cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expectations for and Quality Experiences in Undergraduate Research Over Time: Perspectives of Students and Faculty

Attention to undergraduate research (UGR) is not surprising given its widespread appeal and evidence of educational benefit. Tracking participation and identifying equity gaps in UGR are important markers of access to and equity in educationally beneficial experiences. Information about students’ exposure to elements of quality in UGR and how this corresponds to faculty perspectives and instructional practice can help inform efforts to advance and improve UGR. In this article, we use 7 years of data from the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) to explore the national landscape of UGR by examining the responses of 972,088 1st-year students who reported that they planned to participate in UGR before they graduated and the responses of 1,248,854 senior students who reported that they had done or were currently involved in a UGR experience. To complement our student perspectives, we present perspectives on faculty importance of and instructional practice in UGR with data from NSSE’s companion survey, the Faculty Survey of Student Engagement, by examining the experiences of 106,000 faculty respondents. Our presentation of descriptive statistics provides a national overview of UGR participation by a variety of salient institutional and student characteristics, a broad summary of faculty involvement in UGR, and baseline data about students’ exposure to elements of high-impact UGR.
Collapse Versus Blow-Up and Global Existence in the Generalized Constantin–Lax–Majda Equation

The question of finite-time singularity formation versus global existence for solutions to the generalized Constantin–Lax–Majda equation is studied, with particular emphasis on the influence of a parameter a which controls the strength of advection. For solutions on the infinite domain, we find a new critical value $$a_c=0.6890665337007457\ldots $$ below which there is finite-time singularity formation that has a form of self-similar collapse, with the spatial extent of blow-up shrinking to zero. We prove the existence of a leading-order power-law complex singularity for general values of a in the analytical continuation of the solution from the real spatial coordinate into the complex plane and identify the power-law exponent. This singularity controls the leading-order behavior of the collapsing solution. We prove that this singularity can persist over time, without other singularity types present, provided $$a=0$$ or 1/2. This enables the construction of exact analytical solutions for these values of a. For other values of a, this leading-order singularity must coexist with other singularity types over any nonzero interval of time. For $$a_c<a\le 1$$ , we find a blow-up solution in which the spatial extent of the blow-up region expands infinitely fast at the singularity time. For $$a \gtrsim 1.3$$ , we find that the solution exists globally with exponential-like growth of the solution amplitude in time. We also consider the case of periodic boundary conditions. We identify collapsing solutions for $$a<a_c$$ which are similar to the real line case. For $$a_c<a\le 0.95$$ , we find new blow-up solutions which are neither expanding nor collapsing. For $$ a\ge 1,$$ we identify a global existence of solutions.
The desensitization of test-anxiety by group and individual treatment∗

Abstract Test-anxious students were treated by desensitization using group training and individual meetings. Pre- and post-therapy scores on the Suinn Test Anxiety Behavior Scale, the Sarason Test Anxiety Scale, and a modification of the Fear Survey Schedule, showed decreases indicative of improvement. These decreases were significantly greater for this treated group than for an untreated sample of students. It was concluded that: (1) desensitization is useful in the treatment of test-anxiety, (2) the use of group meetings for relaxation training is a distinct aid in the economical use of therapist time and (3) the effects of treating test-anxiety appear to generalize to other anxieties and fears of the clients.
BOILING HEAT TRANSFER FROM CYLINDERS IN A SATURATED LIQUID HELIUM II BATH

Helium, unlike any other substance, has two known liquid phases, The phase which occurs at higher temperatures (saturation temperatures from approximately 2,17° to 5.2°K) behaves in a similar manner to other liquids and is referred to as helium I. The low-temperature phase, helium II, has saturation temperatures below approximately 2.17°K. Helium. II has many properties which make it. unlike any other known fluid. These unusual properties have resulted in its being referred to at various times as “superfluid” and “quantum fluid.” In this paper the term superfluid is used to refer to He II, while other fluids including helium I are referred to as classical or ordinary fluids.
Sarcomas of Bone

Sarcomas of bone are a rare and diverse set of tumors that, although related in their primary location (bone), vary in their etiology, behavior, and treatment. In 2011, approximately 2,890 new cases of bone and joint cancers were diagnosed in the USA. Osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma are the most common primary tumors of bone, representing 30 %, 15 %, and 6 %, respectively, of all bone sarcomas. The remainder of bone sarcomas is made up of malignant fibrous histiocytoma, chordoma, adamantinoma, hemangioendothelioma, hemangiopericytoma, and low-grade fibrosarcoma of the bone.
Broadband Spectroelectrochemical Interrogation of Molecular Thin Films by Single-Mode Electro-Active Integrated Optical Waveguides

