cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Television Viewing and Ethnic Stereotypes: Do College Students Form Stereotypical Perceptions of Ethnic Groups as a Result of Heavy Television Consumption?

This study investigated television viewing patterns of college students and their subsequent perceptions of ethnic minority groups in the United States. A brief version of the Big-Five Personality Traits instrument was used to obtain respondents' opinions of five different ethnic groups. Significant differences in stereotypes held were identified based on the amount of television viewing and amount of exposure to specific television genres. The results suggest that many heavy television viewers hold ethnic stereotypes; they also suggest a need for increased media critique and consumer education.
Annihilation in positron-atom collisions: A new approach

Two identities are derived for the exact scattering wave function by using the method of Hiller, Sucher, and Feinberg. It is shown that the resulting identities can be used to improve the calculation of positron annihilation cross sections whenever an approximate positron-atom scattering wave function is known. In addition, the advantages of the method are illustrated with a static model for e(+)-H scattering and then with a more realistic polarized orbital approximation.
Hybridized quadrupole-dipole exciton effects in a Cu 2 O -organic heterostructure

In the present work, we discuss resonant hybridization of the $1S$ quadrupole Wannier-Mott exciton (WE) in a ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ quantum well with the Frenkel dipole exciton in an adjacent layer of organic DCM2:CA:PA. The coupling between excitons is due to interaction between the gradient of electric field induced by the DCM2 Frenkel exciton (FE) and the quadrupole moment of the $1S$ transition in the cuprous oxide. The specific choice of the organic allows us to use the mechanism of ``solid state solvation'' [C. Madigan and V. Bulovic, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 247403 (2003)] to dynamically tune the WE and FE into resonance for $\ensuremath{\approx}3.3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ns}$ (comparable with the big lifetime of the WE) of the ``slow'' phase of the solvation. The quadrupole-dipole hybrid utilizes the big oscillator strength of the FE, along with the big lifetime of the quadrupole exciton, unlike dipole-dipole hybrid exciton which utilizes the big oscillator strength of the FE and big radius of the dipole allowed WE. Due to the strong spatial dispersion and big mass of the quadrupole WE, the hybridization is not masked by the kinetic energy or the radiative broadening. The lower branch of the hybrid dispersion exhibits a pronounced minimum and may be used in applications. Also, we investigate and report noticeable change in the coupling due to an induced ``Stark effect'' from the strong local electric field of the FE. We investigated the fine energy structure of the quantum well confined ortho and para excitons in cuprous oxide.
Heat-capacity study of the second layer of 3 He adsorbed on Grafoil

Heat-capacity measurements on adsorbed $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ are reported. The densities studied start slightly under monolayer completion and go up to slightly above second-layer completion. The temperature range is $0.04 \mathrm{K}lTl4.2 \mathrm{K}$. After subtraction of calculated values of the contributions from the first layer (solid), and desorption, we find that the second layer behaves as a two-dimensional interacting Fermi gas at all densities for which a partial third layer is not present. The second-layer gas cannot be represented by the same second virial coefficient used for the first layer. The absence of the substrate-induced ordering transition allows one to study the gas behavior over a larger range of densities than on the first layer. We find that the shape, temperature, and density dependence of the very low temperature (\ensuremath{\sim} 0.1 K) rounded anomaly in the specific heat is different than on the first layer. With a very small amount of third layer present, the second layer solidifies for temperatures below 0.98 K.
Striatal application of nicotine, but not of lobeline, attenuates dopamine release in freely moving rats.

Abstract We investigated the physiological role of native low- and high-affinity nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in regulating dopamine (DA) release from striatal DA terminals. To evaluate the functional interactions of the two receptor subtypes, nicotine (which interacts with both high- and low-affinity nAChRs) and lobeline (which selectively interacts with high-affinity nAChRs) were perfused through a microdialysis probe implanted into the striatum of freely moving rats. The DA content of successive dialysates was quantified by HPLC with an electrochemical detector. A short-lasting (1-min) perfusion of nicotine or lobeline dose-dependently increased the DA content of striatal dialysates. A second application of the same dose of nicotine resulted in an attenuated DA increase, compared with the increase elicited by the first application; however, the DA increase elicited by a second application of lobeline was similar to that of the first lobeline application. The nicotine-induced response was not attenuated when it followed a lobeline perfusion; in contrast, if the nicotine perfusion preceded that of lobeline, the lobeline-induced response was attenuated. In the presence of mecamylamine (a noncompetitive nAChR antagonist), the increase in DA content of striatal dialysate samples induced by either nicotine or lobeline was attenuated. However, in the presence of methyllycaconitine (a preferential antagonist for low-affinity α 7 homomeric nAChRs), the nicotine response was attenuated but that of lobeline was unaffected. These results suggest that the functional inactivation of striatal nAChRs requires the simultaneous activation of both low- and high-affinity nAChRs. Since lobeline is devoid of reinforcing properties, one might infer that the reinforcing properties of nicotine require the simultaneous activation of high- and low-affinity brain nAChRs.
Incidence of lymphoid neoplasms by subtype among six Asian ethnic groups in the United States, 1996–2004

Objectives To establish baseline data for lymphoid neoplasm incidence by subtype for six Asian-American ethnic groups.
Enzyme histochemical studies of human gastric and jejunal biopsy specimens in normal and disease states.

