cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cooperative control for self-organizing microgrids and game strategies for optimal dispatch of distributed renewable generations

The small size, extensively dispersed and decentralized, and high penetration level of renewable energy sources in the future smart grids make the application of conventional optimal power flow (OPF) neither practical nor economical. In this paper, a practical approach is proposed to realize high penetration of distributed generators (DGs) by organizing them in some groups within a microgrid and dispatching the generated power aggregately. Each group may have virtual leaders which define the power policy of the group, and all other DGs cooperatively follow that policy. A fair utilization ratio is defined and will be introduced to the group by the virtual leaders. The utilization ratio indicates what percentage of the available power each DG has to feed to the grid, and this ratio will also be propagated within the group using cooperative control. As such, a smartgrid may treat microgrids as individually dispatchable loads or generators. Meanwhile, the interaction between each microgrid and the main grid can be formulated as a Stackelberg game. The main grid as the leader, by offering proper energy price to the micro grid, minimizes its cost and secures the power supply that the microgrid, as the follower, is willing to dispatch. It is shown that this game theoretic approach not only guarantees profit optimization, but also provides a convenient technique to optimize power flow from microgrids to the main grid. Numerical and simulation results for a case of study are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed techniques.
Ceremony, Rites, and Economy in the Student System of an American High School

Recently, John L. Fischer described as "common sense" the view that the progress of civilization leads to the reduced importance of ritual. If one changes "progress of civilization" to "urbanization," Fischer's description seems to understate the professional respectability of the proponents of this position. Only five years ago, Max Gluckman expressed the view that "modern urban life" is correlated with the disappearance of the ritualization of social relations.
Subcellular Fractions of Adult and Developing Rat Cerebellum

Subcellular particles from the cerebella of rats ranging in age from newborn to adult have been obtained and studied by electron microscopic procedures. The material was homogenized in sucrose and successive centrifugations yielded a heterogeneous “nuclear” pellet containing free nuclei and cell debris, and a microsomal-ribosomal fraction in which three zones were distinguished: (a) the top, consisting of microsomes; (b) the bottom, formed exclusively by ribosomes; and (c) the middle, by both constituents mixed together. The fraction was free of contamination by other particles. A third pellet obtained from the previous centrifugations was layered on a discontinuous Ficoll-sucrose gradient. After centrifugation it yielded six bands, named, from top to bottom, A-F. Fraction A contained uncontaminated myelin fragments. B was made up of synaptosomes and occasional free mitochondria. F was a fraction largely formed of intact mitochondria. Bands C, D and E located between B and F were mixtures of synaptosomes and free mitochondria. There were changes in the fractions related to the age of the animals. No fraction A was obtainable during the first ten postnatal days, the number of synaptic vesicles per synaptosome increased in fractions taken during the second week, and augmentation of mitochondrial cristae was noted during the first three weeks. The isolation of fractions of uniform myelin fragments, synaptosomes, mitochondria, and microsomes-ribosomes from the developing cerebellum extends the possibility of biochemical analysis at subcellular level during the histogenesis of this organ.
Axis Formation— β-Catenin Catches a Wnt

In this issue of Cell, the Heasman group implicates Wnt11 as a component of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway that specifies Xenopus laevis axis formation (Tao et al., 2005). This important work not only identifies a long-sought-after dorsalizing factor but also highlights the pivotal role of extracellular cofactors in specifying the activation of either canonical or noncanonical Wnt pathways.
An Experimental Study of Vortex Flow on a Slender Body at Large Incidence

AN experimental investigation has been performed of the flow on the leeward side of a slender body of revolution at high angle of attack at Mach numbers of 0.6 and 0.7 and a unit Reynolds number of approximately 7 x 106/m. Hot film anemometers have been used to obtain the data. The asymmetry and steadiness of the vortex shedding pattern are ascertained. Representative mean velocity and turbulence intensity values are presented together with power spectral densities of the hot film output. Schlieren photography illustrates the flowfield.
Stimulation of rat liver lysosomal lipase by lipid and by acidic phospholipids

Summary Triglyceride lipase of lysosomes purified from rat liver is stimulated by endogenous lipid. Preparation of the lipase activity, in soluble form free of factor, has been accomplished by a two step differential centrifugation. The particle bound, lipase stimulating factor of rat liver homogenates is heat stable (10 min at 100°) and non-dialyzable. It can be solubilized in 2% Triton X100 by heating at 70° for 10 min, and is extractable by and recoverable from lipid solvents. The soluble lipase is stimulated 6-fold by phosphatidic acid and 20-fold by brain fractions containing either phosphatidyl inositide or phosphatidyl serine.
Catalytic cracking of alkylbenzenes: Modeling the reaction pathways and mechanisms

