalence increased in dose-response fashion with severity of prenatal storm exposure, especially for cohorts exposed near the middle or end of gestation (p < 0.001). Results complement other evidence that factors disrupting development during sensitive gestational periods may contribute to autism.
Postoperative nausea and vomiting: Understanding the enigma *

Abstract Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) remains one of the most common complications related to surgery and anesthesia. Referred to as the "big little problem," PONV complications range from minor patient discomfort to gastric aspiration or death. There are multiple contributing factors that stimulate the vomiting reflex in PONV; yet, no single component is typically the causative factor. It usually is a variety of factors that trigger this response. Because the causes of PONV are multifactorial, no single antiemetic medication has been 100% effective for its prevention. A thorough understanding of these factors and the pharmacology related to PONV is essential for the effective management of this common postoperative complication. © 2002 by American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses.
Working of Gem Materials: Consequences of the Indian and Sri Lankan Sea Trade

The major events that promoted gemstone jewelry production in ancient Rome included: the separation of gold from silver, the expansion of land trade routes to the east, and presentations of treasure during Roman triumphs that popularized eastern jewelry. In this paper a fourth event is studied, namely the development of the sea trade to India and Sri Lanka that made possible the importation of sapphires and diamond technology. Classical references were reviewed, methods of identifying Sri Lankan sapphires were explored, and experimental studies were undertaken to test various bow drills, abrasives, and methods of securing stones and abrasive onto solid surfaces. From these studies it is concluded that (1) opaque dark blue sapphires were imported from central India around the first or second century A.D. and pale blue transparent stones from Sri Lanka by the fourth century A.D., (2) with the importation of sapphires, industrial diamonds and lac technology was also brought to the west, and (3) a wide variety of bow drills were probably employed, however, for hard stones, the horizontal bow driven lathe was probably preferred because of the relative ease with which stones could be worked against it.
A model-based approach to multispectral image coding

A theory and specific methods for performing optimal transform coding of multispectral images are developed. The theory is based on the assumption that a multispectral image may be modeled as a set of jointly stationary Gaussian random processes. Therefore, the methods may be applied to any multilayer data set which meets this assumption. It is demonstrated that a coding scheme consisting of a frequency transform within each layer followed by a separate KL (Karhunen-Loeve) transform across the layers at each spatial frequency is asymptotically optimal as the block size becomes large. Two simplifications of this method are also asymptotically optimal if the data can be assumed to satisfy additional constraints. The proposed coding techniques are then implemented using subband filtering methods, and the various algorithms are tested on multispectral images to determine their relative performance characteristics. For the real multispectral images tested, the RSM (real subbands with multiple KL transforms) algorithm gives the best coding performance, with a computational cost only slightly higher than that of the RSS (real subbands with single KL transform) method. >
Light scattering studies of mixtures and fractions of linear polyethylene

Previous work on the small-angle light scattering of polyethylene films, to determine the supermolecular structure, has been continued. One of the main efforts has been the study of a binary mixture whose low molecular weight component forms well defined spherulites and whose high molecular weight component yields a poorly defined rod-like morphology. The addition of the high molecular weight fraction causes a progressive deterioration of the inital spherulitic morphology; a relatively small amount of the high molecular weight species causes a major decrease in the spherulitic size. However, there are no indications of any spherulitic structures when the weight fraction of the high molecular weight species is 0.5 or greater. The isothermal crystallization of a fraction M = 6.6 x 10/sup 5/ was also studied. Spherulites were formed at low crystallization temperatures while at the higher crystallization temperatures the morphology became nondistinct. Preliminary studies with solvents indicate that high molecular fractions, which do not form spherulites when crystallized in the pure state, do so when crystallized from highly swollen solutions.
Fluorescence thermometers using intramolecular exciplexes.

Exciplex-based fluorescence thermometers have been developed which should allow the nonintrusive real-time determination of temperatures in hydrocarbon liquids within 1°C at temperatures as high as 400°C. The two-candidate dopant molecules—1,3-bis-(1′-pyrenyl)-propane and 3-(4′-dimethylaminophenyl)-1-(1′-pyrenyl)-propane—are commercially available and may be used at concentrations as low as 1 ppm.
Development of chloroplast genomic resources for Cynara

