cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On equivalence of cyclic codes, generalization of a quasi-twisted search algorithm, and new linear codes

A fundamental problem in coding theory is the explicit construction of linear codes with best possible parameters. A search algorithm (ASR) on certain types of quasi-twisted (QT) codes has been very fruitful to address this challenging problem. In this work, we generalize the ASR algorithm to make it more comprehensive. The generalization is based on code equivalence. As a result of implementing the more general algorithm, we discovered 27 new linear codes over the fields $$\mathbb {F}_q$$ for $$q=3,4,5,$$ and 7. Further, we prove several useful theoretical results about the equivalence of cyclic codes, constacyclic codes, and QT codes.
Perceived Preparedness of Facial Plastic Surgery Fellows Over Time: A Survey of AAFPRS Fellowship Directors.

OBJECTIVE Assess the effects of American Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) resident work hour restrictions on the preparedness of incoming facial plastic surgery fellows as assessed by American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (AAFPRS) fellowship directors. METHODS Observational survey study evaluating the perception of ACGME resident duty hour change on resident surgical and clinical skills from fellowship directors of AAFPRS fellowship programs in the US. A cross-sectional survey was sent to 47 fellowship directors of AAFPRS fellowship programs. Perceived change in resident clinical and surgical skills were measured using a 5-point Likert scale (1 = significantly improved, 2 = improved, 3 = neither improved nor worsened, 4 = worsened, 5 = significantly worsened) to evaluate 15 benchmarks. RESULTS Responses received from 36 fellowship directors. The results indicate no statistically significant perceived trend of ACGME duty hour reform on fellows for AAFPRS fellowships among fellowship directors. However, cohort analysis demonstrated that fellowship directors with more than 10 years of service perceived a more negative impact in 2 clinical benchmarks (assessment/planning and basic exposure) over time. CONCLUSIONS The study results appear to show no significant perceived trend over time on the effect of duty hour reform on fellows for AAFPRS fellowships among fellowship directors. However, there are some apparent opinion differences between fellowship directors separated by years of service, with more negative perceptions noted in 2 clinical areas by those with more than 10 years of service. This study is in line with the more recent literature that suggests a trend toward a less negative perception of the duty hour change. This may suggest resident education is adapting to the ACGME duty hour regulations.
Cohesive-zone analyses with stochastic effects, illustrated by an example of kinetic crack growth

Abstract Cohesive-zone models of fracture are traditionally implemented using a deterministic failure criterion, with crack advance occurring when the work done against crack-tip tractions reaches a critical level. There are, however, many physical phenomena where crack growth is controlled by stochastic events ahead of the crack. These can include kinetic crack growth, stress-corrosion cracking, and void nucleation. In this paper, we show how a cohesive-zone model might be adapted to describe such stochastic phenomena. In particular, we have chosen to model kinetic crack growth by assuming that the probability of local failure, or bond rupture, depends on the difference between the level of local work done against the cohesive tractions and the equilibrium toughness of the interface. We have shown that if the cohesive parameters are within a range appropriate for linear-elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), and the possibility of failure is limited to the crack tip, then the model accurately reproduces a classical analytical model for kinetic crack growth, with the crack velocity having an exponential relationship with respect to the level of the energy-release rate above a threshold. As with all cohesive-zone models, a transition between toughness-controlled fracture and strength-controlled fracture occurs as the cohesive length is increased. However, it is further noted that if failure is not limited to the crack tip, but is allowed to occur anywhere ahead of the crack tip, then the length scale controlling the crack velocity changes from the mesh size to the cohesive length. This mesh-independent result is associated with diffuse damage ahead of the crack tip. From a physical perspective, such a damage zone could correspond to a situation with a low activation energy for bond rupture, or to one where the a crack grows in response to spatially diffuse stochastic process in a damage zone such as void nucleation, crazing or micro-cracking.
Buzz!: Inside the Minds of Thrill-Seekers, Daredevils, and Adrenaline Junkies

Most of us crave new experiences and sensations. Whether it's our attraction to that new burger place or the latest gadget, newness tugs at us. But what about those who can't seem to get enough? They jump out of planes, climb skyscrapers, and will eat anything (even poisonous pufferfish) … Prompting others to ask 'what's wrong' with them. These are high sensation-seekers and they crave intense experiences, despite physical, or social risk. They don't have a death wish, but seemingly a need for an adrenaline rush, no matter what. Buzz! describes the world of the high sensation-seeking personality in a way that we can all understand. It explores the lifestyle, psychology, and neuroscience behind adrenaline junkies and daredevils. This tendency, or compulsion, has a role in our culture. But where is the line between healthy and unhealthy thrill-seeking? The minds of these adventurers are explained page by page.
Religious rules as a means of strengthening family ties: Theory and evidence from the Amish

