cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delving deeper: Exploring the influence of psycho-social wellness on water conservation behavior

Public and nonprofit organizations are at the forefront of water scarcity issues using nonformal educational programs to drive behavior change towards water conservation. The efficacy of educational endeavors hinge on designing and delivering programs with considerations of the factors that will change relevant decisions and behaviors among residential landscape water users. The purpose of this study was to explore the concept of wellness and well-being, and its relationship to engagement in water conservation behaviors. To guide this evaluation, we integrated the theory of planned behavior with relevant tenets of cognitive and social psychology and included the psycho-social constructs of stress, perceived happiness and well-being. We conducted correlational and regression analyses to assess potential relationships. Overall, the results of the study show that each of the three different psycho-social measures behave differently with regards to current and future residential landscape water conservation behaviors. The models show that perceptions of well-being is the more consistent predictor for both current and future behaviors. Perceived happiness only served as a significant predictor for current behaviors. Stress simply demonstrated correlational relationships with current and future behaviors, not serving as a significant predictor. We suggest exploring the possibility of pairing and embedding educational programs focused on personal and family well-being with educational programs focused on environmental behavior. When we consider water conservation behavior as a function of more than knowledge and motivation, we can broaden our understanding of this behavior as a socially embedded experience.
Immigration, Criminal Involvement, and Violence in the U.S.: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III

Topics of immigration and crime often receive national attention, despite evidence of the “immigrant paradox,” in which immigrants have lower than expected crime and violence given their extreme so...
An Interior-Point Solver for Optimal Power Flow Problem Considering Distributed FACTS Devices

In this paper, we propose an AC optimal power flow (ACOPF) model considering distributed flexible AC transmission system (D-FACTS) devices, in which the reactance of D-FACTS equipped lines are introduced as decision variables. This is motivated by increasing interests in using D-FACTS devices to address system operational and cyber-security concerns. First, D-FACTS devices can be incorporated in real-time operations for economic benefits such as managing power congestions and reducing system losses. Second, D-FACTS devices can be utilized by moving target defense (MTD), an emerging concept against cyber-attacks, to prevent attackers from knowing true system configurations. Therefore, system operators can use the proposed ACOPF model to achieve economic benefits and provide the setpoints of D-FACTS devices for MTD at the same time. In addition, we rigorously derive the gradient and Hessian matrices of the objective function and constraints, which are further used to build an interior-point solver of the proposed ACOPF. Numerical results on the IEEE 118-bus transmission system show the validity of the proposed ACOPF model as well as the efficacy of the interior-point solver in minimizing system losses and generation costs.
Researching Digital Media and Islam in Africa: Recommending a Framework

This chapter focuses on contemporary media–religion studies in West Africa. First, it recommends an analytical framework (religious authority) and a relatively recent media theory (mediatization) that permits a more flexible disciplinary approach. Together they represent a methodology that positions media–religion research in an emerging field. It addresses transnational or de-territorialized effects of digital media in contemporary religious traditions. Second, the chapter proposes that the contextualization of research on media and religion in Africa be conducted in conversation with the “waves” convention, which attempts to historicize digital media studies in recent years as quasi-distinct stages with specific objectives and methodologies. The chapter also calls for methodological alternatives to the dominant Western-centric analyses of religious phenomena and their relationship to both new and traditional media.
Impact of Obesity on Treatment Approach for Resectable Esophageal Cancer.

Background With the prevalence of obesity and its known association with esophageal cancer, there is increasing need to understand how obesity affects treatment. Methods Using The Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database, we retrospectively evaluated all patients who underwent esophagectomy with gastric conduit reconstruction between 2012 and 2016. Patients were categorized into five body mass index groups. Associations between body mass index and surgical technique, resection, lymphadenectomy, staging, and neoadjuvant treatment were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression models. Results In all, 8547 patients were included in the analysis. Obese and morbidly obese patients were more likely to undergo open procedures compared with normal-weight patients (odds ratio [OR] 1.18, P = .016; and OR 1.45, P = .007), with longer operative times. Morbidly obese patients had a higher rate of intraoperative conversion from minimally invasive to open approaches (OR 3.75, P = .001). There were no differences in R0 resection or lymphadenectomy, and staging workup was similar. Obese patients were less likely to receive neoadjuvant therapy (OR 0.75, P = .048), and overweight and obese patients were less likely to receive preoperative radiation (OR 0.75, P = .017; and OR 0.71, P = .010). Analyzing by stage, overweight and obese patients with cT2N0 disease were less likely to receive neoadjuvant treatment (OR 0.54, P = .016; and OR 0.37, P Conclusions Higher body mass index is associated with increased use of open versus minimally invasive esophagectomy and intraoperative conversion. Whereas staging workup and oncologic outcomes of surgery are similar, overweight and obese patients with cT2N0 disease are less likely to undergo neoadjuvant treatments.
High-pressure structuring of milk protein concentrate: Effect of pH and calcium.

