cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distinct central representations for sensory fibers innervating either the conjunctiva or cornea of the rat

The laminar sheet of epithelium (e.g., skin and mucous membrane) enclosing our bodies is represented in the dorsal horns of the medulla and spinal cord. The eyeball however indents this laminar sheet and is shrouded by different layers: the cornea/sclera, the conjunctiva, and hairy skin. This involution of the orb confounds defining the central representation of the cornea and its surrounding mucosa and skin. We used herein the transganglionic transport of a cocktail of HRP conjugated to cholera toxin and wheat germ agglutinin to determine the central representation of these epithelia in the dorsal horns of the rat. The HRP cocktail was injected either into the stroma of the cornea, the mucosa of the conjunctiva, or the supraorbital and infraorbital nerves. Injections of the cornea produced dense label in the interstitial islands in the ventral medullary dorsal horn (MDH), probably lamina I, and in neuropil in the ventromedial tip of the MDH, probably lamina II. There sometimes was variable, diffuse label in the C1 dorsal horn after corneal injections but more rostral parts of the trigeminal sensory complex were never labeled. Injections of the conjunctiva densely labeled laminae I-III in the C1 dorsal horn, while laminae IV-V were diffusely labeled. Sparser reaction product also was seen in lamina I in positions similar to the cornea projection. Label was seen ventrally in subnuclei interpolaris and oralis, as well as the principal trigeminal nucleus. Projections of the infraorbital nerve included all laminae in the trigeminocervical complex as well as large portions of the rostral subnuclei in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The projections of the supraorbital nerve were similar, but were restricted to ventral parts of the trigeminal sensory complex. In other cases the cornea was injected either after cutting the supraorbital and infraorbital nerves or the conjunctiva was injected after enucleating the eyeball. Any reaction product from corneal injections was reduced dramatically in the C1 dorsal horn after transection of the infraorbital and supraorbital nerves. Injecting the conjunctiva after enucleating the eyeball densely labeled the C1 projection to the dorsal horn, a small patch in lamina I in the MDH, as well as the rostral trigeminal complex. We propose that the cornea has but a single representation in the trigeminocervical complex in its ventral part near the caudal end of the medulla. We also propose the palpebral conjunctiva mucosa is represented in the C1 dorsal horn, and speculate that the bulbar conjunctiva overlaps with that of the cornea in lamina I. We discuss these projections in relation to the circuitry for the supraorbital-evoked and corneal-evoked blink reflexes. The relationship of the cornea and conjunctiva is intimate, and investigators must be very careful when attempting to stimulate them in isolation.
Subword parallelism with MAX-2

MAX-2 illustrates how a small set of instruction extensions can provide subword parallelism to accelerate media processing and other data-parallel programs. This article proposes that subword parallelism-parallel computation on lower precision data packed into a word-is an efficient and effective solution for accelerating media processing. As an example, it describes MAX-2, a very lean, RISC-like set of media acceleration primitives included in the 64-bit PA-RISC 2.0 architecture. Because MAX-2 strives to be a minimal set of instructions, the article discusses both instructions included and excluded. Several examples illustrate the use of MAX-2 instructions, which provide subword parallelism in a word-oriented general-purpose processor at essentially no incremental cost.
A Comparison between Geostrophic and Observed Winds at A Japan Meteorological Agency Buoy in the East China Sea

Geostrophic winds (vg) calculated over the East China Sea from surface pressure maps are compared to observed winds (vo) from a Japan Meteorological Agency Ocean Data Buoy for the period of January-April 1986. For mean winds, the average counterclockwise veering angle fromvg tov0 is 32° and there is no difference in speed. For fluctuating winds, the Ekman veering and speed reduction fromvg tov0 are respectively 16° and 2%. Co-spectral analysis of the two time series indicates very high coherency and a slight lead in phase by the buoy observations. The phase difference is consistent with the general movement of fronts from west to east and the fact that the geostrophic winds are calculated for a point 155 km to the southeast of the buoy.
Initial electron backscattered diffraction observations of a plutonium alloy

Abstract In this work, the first electron backscattered diffraction patterns (EBSPs) were captured for a plutonium–gallium (Pu–Ga) alloy. The experimental techniques used for EBSP acquisition are described in detail. This demonstrated sample preparation and characterization technique is expected to be a powerful means to further understand phase transformation behavior, orientation relationships, and texture in the complicated Pu and Pu-alloy systems.
Optical spectra of delocalized dinitroaromatic radical anions revisited.

