cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Handbook of Middle American Indians: A Retrospective Look

Monumental in size, content, and coverage, the Handbook of Middle American Indians is the most ambitious treatment of a culture area yet produced by American anthropologists. There have been several notable attempts to encapsulate extant knowledge concerning native American peoples. A pioneering single-authored effort was Henry R. Schoolcraft's six-volume Historical and Statistical Information Respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States (1853-1857). A major collaborative effort, Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, sponsored by the Bureau of American Ethnology and edited by Frederick Webb Hodge, appeared in 1907 and 1910 as a multiauthored, encyclopedic, short-entry work in two efficiently designed volumes. An updated 17-volume work, The Handbook of North American Indians, was announced as forthcoming by the Smithsonian Institution in 1965, and its first volume is expected in 1978. The modem model for area handbooks, however, is the Handbook of South American Indians, edited by Julian H. Steward (1946-1959), which represents a collaboration of several dozen authors. The series under review, Handbook of Middle A merican Indians, with Robert Wauchope as general editor, is clearly in the tradition of Steward's seven-volume handbook but with certain extensions, modifications, and improvements. It surpasses its predecessors in size (16 volumes), in number of categories, and in its combination of detailed description, topical, regional, temporal, and ethnic coverage, as well as in bibliography.
CGH data analysis

Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) is an emerging technology for measuring genome-wide DNA copy number. aCGH has been demonstrated as an effective tool in gene discovery and disease classification in cancer and other genetic disorders. This review describes recently employed analysis techniques for genomic copy number profiling using aCGH with a particular focus on how established gene expression array analysis techniques can be adapted for analysis of aCGH data. We intend this review to propose a framework to guide ongoing and future research in aCGH data analysis. Keywords: comparative genomic hybridization; microarray; cancer; CGH; data analysis
Juxta-articular large cell lymphoma

Three patients with juxta-articular large cell lymphoma presented as suffering from monarthropathies. A spectrum of radiographic changes was observed that included subchondral sclerosis, regional osteopenia, effusion, and mottled lytic changes in the juxta-articular region of the affected joint. MRI was performed in two patients. In one, it revealed a high signal mass on T2-weighted sequences. In the second, a mass bridging the joint was demonstrated which was difficult to appreciate on CT and was not visible radiographically. In all cases, biopsies revealed large cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of bone. We present these studies to emphasize this unusual pattern of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma as well as to demonstrate the contribution of MRI to the diagnosis.
Severity of manifestations in tuberous sclerosis complex in relation to genotype.

Summary Objective Patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) commonly present with significant neurologic deficits, including seizures, autism, and intellectual disability. Previous evidence suggests that the TSC2 mutation genotype may be associated with a more severe disease phenotype. This study evaluates the association of the TSC1 and TSC2 genotype with patient and disease characteristics in a retrospective review of a large TSC Natural History Database consisting of 919 patients with TSC. Methods Univariate logistic regression was conducted to evaluate the association of the TSC1 and TSC2 gene mutations with patient and disease characteristics. Results As compared to patients with the TSC1 mutation, patients with the TSC2 mutation were younger (p = 0.02), more likely to have partial epilepsy (odds ratio (OR) 1.74, p = 0.0015), complex partial seizures (OR 2.03, p = 0.02), infantile spasms (IS) (OR 1.67, p = 0.01), subependymal giant-cell astrocytomas (SEGAs) (OR 1.64, p = 0.01), and intellectual disability (OR 2.90, p = 0.0002). Significance The clinical presentation of TSC is highly variable and not well understood. Our findings confirm and supplement existing literature that TSC2 mutation is likely to be associated with a more severe, earlier presenting TSC phenotype, including infantile spasms. A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
MiniSAGE: Gene Expression Profiling Using Serial Analysis of Gene Expression from 1 μg Total RNA

Abstract The use of serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) to determine gene expression profiles is increasing because the technique can provide absolute transcript numbers in a digital format and identify new genes. We developed a miniSAGE technique, which uses only 1 μg total RNA and reduces the amount of the starting material by 250- to 500-fold. Unlike the other modified SAGE methods, the miniSAGE technique does not require the additional PCR amplifications. The additional PCR amplifications potentially introduce bias and compromise the quantitative aspects of the SAGE method. Three key modifications in the miniSAGE technique are: (i) using the phase lock gel (PLG, Eppendorf) to increase the recovery and the purity of DNA material after each phenol extraction step; (ii) reducing the amount of linkers in the ligation, thereby minimizing their interference with SAGE ditag amplification and increasing the SAGE ditag yield; and (iii) employing the mRNA capture kit (Boehringer Mannheim) to allow the first five steps: mRNA isolation, cDNA synthesis, enzyme cleavage of cDNA, binding of the cleaved biotin–cDNA to the streptavidin-magnetic beads, ligating linkers to the bound cDNA, and the release of cDNA tags to occur within one tube to significantly reduce the loss of material between successive steps. Two fibroblast SAGE libraries have been successfully prepared. The preliminary analysis of 3838 tags from one library demonstrated a typical fibroblast gene expression pattern. This miniSAGE technique will permit a broader application of SAGE.
Optimal Vortex Ring Formation: A Study of Vortex Ring Formation in Starting and Pulsed Jets (Keynote)

