cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A proof of Fermat's last theorem using elementary algebra

In 1995, A. Wiles [1,2] announced a proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, which is stated as follows: If \(\pi\) is an odd prime and \(x\), \(y\), \(z\) are relatively prime positive integers, then \(z^\pi\not=x^\pi+y^\pi.\) In this note, a simpler proof of this theorem is offered. It is proved that if \(\pi\) is an odd prime and \(x\), \(y\), \(z\) are positive integers satisfying \(z^\pi=x^\pi+y^\pi,\) then \(x\), \(y,\) and \(z\) are each divisible by \(\pi\). The proof offered by Wiles uses cyclic groups. It is the purpose of this note to offer a proof of this result, with techniques within the grasp of Fermat.
Phospho-BAD BH3 Mimicry Protects β Cells and Restores Functional β Cell Mass in Diabetes

Strategies that simultaneously enhance the survival and glucose responsiveness of insulin-producing β cells will greatly augment β cell replacement therapies in type 1 diabetes (T1D). We show that genetic and pharmacologic mimetics of the phosphorylated BCL-2 homology 3 (BH3) domain of BAD impart β-cell-autonomous protective effects in the face of stress stimuli relevant to β cell demise in T1D. Importantly, these benefits translate into improved engraftment of donor islets in transplanted diabetic mice, increased β cell viability in islet grafts, restoration of insulin release, and diabetes reversal. Survival of β cells in this setting is not merely due to the inability of phospho-BAD to suppress prosurvival BCL-2 proteins but requires its activation of the glucose-metabolizing enzyme glucokinase. Thus, BAD phospho-BH3 mimetics may prove useful in the restoration of functional β cell mass in diabetes.
Tympanic organ of Indian-meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker) and tobacco moth, Ephestia elutella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralididae)☆

Abstract The tympanic organs of three species of pyralid moths were investigated. All were found to be similar in structure with a two-part tympanic membrane, the tympanic membrane proper and the countertympanic membrane. Investigation with the scanning electron microscope revealed considerable differences between these two membranes; these differences may help to explain sound reception in pyralid moths.
Solar cells in developing countries: A United Nations perspective

Abstract In the current situation characterized by the high price of petroleum and petroleum products, many countries are seriously looking at alternative sources of energy, including solar energy. Many developing countries, because of their geographic locations, are well placed to develop and utilize solar photovoltaic cells. A major advantage of solar energy technologies is that they are amenable to small-scale exploitation, thus matching the needs of rural populations in developing countries. The United Nations system, in response to an increasing number of requests by developing countries, has intensified its technical assistance programs for the development and utilization of solar cells. The response has varied, depending on the nature of the request and the organ or body of the United Nations system providing the assistance. The main areas of technical assistance have been in policy formulation, education and training, and strengthening and building institutions for research, development and application of solar energy technologies. These have been supplemented by conferences, symposia and seminars on selected topics.
It seemed like a good idea at the time: what we have learned from implementing a student employee rewards system

At the 2007 SIGUCCS Fall Conference, Kristi Evans from Webster University and Geoffrey Sperl from Wayne State University wrote and presented a paper entitled "The Proper Care and Feeding of Your Help Desk" which highlighted a new student employee points and rewards system at Webster University. The program was aimed to improve morale, satisfaction, initiative, and participation among student employees. Of course everything about the program as we designed it was perfect and it would go off without a hitch, right?Almost one year later, there have been more than a few lessons learned and a multitude of changes. We keep finding ourselves saying "It seemed like a good idea at the time!" This paper will outline the principles of our rewards system and explore the good ideas that went wrong and subsequent adjustments made to try to get back on the right track. Through all the pain and tribulations of implementing this program we still firmly believe in our system and the theory that if implemented correctly, a rewards system can go a long way towards addressing the kinds of personnel issues that seem to affect us all. We hope to share our experience with other institutions that may be considering implementation of or are just starting a points and rewards program for their student employees. As we are blazing our own trails to the goal of ultimate success with this program, our mistakes and discoveries may help others in the path to their own.
Induction of PreB cell apoptosis by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in long-term primary murine bone marrow cultures.

Abstract Numerous studies demonstrate that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) suppress immunity by modifying the function of both B and T cells. Relatively few studies have assessed the effects of these common environmental chemicals on immature lymphocytes. In the present study, long-term primary bone marrow cultures were employed to investigate the effects of a prototypic PAH and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist, 7,12-dimethylbenz[ a ]anthracene (DMBA), on immature B lymphocytes. In this system, immature preB cells are maintained in a supportive microenvironment provided by bone marrow stromal cells. Results presented here demonstrate that (1) exposure of primary bone marrow cultures to DMBA results in preB cell death by apoptosis; (2) notably low doses of DMBA (≥10 −8 m ) induce preB cell apoptosis; (3) in long-term cultures, bone marrow stromal cells, but not preB cells, express AhR mRNA and protein as determined by in situ hybridization, RT-PCR, and immunoblotting; (4) freshly isolated unfractionated bone marrow cells, but not purified bone marrow B cells, express AhR protein as assessed by immunohistochemistry; (5) α-naphthoflavone, a competitive AhR inhibitor and cytochrome P450 antagonist, completely blocks DMBA-induced preB cell apoptosis in primary bone marrow cultures; and (6) DMBA or benzo[ a ]pyrene injection in vivo results in bone marrow cell apoptosis consistent with the death of hematopoietic cells clustered around stromal elements. The results implicate programmed cell death as a mechanism underlying DMBA-mediated immunosuppression and suggest that preB cell death is influenced by local interactions with AhR + bone marrow stromal cells.
Template synthesis of electronically conductive polymers - A new route for achieving higher electronic conductivities