The optical spectra of nine dinitroaromatic radical anions (1,2- and 1,4-dinitrobenzene, 1,5- and 2,6-dinitro naphthalene, 4,4‘-dinitrobiphenyl, 2,7-dinitro-9,9-dimethylfluorene, 2,6-dinitroanthracene, and 2,7- and 1,8-dinitrobiphenylene) in dimethylformamide are reported and analyzed. All have delocalized charge distribution, as demonstrated by the vibrational fine structure that is observed in their optical spectra: All show lowest energy absorption bands that correspond to an α-homo (highest occupied molecular orbital) to α-lumo (lowest unoccupied) transition, as shown by Koopmans-based UB3LYP calculation of the orbital separation of the neutral at the geometry of the radical anion. These single-point calculations are shown to be significantly more accurate for five of these compounds than the much more complex and expensive TD-DFT method. The two-state model should not be used to estimate the electronic coupling in delocalized intervalence compounds such as these. Neighboring orbital estimation of th...
Transaction Skills Training: Contract Drafting – Beyond the Basics

This presentation focuses on ambiguity in contract drafting – how to spot it and how to cure it.
Can Atomic Processes be Described by Non-Linear Wave Mechanics in Space-time?

Generalizing from a classical application of the paradigm of Elementary Measurement discussed elsewhere (Leiter, 1969), we consider a non-linear, spinor wave-mechanical field theory of Elementary Measurement. In this theory, charged particles are represented by complex spinorc-number fields interacting through their associated electromagnetic fields in space-time. The paradigm of Elementary Measurement implies that the particle fields, and their associatedc-number electromagnetic fields, are interdependent degrees of freedom in an action principle associated with the measurement interaction, and are not elementary in themselves. Making the action stationary with respect to the interacting field degrees of freedom gives the equations of motion of the measurement. The application of this model theory to atomic hydrogen yields the result that the inherent ‘limit cycle solutions’ (LCS) of the non-linear measurement equations correspond to the quantum levels of conventional relativistic Dirac quantum mechanics of hydrogen, in the approximation that the nucleus has infinite mass. Superpositions of these Dirac-LCS solutions have the property of collapsing (reduction of the wave packet) into one of the LCS in the superposition,in a characteristic time which is identical to the ‘lifetime’ of the associated atomic levels as calculated from conventional quantum mechanics. Hence, in thisc-number electromagnetic theory,both spontaneous and induced transitions can be accounted for. ‘Photons’, in this theory, are not elementary particles, but instead are associated with the secondary dynamics related to the inherent nonlinear structure in the elementary measurement equations of motion. The ‘hidden variable’ characteristics of this measurement theory (as seen from the point of view of ordinary quantum mechanics), in describing a universe made up of such hydrogen atoms, is discussed. Within this context, a consistent derivation of the Planck blackbody radiation formula is given, in which the associated electromagnetic fields arec-numbers and arenot second quantized. Finally, a generalization of this prototype model theory, to a more consistent form which can account for the presence of ‘vacuum interaction processes’ and negative energy states, is suggested.
More on language mode

Language mode theory proposes that language activation can span from a monolingual mode (predominant activation of one language) to bilingual mode (both languages activated). While some argue that linguistic performance is influenced by the language mode the bilingual speaker is in, others have found that language mode activation has no affect on performance. We show that changes in language mode can influence bilinguals’ language processing. Spanish–English bilinguals with both languages active (bilingual mode) took longer to reject non-words than Spanish–English bilinguals with one language active (monolingual English mode) and English monolinguals. In addition, reaction times for non-words were longer the more Spanish weighted the bilinguals were, with a linear relationship between non-word reaction times and bilingual dominance. Results can be best described by extending the Bilingual Model of Lexical Access of speech perception to reading.
Stabilization of lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus with p-chloromercuribenzoic acid

Abstract Addition of p-chloromercuribenzoic acid (PCMB) to partially purified lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus QM 225 increased its half-life at 50°C from 1 d to over 100 d. Addition of PCMB to the fermentor before harvest increased the yield of lipase by at least 50%. It was concluded that stabilization by PCMB resulted from inhibition of a sulfhydryl protease.
Security and Fear: The Geopolitics of Intimate Partner Violence Policing

This paper builds upon feminist critiques of security interventions in the name of ‘protecting women’ to link United States municipal policing practices for intimate partner violence with global security interventions. Policing intervention into intimate partner violence emerged in the last twenty-five years; however as I argue, these policing practices are situated within narrow conceptions of masculinist security that often fail to address victims' multiple security needs. While not dismissing the importance of arresting intimate partner violence abusers, this paper examines the ways that policing can create additional and different embodied fears and insecurities for victims. Using the tools of emotional geopolitics, this paper traces victims’ fears following the arrest of their abuser to understand the temporal and spatial moments of fear in relation to security interventions. This methodological approach examines the limitations of masculinist protection while reimagining security to consider the emo...
Asymptotic Analysis of the Structure of a Steady Planar Detonation

Abstract The structure of a steady planar Chapman-Jouguet detonation, which is supported by a direct firstorder one-step irreversible exothermic unimolecular reaction, subject to Arrhenius kinetics, is examined. Solutions are studied, by means of a limit process expansions analysis, valid for A, proportional to the ratio of the reaction rate to the flow rate, going to zero, and fl, proportional to the ratio of the activation temperature to the maximum flow temperature, going to infinity, with the product Aβ going to zero. The results, essentially in agreement with the Zeldovich-von Neumann.Doring model, show that the detonation consists of ( 1) a two region upstream
Energetics of GaAs island formation on Si(100).