In this study, new chloroplast (cp) resources were developed for the genus Cynara, using whole cp genomes from 20 genotypes, by means of high-throughput sequencing technologies. Our target species included seven globe artichokes, two cultivated cardoons, eight wild artichokes, and three other wild Cynara species (C. baetica, C. cornigera and C. syriaca). One complete cp genome was isolated using short reads from a whole-genome sequencing project, while the others were obtained by means of long-range PCR, for which primer pairs are provided here. A de novo assembly strategy combined with a reference-based assembly allowed us to reconstruct each cp genome. Comparative analyses among the newly sequenced genotypes and two additional Cynara cp genomes ('Brindisino' artichoke and C. humilis) retrieved from public databases revealed 126 parsimony informative characters and 258 singletons in Cynara, for a total of 384 variable characters. Thirty-nine SSR loci and 34 other INDEL events were detected. After data analysis, 37 primer pairs for SSR amplification were designed, and these molecular markers were subsequently validated in our Cynara genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis based on all cp variable characters provided the best resolution when compared to what was observed using only parsimony informative characters, or only short 'variable' cp regions. The evaluation of the molecular resources obtained from this study led us to support the 'super-barcode' theory and consider the total cp sequence of Cynara as a reliable and valuable molecular marker for exploring species diversity and examining variation below the species level.
Molecular mechanisms involved in tumor repopulation after radiotherapy

Radiotherapy remains one of most important treatment modalities for solid tumors. Current radiotherapy is mostly based on a set of concepts called the 4“R”s, which were established when there was lack of understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms. However, progress made in the past two decades are beginning to allow us to see some of the molecular details involved in tumor response to radiation therapy. In this review, we will attempt to summarize some of the key discoveries in molecular radiation biology that have direct relevance to radiotherapy. We will focus our discussion on areas such as radiation induced tumor vasculogenesis, stem cell mobilization, and cellular repopulation. We hope our discussion will stimulate further studies in this important area of cancer research.
Local adaptation in a plant herbivore interaction depends on the spatial scale

Local adaptation has central importance in the understanding of co-evolution, maintenance of sexual reproduction, and speciation. We investigated local adaptation in the alkaloid-bearing legume Crotalaria pallida and its seed predator, the arctiid moth Utetheisa ornatrix, at different spatial scales. When we studied three populations from south-east Brazil (150 km apart), we did not find evidence of local adaptation, although we did find interpopulational differences in herbivore performance, and a significant interaction between herbivore sex and plant population. These results indicate that both moth and plant populations are differentiated at the regional scale. In a comparison of populations from Brazil and Florida, the herbivore showed local adaptation to its host plant; for both moth populations, the pupae were heavier when the larvae ate the sympatric than the allopatric host population. We discuss the scale dependence of our results and the possible causes for the lack of local adaptation at the regional scale, even in the presence of plant and moth differentiation. The results obtained demonstrate the importance of studying co-evolution and local adaptation at different geographical scales. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 97, 494–502.
On two kinds of manipulation for school choice problems

Many school districts in the US. employ centralized clearing houses to assign students to public schools. An important potential threat against any school choice mechanism is the tendency of schools to circumvent the procedure via two kinds of strategic manipulation: manipulation via capacities and manipulation via pre-arranged matches. This paper studies the extent of the vulnerability of three prominent school choice mechanisms that have been adopted (or, considered for adoption) by some school districts in the US. We find that the highly debated Boston mechanism as well as the top trading cycles mechanism are immune to manipulation via capacities, unlike the student-optimal stable mechanism (SOSM). We show that SOSM is immune to manipulation via capacities if and only if the priority structure satisfies an acyclicity condition proposed by Ergin (Econometrica 70:2489–2497, 2002). On the other hand, we show that essentially no mechanism is immune to manipulation via pre-arranged matches.
Effects of Vocabulary Size on Online Lexical Processing by Preschoolers

This study was designed to investigate the relationship between vocabulary size and the speed and accuracy of lexical processing in preschoolers between the ages of 30-46 months using an automatic eye tracking task based on the looking-while-listening paradigm (Fernald, Zangl, Portillo, & Marchman, 2008) and mispronunciation paradigm (White & Morgan, 2008). Children's eye gaze patterns were tracked while they looked at two pictures (one familiar object, one unfamiliar object) on a computer screen and simultaneously heard one of three kinds of auditory stimuli: correct pronunciations of the familiar object's name, one-feature mispronunciations of the familiar object's name, or a nonword. The results showed that children with larger expressive vocabularies, relative to children with smaller expressive vocabularies, were more likely to look to a familiar object upon hearing a correct pronunciation and to an unfamiliar object upon hearing a novel word. Results also showed that children with larger expressive vocabularies were more sensitive to mispronunciations; they were more likely to look toward the unfamiliar object rather than the familiar object upon hearing a one-feature mispronunciation of a familiar object-name. These results suggest that children with smaller vocabularies, relative to their larger-vocabulary age peers, are at a disadvantage for learning new words, as well as for processing familiar words.
BREEDING SUCCESS IN THE WESTERN GULL × GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL COMPLEX: THE INFLUENCE OF HABITAT AND NEST-SITE CHARACTERISTICS