Abstract Religious institutions impose many rules on their members. I argue that a central function of these rules in many religious communities is to promote altruistic and cooperative behavior within families. My argument contrasts with the dominant view in the literature that the primary economic function of religious rules is to promote altruism and cooperation between unrelated religious community members. I develop my argument using a novel dataset on the Amish. My theory can explain selection patterns into the Amish church, Amish cultural persistence, persistent inequality between the Amish and non-Amish people, and high Amish fertility rates.
Eye cancer in a young male with a vaping history

We report a new observation of conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in a young man following years of electronic cigarette use. A 22-year-old man with a 5-year electronic cigarette use (vaping) developed painless unilateral blurred vision in the right eye from mild superficial corneal opacification, unresponsive to topical antiviral therapy. Corneal scraping documented no infectious etiology. The abnormality persisted for 1 year and superficial keratectomy revealed high-grade CIN with enlarged pleomorphic and dyskeratotic cells. Interferon-alpha-2b was instituted. In this case, chronic exposure to electronic cigarette vapors (vaping) could have been associated with CIN in this young patient.
Rethinking Evaluation Methodology for Audio-to-Score Alignment.

This paper offers a precise, formal definition of an audio-to-score alignment. While the concept of an alignment is intuitively grasped, this precision affords us new insight into the evaluation of audio-to-score alignment algorithms. Motivated by these insights, we introduce new evaluation metrics for audio-to-score alignment. Using an alignment evaluation dataset derived from pairs of KernScores and MAESTRO performances, we study the behavior of our new metrics and the standard metrics on several classical alignment algorithms.
Social Media Influence Does Not Reflect Scholarly or Clinical Activity in Real Life.

Background: Social media has become a major source of communication in medicine. We aimed to understand the relationship between physicians’ social media influence and their scholarly and clinical ...
Does IT Outsourcing Affect the Accuracy and Speed of Financial Disclosures? Evidence from Preparer-Side XBRL Filing Decisions

ABSTRACT In this paper, we examine the impact of preparer-side XBRL filing decisions on the accuracy and speed of financial disclosures. Specifically, we use the choice between in-house and outsour...
Heterozygous mutation of Vegfr3 decreases renal lymphatics but is dispensable for renal function

ABSTRACT Background Lymphatic abnormalities are observed in several types of kidney disease, but the relationship between the renal lymphatic system and renal function is unclear. The discovery of lymphatic-specific proteins, advances in microscopy, and available genetic mouse models provide the tools to help elucidate the role of renal lymphatics in physiology and disease. Methods We utilized a mouse model containing a missense mutation in Vegfr3 (dubbed Chy) that abrogates its kinase ability. Vegfr3Chy/+ mice were examined for developmental abnormalities and kidney-specific outcomes. Control and Vegfr3Chy/+ mice were subjected to cisplatin-mediated injury. We characterized renal lymphatics using a combination of tissue clearing, light-sheet microscopy and computational analyses. Results In the kidney, we found Vegfr3 is expressed not only in lymphatic vessels, but also various blood vessels. Vegfr3Chy/+ mice had severely reduced renal lymphatics with 100% penetrance, but we found no abnormalities in blood pressure, renal function and histology. Similarly, there was no difference in the degree of renal injury after cisplatin, although Vegfr3Chy/+ mice developed more perivascular inflammation by histology. Control mice treated with cisplatin had a measurable increase in cortical lymphatic density despite no change in cortical lymphatic volume and length. Conclusions We demonstrate that Vegfr3 is required for development of renal lymphatics, but a reduction in lymphatic density does not alter renal function and induces only modest histological changes after injury. Our data suggests that an increase in lymphatic density after cisplatin injury may reflect the loss of cortical volume associated with chronic kidney disease rather than growth of lymphatic vessels. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Defects in renal lymphatics occur in various kidney diseases, but their role in maintaining kidney structure and function is unknown. We combine tissue clearing, light-sheet microscopy and computational analysis to characterize lymphatics and find that mice with a heterozygous mutation in Vegfr3 (Vegfr3Chy/+) have severely reduced renal lymphatics. Strikingly, these mice have indistinguishable renal function and histology compared with controls. Even after cisplatin injury, there are no differences in renal function, although Vegfr3Chy/+ mice developed more perivascular inflammation. Our data present a novel method of lymphatic quantification and suggest that a normal complement of renal lymphatics is dispensable for renal structure and function.
Debugging the CFAA's Hybrid Structure