It is proposed that GaAs island formation on Si(100) is thermodynamically driven by the stability of Si(100)2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1:As under As-rich conditions, and Si(100)2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1:(GaAs) under Ga-rich conditions. First-principles total-energy calculations indicate that thicker two-dimensional epitaxial GaAs films are higher in energy than these two structures provided the islands are large. The calculations illustrate the important role of the atomic chemical potentials in determining the relative stability of multiconstituent surface structures.
Problems and suggested solutions in creating an archive of clinical trials data to permit later meta-analysis: An example of methotrexate trials in rheumatoid arthritis☆

Abstract Because data archives contain patient-based rather than study-based data, they can address meta-analytic questions on uncommon outcomes and on predefined patient subsets, questions that are difficult to address using the traditional meta-analytic approach based on grouped data. We report the tasks involved in establishing the first data archive of rheumatoid arthritis trials. In general, problems stem from the heterogeneity of trials in the archive and we suggest some solutions. In the initial phases, difficulties include recruitment and incomplete participation of trial investigators, whereas later on, other issues arise, such as quality control, coping with different dataset designs, and incomplete documentation. Other issues include heterogeneous measures, missing variables, and comparing data across different visit intervals and trial lengths. Suggested solutions include requesting trial data in predefined archive-wide structures and asking for all possible documentation for each dataset. Data cleaning is necessary, as is rescaling of variables or developing unit-free outcomes, and estimating data for missing variables. Archive design should allow for referencing a patient's data among various datasets. Although one goal is to reduce the quantity of data in the archive while retaining information content, data from early stages of archive building must be accessible for developing new analysis datasets. Documentation of archive building and software choices are discussed. Our experience suggests data archiving for meta-analysis is time consuming and expensive, yet it provides a useful method for analyzing data from multiple trials.
Surface age of surface renewal in turbulent interfacial transport

[1] We use direct numerical simulation to study characteristics of interfacial transfer of gas and heat in free-surface turbulence. Using Lagrangian tracing, we are able to directly quantify surface age of surface renewal for the first time. The physical meaning of surface renewal and various representations of surface age, including the use of heat as a proxy, are discussed. Results show that the Higbie penetration theory and the Danckwerts random surface renewal model are inappropriate for gas transfer.
Analysis of metal enhanced fluorescence on near-IR fluorophores

Fluorescence is a highly sensitive, precise, and convenient detection technique that is widely used in chemistry, molecular biology and clinical laboratories. Fluorescence in the near-IR (700 - 900 nm) offers higher molar absorptivity and significantly lower background signals from scatter than those generated by visible wavelength excitation. The advantageous characteristics of near-IR fluorescence, primarily the reduced background signals, make this region of the spectrum ideal for enhancement by metal nanostructures. Though multiple groups have successfully demonstrated metal enhanced fluorescence, there remain several challenges in transferring this technology from the research stage to the commercial stage. Using a LI-COR Odyssey® Infrared Imaging System, we quantitatively analyzed the effects of silver particle geometries, including size, shape, and density of metal nanostructures, on the fluorescence enhancement of Near-IR fluorophores. Using silver island film coated glass slides, we were able to obtain an 18-fold enhancement of IRDye®700 and a 15-fold enhancement of IRDye®800 labeled DNA oligos over dye on plain glass. We further analyzed the silver-coated glass surfaces for enhancement reproducibility and linearity. We demonstrated that the metal enhanced emissions remained reproducible across a slide surface, and remained linear over several orders of magnitude. Finally, using a highly quenched labeled protein, we were able to show an enhancement and release of the quenched fluorescence, generating a 40-fold enhancement in the fluorescence emissions when spotted on a silver nanostructure coated glass slide. Generating silver nanostructure coated slides that enhance fluorescence while maintaining linearity and reproducibility will provide a class of new tools benefiting molecular biologists.
Field and laboratory measurements of softball player swing speed and bat performance

The swing speed of the bat is one of the most important factors affecting the hit-ball speed. Most field studies tend to focus on measuring ball speed, which is easier to measure and quantify than bat speed. For this reason, relatively little data exist describing bat motion in field conditions. The following describes a relatively large swing speed field study involving bats of the same model with nearly constant weight and varying inertia. The study was conducted using right-handed batters on a regulation outdoor field with a live pitcher. Swing speed was measured by tracking markers on the bat with two high-speed video cameras so that the bat markers could be traced in three-dimensional space. The ball motion was tracked using the same high-speed video cameras and a three-dimensional Doppler radar system. Bat swing speed was observed to be proportional to the batter skill level and the normalised swing speed increased with decreasing bat inertia. The bat centre of rotation during impact was close to the knob of the bat. The bats were tested under controlled laboratory conditions using a standardised performance test. The field and laboratory results showed good agreement including the hit-ball speed and the subtle effect of bat inertia on the maximum performance location. The vibrational response of the bats was considered using modal analysis. The maximum performance location was correlated with the node of the first vibrational mode.
Automating cost estimating systems