Abstract The nesting ecology of breeding pairs of the Western Gull × Glaucous-winged Gull (Larus occidentalis × glaucescens) hybrid complex was investigated at two locations in coastal Washington. In Grays Harbor, breeding performance (clutch size, hatching and fledging success) was highest in vegetated habitat where nests were most dense and where natural screens blocked the nearest neighbor. Egg loss, presumably from gull predators, was common except in areas of dense vegetation. At Tatoosh Island, egg loss was rare, and breeding performance was similar in vegetated and rock habitats. To test if physical structure around open-area nests influenced egg loss in Grays Harbor, predator-exclusion fences were erected around nests on a sandbar island lacking vegetation. Excluding predators reduced egg loss and increased hatching success relative to nests with adjacent natural screens (driftwood logs >30 cm tall) or nests lacking natural screens. Pairs that nest in habitats with adequate habitat structure appea...
A Comparison of Two Coastal Barrier Jet Events along the Southeast Alaskan Coast during the SARJET Field Experiment

Abstract The Southeastern Alaskan Regional Jets experiment investigated the structures and physical processes of barrier jets along the coastal Fairweather Mountains near Juneau, Alaska, from 24 September to 21 October 2004. This paper compares in situ aircraft data and high-resolution simulations from the first intensive observation period (IOP1), which featured a nearly terrain-parallel barrier jet (classical jet) with another coastal jet event (IOP7) that was influenced by offshore-directed gap flows at the coast (hybrid jet). IOP1 featured southerly onshore flow preceding a landfalling trough, which was blocked by the coastal terrain and accelerated down the pressure gradient to produce a 5–10 m s−1 wind enhancement in the alongshore direction in the lowest 1 km MSL. In contrast, IOP7 featured higher surface pressure and colder low-level temperatures to the east (inland) of the study area than did IOP1, which resulted in offshore-directed coastal gap flow exiting Cross Sound below ∼500 m that turned a...
Further Studies on Relation of Fat to Utilization of Lactose in Milk.

ConclusionsEven chain fatty acids containing 12 carbon atoms or more when fed with skim milk to the extent of 3 to 4% were effective in preventing the loss of galactose in the urine while acids with less than 12 carbon atoms were not effective in preventing this loss. An odd chain fatty acid (pentodecylic) was not effective in preventing loss of galactose. Feeding glucose at levels of 8 and 10% in skim milk did not prevent the loss of galactose.
Tufted Apple Budmoth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Simulation of Postdiapause Development and Prediction of Spring Adult Emergence in North Carolina

In-orchard temperatures and pheromone trap catch data for 21 orchard–year (1976–80) combinations were used to compare the accuracy of physiological time models in simulating and predicting male spring emergence of the tufted apple budmoth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), in North Carolina apple orchards. By starting model simulations at the date in which larval postdiapause development was calculated to begin, linear (degree-day) and nonlinear models were accurate within ±1 wk in simulating spring flight peaks for 19 and 20 of the 21 orchard–year combinations, respectively. Nonlinear models predict the male spring flight peaks with an accuracy of ±1 wk simulated 5–22 d in advance by using actual orchard temperatures during the first 70%postdiapause development of P. idaeusalis and then using 5-yr (1976–80) average hourly orchard temperatures thereafter.
The Formation of thin Films and Fibers of TiC from a Polymeric Titanate Precursor

The synthesis and characterization of several polymeric titanates and their conversion to carbon deficient TiC is described. The physical properties of one of these titanates allows it to be drawn into fibers and applied to substrates as thin films. Pyrolysis of these fibers and films to carbon deficient TiC is described.
Constant current stunning of market weight broilers

Abstract This study investigated the parameters involved in the stunning of market weight chickens. Researchers used a prototype constant current stunner, designed and produced by the Department of Electrical Engineering of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, to electrically stun broilers with 8, 29, or 50 mA/bird. Three weight classes existed, controlled by age: Broiler males grown for 34, 43, or 50 days or females for 37, 44, or 51 days. Pre-stun levels of 3, 5, or 8 hr of feed and water withdrawal were used for each weight class and sex. The effects of sex, weight, and feed and water withdrawal on stunning efficiency, recovery time, blood splatter, and bone breakage were determined. The experimental unit, determined by sex, weight, and feed withdrawal, was a “pen” of ten birds. A total of 130 birds of each sex were used for each of two repetitions. Results indicated a significant (P≤.001) gender difference in resistance, recovery time, and prevalence of defects in broilers.
Inversion for Eigenvalues and Modes Using Sierra-SD and ROL.