For years, lawyers, technologists, and digital rights activists have denounced the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (“CFAA”) as vague, dangerous, and overbroad. Broad interpretations of the CFAA criminalize a wide range of everyday computer conduct and allow powerful companies to file civil suits that suppress competition, innovation, and employee mobility. Most CFAA scholarship has focused exclusively on the statute’s criminal enforcement. In contrast, this Note analyzes how the CFAA’s hybrid structure—its combination of criminal and civil provisions—has contributed to its overbroad reach and overzealous use in both criminal and civil contexts. This Note argues that implementing criminal-specific and civil-specific narrowing measures could counteract the overbreadth and overuse caused by the statute’s hybrid structure. Part I of this Note presents an overview of the CFAA. Part I relates the CFAA’s legislative history, describes how judges interpret the statute inconsistently, and surveys how it is used in practice. Part II investigates how the CFAA’s hybrid structure has influenced its development. Part II first introduces the theory behind hybrid statutes and the problems that these statutes tend to create. Then, Part II identifies what prosecutors and judges have already done to mitigate the dangers posed by the CFAA’s hybrid structure. Lastly, Part II explains why the CFAA’s hybrid structure has continued to expand the statute. Part III offers four solutions aimed at reducing the negative effects generated by the CFAA’s hybrid structure. Part III proposes that Congress amend the civil provision to prohibit claims that arise out of contract breaches or business torts and to give judges the option to award attorneys’ fees to victorious defendants. Part III also recommends that Congress heighten the CFAA’s mens rea requirement for criminal liability, and it suggests that the Department of Justice require prosecutors to obtain its approval before charging CFAA crimes.
Indoctrination: A Respectable Technique in Health Education

(1963). Indoctrination: A Respectable Technique in Health Education. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 44-66.
Gender-Specific Issues in Organ Transplantation

Publisher Summary The relationship between sex hormones and immunological processes is well documented. Women are known to have higher immunoglobulin levels than men, a higher incidence of immunologically based illnesses, and the ability to mount a more vigorous immune response to infections. Both cell-mediated immunity and natural killer cell activity are diminished during pregnancy and menopausal women have an increased release of interleukin-1 by monocytes, which is reversible by hormone replacement therapy. Depending on dose, estrogens may act as immunosuppressors or immunostimulants. Estrogen administered before bone marrow transplantation has been shown to result in increased graft failure. The mixed lymphocyte reaction is enhanced by estradiol and fluctuating lymphocyte responses are observed during normal menses, pregnancy, and the use of oral contraceptives. As might be expected, pregnancy and the menstrual cycle affect the severity of autoimmune disease. Androgens also affect immune function. Testosterone has been shown to suppress anti-DNA antibody production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and graft rejection in rodents is delayed by injection of testosterone. Progesterone is an immunosuppressive agent, and may be the basis for the gender gap in the disease SLE. It is possible that genes related to autoimmunity may be hormonally regulated, although there is no direct evidence for this. Given these data it is hardly surprising to find that many gender related differences exist in the arena of organ transplantation. This chapter discusses these differences as they relate to organ failure, and liver, kidney, and pancreas transplantation.
Apolipoprotein J (clusterin)

Publisher Summary This chapter provides a brief overview of Apolipoprotein J that is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain of 449 amino acids including a 22 amino acid signal peptide. It is a heterodimer linked by a unique five disulfide bond motif. Carbohydrate accounts for 30% of the molecular mass. The N-linked carbohydrate is the site of sulfation with heterogeneity of glycosylation in different sites. Two clusterin signature motifs are defined, each containing three cysteines involved in disulfide bonds. There are two α-helical regions which show some structural similarity with other α-helical coiled-coil structures, such as the heavy chain of myosin. The amino acid sequence is highly conserved between species. In the regulation of complement activity apolipoprotein J binds to several sites in the membrane attack complex and prevents insertion into the cell membrane. It also prevents C9 polymerization. It circulates as a high-density lipoprotein and may play a role in lipid transport and recycling. It may also function in cell adhesion; cell aggregation; cell-cell and cell-substratum interactions.
Adenosine receptors and asthma in humans

According to an executive summary of the GINA dissemination committee report, it is now estimated that approximately 300 million people (5% of the global population or 1 in 20 persons) have asthma. Despite the scientific progress made over the past several decades toward improving our understanding of the pathophysiology of asthma, there is still a great need for improved therapies, particularly oral therapies that enhance patient compliance and that target new mechanisms of action. Adenosine is an important signalling molecule in human asthma. By acting on extracellular G-protein-coupled ARs on a number of different cell types important in the pathophysiology of human asthma, adenosine affects bronchial reactivity, inflammation and airway remodelling. Four AR subtypes (A1, A2a, A2b and A3) have been cloned in humans, are expressed in the lung, and are all targets for drug development for human asthma. This review summarizes what is known about these AR subtypes and their function in human asthma as well as the pros and cons of therapeutic approaches to these AR targets. A number of molecules with high affinity and high selectivity for the human AR subtypes have entered clinical trials or are poised to enter clinical trials as anti-asthma treatments. With the availability of these molecules for testing in humans, the function of ARs in human asthma, as well as the safety and efficacy of approaches to the different AR targets, can now be determined.
Issues of BSIM4 model for HF simulation