The alkaline phosphatase activity of 28 gastric and 32 jejunal biopsy specimens examined histochemically revealed the following: (1) absence of alkaline phosphatase activity in normal gastric mucosa and in mucosa with varying degrees of gastritis unassociated with intestinal metaplasia; (2) marked alkaline phosphatase activity in the brush border region of the metaplastic cells in 3 patients with gastritis associated with intestinal metaplasia; and (3) no significant difference in alkaline phosphatase activity between the jejunal biopsy specimens of normal patients and those with primary malabsorption syndrome.
Contraception and abortion: Fruits of the same rotten tree?

This article seeks to show how contraception, when generally accepted in a society, helps to bring about a radical change in social perceptions of sexual intercourse, human life, the human person, ...
Partitioning of ABA into Bilayers of Di-Saturated Phosphatidylcholines as Measured by DSC

Using differential scanning calorimetry, we have investigated partitioning of the plant hormone abscisic acid into a homologous series of di-saturated phosphatidylcholines increasing in chain length from C14 to C19. Partition coefficients calculated from the shift in Tm range from 1280 for DiC14PC to 480 for DiC19PC. The free energy of transfer is chain-length independent with a value of ΔG = −17.4 kJ/mol and an enthalpic contribution of ΔH = −22.6 kJ/mol. The low net entropic contribution of −TΔS = −5.2 J/mol agrees with the concept of the bilayer effect, but differs from that of the entropy-driven classic hydrophobic effect valid for partitioning between bulk solvents. Preferential location of the hormone in the outer region of the membrane is indicated by characteristic changes in the transition profiles and by comparison with partitioning into organic solvents whose dielectric constants model the interior and exterior regions of the bilayer. Differences in partitioning and surface pKa between the biologically active ct-ABA and the inactive tt-isomer are discussed for biological relevance.
Glutamate receptor subunits at mossy fiber‐unipolar brush cell synapses: Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical study in cerebellar cortex of rat and cat

The present study provides a survey of the immunolocalization of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits throughout the rat and cat cerebellar cortex, with emphasis on the unipolar brush cell (UBC), a hitherto neglected cerebellar cell that is densely concentrated in the granular layer of the vestibulocerebellum and that forms giant synapses with mossy fibers. An array of nine previously characterized antibodies has been used, each of which stained a characteristic profile of cerebellar cells. The UBCs of both rat and cat were strongly immunostained by an antibody against the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionate (AMPA) receptor subunits, GluR2 and GluR3; were moderately immunostained by a monoclonal antibody to kainate receptor subunits, GluR5/6/7; were weakly immunostained by antibodies to NR1 subunits; and were not stained by antibodies to GluR1, GluR4, GluR6/7, KA-2, and NR2A/B. Postsynaptic densities of the giant mossy fiber-UBC synapses were GluR2/3, GluR5/6/7, and NR1 immunoreactive. The other cerebellar neurons were all immunolabeled to some extent with the GluR2/3 and NR1 antibodies. In addition, Purkinje cells were immunopositive for GluRl and GluR5/6/7; granule cells were immunopositive for GluR5/6/7, GluR6/7, KA-2, and NR2A/B. The Golgi-Bergmann glia was densely stained by GluRl and GluR4 antibodies, whereas astrocytes of the granular layer were stained by the GluR4 antiserum. Data provided herein may guide further electrophysiological and pharmacological studies of cerebellar cells in general and the UBCs in particular. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Analysis of Different Azotobacter vinelandii Nitrogenase MoFe-Protein Conformations Generated during Enzyme Turnover: Evidence for S = 3/2 Spin States from Reduced MoFe-Protein Intermediates†

Rapid-freezing experiments elicited two transient EPR signals, designated 1b and 1c, during Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase turnover at 23 °C and pH 7.4. The first of the signals to form, signal 1b, exhibited g values of 4.21 and 3.76. Its formation was at the expense of the starting EPR signal (signal 1a with g values of 4.32, 3.66, and 2.01). The second signal to arise, signal 1c, with a characteristic g value of 4.69, formed very slowly and was always of low intensity. Both signals occurred independently of the substrate being reduced. Increased electron flux through the MoFe protein caused these signals to form more rapidly. Moreover, after a MoFe-protein solution had been pretreated (using conditions of extremely low electron flux) to set up an equimolar mixture of its resting state and one-electron reduced state, these signals appeared even more rapidly when this mixture was exposed to an excess of the Fe protein. We have simulated the kinetics of formation of these EPR features using the publish...
Periprostatic Local Anesthesia before Ultrasound–Guided Prostate Biopsy: An Update of the Miami Experience

Introduction: Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)–guided biopsy is a very common office procedure for most urologists. Pain or discomfort associated with this procedure has been addressed
Effects of gradual spatial variation in resources on population extinction: Analytic calculations for abrupt transitions