In this report we formulate eigenvalue-based methods for model calibration using a PDE-constrained optimization framework. We derive the abstract optimization operators from first principles and implement these methods using Sierra-SD and the Rapid Optimization Library (ROL). To demon- strate this approach, we use experimental measurements and an inverse solution to compute the joint and elastic foam properties of a low-fidelity unit (LFU) model.
Potential for injury: trauma after cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Abstract Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a technique that saves lives and is a measure that critical care practitioners use without hesitation. Potential complications from CPR, however, include injury. The reported incidence of such injuries ranges from 21% to more than 65%. Unfortunately, even properly executed CPR can lead to injury. The incidence of most common injuries, such as injury to the skin, bony thorax, and upper airway, may be limited by performance of proper basic and advanced life support. Limiting these injuries is important. Discovering them in successfully resuscitated victims, however, is critical to long-term recovery and rehabilitation. As future techniques for CPR evolve, further research needs to focus on those techniques that limit the potential for injury.
Attitudinal and demographic factors influencing mothers’ choice of childbirth procedures

The purpose of this study was to determine how the attitudinal and demographic characteristics of pregnant women influence their choice of childbirth procedure. The Fuchs-Self pregnancy research questionnaire was distributed to 114 third-trimester women at prenatal visits. Women who planned a prepared birth tended to be better educated (p less than 0.02) and to have less stereotyped thinking about child rearing (p less than 0.04) and more belief in reciprocity (i.e., two-way communications between mother and infant) (p less than 0.01). Women who chose not to use medication had more belief in reciprocity (p less than 0.02) and more children (p less than 0.02). Women who elected rooming-in at the hospital or a birth center had higher scores on the reciprocity subscale (p less than 0.02). Women who chose nonhospital births tended to report higher family support for general activities (p less than 0.10), but they reported lower family support for the pregnancy itself (p less than 0.04). The belief in reciprocity was the best predictor of the type of birth chosen (r=0.31).
Acute traumatic abdominal wall herniation with evisceration

A 43-year-old woman was the driver in a car crash versus a tree. After a prolonged extrication, she was taken to a local community hospital. Her injuries on clinical examination included an abdominal wall defect with small bowel evisceration and multiple orthopedic extremity injuries. She was intubated at the community hospital for altered mental status. The patient was then sent by air transport to our level I trauma center for further management. On arrival at the trauma bay, 3 hours after the injury, her pulse was 125 bpm and her blood pressure was 100/56 mm Hg. Her Glasgow Coma Scale was 3 T during the initial trauma bay assessment. Physical examination was notable for a left lower quadrant laceration that revealed an eviscerated small bowel. 1. Perform abdominal imaging and close the defect if no intra-abdominal injury is detected? 2. Proceed to the operating room (OR) for prompt exploratory laparotomy and surgical repair with or without mesh? 3. Proceed to the OR for exploratory laparotomy and component separation repair of the abdominal wall? ### Correct answer: B CT scans of the head, cervical spine, chest, abdomen and pelvis (figure 1) were performed to determine if intracranial hemorrhage, aortic injury or cervical and thoracolumbar …
The relation of electrical conductivity profiles and modulus data using the example of STO:Fe single crystals: A path to improve the model of resistance degradation

Abstract Resistance degradation in perovskites is characterized by an increase in current over time with applied electric field. This behavior can be simulated and spatially resolved conductivity profiles can be measured, but some inconsistencies remain. A new approach to address these problems is presented that utilizes time-resolved impedance spectroscopy with an applied DC voltage to provide new insight into the resistance degradation phenomenon. In particular, this method allows the in-situ acquisition of spatio-temporal variations in conductivity. In SrTiO3 a single bulk-dominated maximum of the imaginary part of the modulus M″ transitions to two maxima during degradation, reflecting the hole conductivity in the anode region and the electron conductivity in the cathode region. To clarify the influence of conductivity profiles on impedance data, the reversed route is presented by using simulated conductivity profiles to calculate impedance data. It will be emphasized that this methodology is not limited to the perovskite system considered here, but can be adapted to any kind of system characterized by a spatially varying conductivity.
The Inframammary Approach to Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy: The Georgetown University Hospital Experience