Abstract We have recently developed a method for synthesizing microscopic fibers and tubules of electronically conductive polymers. This method entails synthesis of the polymer within the pores of a microporous host membrane. Conductivities in the narrowest of these “template-synthesized” tubules and fibers can be significantly higher than in conventional forms (e.g. powders or thin films) of the analogous polymer. These previous conductivity data were based on a two-point measurement of the resistance of the host membrane after synthesis of the conductive polymer fibers within this membrane. In this paper we will show results of conductivity measurements on thin films composed of the template-synthesized tubules and fibers. A four-point conductivity measurement was used on these thin films. These four-point measurements corroborate the earlier two-point conductivity data and, again, show that the template-synthesized materials are significantly more conductive.
Higher education as an alternative point of access to holistic health.

Abstract Because the United States has not implemented a national health program with universal entitlement, lack of access to health care frequently prevails. Creative efforts at the undergraduate level attempt to meet the health care needs of students and local communities through education in complementary and alternative medicine. At the University of New Mexico–Taos, an innovative curriculum in Holistic Health and Healing Arts offers entry-level students, most of whom come from low-income and minority backgrounds, an opportunity to explore alternative therapies in a nurturing, low-cost environment. The university provides support services and supplements students' income through grants and financial aid. Students learn new health care behaviors and preventive approaches that reduce their dependence on allopathic medicine. Courses respect values and practices in native belief systems. From the perspective of social justice, the college corridor offers a safety net and a springboard for the underserved...
COMMENTS ON THE XYZ MESONS

Belle and BaBar have recently reported observations of meson states that decay to final states containing a c and $\bar{c}$-quark but with properties that do not match well to those expected for any of the as-yet unassigned charmonium $(c\bar{c})$ meson states. Among the suggested interpretations for these states are meson-antimeson molecular states, diquark-antidiquark tetraquarks and/or $c\bar{c}$-gluon hybrid mesona. I briefly review what is experimentally known about these states and comment on the status of recent attempts to classify them.
The Karl Linnas Deportation Case, the Office of Special Investigations, and American Ethnic Politics

The deportation case against Karl Linnas, an Estonian war criminal who entered the United States in 1951 through the Displaced Persons Act, highlighted tensions between American politics and the American legal system. Linnas became a citizen in 1960, but in 1962 the USSR tried him in absentia and sentenced him to death for crimes he committed at the Tartu concentration camp. In 1981 the US Department of Justice's new Office of Special Investigations initiated denaturalization hearings against Linnas. After he had exhausted the prolonged appeals process, Linnas was deported to Soviet Estonia in 1987, where he died in prison. The case provoked strong challenges by members of the Baltic-American community, many of whom perceived it as a test of the US policy of "non-recognition" of the Soviet annexation of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
An Aging Population And Growing Disease Burden Will Require ALarge And Specialized Health Care Workforce By 2025

As the US population ages, the increasing prevalence of chronic disease and complex medical conditions will have profound implications for the future health care system. We projected future prevalence of selected diseases and health risk factors to model future demand for health care services for each person in a representative sample of the current and projected future population. Based on changing demographic characteristics and expanded medical coverage under the Affordable Care Act, we project that the demand for adult primary care services will grow by approximately 14 percent between 2013 and 2025. Vascular surgery has the highest projected demand growth (31 percent), followed by cardiology (20 percent) and neurological surgery, radiology, and general surgery (each 18 percent). Market indicators such as long wait times to obtain appointments suggest that the current supply of many specialists throughout the United States is inadequate to meet the current demand. Failure to train sufficient numbers a...
Zidovudine Treatment Prolongs Survival and Decreases Virus Load in the Central Nervous System of Rhesus Macaques Infected Perinatally with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

To assess the potential therapeutic effects of zidovudine, rhesus macaques were inoculated with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strain SMM/B670 at birth and infused either continuously or intermittently with zidovudine for 6-7 months. Zidovudine did not prevent infection but did significantly increase survival time, which was associated with lower serum p26 viral core antigen levels, a lower virus burden in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and lower CSF quinolinic acid levels than in untreated monkeys. Two of 5 infected, untreated monkeys developed motor impairment within 6 months following infection, whereas motor impairments did not occur in infected, zidovudine-treated monkeys until after the drug was discontinued. Zidovudine treatment was well tolerated by rhesus infants with minimal, transient side effects. These results demonstrate that zidovudine treatment significantly decreases virus load within the central nervous system (CNS) and delays the onset of CNS dysfunction and immune disease in rhesus monkeys perinatally infected with SIV.
New therapies for the chronic complications of older diabetic patients