Abstract Interest in Cost Estimating Systems (CES) has grown rapidly in the last few years. The availability, flexibility, speed, and accuracy of micro-computers have provided the impetus for automation of many indirect activities. Central to the successful automation of the cost estimating function is the relative ease with which the user can customize the application software to a unique set of materials, machines, and methods of the organization. Once customized to his particular application, cost estimating software must be easily adaptable to future business changes as well as changes in the cost estimating technology itself. This paper describes the development of a CES which provides a highly productive and flexible approach to user customization. The paper includes an explanation of the system's extensive data and program structure. It is capable of accommodating future technological changes resulting from the introduction of engineering work centers with CIM capabilities. The paper concludes with an illustration of its application to a highly diversified aerospace firm.
Total-hamiltonian approach to non-radiative decay☆

Abstract In the golden rule formula for the decay rate of a prepared state |p> the transition operator is shown to have the form H(1-|p arises from a well defined, direct excitation process and when it becomes formed after a cascade through several levels. The new formula is evaluated for an exactly solvable model of two-state decay, its sensitivity to |p> underlines the importance of experimental identification of the prepared state.
Effect of intraspecific density on life history traits and population growth rate of Neanthes arenaceodentata (Polychaeta: Nereidae) in the laboratory

The effects of intraspecific density on life history traits and population dynamics of the nereid polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata Moore were assessed in a laboratory experiment. Survival, growth, and fecundity were measured for one generation of worms at densities of 40, 80 and 160 worms per 840 cm2 (1x, 2x, and 4x treatments, respectively). Density did not affect size (prior to pairing), percentage of worms paired, time to pairing, or size of mature paired males. Density did have a significant negative effect on survival, size of mature paired females, time to spawning, percentage of females that reproduced, and number of eggs per reproducing female. As density increased, mean survival was 90.0, 80.8 and 74.0%; mean size of mature females was 52.2, 49.2 and 48.1 segments; mean time to spawning was 100.6, 102.4 and 109.4 d; and mean fecundity was 881, 622, and 598 eggs per female, for 1x, 2x and 4x treatments, respectively. Increased density reduced the potential population growth rate, λ; for a given rate of larval survivorship, λ was lower in the 2x and 4x treatments than the 1x treatment. Analysis of sensitivity of λ to changes in survivorship indicated that population growth rate at the highest density was sensitive to both changes in larval survivorship and the probability of producing a successful brood, although at low densities, λ was sensitive only to changes in larval survivorship. We attribute these density effects to aggressive bahavioral interactions between the worms, primarily the adults. This experiment identifies key life history traits that could be measured in future experiments to test population level responses of N. arenaceodentata populations to pollutants, both in the laboratory and in the field.
Patient anxiety and dental practice

Causes for anxiety in visiting the dentist, plus guidelines on how the dentist can control these anxieties are discussed. Pain is not the sole reason for fear of the dentist. Anxiety, or fear of the unknown, is a major factor, partly because the oral cavity is such an emotionally charged area of the body. From the time of birth, through the adult level, the appearance and functions of the mouth play an important role in the psychic life of an individual. This article traces some of the causes and manifestations of anxiety, and offers guidelines on how the dentist can deal with it.
Annio: A Web-Based Tool for Annotating Medical Images with Ontologies

We describe a web-based, volumetric image annotation tool that is based entirely on HTML5/CSS3 web presentation technologies. The annotation tool can be used on a wide variety of volumetric medical image formats. The application interfaces with ontology web services so that the annotations are labeled with well-defined terms.
Convergent evolution of reticulate scales

Structural proteins of scales with various morphologies were compared. Ventral reticulate scales have soluble proteins that differ from both dorsal reticulate scales and scutellate scales. Ventral reticulate scale proteins are more like those in reptilian scales, whereas both dorsal type scales have proteins of the ϕ-keratin family found in beaks, claws, and feathers. The morphological similarity in avian reticulate scales is due to convergence as the result of functional requirements.
Health Risk Factors in an Adolescent Psychiatric Residential Treatment Facility

To date, there is limited information regarding prevalence of health-related risks profiles of youths in psychiatric residential treatment, including weight and physical activity. To address this gap in the literature, weight and associated health risk behaviors in a sample of adolescents in a psychiatric residential treatment center were assessed. Adolescents in this sample have nearly twice the rate of being overweight or obese (46.6%) when compared to national (28.8%) norms and only 47.8% met national physical activity recommendations. Adolescent psychiatric residential treatment facilities are poised to intervene with adolescents who are at high risk for unhealthy weight.
Purinergic regulation of hypothalamopituitary functions