The evolution of nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) mirrors global trends in oncologic breast surgery with a strong emphasis on maximizing esthetic surgical results and oncologic outcomes. Preservation of the nipple areolar complex has raised the bar on prosthetic breast reconstruction for the patient and the surgeon. At Georgetown University Hospital, our experience with NSM continually evolves in order to improve intraoperative efficiency and long-term results. Notably, current practice habits include inframammary incision placement, routine use of permanent rather than frozen section for pathologic confirmation of tumor status, and direct visualization using illuminating breast retraction. Looking forward, matching patient anatomy, oncologic treatment goals, and personal preferences with reconstruction timing, device selection, and implant location should allow us to continue to improve surgical outcomes and patient satisfaction.
QTL analysis of resistance to powdery mildew in hop ( Humulus lupulus L.)

Hop with powdery mildew [HPM: caused by Podosphaera macularis (Wallr.) U. Braun & S. Takam.] results in significant losses in hop production by reducing yield and quality. One means of increasing yield and quality is the production of resistant hop lines. Breeding for resistance can be significantly improved and accelerated by use of marker-assisted selection. The objective of this preliminary study was to identify QTLs and markers for genetic resistance to HPM. A bi-parental mapping population between the resistant line “Newport” and susceptible line ‘21110M’. Phenotypic data was scored under controlled greenhouse conditions. Significant differences among offspring were observed and disease resistance did not follow a distinct binomial distribution, suggesting quantitative genetic control. Genotyping-by-sequencing resulted in approximately 375 K SNP markers, which were filtered down to 2263 markers mapped to 10 linkage groups. Interval Mapping identified four QTLs with one on linkage group 1 and three located on linkage group 6. Composite interval mapping identified three QTLs, all located on linkage group 6. Mixed linear models identified 15 markers associated with expression of resistance to HPM. Three of these 15 SNPs were also identified in QTL-CIM analysis. Evaluation of the scaffolds containing the significant SNP markers identified seven putative genes—several of which appear involved in disease resistance in other plant species. The SNP markers identified in this study still require validation in unrelated populations prior to implementation in breeding programs.
Bayesian Tractography Using Geometric Shape Priors.

The problem of estimating neuronal fiber tracts connecting different brain regions is important for various types of brain studies, such as understanding brain functionality and diagnosing cognitive impairments. The popular techniques for tractography using dMRI data are sequential approaches -- tracts are grown sequentially following principal directions of local water diffusion profiles. Despite several advancements of this basic idea, the solutions easily lead to local solutions, and can't incorporate global shape information. We present a global approach where fiber tracts between regions of interest are initialized and updated via deformations based on gradients of a posterior energy. This energy has contributions from diffusion data, global shape models, and roughness penalty. The resulting tracts are relatively immune to issues such as tensor noise and fiber crossings, and achieve more interpretable tractography results. We demonstrate this framework using both simulated and real dMRI data.
The Role of Religious Socialization and Religiosity in African American and Caribbean Black Adolescents' Sexual Initiation

This study determined the nature of the associations between religious socialization, religiosity, and adolescent sexual initiation. Data originated from the National Survey of American Life-Adolescent (n = 1170), a nationally representative study of black adolescents. Factor analysis, structural equation modeling, and logistic regression were used to evaluate hypotheses. Results indicated that as black adolescents received more messages about religious beliefs and practices, their religiosity was greater and, in turn, they were less likely to report sexual initiation; findings varied by ethnicity, gender, and age. Findings contribute to understanding religious socialization and its association with sexual initiation.
Hybrid biomembrane–functionalized nanorobots for concurrent removal of pathogenic bacteria and toxins

With the rapid advancement of robotic research, it becomes increasingly interesting and important to develop biomimetic micro- or nanorobots that translate biological principles into robotic systems. We report the design, construction, and evaluation of a dual-cell membrane-functionalized nanorobot for multipurpose removal of biological threat agents, particularly concurrent targeting and neutralization of pathogenic bacteria and toxins. Specifically, we demonstrated ultrasound-propelled biomimetic nanorobots consisting of gold nanowires cloaked with a hybrid of red blood cell (RBC) membranes and platelet (PL) membranes. Such hybrid cell membranes have a variety of functional proteins associated with human RBCs and PLs, which give the nanorobots a number of attractive biological capabilities, including adhesion and binding to PL-adhering pathogens (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus bacteria) and neutralization of pore-forming toxins (e.g., α-toxin). In addition, the biomimetic nanorobots displayed rapid and efficient prolonged acoustic propulsion in whole blood, with no apparent biofouling, and mimicked the movement of natural motile cells. This propulsion enhanced the binding and detoxification efficiency of the robots against pathogens and toxins. Overall, coupling these diverse biological functions of hybrid cell membranes with the fuel-free propulsion of the nanorobots resulted in a dynamic robotic system for efficient isolation and simultaneous removal of different biological threats, an important step toward the creation of a broad-spectrum detoxification robotic platform.
Protein and muscle health during aging: benefits and concerns related to animal-based protein.