Pulsatile jet flows are found in many industrially relevant fluid mechanical problems. A common feature of these flows is that they are fundamentally a series of fluid pulses. This aspect of pulsatile jets implies vortex rings are a basic element of the resulting flow. The significance of this observation is based in part on the tendency of vortex rings to entrain ambient fluid during their formation, but more so on the recent discovery of the phenomenon of vortex ring pinch off. This phenomenon was characterized for starting jets (individual pulses) showing that for pulses sufficiently long with respect to the nozzle diameter (i.e., sufficiently large L/D), the vortex ring stops forming and pinches off from the generating jet. This represents a maximization principle for vortex ring formation and suggests that any effects associated with vortex ring formation in pulsatile jets (e.g., enhanced entrainment), might be able to be optimized by properly selecting the L/D for each pulse.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Study of the chromonic liquid-crystalline phases of bis-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl)perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide dihydrochloride by polarized optical microscopy and 2H NMR spectroscopy.

The chromonic liquid-crystalline properties of bis-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl)perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide dihydrochloride in an aqueous solution were investigated by polarized light microscopy and 2H NMR spectroscopy. Both techniques indicate a narrow I + N biphasic region and a broad N phase region at concentrations ranging from ∼6.9 to ∼30 wt % at room temperature. Optical microscopy indicates that a hexagonal M phase exists at higher concentrations. The variation of the I → N + I and N + I → N transition temperatures with concentration was studied by 2H NMR spectroscopy. Finally, the effects of temperature and concentration on the order parameter of the N phase were investigated by 2H NMR using a tetra-deuterated derivative. A value of 0.97 was obtained for the N phase at its upper concentration limit.
Ionic conductivity of new ambient temperature alkali metal glasses AlCl3/NaN(CN)2

Ambient temperature alkali glassy salt mixtures, x[AlCl3]/(1 − x)[NaN(CN)2] (x = 0.4−0.75), were prepared. A large increase in the C⋮N stretching frequencies for these materials indicate complex formation between the anion [N(CN)2]- and AlCl3 molecule. Ab initio calculations confirm the assignments of the vibrational frequencies. The 1:1 adduct has a glass transition at 27 °C, and the glassy state persists for 4 weeks at room temperature. The room temperature ionic conductivity of this glass is 6.6 × 10-6 S/cm, and it increases as the AlCl3 content increases. The temperature dependence of the conductivity follows the Vogel−Tamman−Fulcher equation, suggesting that ion transport is coupled to local motion in the glassy salt mixture system.
On the bonding of S, Se and Te in transition metal monochalconides

Abstract Evidence is cited to show that in Groups IV, V and VII transition metal monochalconides the chalcogens tend to have trigonal prismatic co-ordination irrespective of metal radius and metal-metal bonding in the monochalconide. A bonding description utilizing electron deficient metal-nonmetal bonds to explain the physical properties of NiAs, WC and MnP structures is proposed. The structures are regarded as utilizing four electrons and six orbitals from the chalcogen. The resulting electron deficient, directional bonds are used to explain the structure, hardness, brittleness, magnetic properties and bond distances of the Group IV transition metal monochalconides. The exceptions among monochalconides to the NiAs structure are shown to be correlated with the electronic configurations of the elements by the proposed bonding interpretation.
Effect of methylated prostaglandin E2 analogue on insulin secretion in man

Abstract Previous studies of the effect of E series prostaglandins /PGs/ on insulin secretion gave conflicting results in animals and little information in man. This study was designed to determine the effect of methylated PGE 2 analogue /15/S/-15-methyl PGE 2 methyl ester/, given orally, intraduodenally or intravenously, on insulin secretion, both under basal conditions and in response to intraduodenal or intravenous administration of glucose in 22 male volunteers. Methylated PGE 2 kept basal serum insulin level unchanged, but significantly reduced insulin response by 15 ± 6 μU/ml to intravenous glucose pulse injection /0.1 g/kg/ or by 45 ± 11 μU/ml to intraduodenal glucose infusion /0.5 g/kg-hr/. Blood glucose level was unaffected in tests with intraduodenal methylated PGE 2 , but in tests with intravenous administration it was significantly reduced. These studies demonstrate that methylated PGE 2 analogue given orally, intraduodenally or intravenously results in a potent suppression of insulin response to glucose challenge.
A NOTE ON THE PIGOU EFFECT AND THE UPWARD TURNING POINT

As soon as the increased real value of assets raises the consumption function sufficiently to start employment and output up again, prices and wages will cease falling, and the real value of assets will cease rising.... Thus the deflation of prices (which a la Pigou is supposed to continue to cause an ever increasing real value of liquid assets until full employment is reached) stops at the lower turning point. The force that is supposed to drive the economy into full employment already peters out once the lower turning point is reached.2
Investigating electrotaxis of the non-transformed MCF-10A mammary epithelial cell line

Normal and cancer cells exhibit directed movement in electric fields, known as electrotaxis. Here, we studied the migration of non-transformed mammary epithelial cells, MCF- 10A, in externally applied electric fields of varying strength since there is limited information on the electrotaxis of this cell system. Electrotactic behavior was quantified by tracking the movement of individual cells within a chamber of media through which an external electric field was applied. Cells maintain adhesion to fibronectin coated polystyrene throughout the experiments. Time lapse microscopy revealed that the MCF-10A cells migrate towards the anode under normal conditions. Even under low electric fields, cells exhibit directional migration. Moreover, the directionality of cells increases with increasing field strength.
Cation-exchange chromatography of Clostridium botulinum type A toxin on amberlite IRC-50 resin at pH 5.55.

