cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
To drain or not to drain – Management of pediatric deep neck abscesses: A case–control study

Abstract Optimal management of deep neck abscesses has been the subject of debate for more than a century: surgical drainage has been the mainstay of treatment, but recently many centres have reported successful non-operative management in selected cases. Objectives Our objective was to review the management of deep neck abscesses in our institution and to identify characteristics that would predict successful non-operative management. Methods A retrospective chart review from January 2001 to August 2010 was performed. Children up to age fifteen years with a CT-confirmed diagnosis of retropharyngeal or parapharyngeal abscess were included. A case–control study of small deep space neck abscesses (≤25 mm maximal diameter) was performed, comparing antibiotic treatment alone with antibiotics plus abscess drainage. Results 54 children met the inclusion criteria, of whom half had abscesses ≤25 mm diameter. Younger children within the group with smaller abscesses were more likely to need surgical drainage ( p p 27 children had an abscess >25 mm diameter on CT scan, four (15%) of whom responded quickly to antibiotics and were managed non-operatively, while the rest underwent surgery. There were no significant differences between the surgical and non-surgical group characteristics with larger abscesses. Conclusion High dose intravenous antibiotics are an effective treatment for deep space neck abscesses and may obviate the need for surgical drainage, particularly in smaller abscesses. Children who do not respond quickly to antibiotics are more likely to require surgery to achieve resolution. Children with larger abscesses may respond to antibiotic therapy alone but should be closely observed. A trial of high dose intravenous antibiotics in stable children with close observation is warranted as first line treatment, especially for small deep space neck abscesses.
Chemistry of alkaline scale inhibition in seawater desalination by flocon antiscalant 247

Abstract Alkaline scaling in seawater distillation plants occurs by a series of physicochemical changes which are initiated by the thermal decomposition of bicarbonate ions. FLOCON Antiscalant 247, a new threshold scale inhibitor, suppresses calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide foulings by intervention at both the bicarbonate decomposition and mineral deposition stages of the scaling sequence. Kinetic studies in refluxing synthetic seawater which contained 14C-sodium bicarbonate show that FLOCON 247 retards bicarbonate/carbonate decomposition rates, thereby effectively reducing seawater's alkaline scale potential. The formation of Ca+2/Mg+2-antiscalant complexes disrupts calcium and magnesium catalyzed mechanisms for accelerated bicarbonate decomposition. FLOCON Antiscalant 247 was synthesized with 14C-radiolabelled maleic anhydride to determine its threshold interactions with calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide scales. High temperature scale control experiments using Atlantic Ocean seawater clearly demonstrate that FLOCON 247 significantly reduced alkaline fouling by incorporation of the antiscalant into the incipient scales. Codeposition of antiscalant with scale impedes further precipitation and disperses the precipitated scales in the blowdown. Formation of sparingly soluble, alkaline earth-antiscalant complexes provides the chemical driving force for the incorporation of antiscalants into alkaline scales under high temperature desalination conditions.
Lessons Learned from a Dual-Enrollment Partnership

This chapter presents lessons learned from a community college in Arizona in implementing dual-enrollment partnership programs.
ELECTRON TRANSFER IN THE ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF METALS, METAL COMPOUNDS AND METAL COMPLEXES

Abstract Because electron-transfer occurs at the electrode/solution interface, the oxidation of metal electrodes involves electron removal (within the interface) from a solvent molecule or basic constituent (ligand) rather than from the valence-electron shell of the metal . The difference in oxidation potential for the free ligand in the absence of the metal electrode and in its presence is a measure of the metal-ligand differential bond energy (e.g. for Ag-Cl, -Δ G BF -Δ E ° × 23.1 kcal (eV) −1 50.6 kcal mol −1 ). Likewise, oxidation of reduced transition-metal complexes and metalloporphyrins are ligand-centered (or solvent-centered) , as is the reduction of the oxidized state . In each case the potential for the oxidation of free ligand (or solvent) is decreased in the presence of metal or reduced-metal complex by an amount that is proportional to the metal-ligand bond energy (-Δ G BF ).
A multi-stage least squares method for identifying Hammerstein model nonlinear systems

This paper considers the parameter identification of nonlinear systems using Hammerstein model and in the presence of correlated output noise. Existing identification methods are all iterative. The proposed method, called MSLS, is a noniterative four-stage least square solution procedure. Therefore, it is computationally simpler. The estimates so obtained are statistically consistent. Two examples are included to demonstrate the utility of this method.
The Effects of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on Dopaminergic Challenge and Receptor Binding in Wistar Rats