BSIM4 is the most currently industry standard model and with many RF capabilities. We have studied the model's validity for HF application. There issues are found in the BSIM4. Noise model issue has been reported to Berkeley BSIM4 model group and to be fixed. Other two issues observed can be corrected. Suggestions have been provided.
Comparison of the interaction of dopamine and high affinity positron emission tomography radiotracer fallypride with the dopamine D-2 receptor: a molecular modeling study

We have built a model of the D-2 dopaminergic receptor protein and have docked the agonist dopamine and two dopamine D-2 receptor antagonists, (S)-N-[(1-allyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)- methyl]-5-(3-fluoropropyl)-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide (fallypride) and (S)-N-[(1-iso-butyl- 2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-5-(3-fluoropropyl)-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide (ZYY-106), to its putative active site. We have utilized the structures of bacteriorhodopsin and rhodopsin for modeling the D-2 receptor by homology. Mutation studies and structure-activity studies have been used to refine our model further. Docking exercises of the ligands to the computer-generated D-2 model are used to explain the observed in vitro and in vivo behavior of these compounds. Interactions with the aspartate residue (Asp67) in helix-3 and the serine residues (serine-117 and serine-120) in helix-5 were observed for both dopamine and fallypride. A significant interaction of the phenyl ring of fallypride was observed with Phe121 and Trp155, which was weaker in the case of dopamine. The N-allyl group of fallypride is flanked by Phe158 and His162, possibly enhancing π-π interaction and the fluoropropyl group in fallypride is flanked by helix5:Pro124, helix5:phe125 and helix3:Ile75, which seem to form a pocket. These interactions may account for the higher affinity of fallypride for the D-2 receptor compared to dopamine.
Contribution of DCs and monocytes/macrophages to disease control or progression in SIVmac251-infected Mamu-B008+ rhesus macaques (VIR8P.1065)

Dendritic cells (DC), monocytes and macrophages are known to play a critical role in the induction of antiviral immune responses. However in the case of HIV/SIV, it remains unclear if this response is beneficial or detrimental in the progression of the disease. To examine the host-virus relationship we are longitudinally following the viral load and assessing the DC and monocyte/macrophage responses in the blood, lymph nodes and ileum of SIVmac251-infected Mamu-B*008+ rhesus macaques. Mamu-B*008 is an MHC class I allele highly correlated with control of SIV replication and a model for controlled and progressive HIV-1 disease. Previous studies have shown that approximately 50% of Mamu-B*008+ rhesus macaques control SIVmac239 replication in the chronic phase in a manner resembling elite control that has been observed in a small subset of HIV-infected humans. Utilizing intracellular cell staining, we are currently investigating the inflammatory cytokine contributions of pDC, mDC and monocytes/macrophages during disease progression. Preliminary findings suggest that pDC may not solely be responsible for the persistent interferon response, characteristic of HIV/SIV infection. As our study continues, we hope to gain a more complete understanding of the roles that DC and monocytes/macrophages play in the progression or control of SIV infection.
Irritable bowel syndrome

The irritable bowel syndrome is a common disorder of gastrointestinal motility. Abdominal pain, bloating, and inconsistent bowel habits are the hallmark symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Fever, weight loss, and gastrointestinal bleeding often indicate more serious pathologic gastrointestinal conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease or infectious enteritis. Because irritable bowel syndrome is so prevalent in our society, the primary care physician should be able to readily recognize the clinical features of this disorder in order to spare patients expensive, unnecessary diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. In this review, the authors discuss the clinical and psychological features of irritable bowel syndrome and offer a useful approach to the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder.
Reciprocity in Social Support: An Advantage for the Aging Family:

A sample of 108 community residents, ages 60 through 90, participated in an empirical study of family relationships and later-life satisfaction. Findings indicate that reciprocity in the giving and...
Regulatory Networks: Power, Legitimacy, and Compliance

This paper offers a scholarly review of the international relations and international law literature on regulatory networks. Although generalizations are necessarily imprecise, we suggest that the international relations oeuvre has proved particularly attentive to the way that power is wielded within these networks. International law scholars have focused more on the description of networks and considerations of their legitimacy. We suggest that, although the literatures have diverged, future work may be ripe for reintegration, as both IL and IR scholars increasingly turn their attention to the same issue: compliance with network mandates. Thus, we present a collaborative research agenda on regulatory networks highlighting issues of participation, authority resources, regime complexity, and interdependent implementation, which we hope will be of interests to scholars from both fields.
A Letter from Libya: An Urgent Need for Trauma-informed System of Care

The spread of Arab Spring revolutions throughout the region has resulted in atrocities and the rising of psychiatric problems. In Libya , there is no clear infrastructure for medical or mental care. The full fledged war to achieve the liberation of the country. The above makes Libya a country, which presents a wonderful opportunity for improving the delivery and provision of medical and mental services. The “First National Conference on Mental Health” post-revolution took place July 2012 in Misrata , Libya under the theme "The Future of Mental Health in Libya ". The author reviews the current state of mental health in Libya and reflects on the recommendation of the conference.
In Situ Calibration of Time Domain Reflectometry Sensors in Multiple Soils