The hemagglutinin-free toxin (the α fraction) isolated from crystalline toxin of Clostridium botulinum type A, homogeneous by several criteria, was examined on carboxymethyl-Sephadex, sulfoethyl-Sephadex and Amberlite IRC-50 (XE-64) columns to attempt further resolution and to provide additional tests of its homogeneity. Satisfactory conditions for chromatography were obtained only with Amberlite IRC-50 (XE-64) resin. As an analytical tool this resin proved more sensitive than a DEAE-cellulose column since it was able to separate the hemagglutinin when present as trace contaminant in the α fraction, which could not be achieved by anion-exchange chromatography. Although the IRC-50 column separated the 150 000 mol. wt. specie of the α fraction from its aggregated forms, the toxin could not be fractionated into subunits. These observations were consistent with the result of gel filtration of the α fraction and its aggregates on Sephadex columns. The present report also demonstrates for the first time that a protein as large as 150 000 mol. wt. can be successfully chromatographed on IRC-50 (XE-64) resin at pH 5.55.
Bob Marshall, Part II: Exploring the Koyukuk.

The drainage of the Koyukuk River in the Brooks Range, AK, covers 15000 square miles, an area larger than Belgium and greater than New Jersey and Massa­ chusetts combined. In 1930, when Bob Marshall spent a year living in Wiseman, one of the two places in the area that could then-and still-be called a town, only 70 people lived in the village and only 127 inhabited the whole area, including whites and Eskimos. That same year, the other town, Bettles, boasted a bloated Christmas population of 18. The population density of the area was 0.0085 per square mile, compared with 0.101 for the whole of Alaska and 84113.2 for Man­ hattan Island. We tumbled out of the commercial flight from Fair­ banks to Bettles. This was not the Bettles that Bob Mar­ shall knew. The houses had been moved back a couple of hundred yards from the river and a big airstrip had been built, a relic of the Cold War when Russian air­ space was only a short fighter plane flight away. It was still no metropolis; it had caught up with the Wiseman of45 years before, and now had a population of28. The population of Wiseman, in the meantime, had decreased to 23. We piled our gear beside the two-story log hotel before heaving it onto a cart and dragging it down to the river to squeeze aboard a bright red float-equipped Beaver moored to a wooden jetty. The sun was hot on our backs as we swatted mos­ quitoes, ate our sandwiches, and looked north in antic­ ipation to distant mountains. We checked in at the Rang­ er Station of the Gates of the Arctic National Park and told them where we would be and how long we expected Correspondence to 5380 Mansfield Ave, Denver, CO 80237 (Dr Paton) to be out. Eight of us, two plane loads, then headed north to the Arctic Divide. We were already north ofthe Arctic Circle. Almost every creek we would cross, almost every peak we would see had been named by Bob Mar­ shall in the I 930s. We would walk in his footprints, camp at his campsites, and climb where he had gone before.
Excess dietary salt intake alters the excitability of central sympathetic networks

The ingestion of excess dietary salt (defined as NaCl) is strongly correlated with cardiovascular disease, morbidity, mortality, and is regarded as a major contributing factor to the pathogenesis of hypertension. Although several mechanisms contribute to the adverse consequences of dietary salt intake, accumulating evidence suggests that dietary salt loading produces neurogenically-mediated increases in total peripheral resistance to raise arterial blood pressure (ABP). Evidence from clinical studies and experimental models clearly establishes a hypertensive effect of dietary salt loading in a subset of individuals who are deemed "salt-sensitive". However, we will discuss and present evidence to develop a novel hypothesis to suggest that while chronic increases in dietary salt intake do not elevate mean ABP in "non-salt-sensitive" animals, dietary salt intake does enhance several sympathetic reflexes thereby predisposing these animals and/or individuals to the development of salt-sensitive hypertension. Additional evidence raises an intriguing hypothesis that these enhanced sympathetic reflexes are largely attributed to the ability of excess dietary salt intake to selectively enhance the excitability of sympathetic-regulatory neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Insight into the cellular mechanisms by which dietary salt intake alters the responsiveness of RVLM circuits will likely provide a foundation for developing new therapeutic approaches to treat salt-sensitive hypertension. The paper represents an invited review by a symposium, award winner or keynote speaker at the Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior [SSIB] Annual Meeting in Portland, July 2009.
CLIMATOLOGY FOR GEOGRAPHERS