The behavioral teratogenic effects of prenatal cocaine administration in Wistar rats were assessed in dams treated throughout gestation via oral gavage with either 0 or 80 mg/kg of cocaine. A pair-fed (PF) cohort group for the 80-mg/kg dose was used to control for an anorexic effect of cocaine. Alterations in the dopaminergic system at maturity were evaluated using pharmacological challenges with amphetamine and cocaine and by measuring D1 and D2 receptor binding in the nucleus accumbens and caudate nucleus. No significant difference among the offspring of the treatment groups was found in amphetamine-induced locomotion. A cocaine-based conditioned taste aversion was established in all offspring, but no significant effect of prenatal cocaine treatment was seen. Dopamine receptor binding was not significantly influenced by prenatal treatment, although a decreased D1 binding in the caudate nucleus of the prenatal cocaine rats approached significance.
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Epidermal Growth Factor Stimulate Prolactin Synthesis by a Pathway(s) that Differs from that Used by Phorbol Esters: Dissociation of Actions by Calcium Dependency and Additivity*

TRH, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) stimulate PRL synthesis by GH4C1 rat pituitary cells. Recent evidence suggests that TPA activates directly phospholipid- and calcium-dependent protein kinase C in other cell types and that TRH might act analogously by altering phospholipid metabolism in GH4C1 cells. To examine the pathways by which these three agents stimulate PRL synthesis, we determined their calcium dependencies as well as their combined effects on PRL production. By equilibration of GH4C1 cells in a protein-free medium for 24 h, the free cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was found to increase (from 90 to 360 nm) when the extracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]e) was varied from 15 to 800 μm. Basal PRL production increased in parallel (from 1 to 4 μg/ml·24 h). TPA-stimulated PRL production was highly calcium dependent and required 180 nm [Ca2+]i for maximal enhancement. TRH-stimulated PRL production was constant between 10 and 660 μm [Ca2+]e,...
Sexually transmitted diseases of mucous membranes

Abstract The group of diseases termed venereal, until recently, included syphilis, gonorrhea, chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, and granuloma inguinale. With sexually transmitted disease now reaching epidemic proportions, as a result of a newly liberated society, the term "sexually transmitted disease" (STD), is used to refer to many other diseases that are acquired by mucous membrane or skin contact. [Contributing to the alarming rise of sexually transmitted disease is a change in moral and social attitudes that probably began with the widespread availability of birth control pills and other contraceptive methods. With a subsequent increase in number and frequency of sexual contacts, without fear of pregnancy, a number of new sexually transmitted diseases, beyond the classic venereal diseases listed previously, were reported with increasing frequency. These include the more common herpes simplex, nongonococcal urethritis, and condyloma acuminatum, as well as such serious conditions as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). There are 2 million new cases of gonorrhea every year; an estimated 1sol12 million new cases of nongonococcal urethritis, and sol12 million cases of herpes genitalis. This breaks down to one new case of sexually transmitted disease every 7 seconds. The following material will examine this dramatically escalating public health problem, outlining some of the more common diseases and describing the important features of each.
An improved method for setting upper limits with small numbers of events

Abstract We note that most experimental searches for rare phenomena actually measure the ratio of the number of event candidates to the number of some normalizing events. These measurements are most naturally interpreted within the framework of binomial or trinomial statistics. We present a general expression, based upon a classical treatment, that accounts for statistical normalization errors and incorporates expected background rates. The solutions of this expression converge to the standard Poisson values when the number of normalizing events is larger than a few hundred.
Cold tolerance in sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth robust form, tissue cultures and whole plants

AbstractSporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth robust form, is a coastal C4 grass species in tropical and subtropical regions. An artificial freeze test was used to determine the response of tissue exposed to low temperature. The response was monitored by three methods: measuring respiration rates as carbon dioxide flux before and after freezing, conducting a triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) viability assay, and observing growth of tissue cultures and the regrowth of shoots and roots from rhizome buds. The TTC assay overpredicted the survival temperature in rhizomes, when based on a 50% of control as lethal value, but was a good indicator of survival in callus and suspension cultures. Respiration rates of callus tissue declined with low temperature exposure and paralleled the TTC results. Rhizome tissue however had a more complex respiratory response. High, post-freeze, respiration rates during thawing of rhizomes at + 5.0°C were correlated with injury, detected both by a TTC assay and by the measurement of carbon dioxide flux. High respiration rates, measured after the thawing period, due to disabled rhizomes that were ultimately inviable, provide an explanation for the overprediction of the TTC assay. S. virginicus was found to be freeze-sensitive, LT50= - 2.5°C, with no hardening ability and it was concluded that cellular resistance defines the limits of freezing tolerance. However, avoidance of freezing strain through an underground perenniating organ probably allows S. virginicus to survive on the polar end of its range where episodic frosts may decrease temperatures to the lower limits of the cellular tolerance of a species.
Toxoplasma gondii Isolates from Mouflon Sheep (Ovis ammon) from Hawaii, USA

Little is known of Toxoplasma gondii isolates circulating in wildlife. The mouflon (Ovis ammon) is very popular game animal, hunted for its trophy horns. Here, we report the isolation and genetic characterization of T. gondii from two mouflons from Hawaii, USA. Both sheep had antibodies titers of 1:800 or higher. Viable T. gondii were isolated and nested PCR-RFLP genotyping revealed two genotypes, a clonal Type III (designated TgMouflonUS1), and a new genotype (designated TgMouflonUS2, and ToxoDB PCR-RFLP genotypes #249). This is the first report of T. gondii infection, isolation and genetic characterization in mouflons from the USA.
A note on absolute z-Embedding