Abstract The catalytic cracking reaction pathways and mechanisms of 1-phenylhexane, 1-phenyloctane and 1-phenyldecane were studied. Experiments at 500°C with a rare earth Y (REY) catalyst indicated that the dominant reactions included dealkylation and cracking in the alkyl side chain. To describe these results, a mechanistic model of the catalytic cracking of 1-phenyloctane was developed using a novel mechanism-based lumping scheme that exploits the chemical similarities within reaction families. The formal application of 17 reaction family matrices, which correspond to 15 reaction family classes, to the matrix representations of the reactants and derived products generated the model. The reaction family concept was further exploited to constrain the kinetics within each reaction family to follow a quantitative structure/reactivity Polanyi relationship. Ultimately, eight Polanyi relationship parameters, one catalyst specific parameter and three coking/deactivation parameters were optimized using experimental data. The resulting model correlations were excellent, as the overall parity between experimental and model values was y Model =0.00131+0.994y Exp with a correlation coefficient of 0.998.
Structure and functions of human kininogens

Abstract Evidence has accumulated over the past three decades implicating plasma kininogens in numerous inflammatory processes. Delineation of the detailed biochemistry and, more recently, the molecular biology of the human kininogens has resulted in a deeper understanding of the structure-function correlations of the human kininogens. Studies of alterations of human kininogens in disease states have yielded information about the mechanisms of their involvement in inflammatory states. Here, Raul DeLa Cadena and Robert Colman summarize kirinogen function in relation to structure and diagnostic and therapeutic potential.
REPRODUCTIVE AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON A SEA URCHIN, STOMOPNEUSTES VARIOLARIS, FROM MADRAS HARBOR.

Abstract 1. 1. The gonad index of population samples of sea urchins was found to vary periodically suggesting an annual cycle of reproduction. However, at all times during the year some gravid individuals with ripe eggs or sperms could be obtained, even though the average gonad size was small. 2. 2. The greatest mass of soft tissue in a gravid sea urchin is the gonad; less tissue is present in the body wall (as indicated by its protein content), and least in the gut. 3. 3. Considerable lipid is stored in sea urchin tissues, most in the gonads of a gravid individual. In a spent or immature individual more lipid per animal is present in the body wall than in the gonad. The gut also has appreciate lipid reserves. 4. 4. Phospholipids are more prominent in the gut and body wall than in the gonads, which contain more fatty acids, triglycerides, sterols and carotenoids. Glycogen is present in all tissues in small amounts. The protein and non-protein nitrogen content is high in gonad and gut wall and low in the body wall (least in the spines). In the tests made, no clear-cut biochemical variation was noted with breeding conditions.
Council member perceptions regarding representational and service delivery effectiveness in Wisconsin

Abstract Local governments are under increasing pressure to effectively represent various political interests within communities. This study attempts to measure and explain city council member perceptions of representational and service delivery effectiveness of local governments for a sample of communities in Wisconsin. The authors hypothesize that variables from several categories are related to representational and service delivery effectiveness, and that these two variables are strongly related.
The impact of supplementary feeding and home education on physical growth of disadvantaged children

Abstract Urban Colombia families with malnourished children were randomly assigned to treatment groups receiving either or both of a diet supplement and a home education program. The effectiveness of these interventions, both separately and interactively, in augmenting the physical growth of children during the first 36 months of life was assessed longitudinally. Children receiving the supplement were significantly taller and heavier than nonsupplemented controls after three months. Proportional weight for height over age was similar in all groups, while the supplement ameliorated the trend toward stunting. Home education moderately enhanced the supplementation effect, but alone did not improve growth. It is concluded that stunting without concomitant wasting may result from long-term deficiencies in calorie and protein intake and/or frequent disease episodes. Under such circumstances, measures of wasting (weight for height) would not be sensitive to the impact of long-term programs. Height for age would be a preferable outcome variable.
Fulleride superconductors and orientational order: Tc vs lattice constant in Na2RbxCs1−xC60

Abstract The effect of orientational order on fulleride superconductivity was studied by performing DC SQUID magnetometry and high-resolution x-ray diffraction on the title quaternary phases. These are all simple cubic, Pa3space group, with the same molecular orientational order as occurs in pure C60. The Tc vs. lattice constant correlation is much steeper than is found for the merohedrally-disordered Fm3m phases, implying the possibility of large Tc enhancements with only minor additional dilation of the sc lattice. The effect of orientational order can be rationalized as primarily due to a density of states effect.
Incongruent dissolution of wollastonite measured with vertical scanning interferometry