The hypothalamus controls the release of hormones by the pituitary and is involved in control of food and water intake, sexual behavior, reproduction and daily cycles in physiological state and behavior, temperature regulation and emotional responses. Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) and its metabolic products contribute to these functions, acting as agonists for adenosine and P2Y receptors and two-transmembrane domain P2X receptor channels. This review summarizes the recent findings on purinergic receptor expression and their roles in signaling and cellular function in secretory and supporting cells of the hypothalamopituitary system. ATP secretion by these tissues, the enzymes involved in ATP hydrolysis, and the relevance of this pathway for sequential activation of receptors and termination of signaling are also discussed.
The effect of pH and temperature on the crystal growth of hydroxyapatite

Abstract The kinetics of the crystal growth of hydroxyapatite have been studied over a range of pH (7.4–7.8) and at temperatures between 25 and 37.5 °C. The rate of crystal growth is greatly enhanced by small increases in pH and temperature. The stoichiometry of the precipitating material, however, is not sensitive to pH and temperature under the conditions studied.
Spatially resolved velocity maps of halo gas around two intermediate-redshift galaxies

Absorption-line spectroscopy of multiply-lensed QSOs near a known foreground galaxy provides a unique opportunity to go beyond the traditional one-dimensional application of QSO probes and establish a crude three-dimensional map of halo gas around the galaxy that records the line-of-sight velocity field at different locations in the gaseous halo. Two intermediate-redshift galaxies are targeted in the field around the quadruply-lensed QSO HE 0435−1223 at redshift z = 1.689, and absorption spectroscopy along each of the lensed QSOs is carried out in the vicinities of these galaxies. One galaxy is a typical, star-forming L* galaxy at z = 0.4188 and projected distance of ρ = 50 kpc from the lensing galaxy. The other is a super-L* barred spiral at z = 0.7818 and ρ = 33 kpc. Combining known orientations of the quadruply-lensed QSO to the two foreground galaxies with the observed Mg ii λλ2796, 2803 absorption profiles along individual QSO sightlines has for the first time led to spatially resolved kinematics of tenuous halo gas on scales of 5–10 kpc at z > 0.2. A Mg ii absorber is detected in every sightline observed through the haloes of the two galaxies, and the recorded absorber strength is typical of what is seen in previous close QSO–galaxy pair studies. While the multisightline study confirms the unity covering fraction of Mg ii absorbing gas at ρ < 50 kpc from star-forming discs, the galaxies also present two contrasting examples of complex halo gas kinematics. Different models, including a rotating disc, collimated outflows and gaseous streams from either accretion or tidal/ram-pressure stripping, are considered for comparisons with the absorption-line observations, and infalling streams/stripped gas of width ≳10 kpc are found to best describe the observed gas kinematics across multiple sightlines. In addition, the observed velocity dispersion between different sightlines offers a crude estimate of turbulence in the Mg ii absorbing halo gas. The observations presented here demonstrate that multiple-QSO probes enable studies of spatially resolved gas kinematics around distant galaxies, which provide key insights into the physical nature of circumgalactic gas beyond the nearby Universe.
Enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-α-2,7,11-cembratriene-4,6-diol(α-CBT)

Abstract The total synthesis of (+)-α-CBT (16) was effected from the achiral 17-membered ketone 3 by a sequence featuring asymmetric reduction, diastereoselective [2,3] Wittig ring contraction and hydroxyl directed epoxidation as stereochemically important steps.
Striatal patch compartment lesions alter methamphetamine-induced behavior and immediate early gene expression in the striatum, substantia nigra and frontal cortex

Methamphetamine (METH) induces stereotypy, which is characterized as inflexible, repetitive behavior. Enhanced activation of the patch compartment of the striatum has been correlated with stereotypy, suggesting that stereotypy may be related to preferential activation of this region. However, the specific contribution of the patch compartment to METH-induced stereotypy is not clear. To elucidate the involvement of the patch compartment to the development of METH-induced stereotypy, we determined if destruction of this sub-region altered METH-induced behaviors. Animals were bilaterally infused in the striatum with the neurotoxin dermorphin–saporin (DERM–SAP; 17 ng/μl) to specifically ablate the neurons of the patch compartment. Eight days later, animals were treated with METH (7.5 mg/kg), placed in activity chambers, observed for 2 h and killed. DERM–SAP pretreatment significantly reduced the number and total area of mu-labeled patches in the striatum. DERM–SAP pretreatment significantly reduced the intensity of METH-induced stereotypy and the spatial immobility typically observed with METH-induced stereotypy. In support of this observation, DERM–SAP pretreatment also significantly increased locomotor activity in METH-treated animals. In the striatum, DERM–SAP pretreatment attenuated METH-induced c-Fos expression in the patch compartment, while enhancing METH-induced c-Fos expression in the matrix compartment. DERM–SAP pretreatment followed by METH administration augmented c-Fos expression in the SNpc and reduced METH-induced c-Fos expression in the SNpr. In the medial prefrontal, but not sensorimotor cortex, c-Fos and zif/268 expression was increased following METH treatment in animals pre-treated with DERM–SAP. These data indicate that the patch compartment is necessary for the expression of repetitive behaviors and suggests that alterations in activity in the basal ganglia may contribute to this phenomenon.
Studies on the intermediary metabolism of the aquatic snail, Australorbis glabratus