Climatology is reviewed and redefined in terms of relevance to geography, and a programmatic statement for future research is presented. Instead of enumerating substantive areas, physical geography is defined and ranked according to five levels of methodology and attendant philosophy. The essence of geographical climatology is the analysis and description of process-response systems of importance to mankind occurring within the planetary boundary layer, interface, and substrates. The future of a climatology useful to geographers appears to lie in the numerical modeling of such systems.
Numerical study of hydrogen triple flame response to mixture stratification, ambient temperature, pressure, and water vapor concentration

Abstract Mixing layer simulations of spark-ignited H2/air that detail the influence of mixing layer thickness, domain pressure and air temperature, and water vapor concentration have been carried out. The stabilization speed of the propagating flame front is shown to increase with increasing mixing layer thickness as a result of streamline divergence ahead of the triple flame structure. The pressure changes considered are small (1, 2 bar), and within this range the pressure has only a modest effect on propagation speeds, while air layer temperature effects (298 K, 750 K) are pronounced. Higher adiabatic flame temperatures produced by elevated air temperature have been shown to lead to increased formation of nitrogen oxides. This tendency can be counteracted by increasing inert concentration. Therefore, the influence of water vapor concentration on emissions has been considered in studies where air layer species concentrations are replaced with up to 50% water by mole. Resulting changes in flame structure, heat release rates, flame speed, and emission concentrations – estimated through use of the standard Zeldovich NO mechanism, are given. Data trends for all parameter effects have been related to expected qualitative predictions for direct-injection hydrogen internal combustion engine behavior.
Isolation of 20-hydroxycorticoids from incubated human adrenal tissue (1,2)

Abstract The isolation and identification of the steroidal glycols: 11β,20β,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3-one (20β-B) (I); and 20β,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11-dione (20β-A) (II) from extracts of incubated human adrenal tissues is described. In addition, the characterization of 17α,20β,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3, 11-dione (20β-E) (III); and 20β,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3-one (20β-DOC) (IV) is reported. Only in tissues from patients with primary aldosteronism could 20β-B be identified from an individual adrenal gland.
Thermochromic and Photovoltaic Properties of an Alternating Copolymer of Dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]thiophene and Thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione

The synthesis of a new alternating conjugated polymer, PDTTTPD, based on electron-donating dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]thiophene (DTT) and electron-withdrawing thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD) units is reported. This polymer shows strong thermochromic effect in chlorobenzene with a peak shift up to 170 nm. This phenomenon is studied with fluorescence spectroscopy and related to the steric hindrance along the polymer main chain. Polymer solar cells are fabricated from its blends with PC71BM, and shows modest power conversion efficiency up to 2.1%. The low efficiency is due to the low short-circuit current, which is also attributed to the steric effect. Based on these results, a general design rule for polymer photovoltaic material with controlled backbone conformation is proposed.
Factors associated with elevated rates of adverse outcomes after cyclodestructive procedures versus drainage device procedures

Abstract Objective To identify factors associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes after cyclodestructive or drainage device procedures. Design Retrospective, cohort analysis. Participants A total of 5570 Medicare patients who were older than 65 years of age and who underwent cyclodestructive or drainage device procedures in 1994 participated. Intervention The authors identified cyclodestructive and drainage device procedures from claims to the Health Care Finance Administration (HCFA) by International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9) procedure codes, Current Procedural Terminology procedure codes, and HCFA Common Procedural Classification System codes. The authors analyzed adverse outcome rates using hierarchical logistic regression. Race, age group, gender, length of observed follow-up, state in which surgery took place, ocular procedures performed before and at the same time as the index surgery, and ocular diagnosis were included as covariates in the model. Main outcome measures The authors defined an adverse outcome as the occurrence after the index surgery of at least one of the following: repeat cyclodestructive or drainage device procedure, retinal hole-tear repair, retinal detachment repair, surgery for endophthalmitis, vitrectomy, enucleation, evisceration, surgery for ocular hypotony, and/or extrusion or revision of drainage device. Adverse outcomes were also defined without the inclusion of repeat cyclodestructive or drainage device procedures. Results When repeat cyclodestructive or drainage device procedures were not included in the definition of an adverse outcome, eyes with a drainage device procedure were 3.8 times more likely to have an adverse outcome than eyes with a cyclodestructive procedure (odds ratio [OR], 3.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.07, 4.67). Subjects with concurrent corneal transplant had increased odds of an adverse outcome compared to subjects without a concurrent corneal transplant (OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.27, 3.15). When the definition of an adverse outcome included repeat cyclodestructive or drainage device procedures, the odds of an adverse outcome were similar for both cyclodestructive and drainage device procedures (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.79, 1.13). Conclusions Cyclodestructive procedures need to be repeated more frequently than drainage device procedures. However, if the patient has a drainage device procedure, then that patient is more likely to have other types of adverse ophthalmic events than if he or she had a cyclodestructive procedure. Because the average follow-up of subjects in this study is 5 months (range, 0–12 months), outcomes that might take longer to manifest themselves would be excluded from this study.
Importance of asking questions about erectile dysfunction

