cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanoparticle-Assisted Nuclear Relaxation-Based Detection of Oligonucleotides.

Nuclear relaxation-based techniques rely on the capability of paramagnetic center to affect the transverse relaxation time (T2) of the water protons. These changes are sensitive to the microenvironment of the paramagnetic center, which can be used to detect a variety of targets. In this work, we present an "on-off" oligonucleotide detection scheme in aqueous solutions, which uses gadolinium phthalocyanine (GdTcPc)-grafted silica nanoparticles as the paramagnetic centers. A probe oligonucleotide strand was conjugated to the GdTcPc to act as a recognition element. In the presence of the target oligonucleotide, which was complementary to the probe, an increase in the ΔT2 value, which was measured by subtracting the characteristic T2 value of the background solution from that of the sample using a benchtop relaxometer, was observed. The magnitude of this increase was proportional to the target oligonucleotide concentration. A linear range was obtained from 30 to 140 nM, with a detection limit of 15 nM. The developed nuclear relaxation-based detection scheme is shown to be a simple, fast, and selective method to detect oligonucleotide and could be useful in point-of-care diagnostic applications.
CMOS-based power amplifiers and transmitters for Mm-wave applications

This paper provides a review of design techniques for mm-wave power amplifiers and integrated transmitters using CMOS technology. In order to achieve high power, transistor stacking, on-chip power combining, and spatial power combining (using combined amplifier and antenna arrays) are described. Output power up to 630 mW is demonstrated for a single CMOS chip coupled to a 2×2 antenna array at 45 GHz. Doherty amplifier design is reported to maximize efficiency in backoff. Designs which combine modulators and mixers with power amplifiers are also described, and external DPD linearization of transmitters to provide complex modulation patterns is reported.
Purification and Some Properties of Bacteriophage ST-1

Bacteriophage ST-1 is shown to be a small, isometric, single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (SS-DNA) virus with a diameter of about 260 nm. Standard methods for growth, assay, preparation of high-titer lysates, and purification of the phage are suggested. ST-1 infects K-12 and not C strains of Escherichia coli and requires a divalent cation to adsorb to susceptible bacteria. Adsorption also requires an activation of the particle brought on by incubation at 37 C. The latent and eclipse periods are essentially identical (9 to 11 min) in ST-1 infections, with an average burst size about 250 phages per cell. Multiple densities of ST-1 infectivity are observed during purification in CsCl gradients. The virus recovered from different densities has the same sedimentation coefficient and, therefore, all phage containing fractions are pooled during purification. The purified ST-1 particle has a sedimentation coefficient of 121S relative to phiX-174 (114S) in a sucrose gradient and a molecular weight of 6.8 x 10(6) (as estimated from its relative sedimentation). The nucleic acid is assumed to be SS-DNA on the basis of (i) the specific incorporation of (3)H-thymine, (ii) the dependence of its UV absorption on temperature, and (iii) its reaction with formaldehyde. ST-1 SS-DNA sediments at 24.4S relative to phiX-174 SS-DNA (23.8S).
Metarelational models: Configurations of social relationships

Beyond cognizing persons and social relationships, people also think about combinations of relationships: metarelational models (MeRMs). If relationships are words, then MeRMs are syntax; if relationships are atoms, MeRMs are chemical compounds. MeRMs are the motivated, emotionally experienced, morally directive models for generating, understanding, coordinating, planning, evaluating, modulating, sanctioning, and redressing configurations of social relationships. Previous research and theory on triads and balance, networks, cross-cutting ties, and kinship systems has explored the causal connections among social relationships, but MeRM theory posits something more: shared, culturally informed MeRMs that people use to jointly construct meaningful coordinated action. The social interactions of nonhuman animals and pre-verbal infants indicate that they use MeRMs, supporting the contention that core innate cognition includes the basic structures of MeRMs. There are six elementary kinds of MeRMs, and recursive linking of relational models (RMs) generates indefinitely more. MeRMs shape individual psychology, relationships, groups, institutions, and cultures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Further studies on the alkylation of the histidine residues at the active site of pancreatic ribonuclease.

The chemistry of the active site of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease has been further examined by study of the reaction of iodoacetic acid with histidine residues 12 and 119 in derivatives of the protein. In the native enzyme, the stereospecific alkylation of the two imidazole rings is a mutually exclusive, electrostatically oriented reaction leading to a 7:1 ratio of substitution at residues 119 and 12. When inactive des-(121–124)-ribonuclease, prepared by limited peptic hydrolysis according to the method of Anfinsen, is exposed to iodoacetate at pH 5.5, alkylation at histidine-119 is nearly abolished but the reaction at histidine-12 is accelerated. If, as has been assumed for the native enzyme, 1 protonated histidine residue orients the reagent for the alkylation of the unprotonated form of the other, this result with the derivative is interpretable in terms of an increase in the pK of the imidazole ring of histidine-119 accompanying the removal of -Asp-Ala-Ser-Val from the carboxyl end of the chain. In turn, this change in pK would alter the precise interaction between the two imidazole rings which are essential for catalytic action; such a shift could account for the inactivity of the des-(121–124)-derivative. To support this interpretation of the alkylation of des-(121–124)-ribonuclease, further information on the alkylation reaction itself was sought. The influence of neighboring groups on the course of the alkylation of ribonuclease has been studied with two derivatives in which lysine residues have been modified. When the positive charge on lysine-7 is neutralized by acetylation of the S-peptide, by the procedure of Richards and Vithayathil, the resulting active Nα, ϵ-diAcLys-1-, Nϵ-Lys(Ac)-7-ribonuclease S is alkylated by iodoacetate mainly on histidine-119, as in the unaltered enzyme. The alkylation also proceeds similarly with the inactive ϵ-Lys(DNP)-41-ribonuclease. These results eliminate the possibility that the positive charges on the ϵ-NH2 groups of lysine-7 and lysine-41 have a role in the orientation of ICH2COO−.
Elementary Excitations in Liquid Helium