Abstract It is proved that a FH(FRT2) space X is z-embedded in every FH(FRT1) space that X is embedded in iff X is FH-closed (the weak topology of X is almost compact).
A Drosophila TNF-receptor-associated factor (TRAF) binds the Ste20 kinase Misshapen and activates Jun kinase

Two families of protein kinases that are closely related to Ste20 in their kinase domain have been identified - the p21-activated protein kinase (Pak) and SPS1 families [1-3]. In contrast to Pak family members, SPS1 family members do not bind and are not activated by GTP-bound p21Rac and Cdc42. We recently placed a member of the SPS1 family, called Misshapen (Msn), genetically upstream of the c-Jun amino-terminal (JNK) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase module in Drosophila [4]. The failure to activate JNK in Drosophila leads to embryonic lethality due to the failure of these embryos to stimulate dorsal closure [5-8]. Msn probably functions as a MAP kinase kinase kinase kinase in Drosophila, activating the JNK pathway via an, as yet, undefined MAP kinase kinase kinase. We have identified a Drosophila TNF-receptor-associated factor, DTRAF1, by screening for Msn-interacting proteins using the yeast two-hybrid system. In contrast to the mammalian TRAFs that have been shown to activate JNK, DTRAF1 lacks an amino-terminal 'Ring-finger' domain, and overexpression of a truncated DTRAF1, consisting of only its TRAF domain, activates JNK. We also identified another DTRAF, DTRAF2, that contains an amino-terminal Ring-finger domain. Msn specifically binds the TRAF domain of DTRAF1 but not that of DTRAF2. In Drosophila, DTRAF1 is thus a good candidate for an upstream molecule that regulates the JNK pathway by interacting with, and activating, Msn. Consistent with this idea, expression of a dominant-negative Msn mutant protein blocks the activation of JNK by DTRAF1. Furthermore, coexpression of Msn with DTRAF1 leads to the synergistic activation of JNK. We have extended some of these observations to the mammalian homolog of Msn, Nck-interacting kinase (NIK), suggesting that TRAFs also play a critical role in regulating Ste20 kinases in mammals.
LOCAL CEREBRAL IMPEDANCE AND BLOOD FLOW DURING SLEEP AND AROUSAL.

Abstract Local impedance fluctuations in cerebral cortex, midbrain reticular formation, dorsal hippocampus and hypothalamus were recorded simultaneously and continuously in unrestrained cats with permanently implanted electrodes. Distinct patterns of impedance recordings were correlated with behavioral and EEG signs of sleep, wakefulness and arousal by various stimuli. The most striking response to alerting stimuli was the marked, selective increase in impedance pulse in a specific area of the posterior hypothalamus. The exquisite sensitivity of this site is consistent with its affective and autonomic roles. Startle stimuli elicited tachycardia and a general, widespread reduction in cerebral impedance pulse amplitude. These two responses were most frequently seen in combination, particularly following the intravenous injection of 1–2 μg/kg epinephrine. Hippocampal impedance changes in response to alerting stimuli were also observed, but less consistently. The local impedance patterns in different stages of sleep are also described; patterns seen during “paradoxical” sleep were very similar to those of the alert state. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that the amplitude of the impedance pulse provides an index of the relative blood flow changes in the vicinity of the electrode.
Christy Rishoi. From Girl to Woman: American Women's Coming-of-Age Narratives. Albany: State University of New York, 2003.

Like her literary predecessors Virginia Woolf and Simone de Beauvoir, Rishoi's book, From Girl to Woman, is not only a study of the coming-of-age narrative and what it means to be a woman, but it i...
The Bartlett et al extracorporeal membrane oxygenation case series from 1977, with expert commentary provided by Dr P. Pearl O'Rourke

In this Classic Papers feature, we highlight Dr. Robert H. Bartlett's ground-breaking case series from 1977 reporting 28 pediatric and adult patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Dr. P. Peal O'Rourke, who conducted early, innovative clinical research on ECMO, provides her perspective on the state of critical care for children in the late 1970s, how this paper and Dr. Bartlett himself influenced it, and difficulties faced in developing ECMO programs in the 1980s. Dr. Bartlett offers answers to questions about how his work on ECMO began, the reaction of the critical care community to the use of ECMO, and how challenges in studying ECMO in clinical trials have been approached.
Finite flange correction for microwave and millimeter-wave nondestructive material characterization