Electron transfer processes to/from monolayers or submonolayers of surface-confined molecules are at the core of several established or emerging sensor technologies. Spectroelectrochemical techniques to monitor these redox processes combine spectroscopic information with the normally monitored electrochemical parameters, such as changes in current or voltage, and can be much more sensitive to changes in optical properties coupled with electron transfer than electrochemical techniques alone. Spectroelectrochemical techniques based on absorbance measurements typically suffer from low sensitivity owing to the low concentrations of redox active species on the surface, and their low absorptivities. Electro-active, single-mode waveguide technologies, developed over the last decade, have provided more than adequate sensitivity to characterize electron transfer to surface-confined molecules where the coverage can be as low as a few percent of a monolayer. In this chapter, we review the major developments in combining electrochemical analysis with optical platforms that maximize optical sensitivity, through the development of electro-active integrated planar waveguides operating in the single-mode optical regime. We provide here a general overview of the theoretical formalisms associated with light propagation and absorbance measurements in integrated optical waveguides, and their electro-active counterparts. We also describe the major implementations of the technology, including the extension of the single-mode configuration into a broadband spectroscopic tool to facilitate the interrogation of the entire visible wavelength region during the redox event, and review some specific applications of these techniques, which demonstrate its sensitivity and broad utility.
Multifragment Emission in the Reaction 36Ar + 197Au at E/A = 35, 50, 80, and 110 MeV

Abstract Multifragment emission in the reaction 36 Ar + 197 Au at E A =35, 80, and 110 MeV has been measured with a low-threshold 4π detector array. Over this broad range of incident energies, the mean values and variances of the intermediate mass fragment (IMF: 3 ⩽ Z ⩽ 20) multiplicity distributions exhibit an approximate scaling with the total charged particle multiplicity. The measured multiplicities of light charged particles and intermediate mass fragments are compared with both a model involving statistical decay of an expanding compound nucleus, and with a model involving microscopic quasi-particle dynamics. The statistical decay model predictions are sensitive to the low-density nuclear equation of state.
Sphingosine inhibits monocyte tissue factor-initiated coagulation by altering factor VII binding.

Abstract Tissue factor is a lipoprotein, expressed on the surface of cells, which binds coagulation Factor VII or VIIa, leading to activation of Factors X and IX with subsequent fibrin generation. Cellular tissue factor activity is important in pathophysiologic processes such as inflammation and disseminated intravascular coagulation. In this study, the long-chain base sphingosine inhibited coagulation initiated by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated intact human monocytes. Sphingosine (5-100 microM) also profoundly inhibited thromboplastin-initiated coagulation (greater than 90% decrease in thromboplastin activity). This inhibition was dose- and time-dependent. Sphingosine inhibited neither the intrinsic pathway of coagulation nor thrombin generation of fibrin. The sphingosine analogues sphingomyelin, ceramide, or N-acetylsphingosine did not affect thromboplastin activity, suggesting that the polar head of sphingosine was necessary for interaction of the molecule with the coagulation system. Investigation of the biochemical mechanism revealed that sphingosine (5-50 microM), but neither sphingomyelin nor ceramide, inhibited specific binding of radiolabeled Factor VII to lipopolysaccharide-stimulated intact monocytes. The results suggest that sphingosine may regulate monocyte tissue factor-initiated coagulation by modulating Factor VII binding to tissue factor. Sphingosine may represent a new class of inhibitors of hemostasis.
Epinephrine- abd glucagon-stimulated cardiac adenylyl cyclase activity: Regulation by endogenous factors

Abstract 1. 1. Epinephrine and glucagon sensitivity of cardiac adenylyl cyclase activity of crude particulate preparations (10 000 × g pellets) was 30–50% that of homogenates prepared using hypo-, iso-, or hypertonic media. The 10 000 × g supernatnat of the homogenate restored epinephrine- and glucagon-stimulated adenylyl cyclase. 2. 2. A substance or substances with similar activities on heart membrane adenylyl cyclase was found in liver, skeletal muscle, diaphragm, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, adipose tissue, spleen, and lung, but not in brain or adrenal gland 10 000 × g supernatants. 3. 3. The factor in the 10 000 × g supernatant from heart was sensitive to trypsin treatment, not precitated at 105 000 × g for 2 h, inactivated by boiling, non-dialyzable, bound to Dowex 1-X8 and DEAE-cellulose at pH 7.4, unstable to storage at 4°C, and precipiated by 80% saturated (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . DEAE-cellulose chromatography of the 10 000 × g supernatant resolved a factor that enhanced epinephrine-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity from that enhancing glucagon stimulation. The separated factors showed differential stability upon storage at −10°C. 4. 4. Calcium-dependent regulator (CDR) did not restore hormone sensitivity in these cardiac particulate preparations. Therefore, the factor reported in this study is not CDR. These results add to the probability that hormone sensitivity of membrane-bound adenylyl cyclase activity is regulated in part by endogenous factors.
Impact of mountain pine beetle outbreaks on forest albedo and radiative forcing, as derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, Rocky Mountains, USA