Recently, four biochemical mechanisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of certain late complications of diabetes mellitus. All of these mechanisms (altered polyol pathway activity, disrupted myo-inositol metabolism, increased vascular permeability, and increased nonenzymatic glycosylation of proteins) are activated by exposure of tissues to hyperglycemia. There is evidence to suggest that the development of retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy is directly related to the level of glycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus. Whether strict glycemic control will prevent or reverse diabetic complications is the subject of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Until the results of that study are reported, and until euglycemia can be achieved in all diabetic patients, the search will continue for other pharmacologic agents that might prevent the development of complications. Therapies that are currently under investigation include administration of aldose reductase inhibitors and supplementation of dietary myo-inositol. It is too early to conclude whether such therapies will prove useful in the prevention or reversal of diabetic complications.
Corporate IT knowledge workbench: case study

Large corporations typically have a well-established, enterprise-wide knowledge management program addressing some specific IT domain or burning enterprise business problem. While choices of the technology, method and organization are pretty straightforward; supplying the enterprise knowledge management system with cheap, reliable, relevant and fresh knowledge remains to be the key challenge for the enterprise KM program. This paper describes an internal, corporate system providing such services for the WiseWare IT KM suite. We outline the general context and follow with an architecture view of the KM workbench in the second sections. Some rationales and design decisions are given in the third section. We follow with some numerical figures and usage lessons. We conclude the fifth section with insights and useful advice.
Magnetic decoupling of Rb spin relaxation in H 2 buffer gas

We report studies of the magnetic decoupling of Rb spin relaxation in the presence of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ buffer gas at high pressures $(g~1.5\mathrm{atm}).$ At low Rb number densities $(l~5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{13}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}),$ we find that the observed magnetic-field dependence of the spin relaxation is almost solely due to binary collisions between Rb atoms and hydrogen molecules, and that it is very well described by three rates: the Rb-Rb spin-exchange rate, the S-damping rate, and the Carver rate associated with the hyperfine pressure-shift interaction in collisions of Rb with ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecules. At higher Rb densities, the contribution to the relaxation from Rb triplet dimers becomes significant.
Identity of 3,4-dimethylenethiophene reactive intermediates from diazene and bis-allene precursors. Correlation of singlet biradical reactivity in the tetramethyleneethane and trimethylenemethane series.

Abstract The relative reactivities of the 3,4-dimethylenethiophene intermediates 1 from the deazetation of the diazene 5 and from the intramolecular cyclization of bisallenyl sulfide 3 , determined by competition experiments, serve as a “fingerprint” to show that the same reactive transient is generated from both precursors.
SU‐FF‐T‐263: Imaging with Brachytherapy Sources

Purpose: To demonstrate the concept of 2D projection and 3D volumetric imaging using brachytherapytreatment sources in patient prior to or during treatment.Method and Materials: As shown Figure 1, an Ir‐192 HDR catheter is placed at 15 cm depth (a reasonable value for pelvic site) in a solid water phantom. XV films are placed on top of the phantom to capture 2D projection images. Vertebra‐like structures serving as anatomical landmarks are placed at mid distance between the catheter and film.Results: The structures are clearly shown on the projection film with a dwell time of 600 seconds. Projection image acquisition time on the order of seconds or less is achievable with more sensitive (100 times more) detectors such as silicone flat panels and detectors used in SPECT cameras. The projection of the landmark coincides with the reference mark when the source is at the correct dwell position and is off the mark when the HDR source is away from the correct dwell position, as shown in Figure 1b and 1c. Thus a “port film” approach can be developed to verify the source position prior to treatment. With the possibility of verifying one dwell position against its reference mark, all other dwell positions can be verified against its own the reference mark. This provides a way of dynamically tracking the dwell positions of a multiple dwell position treatment plan. With projections taken at multiple angles with sensitive detectors at a fraction of a typical therapeutic dwell time, it will be possible and useful to obtain volume images of the treatment sources superimposed on anatomy, using tomographic (CT, SPECT, tomosynthesis) reconstruction methods. Conclusion: Three dimensional volume imaging with a HDR treatment source has been demonstrated. The concept applies to other brachytherapy modalities, e.g., SPECT for permanent prostate implants, LDRs.
Making Sense of a Day in the Woods: Outdoor Adventure Experiences and Early Childhood Teacher Education Students.