Open-ended waveguide material characterization is an effective nondestructive testing (NDT) technique for evaluating the dielectric constant and thickness of individual layers in a multilayered composite structure. A limitation of this technique is that the finite flange contributes to the estimation error, depending on the thickness and dielectric loss factor of the layers. Its effects are non-negligible in particular when measuring the dielectric constant of low-loss and thin materials. This paper studies the effect of using a common finite-flanged open-ended waveguide on the error in estimating the permittivity and loss-tangent of a dielectric sheet. This paper also presents a proposed modification to the flange geometry in order to markedly reduce this undesired effect.
Do ratings on the american board of internal medicine resident evaluation form detect differences in clinical competence

Objective: To determine whether raters using the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) Resident Evaluation Form can detect differences among residents in clinical competence. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Inpatient general medicine service in a university-affiliated public hospital. Participants: University-based internal medicine (UCIM) residents (ABIM certifying examination pass rate, 91%; mean score, 95th percentile), community hospital-based internal medicine (CHIM) residents (ABIM examination pass rate, 68%; mean score, 42nd percentile), and residents from three university-based non-internal medicine (UC non-IM) programs all assigned to the same inpatient general medicine service over a three-year period. Four hundred eighty-nine evaluations of 110 postgraduate-year-one residents were analyzed. Measurements and main results: Mean ratings for the UCIM residents were significantly higher than those for the CHIM or UC non-IM residents (analysis of variance [ANOVA], p<0.05). Variance was smallest for the UCIM residents (F test, p<0.01), and only the UCIM residents’ mean scores were in the “superior” range (7–9) in all evaluated categories. The mean ratings for the CHIM residents while at the university-affiliated hospital were not significantly different from the ratings of the same residents at their home hospital. The ratings for the CHIM residents at either site were significantly lower than those for the UCIM residents in all categories (ANOVA, p<0.05). Factor analysis revealed a single factor accounting for 76% of the variance among the ratings with all dimensions loading high on that factor (0.75–0.95), providing evidence for a “halo” effect. Mean interrater agreement over all variables was 0.87, indicating good consistency among raters. Conclusions: Ratings on the ABIM Resident Evaluation Form detect global differences among residents in clinical competence in the expected direction based on type of training program and performance on the ABIM certification examination, but fail to differentiate among the nine evaluated dimensions of clinical care. This rating method may be valid for assessing overall clinical performance, but is less useful for providing feedback in specific areas to individual residents.
Analysis of the Causes of the Massive Ferrite in P91 Steel

Analyzed theoretically the reasons for the formation of massive ferrite through analysis of the phase diagram of P91 steel. By Combining with the heat treatment of the header, we can make a conclusion that the formation of massive ferrite in P91 steel is because temperature is too high (more than the A1 transformation point). And the process of elimination of massive ferrite was proposed.
Distribution of immobilized enzymes on porous membranes

In this article, the results from a theoretical and experimental investigation of enzyme immobilization in porous membranes are reported. A theoretical model of the immobilization process, which accounts for restricted diffusion of enzyme in the pores of the membrane, has been developed. The model predicts the effect of immobilization kinetics and time of immobilization on the enzyme distribution in the pores of the membrane. The immobilization of glucose oxidase and glucose oxidase-biotin conjugate on porous alumina membranes was experimentally investigated. Enzyme uptake data was correlated to the theory to determine the rate constant of immobilization and the distribution of the enzyme in the pore. Immobilization studies were carried out for enzyme adsorption and for enzyme attachment by covalent coupling. The distribution of enzyme was experimentally studied by assembling five membranes in the diffusion cell. Following immobilization, the membranes were separated and each was assayed for activity. The amount of active enzyme present in each membrane yielded a discrete distribution that compared well with that predicted by theory.
Modulation detection by patients with eighth-nerve tumors.

Detection thresholds for sinusoidally amplitude-modulated broad-band noise were measured as a function of modulation frequency for 4 normally hearing listeners and for 6 patients suffering eighth-n...
Porous Asphalt Pavement Temperature Effects for Urban Heat Island Analysis

Increased nighttime temperatures caused by retained heat in urban areas is a phenomenon known as the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Urbanization requires an increase in pavement surface area, which contributes to UHI as a result of unfavorable heat retention properties. In recent years, alternative pavement designs have become more common in an attempt to mitigate the environmental impacts of urbanization. Specifically, porous pavements are gaining popularity in the paving industry because of their attractive storm water mitigation and friction properties. However, little information regarding the thermal behavior of these materials is available. This paper explores the extent to which porous asphalt pavement influences pavement temperatures and investigates the impact on UHI by considering the diurnal temperature cycle. A one-dimensional pavement temperature model developed at Arizona State University was used to model surface temperatures of porous asphalt, traditional dense-graded asphalt, and portlan...
Opioid supraspinal analgesic synergy between the amygdala and periaqueductal gray in rats

