cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of nanomaterials for toxicity assessment.

A key element of any nanomaterial toxicity screening strategy is a detailed and comprehensive physicochemical characterization of the test material being studied. This is a critical factor for correlating the nanoparticle surface characteristics with any measured biological/toxicological responses, as well as to provide an adequate reference point for comparing toxicity results with the hazard-based findings of other investigators. Moreover, when hazard or risk-based evaluations are made on a particular nanomaterial (based on a variety of studies), it is important to ensure that the nanoparticle-types are identical or very similar in composition. This can only be accomplished if rigorous characterization is conducted. In the absence of an adequate assessment of the physical characteristics, it is easy to draw general conclusions on nanoparticle-types which may have similar chemical compositions but, in fact, have different sizes, shapes, crystal structures, surface coatings, and surface reactivity characteristics. The determination of nanomaterial physicochemical properties is vitally important to nanomedicinal applications in that the fate, accumulation, and transport of nanomaterials through the body over time may be predicted based on specific surface characteristics. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Synthesis of nonracemic 3-deoxyschweinfurthin B.

Synthesis of nonracemic 3-deoxyschweinfurthin B has been accomplished through a synthetic sequence including a key cascade cyclization of an epoxy olefin. The intermediate epoxide could be prepared as a single enantiomer through an AD-mix-α (or AD-mix-β) oxidation, and the stereochemistry of the epoxide has been shown to control formation of the two additional stereogenic centers created through the cyclization. Synthetic 3-deoxyschweinfurthin B was found to have potent differential activity in the National Cancer Institute's 60 cell line anticancer assay. This represents the first synthesis of the tetracyclic schweinfurthin skeleton, validating our overall synthetic strategy and providing the first schweinfurthin analogue with activity slightly greater than those of the natural products.
An extreme value theory for long head runs

For an infinite sequence of independent coin tosses withP(Heads)=p∈(0,1), the longest run of consecutive heads in the firstn tosses is a natural object of study. We show that the probabilistic behavior of the length of the longest pure head run is closely approximated by that of the greatest integer function of the maximum ofn(1-p) i.i.d. exponential random variables. These results are extended to the case of the longest head run interrupted byk tails. The mean length of this run is shown to be log(n)+klog(n)+(k+1)log(1−p)−log(k!)+k+γ/λ−1/2+ r1(n)+ o(1) where log=log1/p, γ=0.577 ... is the Euler-Mascheroni constant, λ=ln(1/p), andr1(n) is small. The variance is π2/6λ2+1/12 +r2(n)+ o(1), wherer2(n) is again small. Upper and lower class results for these run lengths are also obtained and extensions discussed.
Do surface plant and soil seed bank populations differ genetically? A multipopulation study of the desert mustard Lesquerella fendleri (Brassicaceae).

Seed banks are an important component of many plant populations, but few empirical studies have investigated the genetic relationship between soil seeds and surface plants. We compared the genetic structure of soil seeds and surface plants of the desert mustard Lesquerella fendleri within and among five ecologically diverse populations at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge in Central New Mexico. At each site, 40 Lesquerella surface plants and 40 samples of soil seeds were mapped and genetically analyzed using starch gel electrophoresis. Overall allele frequencies of soil seeds and surface plants showed significant differences across the five populations and within three of the five individual populations. Surface plants had significantly greater amounts of single and multilocus heterozygosity, and mean surface plant heterozygosity was also greater at the total population level and in four of the five individual populations. Overall soil seed (but not surface plant) homozygosity was significantly greater than predicted by Hardy-Weinberg expectations at the total and individual population levels. Although F st estimates revealed similarly small but significant genetic divergence within each life-history stage, estimates of coancestry showed that fine-scale (0.5‐2 m) genetic correlations among the surface plant genotypes were roughly twice those of soil seed genotypes. An unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean cluster analysis indicated that in the two geographically closest sites, the surface plants were slightly more genetically similar to each other than to their own respective seed banks. We also found weak and/or negative demographic associations between Lesquerella soil seed and surface plant densities within each of the five sites. We discuss the difficulties involved with sampling and genetically comparing these two life-history stages.
Pulse oximetry through spectral analysis

Signal processing algorithms for pulse oximetry waveforms are typically completed in the time domain utilizing analog filtering and moving average techniques. This investigation evaluated the use of spectral analysis as an alternative algorithm for the signal processing of pulse oximetry waveforms. Fast Fourier transformation of eight separate red and infrared waveform data segments was accomplished via a custom C-program. Magnitudes of spectral peaks in the cardiac spectrum were utilized to compute an SpO2 value. In this limited trial, spectral analysis derived SpO2 values were at least as accurate as time series SpO2 values. However, further investigation is needed to further define the limits of spectral analysis on pulse oximetry waveforms with unusual respiratory variations, electrical noise, and motion artifact. >
Atomic Structure of GRK5 Reveals Distinct Structural Features Novel for G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinases.