In this study, we investigated the dissolution kinetics of wollastonite, a pyroxenoid with composition CaSiO 3 , at earth-surface temperatures. We used vertical scanning interferometry (VSI) to quantify the surface normal retreat (or advance) of a crystallographically defined cleavage face on a single wollastonite crystal as a function of time. Nanometer-scale measurements of (100) faces show that the wollastonite surface undergoes a net expansion normal to the surface and relative to the pristine mineral surface. These observations were made during the dissolution process at acidic conditions. The swelling is the result of the formation of a cation-depleted layer at the wollastonite-water interface. We combined VSI measurements with electron microprobe measurements to track the chemical evolution of the leached layer during dissolution, and then used previously reported Ca release rates to calculate the density of the cation-depleted layer. Using an average Ca release of 9.09 × 10 −9 mol/m 2 ·s at pH 3 and 25 °C, the density of the leached layer is 1.2 g/cm 3 , and grows to a thickness of ~50 nm after 20 hours of reaction. Although our observations do show direct evidence of the formation of a cation-depleted layer during dissolution, they do not favor a particular mechanism of formation of this layer. At this time, our results cannot rule out either cation migration through the depleted crystal structure or re-precipitation at the mineral surface.
Effects of spinal manipulation on trunk proprioception in subjects with chronic low back pain during symptom remission.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the immediate effects of spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) on trunk proprioception in subjects with asymptomatic chronic low back pain (CLBP) and determine if those effects lasted 1 week. Methods This unbalanced randomized controlled crossover design examined 33 subjects with CLBP. Proprioception was tested via joint position sense, threshold to detect passive motion (TTDPM), direction of motion (DM), and force reproduction. Each subject received lumbar manipulation or a sham procedure followed by proprioception retest. This procedure was repeated 1 week later using the opposing treatment. Subjects receiving SMT in the second session returned a third time receiving the sham procedure again. Results Spinal manipulative therapy produced an effect for TTDPM in the manipulation first group (P = .008), the sham procedure produced an effect for joint position sense in the sham first group (P = .005). Spinal manipulative therapy had a 1-week effect for the manipulation first group (P = .006). No effect was noted for either DM or force reproduction. Conclusions Results suggest SMT had minimal immediate effect on trunk proprioception. The effects noted occurred in session 1, implicating learning as a potential source. Learning, from repetitive proprioception training, may enhance neuromuscular control in subjects with CLBP before the use of therapeutic exercise. Subjects showed smaller deficits than previously reported for TTDPM or DM, suggesting proprioception deficits may correlate with pain level.
Cloning and characterization of the gene coding for cytoplasmic seryl-tRNA synthetase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract We have screened a Saccharomyces cerevisiae expression library with antibodies against seryl-tRNA synthetase (SerRS) from baker's yeast. In this way we obtained clones which contain serS, the structural gene for seryl-tRNA synthetase. Genomic Southern blots show that the serS gene resides on a 5.0 kb SalI fragment. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the genes revealed a single open reading frame from which we deduced the amino acid sequence of the enzyme consistent with that of two peptides isolated from SerRS. The enzyme is comprised of 462 amino acids consistent with earlier determinations of its molecular weight. The codon usage of serS is typical of abundant yeast proteins. Nuclease S1 analysis of serS mRNA defined the RNA initiation site 20-40 bases downstream from an AT rich sequence containing the TATA box and 21-39 nucleotides upstream of the translation initiation codon. Yeast strains transformed with the cloned gene overproduce seryl-tRNA synthetase in vivo.
Analysis of the neural extended Kalman filter for target tracking using different neural network functions

The neural extended Kalman filter is an adaptive estimation technique that has been shown to improve target-tracking performance when the target is maneuvering. The technique relies upon a neural network which is trained on-line to modify the target motion model. Different mathematical functions have been proposed and implemented as the hidden-layer squashing function of the neural network. For a general tracking application where a wide variety of targets with different maneuver specifications are present, the performance of these different hidden layer functions is analyzed to provide a baseline metric for meaningful comparison and evaluation. Using these results, the neural extended Kalman filter tracking system with the overall best tracking performance for manoeuvring targets can be selected.
Strong Unique Continuation for the Navier–Stokes Equation with Non-Analytic Forcing

We establish the strong unique continuation property for differences of solutions to the Navier–Stokes system with Gevrey forcing. For this purpose, we provide Carleman-type inequalities with the same singular weight for the Laplacian and the heat operator.
Energy-Efficient and Fault-Tolerant Unified Buffer and Bufferless Crossbar Architecture for NoCs