Abstract Analgesia can be elicited following microinjections of morphine, μ-selective agonists and β-endorphin into the amygdala. These analgesic responses are mediated by opioid synapses in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) since general (naltrexone), μ (β-funaltrexamine) and δ2 (naltrindole isothiocyanate) opioid antagonists administered into the PAG significantly reduce both morphine and β-endorphin analgesia elicited from the amygdala. Supraspinal multiplicative opiate analgesic interactions have been observed between the PAG and rostroventromedial medulla (RVM), the PAG and locus coeruleus (LC), and the RVM and LC. The present study further examined the relationship between the amygdala and PAG in analgesic responsiveness by determining whether multiplicative analgesic interactions occur following paired administration of subthreshold doses of morphine into both structures, β-endorphin into both structures, morphine into one structure and β-endorphin into the other structure, or morphine and β-endorphin into one structure. Co-administration of subthreshold doses of morphine into both the amygdala and PAG results in a profound synergistic interaction on the jump test, but not the tail-flick test. Co-administration of subthreshold doses of β-endorphin into both structures also results in a profound test-specific synergistic interaction. In both cases, the magnitude of the interaction was similar regardless of the site receiving the fixed dose of the opioid, and the site receiving the variable dose of the opioid. Co-administration of β-endorphin (1 μg) into the amygdala and morphine (1 μg) into the PAG produced a potent interaction, but co-administration of morphine (1 μg) into the amygdala and β-endorphin (1 μg) into the PAG failed to produce interactive effects. Finally, co-administration of morphine (1 μg) and β-endorphin (1 μg) into either the amygdala alone or the PAG alone failed to produce an interaction, indicating the importance of regional opioid activation. These data are discussed in terms of the test-specificity of nociceptive processing in the amygdala, in terms of the multiple modulatory mechanisms mediating β-endorphin analgesia in the PAG, and in terms of whether the interactions are either mediated by anatomical connections between the amygdala and PAG or by mechanisms initiated by these two sites converging at another site or sites.
“From One Voice A Chorus”: Elizabeth Cady Stanton's 1860 Address to the New York State Legislature

This paper argues for a broadening of the critical debate over text and context as a means of constructing a feminist approach to public address criticism. Combining a close reading of Stanton's address with socio-historical analysis, it argues that Stanton's strategy for illuminating the hidden stories of women's lives offers a model for this feminist critical approach. The essay traces the tremendous contribution of the often unseen work that supports and furthers social change, and in doing so advocates an approach to the study of men's and women's public address that recognizes the significance of collaboration and collective achievements.
Reconsidered mechanism in RuIII(hedta)-catalyzed epoxidation of stilbenes

Abstract The cis -stilbene oxide/ trans -stilbene oxide isomer assignment given formerly in Inorg. Chim. Acta, 193 (1992) 217 should be reversed. This assignment was based on the 1 H NMR spectra of the stilbene oxides given in The Varian High Resolution NMR Spectral Catalog , Vol. 2, which is in error. The large amount of trans -oxide versus cis -oxide (5.5:1) from the cis -stilbene epoxidation by [Ru III (hedta)]/t-BuOOH, and 100% trans -oxide from trans - stilbene, is reinterpreted as indicative of a radicaloid intermediate in ⩾85% of the reaction channels. Comparisons are made with 15 ruthenium oxo catalysts which epoxidize stilbenes. Two categories are observed which are (A) stereoretentive Ru IV O catalysts or sterically hindered Ru VI O porphyrin oxidants, and (B) those which give isomer mixtures for Z -olefins and which are less hindered Ru V O and Ru IV O catalysts. The mechanistics aspects of these epoxidations are discussed.
Pragmatic and categorial correlates of vs word order

Languages described as ‘verb-initial’ have certain pragmatic characteristics which set them apart from SVO languages. The verb forms used in independent clauses in verb-initial languages differ from their counterparts in SVO languages in that they cannot be presuppositional (in the sense of Givon (1979) ); consequently, verb-initial languages frequently use nominal or special dependent forms where SVO languages would use an independent verb form. The development of a language from verb-initial to SVO or vice-versa therefore necessarily involves a change in the pragmatic nature of the categories involved.
Pharmacology and Drug Interaction Effects of the Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors: Focus on α-Blocker Interactions

Currently, 3 phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor agents are available worldwide for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED): sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil. Each of these agents is effective across a broad range of etiologies, including vasculogenic ED in men. Because PDE5 enzyme is found within the vascular smooth muscle cells in the walls of systemic arteries and veins, PDE5 inhibitors are mild vasodilators associated with small (and in general, clinically insignificant) decreases in blood pressure. However, because of the synergistic decrease in blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic) in the presence of organic nitrates, these 3 agents are contraindicated in patients receiving organic nitrates. The duration of interaction between a PDE5 inhibitor and nitrate administration depends on the specific drug being studied. The interaction between sildenafil or vardenafil and nitroglycerin is no longer observed by 24 hours. A preliminary study with sildenafil and sublingual nitroglycerin suggested the interaction is no longer observable by 4 hours. The interaction between tadalafil and nitroglycerin has dissipated by 48 hours after tadalafil administration. This is consistent with the longer elimination half-life of the drug. When PDE5 inhibitors are administered to patients with hypertension who are taking most antihypertensive agents (eg, β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium antagonists, diuretics), there are usually small additive decreases in blood pressure without a significant increase of adverse events. Some patients develop orthostatic hypotension when PDE5 inhibitors are used in conjunction with an α-blocker (typically for hypertension or for urologic conditions, such as benign prostatic hypertrophy). Precautions are necessary for all 3 of the PDE5 inhibitors regarding this potential interaction. Some studies suggest that the interaction is less relevant clinically if the patient has been undergoing long-term α-blocker therapy. Several analyses have suggested that PDE5 inhibitors do not increase myocardial infarction rates or death rates compared with placebo controls or expected rates from age–matched populations. In contrast, recent studies have shown that PDE5 inhibitors may have therapeutic potential for a host of cardiovascular diseases. In general, these agents, when used appropriately, are highly safe and effective.
Design of Parallel Kinematic XY Flexure Mechanisms