ABSTRACT In this study, we investigated the effect of pH and calcium on the structural properties of gels created by high-pressure processing (HPP, 600 MPa, 5°C, 3 min) of milk protein concentrate (MPC, 12.5% protein). The pH level of the MPC was varied between 6.6 and 5.1 by adding glucono-δ-lactone (GDL), and the calcium content was varied from 24 to 36 mg of Ca/g of protein by adding calcium chloride. The rheological properties and microstructure of the pressure-treated MPC were assessed. The pressurization treatments and analytical testing were conducted in triplicate. Data were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's honestly significant difference post hoc tests. A pressurization time of 3 min was sufficient to induce gel formation in MPC at pH 6.6, so it was used throughout the study. Adjusting either pH or calcium affected the structure of the HPP-created milk protein gels, likely by influencing electrostatic interactions and shifting the calcium–phosphate balance. Gels were formed after pressurization of MPC at pH above 5.3, and increasing the pH from 5.3 to 6.6 resulted in stronger gels with higher values of elastic moduli (G′). At neutral pH (6.6), adding calcium to MPC further increased G′. Scanning electron microscopy showed that reducing pH or adding calcium resulted in more porous, aggregated microstructures. These findings demonstrate the potential of HPP to create a variety of structures using MPC, facilitating a new pathway from dairy protein ingredients to novel, gel-based, high-protein foods, such as puddings or on-the-go protein bars.
Genomic and Immunologic Correlates of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Pathway Expression in Cancer

Immune checkpoint blockade leads to unprecedented responses in many cancer types. An alternative method of unleashing anti-tumor immune response is to target immunosuppressive metabolic pathways like the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) pathway. Despite promising results in Phase I/II clinical trials, an IDO-1 inhibitor did not show clinical benefit in a Phase III clinical trial. Since, a treatment can be quite effective in a specific subset without being effective in the whole cancer type, it is important to identify the subsets of cancers that may benefit from IDO-1 inhibitors. In this study, we looked for the genomic and immunologic correlates of IDO pathway expression in cancer using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. Strong CD8+ T-cell infiltration, high mutation burden, and expression of exogenous viruses [Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Human papilloma virus (HPV), and Hepatitis C virus (HCV)] or endogenous retrovirus (ERV3-2) were associated with over-expression of IDO-1 in most cancer types, IDO-2 in many cancer types, and TDO-2 in a few cancer types. High mutation burden in ER+ HER2- breast cancer, and ERV3-2 expression in ER- HER2- and HER2+ breast, colon, and endometrial cancers were associated with over-expression of all three genes. These results may have important implications for guiding development clinical trials of IDO-1 inhibitors.
Gnawa Possession-Trance: Women Performing African Heritage in Morocco

In early twentieth century Morocco, former slaves and their descendants marketed themselves as public performers and became known as Gnawa. Organized by female diviners who provoked spirits into possession with the goal of healing, such ceremonies gave marginalized people a means to confront social inequalities and materialize their distinct histories through their performances. Although clearly part of the African continent, contemporary Moroccans typically conceive of themselves as part of an Arab-Berber Muslim nation more closely connected to the Middle East and Europe than sub-Saharan Africa. Ironically, more than one hundred years later, listening and dancing to Gnawa music in public venues are a way that young people craft a cosmopolitan, diasporic, African centered identity. However, much of the public discourse of Gnawa music revolves around public performances of male musicians ignoring the crucial role of women in private ceremonies. Rather than concentrate on the male musicians, this paper asks how “Africa” is defined in a North African context through the lens of the female Gnawa diviners and their role in possession-trance. It looks at how the possession-trance performances women organize facilitates the ideal of “African” purity within a narrative of authenticity and root source to sub-Saharan Africa. Such a connection gives women a means to confront social inequalities and materialize the distinct history of sub-Saharan Africans in Morocco.
Cold resistance of the brain during hibernation. I. K+ transport in cerebral cortex slices.

Abstract The brains of the hibernating hamsters and 13-lined ground squirrels maintain Na + and K + at the same concentrations as in the awake state. The ability of slices of the cerebral cortex when incubated in vitro to accumulate or retain K + is similar in the awake hamster and rat at both 38 and 5 ° C. On the other hand, slices of cerebral cortex from the hibernating hamster retained slightly more K + at 5 °C than did those of awake hamster or rat. It was concluded that the cerebral cortex of the awake hamster is probably not cold resistant with respect to the maintenance of cation balance. Further, the cold resistance that exists in the cerebral cortex of the hibernating hamster is largely destroyed when the brain is disrupted by slicing.
Evaporation Modeling: Potential