[1] Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreaks in North America are widespread and have potentially large-scale impacts on albedo and associated radiative forcing. Mountain pine beetle outbreaks in Colorado and southern Wyoming have resulted in persistent and significant increases in both winter albedo (change peaked 10 years post outbreak at 0.06 ± 0.01 and 0.05 ± 0.01, in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) stands, respectively) and spring albedo (change peaked 10 years post outbreak at 0.06 ± 0.01 and 0.04 ± 0.01, in lodgepole pine and ponderosa pine stands, respectively). Instantaneous top-of-atmosphere radiative forcing peaked for both lodgepole pine and ponderosa pine stands in winter at 10 years post outbreak at −1.7 ± 0.2 W m−2 and −1.4 ± 0.2 W m−2, respectively. The persistent increase in albedo with time since mountain pine beetle disturbance combined with the continued progression of the attack across the landscape from 1994–2011 resulted in an exponential increase in winter and annual radiative cooling (MW) over time. In 2011 the rate of radiative forcing within the study area reached −982.7 ± 139.0 MW, −269.8 ± 38.2 MW, −31.1 ± 4.4 MW, and −147.8 ± 20.9 MW in winter, spring, summer, and fall, respectively. An increase in radiative cooling has the potential to decrease sensible and/or latent heat flux by reducing available energy. Such changes could affect current mountain pine beetle outbreaks which are influenced by climatic conditions.
Kinetic and mechanistic studies of the reactivity of iron(IV) TAMLs toward organic sulfides in water: resolving a fast catalysis versus slower single-turnover reactivity dilemma

TAML complex is oxidized by H2O2 or tBuOOH in water at pH < 10 into the corresponding iron(IV) μ-oxo-bridged dimer 2, which oxidizes readily ring-substituted thioanisoles p-XC6H4SMe (X=H, MeO, Me, Cl, CN) into the corresponding sulfoxides with regeneration of 1. The oxidation studied under pseudo-first-order conditions using the stopped-flow technique by monitoring the fading of the 420-nm band of 2 follows hyperbolic kinetics according to the rate law kobs = ab[p-XC6H4SMe]/(1 + b[p-XC6H4SMe]) at pH 8 and 25 °C. Parameters a, b, and ab all decrease for electron-poorer thioanisoles and the Hammett value ρ ~ 1 has been found for ab, which can be associated with the second-order rate constants for oxidation of thioanisoles by 2. The kinetics of oxidation of p-NO2C6H4SMe by H2O2 catalyzed by 1 has been studied under steady-state conditions. Covering the concentration of 1 in a 100-fold range has revealed that though first-order kinetics in 1 is observed at low catalyst concentrations (below 10−6 M), there is ...
Ovarian tumors in infancy, childhood, and adolescence.

Abstract One hundred and twenty-seven patients between the ages of birth and 17 years were operated for 147 ovarian tumors. Nine per cent of the tumors were malignant. Those occurring before the menarche were generally neoplastic, whereas most of those diagnosed after the menarche were of a functional nature. Ovarian tumors associated with precocious puberty were malignant in over half of the instances. Acute appendicitis was the most common misdiagnosis and inordinately raised the incidence of right-sided functional ovarian cysts. Of special interest were 11 patients with malignant tumors and 7 patients with endometrial tumors of the ovary. In the treatment of these 147 tumors, 84 oophorectomies were carried out for functional cysts or benign neoplasms.
Computers in precollege education (Panel Discussion): What do teachers want or need?

What are the major problems involving computers in precollege education? This question will be discussed by a panel of precollege teachers who are seriously interested in instructional uses of comp...
Privacy, dignity, and confidentiality: interview study with structured questionnaire

Respect for patients' privacy and dignity and the maintenance of confidentiality are long established principles of medical practice. The General Medical Council has emphasised that treating patients and families politely is important in establishing and maintaining their trust. 2 Recent technological advances have changed the focus of privacy and confidentiality issues towards patients' identities in publications2 and security of medical records.3 Considerations of patients' dignity have concentrated on specific groups—for example, patients who are dying.4 Long established ideals and principles relating to privacy, dignity, and confidentiality, however, may not be expressed in clinical practice. As children and their parents have the same rights to these principles as adult patients, I conducted a survey of parents' views on these issues in the context of paediatric hospital practice. Using …
Integration of International Capital Markets: Quantitative Evidence from the Eighteenth to Twentieth Centuries

The integration of capital markets is usually tested with an interest rate arbitrage model even though much different financial assets must be compared. This paper compares prices of identical assets that are traded simultaneously in two or more markets. The range, average level, and time series pattern of the differences can be used to infer threshold levels, transaction cost levels, and the efficiency of arbitrage operations, respectively.Examples are given for financial crises from 1745 to 1907, using prices from the London, Amsterdam, Paris, and New York stock exchanges. These show European capital markets to be well integrated by mid-eighteenth century.
Regulation of retinoic acid receptor expression in dermal fibroblasts.