Abstract We study bifurcations in a spatially extended nonlinear system representing population dynamics with the help of analytic calculations. The result we obtain helps in the understanding of the onset of abrupt transitions leading to the extinction of biological populations. The result is expressed in terms of Airy functions and sheds light on the behavior of bacteria in a Petri dish as well as of large animals such as rodents moving over a landscape.
Nonlinear Tolerant Spectrally-Efficient Transmission Using PDM 64-QAM Single Carrier FDM With Digital Pilot-Tone

We propose nonlinear tolerant single carrier frequency-division-multiplexing (SC-FDM) signal enhanced by digital pilot-tone for future high speed Ethernet transport like 400 G Ethernet. First, we discuss system configuration and the wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) transmission of SC-FDM signals employing polarization-division-multiplexed (PDM) 64-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (64-QAM). Next, we describe the long-haul transmission characteristics of 50 GHz-spaced 538 Gb/s × 7 ch WDM signals. We compare digital back-propagation (DBP) and digital pilot-tone for nonlinearity compensation and experimentally show that digital pilot-tone can effectively compensate the phase noise induced by inter-channel nonlinear effects with less computational complexity than DBP. Then we discuss a high-capacity transmission experiment employing 548 Gb/s PDM-64QAM SC-FDM; 102.3 Tb/s (224 × 548 Gb/s) C- and extended L-band WDM transmission is demonstrated over 240 km (3 × 80 km) of pure-silica-core fiber (PSCF) with all-Raman amplification. Thanks to the high nonlinear tolerance enhanced by pilot-tone, we can employ the 80 km repeater spacing used in conventional terrestrial systems. Assuming 20% forward error correction (FEC) overhead, a spectral efficiency of 9.1 b/s/Hz is achieved.
Bordetella avium: An Opportunistic Pathogen in Leghorn Chickens

SUMMARY. Experiments were conducted in order to produce bordetellosis in specificpathogen-free (SPF) leghorn chickens. In the first and second of three experiments, young turkeys and chickens, respectively, were allotted into groups and challenged at 2 weeks of age with one of seven different isolates of Bordetella avium and two isolates of B. aviumlike bacteria. Isolates of B. avium with the smooth colony type were pathogenic in turkeys but not in chickens. The B. avium-like bacteria and B. avium isolates with rough colonial morphology were nonpathogenic. In the third experiment, SPF leghorn chicks were vaccinated at 1 day of age with infectious bronchitis virus, Newcastle disease virus, or both and then challenged with B. avium at 7 days of age. Chickens vaccinated and then challenged with B. avium showed clinical signs and lesions similar to bordetellosis in turkeys. No clinical signs were observed in unchallenged chickens. Thus, we conclude that B. avium is an opportunistic pathogen in SPF leghorn chickens. RESUMEN. Bordetella avium: Un pat6geno oportunista en aves tipo leghorn. Se realizaron tres experimentos con el objeto de producir bordetellosis en aves tipo leghorn, libres de germenes pat6genos. El primer experimento se realiz6 con grupos de pavitos y el segundo con grupos de pollos. A las dos semanas de edad, cada grupo fue inoculado con una de 7 cepas de Bordetella avium y con dos cepas de bacterias similares a B. avium. La cepas de B. avium con tipo de colonia lisa fueron pat6genas en pavos pero no en pollos. Las bacterias similares a B. avium y las cepas de B. avium con morfologia de colonias rugosas no fueron pat6genas. En el tercer experimento, aves tipo leghorn libres de pat6genos fueron vacunadas al dia de edad con el virus de bronquitis infecciosa, o con el de Newcastle, o con ambos, y luego fueron desafiadas a los 7 dias de edad con B. avium. Las aves mostraron signos clinicos y lesiones similares a la bordetellosis de los pavos. No se observaron signos clinicos en las aves no desafiadas. Por lo tanto, se concluye que B. avium es un patogeno oportunista en aves libres de germenes pat6genos.
Generalization of the Ronchi, sinusoidal, and triangular rulings for Gaussian-laser-beam-diameter measurements

Transmittance (or reflectance) characteristics of generalized gratings are described for Gaussian-laserbeam-diameter measurements. The generalized gratings provide for accurate measurement of both small and large Gaussian beam diameters and are superior to the Ronchi, the triangular, and the sinusoidal rulings. Also the proposed generalized gratings account for all width variations of the opaque, transparent, and transitional regions within a selected ruling.
Two-choice randomized dynamic I/O scheduler for object storage systems

Object storage is considered a promising solution for next-generation (exascale) high-performance computing platform because of its flexible and high-performance object interface. However, delivering high burst-write throughput is still a critical challenge. Although deploying more storage servers can potentially provide higher throughput, it can be ineffective because the burst-write throughput can be limited by a small number of stragglers (storage servers that are occasionally slower than others). In this paper, we propose a two-choice randomized dynamic I/O scheduler that schedules the concurrent burst-write operations in a balanced way to avoid stragglers and hence achieve high throughput. The contributions in this study are threefold. First, we propose a two-choice randomized dynamic I/O scheduler with collaborative probe and preassign strategies. Second, we design and implement a redirect table and metadata maintainer to address the metadata management challenge introduced by dynamic I/O scheduling. Third, we evaluate the proposed scheduler with both simulation tests and experimental tests in an HPC cluster. The evaluation results confirm the scalability and performance benefits of the proposed I/O scheduler.
The Behavior of Tropical Ozone During the Stratospheric Warming of March–April 1976