This paper presents parallel kinematic XY mechanism designs that are based on a systematic constraint pattern. The constraint pattern, realized by means of double parallelogram flexure modules, is such that it allows large ranges of motion without over-constraining the mechanism or generating significant error motions. Nonlinear force-displacement characteristics of the double parallelogram flexure are used in analytically predicting the performance measures of the proposed XY mechanisms. Comparisons between closed-form linear and nonlinear analyses are presented to highlight the inadequacy of the former. Fundamental design tradeoffs in flexure mechanism performance are discussed qualitatively and quantitatively. It is shown that geometric symmetry in the constraint arrangement relaxes some of the design tradeoffs, resulting in improved performance. The nonlinear analytical predictions are validated by means of Finite Element Analysis and experimental measurements.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Differences in calcium absorption and kinetics between black and white girls aged 5–16 years†

To assess racial differences in calcium (Ca) metabolism, we measured Ca absorption and kinetics in 89 girls (38 black and 51 white) aged 4.9-16.7 years using a dual-tracer stable isotope technique. We found significantly greater rates of fractional (0.44 +/- 0.13 vs. 0.25 +/- 0.08, p < 0.0001) and total calcium absorption (406 +/- 142 vs. 234 +/- 82 mg/day, p < 0.0003) in black than in white postmenarcheal girls. Fractional absorption of Ca was also greater in black than in white premenarcheal girls (0.39 +/- 0.14 vs. 0.30 +/- 0.10, p = 0.01). Fractional absorption of Ca was more closely correlated to Ca intake in white (r = -0.42, p = 0.002) than in black girls (r = -0.25, p = 0.14). Urinary Ca excretion was significantly lower in pre- but not postmenarcheal black girls than in white girls. Calcium kinetic values associated with bone calcium deposition were greater in black girls, indicating a greater rate of bone Ca deposition in both pre- and postmenarcheal black girls. These results suggest that the greater bone mass accumulated during childhood and adolescence in black than in white females is due, in part, to greater rates of Ca absorption in black girls.
Effects of ATD on male sexual behavior and androgen receptor binding: A reexamination of the aromatization hypothesis

The aromatization hypothesis asserts that testosterone (T) must be aromatized to estradiol (E2) to activate copulatory behavior in the male rat. In support of this hypothesis, the aromatization inhibitor, ATD, has been found to suppress male sexual behavior in T-treated rats. In our experiment, we first replicated this finding by peripherally injecting ATD (15 mg/day) or propylene glycol into T-treated (two 10-mm Silastic capsules) or control castrated male rats. In a second experiment, we bilaterally implanted either ATD-filled or blank cannulae into the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of either T-treated or control castrated male rats. With this more local distribution of ATD, a lesser decline in sexual behavior was found, suggesting that other brain areas are involved in the neurohormonal activation of copulatory behavior in the male rat. To determine whether in vivo ATD interacts with androgen or estrogen receptors, we conducted cell nuclear androgen and estrogen receptor binding assays of hypothalamus, preoptic area, amygdala, and septum following treatment with the combinations of systemic T alone. ATD plus T, ATD alone, and blank control. In all four brain areas binding of T to androgen receptors was significantly decreased in the presence of ATD, suggesting that ATD may act both as an androgen receptor blocker and as an aromatization inhibitor. Competitive binding studies indicated that ATD competes in vitro for cytosol androgen receptors, thus substantiating the in vivo antiandrogenic effects of ATD. Cell nuclear estrogen receptor binding was not significantly increased by exposure to T in the physiological range. No agonistic properties of ATD were observed either behaviorally or biochemically. Thus, an alternative explanation for the inhibitory effects of ATD on male sexual behavior is that ATD prevents T from binding to androgen receptors.
The effect of zileuton on antipyrine and indocyanine green disposition