Recently certain controversies have arisen over the form and direction of the phonon dispersion and the nature of the two-roton excitation in liquid helium. From the standpoint both of theoretical elegance and of satisfactorily interpreting experimental data in a way consistent with sum rules, it is highly desirable to develop a theory which accounts for the two branches of excitations on equal footing, at least in the limit of long wavelengths. We discuss here such an attempt. It is a microscopic theory based on a generalization of Feynman’s treatment of the phonon-roton spectrum.
A New CMOS Current Reference

A new temperature compensated current reference for CMOS Integrated circuits is presented, based upon a MOSFET as current defining element. It uses no external components nor trimming procedures. Theoretical equations are presented and compared with experimental results from an integrated prototype.
BOOM AND BUST ON THE GREAT PLAINS: DÉJÀ VU ALL OVER AGAIN

Two important and timely books provide a portrait of the “boom and bust” cycles that have plagued the Great Plains since European settlement: Tim Egan, The Worst Hard Time: The Untold Story of Those Who Survived the Great American Dust Bowl, and William Ashworth, Ogallala Blue: Water and Life on the High Plains. This paper reviews the two books, situating their stories within the context of American law governing western settlement, agriculture, and soil and water management. In the wake of the Dust Bowl, federal, state, and local laws began to promote more sustainable farming practices to control soil erosion. However, the post-World War II reliance on groundwater pumping to irrigate bigger and better crops in the Great Plains region has begun to unravel some of these conservation gains, and the law has been slow to respond to the environmental and socio-economic problems posed by groundwater overdraft. The latest economic boom - ethanol production - may have dramatic implications for the Great Plains and its human and natural communities. The lessons detailed in these two books indicate that, absent an increased commitment to stewardship and sustainable practices, both at the pump and on the farm, the nation’s increased reliance on biofuels, particularly corn-based ethanol, may raise the specter of another “boom and bust” for Great Plains soil and water resources.
Photosynthetic Model Systems That Address the Role of Superexchange in Electron Transfer Reactions

Four fixed-distance porphyrin-quinone molecules, 1–syn, 1–anti, 2–syn, and 2–anti, were synthesized. These molecules possess a zinc 5–phenyl-10,15,20–tripentylporphyrin electron donor attached to a naphthoquinone via a rigid pentiptycene spacer. The central benzene ring of the spacer is unsubstituted in 1 and possesses p-dimethoxy substituents in 2. The naphthoquinone is oriented either syn or anti to the porphyrin across the spacer. These molecules provide information concerning the orientation dependence of electron transfer between the porphyrin and the quinone, and the dependence of this transfer on low-lying ionic states of the spacer. The rate constants for the oxidation of the porphyrin lowest excited singlet state by the naphthoquinone are 1–syn: 8.2 × 109 s-1; 1–anti: 1.7 × 1010 s-1; 2–syn: 8.5 × 109 s-1; 2–anti: 1.9 × 1010 s-1. The corresponding rate constants for the porphyrin cation — naphthoquinone anion recombination reaction are 1–syn: 1.4 × 1010 s-1; 1–anti: 2.5 × 1010 s-1; 2–syn: 5.0 × 1010 s-1; 2–anti: 8.2 × 1010 s-1. The rate constants for the syn isomers are uniformly a factor of about 2 slower than those of the anti isomers. The charge separation reaction rates for 1 and 2 are similar, while the ion pair recombination reactions are about 3–4 × faster in 2 than in 1. The conformational effect is attributed to better overlap of the spacer wave functions in the anti vs the syn conformation, while the increase in recombination rate for 2 over 1 is attributed to a superexchange interaction involving an electronic configuration of the spacer in which the dimethoxybenzene cation contributes.
Integral Twist Actuation of Helicopter Rotor Blades for Vibration Reduction