Abstract As part of a larger field study, time domain reflectometry (TDR) sensors were installed to monitor volumetric water content (VWC) change with time at multiple sites across North America. Currently there are many manufactures of TDR equipment and these vendors often provide standard calibration curves that are intended to relate msec return time to volumetric water content (VWC). Some research has suggested that TDR does not require calibration to adequately describe volumetric water content in soil. However, for the method to be most useful, a reasonable estimate of volumetric water content should be made. In this study, an in situ method was used to develop a calibration curve based on soils with many different physical properties. Additionally, the effect of salinity on the calibration curve was examined as well as the difference between horizontal and vertical insertion of sensors. Results from this work indicate that the new in situ calibration curve greatly increases the ability of the senso...
Perceptions of Sexual Assertiveness among Adolescent Girls: Initiation, Refusal, and Use of Protective Behaviors

Abstract Study Objective We describe adolescent girls' perceptions of sexual assertiveness and examine the relationship of these perceptions with developmental and interpersonal variables. Design Cross-sectional analysis. Setting Participants were recruited from a school-based health clinic and local colleges, and through snowballing to participate in a 6-month study examining microbicide acceptability. Participants 106 sexually experienced girls (ages 14 through 21 years). Methods Girls described their demographics, sexual history, and romantic relationships and completed the Sexual Assertiveness Scale for Women (SAS-W), which assesses perceptions of sexual assertiveness: Initiation of Sex, Refusal of Unwanted Sex, and Pregnancy-STD Prevention. Results Girls perceived themselves as asserting themselves between 50% and 75% of the time with their current or most recent partner. The Initiation subscale was not related to the other two subscales. In final models, girls with a prior pregnancy perceived themselves as initiating sex more than girls without a prior pregnancy. Having a greater number of lifetime partners was related to perceptions of less refusal, whereas greater number of partners, being sexually experienced longer, and engaging in more unprotected sex were related to perceptions of less implementation of preventive methods. None of the relationship variables were related to scores on any subscale. Conclusions Most of these girls perceived themselves as sexually assertive. Given that sexual experience, not relationship factors, were related to perceptions of sexual assertiveness, the design of counseling messages should incorporate sexual experience. These messages should find effective ways to help girls both to communicate their sexual desires and to enhance their ability to protect themselves.
Young and older adults use different strategies to perform a standing turning task

Abstract Background Falls are the leading cause of death in adults over 65 years of age. Falls during turning are likely to result in costly and debilitating hip fractures. Two-thirds of adults who fracture a hip will never regain their previous level of independence. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine performance of turning in place in young and older adults. Methods Ten young (mean age = 25 years) and 10 community-dwelling older adults (mean age = 75 years) performed a standing turning task under two conditions: feet constrained and feet unconstrained. Dependent measures were rotational range of motion of the head-on-trunk, trunk-on-pelvis, pelvis and feet; trunk flexion/extension and knee flexion; and center of pressure range and center of mass range in both the anterior–posterior and medial–lateral directions. Findings In both conditions, older adults used less head-on-trunk but more trunk-on-pelvis rotation than the young adults. In the constrained condition, older adults also used more trunk extension and knee flexion than the young adults. In the unconstrained condition, more of the older adults moved their feet (60% vs. 30% of young adults). These differences in segmental motion resulted in greater center of mass movement for the older adults in the constrained but not the unconstrained foot condition. Interpretations Older adults show changes in segmental spinal range of motion associated with postural instability while turning in place. Foot movements play an essential role in compensating for these changes and maintaining postural stability.
Portable active interrogation system.

Abstract The system consists of a pulsed DT neutron generator (5 × 107 n/s) and a portable but high intrinsic efficiency, custom-designed, polyethylene-moderated 3He neutron detector. A multichannel scaler card in a ruggedized laptop computer acquires the data. A user-friendly LabVIEW program analyzes and displays the data. The program displays a warning message when highly enriched uranium or any other fissionable materials is detected at a specified number of sigmas above background in the delayed region between pulses. This report describes the system and gives examples of the response of the system to highly enriched uranium and some other fissionable materials, at several distances and with various shielding materials.
Somatomedin C-binding and action in fibroblasts from aged and progeric subjects.

Aging is associated with diminished cell growth, which has been ascribed in part to decreased cellular responsiveness to serum mitogens. To investigate whether there is an age-relatedloss of responsiveness to somatomediq-C (SM-C), we studied SM-C binding and action in early passage fibroblasts from normal donors, aged 7-96 yr, and one progeric subject. SM-C stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation 4- to 16-fold in young cells, 4- to 17-fold in aged cells, and 4- to 11-fold in progeric cells. SM-C was synergistic with 0.25% human hypopituitary serum in stimulating [3H]thymidine incorporation in all cell lines. Dose-response curves for SM-C stimulation of thymidine incorporation were not significantly altered in aged or progeric cells. Half-maximal responses occurred at 5-15 ng⁄ml SM-C for all cell lines. [3H]Thymidine incorporation results were supported by cell replication studies. In addition, binding of [125I] SM-C was virtually identical in all cell lines, with 50% displacement at 2-5ng⁄ml SM-C. Thus, in...
The metabolic cost of activity in activity-naive rats.