Abstract 1. 1. A study of certain aspects of metabolism of minced snail tissues as compared to the whole organism reveals similarities in respiratory activity with respect to rate, temperature effects, and dependency upon oxygen tension, and differences in the products of anaerobic and aerobic carbohydrate degradation. 2. 2. Although differences in the anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism are present, the greatest disparity in the behavior of the mince and the whole organism is observed aerobically. Acetate, lactate, and pyruvate accumulate in the minced tissues, while none of these substances accumulate in the living organism. 3. 3. The presence of cytochrome oxidase and of succinic and malic dehydrogenases as well as of fumarase has been demonstrated. This may be suggestive of the functioning in snail tissues of a mechanism similar to the tricarboxylic acid cycle, but the evidence is not yet complete. 4. 4. The accumulation of acetate, lactate, and pyruvate in the minced tissues is explained tentatively in terms of a disturbance of the pyruvate metabolism.
Secondary metabolism of hairy root cultures in bioreactors

In vitro cultures are being considered as an alternative to agricultural processes for producing valuable secondary metabolites. Most efforts that use differentiated cultures instead of cell suspension cultures have focused on transformed (hairy) roots. Bioreactors used to culture hairy roots can be roughly divided into three types: liquid-phase, gas-phase, or hybrid reactors that are a combination of both. The growth and productivity of hairy root cultures are reviewed with an emphasis on successful bioreactors and important culture considerations. The latter include strain selection, production of product in relation to growth phase, media composition, the gas regime, use of elicitors, the role of light, and apparent product loss. Together with genetic engineering and process optimization, proper reactor design plays a key role in the development of successful large scale production of secondary metabolites from plant cultures.
The β subunit of the DNA polymerase of avian sarcoma virus strain B77 is a phosphoprotein

Abstract DNA polymerase extracted from avian sarcoma virus strain B77 grown in duck embryo fibroblasts in medium containing [ 32 P]orthophosphate was labeled. The label was associated exclusively with the β subunit, both in the αβ and the β 2 forms of the enzyme.
Elastic properties of amorphous thin films studied using Rayleigh waves

Physical vapor deposition in an ultrahigh vacuum was used to codeposit nickel and zirconium onto quartz single crystals and grow amorphous Ni1−xZrx (0.1< x < 0.87) thin films. A high resolution surface acoustic wave technique was developed for the in situ measurement of the film shear moduli. The modulus has narrow maxima at x = 0.17, 0.22, 0.43, 0.5, 0.63 and 0.72, reflecting short-range ordering and the formation and aggregates in the amorphous phase. It is proposed that the aggregates correspond to polytetrahedral atom arrangements which are limited in size by geometrical “frustration”.
Drug choices for intravenous and spinal analgesia.

Opioids remain at the center of most postoperative pain control therapies. The choice between full agonist opioids should be determined by the time for a given dose to produce its maximum effect (i.e.
How Anomaly Response Is Distributed Across Functionally Distinct Teams in Space Shuttle Mission Control

In this paper, we describe the coordinative anomaly response processes of functionally distinct teams who encountered a space shuttle anomaly at the beginning of a shuttle mission. Anomaly response processes were observed as two distinct teams considered how to modify mission plans in response to the anomaly. We analyzed multiple coordinative and independent activities that occurred across the teams over several days until the space shuttle safely returned. Our analysis of this case captures how the processes of anomaly response become distributed across a set of functionally distinct teams. The analysis identifies the demands that arise as anomaly response is distributed and reveals how interactions among distinct teams can make anomaly response robust in the face of uncertainty and risk.
Variance stabilizing transformations, studentization and the bootstrap☆

Abstract This paper compares higher order asymptotic properties of confidence intervals based on studentization and variance stabilizing transformations. Expansions for the coverage probabilities and lengths of (two-sided) confidence intervals with normal critical points are obtained. The comparison is carried out further for bootstrap confidence intervals based on the pivotal quantities derived from these methods. The results are illustrated with two examples involving (i) a location-scale model and (ii) one parameter exponential family of distributions. Furthermore, generalizations to the case where the asymptotic variance of the estimator sequence of interest depends on nuisance parameters are also given. It follows from these results that neither of the methods outperforms the other in all situations, and hence the expansions given here can be used effectively to determine the better method in a specific application.
Evaluation of the heat requirements in batch distillation operations

A rigorous method is presented for the evaluation of the heat requirements in binary batch fractionations which involve negligible column hold up. The method, in which the additional variables of the discontinuous process are taken into account, is a modification of the methods of Ponchon and Savarit for continuous operation. Two examples, one for a fractionation in which the composition of the product is constant and the other in which the reflux ratio is constant, are given as illustrations of the method. The application of the method permits more accurate evaluation of reboiler and condenser heat loads and, in turn, better design.
Modeling Of Nodular Defects In Thin Films For Various Deposition Techniques.