Active integral twist control for vibration reduction of helicopter rotors during forward flight is investigated. The twist deformation is obtained using embedded anisotropic piezocomposite actuators. An analytical framework is developed to examine integrally-twisted blades and their aeroelastic response during different flight conditions: frequency domain analysis for hover, and time domain analysis for forward flight. Both stem from the same three-dimensional electroelastic beam formulation with geometrical-exactness, and axe coupled with a finite-state dynamic inflow aerodynamics model. A prototype Active Twist Rotor blade was designed with this framework using Active Fiber Composites as the actuator. The ATR prototype blade was successfully tested under non-rotating conditions. Hover testing was conducted to evaluate structural integrity and dynamic response. In both conditions, a very good correlation was obtained against the analysis. Finally, a four-bladed ATR system is built and tested to demonstrate its concept in forward flight. This experiment was conducted at NASA Langley T~ansonic Dynamics Tunnel and represents the first-of-a-kind Mach-scaled fully-active-twist rotor system to undergo forward flight test. In parallel, the impact upon the fixed- and rotating-system loads is estimated by the analysis. While discrepancies are found in the amplitude of the loads under actuation, the predicted trend of load variation with respect to its control phase correlates well. It was also shown, both experimentally and numerically, that the ATR blade design has the potential for hub vibratory load reduction of up to 90% using individual blade control actuation. Using the numerical framework, system identification is performed to estimate the harmonic transfer functions. The linear time-periodic system can be represented by a linear time-invariant system under the three modes of blade actuation: collective, longitudinal cyclic, and lateral cyclic. A vibration minimizing controller is designed based on this result, which implements classical disturbance rejection algorithm with some modifications. The controller is simulated numerically, and more than 90% of the 4P hub vibratory load is eliminated. By accomplishing the experimental and analytical steps described in this thesis, the present concept is found to be a viable candidate for future generation low-vibration helicopters. Also, the analytical framework is shown to be very appropriate for exploring active blade designs, aeroelastic behavior prediction, and as simulation tool for closed-loop controllers.
The earth's foreshock, bow shock, and magnetosheath

Studies directly pertaining to the earth's foreshock, bow shock, and magnetosheath are reviewed, and some comparisons are made with data on other planets. Topics considered in detail include the electron foreshock, the ion foreshock, the quasi-parallel shock, the quasi-perpendicular shock, and the magnetosheath. Information discussed spans a broad range of disciplines, from large-scale macroscopic plasma phenomena to small-scale microphysical interactions.
A Survey of Training, Practice, and Competence in Reading Assessment and Intervention

Data were gathered from 496 practicing school psychologists regarding perceptions of their preparation, ability, and use of research-based techniques in reading assessment and intervention. The sur...
The shifting sands algorithm

We resolve the problem of small-space approximate selection in random-order streams. Specifically, we present an algorithm that reads the n elements of a set in random order and returns an element whose rank differs from the true median by at most n1/3+o(1) while storing a constant number of elements and counters at any one time. This is optimal: it was previously shown that achieving better accuracy required poly(n) memory. However, it was conjectured that the lower bound was not tight and that a previous algorithm achieving an n1/2+o(1) approximation was optimal. We therefore consider the new result a surprising resolution to a natural and basic question.
Stability of Multiple-Loop Nonlinear Time-Varying Systems.

Abstract : Sufficient conditions for the input-output stability of multiple-loop systems, in the frequency domain and in the time domain, are established. Both gain results and sector results are presented. In all cases the objective is the same; to analyze complex systems in terms at their subsystems and in terms of their interconnecting structure. In order to demonstrate the usefulness of the method advanced, three specific examples are considered. These include: (1) An interconnection of three linear time-invariant elements with a linear time-varying element, a piecewise linear element, and a hysteresis nonlinearity; A network formed from the interconnection of two passive elements with a nonlinear time-varying resistance and a nonlinear time-varying conductance; A third-order nonlinear time-varying differential equation involving time delay. (Author)
Review of Transformational leadership (2nd ed.).

Because I have a lot of interest in leadership (teaching, consulting, research), I was delighted by the opportunity to review this book. Although I have a good understanding of the concept of trans...
VCP-dependent muscle degeneration is linked to defects in a dynamic tubular lysosomal network in vivo

Mutations in a gene that produces a protein called Valosin-containing protein (VCP for short) causes degenerative diseases that affect the brain, muscle and bone. In nearly half of the individuals with these VCP-related diseases—which can also result in dementia, Paget's disease of the bone and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)—the first symptom is muscle weakness. Currently, very little is known about how VCP affects muscles. Patients with VCP-related diseases often have problems clearing damaged proteins from their cells, and recent research suggests that VCP is important for forming a cellular structure known as a lysosome. Lysosomes contain powerful enzymes that destroy damaged proteins and other cellular structures that would otherwise accumulate in the cells. In most cells, lysosomes look like bubble-like compartments called vesicles. However, in some types of cells lysosomes have been observed to form a network of tubules that extend throughout the cell interior. However, it remains unclear what these tubules do, how they form in cells and whether they are altered in disease. Johnson et al. analyzed lysosomes in the muscle of the fruit fly species Drosophila melanogaster and discovered that lysosomes were in the form of a network of tubules that spread throughout each muscle cell. These tubules constantly changed in living muscles; extending, retracting, breaking and merging to form a large tubular lysosome network. When Johnson et al. reduced the amount of VCP produced by the muscle cells, via a method called RNA interference, the lysosome tubules broke down into vesicles that were no longer constantly changing. Modifying these defective fly muscle cells so that they produced the human VCP protein caused the tubules to form again. These results suggest that the human and fly VCP proteins are very similar and that they play a key role in either the ability of lysosomes to form tubules or the maintenance of existing tubules. Johnson et al. then engineered flies to produce a version of the VCP protein that had mutations commonly seen in individuals with degenerative diseases. Lysosome tubules did not form correctly in the muscle cells of these flies. These flies also had other abnormalities; for example, their cells showed a great build-up of damaged proteins, and their ability to move their muscles was weaker. These findings suggest that a network of lysosomal tubules is necessary for healthy muscle cells, but how and why these tubular networks are formed or maintained is still mysterious. What causes lysosomal membranes to form tubules? How do they break and fuse? And why are they necessary? Genetic experiments in fruit flies will be a great place to discover these mechanisms and understand the links to degenerative diseases in humans.
A Survey of the Impact of Deyolking on Biological Processes Covered by Shotgun Proteomic Analyses of Zebrafish Embryos