Less than one third of early childhood educators have a bachelor's degree, yet national indicators of high-quality early childhood program standards emphasize the importance of higher education for these practitioners. In order to adequately serve and retain these nontraditional learners as they strive to earn their degrees, teacher education programs must go beyond the standard curriculum and strive specifically to engage these adult learners. One innovative way to engage nontraditional students in higher education endeavors is to supplement coursework with applied experiences in outdoor adventure education settings. In this study, rich descriptions are provided of the trials and successes of groups of nontraditional early childhood education students as they participate in a fixed facility low ropes and team challenges course. Furthermore, these observations and narratives are also thematically examined in order to portray key characteristics of participant experiences of “a day in the woods.”
Abstract Data Type Development and Implementation: An Example

Data abstraction is an effective tool in the design of complex systems, and the representation independence it provides is a key factor in the maintenance and adaptation of software systems. This paper describes a system development methodology based on the development of hierarchies of abstract data types (ADT's). The methodology preserves a high degree of representation independence throughout both the design and implementation of complex systems. The methodology is illustrated with examples from the design and implementation of a Vision Research Programming System. These examples include ADT specifications, ADT interface specifications, and partial implementation code for the system in two different programming languages, Ada1 and Fortran.
Evolution of New Enzymatic Function by Structural Modulation of Cysteine Reactivity in Pseudomonas fluorescens Isocyanide Hydratase.

Isocyanide (formerly isonitrile) hydratase (EC 4.2.1.103) is an enzyme of the DJ-1 superfamily that hydrates isocyanides to yield the corresponding N-formamide. In order to understand the structural basis for isocyanide hydratase (ICH) catalysis, we determined the crystal structures of wild-type and several site-directed mutants of Pseudomonas fluorescens ICH at resolutions ranging from 1.0 to 1.9 A. We also developed a simple UV-visible spectrophotometric assay for ICH activity using 2-naphthyl isocyanide as a substrate. ICH contains a highly conserved cysteine residue (Cys(101)) that is required for catalysis and interacts with Asp(17), Thr(102), and an ordered water molecule in the active site. Asp(17) has carboxylic acid bond lengths that are consistent with protonation, and we propose that it activates the ordered water molecule to hydrate organic isocyanides. In contrast to Cys(101) and Asp(17), Thr(102) is tolerant of mutagenesis, and the T102V mutation results in a substrate-inhibited enzyme. Although ICH is similar to human DJ-1 (1.6 A C-α root mean square deviation), structural differences in the vicinity of Cys(101) disfavor the facile oxidation of this residue that is functionally important in human DJ-1 but would be detrimental to ICH activity. The ICH active site region also exhibits surprising conformational plasticity and samples two distinct conformations in the crystal. ICH represents a previously uncharacterized clade of the DJ-1 superfamily that possesses a novel enzymatic activity, demonstrating that the DJ-1 core fold can evolve diverse functions by subtle modulation of the environment of a conserved, reactive cysteine residue.
Gallium-68-labeled macroaggregated human serum albumin, 68Ga-MAA

A technique is described that allows labeling of commercial MAA (macroaggregated human serum albumin) kits with generator-produced 68Ga. This positron-emitting radio-pharmaceutical should serve as an effective substitute for 68Ga-albumin microspheres in PET imaging studies that require a particulate tracer of regional perfusion.
Precision neutron interferometric measurements of the n–p, n–d, and n–3He zero-energy coherent neutron scattering amplitudes

Abstract We have performed high-precision measurements of the zero-energy neutron scattering amplitudes of gas phase molecular hydrogen, deuterium, and 3He using neutron interferometry. We find b np = ( - 3.7384 ± 0.0020 ) fm [K. Schoen, D.L. Jacobson, M. Arif, P.R. Huffman, T.C. Black, W.M. Snow, S.K. Lamoreaux, H. Kaiser, S.A. Werner, Phys. Rev. C 67 (2003) 044005], b nd = ( 6.6649 ± 0.0040 ) fm [T.C. Black, P.R. Huffman, D.L. Jacobson, W.M. Snow, K. Schoen, M. Arif, H. Kaiser, S.K. Lamoreaux, S.A. Werner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 (2003) 192502, K. Schoen, D.L. Jacobson, M. Arif, P.R. Huffman, T.C. Black, W.M. Snow, S.K. Lamoreaux, H. Kaiser, S.A. Werner, Phys. Rev. C 67 (2003) 044005], and b n 3 He = ( 5.8572 ± 0.0072 ) fm [P.R. Huffman, D.L. Jacobson, K. Schoen, M. Arif, T.C. Black, W.M. Snow, S.A. Werner, Phys. Rev. C 70 (2004) 014004]. When combined with the previous world data, properly corrected for small multiple scattering, radiative corrections, and local field effects from the theory of neutron optics and combined by the prescriptions of the particle data group, the zero-energy scattering amplitudes are: b np = ( - 3.7389 ± 0.0010 ) fm , b nd = ( 6.6683 ± 0.0030 ) fm , and b n 3 He = ( 5.853 ± .007 ) fm . The precision of these measurements is now high enough to severely constrain NN few-body models. The n–d and n–3He coherent neutron scattering amplitudes are both now in disagreement with the best current theories. The new values can be used as input for precision calculations of few body processes. This precision data is sensitive to small effects such as nuclear three-body forces, charge-symmetry breaking in the strong interaction, and residual electromagnetic effects not yet fully included in current models.
Organic derivatives of hungarian bentonites in hydrocarbon analysis