The nodule has been successfully simulated for vapor deposition techniques by a modified hard-disk model. The influence of model parameters on nodule growth is more thoroughly explored in this paper. Also, by making minor changes in the model, simulations of amorphous film and sputtered film are considered. The model is compared with experimental results.
Grafting of silicon phthalocyanine dichloride onto poly(vinylidene fluoride) film surfaces by ultrasound

Two procedures allowing grafting of an axially functionalized silicon phthalocyanine dichloride across the surface of a dehydrofluorinated polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film surface are presented. In the first method, a PDVF surface was initially dehydrofluorinated by an alkaline degradation process, followed by grafting of a phthalocyanine moiety across the conjugated surface in the presence of a platinic acid catalyst. In the second, one-step sonication method, the use of a lithium coupling agent was employed. UV-VIS, ATR FT-IR, and XPS spectroscopies was used to characterize the nature of surface bonding and the extent of surface reactions.
Complexity of Identification of Input-Output Systems

The complexity of identification of abstract classes of input-output systems based on a finite number of input-output experiments is considered. It is proposed that an appropriate measure of the identification problem complexity is the size of the identification, defined as the minimum number of input-output experiments required to obtain an identification model. Lower bounds on the size for interpolative identifications are obtained in terms of the metric entropy of the class of systems. Estimates of the metric entropy of several classes of Lipschitz systems are obtained.
Polarization of actin cytoskeleton is reduced in dendritic protrusions during early spine development in hippocampal neuron

Dendritic spines are small protrusions that receive synaptic signals in neuronal networks. The actin cytoskeleton plays a key role in regulating spine morphogenesis, as well as in the function of synapses. Here we report the first quantitative measurement of F-actin retrograde flow rate in dendritic filopodia, the precursor of dendritic spines, and in newly formed spines, using a technique based on photoactivation localization microscopy. We found a fast F-actin retrograde flow in the dendritic filopodia but not in the spine necks. The quantification of F-actin flow rates, combined with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching measurements, allowed for a full quantification of spatially resolved kinetic rates of actin turnover, which was not previously feasible. Furthermore we provide evidences that myosin II regulates the actin flow in dendritic filopodia and translocates from the base to the tip of the protrusion upon spine formation. Rac1 inhibition led to mislocalization of myosin II, as well as to disruption of the F-actin flow. These results provide advances in the quantitative understanding of F-actin remodeling during spine formation.
Edmund Burke's Conception of the Role of Reason in Politics

B RITISH AND AMERICAN SCHOLARS have generally taken Edmund Burke for a utilitarian and an empiricist with a keen sense of historical development, qualified by certain religious prepossessions which inclined him to conservatism. In the nineteenth century, to mention but two examples, Leslie Stephen understood Burke as rejecting metaphysics in favor of utilitarian principles derived solely from experience,1 and John Morley took it as obvious that Burke's norm of political morality was "the standard of convenience, of the interest of the greatest number, of utility and expediency."2 In the present century the late Harold Laski described Burke as "a utilitarian who was convinced that what was old was valuable by the mere fact of its arrival at maturity." According to Laski, political philosophy for Burke "was nothing . . . but accurate generalization from experience. . . . Nothing was more alien ifrom Burke's temper than deductive thinking in politics. The only safeguard he could find was in empiricism."3 Laski, like several other writers, traced Burke's empiricism to what he considered to be its roots in the critical theories of David Hume. "The metaphysics of Burke," he said, "so far as one may use a term he would himself have repudiated, are largely those of Hume."4 An American, Victor Hamm, surmised that Burke, in revolt against the "decadent nominalism" which he had studied in Trinity College, Dublin, had turned, not to Hume, but to the similar epistemological theory of David Hartley.5 More recently Morton Frisch has advanced the thesis that Burke agreed with Aristotle in regard to practice but parted company with him, by rejecting the supremacy of theory. Rather, he says, Burke adopted the position taken by Hume in his Treatise of Human Nature and maintained that the passions, and not reason, form the natural
An end to endless forms: epistasis, phenotype distribution bias, and nonuniform evolution.