Deyolking, the removal of the most abundant protein from the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo, is a common technique for in-depth exploration of proteome-level changes in vivo due to various environmental stressors or pharmacological impacts during embryonic stage of development. However, the effect of this procedure on the remaining proteome has not been fully studied. Here, we report a label-free shotgun proteomics survey on proteome coverage and biological processes that are enriched and depleted as a result of deyolking. Enriched proteins are involved in cellular energetics and development pathways, specifically implicating enrichment related to mitochondrial function. Although few proteins were removed completely by deyolking, depleted molecular pathways were associated with calcium signaling and signaling events implicating immune system response.
Performance estimation techniques for power system dynamic stability using least squares, Kalman filtering and genetic algorithms

This paper presents performance comparison of three optimal estimation techniques for on-line assessment of power system dynamic stability of single-machine infinite-bus system. The stability assessment approach is based on estimating the synchronizing and damping torque coefficients of the synchronous machine using three optimum estimation techniques including least squares (LS), Kalman filtering (KF) and genetic algorithms (GA). The coefficients are estimated from time responses of the changes in the rotor angle, rotor speed, and electromagnetic torque. The performances of the above three optimal estimation techniques were examined. Compared with the LS and GA techniques, the paper shows that KF technique offers several advantages. This includes significant reduction in computing time and storage needed for the estimation of the synchronizing and damping torque coefficients besides its robustness in dealing with noisy measurements. Thus, KF approach results in a remarkable reduction in the computational complexity associated with this problem and hence allow for on-line implementation needed for continuous monitoring of the dynamic stability indices. On the other hand, though GA gives accurate results in comparison with LS and KF. However, it was found that the calculation by GA are very time consuming rendering it unsuitable for on-line application.
The Technology of Fasciated Yarns

The principle of producing fasciated yarns is discussed as well as the product characteristics of the yarn (produced by novel proprietary technology) and of woven and knit fabrics. The potential of fasciated yarn in new fabric technology is pointed out.
Evidence-Based Processes in an Era of Recovery: Implications for Rehabilitation Counseling and Research

Evidence-based practice initiatives pertaining to helping people recover from severe mental illnesses have designated certain practices as evidence-based (e.g., supported employment, intensive case...
A New Marine Ascomycete from Australia

Most marine pyrenomycetes are lignicolous, but some are epiphytic on marine phanerogims and algae. Meyers (1957) listed 30 species of algae known to be attacked by these fungi. A number of repOrts dealing with marine ascomycetes on algal hosts appeared before 1900, the most noteworthy being those of Winter (1887), and Jones (1898). Cotton (1908) described a pyrenomycete on Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol. and summarized previous reports of ascomycetes found on algae. Reed (1902) collected two spe? cies, and Sutherland, in a series of papers (1914-1916), reported sev? eral alga-infesting pyrenomycetes. More recently, a number of asco? mycetes occurring on algae have been noted (Feldmann, 1957, 1958; Cribb & Herbert, 1954; Cribb & Cribb, 1955, 1960a, b; Wilson & Knoyle, 1961; Kohlmeyer, 1963). This report describes a heretofore unreported pyrenomycete col? lected from the marine alga, Ballia callitricha Ag. The material was obtained from Warrnambool, Victoria, in waters off southern Australia.
Preliminary field evidence for the association of clinical mastitis with altered interestrus intervals in dairy cattle.