Abstract As known from the literature, the dimethyldioctadecylammonium derivatives of clay minerals can be used as stationary phases in the gas chromatography of aromatic hydrocarbons. Several Hungarian bentonites containing 40–90% of montmorillonite were examined in order to obtain such selective stationary phases. The investigations showed also that the Hungarian bentonites can be used as starting materials for the preparation of these substances, and the resulting organo-bentonites have properties that may in some cases have superior selectivity and efficiency compared with those of the well known stationary phase Benton 34. The differences in the relative volatilities of the individual derivatives make possible the choice of the appropriate derivative for a given separation, and in some cases a mixture of two or more derivatives may be used as the most suitable stationary phase for a given separation.
Decadal-scale regime shifts in the large marine ecosystems of the North-east Pacific: a case for historical science

There are two fundamental ways of doing science: the experimental-predictive and the historical-descriptive. The experimental-predictive approach uses the techniques of controlled experiment, the reduction of natural complexity to a minimal set of general causes, and presupposes that all times can be treated alike and adequately simulated in the laboratory. The historical-descriptive approach uses a mode of analysis which is rooted in the comparative and observational richness of our data, is holistic in its treatment of systems and events, and assumes that the final result being studied is unique, i.e. dependent or contingent upon everything that came before. We suggest that one of the real difficulties we have in understanding ecosystem properties is our inability to deal with scale, and we show how historical science allows us to approach the issue of scale through the interpretation of pattern in time and space. We then use the techniques of the historical-descriptive approach to doing science in the context of our own and other research on climate change and biological production in the North-east Pacific Ocean. In particular, we examine rapid decadal-scale shifts in the abundance and distribution of two major components–salmon and zooplankton - of the large marine ecosystem of the North-east Pacific, and how they relate to similar shifts in North Pacific atmosphere and ocean climate. We conclude that they are all related, and that climate-driven regime shifts, such as those we have identified in the North-east Pacific, can cause major reorganizations of ecological relationships over vast oceanic regions.
The impact of self-help groups on persons who stutter: A call for research

Abstract The impact of self-help groups on the person who stutters appears to be highly positive; however, only a few studies on the topic have been conducted. Consequently, little is known regarding the components that contribute to their success. The author encourages more research on this topic and offers questions needing answers regarding the impact of self-help groups in order to learn more of the specifics as to why they work. This research needs to be more systematic and should include significantly larger sampling than previous studies. A description of the larger self-help and related groups in the United States is also given. Problems associated with local chapters are mentioned and the need for better clinician awareness of the benefits of self-help are stated.
Electronic word of mouth and knowledge sharing on social network sites: a social capital perspective

Social network sites (SNSs) have attracted millions of users who interact with each other and with companies. However, few studies have examined the impact of knowledge sharing through electronic word of mouth (eWOM) in the context of SNSs. This paper investigates the relationship among the use of SNSs, users' social capital, knowledge sharing, and eWOM. The results show that the intensity of use of SNSs is positively related to trust and identification which have a positive effect on eWOM quality. In addition, eWOM quality has a positive effect on knowledge sharing. Female users feel more strongly about eWOM quality when they trust others, or when they perceive that they belong to their SNS community when they use their SNS. Furthermore, female users feel more strongly about knowledge sharing when they perceive that eWOM quality is good. This study provides the theoretical framework of the relationship between eWOM and knowledge sharing on SNSs from the perspective of social capital. Practitioners could use this study as a rationale to utilize SNSs internally for organizational use, and externally for marketing purposes.
Molecular imprinting inside dendrimers.