G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are members of the protein kinase A, G, and C families (AGC) and play a central role in mediating G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation and desensitization. One member of the family, GRK5, has been implicated in several human pathologies, including heart failure, hypertension, cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer disease. To gain mechanistic insight into GRK5 function, we determined a crystal structure of full-length human GRK5 at 1.8 Å resolution. GRK5 in complex with the ATP analog 5′-adenylyl β,γ-imidodiphosphate or the nucleoside sangivamycin crystallized as a monomer. The C-terminal tail (C-tail) of AGC kinase domains is a highly conserved feature that is divided into three segments as follows: the C-lobe tether, the active-site tether (AST), and the N-lobe tether (NLT). This domain is fully resolved in GRK5 and reveals novel interactions with the nucleotide and N-lobe. Similar to other AGC kinases, the GRK5 AST is an integral part of the nucleotide-binding pocket, a feature not observed in other GRKs. The AST also mediates contact between the kinase N- and C-lobes facilitating closure of the kinase domain. The GRK5 NLT is largely displaced from its previously observed position in other GRKs. Moreover, although the autophosphorylation sites in the NLT are >20 Å away from the catalytic cleft, they are capable of rapid cis-autophosphorylation suggesting high mobility of this region. In summary, we provide a snapshot of GRK5 in a partially closed state, where structural elements of the kinase domain C-tail are aligned to form novel interactions to the nucleotide and N-lobe not previously observed in other GRKs.
Optimum design and fabrication of volumetric graded substrate for a broad band miniature antenna

Printed antennas suffer from narrow bandwidth and large size as the frequency is lowered. A novel design procedure based on the integration of full wave FEA and the SIMP design method (Sigmund, O. Computer methods in applied mechanics and engineering, vol.190, p.6577-604, 2001) employing sequential linear programming for the optimization was introduced. The capability was demonstrated by achieving a 250% BW improvement for a probe fed patch antenna through the design of only the dielectric substrate while the size is kept constant. The design is filtered and solidified to achieve a manufacturable state. The fabricated final design using thermoplastic green machining is indeed a remarkable demonstration of our ability to design and manufacture novel material compositions with dramatically new applications.
An Economic Model of Airport Noise Pollution in an Urban Environment

Publisher Summary This chapter explores whether there is a theory of noise, that is, whether economic theory provides a basis for a model of behavior in the presence of noise. Psychoacoustic research has established the dimensions of sound as being the characteristics that persons process in distinguishing between sounds of differing noisiness. Noisiness is a personal ranking of sounds according to their characteristics. Index numbers have been constructed that combine the characteristics to rank the noisiness of complex noise environments such as those found near airports. These indices are unique to a linear transformation and concave contoured. Since such properties are the general features of the utility function, this research justifies the assumption that households rank locations in terms of their noise exposure through some utility function. On this basis, the chapter presents a derivation of the demand function for housing characteristics and the reduced form solution for housing prices in each distance ring.
Muir-Torre Syndrome

Muir-Torre syndrome (MTS) is a rare, autosomal dominant genodermatosis characterized by sebaceous neoplasms, keratoacanthomas, and visceral malignancies [1, 2]. MTS is a phenotypic subset of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) caused by mutations in mismatch repair genes associated with microsatellite instability [3]. Due to the increased risk in developing visceral malignancies, it is important that the proper diagnosis to be made as early as possible and family members be evaluated for MTS and its associated cancers.
Molteno Developments in Traditional Outflow Implants

The chapter will review the development of the Molteno glaucoma implant. Included in the review will be: The historical progression of changes in design, describing the reasons for the modifications, as outlined by Molteno Important aspects relating to implant material, shape, and size The development of procedures designed to overcome hypotony and bleb fibrosis, as well as the management of different stages of bleb development Modifications introduced by other ophthalmologists to facilitate additional aspects of difficulties that had arisen with the implant The newer long-tube implants, as regards their development in relation to the Molteno implant The bleb as described in detail by Molteno and methods devised to improve bleb function including the role of cytokines What has been learned in 45 years since the introduction of the original Molteno implant and how the use of glaucoma implants is viewed presently
Anti-Mur as the most likely cause of mild hemolytic disease of the newborn.