Abstract Clinical mastitis and reproductive records from two southern California dairy herds were used in a cross-sectional study to determine the risk of an altered interestrus interval following clinical mastitis. An altered interestrus interval was defined as cycles occurring at either less than 18 day or more than 24-day intervals. The data were stratified by herd to assess herd differences and by lactation number to assess confounding by cow parity. The predominant pathogen isolated from mastitis cases in Herd 1 was Staphylococcus aureus , whereas the predominant pathogens in Herd 2 were gram-negative isolates. Cows in Herd 1 which had coliforms cultured from mastitic milk were excluded in the analysis for comparison with Herd 2. In Herd 1, cows with clinical mastitis were less likely to have an altered interestrus interval (Relative Risk [RR]=0.9; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]=0.6,1.6) than herdmates without clinical mastitis. However, cows in Herd 2 were almost two times more likely to have an altered interestrus interval following an episode of clinical mastitis compared to herdmates without clinical mastitis (RR=1.6; 95% CI=1.3,2.0). Because herd management practices differ and could cause differences in mastitis and reproductive outcomes at the dairies, this preliminary field evidence should be followed by prospective studies of luteal function after clinical coliform mastitis.
Modeling of droplet-gas interactions in spray atomization of Ta-2.5W alloy

Abstract In the present paper, the droplet-gas interactions that are present during spray atomization of a Ta-2.5W alloy using N 2 gas are numerically investigated. A simple two-dimensional (2D) flow model and a lumped parameter formulation based on the modified Newton's law of cooling are developed to simulate the flow and heat transfer phenomena, including rapid solidification of droplets in the spray cone. The 2D distribution of droplet velocity, temperature, cooling rate and solid fraction is calculated. The microstructural characteristics of solidified particles and as-deposited materials are discussed briefly. The effect of droplet size on the 2D distribution of flow, thermal and solidification histories is also addressed. The numerical results demonstrate that, at any axial distance, the droplet velocity, temperature, cooling rate and solidification rate all exhibit a maximum at the spray axis, and decrease to a minimum at the periphery of the spray cone, except for the locations where solidification occurs. The droplets in the periphery region solidify within a shorter flight distance relative to those at the spray axis owing to longer flight time in the periphery. At any axial distance, a small droplet exhibits a wider radical distribution. Hence, coarse droplets constitute the core whereas the periphery of the spray cone is populated by fine droplets. Accordingly, the microstructure of spray deposited materials is predicted to be fine in the edges of the deposits as a result of high cooling rates associated with small droplets. These results are in qualitative agreement with available findings.
An Extended Pattern Search Algorithm for Three-Dimensional Component Layout

An extended pattern search algorithm is introduced for efficient component layout optimization. The algorithm is applicable to general layout problems, where component geometry can be arbitrary, design goals can be multiple and spatial constraint satisfactions can be of different types. Extensions to pattern search are introduced to help the algorithm to converge to optimal solutions by escaping inferior local minima. The performance on all of the test problems shows that the algorithm runs one-to-two orders of magnitude faster than a robust simulated annealing-based algorithm for results with the same quality. The algorithm is further extended to solve a concurrent layout and routing problem, which demonstrates the ability of the algorithm to apply new pattern strategies in search and to include different objective functions in optimization.
Expectations of security type and the information content of debt and equity offers

Abstract This paper investigates how the market reaction to debt and equity offers is influenced by investors' expectations as to the type of security to be issued. We find a significantly positive 1% announcement day return for debt issues made by firms that would normally be expected to issue equity. In contrast, the market reacts negatively when firms that are expected to issue debt issue equity instead. These results suggest that the informational content of public security offerings is conditioned by investors' prior beliefs. Further, our results also support the prediction of asymmetric information theory that debt issues convey good news relative to equity issues.
Selected aspects of gas sensing

Abstract Based on the insight gained from the analysis of a previously developed model of metal oxide gas sensors and its comparison with results of experimental studies of automotive ZrO 2 oxygen sensors, this paper discusses our present understanding of the physical and chemical processes involved in the operation of these devices. In addition, areas where further research could enhance their usefulness and that of other gas sensors are discussed.
A Comparison of Visuo-Spatial and Visuo-Motor Memory For Designs and Their Relationship to Other Sensori-Motor and Psycholinguistic Variables:

This study explores the relationships between visuo-spatial and visuo-motor memory for designs and other sensori-motor and psycholinguistic variables (ITPA). Fifty third-grade children were given a multiple choice answer (non-motor) memory for designs test, the scoring categories being correct original, mirror image, simplified design, rotated design, fragmented design, out of proportion design, complicated design and symmetrical design. These matched a similar classification of the Graham-Kendall Memory for Designs Test answers. The results tentatively indicated that the variables on the two tests could not be equated, some indicating slow visuo-spatial development while others suggested neurological dysfunction. Both these syndromes were associated with left-handedness. Rotated drawings (MFD) were associated with right-handedness, and were more frequently drawn by girls.
Sedimentation and Organic Carbon Burial in the Yangtze River and Hudson River Estuaries: Implications for the Global Carbon Budget

One of the most important challenges in global climate change research is balancing the carbon budget within the global carbon cycle. Carbon burial in sediments at the land–ocean interface has been difficult to quantify and model because it represents non-steady-state boundary conditions that are also affected by human activities. In this study, we document carbon burial rates in the Yangtze River (1.6–4.9 × 1012 gC year−1) and Hudson River (1.8–3.6 × 1010 gC year−1) estuaries and integrate our results with carbon burial rates determined by others in the world’s 25 largest river-estuarine systems (6–11 × 1013 gC year−1). Our results indicate that carbon burial in estuaries, bays, coves, lagoons, mud flats, marshes, mangroves, and other highly productive or protected low-energy areas at the land–ocean interface along the entirety of the world’s coastlines may serve as an unrecognized sink within the global carbon budget.
Sideband cooling of micromechanical motion to the quantum ground state