Cardiovascular disease and erectile dysfunction share many common risk factors. In fact, recent studies have demonstrated evidence of occult coronary artery disease, undiagnosed hyperlipidemia, and hypertension in men presenting with erectile dysfunction. It is therefore incumbent upon all physicians, especially cardiologists, to query their patients about their erectile function.
Alterations of peripheral blood B‐lymphocyte populations in plasma cell disorders

Peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with multiple myeloma, macroglobulinemia, and monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance were analyzed for B cells, and cells bearing kappa light chains and lambda light chains on their surfaces. Compared with controls, the number of B cells were decreased in all three groups. Contrary to other reports, the authors found a B-cell depression of similar magnitude in patients with untreated myeloma and in those with apparently benign monoclonal gammopathy. There was no difference between treated and untreated myeloma patients as a group, or as individuals studied before and after treatment. However, in comparison to control patients, alkylator therapy depressed the leukocyte count, lymphocyte count, and B-cell number both in the myeloma and in the macroglobulinemia groups. All five patients with previously untreated macroglobulinemia had an increased proportion of circulating lymphocytes with surface light chains of the same type as the M protein. Two patients with IgG myeloma-like disorders had increased circulating B cells with monoclonal surface light chains. This study supports the concepts that normal B cells are depressed in plasma cell disorders, and that abnormal B cells, which are apparently monoclonal, do circulate in some cases. Our results are compared with other published data.
Island cultures and ecosystems: down with harmony, up with pondfields

Abstract Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands edited by Patrick V. Kirch and Terry L. Hunt Yale University Press, 1997. $30.00 hbk (xvii+331 pages) ISBN 0 300 06603 1
Environmental and chemical effects on growth, resin and rubber production in guayule tissue cultures

Abstract Several environmental and chemical factors affected rubber accumulation in guayule (Parthenium argentatum) tissue cultures. Light increased rubber yields in callus and shoot cultures by 50 and 450% respectively. The Mr of rubber in light-grown callus increased by 60%. Daily periods of incubating callus at 4° increased rubber yield by 70% after five weeks. Increasing sucrose levels up to 7% in the medium stimulated rubber synthesis, but higher levels were inhibitory. Osmotic stress significantly inhibited both rubber production and growth. Rubber production in callus was highest when the content of NO3− in culture medium was 30 mol% of total N when compared to NH4+. Two previously reported stimulators of rubber production in whole plants, acetate and DCPTA, also enhanced the levels of rubber in callus cultures.
The effect of urethan on cyclic events in the regenerating rat liver

Abstract The effects of urethan on cyclic events associated with cell replication in the regenerating liver of the male rat were measured in an effort to determine actions of potential significance to the hepatocarcinogenic activity of this agent. A single intraperitoneal dose of urethan (1 mg/g), injected at either 0.5, 12 or 24 hr after partial hepatectomy, caused inhibition of the incorporation of 3 H-thymidine into nuclear DNA. Measurements of the effects of urethan through two cycles of DNA biosynthesis indicated that the inhibition was transient and reversible. The induction by partial hepatectomy of certain enzymes closely linked to DNA replication (i.e. ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase and thymidine kinase) were affected by urethan in a similar manner, while induced DNA polymerase activity and the activities of other enzymes not linked to DNA replication (i.e. adenine and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferases) were relatively unaffected by the carcinogen. Urethan had no detectable effect on the ability of chromatin to serve as a template for RNA synthesis as measured by the incorporation of both 14 C-ATP and 3 H-GTP into RNA, catalyzed by E. coli RNA polymerase, when the urethan was injected during the prereplicative phase of liver regeneration. However, when the carcinogen was administered during the S phase (18 hr after partial hepatectomy) and the chromatin isolated 9–10 hr later, the template activity of chromatin was depressed and the composition of the nascent RNA, as measured by the ratio of AMP to GMP incorporated, was altered.
A wave propagation model for the high velocity impact response of a composite sandwich panel

A solution methodology to predict the residual velocity of a hemispherical-nose cylindrical projectile impacting a composite sandwich panel at high velocity is presented. The term high velocity impact is used to describe impact scenarios where the projectile perforates the panel and exits with a residual velocity. The solution is derived from a wave propagation model involving deformation and failure of facesheets, through-thickness propagation of shock waves in the core, and through-thickness core shear failure. Equations of motion for the projectile and effective masses of the facesheets and core as the shock waves travel through sandwich panel are derived using Lagrangian mechanics. The analytical approach is mechanistic involving no detail account of progressive damage due to delamination and debonding but changes in the load-bearing resistance of the sandwich panel due to failure and complete loss of resistance from the facesheets and core during projectile penetration. The predicted transient deflection and velocity of the projectile and sandwich panel compared fairly well with results from finite element analysis. Analytical predictions of the projectile residual velocities were also found to be in good agreement with experimental data.
Anomalous electrochemical behavior of clostripain: evidence for disulfide isolation conformers.