Potential evaporation (Ep) has had a relatively broad range of definition over the past century. It is defined here as the quantity of water evaporated per unit area per unit time from an idealized extensive free-water surface under existing atmospheric conditions. Three primary, common means to estimate Ep have been used during the past century. These are (i) pan evaporation measurement, (ii) an estimate of potential evapotranspiration based on weather data, and (iii) a reference evapotranspiration. Of these three, reference evapotranspiration (ETref) has the more practical application. “Potential evapotranspiration” (ETp) had widespread usage from the 1940s through the 1970s, when the term was used to represent a maximum evaporative index from which to derive estimates of actual ET from vegetation. However, there are several major, contrasting definitions for ETp and several challenges associated with its usage. One of the primary definitions used for ETp is the rate of evaporation and transpiration from a saturated (free-water) vegetated surface so that the evaporation process occurs at the potential level. Challenges in sustaining a saturated surface and in measuring weather data that are coincident with such a surface make this definition for ETp theoretically attractive, but practically difficult. Standardized parameterizations of the Penman–Monteith equation are described for calculating ET for grass and alfalfa references. The reference evapotranspiration, despite some shortcomings, can be a consistent and reproducible index for a weather-based potential evaporation. Keywords: evaporation; evapotranspiration; reference evapotranspiration; Penman–Monteith; pan evaporation; feedback; weather
The Minds of the West: Ethnocultural Evolution in the Rural Middle West, 1830‐1917

The Minds of the West: Ethnocultural Evolution in the Rural Middle West, 1830-1917. Jon Gjerde. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997. 426 pp.
Paediatric burns anaesthesia : the things that make a difference : review

Anaesthesia and pain management for paediatric burns continues to challenge and frustrate healthcare professionals in this field of medicine. This review aims to provide some practical management strategies to enable the improved care of burned children. The pathophysiology of burns, toxic shock syndrome, inhalational injuries and perioperative care of paediatric burns is addressed.
On Hume’s Defense of Berkeley

In 1739 Hume bequeathed a bold view of the self to the philosophical community that would prove highly influential, but equally controversial. His bundle theory of the self elicited substantial opposition soon after its appearance in the Treatise of Human Nature. Yet Hume makes it clear to his readers that his views on the self rest on respectable foundations: namely, the views of the highly regarded Irish philosopher, George Berkeley. As the author of the Treatise sees it, his account of the self draws on Berkeley’s conception of language, especially his views on singular terms. But Hume, as impressed as he is with Berkeley’s account of language, deems it necessary to defend this view against possible criticism. In the process Hume modifies Berkeley’s views. My paper is a critical investigation of Hume’s defense of Berkeley on language and an attempt to highlight the extent to which Hume departs from the views of his Irish colleague.
Two Truths and a Lie: In re John Z. and Stories at the Juncture of Teen Sex and the Law

Laws governing adolescent sexuality are internally incoherent and chaotically enforced, and legal scholarship on the subject ignores the core problem of addressing and remedying adolescents’ vulnerability in sexual encounters. To posit a meaningful relationship between the criminal law and adolescent sexual encounters, one must examine what we know about the nature of adolescent sexuality both from the academic literature on the subject and also from the perspective of the adults who control the criminal justice system’s response to teens’ sexual interactions. This essay illuminates the intersection between coercive adolescent sexual encounters and the criminal justice system via an in-depth study of In re John Z., a 2003 rape prosecution involving two seventeen year-olds. Using the case as a map, I explore the broader implications of the prosecution by interviewing a variety of experts and by analyzing the contemporary literature on sexual norms among youth. Against this backdrop, I relate a series of interviews conducted with the major players involved in the prosecution: the prosecutors, the defense lawyer, the trial court judge and both appellate lawyers. Examining this single case from a variety of perspectives permits a deeper understanding of how the law endeavors to regulate adolescent sexual encounters and of why it fails.
Peripheral reflex pathways involving abdominal viscera: transmission of impulses through prevertebral ganglia

In neurophysiological terms, divergence describes the transmission of impulse traffic from a single afferent line, through an integrating nervous system, and out into multiple efferent lines. This feature has been ascribed to the vertebrate central nervous system and invertebrate ganglionic systems but has not yet been associated with the autonomic nervous system in mammals. Therefore, this study investigated the degree of divergence of afferent impulse traffic through a mammalian autonomic ganglion, the inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) in guinea pig. Multiunit discharges were recorded extracellularly from the peripheral nerves, which emerge from the IMG, to determine the lines of efferent outflow (i.e., divergence) of impulse traffic generated by stimulating central efferent and peripheral afferent nerves. Pathways interrupted by a cholinergic ganglion synapse were identified by using hexamethonium. Pathways running directly through the IMG were identified by studying the effects of dividing nerves surgically. A complex arrangement of ascending and descending pathways was revealed, showing a neural network that interconnects the upper gastrointestinal tract, distal colon, and pelvic viscera via prevertebral ganglia.
A Survey of Headache Medicine Specialists on Career Satisfaction and Burnout.