It has been a long-standing goal in the field of cavity optomechanics to cool down a mechanical resonator to its motional quantum ground state by using light. Teufel et al. have now achieved just that with a recently developed system in which a drum-like flexible aluminium membrane is incorporated in a superconducting circuit. Ground-state cooling of a mechanical resonator was demonstrated for the first time last year in a different type of device, but the quantum states in this new device should be much longer lived, allowing direct tests of fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. As a first step, the authors perform a quantum-limited position measurement that is only a factor of about five away from the Heisenberg limit. The advent of laser cooling techniques revolutionized the study of many atomic-scale systems, fuelling progress towards quantum computing with trapped ions1 and generating new states of matter with Bose–Einstein condensates2. Analogous cooling techniques3,4 can provide a general and flexible method of preparing macroscopic objects in their motional ground state. Cavity optomechanical or electromechanical systems achieve sideband cooling through the strong interaction between light and motion5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15. However, entering the quantum regime—in which a system has less than a single quantum of motion—has been difficult because sideband cooling has not sufficiently overwhelmed the coupling of low-frequency mechanical systems to their hot environments. Here we demonstrate sideband cooling of an approximately 10-MHz micromechanical oscillator to the quantum ground state. This achievement required a large electromechanical interaction, which was obtained by embedding a micromechanical membrane into a superconducting microwave resonant circuit. To verify the cooling of the membrane motion to a phonon occupation of 0.34 ± 0.05 phonons, we perform a near-Heisenberg-limited position measurement3 within (5.1 ± 0.4)h/2π, where h is Planck’s constant. Furthermore, our device exhibits strong coupling, allowing coherent exchange of microwave photons and mechanical phonons16. Simultaneously achieving strong coupling, ground state preparation and efficient measurement sets the stage for rapid advances in the control and detection of non-classical states of motion17,18, possibly even testing quantum theory itself in the unexplored region of larger size and mass19. Because mechanical oscillators can couple to light of any frequency, they could also serve as a unique intermediary for transferring quantum information between microwave and optical domains20.
Solution of boundary-layer transport problems by orthogonal collocation

Abstract A new family of approximating functions is proposed for solving transport problems on a semi-infinite domain by orthogonal collocation. The proposed fu The examples address several classical problems concerning mass transfer with chemical reaction. The approximate solutions, which are obtained as conce
Differential CCD Photometry of Faint Asteroids in Crowded Star Fields and Nonphotometric Sky Conditions

It is demonstrated that the use of an imaging CCD detector array allows photometric observations of comparatively faint asteroids moving rapidly through a complex background of star images. The shortage of observing time is alleviated by taking advantage of the presence of comparison stars that are observed simultaneously on the CCD imaging area and at small angular separations from the asteroid. These reference stars allow the effects of thin cirrus clouds or haze to be compensated to a degree adequate for the acquisition of scientifically original data.
WDM pilot tone technique for analogue optical links

The proposed technique overcomes the dynamic range limitations imposed by the signal-pilot beating in analogue fibre optic links. A spurious free dynamic range improvement of 31.8 dB is demonstrated in an experimental link where a pilot tone is used to control the bias point of a Mach-Zehnder modulator.
The cauchy problem for the Yang-Mills equations

Abstract The Yang-Mills equation in Minkowski space with given initial data is considered. The gauge group is formulated in terms of Sobolev-Banach-Lie group, and the Cauchy problem for the equations thereby reduced to the temporal (hamiltonian) gauge. Given data for which are square-integrable over have respectively one and two derivatives which are square-integrable over space, a strong solution exists throughout space in a nontrivial time interval. If the initial data are infinitely differentiable in L2, the solution may be represented as a C∞ function on space-time satisfying the equations in the elementary sense. Strong solutions which agree at one time and have square-integrable derivatives as earlier agree throughout their regions of definition. For arbitrary finite-energy Cauchy data, there exists a quasi-solution (weak limit of solutions of truncated equations) which is global on Minkowski space. The solutions may take values in an arbitrary separable Hilbert Lie algebra.
Electroreduction of biologically important pyrimidine photoadducts

Abstract A study has been made of the polarographic behaviour and the mechanism of electroreduction of photoadducts of pyrimidone-2 with cytosine, Cyt(5-4)Pyo, and pyrimidone-2 nucleoside with cytidine, Cyd(5-4) Pdo. These compounds are of considerable interest in the study of photochemistry and photobiology of nucleic acids. Both compounds involve the same redox pattern of two successive one-electron additions, followed by the two-electron reduction steps. The initial step involves the simultaneous addition of an electron and of a proton to form a free radical which dimerizes rapidly. The major product of reduction of Cyt(5-4)Pyo and Cyd(5-4') Pdo was found to be an apparent 6.6' dimer. The properties of the dimers are described with regard to their ability to undergo photodissociation to parent compounds.
A short note on the asymptotic stability of an oscillation-free eikonal splitting method