BACKGROUND Although rare in the United States, anti-Mur is relatively common in Southeast Asia and has been reported to have clinical significance in Chinese and Taiwanese populations. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The infant was full term and the second child of a Chinese mother and Vietnamese father, presenting with jaundice. He was clinically diagnosed with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. RESULTS The direct antiglobulin test indicated that the infant's red blood cells were coated only with anti-IgG. Anti-Mur was identified in the maternal serum and the neonate's plasma. The father was found to be positive for the Mur antigen. The cause of the infant's hemolytic anemia was determined to be most likely anti-Mur. CONCLUSION Since anti-Mur is implicated in causing hemolytic disease of the newborn, it is important to recognize this antibody more commonly found in Asian patients in the United States as the Mur+ phenotype has a higher prevalence in this population.
Dynamic Prototyping: The United States Air Force Building Information Modeling Initiative

While the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) conducted two pilot Building Information Modeling (BIM) designs in 2005, published their BIM Roadmap in 2006, and hopes to be “fully BIM capable” by 2012, the U.S. Air Force (USAF) has only recently (Fall 2008) embarked on their BIM journey. Indeed, the USAF was much later than the USACE in promulgating their support of BIM, but their delay has the benefit of increased industry BIM knowledge and awareness. Consequently, the USAF initiative has the possibility of greater immediate Return on Investment (ROI) than the Army’s BIM initiative. This research assessed BIM’s impact on the design and construction phase of the two Army Corps of Engineers pilot construction projects and compared that to the USAF BIM approach based on Dynamic Prototyping. By establishing baseline data according to the Unified Facility Criteria (UFC) standard use category codes used across the Department of Defense, these BIM-based projects were evaluated for statistically significant performance differences compared to recent projects of similar use according to three metrics. These three metrics were cost growth, schedule growth, and construction timeline growth. After evaluating the data it was determined that all the BIM-based projects analyzed experienced statistically significant differences in their productivity metrics compared to recently constructed projects of the same type that have similar use. However, there was no significant trend in either positive or negative performance in the construction phase.
Equivalent modal damping, stiffening and energy exchanges in multi-degree-of-freedom systems with strongly nonlinear attachments

We consider the response of a linear structural system when coupled to an attachment containing strong or even essential nonlinearities. For this system, the attachment, designated as a nonlinear energy sink, is designed as a nonlinear vibration absorber, serving to dissipate energy from the structural system. Moreover, the attachment not only leads to a reduction in the total energy of the system, but also nonlinearly couples together the vibration modes of the linear structural system. When the structure is impulsively loaded, the nonlinear energy sink serves to both dissipate and redistribute energy, thus enhancing the observed structural dissipation. The effect of the nonlinear attachment on the linear primary system can be quantified in terms of equivalent measures for the damping and frequency of each mode, derived through consideration of the instantaneous energy balance in each mode. The influence of the nonlinear energy sink on the structural response is illustrated with an impulsively forced two...
The weapons priming effect

In many societies, weapons are plentiful and highly visible. This review examines recent trends in research on the weapons priming effect, which is the finding that the mere presence of weapons can prime people to behave aggressively. The General Aggression Model provides a theoretical framework to explain why the weapons priming effect occurs. This model postulates that exposure to weapons increases aggressive thoughts and hostile appraisals, thus explaining why weapons facilitate aggressive behavior. Data from meta-analytic reviews are consistent with the General Aggression Model. These findings have important practical as well as theoretical implications. They suggest that the link between weapons and aggression is very strong in semantic memory, and that merely seeing a weapon can make people more aggressive.
Thinking About Our Work: Supervision

51 1 Professor Emeritus, University of Cincinnati. Correspondence should be addressed to Walter N. Stone, MD, 23 DeSilva Island Drive, Mill Valley, CA 94941. E-mail: w_stone@comcast.net. I believe that a neglected aspect of our work is conceptualizing supervision. A recent issue of the journal Psychoanalytic Inquiry was titled “Never Ever Stop Learning More About Supervision.” Obviously my brief article cannot do justice to the complex ideas the various authors presented. Nevertheless, I have come away with some ideas about supervision that might be useful. I will focus on the article by Moga and Cabaniss (2014), “Learning Objectives for Supervision: Benefits for Candidates and Beyond.” The authors’ primary point is that learning objectives be made clear to the candidate, that feedback to the candidate regarding progress on and achievement of the goals be part of the supervision. I will cite what they describe for general trainee learning objectives: to be able to
Using online user behavior to predict demographics

Videology, an online video advertising company, is often unable to obtain gender information about incoming online advertisement requests. They purchase aggregate gender statistics on groups of requests from a third party. This project explores creating groups of requests in which at least 80% of the advertisement requests have the same gender using: 1) traditional clustering algorithms, 2) iterative linear regression algorithm — ITRA — and 3) qualitative clustering algorithm (ROCK). In all cases, the data used was either browsing history data or synthetic attributes created by dimensionality reduction to more simply describe that history. These three approaches were unable to consistently create the desired gender discrimination. None of these three approaches proved to be the preferred alternative as the performance of each varied drastically as the test data set, and even subsets of that test data set changed. However, amongst the data sets used, these methods were able in some instances to create small buckets (less than 3,000 requests) with the desired gender distribution. The success or failure of these algorithms was dependent upon how similar individual requests were to one another (i.e. how many attributes were on average shared between requests). The approaches performed better in those instances in which more attributes were shared between requests, i.e., the requests contained information that allowed for the classification of the requests.
Otoacoustic emissions, auditory evoked potentials, and traits related to sex and sexual orientation.