Abstract The influence of activity, age, and ration size on the rate of weight loss was determined in three experiments. Activity did not influence the rate of weight loss during starvation or limited feeding but was associated with a temporary reduction in food intake and a sustained depression in body weight in the ad lib condition. The relationship between percent BW loss and activity was identical whether weight loss had been incurred during starvation or limited feeding. In order to account for the identical rates of weight loss in active and non-active rats during food deprivation it was suggested that compensation for the energy dissipated in running could occur at either the behavioral or physiological level. Specific mechanisms for this compensation were considered.
Temporal latent semantic analysis for collaboratively generated content: preliminary results

Latent semantic analysis (LSA) has been intensively studied because of its wide application to Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing. Yet, traditional models such as LSA only examine one (current) version of the document. However, due to the recent proliferation of collaboratively generated content such as threads in online forums, Collaborative Question Answering archives, Wikipedia, and other versioned content, the document generation process is now directly observable. In this study, we explore how this additional temporal information about the document evolution could be used to enhance the identification of latent document topics. Specifically, we propose a novel hidden-topic modeling algorithm, temporal Latent Semantic Analysis (tLSA), which elegantly extends LSA to modeling document revision history using tensor decomposition. Our experiments show that tLSA outperforms LSA on word relatedness estimation using benchmark data, and explore applications of tLSA for other tasks.
Examining the Place of Ethics in Economics: A Review

Among the recent offerings in the area of economics and ethics, three volumes are considered here. Each of these books attempts to offer a cross section of ethical approaches to economic life. Halt...
Scanning tunneling microscopy of 1, 2, and 3 layers of electroactive compounds

Abstract Bilayer and trilayer organic films grown on Au(1 1 1) were studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Studies were carried out under UHV conditions with the sample cooled to either 80 or 100 K. Cobalt(II)phthalocyanine [CoPc] was deposited from vapor onto Au(1 1 1), followed by vanadyl phthalocyanine, VOPc. CoPc coverages studied were 0.5 and 1 monolayer, while VOPc coverages were about 0.5 monolayer. Constant current images were acquired at high tunneling gap resistance, of the order of 30 GΩ. Two different physical structures were observed for VOPc on CoPc, and each had a characteristic I(V) curve indicating significantly different unoccupied state density. It is also demonstrated that the transmission factor for two layers of VOPc is not simply the product of the transmission factors for each layer.
A comparative study of three social networking websites

Recently, the number of social networking sites is rapidly increasing, and the number of users joining these sites is dramatically increasing as well. This paper aims at comprehensively comparing three social networking sites, and provides an in-depth analysis. We compare three of the most popular social networking sites, i.e., Facebook, Twitter and MySpace. Specifically, we evaluate those social networking sites based on four criteria (i.e., navigation, interactivity, source credibility and intelligence). For each criterion, we propose a list of measures for the comparison. The comparison essentially explores the differences and commonalities among those social networking sites. Based on the analysis of the comparison, a user study is conducted to evaluate the three websites.
The Type Theory of PL/CV3

The programming logic PL/CV3 is based on the notion of a mathematical type. We present the core of the type theory, from which the full theory for program verification and specification can be derived. Whereas the full theory was designed to be useable, the core theory was selected to be analyzable. This presentation strives to be succinct yet thorough. The last section consists of examples, but the approach here is not tutorial. Key Words and phrases: automated logic, program verification, program specification, semantics of programming languages, type theory, foundations of mathematics.
Developing a branch-mimicking trap for adult plum curculios

We conducted field and semi-field experiments to determine the most visually stimulating and acceptable version of a branch-mimicking trap (PVC cylinder topped with an inverted screen funnel) to capture adult plum curculios, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) foraging within canopies of host trees. Cylinder traps (25 cm tall x 6 cm diam) coated with different colors of gloss or flat latex paint captured similar numbers of feral adults in field tests. Tall cylinder traps (50 cm tall x 6 cm diam) captured significantly more feral adults in field tests in 1999 than cylinder traps of lesser height and/or different diameter, and significantly more released adults arrived at traps with these dimensions compared to cylinder traps of lesser height in semi-field tests. In field and semi-field tests, respectively, significantly more adults were captured by and numerically more adults arrived at tall cylinder traps (50 cm tall x 6 cm diam) attached in an upright, standard position to a horizontal limb than attached at angles of 45°, 90°, 135°, or 180° to horizontal limbs.
Hinduizing from the Top, Indigenizing from Below: Localizing Krishna Rituals in Southern Ghana