Background Physicians report increasing rates of career dissatisfaction and professional burnout, which may be related to the practice environment and subspecialty. There has never been a survey of professional burnout among headache medicine specialists. Objectives The aim of the present survey was to learn more about how headache medicine physicians are affected by these issues. Methods An email survey was sent to 749 physician members of the American Headache Society with questions or statements about demographics, professional quality of life and satisfaction, future practice plans, and professional burnout using the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Results In a sample of 127 headache medicine specialists, 66 (57.4%) physicians reported symptoms of professional burnout reflected by high Emotional Exhaustion and/or high Depersonalization. There is widespread dissatisfaction with work schedules, government regulations, implementation of the Affordable Care Act, insurance company policies, malpractice concerns, patient telephone calls, and compensation. Sixty-two percent of respondents concur that headache medicine is becoming more complicated without patient benefit, 14% concur that headache medicine specialists are fairly compensated, and 59% would go into headache medicine again if they were fourth year medical students. In the next 1 to 3 years, 21.3% plan to cut back on hours, 14.2% plan to cut back on patients seen, and 12.6% plan to switch to a cash practice. Medicine and healthcare are changing in such a way that 33.9% concur that they will accelerate their retirement plans. Conclusions Headache medicine specialists have one of the highest rates of burnout compared to other physician specialists, which is twice the rate of working adults. Physicians’ age and practice environment and experience are related with their career satisfaction and professional burnout. Some attributes of career satisfaction can decrease burnout by reducing emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and by enhancing personal accomplishment. There is widespread dissatisfaction with the practice environment. These findings may portend decreasing access to headache medicine specialists in the future if specialists cut back on hours and patients seen, accelerate their retirement plans, and fewer neurologists are attracted to headache medicine.
Gustave Malécot and the transition from classical to modern population genetics.

The contributions of Gustave Malecot to theoretical population genetics are described, discussed, and put into perspective relative to earlier and later work. In this context, certain aspects of the theory of inbreeding, the correlation between relatives, the evolution of finite panmictic populations, and (in more depth) spatial variation are reviewed. A brief biographical sketch of Malecot is also presented.
Ablation of MMP9 induces survival and differentiation of cardiac stem cells into cardiomyocytes in the heart of diabetics: a role of extracellular matrix

The contribution of extracellular matrix (ECM) to stem cell survival and differentiation is unequivocal, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) induces ECM turn over; however, the role of MMP9 in th...
“These Are the Stories That the Dogs Tell”: Discourses of Identity and Difference in Ethnography and Science Fiction

In this article, I propose to explore some of the tropes of identity and difference, naturalization and denaturalization, that similarly inform and mark both ethnography and science fiction, linking them as ways of writing. In recent years, anthropology has witnessed an important and revealing autocritical examination of the poetics and politics of ethnographic practice. By critiquing the position of the anthropological researcher, the points of juncture between anthropological inquiry and various colonialist and neocolonialist enterprises have been explored (Asad 1973), with the consequent critical deconstruction of the ethnographer as traveler or voyager (Pratt 1986), and the complementary view, developed extensively in literary criticism, that the position of the traveler or voyager provides a critical stance toward the West by presenting alternative worlds (Van Den Abbeele 1992). A number of authors have also contributed important critical evaluations of the poetics and politics inherent in the textual construction of ethnographic narratives (Clifford and Marcus 1986; Geertz 1988; Marcus and Cushman 1982). These inquiries have compellingly traced the confluence of ethnographic writing and various high literary projects of the modernist era (Clifford 1988; Handler 1986, 1989; Manganaro 1990), as well as
Making Responsible Academic Ethical Decisions.

Sound ethical decisions depend on clear problem definition, careful review of alternatives, consideration of consequences, and thoughtful application of relevant principles of responsibility. Often they also require our willingness to receive corrective insight and to check our judgments with our moral intuitions.
A triphasic theory for the swelling and deformation behaviors of articular cartilage.