A number of trait measures, possibly reflective of prenatal hormonal effects, were obtained in studies of otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) and auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) carried out with male and female heterosexual and homosexual/bisexual college students. Most of the measures were from a self-report questionnaire; others were from experimenters' ratings or cognitive tests (Mental Rotation Test and Water Level Test). The questionnaire, test, and rating measures included physical characteristics (e.g., height, body type, eye color); spatial abilities; sex roles and sexual orientation; childhood gender nonconformity; and, in the OAE study, presence of homosexuality or bisexuality among relatives. Correlations with sexual orientation were most often consistent with the hypothesis that male homosexuals were undermasculinized and female homosexuals overmasculinized. Some correlations of the questionnaire, test, and rating measures with auditory measures were observed, but most of these were reduced or eliminated by statistically controlling for sex. In supplementary analyses, pigmentation measures appeared to be unrelated to OAEs, and data relevant to several hypotheses in the sexual orientation literature were briefly examined, including childhood gender nonconformity, X-linkage, handedness, and the tendency of homosexuality to run in families.
Data fusion support for interfacing sensor networks to grid computing

The widespread distribution and availability of small-scale sensors, actuators, and embedded processors is transforming the physical world into a computing platform. Wireless ad-hoc sensor networks are being developed and explored at a rapid rate by the research community around the world. Much work has focused on the development of energy efficient routing algorithms, as well as hardware designs. This paper addresses the problems of data fusion when interfacing the sensor network to the grid computing. Issues to deal with such integration are briefly discussed.
Fundamentals of Cytological Diagnosis and Its Biological Basis

The diagnosis of many diseases, particularly cancer, requires a microscopic evaluation of a tissue sample. Cytology is the field that uses the smallest possible tissue sample for diagnosis, reducing criteria as much as possible to the cellular level. This article describes the techniques for procuring and preparing a sample for cytological diagnosis. The relationship between cellular structure and function is illustrated by the stereotypical morphological changes of ‘activated’ cells. The criteria for diagnosing cancer – the ‘cytological criteria of malignancy’ – are then presented and illustrated. The possible cell biology relationships to the criteria are explored.
The Recent Losses in Medicare Imaging Revenues Experienced by Radiologists, Cardiologists, and Other Physicians.

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to assess recent trends in Medicare reimbursements to radiologists, cardiologists, and other physicians for noninvasive diagnostic imaging (NDI). Methods The Medicare Part B databases for 2002 to 2015 were the data source. These files provide total allowed payments for all NDI Current Procedural Terminology codes under the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule. Medicare specialty codes were used to identify payments to radiologists, cardiologists, and all other specialists. In additional to total reimbursements, those made for global, technical component, and professional component claims were studied. Results Total reimbursements to physicians for NDI under the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule peaked at $11.936 billion in 2006. Over the ensuing years, the Deficit Reduction Act and other cuts reduced them by 33% to $8.005 billion in 2015. Reimbursements to radiologists peaked at $5.300 billion in 2006 but dropped to $4.269 billion by 2015 (−19.5%). NDI reimbursements to cardiologists dropped from $2.998 billion in 2006 to $1.653 billion by 2015 (−44.9%). Most other specialties also saw decreases over the study period. An important reason for the large decline for cardiologists was their dependence on global reimbursement, which saw a 50.5% drop from 2006 to 2015. Radiologists’ global payments also dropped sharply (40.4%), but radiologists themselves were somewhat protected by receiving a much larger proportion of their reimbursement for the professional component, which was not nearly as affected by Medicare payment reductions. Conclusions The Deficit Reduction Act and other NDI payment cuts that followed have created huge savings for the Medicare program but have led to sharp reductions in payments received by radiologists, cardiologists, and other physicians for those services.
Cornwell Performance Products