Abstract Retinoic acid (RA) is known to exert profound effects on growth and differentiation in a variety of cell types in the skin. In vitro studies have also shown that RA modulates gene expression in both fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Recently, three nuclear receptors specific for retinoic acid (RAR α, RAR β, and RAR γ) have been cloned and all are members of a large multigene family of ligand-inducible transcription enhancer factors. As a first step in defining the role of each receptor in the retinoid response of the skin, we examined the regulation of RAR α, RAR β, and RAR γ gene expression in human dermal fibroblasts by all-trans-retinoic acid. We demonstrate that human dermal fibroblasts express modest basal levels of RAR α and RAR γ, but not RAR β. When treated with 1 μM RA, the messenger RNAs for both RAR β and RAR γ are induced. In contrast, RAR α remains unchanged. The induction of RAR γ is attenuated by the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, while the induction of RAR β increases slightly. Studies with actinomycin D and cycloheximide show that all three receptors have different half-lives, with RAR γ having the longest half-life at 8 h. Gel shift analysis of known retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) in the RAR β and RAR γ genes demonstrates that the upregulation of these by genes by RA involves increased binding of complexes to the individual RAREs. In summary, these data demonstrate that fibroblasts express all three receptor types. Moreover, striking differences exist in the regulation of RAR gene expression in skin-derived fibroblasts and suggest that each receptor may well have a separate and discrete function in the retinoid response of the skin.
1630 THE EFFECT OF PROXIMAL AIRWAY PRESSURE CHANGES ON INTRACRANIAL AND INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURES

Do airway pressures effect intracranial and intravascular pressures? If so, does one component of the respiratory cycle have more of an effect than another? The cerebral and vascular effects of changes in I:E ratio, peak inspiratory pressure, and PEEP were examined in 11 paralyzed, anesthetized cats. While oxygen saturation, end tidal CO2, and mean airway pressures were held constant, I:E ratios, peak inspiratory pressures, and PEEP were individually varied. Intracranial pressure (ICP), central venous pressure (CVP), and aortic pressures were continuously recorded and cerebral tissue perfusion pressures were calculated. Two animals developed fatal cerebral hemorrhages when I:E ratios were reversed (2:1). In the 9 surviving animals, ICP, CVP, aortic pressure, and cerebral tissue perfusion pressures varied directly with mean airway pressures. As mean airway pressures increased, ICP and CVP increased; aortic pressure and cerebral tissue perfusion pressures decreased. Equivalent changes in I:E ratio and peak inspiratory pressures appeared to have a greater effect on the vascular pressures than did changes in PEEP. (Supported by a grant from the Hennepin County Lung Association, Minneapolis, MN.)
Design of dielectric photonic crystal reflector Fabry-Perot cavities

We report the detailed analysis on the phase discontinuity, field distribution, penetration depth and photon lifetime in 1D and 2D PC mirrors. Compared to classical distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs), these new types of PC mirrors exhibit different phase discontinuties and slower phase changes over the high reflection bands for surface-normal incident beams. Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity designs were carried out based on these three types of dielectric reflectors. In PC mirror based FP cavities, we observed penetration depth of 2~4μm, which is related to the large phase discontinuity. On the other hand, due to the tight field confinement, the energy penetration depths were ~ 0.1μm in PC mirror based FP cavities, much lower than that in DBR based FP cavities. We will also report on the distinctively different field distribution behaviors in these cavities, which are critical in the design of various active optoelectronic devices.
Motion-Compensated Prediction Using Nodal-Based Deformable Block Matching

Abstract One well-known deficiency of the block matching algorithm (BMA) is that it cannot handle nontranslational motion within a block. This paper proposes a nodal-displacement-based deformation model. It assumes that a selected number of control nodes in a block can move freely, and that the displacement of any interior point can be interpolated from nodal displacements. This model includes the translational model as a special case with a single node and can characterize increasingly more complex deformation by the use of more nodes. Of particular importance is the four-node-based rectangle to quadrangle mapping, which covers essentially all possible 2D deformations caused by 3D motions over a reasonably small block. A deformable block matching algorithm (DBMA) is developed for the estimation of nodal displacements. It is a gradient-based search algorithm and each iteration requires the solution of a simple linear equation. A hybrid three-mode method is further proposed, which chooses among the BMA and DBMA, both without error correction, and the BMA with error correction using a DCT coding method (BMA-DCT). The DBMA and the three-mode method have been simulated for the case of the four-node-based mapping. In comparison with the BMA-DCT, the reduction of prediction errors by the DBMA outweighs the increase in required bits for specifying motion. At similar bit rates, the DBMA has yielded better image quality than the BMA-DCT. On the other hand, the three-mode method can significantly reduce the bit rate while maintaining a similar quality, at the expense of a slight increase in the computational cost.
Effect of time on the mechanical behaviour of failed rock.