Purified preparations of clostripain exhibit two distinct components on analytical and preparative acrylamide gel electrophoresis as well as adsorption chromatography on hydroxylapatite. Both components are of identical molecular size and specific activity. By reducing the enzyme for an extended period of time prior to chromatography, the specific activity increases by a factor of four and the enzyme elutes from the hydroxylapatite column as a homogeneous peak. Enzyme labeled at the active site with3H-TLCK exhibits a similar chromatographic behavior to native enzyme on hydroxylapatite. It is inferred that such behavior may be attributed to a two phase disulfide reduction, one involving reduction of a disulfide thereby freeing an active site SH group and a second disulfide reduction resulting in the chromatographic transition.
Elderly muslim immigrants from south asia: Family, community, and social services

This article reports the findings of a study that examined the needs and challenges first generation South Asian Muslim elderly immigrants face in adaptation to American society. Findings revealed ...
Using content and interactions for discovering communities in social networks

In recent years, social networking sites have not only enabled people to connect with each other using social links but have also allowed them to share, communicate and interact over diverse geographical regions. Social network provide a rich source of heterogeneous data which can be exploited to discover previously unknown relationships and interests among groups of people. In this paper, we address the problem of discovering topically meaningful communities from a social network. We assume that a persons' membership in a community is conditioned on its social relationship, the type of interaction and the information communicated with other members of that community. We propose generative models that can discover communities based on the discussed topics, interaction types and the social connections among people. In our models a person can belong to multiple communities and a community can participate in multiple topics. This allows us to discover both community interests and user interests based on the information and linked associations. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our model on two real word data sets and show that it performs better than existing community discovery models.
New syntheses of pentafluorotellurium hypochlorite

Abstract Chlorination of pentafluoroorthotelluric acid with either chlorine fluorosulfate or chlorine monofluoride furnishes pentafluorotellurium hypochlorite in new, high yield reactions. Additional characterizing data for this useful hypochlorite are presented.
Hydronephrosis of pregnancy

Abstract This review was done because most texts and some recent reviews do not recognize the obstructive cause. It is important only because of the high incidence of acute pyelonephritis during pregnancy. This is so common that it has been given a special name, “pyelitis of pregnancy.” We have shown in the monkey that bacteria when introduced into the ureter under low pressure does not often cause pyelonephritis unless associated with ureteral obstruction. The presence of bacteria even with partial ureteral obstruction increases the chances of acute pyelonephritis. Care must thus be taken to eradicate beacteriuria during pregnancy to prevent acute pyelonephritis as has been shown by Kass, especially since vesicoureteral reflux occurs more frequently in the pregnant than nonpregnant primate. When we understand the obstructive cause of hydronephrosis of pregnancy and the effect of positional change, therapy will be more effective. The left lateral position then will not only relieve the pain of acute hydronephrosis of pregnancy but will also greatly assist in the therapy of acute pyelonephritis of pregnancy since it will relieve the associated ureteral obstruction.
Cell detachment in ouabain-sensitive and resistant Ehrlich ascites cells.

Abstract Ehrlich ascites tumor cells selected for resistance (OR) to the toxic effects of ouabain, a specific inhibitor of (Na+, K+)-activated ATPase, differ from wild-type ouabain-sensitive (OS) ascites cells in their detachment behavior from protein-coated glass surfaces in the absence of ouabain. In the presence of ouabain OS cells are more easily detached from cultured vessel surfaces, but ouabain is either without effect (10−4 M) or inhibits detachment of OR cells (10−3 M) under similar conditions. The results are discussed in terms of the possible relationship between membrane ATPases and cell behavior.
Cannabidiol bioavailability after nasal and transdermal application: effect of permeation enhancers.

Context: The nonpsychoactive cannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD), has great potential for the treatment of chronic and ‘breakthrough’ pain that may occur in certain conditions like cancer. To fulfill this goal, suitable noninvasive drug delivery systems need to be developed for CBD. Chronic pain relief can be best achieved through the transdermal route, whereas ‘breakthrough’ pain can be best alleviated with intranasal (IN) delivery. Combining IN and transdermal delivery for CBD may serve to provide patient needs-driven treatment in the form of a nonaddictive nonopioid therapy. Objective: Herein we have evaluated the IN and transdermal delivery of CBD with and without permeation enhancers. Materials and Methods: In vivo studies in rats and guinea pigs were carried out to assess nasal and transdermal permeation, respectively. Results: CBD was absorbed intranasally within 10 minutes with a bioavailability of 34–46%, except with 100% polyethylene glycol formulation in rats. Bioavailability did not improve with en...
In vivo radioprotective activities of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC)