Abstract Different beam propagation methods (BPMs) have been fundamental in modern electromagnetical wave simulations. Challenges of the numerical strategy include the computational efficiency and stability, in particular when highly oscillatory optical waves are present. This paper concerns an eikonal splitting BPM scheme for two-dimensional paraxial Helmholtz equations together with transparent boundary conditions in slowly varying envelope approximations of active laser beams. It is shown that the finite difference method investigated is not only oscillation-free, but also asymptotically stable. This ensures the high efficiency and applicability in highly oscillatory wave applications.
Putting the Mystical Mind Together

This article reviews and responds to various issues that have been raised in critical analysis of our work studying the relationship between religion and the brain. An adequate response necessitates a discussion about the origins of this research, the potential pitfalls of doing empirical research in this field, and the complex requirements of interpreting the implications of such an approach. Through inquiry such as this, the study of the brain and its relation to religion and religious experience will continue to advance and uncover the many fascinating questions that await.
Using the Critical Incident Technique as a Learning Tool in Services Marketing Courses

Service quality continues to be difficult to define and even more troublesome to assess. A methodology that has been used for both evaluating and exploring the nature of service quality is the Critical Incident Technique (CIT). This article outlines how a CIT exercise can be experientially incorporated into a services marketing course. The primary benefit of this learning activity is that students gain an appreciation for the complexity of service quality. In addition, educators receive valuable feedback to improve teaching quality in the services course.
THE EFFECT OF FASTING ON THE HYPERGLYCAEMIC RESPONSES TO CATECHOL AMINES IN RATS

The relative activities of adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline in producing hyperglycaemia and glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle have been studied in both fed and fasted rats, 1 hr after subcutaneous injection of the catechol amines. The relative hyperglycaemic activities of the three catechol amines depended greatly upon the prandial state of the rats and on the dose range used. In fed rats the relative potencies were in the descending order of potency, adrenaline-noradrenaline-isoprenaline, irrespective of the dose range. Isoprenaline had no hyperglycaemic activity in fed rats even at doses as high as 2 mg/kg. In fasted rats the order of potency depended on the dose. At low doses (0.005 to 0.02 mg/kg) the descending order was isoprenaline-adrenaline-noradrenaline. At higher doses (0.1 to 1 mg/kg) the descending order was adrenaline-isoprenaline-noradrenaline. The relative activities of the three catechol amines in causing glycogenolysis in muscle was independent of the dose range or the prandial state of the rats. Under all conditions the descending order of potency was isoprenaline-adrenaline-noradrenaline. The results are discussed with reference to Ahlquist's (1948) hypothesis of alpha- and beta- receptors and were consistent with the concept that, in the rat, liver glycogenolysis is mediated predominantly by alpha-receptors and muscle glycogenolysis mainly by beta-receptors. In general the hyperglycaemic response in the fed rat is mediated predominantly by alpha-receptors and in the fasted rat the response is mainly due to the activation of beta-receptors. A drug possessing both alpha- and beta-receptor activity elicits an exception to this rule in the fasted rat. Several perturbing problems in the literature, particularly with regard to the hyperglycaemic activity of isoprenaline and to the difficulty in blocking the hyperglycaemic response, can now be explained in the light of these findings.
Lipoprotein fractions and receptors: A role for probucol?

Cholesterol transport in the plasma involves several lipoprotein families. The process is remarkably ordered and is driven vectorily by apolipoproteins, which activate appropriate enzymes or serve as recognition sites for lipoprotein receptors. Of the lipoproteins in plasma, low density lipoprotein (LDL) contains most of the cholesterol and has the greatest atherogenic potential. Its plasma concentration is determined by LDL receptor activity, which serves to regulate intracellular cholesterol concentrations. LDL receptor activity in the body is not fixed, but can be stimulated by drugs that affect hepatic cholesterol content, such as inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase or bile acid sequestrants. By stimulating LDL receptor activity, these drugs increase the fractional catabolic rate of apoLDL. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors also appear to reduce the apoLDL synthetic rate. As a consequence, LDL cholesterol levels are reduced while high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels remain stable or increase. Probucol is a drug that lowers both LDL and HDL cholesterol levels. It appears to lower LDL cholesterol levels by affecting LDL structure rather than by stimulating LDL receptor activity. It has no consistent effect on LDL synthetic rates. Probucol lowers plasma HDL cholesterol levels by decreasing the synthetic rates of the major HDL apolipoproteins. The biologic significance of these probucol-induced changes in HDL metabolism is unknown.
The synthesis of heliotridine and related alkaloids