Network-on-Chip (NoC) architecture is considered to be an attractive solution to overcome the combined problems of limited bandwidth and scalability in multicores. Input buffering at the router allows the network to sustain the accepted throughput without performance degradation. However, the input buffers consume a substantial portion of the total power budget, and there have been proposals to reduce the size of these buffers. Eliminating buffers altogether can also reduce the power consumption at low network loads, however at higher loads when conflicts are frequent, deflecting or dropping packets can lead to higher power. In this paper, with both enhancing performance and decreasing power consumption as our goals, we propose a dual-input crossbar design called DXbar, which combines the advantages of buffer less networks to enable low-latency routing at low network load and limited buffering capability to handle excessive packets at high network load. Moreover, we also propose a unified dual-input crossbar that combines the buffer less and buffered approach in one integrated architecture. The dual crossbar network naturally provides fault tolerance and improves the reliability of the network. Dual-input crossbar architecture improves the area overhead, while providing similar performance as dual crossbar architecture. DXbar design not only has superior performance compared to the state-of-the-art designs based on similar motivation, but also achieves significant power savings. The simulation results of the proposed methodology show that DXbar achieves over 15-20% performance improvement and saves at least 15% power over the baseline design for synthetic and Splash-2 benchmarks. We further evaluated the performance by injecting varying percentage of faults into the network for both DOR and WF adaptive routing algorithms. Our results indicate that DOR outperforms WF adaptive routing algorithm at high network loads with increasing percentage of faults.
Studies concerning the inhibition of cellular reproduction by deoxyribonucleosides: II. Inhibition of the synthesis of deoxycytidine by thymidine, deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine

Abstract Inhibition of the reproduction of L5178Y and P815Y cells by high concentrations of thymidine can be prevented by relatively low concentrations of deoxycytidine. Neither cytidine nor any other pyrimidine or purine ribo- or deoxyribonucleoside can duplicate this effect. Whole-cell experiments on the uptake of radioisotopes demonstrate that grown-inhibitory levels of thymidine inhibit the synthesis of acid-soluble deCMP. Moreover, a phosphorylated derivative of thymidine effectively inhibits the conversion of CMP to deCMP, thereby causing a deficiency of one of the precursors of DNA, a circumstance which leads primarily to a failure of DNA synthesis and secondarily of cell division.
Teleseismic and Earth Noise Monitoring with the Block-Moore Quartz Accelerometer

Summary A study has been made of some recent data recorded through the seismic channel of a broad-band vertical quartz accelerometer operating near San Diego, California. Such a study has provided information concerning instrument capabilities for detection of surface waves from small teleseisms and Earth noise levels, including temporal variations. The data suggest that detection thresholds of the same order as those of the high-gain long-period installation at Ogdensburg are attainable at a surface site with the quartz instrument. Indications are that an approximate 10db gain in surface wave detection would in general provide high probability of detection (c. 0°85) of mb= 4 earthquakes at distances of ˜40°. In addition, results suggest that noise levels in the range 5–200s recorded at this site with the accelerometer are comparable to those obtained at other surface sites, and somewhat higher than those obtained at depth for periods longer than about 30s. A study of number of events recorded has demonstrated that nearly half (˜47 per cent) of all events reported by the NOAA PDE program were detected.
Detrusor-Sphincter Dyssynergia

Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia refers to failure of the urethral sphincter to relax during detrusor contraction. The cause is a central nervous system lesion located between the brain stem micturition center and the sacral spinal cord. This is an extremely rare condition in cats. It may be confused with a failure of urethral relaxation due to local urethral causes such as inflammation or edema. This article reviews detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia to allow the reader to distinguish this rare condition from more common conditions that prevent bladder emptying.
Systolic array implementation of block based Hopfield neural network for pattern association

This paper suggests a systolic array implementation of block based Hopfield neural network architecture using completely digital circuits. The design is based on rewriting the energy equation of the Hopfield neural network to a systolic (or modular) form. The performance of the proposed architecture is evaluated by applying various binary inputs and it is observed that the network provides massive parallelism and can be extended by cascading identical chips.
Risk Factor Associations With the Presence of a Lipid Core in Carotid Plaque of Asymptomatic Individuals Using High-Resolution MRI The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Background and Purpose— Atheroma vulnerability to rupture is increased in the presence of a large lipid core. Factors associated with a lipid core in the general population have not been studied. M...
Agricultural Bank Portfolio Adjustments to Risk

An asset allocation model is developed in which the bank's problem is one of selecting the mix of loan assets and securities that will generate desired levels of portfolio return and risk. A reduced-form, econometric model is derived and historical rural bank asset allocations are predicted. Asset equations show consistency with the framework of equilibrium adjustments under uncertainty. Higher expected default rates on variable rate loans result in significant joint effects, which alter a bank's optimal allocation.
Perceptions of African American faculty in kinesiology-based programs at predominantly White American institutions of higher education.