Swelling of articular cartilage depends on its fixed charge density and distribution, the stiffness of its collagen-proteoglycan matrix, and the ion concentrations in the interstitium. A theory for a tertiary mixture has been developed, including the two fluid-solid phases (biphasic), and an ion phase, representing cation and anion of a single salt, to describe the deformation and stress fields for cartilage under chemical and/or mechanical loads. This triphasic theory combines the physico-chemical theory for ionic and polyionic (proteoglycan) solutions with the biphasic theory for cartilage. The present model assumes the fixed charge groups to remain unchanged, and that the counter-ions are the cations of a single-salt of the bathing solution. The momentum equation for the neutral salt and for the intersitial water are expressed in terms of their chemical potentials whose gradients are the driving forces for their movements. These chemical potentials depend on fluid pressure p, salt concentration c, solid matrix dilatation e and fixed charge density cF. For a uni-uni valent salt such as NaCl, they are given by mu i = mu io + (RT/Mi)ln[gamma 2 +/- c(c + cF)] and mu w = mu wo + [p-RT phi (2c + cF) + Bwe]/pwT, where R, T, Mi, gamma +/-, phi, pwT and Bw are universal gas constant, absolute temperature, molecular weight, mean activity coefficient of salt, osmotic coefficient, true density of water, and a coupling material coefficient, respectively. For infinitesimal strains and material isotropy, the stress-strain relationship for the total mixture stress is sigma = - pI-TcI + lambda s(trE)I + 2 musE, where E is the strain tensor and (lambda s, mu s) are the Lame constants of the elastic solid matrix. The chemical-expansion stress (-Tc) derives from the charge-to-charge repulsive forces within the solid matrix. This theory can be applied to both equilibrium and non-equilibrium problems. For equilibrium free swelling problems, the theory yields the well known Donnan equilibrium ion distribution and osmotic pressure equations, along with an analytical expression for the "pre-stress" in the solid matrix. For the confined-compression swelling problem, it predicts that the applied compressive stress is shared by three load support mechanisms: 1) the Donnan osmotic pressure; 2) the chemical-expansion stress; and 3) the solid matrix elastic stress. Numerical calculations have been made, based on a set of equilibrium free-swelling and confined-compression data, to assess the relative contribution of each mechanism to load support. Our results show that all three mechanisms are important in determining the overall compressive stiffness of cartilage.
Dance and modern poetry

The Universal Drum: Dance Imagery in the Poetry of Eliot, Crane, Roethke, and Williams. By Audrey T. Rodgers. 196 pp. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1979. $13.50.
Impact of uremia on human adipose tissue phenotype

Abstract Background Recognition of adipose-related signaling in surgery is increasing, although direct interrogation of human adipose has been sparse. Few scenarios rival uremia for health impact. We hypothesized that adipose from uremic patients holds a relatively higher adipose-derived hormone and proinflammatory adipokine signature; we simultaneously evaluated the impact of clinical parameters on adipose phenotype. Materials and methods Adipose was harvested from surgical patients. Histology and protein analyses were completed for select mediators. Results In the overall cohort of 71 patients, the mean age was 63.4 y; 46.4% of patients had diabetes mellitus, 49.2% had hyperlipidemia, and 53.5% had coronary artery disease. Compared with nonuremic patients, uremic patients had one-tenth of the levels of leptin (P Conclusions Advanced chronic kidney disease is associated with perturbations in adipose-derived hormones (leptin, adiponectin, and resistin). Adipose adiponectin and leptin (in contrast to reported plasma levels) were lower in uremic patients; there is an inverse correlation between adipose resistin and renal function. Compared with other clinical parameters including body mass index, uremia dominates overall in determining adipose phenotype, highlighting the complex biological interplay between uremia and adipose biology.
New formulation and relaxation to solve a concave-cost network flow problem

In this paper we study a minimum cost, multicommodity network flow problem in which the total cost is piecewise linear, concave of the total flow along the arcs. Specifically, the problem can be defined as follows. Given a directed network, a set of pairs of communicating nodes and a set of available capacity ranges and their corresponding variable and fixed cost components for each arc, the problem is to select for each arc a range and identify a path for each commodity between its source and destination nodes so as to minimize the total costs. We also extend the problem to the case of piecewise nonlinear, concave cost function. New mathematical programming formulations of the problems are presented. Efficient solution procedures based on Lagrangean relaxations of the problems are developed. Extensive computational results across a variety of networks are reported. These results indicate that the solution procedures are effective for a wide range of traffic loads and different cost structures. They also show that this work represents an improvement over previous work made by other authors. This improvement is the result of the introduction of the new formulations of the problems and their relaxations.
SU‐E‐T‐249: Information Systems Infrastructure and Architecture for a Large Integrated and Centralized Oncology System