It was May 2007. Earlier in the week, Cornwell Performance Products (CPP), a division of the multinational chemical manufacturer Cornwell, Inc., had notified its largest customer that the price of hydrofluoric acid (HF) would increase at the end of the year. This action was in accordance with an environmental clause in CPP's contract with Epsilon Refinery Group. The contract provided a 60-day period following notification during which time the parties could attempt to reach a mutually satisfactory agreement. If an agreement could not be reached, Epsilon would have the option to terminate the contract and purchase its HF from another supplier (probably DuPree, Cornwell's largest competitor) or build its own HF production unit. Regardless, failure to keep Epsilon under contract would threaten CPP's continued profitability, thus making the pending discussions with Epsilon among the most important in recent history. Excerpt UVA-QA-0795 Rev. Jun. 11, 2013 Cornwell Performance Products It was May 2007. Earlier in the week, Cornwell Performance Products (CPP), a division of the multinational chemical manufacturer Cornwell, Inc., had notified its largest customer that the price of hydrofluoric acid (HF) would increase at the end of the year. This action was in accordance with an environmental clause in CPP's contract with Epsilon Refinery Group. The contract provided a 60-day period following notification during which time the parties could attempt to reach a mutually satisfactory agreement. If an agreement could not be reached, Epsilon would have the option to terminate the contract and purchase its HF from another supplier (probably DuPree, Cornwell's largest competitor) or build its own HF production unit. Regardless, failure to keep Epsilon under contract would threaten CPP's continued profitability, thus making the pending discussions with Epsilon among the most important in recent history. Cornwell Performance Products CPP had come off a record year in sales and earnings, and 2007 was off to a promising start. See Exhibit 1 for the 2007 first quarter financial results for Cornwell, Inc., and CPP. The record performance was the result of strong demand for HF coupled with limited supply. . . .
Whole Grain Wheat Flour Production Using an Ultracentrifugal Mill

Interest has been growing in whole grain products. However, information regarding the influence of the ultracentrifugal mill on whole grain flour quality has been limited. An experiment was conducted to produce whole wheat flour with hard red spring (HRS) wheat using an ultracentrifugal mill. This study determined the effect of centrifugal mill parameters as well as grain moisture (10–16%) on producing whole wheat flour and its final products. Mill parameters studied were rotor speed (6,000–15,000 rpm) and feed rate (12.5–44.5 g/min). Results showed that fine particle size (<150 µm) was favored by low seed moisture content (10–12%) and high rotor speed (12,000–15,000 rpm). Flour moisture content was positively related to seed moisture content. Wheat grain with low seed moisture content (10–12%) milled with high rotor speeds (12,000–15,000 rpm) produced desirable whole grain wheat flour quality, with 70–90% of fine particle size portion and low damaged starch (less than 11%). This whole wheat flour produce...
Enhancing the Effectiveness of Work Groups and Teams: A Reflection:

Teamwork has been at the core of human accomplishment across the millennia, and it was a focus of social psychological inquiry on small group behavior for nearly half a century. However, as organizations world-wide reorganized work around teams over the past two decades, the nature of teamwork and factors influencing it became a central focus of research in organizational psychology and management. In this article, I reflect on the impetus, strategy, key features, and scientific contribution of "Enhancing the Effectiveness of Work Groups and Teams," by Kozlowski and Ilgen, a review monograph published in Psychological Science in the Public Interest in 2006.
Association Between Utilization of Chiropractic Services for Treatment of Low-Back Pain and Use of Prescription Opioids

Abstract Objective: Pain relief resulting from services delivered by doctors of chiropractic may allow patients to use lower or less frequent doses of opioids, leading to reduced risk of adverse effects. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the association between utilization of chiropractic services and the use of prescription opioid medications. Design: The authors used a retrospective cohort design to analyze health insurance claims data. Setting: The data source was the all payer claims database administered by the State of New Hampshire. The authors chose New Hampshire because health claims data were readily available for research, and in 2015, New Hampshire had the second-highest age-adjusted rate of drug overdose deaths in the United States. Subjects: The study population comprised New Hampshire residents aged 18–99 years, enrolled in a health plan, and with at least two clinical office visits within 90 days for a primary diagnosis of low-back pain. The authors excluded subjects with...
Effects of a straw phonation protocol on acoustic and perceptual measures of choirs

Voice instructors, choral directors, and voice professionals have long utilized semi-occluded vocal tract (SOVT) exercises to evoke efficient voicing from their students or clients. These exercises, which involve narrowing and/or lengthening the vocal tract as a means of increasing pharyngeal pressure, can include nasal consonants, lip or tongue trills, raspberries, or vocalizing through a tube or straw. Researchers have noted that the increased pressure reduces the amount of breath pressure required to initiate voicing (i.e., phonation threshold pressure) while maintaining or increasing acoustic output (e.g., sound pressure level, formant intensity). The result may be increased “vocal economy” or “vocal efficiency” (i.e., increased vocal output with decreased effort). Until recently, however, this research was limited to effects on individuals. This paper includes a series of studies in which choirs of varied voicing (SATB, SSAA, and TTBB) sang unaccompanied pieces prior to and after performing voicing e...
Costimulation of T cells by B7-H2, a B7-like molecule that binds ICOS