The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of African American faculty on their organizational socialization in kinesiology-based (i.e., sport pedagogy, exercise physiology, motor behavior, sport management/history) programs at predominantly White American1 institutions of higher education (PW-IHE). Participants were 9 African American tenure-track faculty members from various kinesiology-based programs at PW-IHE. Data were gathered via interviewing and analyzed within the framework of critical race theory (Ladson-Billings, 2000). Findings are presented using storytelling and thematic narratives. Interviews with the participants revealed four major recurring themes with regard to: (a) resources, opportunities, and power structures; (b) programmatic neglects and faculty mentoring needs; (c) social isolation, disengagement, and intellectual inferiority issues; and (d) double standards, marginalization, and scholarship biases. This study suggests that faculty and administrators at PW-IHE should...
Analysis and Experiments of Hydrogen Peroxide Vaporization and Decomposition

Accurate prediction of rocket engine combustor performance and near wall environments is key in meeting design requirements for performance and life. A significant improvement in the productivity (efficiency, accuracy, innovation) of the injector design process can be made through the ability to accurately evaluate the combustion characteristics early in the design phase before full-scale hardware is designed, built, and tested. An effort is described that uses a well-instrumented subscale combustor to measure axial pressure profiles along with one-dimensional numerical modeling to determine the axial energy release profile in the combustor. A liquid spray of high concentration hydrogen peroxide (HP) was injected into a gas stream comprising decomposed products of HP from a catalyst bed at chamber pressures ranging from 200 to 900 psia. A monopropellant was chosen as the initial flow test case during the preliminary development phase of the research described here because it offers a severe test of the measurements (pressure drops are relatively small) and it presents a number of approximate, simplifying conditions, principle among them being that the properties of the fully decomposed products (temperature, specific heat, and molecular weight) are constant.. Chamber pressure, axial pressure gradient, and local heat flux were measured. The effects of area variation, mass and enthalpy addition, heat transfer, and frictional effects were evaluated. A study of injector design, contraction ratio, and chamber length effects was also undertaken. Operating parameters including mass flow rate fraction (gas-to-liquid), HP concentration, gas-to-liquid momentum ratio and residence time were also examined to evaluate their effects on the thermal decomposition of the injected HP. The model and experimental approach are being readied for their application to high-pressure bipropellant flows.
Architectural Support for Run-Time Validation of Control Flow Transfer

Current micro-architecture blindly uses the address in the program counter to fetch and execute instructions without validating its legitimacy. Whenever this blind-folded instruction sequencing is not properly addressed at a higher level by system, it becomes a vulnerability of control data attacks, today's dominant and most critical security threats. To remedy it, this paper proposes a micro-architectural mechanism to validate control flow transfer at run-time at machine instruction level. It is proposed to have a hardware table consisting of legitimate indirect branches and their target pairs (IBPs) to aid the validation. The IBP table is implemented in the form of a cascading Bloom filter to store the security information as well as to enable fast validating. Based on a key observation that branch prediction unit existing in most speculative-execution processors already provides a portion of the control flow validation, our scheme activates the validation only on indirect branch mis-predictions. Because of the Bloom filter and the rarity of mis-predictions of indirect branches, the validation incurs moderate storage overhead and little performance penalty.
Practical performance model for optimizing dynamic load balancing of adaptive applications

Optimizing the performance of dynamic load balancing toolkits and applications requires the adjustment of several runtime parameters; however, determining sufficiently good values for these parameters through repeated experimentation can be an expensive and prohibitive process. We describe an analytic modeling method which allows developers to study and optimize adaptive application performance in the presence of dynamic load balancing. To aid tractibility, we first derive a "bi-modal" step function which simplifies and approximates task execution behavior. This allows for the creation of an analytic modeling function which captures the dynamic behavior of adaptive and asynchronous applications, enabling accurate predictions of runtime performance. We validate our technique using synthetic micro-benchmarks and a parallel mesh generation application and demonstrate that this technique, when used in conjunction with the PREMA runtime toolkit, can offer users significant performance improvements over several well-known load balancing tools used in practice today.
Bridging Practices: Intertwining Content and Pedagogy in Teaching and Learning to Teach

Subject matter and pedagogy have been peculiarly and persistently divided in the conceptualization and curriculum of teacher education and learning to teach. This fragmentation of practice leaves t...
Utilization of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy and Induced Hypothermia After Hydrogen Sulfide Exposure

Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic gas produced as a by-product of organic waste and many industrial processes. Hydrogen sulfide exposure symptoms may vary from mild (dizziness, headaches, nausea) to severe lactic acidosis via its inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation, leading to cardiac arrhythmias and death. Treatment is generally supportive. We report the case of a patient presenting with cardiac arrest secondary to hydrogen sulfide exposure treated with both hyperbaric oxygen therapy and therapeutic hypothermia to achieve full neurologic recovery.
Alternative splicing and differential targeting of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 in the pregnant rat uterus.