Abstract An efficient synthesis of heliotridine from readily available retronecine was accomplished by nucleophilic displacement of the 7-mesylate, in the 7-mesyl-9-benzoate of retronecine with various cesium carboxylates in DMF, followed by hydrolysis. The synthetic procedure also permits the ready synthesis of a number of naturally occurring pyrrolizidine alkaloids possessing dissimilar acyl groups at C-7 and C-9.
ETHANOL |[lpar]|E|[rpar]| METABOLISM IN PREGNANCY |[lpar]|P|[rpar]| AS DETERMINED BY THE |[lsqb]|14C|[rsqb]| ETHANOL BREATH TEST |[lpar]|EBT|[rpar]|

Maternal E consumption in P poses a known risk to the mother and fetus. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of P on in vivo metabolism of E. The in vivo rate of E metabolism can be monitored by the EBT by measuring the rate of CO2 derived from the metabolism of radiolabeled E (Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 61:177, 1981). The EBT was conducted in 7 pregnant (Pg) and 5 nonpregnant (Npg) C57/B6J mice of similar ages. Day 0 was when vaginal plugs were found or when Npg mice were entered into the protocol. The EBT was conducted on days 6,8,10,14, and 16. [14C] E (5×105 dpm) and unlabeled E (50 mg/kg) were administered i.p. The mice were immediately placed in air collection chambers, 14CO2 was collected by bubbling exhaled air through an alcohol trapping solution and then a CO2 trapping solution of ethanolamine methanol, and the rate of 14CO2 exhaled was determined. The elimination rate constant (Kel) of labeled CO2 was calculated and used as the measurement parameter of E clearance. The Kel did not change for Npg mice. In the Pg mice, the Kel did not differ from that of Npg mice on day 6 or 10 of gestation, but was increased on day 8 (Npg Kel=0.0592±0.002, Pg Day 8 Kel=0.0698±0.003; p<.001) and was decreased on days 14 and 16 (0.0525±0.002 and 0.0501±0.002, respectively; p<.001 vs. Npg). In summary, the rate of E metabolism in P changes biphasically. The rate of E metabolism as determined by the EBT increased significantly during organogenesis but decreased in late P.
Observing ocean heat content using satellite gravity and altimetry

[1] A method for combining satellite altimetry observations with satellite measurements of the Earth’s time-varying gravity to give improved estimates of the ocean’s heat storage is presented. Over the ocean the time-variable component of the geoid can be related to the time-varying bottom pressure. The methodology of estimating the ocean’s time-varying heat storage using altimetric observations alone is modified to include observations of bottom pressure. A detailed error analysis of the methodology is undertaken. It is found that the inclusion of bottom pressure improves the ocean heat storage estimates. The improvement comes from a better estimation of the steric sea surface height by the inclusion of bottom pressure in the calculation, over using the altimeter-observed sea surface height alone. On timescales of the annual cycle and shorter the method works particularly well. However, long-timescale changes in the heat storage are poorly reproduced because of deficiencies in the methodology and the presence of contaminating signals in the bottom pressure observations. INDEX TERMS: 4556 Oceanography: Physical: Sea level variations; 1223 Geodesy and Gravity: Ocean/Earth/atmosphere interactions (3339); 1227 Geodesy and Gravity: Planetary geodesy and gravity (5420, 5714, 6019); 1243 Geodesy and Gravity: Space geodetic surveys; 4275 Oceanography: General: Remote sensing and electromagnetic processes (0689); KEYWORDS: ocean heat content, altimetry, satellite gravity, steric height, remote sensing
THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THE CARDIAC OUTPUT AT REST AND DURING EXERCISE IN PATIENTS WITH HEALED MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.

Smoking by subjects with healed myocardial infarction, in contrast to its effects on the normal subject, fails to provoke an increase in cardiac output or in stroke volume. On the other hand, smoking does increase the heart rate in subjects with healed myocardial infarction. This dissociation between the effect on heart rate and on cardiac output and stroke volume, which was also noted in the healthy subject pretreated with glucose, indicates that increase in heart rate is mediated by different factors than those that increase stroke volume and cardiac output.
"House" advancement pedicle flap for anal stenosis.

Long strictures of the anal canal, extending from the dentate line to the perianal skin, have challenged surgeons for many years. Numerous techniques have been devised to treat anal strictures. A technique to relieve an anal stenosis that involves the entire circumference and the length of the anal canal from the dentate line onto the perianal skin is described. It has two principal advantages: 1) it provides a broad skin flap for the entire length of the involved anal canal; and 2) it provides primary closure of the donor site. In addition, it avoids extensive mobilization of tissue, the flap maintains good blood supply with minimal tension, and there is no small tip prone to necrosis.
Spiro[(2,3‐dihydro‐2‐oxo‐imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine)‐3,3‐(3,4‐dihydro‐2‐methyl‐4‐oxo‐2H‐1,2‐benzothiazine 1,1‐dioxide)]‐A novel product derived from piroxicam

A novel compound, spiro[(2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine)-3,3-(3,4-dihydro-2-methyl-4-oxo-2H-1,2-benzothiazine 1,1-dioxide)] (3), was isolated during an attempt to convert 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(2-pyridinyl)-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1-dioxide (1) (Piroxicam) to an O-trifluoromethanesulfonyl ester. A possible mechanism is offered to explain this unusual transformation.