cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new model of program dependences for reverse engineering

A dependence model for reverse engineering should treat procedures in a modular fashion and should be fine-grained, distinguishing dependences that are due to different variables. The program dependence graph (PDG) satisfies neither of these criteria. We present a new form of dependence graph that satisfies both, while retaining the advantages of the PDG: it is easy to construct and allows program slicing to be implemented as a simple graph traversal. We define 'chopping', a generalization of slicing that can express most of its variants, and show that, using our dependence graph, it produces more accurate results than algorithms based directly on the PDG.
Formation of YSZ–SDC Solid Solution in a Nanocrystalline Heterophase System and Its Effect on the Electrical Conductivity

The stability of an yttria-stabilized zirconia and samaria-doped ceria (YSZ–SDC) nanocrystalline heterophase system was studied with in situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction during a simulated sintering program. Formation of YSZ–SDC solid solution in the nanocrystalline system was found to start at a low temperature between 900° and 950°C. The analysis of lattice parameters as a function of temperature suggested that YSZ and SDC species diffused mutually during the formation of solid solution. The electrical conductivity of the YSZ–SDC solid solution was significantly lower than that of the YSZ and SDC.
Umbilical Flow in the Normal and Pre‐Eclamptic Placenta

In order to develop a simple in vitro method for assessing adequacy of placental perfusion, umbilical flow was measured in placentae from 10 normal control women and from 10 women with pre–eclampsia, by infusing through the umbilical arteries a heparinized 0.9% saline solution. The average induced umbilical flow in placentae from uneventful pregnancies was 276 ±16 SE ml/min compared with 163±12 ml/min (p>0.001) in the pre-eclamptic group. In angiographic studies, 79±2 SE % of the cotyledons from the normal series, and only 56±3 % (p>0.001) from the pre-eclamptic series were functional. Additionally, gross and histological examination revealed three distinct types of cotyledon. Placental areas that blanched following saline infusion showed no blood in the collapsed villi or in the intervillous space; areas distinguished by a ruddy appearance following perfusion showed blood trapped in the villi and in the intervillous space; in a third area, the findings were mixed. When compared with placental zones ident...
Stomach versus lungs: the case of a giant hiatal hernia

A 92-year-old man presented in extremis with respiratory failure. His chest X-ray (CXR) (figure 1A) showed right lower zone opacification and an intrathoracic gastric bubble. Emergency CT showed a giant paraoesophageal hiatal hernia containing his stomach, spleen and transverse colon (figure 1B,C). Nasogastric drainage failed to decompress the stomach; which had undergone volvulus. Figure 1 (A) Plain chest radiograph showing the presence of a stomach bubble within the thoracic cavity. (B) and (C) CT images showing the presence of …
X-Ray Temperatures for the Extended Medium-Sensitivity Survey High-Redshift Cluster Sample: Constraints on Cosmology and the Dark Energy Equation of State

We measure the X-ray temperature (and luminosity) with ASCA of all but one cluster in the Einstein Extended Medium-Sensitivity Survey (EMSS) high-redshift (z ≥ 0.3) sample. We compare these data to a complete sample of low-redshift clusters that also has temperature measurements, thereby providing cosmological constraints. Improvements over our previous work include (1) an enlarged high-redshift sample; (2) temperatures for the low-redshift comparison sample that come from the same instrument as the high-redshift sample; (3) the elimination of three EMSS clusters with the same redshift as the target (i.e., not truly serendipitous) and a fourth with an ASCA flux well below the completeness limit; (4) using a theoretical cluster mass function that more closely matches N-body simulations (the Sheth-Torman function); (5) using a cold dark matter power spectrum instead of a power law; (6) using a general cosmology with arbitrary matter density and cosmological constant; (7) using a cosmology that generalizes the cosmological constant to quintessence; (8) including the effects of temperature measurement errors and scatter in the cluster luminosity-temperature relation; and (9) marginalizing over the poorly known normalization of the mass-temperature relation. We find an allowed band in the Ωm0-ΩΛ0 plane of different orientation to the band of constraints provided by the supernovae Ia Hubble diagram and the cosmic microwave background fluctuations. All three bands intersect at the same place: Ωm0 ≈ 0.3, ΩΛ0 ≈ 0.7. We measure the quintessence equation-of-state parameter to be w = -(0.42 ± 0.21) (68% confidence for one interesting parameter), consistent with previously determined upper limits. We measure the normalization of the mass fluctuation power spectrum to be σ8 = 0.66 ± 0.16 (68% confidence for three interesting parameters). Systematic errors are larger than the statistical errors only for σ8 with our sample; thus the errors for it depend on the details of the marginalization over the temperature-mass normalization.
Copper(II) bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes as potential tracers for evaluation of cerebral and myocardial blood flow with PET.