The effects of single and multiple oral doses of zileuton on the pharmacokinetics of antipyrine and indocyanine green were studied in 16 healthy, nonsmoking adult men by means of a double-blind, randomized, parallel placebo-controlled design. Indocyanine green disposition was not significantly altered by zileuton. Plasma antipyrine clearance declined by 20% (p < 0.0005) and 52% (p < 0.0005) after single and multiple dose zileuton exposure, respectively. Total urinary recovery of unchanged antipyrine and metabolites decreased with zileuton exposure. Selective declines from baseline of 16% (p = 0.007) and 20% (p = 0.003) after single-dose zileuton and 30% (p < 0.0005) and 43% (p < 0.0005) after multiple-dose zileuton were detected in recovery of 4-hydroxyantipyrine and 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine, respectively. Urinary recovery of the N-demethylantipyrine metabolite norantipyrine and percent of conjugation of 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine were unchanged by zileuton. In conclusion, zileuton therapy has no detectable effect on indocyanine green disposition but exerts marked effects on antipyrine plasma and urine metabolite disposition.
High-throughput processes and structural characterization of single-nanotube based devices for 3D electronics

We have developed manufacturable approaches to form single, vertically aligned carbon nanotubes, where the tubes are centered precisely, and placed within a few hundred nm of 1-1.5 μm deep trenches. These wafer-scale approaches were enabled by chemically amplified resists and inductively coupled Cryo-etchers to form the 3D nanoscale architectures. The tube growth was performed using dc plasmaenhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), and the materials used for the pre-fabricated 3D architectures were chemically and structurally compatible with the high temperature (700 °C) PECVD synthesis of our tubes, in an ammonia and acetylene ambient. The TEM analysis of our tubes revealed graphitic basal planes inclined to the central or fiber axis, with cone angles up to 30° for the particular growth conditions used. In addition, bending tests performed using a custom nanoindentor, suggest that the tubes are well adhered to the Si substrate. Tube characteristics were also engineered to some extent, by adjusting growth parameters, such as Ni catalyst thickness, pressure and plasma power during growth.
Modeling the dynamics of social networks using Bayesian hierarchical blockmodels

We introduce a new class of dynamic models for networks that extends stochastic blockmodels to settings where the interactions between a group of actors are observed at multiple points in time. Our goal is to identify structural changes in model features such as differential attachment, homophily by attributes, transitivity, and clustering as the network evolves. Our focus is on Bayesian inference, so the models are constructed hierarchically by combining different classes of Bayesian nonparametric priors. The methods are illustrated through a simulation study and two real data sets. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 5: 218–234, 2012 © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phase-Sensitive Neutron Reflectometry†

The recent development of exact methods for determining the phase in neutron specular reflectivity measurements makes it possible to extract the scattering length density (SLD) depth profile of a film directly, by first principles inversion. Ideally, other than the uncertainty introduced by statistical fluctuations in the measured reflectivities, any ambiguity in a SLD profile obtained by these phase-sensitive methods is a consequence only of the limited range of wavevector transfer Q over which the reflectivity data can, in practice, be collected. Where practically possible to employ such phase-sensitive techniques, which require the use of reference layers or variable surrounding media, not only is the uniqueness of the resultant SLD profile well defined, but also the ability to perform an inversion without any adjustable parameters eliminates the vagaries associated with fitting reflectivity data alone. A comprehensive summary of the experimental and theoretical methodologies of phase-sensitive neutron reflectometry is presented and illustrated by a current application.
A new standard of sexual behavior? Are claims associated with the "hookup culture" supported by general social survey data?

Popular media have described intimate relationships among contemporary college students as dominated by a pervasive sexual “hookup culture,” implying that students are involved in frequent sexual encounters pursued by both participants without the expectation of a continuing relationship. The hookup culture has been described as “a nationwide phenomenon that has largely replaced traditional dating on college campuses” (Bogle, 2008, p. 5). We tested whether these claims are supported among young adults (18–25) who had completed at least one year of college. Contrasting 1988–1996 waves of the General Social Survey with 2004–2012 waves, we found respondents from the current era did not report more sexual partners since age 18, more frequent sex, or more partners during the past year than respondents from the earlier era. Sexually active respondents from the current era were more likely than those from the earlier era to report sex with a casual date/pickup or friend, and less likely to report sex with a spou...
Pancreaticoduodenectomy for benign disease

Background Surgeons are often called upon to perform pancreaticoduodenectomy for either suspicion of malignancy or symptoms due to benign disease. Perioperative morbidity and mortality following pancreaticoduodenectomy have decreased markedly over the last 2 decades. In response, many surgical centers advocate expanding the indications for pancreaticoduodenectomy to include lesions other than periampullary carcinoma. Patients and methods A retrospective review of medical records for 108 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy for benign disease at The Johns Hopklns Medical Institutions over 100 months was completed. The subset of patients with a histopathologic diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis was identified and compared with patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy for other benign conditions. Results The mortality rate for the present series was less than 1%. Perioperative complications, the majority of which were self-limited, occurred in 51% of patients. The most common complication was delayed gastric emptying. Pancreatic anastamotic leak occurred in 18% of patients and developed significantly more frequently in patients with benign diseases other than chronic pancreatitis (31% versus 8%, P Conclusion Among appropriately selected patients, the rates of perioperative mortality and serious morbidity are low, and concerns about mortality and morbidity should not prevent an aggressive approach to surgical resection in patients with benign disease.
Peyronie's disease: assessment and treatment.