This report describes a new human B7-like gene designated B7-H2. Cell surface expression of B7-H2 protein is detected in monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells. Soluble B7-H2 and immunoglobulin (Ig) fusion protein, B7-H2Ig, binds activated but not resting T cells and the binding is abrogated by inducible costimulator Ig (ICOSIg), but not CTLA4Ig. In addition, ICOSIg stains Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with B7-H2 gene. By suboptimal cross-linking of CD3, costimulation of T-cell proliferation by B7-H2Ig is dose-dependent and correlates with secretion of interleukin (IL)-2, whereas optimal CD3 ligation preferentially stimulates IL-10 production. The results indicate that B7-H2 is a putative ligand for the ICOS T-cell molecule. (Blood. 2000;96:2808-2813)
Assimilation of Asynoptic Data and the Initialization Problem

We discuss a mathematical framework for the use of asynoptic data in determining initial states for numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. A set of measured data, synoptic and asynoptic, is termed complete if it determines the solution of an NWP model uniquely. We derive theoretical criteria for the completeness of data sets. The practical construction of the solution from a complete data set by intermittent updating is analyzed, and the rate of convergence of some updating procedures is given.
Biochemistry of Halogenated Carbohydrates

Halogenated carbohydrates received early attention as tools for the study of glycolysis, glyconeogenesis, and sugar transport [for reviews, see Barnett (1972), Taylor (1972), and Taylor et al. (1976)]. This research has been extended to many areas wherein halogenated carbohydrates have been used effectively as mechanistic probes and as leads for chemotherapeutic agents. For example, the successes realized in the use of halogenated sugars as components of nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleic acids in the development of antitumor and antiviral agents have been discussed at length in the preceding chapter. Cell-surface glycoproteins are involved in immune response and other cellular recognition phenomena, and strategies to alter glycoprotein biosynthesis based on use of carbohydrate analogues have received much recent attention as a basis for chemotherapeutic drug design. Fluorine-18-labeled sugars are now clinically important positron emission tomography (PET) scanning agents. Halogenated sugars have also been used to study the mechanism of “sweetness.” These are among the topics that will be reviewed in this chapter. A recent concise overview of several of these topics related to fluorinated carbohydrates has been given by Kent (1988).
Age-related memory decline and apolipoprotein E e4.

Abstract The APOE epsilon4 allele is associated with risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Longitudinal memory decline in asymptomatic APOE epsilon4 carriers shows greater acceleration compared with non-carriers, with a possible allele-dose effect, and begins prior to age 60. These results correlate with imaging and neuropathological studies that show AD-like changes at this age and collectively support the existence of a presymptomatic stage of AD.
Guided biopsies of abnormalities on nuclear bone scans. Technique and indications

A guided biopsy technique has been developed for evaluation of solitary bone abnormalities, identified by gallium 67 or technetium 99 bone scans, in patients with normal or ambiguous x-ray findings. Continuous gamma camera monitoring is used to guide staining of the bone abnormality and overlying tissues with methylene blue. This staining is followed by open biopsy of the marked bone. This technique was utilized in 15 patients, 12 of whom had bronchogenic carcinoma. The most commonly involved bones (13/15) were ribs. None of the patients had an identifiable, gross abnormality at operation, and the marked area was indistinguishable from neighboring tissues. Diagnostic tissue was obtained by each biopsy and there were no complications associated with this technique. The primary applicability of this technique is for both pretreatment and re-treatment staging of bronchogenic carcinoma in patients who have ambiguous nuclear bone scan abnormalities.
John Anthony Allan’s “Virtual Water”: Natural Resources Management in the Wake of Neoliberalism

Virtual water is heralded as the solution to unequal access to freshwater. British geographer John Anthony Allan invented the concept, advocating that it would allow water-scarce nations to effectively import freshwater through international trade. Yet virtual water was not widely adopted until after Allan was awarded a prestigious prize for his idea in 2008. While advances in modeling have surely also contributed to the uptake of the concept, the role of prestigious prizes on intellectual movements is understudied. Increased use has not led to more nuance—virtual water ignores ecological constraints, like watersheds. Virtual water is an example of the neoliberalization of nature, using water as liquid capital.
Investigating the Effect of Different Selected-response Item Formats for Reading Comprehension

While previous research has identified numerous factors that contribute to item difficulty, studies involving large-scale reading tests have provided mixed results. This study examined five selecte...
Mole and mestizaje: race and national identity in twentieth-century Mexico

This paper explores ideas of race, class, and gender in the middle of the twentieth century by looking at mole as a symbol of mestizaje. It analyzes the narratives around mole to reveal the tension...
The role of coagulation and platelets in colon cancer-associated thrombosis

Cancer-associated thrombosis is a common first presenting sign of malignancy and is currently the second leading cause of death in cancer patients after their malignancy. However, the molecular mec...
Lifestyle and neurocognition in older adults with cognitive impairments: A randomized trial.