The backscatter ultraviolet spectrometer on the Atmosphere Explorer-E satellite obtained ozone data for the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere from an equatorial orbit near the time of the March-April 1976 stratospheric warming. A simple inversion technique allows the extraction of information on the absolute ozone abundance and its longitudinal variation from the measured radiances. Between altitudes of 35 and 60 km tropical O3 in constant pressure layers exhibits increased spatial variations on length scales of 20 to 30 deg in longitude after the onset of the polar warming, indicating enhanced wave activity. One week after the polar vortex breakdown, upper stratospheric O3 begins a relaxation toward the unperturbed state, while that in the lower mesosphere continues to show maximum variations near + or 10% of the longitudinally averaged value. Although the degree of horizontal structure increases during the warming, the absolute O3 amounts averaged over longitude between 35 and 60 km in altitude remain nearly constant in time. The observed behavior is consistent with that expected from enhanced vertical transport of O3 in the tropics with accompanying adiabatic temperature changes which alter the chemical loss rate.
Facilitation of discriminated avoidance learning by dissociation of CS and manipulandum

Many studies have reported inordinate difficulty in obtaining avoidance learning in discriminated bar-press and related situations, particularly with visual cues (illumination changes) serving as the CS. It is shown that avoidance learning can be substantially increased by dissociating the CS from the manipulandum, which usually occur in close physical proximity. In verification of earlier work, discontinuous shock was again shown to enhance avoidance learning markedly.
The application of PEI-cellulose thin-layer chromatography for the resolution of large oligonucleotide fragments of transfer ribonucleic acids

Abstract Large oligonucleotide fragments from tRNA were separated on PEI-cellulose tle using stepwise gradients of increased concentrations of LiCl (containing 0.3 m Tris-HCl and 7.5 m urea at pH 7.9) or Li-formate (containing 7.5 m urea at pH 3.5). These large oligonucleotides, obtained by cleavage of tRNA with nuclease S 1 , aniline-NaOH, or partial ribonuclease T 1 digestion and separated on PEI-cellulose, were analyzed by three different methods. The first method entailed elution and total base analysis by the tritium-postlabeling technique; the second involved complete ribonuclease T 1 digestion in situ , contact transfer to another PEI-cellulose tle plate, and two-dimensional tle fingerprinting; the third employed complete digestion in situ with ribonuclease T 1 and bacterial alkaline phosphatase, followed by the elution, periodate oxidation, introduction of a tritium into 3′-terminus, and subsequent two-dimensional PEI-cellulose fingerprinting. These techniques can aid in the determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of tRNA when only small quantities of pure tRNAs (less than 10 A 260 units) are available or when the tRNAs are not amenable to in vivo radioactive labeling.
Roadmap for Modeling Risks of Terrorism to the Homeland

The terrorist acts of September 11, 2001, were a wake-up call for changing our past practices in ensuring homeland security. The positive results of these changes, however, are accompanied by myriad visible and invisible risks. Accepting change implies assessing and managing these risks in a comprehensive and systemic fashion, avoiding an ad hoc approach. This paper offers a holistic risk assessment and management framework for modeling the risks of terrorism to the homeland. Two major interconnected systems are addressed: the homeland system and the terrorist networks system. In modeling the two systems, the centrality of state variables is highlighted. It is worth noting that the community of risk analysts has been developing and applying systems-based methodologies and tools for many years. The roadmap presented in this paper builds on the findings of many prior analyses.
High efficiency blue phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes

Organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) have demonstrated the potential for solid state lighting as well as full color display applications. Use of triplet harvesting phosphorescent materials has led to very high efficiency OLEDs especially in green and red phosphorescent OLEDs. However in case of blue OLEDs the efficiency achieved is still room for improvement. Charge balance is a very important factor for achieving high efficiency organic light emitting diodes. In most OLED devices, hole mobility of hole transport layer is orders of magnitude higher than the electron mobility of electron transport layer. We study how this affects the charge balance and hence the device performance in the blue phosphorescent OLEDs with Iridium (III)bis [(4,6-di-fluorophenyl)- pyridinato-N,C2´] picolinate (FIrpic) emitter. Charge balance is studied in these devices and the devices are found to be hole dominant. Additionally, effect of charge balance on device performance is demonstrated with different electron transport layers. Using this approach, a very high efficiency of 60 Cd/A (50 lm/W) is achieved with 3,5´-N,N´-dicarbazole-benzene (mCP) host.
Abiraterone Inhibits 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase: A Rationale for Increasing Drug Exposure in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Purpose: Treatment with abiraterone (abi) acetate prolongs survival in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Resistance to abi invariably occurs, probably due in part to upregulation of steroidogenic enzymes and/or other mechanisms that sustain dihydrotestosterone (DHT) synthesis, which raises the possibility of reversing resistance by concomitant inhibition of other required steroidogenic enzymes. On the basis of the 3β-hydroxyl, Δ 5 -structure, we hypothesized that abi also inhibits 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3βHSD), which is absolutely required for DHT synthesis in CRPC, regardless of origins or routes of synthesis. Experimental Design: We tested the effects of abi on 3βHSD activity, androgen receptor localization, expression of androgen receptor–responsive genes, and CRPC growth in vivo . Results: Abi inhibits recombinant 3βHSD activity in vitro and endogenous 3βHSD activity in LNCaP and LAPC4 cells, including conversion of [ 3 H]-dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to Δ 4 -androstenedione, androgen receptor nuclear translocation, expression of androgen receptor–responsive genes, and xenograft growth in orchiectomized mice supplemented with DHEA. Abi also blocks conversion of Δ 5 -androstenediol to testosterone by 3βHSD. Abi inhibits 3βHSD1 and 3βHSD2 enzymatic activity in vitro ; blocks conversion from DHEA to androstenedione and DHT with an IC 50 value of less than 1 μmol/L in CRPC cell lines; inhibits androgen receptor nuclear translocation; expression of TMPRSS2 , prostate-specific antigen, and FKBP5 ; and decreases CRPC xenograft growth in DHEA-supplemented mice. Conclusions: We conclude that abi inhibits 3βHSD-mediated conversion of DHEA to active androgens in CRPC. This second mode of action might be exploited to reverse resistance to CYP17A1 inhibition at the standard abi dose by dose-escalation or simply by administration with food to increase drug exposure. Clin Cancer Res; 18(13); 3571–9. ©2012 AACR .
A role for KEM1 at the START of the cell cycle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

KEM1 is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene, conserved in all eukaryotes, whose deletion leads to pleiotropic phenotypes. For the most part, these phenotypes are thought to arise from Kem1p’s role in RNA turnover, because Kem1p is a major 5′–3′ cytoplasmic exonuclease. For example, the exonuclease-dependent role of Kem1p is involved in the exit from mitosis, by degrading the mRNA of the mitotic cyclin CLB2. Here, we describe the identification of a KEM1 truncation, KEM1 1-975 , that accelerated the G1 to S transition and initiation of DNA replication when over-expressed. Interestingly, although this truncated Kem1p lacked exonuclease activity, it could efficiently complement another function affected by the loss of KEM1, microtubule-dependent nuclear migration. Taken together, the results we report here suggest that Kem1p might have a previously unrecognized role at the G1 to S transition, but not through its exonuclease activity. Our findings also support the notion that Kem1p is a multifunctional protein with distinct and separable roles.
Brachytherapy application with in situ dose painting administered by gold nanoparticle eluters.

Purpose Recent studies show promise that administering gold nanoparticles (GNP) to tumor cells during brachytherapy could significantly enhance radiation damage to the tumor. A new strategy proposed for sustained administration of the GNP in prostate tumors is to load them into routinely used brachytherapy spacers for customizable in situ release after implantation. This in silico study investigated the intratumor biodistribution and corresponding dose enhancement over time due to GNP released from such GNP-loaded brachytherapy spacers (GBS). Method and Materials An experimentally determined intratumoral diffusion coefficient (D) for 10-nm nanoparticles was used to estimate D for other sizes by using the Stokes-Einstein equation. GNP concentration profiles, obtained using D, were then used to calculate the corresponding dose enhancement factor (DEF) for each tumor voxel, using dose painting-by-numbers approach, for times relevant to the considered brachytherapy sources' lifetimes. The investigation was carried out as a function of GNP size for the clinically applicable low-dose-rate brachytherapy sources iodine-125 (I-125), palladium-103 (Pd-103), and cesium-131 (Cs-131). Results Results showed that dose enhancement to tumor voxels and subvolumes during brachytherapy can be customized by varying the size of GNP released or eluted from the GBS. For example, using a concentration of 7 mg/g GNP, significant DEF (>20%) could be achieved 5 mm from a GBS after 5, 12, 25, 46, 72, 120, and 195 days, respectively, for GNP sizes of 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 50 nm and for 80 nm when treating with I-125. Conclusions Analyses showed that using Cs-131 provides the highest dose enhancement to tumor voxels. However, given its relatively longer half-life, I-125 presents the most flexibility for customizing the dose enhancement as a function of GNP size. These findings provide a useful reference for further work toward development of potential new brachytherapy application with in situ dose painting administered via gold nanoparticle eluters for prostate cancer.
Photochemical Cross-Linking of Poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-2,6-anthracenedicarboxylate)