Studies of the evolution of development characterize the way in which gene regulatory dynamics during ontogeny constructs and channels phenotypic variation. These studies have identified a number of evolutionary regularities: (1) phenotypes occupy only a small subspace of possible phenotypes, (2) the influence of mutation is not uniform and is often canalized, and (3) a great deal of morphological variation evolved early in the history of multicellular life. An important implication of these studies is that diversity is largely the outcome of the evolution of gene regulation rather than the emergence of new, structural genes. Using a simple model that considers a generic property of developmental maps—the interaction between multiple genetic elements and the nonlinearity of gene interaction in shaping phenotypic traits—we are able to recover many of these empirical regularities. We show that visible phenotypes represent only a small fraction of possibilities. Epistasis ensures that phenotypes are highly clustered in morphospace and that the most frequent phenotypes are the most similar. We perform phylogenetic analyses on an evolving, developmental model and find that species become more alike through time, whereas higher-level grades have a tendency to diverge. Ancestral phenotypes, produced by early developmental programs with a low level of gene interaction, are found to span a significantly greater volume of the total phenotypic space than derived taxa. We suggest that early and late evolution have a different character that we classify into micro- and macroevolutionary configurations. These findings complement the view of development as a key component in the production of endless forms and highlight the crucial role of development in constraining biotic diversity and evolutionary trajectories.
CD41+ cmyb+ precursors colonize the zebrafish pronephros by a novel migration route to initiate adult hematopoiesis

Development of the vertebrate blood lineages is complex, with multiple waves of hematopoietic precursors arising in different embryonic locations. Monopotent, or primitive, precursors first give rise to embryonic macrophages or erythrocytes. Multipotent, or definitive, precursors are subsequently generated to produce the adult hematopoietic lineages. In both the zebrafish and the mouse, the first definitive precursors are committed erythromyeloid progenitors (EMPs) that lack lymphoid differentiation potential. We have previously shown that zebrafish EMPs arise in the posterior blood island independently from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In this report, we demonstrate that a fourth wave of hematopoietic precursors arises slightly later in the zebrafish aorta/gonad/mesonephros (AGM) equivalent. We have identified and prospectively isolated these cells by CD41 (itga2b) and cmyb expression. Unlike EMPs, CD41(+) AGM cells colonize the thymus to generate rag2(+) T lymphocyte precursors. Timelapse imaging and lineage tracing analyses demonstrate that AGM-derived precursors use a previously undescribed migration pathway along the pronephric tubules to initiate adult hematopoiesis in the developing kidney, the teleostean equivalent of mammalian bone marrow. Finally, we have analyzed the gene expression profiles of EMPs and AGM precursors to better understand the molecular cues that pattern the first definitive hematopoietic cells in the embryo. Together, these studies suggest that expression of CD41 and cmyb marks nascent HSCs in the zebrafish AGM, and provide the means to further dissect HSC generation and function in the early vertebrate embryo.
GABA-induced increases in [Ca2+]i in retinal neurons of postnatal rabbits.

Previous studies have indicated that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays an important trophic role in the synapse formation between horizontal cells and photoreceptors in postnatal rabbit retina. However, the mechanism of the GABA effect has not been identified. Using fluo-3 Ca2+ imaging and confocal laser scanning microscopy we examined the effect of GABA on [Ca2+]i during postnatal retinal development. GABA (100 μM) evoked a fast and transient increase of [Ca2+]i in selected populations of freshly dissociated retinal cells from postnatal rabbits. This increase was apparent on postnatal day 1 and reached a maximum on day 5. Little increase in [Ca2+]i, was observed in retinal cells isolated from adult rabbits. GABA receptor antagonists, picrotoxin and bicuculline, significantly reduced the response. The GABAU agonist, baclofen, did not evoke any [Ca2+]i changes. The GABA-induced increase in [Ca2+]i, was observed in all retinal layers in neonatal retinal whole-mount explants. In the outer retina, the increase was seen in cone photoreceptors which were specifically labeled with peanut agglutinin (PNA). The GABA-induced increase in [Ca2+]i may provide an important mechanism for regulating cone synaptogenesis in the outer plexiform layer of the postnatal retina.
A dam problem: simulated upstream impacts for a Searsville‐like watershed

The integrated hydrology model (InHM), a physics-based hydrologic-response model with sediment-transport capabilities, was used to simulate upstream impacts from dam construction/removal for a generalized approximation of the Searsville watershed in Portola Valley, California. Four 10-year simulation scenarios (pre-dam, early dam, current and post-dam) were considered. Each scenario was simulated using the same sequence of synthetically generated rainfall and evapotranspiration. For each scenario the boundary-value problem was constructed based on the available watershed information (e.g. topography, soils, geology, reservoir bathymetry and land use). The results from the simulations are presented in terms of the temporal and spatial characteristics of hydrologic response and sediment transport. The commonalities/differences between the four Searsville-like watershed scenarios are discussed. The effort demonstrates that heuristic physics-based simulation can be a useful tool for the characterization of dam-related impacts at the watershed scale. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.