Objective To determine the independent and additive effects of aerobic exercise (AE) and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on executive functioning in adults with cognitive impairments with no dementia (CIND) and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods A 2-by-2 factorial (exercise/no exercise and DASH diet/no DASH diet) randomized clinical trial was conducted in 160 sedentary men and women (age >55 years) with CIND and CVD risk factors. Participants were randomly assigned to 6 months of AE, DASH diet nutritional counseling, a combination of both AE and DASH, or health education (HE). The primary endpoint was a prespecified composite measure of executive function; secondary outcomes included measures of language/verbal fluency, memory, and ratings on the modified Clinical Dementia Rating Scale. Results Participants who engaged in AE (d = 0.32, p = 0.046) but not those who consumed the DASH diet (d = 0.30, p = 0.059) demonstrated significant improvements in the executive function domain. The largest improvements were observed for participants randomized to the combined AE and DASH diet group (d = 0.40, p = 0.012) compared to those receiving HE. Greater aerobic fitness (b = 2.3, p = 0.049), reduced CVD risk (b = 2.6, p = 0.042), and reduced sodium intake (b = 0.18, p = 0.024) were associated with improvements in executive function. There were no significant improvements in the memory or language/verbal fluency domains. Conclusions These preliminary findings show that AE promotes improved executive functioning in adults at risk for cognitive decline. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01573546. Classification of evidence This study provides Class I evidence that for adults with CIND, AE but not the DASH diet significantly improves executive functioning.
Waveform of gravity and capillary-gravity waves over a bathymetry

The exact Floquet theory reveals that the waveforms (eigenfunctions) of linear eigenwaves over a variable bed have complex features that are reminiscent of nonlinear waveforms. This is in contrast to the long-standing view that linear time harmonic waves are of permanent sinusoidal form.
CARE: Campus-wide Accessible Route Estimation through Surface Analysis

Travelling is not always fun for wheelchair users in the built environment (both indoor and outdoor) in presence of various unknown barriers, such as, uneven sidewalks, curb heights, stairs, ramps, cobbled streets, etc. Also, elderly individuals are more likely to require assistance while using self-propelled and non-motorized wheelchairs. However, along with barriers there are also various wheelchair-friendly facilities, such as, supervised crosswalks and elevators, which improve accessibility of environments and facilities. In this project, we plan to develop a Campus-wide Accessible Route Estimation (CARE) System which works through a large-scale vibration data analysis (created by wheelchair movement) from different built or natural surfaces and aims to classify the surfaces into accessible and inaccessible. The goal is to find accessible routes for wheelchair users.
FROM TECHNOLOGY STUDIES TO SOUND STUDIES: HOW MATERIALITY MATTERS

In this paper I put in dialogue two areas of scholarship: Technology Studies and Sound Studies. Within Technology Studies I discuss the influential social construction of technology approach and illustrate it with the history of the moog electronic music synthesizer, the first commercial music synthesizer. I stress the role of standardization of keyboards and the key role played by users in the development of this technology. I examine certain iconic sounds that the moog synthesizer produces and discuss the stabilization of sound. It is argued that just as technologies can be traced as stabilizing over time, sounds also can be traced with certain sounds stabilizing and being taken up by users whilst other sounds fail to stabilize. The technology required to produce a sound, performance practice, and wider cultural concerns such as the naming of sounds are crucial ingredients in the stabilization of sound.
Histologic and Molecular Correlates in Patients with AL Amyloidosis in Remission but with Persistent Renal Disease

Background: Seventy percent of patients with light chain (AL) amyloidosis present with renal involvement. The phases of the disease include asymptomatic seeding, increasing proteinuria, and progression to end stage renal disease. In an attempt to identify genes relevant to renal reprogramming due to persistent disease,renal biopsies from treated AL patients were obtained for systematic histologic evaluation and transcriptional profiling. Correlates were sought between these two approaches. Methods: Renal biopsies from 10 patients with persistent proteinuria (>500mg/day) following hematologic responses to anti-plasma cell therapy were scored independently by 2 expert renal pathologists employing a novel histologic tool that assessed scarring, fibrosis and the distribution of amyloid, and were successfully evaluated by transcriptional profiling in the Michigan Kidney Translational Medicine Core lab. Clinical data and histologic scores (CSIC = composite scarring injury score, AS = amyloid score) were correlated to the expression profiles of specific tubular and glomerular gene sets. Results: Baseline characteristics and histologic scores are in Table 1. Using a false discovery rate corrected P-value of Download : Download high-res image (166KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures Comenzo: Takeda: Research Funding; Prothena Biosciences: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Sanofi-Aventis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Caelum: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Karyopharm: Research Funding; Unum: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Myself: Patents & Royalties: Patent 9593332, Pending 20170008966.
Membrane-Protein Unfolding Intermediates Detected with Enhanced Precision Using a Zigzag Force Ramp.