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) copolymers containing 2,6-anthracenedicarboxylate structural units are chain extended and cross-linked by irradiation at 350 nm. The cross-linked materials were characterized by NMR, UV−vis, DSC, and dilute solution viscometry. The cross-linking is attributed to face-to-face dimerization of the anthracene units and radical reactions. Model anthracene photodimers are cleaved in solid films of PET by irradiation at 254 nm, but polymeric anthracene photodimerization reactions are irreversible under these conditions. The combination of irreversible anthracene photodimerization and irreversible radical reactions renders the cross-links permanent.
Information space receding horizon control for multi-agent systems

In this paper, we present a receding horizon solution to the problem of optimal scheduling for multiple sensors monitoring a group of dynamical targets. The term ‘target’ is used here in the classic sense of being the object that is being sensed or observed by the sensors. This problem is motivated by the Space Situational Awareness (SSA) problem. The multi-sensor optimal scheduling problem can be posed as a multi-agent Partially Observed Markov Decision Process (POMDP) whose solution is given by an Information Space (I-space) Dynamic Programming (DP) problem. We present a simulation based stochastic optimization technique that exploits the structure inherent in the problem to obtain variance reduction along with a distributed solution. This stochastic optimization technique is combined with a receding horizon approach which obviates the need to solve the computationally intractable multi-agent I-space DP problem and hence, makes the technique computationally tractable for such problems. The technique is tested on a simple numerical example which is nonetheless computationally intractable for existing solution techniques.
Molecular origins of heavy crude oil interfacial activity. Part 2: Fundamental interfacial properties of model naphthenic acids and naphthenic acids separated from heavy crude oils

Fundamental interfacial properties were determined at the hydrocarbon−water interface for 5β-cholanic acid, abietic acid, and three crude oil naphthenic acids separated from three naphthenic-acid-containing crude oils. Observed interfacial properties were correlated to the composition and chemical structure of crude oil naphthenic acids. Crude oil naphthenic acids are a mixture of primary, secondary, and tertiary, largely cycloparrafinic, organic acids in the molecular weight range of 250−750 amu. The percentage of primary naphthenic acids and proportion of low molecular weight naphthenic acids influence interfacial activity and emulsion stability of water-in-oil emulsions. Naphthenic acid composition and chemical structure determine the nature of molecular aggregation at the hydrocarbon−water interface and impact interfacial properties and emulsion stabilization performance. Crude oil naphthenic acids containing about 80% primary acids and a higher proportion of 250−425 molecular weight species were the ...
Phosphorylation polymorphism in the yolk protein 2 of Drosophila hawaiiensis

An intraspecific polymorphism in the electrophoretic migration pattern of the yolk proteins in D. hawaiiensis was established and characterized. The polymorphism includes yolk protein migration patterns of two, three, or four bands by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Peptide mapping analysis demonstrates that in the two band migration pattern YP2 comigrates with YP3, whereas in the three and four band migration patterns YP2 migrates between YP1 and YP3 in addition to comigrating with YP3. It further demonstrates that the top two bands of the four band migration pattern consists of YP1. Phosphatase treatment of the yolk proteins establishes that the different electrophoretic migration patterns of YP2 are caused by different degrees of phosphorylation. It is suggested that the YP1 polymorphism is caused by a yp1 gene modification and that the YP2 polymorphism is caused by two different post-translational processing paths.
Influence of diluents on mechanical relaxation behavior of nylon 6 and polyimide

Abstract The mechanical relaxation behavior of nylon 6 and of a polyimide have been investigated as a function of water content. In addition, tests have been carried out on nylon 6 samples of both low and high monomer content. Both diluents, water and monomer, act as a plasticizer in nylon 6. They lower the modulus values in the temperature range above 300°K and shift the αa transition to lower temperatures. Water is the more effective plasticizer, the average shift for 1% added diluent being about 20°K as compared to about 2°K for added monomer. Both diluents act like antiplasticizers at low temperatures, raising the modulus and decreasing the intensity of the γ relaxation. As either water or monomer is added, a β relaxation rises in the vicinity of 250°K (103 Hz). It is concluded that the β-relaxation process may arise from reorientational motions of CH2 segments containing nonbonded amide groups as well as from combined motions of such units and associated water molecules. In polyimide water has almost...
16 PF Profiles of Hospitalized Alcoholic Patients: Replication and Extension

An attempt was made to replicate previous findings which had suggested that alcoholic patients could be identified by 16 PF profiles and that these profiles resembled the profiles of neurotic patients more than the profiles of other psychiatric groups. While the general trend of previous results was replicated, the relationships were of such reduced magnitude as to suggest the need for further research regarding the characteristics of the “alcoholic profile” before attempting any practical application of these findings. In an attempt to illuminate the situation further, a “diagnostic” procedure was evolved using 16 PF profiles. It was found that the majority of alcoholic patients were classified as “neurotic” by this system.
Real-Time Structure Changes during Uniaxial Stretching of Poly (ω-pentadecalactone) by in Situ Synchrotron WAXD/SAXS Techniques