Wider application of positron emission tomography would be facilitated by the availability of positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals labeled with nuclides, like 62Cu, that are available from parent/daughter generator systems. Using a longer-lived copper isotope (67Cu) we have examined three derivatives of copper(II) pyruvaldehyde bis(thiosemicarbazone) as potential tracers for evaluation of cerebral and myocardial blood flow: Cu(PTS), Cu(PTSM), and Cu(PTSM2) (where PTS = pyruvaldehyde bis(thiosemicarbazone), PTSM = pyruvaldehyde bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone), and PTSM2 = pyruvaldehyde bis(N4-dimethylthiosemicarbazone). All three lipophilic radiocopper complexes were obtained in high yield via a procedure that could be adapted to a "kit" formulation. In animal model systems Cu(PTSM) and Cu(PTSM2) show excellent uptake in the brain and heart following i.v. injection. These tracers differ in that Cu(PTSM) exhibits microsphere-like retention in the brain and heart, whereas Cu(PTSM2) substantially clears from these organs. The relative cerebral pharmacokinetics of [67Cu]Cu(PTSM) and [67Cu]Cu(PTSM2) are consistent with their known reactivity towards intracellular sulfhydryl groups.
The Strengthening of Party and Decline of Religion in Explaining Congressional Voting Behavior on Gay and Lesbian Issues

The battle over lesbian and gay rights has gained increased prominence in the political arena. Discrimination against homosexuals may have been widely accepted in the past, but today such discrimination is strongly debated. In 2004, the presidential candidates as well as members of Congress squared off on whether to enshrine a ban on gay marriage into the Constitution. Analyzing the 106th–108th Congresses reveals that member and district characteristics greatly influence the level of support for gay and lesbian rights. Democrats are far more supportive of pro-gay and -lesbian initiatives than Republicans. Region similarly plays a key role. Southerners are more tepid in their support for gay and lesbian rights than their northern colleagues. At the same time, New England representatives are even more liberal than other northerners. Despite strong opposition to gay marriage within the churches of their communities, African-American and Latino representatives are especially likely to support gay and lesbian rights. Church membership also guides representative behavior, though not always as conventional wisdom might indicate. Catholic representatives are not more hostile to gay and lesbian rights than other representatives. Moreover, the influence of religious affiliation on congressional voting behavior is declining. Constituency characteristics, such as urbanicity and education, also shape representative behavior but play a secondary role.
The Art of Restraint: How Experienced Program Leaders Use Their Authority to Support Youth Agency.

The staff of youth development programs perform a delicate balancing act between supporting youth agency and exercising necessary authority. To understand this balancing in daily practice, we interviewed 25 experienced (M = 14 years) leaders of arts, leadership, and technology programs for high-school-aged youth. We obtained accounts of when, how, and why they gave advice, set limits, and "supported youth when disagreeing." Qualitative analysis found surprising similarities across leaders. They used authority to give advice and set limits, but did so with reasoned restraint. Maximizing youth's opportunities to learn from experience was central in their decision making. They described employing authority in intentional ways aimed at helping youth's work succeed, strengthening youth's agency, and building skills for agency (e.g., critical thinking, "clarifying intent").
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the External Ear: A Review of 75 Cases:

Squamous cell carcinoma of the external ear can be a potentially lethal lesion. Although it is the most common cancer involving the pinna, the variables that have the greatest impact on prognosis are still in question. We reviewed 75 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the external ear to determine patterns of occurrence and treatment failure. Forty patients had adequate follow-up for determination of cancer control rates. Local control was successful with initial treatment in 85% of the cases. The incidence of lymph node metastases was 10%, whereas distant metastasis occurred in only one patient (2.5%). This series differs from others in that most patients were unselected and most of the lesions treated were early (less than 1 cm). The significance of positive margins after surgical excision is also analyzed.
Prostheses in Hernia Surgery: A Century of Evolution

“A serious consideration of prophylactic and remedial measures in large hernia, of whatever nature, is surely justified by the knowledge that the individual thus afflicted can be nothing but a miserable invalid. Not even the best fitting supporter can render life more than bearable, nor is it possible for such a person to make any severe exertion, whether it be in the pursuance of an occupation or in the enjoyment of an athletic sport.” (Willard Bartlett, M.D., Washington University, St. Louis, Mo., 19031)
Is one measurement enough to evaluate blood pressure among adolescents? A blood pressure screening experience in more than 9000 children with a subset comparison of auscultatory to mercury measurements