Synthetic hosts capable of binding porphyrins have been produced by a mixed-covalent-noncovalent imprinting process wherein a single binding site is created within cross-linked dendrimers. Two synthetic hosts were prepared, using as templates 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)porphyrin. These two templates were esterified with, respectively, fourth- and third-generation Frechet-type dendrons containing homoallyl end-groups. The resulting tetra- and octadendron macromolecules underwent the ring-closing metathesis reaction using Grubbs' Type I catalyst, RuCl(2)(P(C(6)H(5))(3))(2)(CHCH(2)C(6)H(5)), to give extensive interdendron cross-linking. Hydrolytic removal of the porphyrin cores afforded imprinted hosts whose ability to bind porphyrins with various peripheral substituents was investigated by UV-visible spectrophotometric titrations and size exclusion chromatography. The results indicate a high yield of imprinted sites that show high selectivity for binding of porphyrins capable of making at least four hydrogen bonds, but only a moderate degree of shape selectivity.
Surgical Management of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a common and often devastating condition that requires prompt neurosurgical evaluation and intervention. Modern management of aSAH involves a multidisciplinary team of subspecialists, including vascular neurosurgeons, neurocritical care specialists and, frequently, neurointerventional radiologists. This team is responsible for stabilizing the patient on presentation, diagnosing the offending ruptured aneurysm, securing the aneurysm, and managing the patient through a typically prolonged and complicated hospital course. Surgical intervention has remained a definitive treatment for ruptured cerebral aneurysms since the early 1900s. Over the subsequent decades, many innovations in microsurgical technique, adjuvant maneuvers, and intraoperative and perioperative medical therapies have advanced the care of patients with aSAH. This report focuses on the modern surgical management of patients with aSAH. Following a brief historical perspective on the origin of aneurysm surgery, the topics discussed include the timing of surgical intervention after aSAH, commonly used surgical approaches and craniotomies, fenestration of the lamina terminalis, intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring, intraoperative digital subtraction and fluorescent angiography, temporary clipping, deep hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, management of acute hydrocephalus, cerebral revascularization, and novel clip configurations and microsurgical techniques. Many of the topics highlighted in this report represent some of the more debated techniques in vascular neurosurgery. The popularity of such techniques is constantly evolving as new studies are performed and data about their utility become available.
Fetishizing the Soviet Collapse: Historical Rupture and the Historiography of (Early) Soviet Socialism

I Iistorians of the Soviet Union and nonspecialists alike have misunderstood the relationship between the Soviet collapse and the historiography of the Soviet Union. There has been a fetishization of the collapse. Fetishize is a strong word, but lest any take umbrage I include myself among the fetishizers, and use it here to reveal, rather than to reproach. Nor do I intend, by employing the word, to suggest pathology. Rather, I mean the investing of a phenomenon?in this case the "collapse"?with unwarranted reverence and even awe. What is it about the Soviet collapse that we have so revered? For one thing, many have asserted that the collapse?including its shock waves in Eastern Europe? has been the decisive factor in generating the shifts in perspective, such as new paradigms and the attendant changes in thematic focus, and, more broadly, in providing the impetus for the field's emergence out of not-so-splendid isolation into the historical mainstream by drawing on new theories and concepts, as well as non-Russian historiographies.1 So
Strategies for covalent attachment of DNA to beads

Several covalent attachment chemistries were tested for the immobilization of DNA onto glass beads. The comparison was based on the ability of these chemistries to produce derivatized beads that give good hybridization signals. Cyanuric chloride, isothiocyanate, nitrophenyl chloroformate, and hydrazone chemistries gave us the best (yet comparable) hybridization signals. We further characterized the cyanuric chloride method for the number of attachment sites, number of hybridizable sites, hybridization kinetics, effect of linker length on hybridization intensity and stability of the derivatized beads.
Cancer metastasis networks and the prediction of progression patterns

Metastasis patterns in cancer vary both spatially and temporally. Network modelling may allow the incorporation of the temporal dimension in the analysis of these patterns. We used Medicare claims of 2 265 167 elderly patients aged ⩾65 years to study the large-scale clinical pattern of metastases. We introduce the concept of a cancer metastasis network, in which nodes represent the primary cancer site and the sites of subsequent metastases, connected by links that measure the strength of co-occurrence. These cancer metastasis networks capture both temporal and subtle relational information, the dynamics of which differ between cancer types. Using these networks as entities on which the metastatic disease of individual patients may evolve, we show that they may be used, for certain cancer types, to make retrograde predictions of a primary cancer type given a sequence of metastases, as well as anterograde predictions of future sites of metastasis. Improvements over traditional techniques show that such a network-based modelling approach may be suitable for studying metastasis patterns.
Microwave radiation from a SiC PCSS driven gyromagnetic NLTL

An all solid-state high power microwave system comprised of a photoconductive semiconductor switch (PCSS) and nonlinear transmission line (NLTL) is presented. A single 50 kV 4H-Silicon Carbide (SiC) PCSS switches 7 ns (FWHM) pulses with 2 ns risetime into the gyromagnetic NLTL. The PCSS achieves sub-ohm resistance when illuminated by approximately 3 mJ of laser energy emitted from a tripled Nd:YAG laser (355 nm). Utilizing a fiber optic based optical triggering system enabled generating a train of laser pulses, and burst-mode operation with 65 MHz pulse repetition frequency was achieved. The NLTL sharpens the fast rising pulse from the PCSS and produces MW-class rf power levels at 2-4 GHz. Microwave generation is achieved through stimulation of damped gyromagnetic precession when the static and pulsed external magnetic fields interact with the magnetic moments of the nonlinear ferromagnetic material. The acting nonlinear material is a NiZn composite with dimensions 3 mm × 6 mm (ID × OD). The system is terminated with a wideband antenna consisting of a coaxial to parallel-plate conversion balun which is then immediately flared to provide a linearly-flared TEM horn antenna. The entire length of the compact HPM system measures 1.15 m. Radiation results for single shot and burst-mode operation are presented as well as demonstration of operational frequency control.
Relativistic Invariance and Modal Interpretations