Poly({omega}-pentadecalactone) (PPDL), a model polymer in the poly({omega}-hydroxyl fatty acids) family, is a new biopolymer with monomer synthesized by yeast-catalyzed {omega}-hydroxylation of fatty acids. In this study, deformation-induced structural changes in two PPDL samples with different molecular weights were studied by in situ wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques. The high molecular weight PPDL (PPDL-high) sample exhibited notable strain hardening, while the low molecular weight PPDL (PPDL-low) sample did not. The behavior can be explained by the entanglement density concept. The evolution of crystallinity (from WAXD) as a function of strain could be divided into four distinct regions, but their respective mechanisms differ slightly in each sample. During stretching, a mesomorphic phase formed in both samples, bridging between the amorphous and strain-induced crystal phases. The SAXS data verified the effect of molecular weight (or the entanglement density) on the deformation-induced structure of PPDL. The parameters of chain orientation factor (f) calculated from the orthorhombic crystal cell as well as the nonorthorhombic crystal cell proposed by Wilchinsky were used to follow the orientation process during stretching of PPDLs. It was found that the different molecular entanglement network (i.e., PPDL-low versus PPDL-high) led to different crystal orientation behavior,more » especially in the low strain range.« less
Relationship between choline availability and acetylcholine synthesis in discrete regions of rat brain.

— The relationship between choline availability and the synthesis of acetylcholine in discrete brain regions was studied in animals treated with the organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor paraoxon. Administration of paraoxon (0.23 mg/kg) inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity by approx 90% in the striatum, hippocampus and cerebral cortex and increased acetylcholine levels to 149%, 124% and 152% of control values, respectively. Free choline levels were unaltered by paraoxon in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, but were significantly decreased in the striatum to 74% of control. When animals were injected with choline chloride (60 mg/kg), 60 min prior to the administration of paraoxon, the paraoxon-induced choline depletion in the striatum was prevented and the paraoxon-induced acetylcholine increase was potentiated from 149% to 177% of control values. Choline pretreatment had no significant effect in either the hippocampus or cerebral cortex, brain regions that did not exhibit a decrease in free choline levels after paraoxon administration. Results indicate that choline administration, which had no significant effect on acetylcholine levels by itself, increased acetylcholine synthesis in the striatum in the presence of acetylcholinesterase inhibition. However, this effect was not apparent in either the hippocampus or the cerebral cortex at similar levels of enzyme inhibition. It appears that choline generated from the hydrolysis of acetylcholine may play a significant role in the regulation of neurotransmitter synthesis in the striatum, but not in the other brain areas studied. The evidence supports the concept that the regulatory mechanisms controlling the synthesis of acetylcholine in striatal interneurons may differ from those in other brain regions.
RanKloud: Scalable Multimedia Data Processing in Server Clusters

Multimedia data is produced in massive quantities. The applications that drive this massive data influx today span a large spectrum, from entertainment, surveillance, and e-commerce to Web content and social media. This data flood brings forth a need for highly parallelizable frameworks for scalable processing and efficient analysis of large media collections.In this article, we have observed that a major obstacle in executing large media-analysis operations in a scalable manner is that, when implemented naively, a significant portion of the work might be wasted. RanKloud is a system we are developing for share-nothing, batched parallelization of large media-analysis operations in a waste-avoiding manner. RanKloud achieves this by treating the utility of the data and features to the given analysis as an integral part of the process and by developing data partitioning and resource strategies that consider the ranked semantics of the analysis operations as well as data and utility characteristics discovered at runtime. Future work will include extension of the RanKloud framework with new primitives and investigation of the application of RanKloud to various large-scale multimedia data analysis applications.
Towards efficient algorithms for approximating a fuzzy relation by fuzzy rules: Case when “and”-and “or”-operation are distributive

A generic fuzzy relation often requires too many parameters to represent - especially when we have a relation between many different quantities X 1 ,..., X n, There is, however, a class of relations which require much fewer parameters to describe - namely, relations which come from fuzzy rules. It is therefore reasonable to approximate a given relation by fuzzy rules. In this paper, we explain how this can be done in an important case when “and”- and “or”-operation are distributive - and we also explain why this case is important.
An Examination of the Quality of Narratives Produced by Children With Language Disorders

A team of regular and special educators used a holistic scoring procedure to rate the overall quality of spoken and written narratives produced by students with language disorders and their age-, l...
Psychological distress as a factor in environmental impact assessment: Some methods and ideas for quantifying this intangible intangible

Abstract A case study describing citizens' contentions that restarting Three Mile Island's nuclear reactor (TMI-1) would cause psychological distress provides historical and legislative impetus for federal agencies to consider psychosocial dimensions in their environmental impact statements (EISs). Although the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) rejected citizens' complaints on the grounds that distress is not easily quantifiable, experts associated with the case noted that the NRC's contention was not entirely valid and that the National Environmental Protection Act missed a golden opportunity to promote the development of methodology and models for incorporating psychosocial factors into the EIS. This study describes some of the methods that have subsequently been used for measuring distress in the context of technological hazards.
Hydrogen particles in liquid helium