Abstract Precise quantification of the energetics and interactions that stabilize membrane proteins in a lipid bilayer is a long-sought goal. Toward this end, atomic force microscopy has been used to unfold individual membrane proteins embedded in their native lipid bilayer, typically by retracting the cantilever at a constant velocity. Recently, unfolding intermediates separated by as few as two amino acids were detected using focused-ion-beam-modified ultrashort cantilevers. However, unambiguously discriminating between such closely spaced states remains challenging, in part because any individual unfolding trajectory only occupies a subset of the total number of intermediates. Moreover, structural assignment of these intermediates via worm-like-chain analysis is hindered by brief dwell times compounded with thermal and instrumental noise. To overcome these issues, we moved the cantilever in a sawtooth pattern of 6–12 nm, offset by 0.25–1 nm per cycle, generating a “zigzag” force ramp of alternating positive and negative loading rates. We applied this protocol to the model membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin (bR). In contrast to conventional studies that extract bR’s photoactive retinal along with the first transmembrane helix, we unfolded bR in the presence of its retinal. To do so, we introduced a previously developed enzymatic-cleavage site between helices E and F and pulled from the top of the E helix using a site-specific, covalent attachment. The resulting zigzag unfolding trajectories occupied 40% more states per trajectory and occupied those states for longer times than traditional constant-velocity records. In total, we identified 31 intermediates during the unfolding of five helices of EF-cleaved bR. These included a previously reported, mechanically robust intermediate located between helices C and B that, with our enhanced resolution, is now shown to be two distinct states separated by three amino acids. Interestingly, another intermediate directly interacted with the retinal, an interaction confirmed by removing the retinal.
Making Spaces for STEM in the School Library

Despite the high demand of careers in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields, the extent and access to focused K-12 STEM education varies across the country. K-12 school libraries with their democratization of resources including both high- and low−/no- tech equipment can fill gaps by implementing makerspaces in the school library to provide and promote STEM learning and inquiry. This paper explores the use of K-12 school library makerspaces for the purpose of implementing design learning as a way to integrate these subject areas and provide hands-on STEM learning opportunities for students through making. Librarians facilitate such initiatives and collaborate with content area teachers to meet students’ needs for STEM.
The Role of Catecholamines in Modulating Responses to Stress: Sex‐specific patterns, Implications and Therapeutic Potential for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Opiate Withdrawal

Emotional arousal is one of several factors that determine the strength of a memory and how efficiently it may be retrieved. The systems at play are multifaceted; on one hand, the dopaminergic mesocorticolimbic system evaluates the rewarding or reinforcing potential of a stimulus, while on the other, the noradrenergic stress response system evaluates the risk of threat, commanding attention, and engaging emotional and physical behavioral responses. Sex-specific patterns in the anatomy and function of the arousal system suggest that sexually divergent therapeutic approaches may be advantageous for neurological disorders involving arousal, learning, and memory. From the lens of the triple network model of psychopathology, we argue that post-traumatic stress disorder and opiate substance use disorder arise from maladaptive learning responses that are perpetuated by hyperarousal of the salience network. We present evidence that catecholamine-modulated learning and stress-responsive circuitry exerts substantial influence over the salience network and its dysfunction in stress-related psychiatric disorders, and between the sexes. We discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting the endogenous cannabinoid system; a ubiquitous neuromodulator that influences learning, memory, and responsivity to stress by influencing catecholamine, excitatory, and inhibitory synaptic transmission. Relevant preclinical data in male and female rodents are integrated with clinical data in men and women in an effort to understand how ideal treatment modalities between the sexes may be different.
Higher-dimensional generalizations of the Thouless charge pump

We define and study analogs of the Thouless charge pump for many-body gapped systems in dimension D. We show how to attach a topological invariant to a D-dimensional family of such systems, provided all of them have an on-site U(1) symmetry. For a large class of families we argue that this topological invariant is an integer. In the case of gapped systems of free fermions in two dimensions, the invariant can be expressed in terms of the curvature of the Bloch-Berry connection. We also obtain a new formula for the Thouless charge pump in 1d which involves only static linear response and is analogous to the Streda formula for Hall conductivity.
Analysis of Component Errors in the Highway Capacity Manual Travel Time Reliability Estimations for Urban Streets

The Highway Capacity Manual 6th edition (HCM6) includes a new methodology to estimate and predict the distribution of average travel times (TTD) for urban streets. The TTD can then be used to estim...
Contact angles and movement of air bubbles on bioinspired conical surfaces

Abstract Air bubbles are of interest in various applications. The study of their formation, interaction with underlying surfaces, and their movement is of importance. Bioinspired conical surfaces have been known to exhibit Laplace pressure gradient which facilitates the movement of liquid droplets. These conical surfaces, with various geometries and wettabilities, can be used to regulate gas bubble movement. In this study, contact angles of air bubbles and their movement on various conical surfaces were investigated. The effect of parameters including cone orientation, air bubble volume, tip angle, and wettability on air bubble movement were studied. A smaller tip angle cone with high wettability was found to be most efficient for an air bubble movement.