WHEN a rock specimen is compressed from an initial intact state to complete collapse, the failure locus can be traced out on a force–displacement diagram as shown by the solid line in Fig. 1a. Until recently, this curve was followed in experiments only to the point where the compressive strength was reached; the rock then disintegrated violently. This catastrophic failure is caused by the elastic unloading of the testing machine after the peak of the force-displacement curve and is not an intrinsic property of the rock. The elastic strain energy released by conventional “soft” testing machines exceeds the amount of energy required to break the rock and the excess energy is liberated in the form of kinetic energy. Uncontrollable failure can be avoided by the use of “stiff” testing machines which store very little strain energy1–6, or by closed loop servocontrolled testing machines which can reduce the load faster than the specimen breaks7–9.
A 21-year record of forest decline on Camels Hump, Vermont, USA

Ecological studies on Camels Hump mountain in northern Vermont document a decline of many forest tree species since 1965. A forest survey in 1986 shows a continued decline in the density, basal area and biomass of red spruce (Picea rubens) and other dominant tree species. The changes occurring between 1983 and 1986 indicate a rapid and continuing reduction in the productivity of the montane forest ecosystem.
Adhesion of Bacillus spores to inanimate materials : effects of substratum and spore hydrophobicity

The adhesion of bacterial spores to substrata such as packaging materials used in food and pharmaceutical industries can lead to product contamination and spoilage. This study was conducted to determine the influence of substrata and spore surface properties on the adhesion of Bacillus spores to food contact materials. Contact angle measurements were used to describe the hydrophobic character of the test materials. The number of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 spores adhering to different test materials was quantified by scanning electron microscopy, phase‐contrast microscopy, and a 14C‐labelled spore assay. The three methods yielded comparable results. Generally, the number of attached spores increased with increasing substrata surface hydrophobicity. The relatively low hydrophobicity of Bacillus subtilis A spores, compared to B, subtilis ATCC 6633 spores, contributed to a decrease in the adhesion of B. subtilis A spores to all materials tested.
Tissue Lipid Fatty Acid Composition of Biotin-Adequate and Biotin-Deficient Chicks

Male broiler chicks were fed a purified ingredient diet containing various levels of added biotin to study dietary biotin effects on polyunsaturated fatty acids in selected tissues. Chicks were fed a basal diet containing adequate or deficient levels of added biotin and an additional group was fed a natural ingredient practical diet as a control. No significant differences in average body weights were found in chicks at 21 days fed 200 micrograms or more of biotin or the stock mash diet. Liver and heart biotin levels were lower in chicks fed less than 200 micrograms of biotin (P less than .01). At 21 days of age, the liver fatty acids of biotin-deficient chicks contained greatly (P less than .05) elevated c16:l, 18:ln9, 18:2n6, 18:3n6, and 18:3n3, whereas 20:3n6 and 20:4n6 were significantly lowered (P less than .05). Heart fatty acids c16:l and 18:2n6 of 21-day-old biotin-deficient chicks were elevated (P less than .05) and 18:3n3, 20:3n6, and 20:5n3 were lowered (P less than .05). It appears that the impaired conversion of 18:2n6 to 20:4n6 in liver tissue from biotin-deficient chicks at 3 weeks can result in lowered prostaglandin precursors not only in the liver but in the heart and muscle lipids as well. Changes in the brain and lung lipids are less marked.
On the computation of steady hopper flows III

Gravity flows of granular materials through hoppers are considered. For hoppers shaped as general nonaxisymmetric cones, i.e., "pyramids", the flow inherits some simplified features from the geometry: similarity solutions can be constructed. Using two different plasticity laws, namely Matsuoka-Nakai and von Mises, those solutions are obtained by solving first-order nonlinear partial differential algebraic systems for stresses, velocities, and a plasticity function.A pseudospectral discretization is applied to both models and the resulting flow fields are examined. Some similarities are found, but important differences appear, especially with regard to velocities near the wall and normal wall stresses. Preliminary comparisons with recent experiments J.F. Wambaugh, R.P. Behringer, Asymmetry-induced circulation in granular hopper flows, in: R. Garcia-Rojo, H.J. Herrmann, S. McNamara (Eds.), Powders and Grains, 2005, pp. 915-918] based on the present results indicate that for slow granular flows the lesser known Matsuoka-Nakai plasticity law yields better results than more common models based on a von Mises criterion.
New era for management of primary hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.

This discussion focuses on recent reports relevant to improved understanding and future directions in the management of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Prevention is possible with adequate treatment of hypertension; microbleeds, apolipoprotein genotype, and cholesterol treatment have been examined in relation to ICH risk. Hematoma products, matrix metalloproteinases, inflammatory markers, and means to attenuate injury have also received attention. The multifaceted character of perihematomal edema has been further defined but evidence for perihematomal ischemia remains elusive. New data on acute blood pressure reinforces the need for a clinical trial. With the lack of efficacy found in the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ISTICH), a landmark surgical trial, emphasis is shifting to minimally invasive and catheter/ thrombolytic-based technologies for clot evacuation. On the medical side, activated factor VII has been shown to control hemorrhage growth. Looking forward, stem cell therapies for ICH are under investigation and some outcome studies are shedding new rays of hope.
Evaluating the effects of the number of caverns on the performance of underground oil storage facilities