Purpose: To design and implement an Oncology Information System (OIS) around an existing IT infrastructure to optimize performance, meet clinical requirements, and minimize implementation costs. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) is a large health system with 50 medical and radiation oncology centers. To improve the quality, safety, and efficiency of patient centric care, an initiative was undertaken to integrate the patients' data and health information of all cancer centers on a centralized OIS with interfaces to the rest of the UPMC and affiliated hospitals. Methods: The OIS must incorporate the existing isolated oncology systems and devices and aggregate all of the patient's electronic medical records (EMR) including imaging, planning, and treatment creating a single point of patient information reference built upon the existing UPMC infrastructure. The distributed nature of UPMC CancerCenter and its multi‐vendor systems requires rigorous evaluation and testing for multiple levels of software, hardware, infrastructure, and environmental platforms and comparison and validation of their capabilities with the clinical workflow. Results: We successfully implemented the “integrated and centralized” OIS with ARIA at 16 of the 22 radiation and 5 of the 28 medical oncology sites at the rate of 1 site every 2 months. We completed all inbound and outbound interfaces transferring data to and from ARIA and other UPMC systems. We interfaced 1 of 9 affiliated Non‐UPMC health systems. Conclusion: To fit the OIS technical and clinical requirements with existing health system IT infrastructure and maximize the OIS performance at minimum cost, we customized OIS data locations providing the best data flow patterns across the network. This provided a comprehensive Electronic Health Record from multiple EMRs and platforms giving physicians a unique view into each patient's information. The OIS optimized the best options for medical oncology, radiation oncology, image based planning, and image guided radiotherapy and radiosurgery.
Peaking Deflections of Flexible Pipe during Initial Backfilling Process

Most thermoplastic pipes exhibit peaking behavior during the initial backfilling process. It is shown with the actual field data that the peaking deflections can be beneficial for minimizing the long-term deflections of the pipe. An approach similar to the one proposed by Spangler is used to derive a formula for estimating the peaking deflections of thermoplastic pipe due to forces generated during the initial backfilling. The formula is tested in light of a number of field installation cases. The results show that the proposed formula predicts peaking deflections of both polyvinyl chloride and high density polyethylene pipes accurately under a variety of backfilled conditions.
Related factors of the Survey of Study Habits and Attitudes and the Vocational Preference Inventory

Abstract The Survey of Study Habits and Attitudes (SSHA) and the Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI) were administered to 100 undergraduates. The scales of the two instruments were compared using canonical analysis. The analysis revealed a relationship between a component of the SSHA and a component of the VPI which accounted for 31% of the variance of the two instruments. The related components were interpreted as indicating that a dimension running from an academic orientation to a nonacademic orientation was measured by certain scales of each instrument.
Binding of episodic memories in the rat.

Summary People remember an event as a coherent scene [1–4]. Memory of such an episode is thought to reflect binding of a fully integrated representation, rather than memory of unconnected features [4–7]. However, it is not known whether rodents form bound representations. Here we show that rats remember episodes as bound representations. Rats were presented with multiple features of unique episodes at memory encoding: what (food flavor), where (maze location), source (self-generated food seeking—running to the food site—or experimenter-generated food seeking—placement by the experimenter at the food site), and context (spatial cues in the room where the event occurred). After a delay, the trial continued with a memory assessment in which one flavor replenished at the self-generated—but not at experimenter-generated—locations. We presented rats with multiple overlapping features, in rapid succession, to ensure that successful memory retrieval required them to disambiguate multiple study episodes (using two rooms). We found that binding is resistant to interference from highly similar episodes and survives long retention intervals (∼1 week). Our results suggest that multiple episodic memories are each structured as bound representations, which suggests that nonhumans represent episodic memories using a structure similar to that of people. This finding enhances the translational potential for utilizing animal models of episodic memory to explore the biological mechanisms of memory and validate therapeutic approaches for treating disorders of memory.
A technology infused science summer camp to prepare student leaders in 8th grade classrooms

Technology-enhanced science curriculum has potential for introducing fundamental computing concepts to adolescents. iQUEST (investigations for Quality Understanding and Engagement for Students and Teachers) is designed to transform middle school science teachers into advocates for technology being a critical part of student learning. It targets 7th and 8th grade science classrooms that serve high percentages of Hispanic students. To prepare student leaders in iQUEST teachers' classrooms, a group of 24 Hispanic students from project schools were invited to participate in a weeklong technology infused science summer camp. These students would continue on in project classrooms where teachers receive intensive technology training and support over the next year. This paper describes the camp activities and reports how the camp impacted students' aptitude and attitude toward technology and science.
Analysis of the Tibio-Femoral Contact Point in Total Knee Replacement Using a Marker Based Motion Analysis System

The tibio-femoral contact point in total knee replacements (TKR) is important for determining wear patterns and failure mechanisms of the polyethylene components. Furthermore, the contact point location is critical for determining muscle and ligament lever arms, leading to a more accurate prediction of the internal contact forces.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Overvoltages in Polyphase Induction Motors During Single-Phase Operation

Introduction IN the course of the starting, reversal, or normal operation of a polyphase wound-rotor induction motor, it occasionally happens that either the stator or the rotor or both may be allowed to operate single phase. In some cases it has been noted that the voltage of the open terminal or terminals under these conditions has a steady-state peak value well above its normal maximum. While scattered references to this effect may be found in the literature, and though the general subject of single-phase operation of polyphase induction motors has been discussed from time to time, apparently the magnitude of these voltages has not been the subject of a thorough and organized investigation. This paper is based on the results of a study, undertaken to determine analytically the maximum theoretical voltages of a three-phase induction motor under single-phase operating conditions, and, so far as possible, to check these calculated figures against actual test results.
ATMIN: a new tumor suppressor in developing B cells.