Recent studies suggest that steroid effects on uterine cell proliferation may be moderated by polypeptide growth factors. We now provide evidence that high affinity fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors are present temporally and spatially in the pregnant rat uterus (days 4-6) to support the idea that basic FGF action occurs via binding to its high affinity FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain amplification indicates that both the full-length transcript and an alternatively spliced messenger RNA are present in the uterus. Western immunoblot analysis confirms that rat uterine membrane proteins contain two receptor isoforms, and these receptors bind basic FGF with high affinity and specificity. Immunolocalization of FGFR1 revealed receptor-positive cells in both the uterine stroma and epithelia on days 4-6 of pregnancy. However, the receptor was differentially localized in the disparate cell types. The nuclei of stromal cells were positive for FGFR1, whereas epithelial cell nucl...
MOVEMENT AND SPATIAL POPULATION STRUCTURE OF A PRAIRIE PLANTHOPPER

The transfer of organisms among patches is a key process influencing the spatial structure and regional dynamics of a population; yet, detailed experimental studies of animal movement among patches are uncommon. I performed a series of mark–recapture studies to quantify the movement of a planthopper, Prokelisia crocea (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), among discrete patches of its host plant, prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata). Results from these dispersal studies were used to predict the natural distributions and to characterize the spatial population structure of P. crocea. Planthopper emigration loss per patch increased linearly with the density of female conspecifics and was nonlinearly related to patch size (small > large > intermediate sized patches). Planthopper spatial spread was diffusive and 2.7 times faster among cordgrass patches in a heterogeneous habitat (patches embedded in nonhost vegetation) than within a homogeneous habitat (pure cordgrass). Immigration by planthoppers was an increasing function of patch size but was independent of patch isolation (at the scale of this study). The natural distribution of planthoppers in a prairie fragment, obtained from a survey of 146 cordgrass patches over five generations, was well predicted from the dispersal experiments. Planthopper densities and patch occupancy rates were positively correlated with patch size (cordgrass patches ≥0.8 ha were continually occupied), but uncorrelated with patch isolation. Based on this survey, the rate of patch extinction was 21% per generation, highest in small and moderately isolated patches, and approximately equal to the recolonization rate per generation. Finally, the dynamics of local patch populations were asynchronous, even for patch pairs <10 m apart. I conclude that P. crocea exhibits a population structure most closely resembling a mainland–island metapopulation, but with high patch connectivity. Under these circumstances, processes operating within the few mainland patches are probably more important than regional processes (patch extinctions/recolonizations) in influencing population persistence. Corresponding Editor: N. J. Gotelli.
Phase resetting and entrainment of pacemaker activity in single sinus nodal cells.

The phase-resetting and entrainment properties of single pacemaker cells were studied using computer simulations in a model of the rabbit sinus nodal cell, as well as using the whole-cell patch-clamp (current-clamp) technique in isolated rabbit sinus nodal cells. Spontaneous electrical activity in the cell model was reconstructed using Hodgkin-Huxley-type equations describing time- and voltage-dependent membrane currents. In both simulations and experiments, single subthreshold current pulses (depolarizing or hyperpolarizing) were used to scan the spontaneous cycle of the cells. Such pulses perturbed the subsequent discharge, producing temporary phasic changes in pacemaker period, and enabled the construction of phase response curves. On the basis of these results, we studied entrainment characteristics of the cells. For example, application of repetitive pulses allowed for phasic changes in the spontaneous cycle and resulted in stable 1:1 entrainment at a range of basic cycle length around the spontaneous cycle, or a 2:1 pattern at basic cycle length values about half the spontaneous cycle length. Between the two entrainment zones, complex Wenckebach-like patterns (e.g., 5:4, 4:3, and 3:2) were observed. The experimental data from the isolated cell were further analyzed from a theoretical perspective, and the results showed that the topological characteristics of the phase-resetting behavior accounts for the experimentally observed patterns during repetitive stimulation of the cell. This first demonstration of phase resetting in single cells provides the basis for phenomena such as mutual entrainment between electrically coupled pacemaker cells, apparent intranodal conduction, and reflex vagal control of heart rate.
Post-Hospital Management of Myocardial Infarction

Over the last decade there has been considerable interest in analyzing differences in outcome among patients with “nontransmural” versus “transmural” infarction [1–10]. Although these terms have been used for many years to classify patients after serial electrocardiographic evaluation, the correlation between “transmural” and Q-wave infarction or between “nontransmural” and non-Q-wave infarction with regard to pathological findings is imperfect [11]. Infarctions found to be transmural on pathological examination can occur in the absence of Q waves on the ECG, while those found to be nontransmural may be associated with the appearance of new Q waves [12]. We prefer to describe infarcts as being either Q-wave or non-Q-wave on the basis of serial ECG evaluation. In most instances of Q-wave infarction, the infarct will most likely, but not necessarily, be transmural.
Insights into cellular energy metabolism from transgenic mice

Rapid progress in manipulating the mouse genome now makes it possible to express any cloned gene in virtually any cell type of the mouse. Homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells allows the specific mutation of any gene. These tools are finding widespread application to problems in cell biology and physiology. After a brief description of some of the molecular genetic techniques available for the mouse, the application of transgenic mice to problems in cellular energy metabolism is discussed. The effects of increasing glucose transport on carbohydrate metabolism in muscle and fat are presented. Experiments using a transgenic mouse expressing creatine kinase in liver to understand ATP catabolism and regulation of oxidative phosphorylation are discussed. Finally, mice either lacking or misexpressing different isoforms of creatine kinase have been useful for understanding the detailed role of this important enzyme in cellular energy metabolism.
Destruction of Phenylalanine by Ultraviolet Radiant Energy