Three dimensional finite element calculations were performed to investigate the effect field size, in terms of the number of caverns, on the performance of SPR oil storage caverns leached in domal salt (interms of surface subsidence, storage losses, and cavern integrity). The calculations were performed for cavern fields containing 1, 7, 19, and an infinite number of caverns. The magnitude and volume of subsidence was significantly affected by increasing the number of caverns (nearly an order of magnitude increase was predicted for each increase in field size), while the extent of subsidence (approximately 2000 m fromthe center of the field) and storage loss were not. Furthermore, the percentage of storage loss volume manifested as surface subsidence increased as the cavern field was enlarged. This was attributed to elasticvolumetric dilatation of overlying strata. The multiple cavern calculations demonstrate that storage losses are greater for caverns farther from the center of the caverns field. Based on an accumulated strain stability criteria, the larger cavern fields are predicted to have a shorter life. This criteria also indicates that caverns on the periphery of a field may show signs of instability before the inner caverns. The West Hackberry site (containing 22 caverns) subsidence datamore » closely agrees with the 19 cavern model subsidence predictions, providing confidence in the calculations. Even a 19 cavern field, substantially large by SPR standards, does not approach the behavior predicted by infinite cavern models (which are frequently used because they are economical). This demonstrates that 3D modeling is required to accurately investigate the performance of a multi-cavern array. Although based on a typical SPR cavern design, the results of this study describe mechanics common to all multi-cavern fields and should, in general, be useful tocavern engineers and architects.« less
Glutamic acid decar☐ylase activity in micropunches of the deep cerebellar nuclei of the genetically dystonic (dt) rat

Abstract Glutamic acid decar☐ylase (GAD) activity was measured in specific divisions of the deep cerebellar nuclei of rats with an inherited dystonia. In 16-day-old dystonic rats there was a significant increase in GAD activity only in the nucleus interpositus (+26%). In 20-day-old dystonic rats GAD activity in all 3 cerebellar nuclei (fastigial, interpositus, dentate) was significantly increased compared to normal controls. The results indicate a spread of the anatomical locus of the neurochemical abnormality with time. During this period (postnatal days 16–20) there is a progressive worsening of the motor disorder in the affected animals.
Cholestasis and disseminated cytomegalovirus disease in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A cholestatic syndrome caused by papillary stenosis and sclerosing cholangitis (PS/SC) has been recently described as a complication of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Cytomegalovirus has been implicated as an etiologic factor in this syndrome. Consecutive cases of disseminated cytomegalovirus disease and viremia were reviewed for evidence of cholestasis. In 12 of 36 (33 percent) patients with cytomegalovirus infection (gastrointestinal disease [eight of 16 patients] or retinitis [four of 20 patients]), cholestatic liver enzyme abnormalities developed within three months of the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus disease. Radiologic imaging demonstrated biliary dilation in three of nine (33 percent) patients studied. Review of serial liver function tests showed no effect of ganciclovir therapy on the course of cholestatic abnormalities. AIDS patients without CMV end-organ disease were also reviewed for evidence of cholestasis. Six of 15 AIDS patients with positive blood culture results for cytomegalovirus had cholestatic liver enzyme abnormalities compared with four of 36 AIDS patients with negative viral blood culture results (p = 0.023, Fisher's exact test). Patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis, gastrointestinal disease, or viremia appear to be at increased risk for the development of cholestasis. In 3 to 11 percent of patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis or gastrointestinal disease, PS/SC may develop. This clinical association supports an etiologic role for cytomegalovirus in the PS/SC syndrome.
Non-Equilibrium Phonon Distributions in Sub-100nm Silicon Transistors

Intense electron-phonon scattering near the peak electric field in a semiconductor device results in nanometer-scale phonon hotspots. Past studies have argued that ballistic phonon transport near such hotspots serves to restrict heat conduction. We reexamine this assertion by developing a new phonon transport model. In a departure from previous studies, we treat isotropic dispersion in all phonon branches and include a phonon emission spectrum from independent Monte Carlo simulations of electron-phonon scattering. We cast the model in terms of a non-equilibrium phonon distribution function and compare predictions from this model with data for ballistic transport in silicon. The solution to the steady-state transport equations for bulk silicon transistors shows that energy stagnation at the hotspot results in an excess equivalent temperature rise of about 13% in a 90 nm gate-length device. Longitudinal optical phonons with non-zero group velocities dominate transport. We find that the resistance associated with ballistic transport does not overwhelm that from the package unless the peak power density approaches 50 W/μm 3 . A transient calculation shows negligible phonon accumulation and retardation between successive logic states. This work highlights and reduces the knowledge gaps in the electro-thermal simulation of transistors.
Pattern-based discrimination of enantiomeric and structurally similar amino acids: an optical mimic of the mammalian taste response.