This essay reports on an aspect of Ghana's emerging Hindu religious experience; the localizing of the worship of Krishna, a Hindu deity and a globally circulating emblem of spirituality, in the context of the Radha-Govinda temple community in Accra, Ghana's capital. Representing the Ghanaian portion of International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), this community seeks to perpetuate the Caitanyite Vaisnava heritage in this African worshipping society by implementing its policy of 'Hinduizing' local communities. Local worshippers are receptive to this new religion but do not succumb to the pressure to become Hindus in ISKCON's sense. They are resilient and invest this cultural import with local religious meanings, pressing its rituals into service as spiritual ammunition as they respond to pre-existing challenges and the new limitations that contemporary social transformations have imposed on them. The essay demonstrates how the meanings of lay practitioners who we often assume to be powerless, rather than ISKCON and its powerful local elite agents, largely shape the trajectory of the worship of Krishna in Ghana.
Membrane Targeting of L-type Calcium Channels ROLE OF PALMITOYLATION IN THE SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF THE β2a SUBUNIT

In this study, we report that palmitoylation was a critical determinant of the subcellular localization of the rat beta2a subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels. Immunohistochemical staining of transfected cells revealed that a palmitoylation-deficient beta2a subunit exhibited a diffuse intracellular staining pattern, in contrast to the plasma membrane distribution seen with the wild-type beta2a subunit. Unexpectedly, mutations in regions distal to the palmitoylation sites at Cys3 and Cys4 affected palmitoylation of the beta2a protein. Mutations in an src homology 3 motif of the beta2a subunit affected both palmitoylation and subcellular localization of the beta2a protein. A mutation in the beta interaction domain, which disrupted interactions between the expressed alpha1 and beta subunits, also resulted in a decreased palmitoylation and diffuse intracellular localization of the beta2a protein. Studies of chimeric proteins revealed that the 16-amino acid N terminus of the beta2a subunit was sufficient to confer palmitoylation to the nonpalmitoylated beta1b and beta3 isoforms. However, palmitoylation of chimeric beta subunits was by itself insufficient to restore the plasma membrane localization observed with the wild-type beta2a protein. Treatment of transfected cells with brefeldin A increased the amount of palmitic acid incorporated in the beta2a protein, suggesting that palmitoylation of beta2a occurs during or shortly after protein synthesis. Two other beta2 variants, the rabbit beta2a and beta2b, which lack the palmitoylation sties at Cys3 and Cys4, exhibited a diffuse intracellular staining pattern and were not palmitoylated.
Use of the Supraclavicular Artery Island Flap for Reconstruction of Cervicofacial Defects

Objectives:Describe the supraclavicular artery island (SAI) flap as an alternative flap for reconstruction of cervico-facial defects.Methods:Retrospective chart review in an academic, tertiary referral center of our first 18 consecutive patients undergoing SAI flap reconstruction for cervico-facial defects between 2010-2012. Outcome measures included size and location of the defect, time to raise the flap, flap size and viability, and complications. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9.1.Results:Defects of the temporal bone (n=5), and cervical skin (n=13) were reconstructed. Mean flap width was 6.1cm (range 5-9cm). Mean flap length was 21.7 cm (range 16-28cm), with the proximal portion of the flap de-epithelialized to match the defect resulting in a mean skin paddle length of 10.3 cm (range 5-18cm). Minor donor site dehiscence occurred in 2 patients. Partial skin flap necrosis occurred in 2 patients, while 1 patient had complete loss of the skin paddle. There was a significant correlation betwee...
Mutational spectrum of β-catenin, AXIN1, and AXIN2 in hepatocellular carcinomas and hepatoblastomas

Activation of Wnt signaling through β-catenin mutations contributes to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and hepatoblastoma (HB). To explore the contribution of additional Wnt pathway molecules to hepatocarcinogenesis, we examined β-catenin, AXIN1 and AXIN2 mutations in 73 HCCs and 27 HBs. β-catenin mutations were detected in 19.2% (14 out of 73) HCCs and 70.4% (19 out of 27) HBs. β-catenin mutations in HCCs were primarily point mutations, whereas more than half of the HBs had deletions. AXIN1 mutations occurred in seven (9.6%) HCCs and two (7.4%) HBs. The AXIN1 mutations included seven missense mutations, a 1 bp deletion, and a 12 bp insertion. The predominance of missense mutations found in the AXIN1 gene is different from the small deletions or nonsense mutations described previously. Loss of heterozygosity at the AXIN1 locus was present in four of five informative HCCs with AXIN1 mutations, suggesting a tumor suppressor function of this gene. AXIN2 mutations were found in two (2.7%) HCCs but not in HBs. Two HCCs had both AXIN1 and β-catenin mutations, and one HCC had both AXIN2 and β-catenin mutations. About half the HCCs with AXIN1 or AXIN2 mutations showed β-catenin accumulation in the nucleus, cytoplasm or membrane. Overall, these data indicate that besides the approximately 20% of HCCs and 80% of HBs with β-catenin mutations contributing to hepatocarcinogenesis, AXIN1 and AXIN2 mutations appear to be important in an additional 10% of HCCs and HBs.
SHP2 Association with VE-Cadherin Complexes in Human Endothelial Cells Is Regulated by Thrombin *