Purpose To describe the assessment, diagnosis, appropriate testing, and available treatment options for Peyronie's disease. Data sources Selected articles from the medical literature, standard textbooks and online resources. Conclusions Clinical hallmarks of the disease include palpable, fibrotic plaques, temporary painful, penile curvature during erection and decreased rigidity of the penis. Implications for practice Treatment options range from watchful waiting to surgery. Several promising medications, including vitamin E, are being investigated.
Almost surely continuous solutions of a nonlinear stochastic integral equation

A nonlinear stochastic integral equation of the Hammerstein type in the formx(t; ω) = h(t, x(t; ω)) + ∫ s k(t, s; ω)f(s, x(s; ω); ω)dμ(s) is studied wheret ∈ S, a measure space with certain properties,ω ∈ Ω, the supporting set of a probability measure space (Ω,A, P), and the integral is a Bochner integral. A random solution of the equation is defined to be an almost surely continuousm-dimensional vector-valued stochastic process onS which is bounded with probability one for eacht ∈ S and which satisfies the equation almost surely. Several theorems are proved which give conditions such that a unique random solution exists.
Estimation of mutual information using kernel density estimators.

Mutual information is useful for investigating the dependence between two experimental time series. It is often used to establish an appropriate time delay in phase-portrait reconstruction from time-series data. A histogram based approach has been used so far to estimate the probabilities. It is shown here that kernel density estimation of the probability density functions needed in estimating the average mutual information across two coordinates can be more effective than the histogram method of Fraser and Swinney [Phys. Rev. A 33, 1134 (1986)].
Incompatibility between bacteriophage lambda and the sex factor F

Abstract Defective lambda plasmids, either λdv or λN, interfere with the replication of the Escherichia coli sex factor F. The incompatibility between these two plasmids is considered due to the P protein of lambda, since non-lambda replicons into which the lambda P gene has been cloned inhibit F replication. The inhibitory effect of the P protein on F replication is reduced in bacteria with the dnaB mutation grpB. This implies that the interference by lambda P protein is mediated, at least in part, through the E. coli dnaB product.
Suitability of the master-equation approach for micromasers with non-Poissonian pumping

The application to micromasers of a recently proposed generalized master equation, which takes into account the statistics of the pumping mechanism, may lead to incorrect results for non-Poissonian pumping, due to the violation of hypotheses regarding coarse graining and the independent action of gain and dissipation.
Immunochemical studies on a panosyl-azoprotein conjugate

Abstract The trisaccharide panose, 6- O - α -d-glucopyranosyl-4- O - α -d-glucopyranosyl-d-glucose, coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) via an azophenyl linkage was used as an artificial antigen to immunize rabbits. Antisera rendered specific for the introduced haptenic grouping by absorption with whole calf serum were studied by immunodiffusion, quantitative precipitation and hapten inhibition. Anti-hapten showed a specificity directed against the introduced p -phenylazo- s -panoside group. Hapten inhibition assays employing various di- and triglucosides, including two structural isomers of panose, established the relative importance of an α-configuration and a nonreducing terminal (1,6)-(1,4) ordered sequence of glucoside bonds for optimal interaction with antibody. A heterogeneity in the specificity of antibodies formed in response to s-panosyl-BSA was evidenced from cross reactions obtained between anti-panoside and various sugar azoprotein conjugates.
Overview of treatment options and review of the current role and use of compression garments, intermittent pumps, and exercise in the management of lymphedema.

BACKGROUND. Lymphedema is a relatively frequent complication following the management of breast carcinoma. Numerous therapeutic interventions have been offered to treat this potentially disabling and disfiguring condition. Consensus has not been attained among oncologists, surgeons, psychiatrists, and physical therapists concerning the appropriate treatment of lymphedema. METHODS. This review provides an overview of those treatment regimens that have been used in the past and, in some instances, have gone on to provide the foundation for the most widely prescribed interventions currently employed for the management of upper extremity lymphedema following breast carcinoma treatment. The use of intermittent pneumatic compression pumps as a part of an integrated multidisciplinary treatment approach incorporating garments, exercises, and massage also is discussed. RESULTS. A review of available literature suggests that a variety of traditional and commonly available techniques, when used appropriately in a multidisciplinary fashion, may lessen the cosmetic and physical impairments associated with acquired lymphedema. The role of surgery is unclear. Pharmacotherapies are a promising adjunct to manual and mechanical therapies. CONCLUSIONS. The appropriate use of readily available treatment approaches may lessen the severity of acquired lymphedema following breast carcinoma therapy. A comprehensive therapeutic approach should be employed in the management of lymphedema, including attention to the functional, cosmetic, and emotional sequelae of this potentially disabling condition. To that end, a recommendation for a comprehensive treatment regimen is provided.