It is estimated that by 2060, nearly one in four individuals in the United States (94 million) will be over the age of 65 (Vespa et al., 2018). A well-known consequence of aging is the loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, which are often referred to as sarcopenia and dynapenia, respectively (Clark and Manini, 2008). Collectively, sarcopenia and dynapenia can alter energy metabolism and lead to the loss of physical function, ultimately manifesting as functional disability. Skeletal muscle wasting specifically, occurs at a rate of 1% to 2% per year beginning at age 50 yr and may significantly affect up to 45% of older adults (Baumgartner et al., 1998). For example, Figure 1 shows a magnetic resonance imaging axial scan of the left upper leg muscles in (Figure 1A) a younger, active male and (Figure 1B) an older, inactive male. When analyzed via color thresholding for various tissue types and concentrations, notice the dramatic decrease in muscular area (dark gray color) in the inactive, older adult, which is accompanied by an increase in lipid infiltration and fibrous tissue (white color) within the muscle area relative to the active, younger adult. Although this is not the same individual, it is recognized that nearly all humans will have a similar profile over time unless an intervention (physical activity, exercise, dietary, pharmacological) occurs to slow the progression of skeletal muscle loss and adipose tissue infiltration. As a result, sarcopenia may lead to a greater economic burden related to treatments associated with loss of muscle mass and physical function (Janssen et al., 2004). Open in a separate window Figure 1. Representative MRI images of the upper leg showing muscle area (dark gray), inter/intramuscular adipose/fibrous tissue (white area within and between muscles), and subcutaneous adipose tissue (white area around all the muscle groups) in (A) younger, active and (B) older, inactive male. Muscle area is increased in the younger, active male by 55% compared with the older, active male (82.21 cm2 vs. 52.87 cm2), whereas lipid/fibrous area is increased 7× in the older, inactive male compared with the younger, active male (11.50 cm2 vs. 1.64 cm2).
Editorial Appreciation to the TSM Community

2019 has been a good year at TSM. Our 2017 Impact Factor was 1.35, representing another year of continuous increase since 2011. Over the course of this year, we have revised the Scope and Aims of the journal for the first time since its launch in 1988, in order to broaden the reach of the journal to manufacturing aspects of related areas such as photovoltaic devices and micro-electro-mechanical systems. I would encourage all of you review the new scope on IEEE Xplore.
Abdominal Exposures and Bowel Anastomosis for Trauma

Traumatic injuries to the abdominal cavity are not uncommon trauma. Traumatic injuries requiring surgery mandate a consistent and reproducible entry into the abdominal cavity. This chapter will provide a sound and reproducible approach to the abdomen.
Cave Astyanax: Hunters or scavengers? Evidence from gut contents

Astyanax cave fish has been a particularly helpful model to study the role of evolutionary development and biological processes in caves. Despite a plethora of studies, it remains unclear what the food sources actually are for adult Astyanax in their natural cave environment. Gut contents of an eyeless specimen from Caballo Moro cave included a troglomorphic isopod and a water flea. This is the first instance where an actual stygobitic species has been reported to be a food item for adult Astyanax . Furthermore, there is good evidence that this adult fish hunted and preyed upon live crustaceans. Up to now, it had been a conundrum as to why adult cave Astyanax presented Vibration Atraction Behavior when previous studies had only come our with bat guano in their gut contents. We report here that adult Astyanax can also be active hunters of crustaceans, which may vibrate at such frequencies.
The development of a financial toxicity patient-reported outcome instrument (PRO) in cancer.

6612 Background: Considering patients' (pts) subjective experience is essential for optimal decision making and care. However, despite increasing recognition of the impact of costs on oncology care...
A comparison of methods accounting for batch effects in differential expression analysis of UMI count based single cell RNA sequencing.