The following changes have been observed to occur when dl-phenylalanine is exposed to ultraviolet radiant energy:1. Spiegel-Adolf1 reported that solutions of phenylalanine exposed to ultraviolet rays become pigmented. Pigment formation was most marked in neutral solution, but acid and alkaline solutions also became red-brown after prolonged irradiation. During the present investigation, these findings were confirmed. Moreover, when dilute sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid solutions of the amino acid were exposed to the ultraviolet rays, a small amount of dark brown material precipitated; this material formed colloidal solutions in dilute sodium hydroxide solution, but was insoluble in dilute acid solution. Much of the soluble pigment of the irradiated solutions could be removed by alternate additions of strong sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid solutions; or by extraction from strongly acid solution with butyl alcohol.2. Irradiated neutral, acid, or alkaline solutions of phenylalanine were found in the p...
How to measure absolute P3HT crystallinity via 13C CPMAS NMR

We outline the details of acquiring quantitative 13 C cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS) nuclear magnetic resonance on the most ubiquitous polymer for organic electronic applications, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), despite other groups' claims that CPMAS of P3HT is strictly nonquantitative. We lay out the optimal experimental conditions for measuring crystallinity in P3HT, which is a parameter that has proven to be critical in the electrical performance of P3HT-containing organic photovoltaics but remains difficult to measure by scattering/diffraction and optical methods despite considerable efforts. Herein, we overview the spectral acquisition conditions of the two P3HT films with different crystallinities (0.47 and 0.55) and point out that because of the chemical similarity of P3HT to other alkyl side chain, highly conjugated main chain polymers, our protocol could straightforwardly be extended to other organic electronic materials. Variable temperature 1 H NMR results are shown as well, which (i) yield insight into the molecular dynamics of P3HT, (ii) add context for spectral editing techniques as applied to quantifying crystallinity, and (iii) show why T1ρH , the 1 H spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame, is a more optimal relaxation filter for distinguishing between crystalline and noncrystalline phases of highly conjugated alkyl side-chain polymers than other relaxation times such as the 1 H spin-spin relaxation time, T2H , and the spin-lattice relaxation time in the toggling frame, T1xzH . A 7 ms T1ρH spin lock filter, prior to CPMAS, allows for spectroscopic separation of crystalline and noncrystalline 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance signals. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Analysis of operation and fault of HV switchgear

The operation situation of 12～800 kV switchgear in 2005 is analyzed statistically.Based on statistic data,situation and cause of unscheduled outage of HV circuit breakers,the fault cause and fault type of HV circuit breakers and disconnecting switches are analyzed,existed main problems for HV switchgear and precautions that can be taken are presented.
Covalently Bound Clusters of Alpha-Substituted PDI—Rival Electron Acceptors to Fullerene for Organic Solar Cells

A cluster type of electron acceptor, TPB, bearing four α-perylenediimides (PDIs), was developed, in which the four PDIs form a cross-like molecular conformation while still partially conjugated with the BDT-Th core. The blend TPB:PTB7-Th films show favorable morphology and efficient charge dissociation. The inverted solar cells exhibited the highest PCE of 8.47% with the extraordinarily high Jsc values (>18 mA/cm2), comparable with those of the corresponding PC71BM/PTB7-Th-based solar cells.
Delusions of Decline: US Global Power in a Turbulent Era

Consider the following country in the year 2030: Its overstretched military occupies several populous countries. Innovation and productivity at home have stagnated. Prohibitive trade barriers insulate its beleaguered firms from global competition while few still demand its once formidable currency. The former steady flow of immigrants has dwindled to a trickle; and students migrate elsewhere to train. Unmitigated health care inflation has overwhelmed the national finances while reliance on unfriendly creditors reaches alarming proportions. A proliferation of menacing state and non-state actors underscores the country’s diminished influence and stature.
Three-dimensional macroporous graphene scaffolds for tissue engineering