Thrombin-mediated changes in endothelial cell adherens junctions modulate vascular permeability. We demonstrate that the nonreceptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 co-precipitates with VE-cadherin complexes in confluent, quiescent human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Ligand-binding blots using a SHP2-glutathioneS-transferase fusion peptide established that SHP2 associates selectively with β-catenin in VE-cadherin complexes. Thrombin treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells promotes SHP2 tyrosine phosphorylation and dissociation from VE-cadherin complexes. The loss of SHP2 from the cadherin complexes correlates with a dramatic increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation of β-catenin, γ-catenin, and p120-catenin complexed with VE-cadherin. We propose that thrombin regulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cadherin-associated β-catenin, γ-catenin, and p120-catenin by modulating the quantity of SHP2 associated with VE-cadherin complexes. Such changes in adherens junction complex composition likely underlie thrombin-elicited alterations in endothelial monolayer permeability.
Comparison of the organization of the mitochondrial genome in tomato somatic hybrids and cybrids

The organization of the mitochondrial genome in somatic hybrids and cybrids regenerated following fusion of protoplasts from cultivated tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, and the wild species, L. Pennellii, was compared to assess the role of the nuclear genotype on the inheritance of organellar genomes. No organellar-encoded traits were required for the recorvery of either somatic hybrids or cybrids. The organization of the mitochondrial genome was characterized using Southern hybridization of restriction digestions of total DNA isolated from ten cybrids and ten somatic hybrids. A bank of cosmid clones carrying tomato mitochondrial DNA was used as probes, as well as a putative repeated sequence from L. pennellii mitchondrial DNA. The seven cosmids used to characterize the mitochondrial genomes are predicted to encompass at least 60% of the genome. The frequency of nonparental organizations of the mitochondrial genome was highest with a probe derived from a putative repeat element from the L. pennellii mitochondrial DNA. There was no difference in the average frequency of rearranged mitochondrial sequences in somatic hybrids (12%) versus cybrids (10%), although there were individual cybrids with a very high frequency of novel fragments (30%). The frequency of tomato-specific mtDNA sequences was higher in cybrids (25%) versus somatic hybrids (12%), suggesting a nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction on the inheritance of tomato mitochondrial sequences.
A 20Gb/s 40mW equalizer in 90nm CMOS technology

In order to reduce the pin count of chips and the complexity of the routing on printed-circuit boards and backplanes, it is desirable to replace a large number of parallel channels with a few serial links. Such a transformation can also potentially save significant power because it lowers the number of output drivers while maintaining the I/O voltage swings and termination impedances relatively constant. It is therefore plausible that data rates approaching 20 Gb/s will become common in the near future. At these speeds, the loss of FR4 boards poses a great challenge, requiring heavy equalization. From circuit design point of view, it is simpler to employ linear equalization (in the transmitter and the receiver), but from system design point of view, two serious issues make this approach unattractive: the amplification of crosstalk and the lack of ability to equalize for impedance discontinuities (sharp notches in the channel frequency response). In an optimum, yet practical system, one would place 4 to 5 dB of linear equalization in the transmitter and a similar amount in the receiver, and perform the remaining equalization by means of a decision-feedback equalizer (DFE), thus alleviating both issues.
Type based estimation over multiaccess channels

We study the problem of communicating sensor readings over a Gaussian multiaccess channel. We focus on the scenario that each sensor observes a single random variable and transmits it using certain signaling in a shared channel. The objective is the design of channel waveforms (i.e., the signal constellation) to facilitate the estimation of field parameters from the channel output. We propose a communication scheme in which sensors transmit according to the type of their observations-type-based multiple access (TBMA)-and show that the TBMA is asymptotically optimal in the limit of large number of sensors if the sensor channel-gains are identical. In particular, we show that TBMA together with a variant of the maximum-likelihood estimator achieves the Cramer-Rao bound asymptotically. We then extend the asymptotic analysis of TBMA to fading channels and compare the performance of TBMA with other orthogonal allocation methods such as time-division multiple access.
Cooperative diversity schemes for asynchronous wireless networks

We construct cooperative diversity coding schemes that mitigate the effects of symbol asynchronicity among network users. We do so by modifying, at the expense of implementation practicality, the signaling complexity of well behaved existing schemes. The modification allows the same good performance (DMT optimality) in the presence of synchronicity, and almost-surely permits full-diversity gains for any event of symbol asynchronicity.