Abstract Studies were performed to determine whether diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) protects against radiation damage to bone marrow, jejunal crypts, testicular tubules, hair follicles, tissues in the leg responsible for leg contractures, and a fibrosarcoma (FSA) of C 3 Hf/Kam mice. In most experiments, DDC at a dose of 400 mg/kg or 1000 mg/kg body weight was given i.p. 30 minutes before single doses of gamma radiation. DDC (1000 mg/kg) given 30 minutes before whole-body irradiation protected hematopoietic stem cells by a factor (PF) of 1.59, as assessed by the LD50/30 assay, and by PFs of 1.32–1.55, as assessed by the endogenous spleen colony assay. A dose of 400 mg/kg DDC was less effective. Protection was also significant against hair loss and leg contractures; PFs produced by 1000 mg/kg DDC were 1.44 and 1.38–1.51, respectively. Jejunum was protected by 400 mg/kg DDC (PF = 1.2), but not by 1000 mg/kg. The opposite was observed with testis: 1000 mg/kg was protective (PF = 1.2), but not 400 mg/kg. DDC also protected the FSa tumor, either as lung micrometastases or as a solitary tumor in the leg. Both 400 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg DDC protected 4 day-old micrometastases by a PF of approximately 1.1. DDC at a dose of 1000 mg/kg protected 8 mm leg tumors by a PF of 1.24 at the TCD50 level. Therefore, DDC protected both normal tissues and FSA, but the degree of protection varied greatly. A therapeutic gain was achieved in some instances.
Domain regime in two-dimensional disordered vortex matter

A detailed numerical study of the real-space configuration of vortices in disordered superconductors using two-dimensional London-Langevin model is presented. The magnetic field B is varied between 0 and ${B}_{c2}$ for various pinning strengths $\ensuremath{\Delta}.$ For weak pinning, an inhomogeneous disordered vortex matter is observed, in which the topologically ordered vortex lattice survives in large domains. The majority of the dislocations in this state are confined to the grain boundaries/domain walls. Such quasiordered configurations are observed in the intermediate fields, and we refer it as the domain regime (DR). The DR is distinct from the low-field and the high-fields amorphous regimes which are characterized by a homogeneous distribution of defects over the entire system. Analysis of the real-space configuration suggests domain-wall roughening as a possible mechanism for the crossover from the DR to the high-field amorphous regime. The DR also shows a sharp crossover to the high-temperature vortex liquid phase. The domain size distribution and the roughness exponent of the lattice in the DR are also calculated. The results are compared with some of the recent Bitter decoration experiments.
SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE EVENTS AND THE KIPLINGER EFFECT

The Kiplinger effect is an observed association of solar energetic (E > 10 MeV) particle (SEP) events with a "soft-hard-harder" (SHH) spectral evolution during the extended phases of the associated solar hard (E > 30 keV) X-ray (HXR) flares. Besides its possible use as a space weather predictor of SEP events, the Kiplinger effect has been interpreted as evidence of SEP production in the flare site itself, contradicting the widely accepted view that particles of large SEP events are predominately or entirely accelerated in shocks driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs). We review earlier work to develop flare soft X-ray (SXR) and HXR spectra as SEP event forecast tools and then examine recent Reuven Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) evidence supporting the association of SHH HXR flares with large SEP events. We point out that ad hoc prediction criteria using the CME widths and SXR flare durations of associated RHESSI hard X-ray bursts (HXBs) can yield results comparable to those of the SHH prediction criteria. An examination of the RHESSI dynamic plots reveals several ambiguities in the determination of whether and when the SHH criteria are fulfilled, which must be quantified and applied consistently before an SHH-based predictive tool can be made. A comparative HXR spectral study beginning with the large population of relatively smaller SEP events has yet to be done, and we argue that those events will not be so well predicted by the SHH criteria. SHH HXR flares and CMEs are both components of large eruptive flare events, which accounts for the good connection of the SHH HXR flares with SEP events.
Multiple thermotropic state transitions in erythrocyte membranes a Laser-Raman study of the CH-stretching and acoustical regions

Abstract 1. 1. We have examined the Raman scattering from erythrocyte ghosts at 2700 cm −1 −300 cm −1 (CH-stretching region), that at low frequencies due to acoustical vibrations, as well as that due to v (CC) and v (CC) of β-carotene, in the temperature range of −30°C to +30°C. For comparison we have also evaluated the Raman spectra of liposomes composed of lecithins±cholesterol. 2. 2. Plots vs. temperature of the intensities ( I ) of the approx. 2880 cm − and 2932 cm − bands relative to the intensity of the thermally stable 2850 cm − band, i.e. the [ I 2880 / I 2830 ] and [ I 2932 / I 2850 ] ratios, reveal discontinuities in both erythrocyte membranes and liposomes. 3. 3. In erythrocyte membranes, plots of [ I ≈2880 / I 2850 ] and [ I ≈2932 / I 2850 ] reveal several discontinuities. Those reported by [ I ≈2880 / I 2850 ] occur at +170°C and approx. −4°C. The ratio [ I ≈2932 / I 2850 ] reveals a transition between −20°C and +10°C, 1 2 maximal at −8°C. The ration[ I 1527 / I 1158 ], representing the relative intensity of v (CC) vs. v (CC ) of membrane-bound β-carotene, changes discontinuously with the 17°C transition, but is stable over the rest of the temperature range studied. 4. 4. The data indicate that a major membrane-state transition takes place below 0°C but that an additional transition occurs at approx. 17°C.
The phospholipid methyltransferases in yeast