In the current issue of Cancer Cell , Loizou et al. report that the deletion of ATM Interactor (ATMIN) in developing B cells leads to profound genomic instability and clonal B cell leukemia, revealing a novel tumor suppressor function for ATMIN.
Occupational gender segregation Trends and explanations

Abstract This article examines recent research on occupational segregation by gender. It reviews and evaluates statistical approaches to measuring the extent to which women are disproportionately represented in “women’s jobs” and men in “men’s jobs.” By combining the findings of a number of studies, it traces the changes in the extent in occupational segregation from the end of the nineteenth century until 1995, and the forms and extent of gender segregation in occupations cross-nationally. In addition to the trends, this article considers the consequences of segregation to women. Finally, current explanations for occupational segregation are analyzed and assessed by considering the empirical data on occupational segregation.
THE EFFECT OF OXIDANT INJURY ON THE LYMPHOBLASTIC TRANSFORMATION OF HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES

— We have studied the effect of oxidant injury on the lymphoblastic transformation and glucose metabolism of human lymphocytes. Lymphocyte cultures were incubated with xanthine oxidase and xanthine, an enzyme system known to generate several highly reactive oxygen compounds. Lymphoblastic transformation to phytohemagglutinin was quantitated by the stimulation of DNA synthesis as indicated by the 3H-thymidine uptake of the cultures at 3 days. The lymphoblastic transformation of cultures incubated with the enzyme system was significantly impaired compared to controls. These cultures also failed to demonstrate the burst of glucose metabolism characteristic of transforming cells. To firmly establish that the effect of the enzyme system on lymphoblastic transformation was related to reactive oxygen molecules, the effect of several scavengers was studied. Cultures supplemented with catalase were almost completely protected against the effect of the enzyme system. In contrast, cultures supplemented with superoxide dismutase, mannitol and azide. scavengers of superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, and singlet oxygen, respectively, were not protected. These data indicate that the functional capacity of human lymphocytes can be impaired in vitro by exposure to hydrogen peroxide.
A new Coriolis slurry erosion tester design for improved slurry dynamics

Abstract The Coriolis slurry tester provides a means of discriminating between the resistance of different materials to slurry erosion damage under low interaction intensity (low impingement angle and low normal velocity impact) conditions. A new design of the rotor–specimen holder assembly has been evolved to provide better control of the slurry flow over and along test specimen surfaces. Wear patterns on tester components reveal that slurry flow is similar to that predicted theoretically. The effects that the less turbulent fluid flow has on the response of specimen materials to slurry erosion, as measured either by specific energy or erosion resistance parameters, are also discussed. The new tester overcomes the sensitivity of earlier designs to small variations in the dimensions of specimen holders, or specimen positioning inserts, consequent upon machining tolerances.
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF PANCURONIUM AND TUBOCURARINE ON DIFFERENT MUSCLES OF YOUNG AND OLD MICE

In order to evaluate the sensitivity of different muscle types to neuromuscular blocking drugs, a system using mouse muscles in vitro was developed and applied to detect changes in drug sensitivity in relation to age. The effect of pancuronium and tubocurarine on initial twitch and on the ratio of fourth twitch to first twitch (T4/T1) of a train-of-four at 2 Hz were compared in fast-twitch, slow-twitch and respiratory muscles in the mouse. The muscles used were: extensor digitorum longus (EDL), soleus (SOL) and diaphragm (DIA). For both drugs the order of decreasing sensitivity was EDL > SOL > DIA. This result was the same whether first twitch or T4/T1 was used, although the latter was a more sensitive indicator. The sensitivity of neuromuscular block was less in muscles from old (30–33 month) animals than in the equivalent muscles from young (8–12 month) animals.
Relative set theory: Internal view

eraire [28]. The theory GRIST formulated here is an extension of P´ RIST. We prove that it is conservative and categorical over ZFC, and universal among theories of its kind. Technically, the paper carries out detailed analysis of the construction of internally iterated ultrapowers introduced in the author’s [13]. The objectives of an eventual extension of GRIST to a full relative set theory are briefly discussed in the last section. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification 03C20 (primary); 03C62, 03E70, 03H99 (secondary)
Malware target recognition via static heuristics