Abstract Numerical investigations of phase changes during the generation of solid hydrogen particles in cryogenic helium, which include vaporization and re-condensation of helium around a hydrogen droplet and solidification of the droplet in helium, are conducted to unravel the basic mechanisms underlying the phase change phenomena. In a single-fluid, two-phase mixture framework, the simulation of vaporization/condensation involves a vapor–liquid exchange model that accounts for mass and energy transfers due to phase changes between liquid and vapor helium. The enthalpy-porosity, solidification–melting technique is employed to investigate the hydrogen solidification. The volume fraction of each phase in the solidification process is determined using a volume of fluid (VOF) two-phase model, along with a piecewise-linear approach to trace the liquid/solid interface. The results throw some light on the helium flow field resulting from the phase change and the motion of the droplet. They provide some insight into the evolution of liquid–vapor phase-exchange processes as well as the solidification evolution of hydrogen particles of various diameters.
Molecular simulation of disjoining-pressure isotherms for free liquid , Lennard-Jones thin films

We present canonical-ensemble molecular-dynamics simulations of disjoining-pressure isotherms in Lennard-Jones free liquid films. Thermodynamics demands that the disjoining pressure is determined uniquely as a function of the chemical potential purely from the phase diagram of the fluid. Our results from molecular dynamics validate this argument. The inverse-sixth-power distance term in the Lennard-Jones intermolecular potential represents van der Waals dispersion forces. Hence, we compare our results with classical Hamaker theory that is based on dispersion forces but assumes a slab geometry for the density profile and completely neglects fluid structure and entropy. We find that the Hamaker constant obtained from our simulations is about an order of magnitude larger than that from classical theory. To investigate the origin of this discrepancy, we calculate the disjoining-pressure isotherm using a density-functional theory relaxing the inherent assumptions in the Hamaker theory and imparting to the fluid an approximate structure. For disjoining pressure as a function of chemical potential, the results of density-functional theory and molecular dynamics are very close. Even for disjoining-pressure isotherms, and the subsequently calculated Hamaker constant, results of the density-functional theory are closer to the molecular-dynamics simulations by about a factor of 4 compared to Hamaker theory. [References: 44]
Genetic control of single lumen formation in the zebrafish gut

Most organs consist of networks of interconnected tubes that serve as conduits to transport fluid and cells and act as physiological barriers between compartments. Biological tubes are assembled through very diverse developmental processes that generate structures of different shapes and sizes. Nevertheless, all biological tubes invariably possess one single lumen. The mechanisms responsible for single lumen specification are not known. Here we show that zebrafish mutants for the MODY5 and familial GCKD gene tcf2 (also known as vhnf1) fail to specify a single lumen in their gut tube and instead develop multiple lumens. We show that Tcf2 controls single lumen formation by regulating claudin15 and Na+/K+-ATPase expression. Our in vivo and in vitro results indicate that Claudin15 functions in paracellular ion transport to specify single lumen formation. This work shows that single lumen formation is genetically controlled and appears to be driven by the accumulation of fluid.
Proteins of Rauscher murine leukemia virus: resolution of a 70,000-dalton, Nonglycosylated polypeptide containing p30 peptide sequences.

Abstract A viral-specific polypeptide of molecular weight about 70,000 which does not incorporate radioactive glucosamine or fucose and which does not stain positively for carbohydrates is present in preparations of purified Rauscher murine leukemia virus. This polypeptide can be resolved from the major glycoprotein(s) previously designated gp69 71 by high resolution sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The 70,000-dalton polypeptide is present in Rauscher virus-infected cells but not in nonproducer, uninfected N.I.H. Swiss mouse embryo cells. The [35S]methionine-labeled tryptic peptide patterns of the virion and the intracellular 70,000-dalton polypeptide are identical, and each contains [35S]methionine-labeled tryptic peptides characteristic of virion p30, indicating a possible precursor relationship to p30.
Adolescent–Parent Communication in a Digital World Differences by Family Communication Patterns

We examined how family communication patterns (FCPs) are associated with frequency of adolescent–parent communication in person, over the phone, via text message, and via email. Adolescents (N = 195) aged 13 to 18 completed an online survey assessing FCPs and frequency of communication methods used with parents. The results revealed that both frequency and method of communication differed by general FCPs; adolescents in higher conformity families reported less frequent text messaging with mothers than adolescents in lower conformity families, and adolescents in higher conversation families (mothers only) and lower conformity families reported more frequent email communication with parents. Results set the stage for future research to further explore the processes and outcomes of adolescent–parent communication through communication technology.
Implementing the lessons of mental health service demonstrations: human rights issues

Is the failure to implement the lessons of mental health service demonstrations an ethical problem? This paper reviews the experience with evaluating multi-site service demonstration programs in the United States. Some of the lessons have been adopted and others have not. There appears to be a pattern to the adoption of lessons: ideological and inexpensive changes in organization or treatment approach are more likely to be adapted than costly changes in the availability of services or 'transfer' resources (such as disability benefits or rental subsidies) to support independent housing. The paper reviews this experience for demonstrations such as the Community Mental Health Centers program, the Community Support Program, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Program on Chronic Mental Illness, and it discusses prospects for current federal demonstrations.