In fungal microorganisms including fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, two enzymes are required to catalyze the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) from phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The genes encoding the class I and class II phospholipid N-methyltransferases (PLMTs) have been cloned from both yeasts. The class II PLMTs catalyze the first methylation step from PE to phosphatidyl-monomethylethanolamine (PMME). Representatives of the class II type enzymes have been isolated only from yeast and the amino acid sequence of these enzymes contain regions of internal duplication. The class I PLMTs catalyze the last two methylation steps from PMME to PC. The class I PLMTs from both yeasts are homologous to the products of the phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase (PEMT) genes isolated from mouse and rat (described in the article by Vance et al. in this volume). Like the mammalian PEMT gene products, the S. cerevisiae class I enzyme can catalyze all three methylation steps to PC biosynthesis. S. cerevisiae strains, in which either the class II or class I enzyme is deleted, grow slowly in the absence of choline and exhibit low levels of PC. However, in S. pombe, mutants lacking either one of the two PLMTs are choline auxotrophs. Thus, both enzymes are required in S. pombe for maximal growth in the absence of exogenous choline. The S. cerevisiae methyltransferase genes are regulated at the level of transcription in response to the soluble precursors, inositol and choline as well as to growth phase. The mechanism of regulation of the S. pombe methyltransferases is not yet understood but appears to occur post-transcriptionally in response to choline availability. In addition, the S. pombe PLMT genes are regulated transcriptionally in response to growth phase.
Mutagenesis to aminopterin resistance in cultured hamster cells

Abstract Spontaneous hamster cell mutants resistant to aminopterin have been shown previously to contain an elevated folate reductase activity, not corrected upon somatic cell hybridization with low enzyme parent lines. In an attempt to isolate other types of aminopterin resistant mutants we have employed the chemical mutagens, ethylmethane sulfonate and nitrosoguanidine. Mutants with low resistance were produced at an increased frequency, but highly resistant clones could not be produced directly with these agents. Highly resistant lines were obtained by a second exposure to mutagens. Unexpectedly, these induced mutants contained no more folate reductase than wild-type cells. Mechanisms of resistance considered possible from work in other systems but excluded here were decreased sensitivity of the reductase to inhibition by drug, increased thymidylate synthetase activity, and decreased drug uptake. Drug catabolism or the metabolism of folate derivatives within the cell may be altered in these mutants. These results underscore the importance of defining the biochemical alterations in induced mutants, and suggest that chemical mutagens may be particularly useful in the production of novel mutants in animal cell systems.
Inhibition of Vitamin K-Dependent Carboxylase in Vitro by Cefamandole and Its Structural Analogs

Clinical use of the P3-lactam cephalosporins has resulted in a number of reports of vitamin K-responsive bleeding abnormalities. The effects of these antibiotics on the activities of vitamin K-dependent enzymes in vitro were therefore assessed. The activity of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase was inhibited by 50% by 6-10 mM cefamandole or structurally analogous cephalosporins. The inhibition was noncompetitive with respect to the pentapeptide substrate, vitamin KH2, and CO2. Vitamin K epoxide reductase was less sensitive to and only partially inhibited by cefamandole and the analogs. The possible physiologic significance of the inhibition of these enzymes in clinical hemorrhagic problems was considered. Vitamin K is a required cofactor for the posttrans
Laser-induced reactions of P700 and cytochrome f in a blue-green alga, Plectonema boryanum

Kinetics of the absorption change of P700 (blue band) and cytochrome f in whole cells of a blue-green alga, Plectonema boryanum, have been studied by Q-switched ruby-laser flash excitation (694 nm; approx. 20 nsec) to elucidate the sequential relationship of these two components in photosynthetic electron transport. “P700” was photooxidized within 2 μsec and recovered in two phases t1/2 ≅ 10 μsec and 200 μsec). Under the same conditions cytochrome f was oxidized with a half time of 15 μsec. The magnitude of the fast phase of “P700” recovery, however, diminished at lower laser intensity while the cytochrome f change remained unaffected. The result suggests that cytochrome f and P700 may not be on the same electron-transport chain.
The Basis of Epistemology: How the Mind Understands and Develops Meaning

The neurophysiological mechanism of meaning is explained as being essentially the same as that of consciousness. While consciousness and meaning are not the same semantically, at the physiological level, the difference between the two functions is mainly that, in the case of meanings, the underlying qualities are not available to consciousness and unlike consciousness, meanings are understood by the individual as being in the mind instead of in the environment. With the presupposition of the Identity Theory, both consciousness and meaning reduce to Understandings within the mind. They are similar “mental” (physical) constructions.
The Effect of Neomycin on Iron Absorption in Germfree Rats

Studies of radioiron absorption were performed on two groups of adult male germfree and open animal room rats which had been raised under special conditions. The latter were housed in germfree type isolators and shielded from further external bacterial exposure from weanling to adult life. Both groups were given a 5 day course of neomycin treatment and 1 day later radioiron was administered by intragastric instillation. Both groups showed an increase in radioiron absorption and total serum iron level over controls at death 7 days following intragastric instillation. Our findings suggest that the neomycin effect on iron absorption is a complex one which may operate in the absence of living bacteria.