Abstract Accounting for batch effects, especially latent batch effects, in differential expression (DE) analysis is critical for identifying true biological effects. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a powerful tool for quantifying cell-to-cell variation in transcript abundance and characterizing cellular dynamics. Although many scRNA-seq DE analysis methods accommodate known batch variables, their performance has not been systematically evaluated. Moreover, the challenge of accounting for latent batch variables in scRNA-seq DE analysis is largely unmet. In contrast, many methods have been developed to account for batch variables (either known or latent) in other high-dimensional data, especially bulk RNA-seq. We extensively evaluate 11 methods for batch variables in different scRNA-seq DE analysis scenarios, with a primary focus on latent batch variables. We demonstrate that for known batch variables, incorporating them as covariates into a regression model outperformed approaches using a batch-corrected matrix. For latent batches, fixed effects models have inflated FDRs, whereas aggregation-based methods and mixed effects models have significant power loss. Surrogate variable based methods generally control the FDR well while achieving good power with small group effects. However, their performance (except that of SVA) deteriorated substantially in scenarios involving large group effects and/or group label impurity. In these settings, SVA achieves relatively good performance despite an occasionally inflated FDR (up to 0.2). Finally we make the following recommendations for scRNA-seq DE analysis: 1) incorporate known batch variables instead of using batch-corrected data; and 2) employ SVA for latent batch correction. However, better methods are still needed to fully unleash the power of scRNA-seq.
Rate of Food Insecurity Among Households with Children with Sickle Cell Disease is Above the National Average.

Objectives Despite studies demonstrating the negative impact of food insecurity on health in children, limited research has been done to assess the prevalence and sequelae of food insecurity in sickle cell disease (SCD). We tested the hypothesis that food insecurity is common in children with SCD and is associated with increased SCD morbidity. Methods Between May and November 2017, we conducted a single-center cross-sectional study using the previously validated, self-administered, US 18-item household food security survey module and the 9-item youth (12-17 years old) food security survey module during regular outpatient clinic visits. We also included the incidence of vaso-occlusive pain or acute chest syndrome requiring hospitalizations in the year before the questionnaire. Results A total of 75 caregivers and 24 children completed the surveys. The median age of the children was 10.4 years (interquartile range 5.5-15.3), 46.7% were boys. The rate of household food insecurity was 21.3% (16 of 75). Among the 24 children who completed the youth survey, 45.8% were classified as food insecure. Discordance occurred between caregivers' and children's assessment of food insecurity. A total of 81.8% (9 of 11) children reported being food insecure, whereas their caregivers reported to be food secure. The incidence for pain and acute chest syndrome in the year pre-enrollment was not different between food-secure and food-insecure children (59.3 and 43.8/100 patient-years, P = 0.54; 8.5 and 12.5/100 patient-years, P = 0.49, respectively). Conclusions In a tertiary care medical center in Tennessee, one in five households with children with SCD were assessed as food insecure, with a substantial discordance between caregiver and child assessment of food insecurity.
Non-reciprocal and topological photonics based on optical pumping

In this talk, we present our latest research progress in the area of non-reciprocal and topological photonics based on nonlinearities and external pumping with optical fields. We show that it is possible to largely break reciprocity and induce Faraday rotation, non-reciprocal polarization conversion, non-reciprocal phase shifts, isolation and circulation by externally pumping suitably designed nonlinear optical resonators. Realistic implementations based on silicon photonic ring resonators and optomechanical systems will be presented and discussed, with a vision for practical realizations in the context of quantum photonics and computing.
An Energy-Efficient and Reliable RPL for IoT

Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is an IPv6 routing protocol that is standardized for the Internet of Things (IoT) by Internet-Engineering Task Force (IETF). RPL forms a tree-like topology which is based on different optimizing process called Objective Function (OF). In most cases, IoT has to deal with low power devices and lossy networks. So, the major constraints of the RPL are limited power source, network life time and reliability of the network. OFs depend on different metrics like Expected Transmission Count (ETX), Energy, Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) for route optimization. In this work, the ETX and Energy based OF have been evaluated in terms of energy-efficiency and reliability. For one sink and nine senders, the simulated average power consumption is 1.291 mW and 1.56 mW respectively, for ETX OF and Energy OF. On the other hand, the average hop count for ETX OF is 1.89, which is 3.01 for Energy OF. Thus, ETX OF is more energy-efficient but it is not reliable as it takes fewer hops with long distances. Moreover, it does not take load balancing and link quality into account. However, Energy OF is more reliable due to short hops, but it is not energy efficient and sometimes it might take unnecessary hops.
A Probabilistic Approach to Committing Solar Energy in Day-ahead Electricity Markets