This manuscript describes an optical enantioselective pattern-based sensing array. A differential array of enantioselective indicator displacement assays was constructed and used to demonstrate simultaneous discrimination of enantiomeric and structurally similar α-amino acids. Interpretation of the output patterns by principle component analysis leads to the separation of enantio- and chemoselective information along orthogonal variance axes when chiral receptors of opposite enantiomeric preference are included. A general principle is delineated that correlates array design with the achievement of enantiomeric discrimination analogous to the mammalian gustation response to the amino acids.
From High School to College: Student Perspectives on Literacy Practices:

There are few naturalistic studies of how individuals experience and perceive the literate transition from high school to college. This yearlong study followed 4 female language-minority students through their last semester in high school and first semester in college. Taking a literacy-as-social-practice perspective, the study focused on these students' perceptions of reading and writing they encountered across the curriculum. The study found that what students found new or more challenging in college literacy practices was not necessarily predicted in a developmental perspective, but was better understood as contextualized in their high school literacy experiences. The article argues that high school literacy practices should not be seen merely as an underformed version of collegiate practices, but rather should be interpreted in light of the particular population and purposes secondary schools serve. The study shows that a social-practice perspective can serve as a useful supplement and counterpoint to...
Rutherford backscattering and channeling studies of a TiO2(100) substrate, epitaxially grown pure and Nb-doped TiO2 films

Abstract We have investigated the crystalline quality of a TiO2(100) substrate, homoepitaxially grown TiO2 film and Nb-doped TiO2 films using Rutherford backscattering (RBS) and channeling experiments. The minimum yields obtained from the aligned and random spectra are 2.4 ± 0.2% for the TiO2(100) substrate, and 4.0 ± 0.2% for a homoepitaxial TiO2 film. The minimum yields for Ti and Nb are 1.6 ± 0.2% and 7.0 ± 1.0%, respectively, for a Nb-doped TiO2 film. Also, about 95% of the Nb atoms occupy cation sites in the Nb-doped TiO2 film. The angular yield curves for Ti and Nb from the Nb-doped film confirm the good crystalline quality of the film in which most Nb atoms occupy the cation sites. The calculated surface peak areas for Ti and Nb using a model which incorporates Nb surface segregation from the bulk, agree very well with the corresponding surface peak areas for Ti and Nb extracted from the experiment.
Solid-state polymerization of trioxane†

Trioxane has been polymerized by irradiation with Co60 γ-rays in the temperature range 45–55°C. The data are extremely difficult to reproduce in spite of great precautions in sample preparation. The reaction reaches a limiting conversion, generally about 40%, but conversions as high as 96% have been observed. The viscosity of the polymer decreases with increasing conversion. Post-irradiation heating of monomer irradiated at low temperature (<30°C.) also leads to limiting conversions but much higher viscosity products. The polymerization has also been studied under pressure. Pressure applied to monomer prior to irradiation leads to higher conversions and higher viscosity polymers. In the post-irradiation polymerization technique, application of pressure after irradiation reduces the polymer yield to zero in almost every instance.
Electrosynthesis, characterization, and application of novel hybrid materials based on carbon nanotube–polyaniline–nickel hexacyanoferrate nanocomposites

Incorporating nanoclusters of nickel hexacyanoferrates (NiHCF) onto a porous polyaniline (PANI)–carbon nanotube (CNT) matrix provides a novel class of hybrid materials with a good ion exchange capacity, high stability, and selectivity for caesium ions. The CNT–PANI–NiHCF nanocomposite films have been synthesized by step-by-step electrodeposition on glassy carbon electrodes and characterized with cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. CV and XPS investigations confirmed the formation of PANI and NiHCF on the surface of CNTs. The microstructure of NiHCF hybrid materials was characterized by SEM and TEM; the size of NiHCF particles is approximately 20 to 50 nm. The porous high surface area CNT matrix provides a high loading capacity for the deposition of NiHCF nanoparticles, while the PANI thin-film further stabilizes the nanoparticles. The selectivity for caesium ion adsorption of the hybrid materials was investigated. The high selectivity for caesium provides a basis for the development of a novel electrochemical ion exchange process for the treatment of nuclear waste and radioactive caesium contaminated waters.
Binge drinking and risky sexual behavior among HIV-negative and unknown HIV status men who have sex with men, 20 US cities