Organizations increasingly rely on the confidentiality, integrity and availability of their information and communications technologies to conduct effective business operations while maintaining their competitive edge. Exploitation of these networks via the introduction of undetected malware ultimately degrades their competitive edge, while taking advantage of limited network visibility and the high cost of analyzing massive numbers of programs. This article introduces the novel Malware Target Recognition (MaTR) system which combines the decision tree machine learning algorithm with static heuristic features for malware detection. By focusing on contextually important static heuristic features, this research demonstrates superior detection results. Experimental results on large sample datasets demonstrate near ideal malware detection performance (99.9+% accuracy) with low false positive (8.73e-4) and false negative rates (8.03e-4) at the same point on the performance curve. Test results against a set of publicly unknown malware, including potential advanced competitor tools, show MaTR's superior detection rate (99%) versus the union of detections from three commercial antivirus products (60%). The resulting model is a fine granularity sensor with potential to dramatically augment cyberspace situation awareness.
Management and Breeding Data on a Dairy Herd in which Bang's Disease (Infectious Abortion) was Eradicated by Segregation

Summary Initial division of the herd was made on May 10, 1926, according to the results of the agglutination test for Bang's disease (infectious abortion). The abortion-negative group consisted of 65 females of breeding age and the abortion-positive group 82 females of breeding age. The 82 reactors were moved to new buildings, about one-half mile from the home buildings, where the 65 nonreactors were held. From May 21,1926, to June 18, 1932, 80 cows from the abortion-negative group were added to the abortion-positive group. The abortion-positive group was terminated October 4, 1935. Mere division of the herd was not effective in preventing the spread of the disease. Strict supervision of all communication between the two groups stopped the spread of the disease. Different crews cared for the different groups of animals. The milk from the two groups was handled in the same room at the home buildings. Calves born in the abortion-positive group were fed milk from that group until they were 50 to 60 days old, then changed to milk from the abortion-negative group for 10 days, after which they were taken to the home buildings and isolated for 10 days before being placed with the other calves in the abortion-negative group. The same bulls were bred to abortion-negative and abortion-positive cows without evidence of their spreading the disease. The group of 80 cows added to the abortion-positive group from time to time required more services for a conception than any other group, and the percentage of conceptions resulting from the first four services was smaller in this group than in any other. The percentage of pregnancies terminating in live calves was also smaller in this group than in any other group. This group was also less efficient than the other groups, as judged by the average number of live calves per cow-year. The less favorable showing of these 80 cows was probably due to the fact that they became positive and went through the most serious phase of the disease during the period covered by these data, while many of the animals in the original positive group had already passed through the most serious phases of the disease prior to segregation and were not so seriously affected during the period covered by these data. The abortion-positive cows required more services for a conception when bred after an abortion than when bred after a normal calving. The sex of calves and fetuses is given for the time the abortion-positive group was maintained.
Dynamic and Succinct Statistical Analysis of Neuroscience Data

Modern neuroscientific recording technologies are increasingly generating rich, multimodal data that provide unique opportunities to investigate the intricacies of brain function. However, our ability to exploit the dynamic, interactive interplay among neural processes is limited by the lack of appropriate analysis methods. In this paper, some challenging issues in neuroscience data analysis are described, and some general-purpose approaches to address such challenges are proposed. Specifically, we discuss statistical methodologies with a theme of loss functions, and hierarchical Bayesian inference methodologies from the perspective of constructing optimal mappings. These approaches are demonstrated on both simulated and experimentally acquired neural data sets to assess causal influences and track time-varying interactions among neural processes on a fine time scale.
Geometric Determinants to Cement Line Debonding and Osteonal Lamellae Failure in Osteon Pushout Tests

Cement lines are the boundaries between secondary osteons and the surrounding interstitial bone matrix in cortical bone. The interfacial properties of cement lines have been determined by osteon pushout tests. However, distinctively different material properties were obtained when osteon pushout tests were performed under different test geometries. In the present study, an axisymmetric two-dimensional finite element model was used to simulate an osteon pushout test using the test geometry of actual experiments. The results indicated that shear failure within the osteonal lamellae would occur when the osteon pushout test was performed under the condition of a thick specimen and large supporting hole. On the other hand, cement line debonding occurred when the osteon pushout test was performed using a thin specimen and small supporting hole. The finite element results were consistent with previous experiments of osteon pushout tests under different test geometries. Furthermore, the finite-element results suggest that a smoothly curved punch would most likely cause debonding at the cement line instead of osteonal lamellae.
Ultracentrifugal Analysis of Lipoproteins During Adaptation to High Carbohydrate Diet in Type II Hyperlipoproteinemia and Normals

SummaryChanges in ultracentrifugal lipoprotein patterns on the second and fifth day of high carbohydrate feeding in normals and patients with Type II hyperlipoproteinemia are reported. A significant increase in Sof 100–400 class lipoproteins and decrease in Sof 0–12 class lipoproteins occurred. Sof 20–100 class lipoproteins showed a significant increase in all subjects except one mother–daughter pair with Type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Less consistent patterns of change were seen in F1.20 (0–3.5) and F1.20 (3.5–9) class lipoproteins. Sof 12–20 class lipoproteins showed no consistent change.