A number of arguments have been given to show that the modal interpretation of ordinary nonrelativistic quantum mechanics cannot be consistently extended to the relativistic setting. We find these arguments inconclusive. However, there is a prima facie reason to think that a tension exists between the modal interpretation and relativistic invariance; namely, the best candidate for a modal interpretation adapted to relativistic quantum field theory, a prescription due to Rob Clifton (2000), comes out trivial when applied to a number of systems of physical interest. However, it is far from clear whether this difficulty for the modal interpretation is traceable to relativistic invariance per se or to the infinite number of degrees of freedom involved. In any case, the proponents of the modal interpretation have work to do.
Riboflavin deficiency causes protein and DNA damage in HepG2 cells, triggering arrest in G1 phase of the cell cycle

Eukaryotes convert riboflavin to flavin adenine dinucleotide, which serves as a coenzyme for glutathione reductase and other enzymes. Glutathione reductase mediates the regeneration of reduced glutathione, which plays an important role in scavenging free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Here we tested the hypothesis that riboflavin deficiency decreases glutathione reductase activity in HepG2 liver cells, causing oxidative damage to proteins and DNA, and cell cycle arrest. As a secondary goal, we determined whether riboflavin deficiency is associated with gene expression patterns indicating cell stress. Cells were cultured in riboflavin-deficient and riboflavin-supplemented media for 4 days. Activity of glutathione reductase was not detectable in cells cultured in riboflavin-deficient medium. Riboflavin deficiency was associated with an increase in the abundance of damaged (carbonylated) proteins and with increased incidence of DNA strand breaks. Damage to proteins and DNA was paralleled by increased abundance of the stress-related transcription factor GADD153. Riboflavin-deficient cells arrested in G1 phase of the cell cycle. Moreover, oxidative stress caused by riboflavin deficiency was associated with increased expression of clusters of genes that play roles in cell stress and apoptosis. For example, the abundance of the pro-apoptotic pleiomorphic adenoma gene-like 1 gene was 183% greater in riboflavin-deficient cells compared with riboflavin-sufficient controls. We conclude that riboflavin deficiency is associated with oxidative damage to proteins and DNA in liver cells, leading to cell stress and G1 phase arrest.
Reversible modulation of π-association between 3,6-disubstituted carbazole ligands in a multistep assembling process

Carbazole ligand (Im2Cz) forms a dimer complex ([(Im2Cz)4–Zn2+]2) that has multiple π-stacking interactions, after which the complex changes to a simple (Im2Cz)3–Zn2+ complex that has no π-stacking carbazole ring via increased Zn2+ concentration.
Development and application of a mesoscale climate model for the tropics: Influence of sea surface temperature anomalies on the West African monsoon

[1] A mesoscale climate model (MCM) is developed from the Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research mesoscale model 5 to simulate the West African summer monsoon. Results from the MCM are compared to observations, a reanalysis, and global climate model (GCM) output to show that the MCM reasonably simulates the West African monsoon climate and its variability and improves on many shortcomings of the GCM simulations. The MCM's ability to capture correctly processes that cause interannual variability, and thereby allow us to improve our physical understanding of that variability, is investigated by examining the influence of Gulf of Guinea sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) on the West African monsoon. Similar to observations, precipitation decreases over the Sahel and increases along the Guinean coast in response to warm SSTAs in the gulf. The increase in rainfall along the Guinean coast is associated with an increase in lower tropospheric water vapor content due to enhanced evaporation over the warm SSTAs and northward moisture advection in the monsoon flow. This stronger precipitation on the coast occurs despite a decrease in the land/sea temperature gradient, which is the fundamental driver of the monsoon. The decrease in rainfall over the southern Sahel is associated with lower tropospheric subsidence replacing rising vertical motions as the monsoon circulation is shifted equatorward. Dynamically, the subsidence over the southern Sahel is associated with shrinking of both planetary and relative vorticity. The former is related to the equatorward shift of the monsoon, which results in an expansion of the equatorward flow from the Sahel to the northern Guinean coast. The latter occurs because the equatorward flow over the southern Sahel occurs lower in the troposphere (i.e., 850 mbar) than in the control (i.e., 700 mbar), where the meridional relative vorticity gradient is opposite to the gradient at 700 mbar.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE EFFECTS OF MULTICOLLINEARITY

This paper considers the effects of multicollinearity on the multiple coefficient of determination and on the standard errors of the estimated regression coefficients. Limiting results are well known for these problems, and some particular cases have been investigated. However, the limiting cases do not explain the nonmonotonic relationships that have been observed in practice. This paper explores these relationships and attempts to provide a unifying graphical explanation that includes the previous results as special cases. Implications for stepwise regression and for the interpretation of any multiple regression involving multicollinear independent variables are discussed.
Control system approaches to ecological systems analysis: Invariants and frequency response