Abstract Background Men who have sex with men (MSM) represent over half of new HIV infections in the United States. It is important to understand the factors associated with engaging in risky sexual behavior to develop effective prevention interventions. Binge drinking (≥5 drinks on ≥1 occasion) is the most common form of excessive alcohol consumption. This study examines the relationship between binge drinking and sexual risk behaviors among MSM who are current drinkers and who were either HIV-negative or unaware of their HIV status. Methods Using the 2011 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance system and multivariable Poisson models with robust error estimates, we assessed the association between binge drinking and sexual risk behaviors among current drinkers. Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are presented. Results Overall, 85% of MSM were current drinkers, and 59% of MSM who drank reported ≥1 episode of binge drinking in the preceding 30 days. In multivariable models, binge drinking was associated with condomless anal intercourse (CAI) at last sex with an HIV-positive or unknown status partner (receptive: PR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1–1.6; insertive: PR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0–1.4), having exchanged sex for money or drugs at last sex (PR: 1.4, 95% CI 1.1–1.7), having concurrent partners in the past year (PR: 1.1, 95% CI 1.1–1.2), and having more CAI partners in the past year (PR: 1.2, 95% CI 1.0–1.4) compared to non-binge drinkers. Conclusions Evidence-based strategies for reducing binge drinking could help reduce risky sexual behavior among MSM.
A random walk on a random channel with absorbing barriers

Abstract We consider random walks on one-dimensional random channels between two absorbing barriers. The problem can perhaps be used to model the diffusion of a molecule in a “random” membrane, the molecule traversing a random channel formed by the constituent membrane molecules. We are able to analytically follow the transition from diffusive to non-diffusive behavior as the minimum number of channel segments required to traverse the membrane increases.
THE PEACEFUL KIDS CONFLICT RESOLUTION PROGRAM

The Peaceful Kids Early Childhood Social‐Emotional (ECSEL) Conflict Resolution Program and curriculum was created to fulfill the need for a developmentally appropriate, theory‐based approach to promoting social‐emotional, cognitive, and conflict resolution skills' development in preschoolers (ages 2 to 6). From Fall 1997 through Fall 1999, an evaluation of this program occurred in 18 classrooms in day care/Head Start centers. Each classroom was randomly assigned to one of three conditions: ECSEL training for (1) day care staff, parents, and children, (2) day care staff and children (but not their parents), and (3) control, no‐training. As predicted, children in the condition where both parents and day care staff were trained showed significant increases in assertiveness, cooperation, and self‐control, and significant decreases in aggressiveness and socially withdrawn behavior. Parents receiving training showed significant reductions in authoritarian and permissive parenting styles and an increase in authoritative parenting style.
Tetrathiafulvalene Radical Cation Dimerization in a Bistable Tripodal [4]Rotaxane

The template-directed synthesis of a bistable tripodal [4]rotaxane, which has cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT4+) as the pi-electron-deficient rings, and tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and 1,5-dioxynaphthalene units as the pairs of pi-electron-rich recognition sites located on all three legs of the tripodal dumbbell, is described. The chemical and electrochemical oxidation of the [4]rotaxane and its tripodal dumbbell have allowed us to unravel an unprecedented TTF.+ radical cation dimerization. In fact, two types of TTF dimers, namely, the radical cation dimer [TTF.+]2 and the mixed-valence one [(TTF)2].+, have been observed at room temperature for the tripodal dumbbell, whereas, in the case of the [4]rotaxane, only the radical cation dimer [TTF.+]2 is formed. This anomaly can be explained if it is accepted that most of the neutral TTF units in the [4]rotaxane are encircled by CBPQT4+ rings, which renders the formation of the mixed-valence dimer [(TTF)2].+ highly unfavorable.
Serum Enzyme and Electrocardiographic Changes after Coronary Artery Surgery : Correlation with Selective Cine Coronary Arteriography and Left Ventriculography

The preoperative and postoperative serum enzyme determinations and electrocardiograms of 125 patients who underwent cardiac surgery were reviewed. Eighty-one patients underwent single or double internal mammary artery implantation. A patch-graft or vein-graft procedure for severe segmental obstructions was performed in 30 patients. A ventricular aneurysmectomy was performed in five patients, whereas nine underwent prosthetic valve replacement. Correlation with the electrocardiogram and serum enzyme activity was made with cine coronary arteriography and left ventriculography in 100 of 125 patients. The levels of SGOT, LDH, and CPK were found to be elevated after a variety of surgical procedures for coronary artery disease, but notable increases in the levels were attributed to acute myocardial infarction or external cardiac massage with DC defibrillation in the majority of patients. For file most part there was good correlation between enzyme responses and electrocardiographic changes. Usually, left ventriculography confirmed the diagnostic accuracy of serial electrocardiograms and enzyme determinations in the clinical recognition of acute transmural myocardial infarction.
Lattice Thermal Conductivity in Disordered Harmonic and Anharmonic Crystal Models

Results of numerical calculations of energy transport in one- and two-dimensional lattice models are reported. Nearest-neighbor harmonic or anharmonic forces were used in randomly disordered mixtures of two different atomic masses. Opposite ends of the lattices were in contact with thermal reservoirs, which transfer energy impulsively at random times to the end atoms. A computer was used to solve the equations of motion of the lattice and to compute the heat current and thermal gradient. The thermal conductivity obtained shows the expected dependence on alloy composition. Except for nearly monatomic lattices, the calculations give larger heat conductivities for anharmonic lattices than for harmonic ones. A qualitative interpretation of these results, dependent upon the nature of the normal modes of disordered crystals, is given.