The assembly of carbon nanomaterials into three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds is critical to harness their unique physiochemical properties for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. In this study, we report the fabrication, characterization, and in vitro cytocompatibility of true 3D (>1 mm in all three dimensions), macroscopic (3-8 mm in height and 4-6 mm in diameter), chemically cross-linked graphene scaffolds prepared via radical initiated thermal cross-linking of single- and multiwalled graphene oxide nanoribbons (SWGONRs and MWGONRs). SWGONR and MWGONR scaffolds possess tunable porosity (∼65-80%) and interconnected macro-, micro-, and nanoscale pores. Human adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) and murine MC3T3 preosteoblast cells show good cell viability on SWGONR and MWGONR scaffolds after 1, 3, and 5 days comparable to 3D poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) scaffolds. Confocal live-cell imaging showed that cells were metabolically active and could spread on SWGONR and MWGONR scaffolds. Immunofluorescence imaging showed the presence of focal adhesion protein vinculin and expression of cell proliferation marker Ki-67 suggesting that cells could attach and proliferate on SWGONR and MWGONR scaffolds. These results indicate that cross-linked SWGONR and MWGONR scaffolds are cytocompatible and opens-avenues toward the development of 3D multifunctional graphene scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 73-83, 2017.
A “Living Magazine”: Hugo Ball's Cabaret Voltaire

By putting Hugo Ball's anthology Cabaret Voltaire (1916) into dialogue with the live performances at the Cabaret Voltaire, this essay offers a refreshed view of this seminal Dada document. It approaches Cabaret Voltaire as a “living magazine,” a phrase Ball used to describe the space at Spiegelgasse No. 1 in Zurich. The publication's cabaret-like characteristics, mobility, and constantly changing identity made it markedly animated and dynamic. Tristan Tzara reframed Cabaret Voltaire—conceived initially as an anthology that documented events—as a transportable, active magazine for promoting Dada and his own periodical, Dada. By defying conventional divisions between performance and print media, Cabaret Voltaire facilitated the Dadaists' notable debunking of privileging the live over the mediated. The importance of the magazine in negotiating this reconception continued half a century later, in the form of the 1970s zine, CabVolt, which again reinvented Ball's publication.
Understanding Protein Structure Deformation on the Surface of Gold Nanoparticles of Varying Size.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been of recent interest due to their unique optical properties and their biocompatibility. Biomolecules spontaneously adsorb to their surface, a trait that could potentially be exploited for drug targeting. Currently, it is unclear whether protein–AuNP interactions at the nanoparticle surface are dependent on nanoparticle size. In this work, we investigate whether varying surface curvature can induce protein unfolding and multilayer binding in citrate-coated AuNPs of various sizes. A recently developed NMR-based approach was utilized to determine the adsorption capacity, and protein NMR spectra were compared to determine whether nanoparticle size influences protein interactions at the surface. In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were employed to corroborate the NMR studies. Over a broad range of AuNP sizes (14–86 nm), we show that adsorption capacity can be predicted by assuming that proteins are compact and globular on the...
Frailty is independently associated with increased hospitalisation days in patients on the liver transplant waitlist.

Frailty is independently associated with increased hospitalisation days in patients on the liver transplant waitlist
Accelerating technology innovations by early understanding of fundamental and technology limitations of material synthesis and device operation

Timely technology transition with minimal risk requires an understanding of fundamental and technology limitations of material synthesis, device operation and design controllable parameters. However, this knowledge-based approach requires substantial investment of resources in the Science and Technology (ST) stage of development. For low volume niche semiconductor technologies of Department of Defense (DoD) relevance, there is little drive for industry to expend their limited resources towards basic research simply because there is no significant return on investment. As a result, technology transition from ST to product development is often delayed, expensive and carries risks. The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is addressing this problem by establishing a Center for Semiconductor Modeling of Materials and Devices (CSM) that brings together government, academia, and industry in a collaborative fashion to address research opportunities through its Open Campus initiative. This Center leverages combined core competencies of partner organizations, which include a broad knowledge base in modeling, and its validation; sharing of computational, characterization, materials growth and device processing resources; project continuity; and ‘extension of the bench’ via exchange of researchers between affiliated entities. A critical DoD technology is sensing in the infrared (IR) spectrum, where understanding of materials, devices and methods for sensing and processing IR information must continually improve to maintain superiority in combat. In this paper we focus on the historical evolution of IR technology and emphasize the need for understanding of material properties and device operation to accelerate innovation and shorten the cycle time, thereby ensuring timely transition of technology to product development and manufacturing. There are currently two competing IR technologies being pursued, namely the incumbent II-VI Hg 1 - x Cd x Te technology and the III-V Type 2 Superlattices (SLs) technology. A goal of the CSM is to develop physics based models for Type 2 SLs with the capability to timely understand the knowledge gap between what is built and what is designed.
Chest Wall Reconstruction Without Prosthetic Material

The surgical resection of primary and secondary tumors involving the chest wall often requires reconstruction with prosthetic and soft tissues, such as muscle flaps. There are situations when a soft tissue reconstruction of the chest wall is preferable. Prosthetic material can become infected and require reoperation for removal of the infected material. Rigid prosthetic materials can result in chest wall pain and deformity. Muscle is the soft tissue of choice for coverage of full-thickness chest wall defects with or without prosthetic material. Muscle flaps can be transferred to chest wall defects with either pedicle muscle transposition or free muscle transfer.