Abstract The steady-state assumption is a mainstay for the analysis of ecological systems with more than three or four states. However, it is well accepted in ecology that inputs to large systems come in pulses assumed to have a reasonably constant magnitude and frequency. Steady pulse inputs and the use of electro-chemical–mechanical control systems methodology enables limited short term dynamic responses of ecological systems of a scale often occurring in systems of potential engineering importance to be analyzed. This paper explores and presents a survey of multi-input–multi-output (MIMO) control systems analysis of ecosystem network models to better understand pulse frequency issues and further develop experimentally verifiable approaches to testing the MIMO concept. The analysis process is demonstrated using two network model exemplars. Two aspects of MIMO analyses appear relevant to understanding ecological systems: (1) Eigenvalue invariant analyses and singular value decomposition (SVD) analyses enable assessment of stability and relative strength of states. Eigenvalues reflect time constants and provide a check on experimentally determined system matrices. (2) Analysis of SVD versus frequency for each output indicates maximum pulse frequencies that allow system components to benefit from pulsing. As a group, MIMO analyses complement other analytical methods and provide a theoretical systems focus convenient for analyzing ecosystems from an engineering perspective.
Developing a GUIDE using object-oriented programming

PICASSO is a graphical user interface development environment built using the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS). This paper describes how CLOS features including multiple inheritance, instance methods, multimethods, and method combinations were used to implement the system. In addition, the benefits and drawbacks of CLOS development are discussed including code quality, maintainability and performance.
Divorce/Separation in Later-Life: A Fixed Effects Analysis of Economic Well-Being by Gender

With the on-going aging of the United States’ population and an increase in the number of older men and women living in a divorced/separated state, examining the economic security of this group is a worthwhile undertaking. Utilizing the 2004 and 2010 waves of the RAND Health and Retirement Study, this study employed fixed effects (FE) regression to examine the effects of divorce/separation on total wealth for older men and women. Results suggested older divorced/separated individuals endured a significant loss in total wealth due to a martial disruption and women fared worse than men. However, older adults can take proactive steps to ease this financial setback.
An amplified DNA element in Leishmania encodes potential integral membrane and nucleotide-binding proteins

Abstract LD1 is a 27.5-kb sequence that occurs in an approx. 2.2-Mb chromosome in all species and strains of Leishmania . In Leishmania infantum MHOM/BL/67/ITMAP263, LD1 is also present as an inverted dimeric repeat in multicopy, 55-kb circular molecules. Sequence analysis of a 7873-nt segment derived from the circular DNA reveals 4 open reading frames (ORFs) with potential protein coding function. One ORF predicts a protein with an ATP/GTP binding site motif. Another ORF predicts a protein with 10–12 potential membrane-spanning domains, suggesting that it encodes an integral membrane protein. This protein also has homology with that predicted by the ESAG10 gene of Trypanosoma brucei
Studying the Political Culture of American Catholicism

L'A. etudie le catholicisme americain. Il souligne la complexite organisationnelle de l'Eglise catholique et le caractere facinant de sa dynamique institutionnelle sur le plan ideologique et politique. Il estime qu'il s'agit d'un terrain de recherche tres important en sociologie de la culture. Il insiste sur le role des symboles et du langage comme facteur de cohesion sociale d'une communaute en ce qui concerne les interpretations differentes que cette derniere vehicule. Il considere que l'Eglise catholique est le lieu privilegie pour ce qui est de l'etude des conflits d'interpretation. Il examine dans ce cadre la perspective developpee par R. S. Warner concue comme un nouveau paradigme en sociologie religieuse mettant l'accent sur l'analyse en terme de choix rationnel
Simulation of benzene adsorption in zeolite HY using supercage-based docking

The adsorption of benzene in zeolite HY was investigated by a newly developed molecular docking simulation utilizing the Monte Carlo minimization algorithm and the COMPASS force field model. Instead of unit cell-based sampling typically used, the simulation was based on the sampling inside a faujasite supercage. This improved the determination of preferential adsorption sites in the zeolite HY structure. The more effective exploration of the configurational space of benzene in the zeolite HY cavity is illustrated by the higher number of adsorption sites identified per supercage. The simulation predicted a new stable adsorption site, where benzene is located over unprotonated four-membered ring, in addition to confirming the multiple benzene adsorption sites at proton and window sites in the zeolite HY supercage.
Quantum Mechanical Models Correlating Structure with Selectivity: Predicting the Enantioselectivity of β-Amino Alcohol Catalysts in Aldehyde Alkylation

Quantitative structure selectivity relationship (QSSR) models are described that provide consistently reliable predictions for the asymmetric addition of Et2Zn to PhCHO catalyzed by beta-amino alcohols. Statistically valid two-variable linear regression models that correlate the structures of the chiral catalysts with their enantioselectivities are obtained from three-dimensional physical property grids. The strength of the present method is that statistical models obtained from a small set of experimentally determined selectivities and relatively simple theoretical calculations yield selectivity predictions that are as accurate as those derived from higher-level calculations of transition-structure energies. Only minutes of computing time are required. Simple models are obtained which permit straightforward physical interpretation and generate realistic predictions.