Abstract Grid-tied solar is governed by a variety of complex regulations. Since a higher solar penetration imposes indirect costs on the grid, these regulations generally limit the aggregate amount of grid-tied solar, as well as the compensation its owners receive. These regulations are also increasingly limiting solar's natural growth by preventing users from connecting it to the grid. One way to address the problem is to partially deregulate solar by allowing some solar generators to participate in the electricity market. However, day-ahead electricity markets require participants to commit to selling energy one day in advance to ensure system stability and avoid price volatility. Thus, to operate in the day-ahead market, solar generators must solve a solar commitment problem by determining how much solar energy to commit to sell each hour of the next day that maximizes their revenue despite the uncertainty in next-day solar generation. We present a probabilistic approach to addressing the solar commitment problem that combines a solar performance model with an analysis of weather measurement and forecast data to determine a conditional probability distribution over next-day solar generation outcomes, which we use to determine solar energy commitments each hour that maximize expected revenue. We show that, as the deviation penalty for over-committing solar increases, our probabilistic approach enables increasingly more savings than a deterministic approach that simply trusts weather measurements and forecasts.
CO2 INFRARED PHONON MODES IN INTERSTELLAR ICE MIXTURES

CO2 ice is an important reservoir of carbon and oxygen in star- and planet-forming regions. Together with water and CO, CO2 sets the physical and chemical characteristics of interstellar icy grain mantles, including desorption and diffusion energies for other ice constituents. A detailed understanding of CO2 ice spectroscopy is a prerequisite to characterize CO2 interactions with other volatiles both in interstellar ices and in laboratory experiments of interstellar ice analogs. We report laboratory spectra of the CO2 longitudinal optical (LO) phonon mode in pure CO2 ice and in CO2 ice mixtures with H2O, CO, and O2 components. We show that the LO phonon mode position is sensitive to the mixing ratio of various ice components of astronomical interest. In the era of the James Webb Space Telescope, this characteristic could be used to constrain interstellar ice compositions and morphologies. More immediately, LO phonon mode spectroscopy provides a sensitive probe of ice mixing in the laboratory and should thus enable diffusion measurements with higher precision than has been previously possible.
Pelatihan Pembuatan Hand Sanitizer Untuk Anak Sekolah Dasar Sebagai Edukasi Pencegahan Dini Covid-19 Di Lingkungan Rt.15 Kompleks Perdana Mandiri Kelurahan Sungai Andai, Banjarmasin Utara

Coronavirus Disease 2019 atau Covid-19 merupakan virus jenis baru yang penularannya dapat terjadi antar manusia dengan manusia. Pandemi Covid-19 telah ditetapkan WHO pada tanggal 9 Maret 2020 yang merupakan dorongan terbesar untuk pelaksaaan program pengabdian ini segera dilakukan. Vaksin atau pengobatan resmi belum ditemukan untuk melawan Covid-19 ini, sehingga masyarakat harus bisa melalukan pencegahan dengan memutus rantai penyebaran virus melalui pemahaman dan pelaksanaan protokol kesehatan yang sesuai dengan himbauan pemerintah. Adapun himbauan pemerintah adalah menerapkan pola hidup bersih dengan mencuci tangan pakai sabun atau menggunakan hand sanitizer , menjaga jarak, menggunakan masker jika berada di luar rumah dan tetap diam dirumah. Himbauan pemerintah tersebut berdampak pada langkanya ketersediaan hand sanitizer dan harga jual hand sanitizer juga meningkat, karena di konsumsi secara massal. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut, tim pengabdian masyarakat melakukan kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat berupa Pelatihan Pembuatan Hand Sanitizer untuk anak Sekolah Dasar sebagai edukasi pencegahan dini Covid-19 di lingkungan RT.15 Kompleks Perdana Mandiri, Kelurahan Sungai Andai, Banjarmasin Utara. Tujuan pengabdian ini adalah memberikan edukasi kepada anak-anak tentang cara membuat hand sanitizer . Metode yang digunakan adalah praktek kerja langsung di tempat berupa pemberian materi tentang Covid-19 dan bimbingan atau pelatihan langsung dalam pembuatan hand sanitizer untuk anak-anak tingkat Sekolah Dasar. Hasil pelatihan menunjukan antusias tinggi dan keaktifan serta keberhasilan semua peserta. Semua anak-anak berhasil dengan baik mempraktekkan pembuatan hand sanitizer dan bahkan membuatkan berlebih untuk diberikan kepada teman-teman yang lainnya. lajaran Sosiologi