Evaluation of blood pressure is recommended in all children older than 3 years. Auscultatory devices are the recommended method to assess blood pressure in pediatrics, but automated oscillometric devices are increasingly common. A retrospective analysis of our school-based blood pressure screening was performed to determine if multiple oscillometric blood pressure measurements are needed to approach true blood pressure. All children had 4 oscillometric measurements of blood pressures and a random subset of 287 had an additional auscultatory measurement. Among 9870 participants, we observed a nonlinear decrease in blood pressure over time. The largest decrease in systolic blood pressure was between first and second (-3.8 mm Hg) and in diastolic from second to third (-3.3 mm Hg) measurement. For systolic blood pressure, the second oscillometric measurement, the average of second to third and the average of first to third were statistically similar to a single auscultatory measurement. We conclude that assessment of blood pressure using oscillometric devices should include at least 3 measurements in the same sitting to avoid inaccurate assessment.
Double Trouble: A Case of Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Humoral Hypercalcemia of Malignancy Secondary to Epithelioid Angiosarcoma Occurring in a Single Patient

ABSTRACT Objective: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is the most common cause of hypercalcemia and is the third most common endocrine disorder. Hypercalcemia occurs in an estimated 10 to 30% of patients with cancer, with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) accounting for 80% of these cases. It is very uncommon for both of these causes of hypercalcemia to occur in a single patient. Methods: We describe the case of a patient who presented with PHPT and probable concurrent HHM. Results: A 72-year-old male presented with severe hypercalcemia. A single parathyroid adenoma was identified and resected. The patient returned to the hospital 2 weeks later with recurrent hypercalcemia and a lowered parathyroid hormone concentration. Upon workup a right hip mass was detected at the site of a prior hip arthroplasty and was thought to represent periprosthetic osteolysis or pseudotumor. A biopsy revealed malignancy consistent with epithelioid angiosarcoma. We discuss risk factors associated with PHPT and HHM and...
Fingering: Historical Versus Modern Approaches

This chapter demonstrates that to explore fingering in any depth is to explore a comparable level of articulation, dynamics, and so forth. This is particularly the case with “historical” fingerings, of the kind notated and employed by C. P. E. Bach, Beethoven, Chopin, and Schenker. In the hands of these masters, fingering is intimately connected to details of phrasing and articulation, since it consist of smaller, discrete finger groups and emphasizes the mobility of the hand and differences among the fingers. Fingerings of the modern school, by contrast—of the kind initiated by Czerny, who deliberately deviated from the aesthetics of Beethoven—are more indifferent to phrasing, being more five-finger in orientation and thus promoting a more static hand. In fact, they often correspond to long phrasing slurs that Czerny and others superimposed upon the more localized articulation markings of Beethoven. After surveying examples of both schools, I discuss the larger philosophical implications of this fundamental difference in approach, in particular the idea that historical fingerings betray a bottom-up notion of musical unity, modern fingerings a top-down notion.
Volumetric laser endomicroscopy in the detection of neoplastic lesions of the esophagus.

Volumetric laser endomicroscopy (VLE) in a 64-year-old man ith Barrett’s esophagus revealed two regions with intramuosal adenocarcinoma missed by high magnification narrow-band maging. On VLE, these regions where characterized by lack of egular striations in the architecture, jagged shaped ducts sugestive of glandular atypia, and heterogenous signal intensity onsistent with irregular nuclei (Arrows, Fig. 1; Normal, Fig. 2). istopathology on targeted endoscopic mucosal resection showed igh-grade dysplasia with focal intramucosal adenocarcinoma, and igh-grade dysplasia with papillary intramucosal adenocarcinoma, espectively. Because dysplasia cannot be visualized with standard
Increasing influence of air temperature on upper Colorado River streamflow

This empirical study examines the influence of precipitation, temperature, and antecedent soil moisture on upper Colorado River basin (UCRB) water year streamflow over the past century. While cool season precipitation explains most of the variability in annual flows, temperature appears to be highly influential under certain conditions, with the role of antecedent fall soil moisture less clear. In both wet and dry years, when flow is substantially different than expected given precipitation, these factors can modulate the dominant precipitation influence on streamflow. Different combinations of temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture can result in flow deficits of similar magnitude, but recent droughts have been amplified by warmer temperatures that exacerbate the effects of relatively modest precipitation deficits. Since 1988, a marked increase in the frequency of warm years with lower flows than expected, given precipitation, suggests continued warming temperatures will be an increasingly important influence in reducing future UCRB water supplies.
Comparison of RBC counts in central and peripheral blood in various laboratory animals.

SummaryRed cell counts of blood secured from peripheral vessels were compared to counts from the heart or large vessels in the rat, mouse, hamster, rabbit, guinea pig, and dog. In none of these was a statistically significant difference found.
Evidence of the electromigration short-length effect in Aluminum-based metallurgy with tungsten diffusion barriers

Several phenomena related to the short-length effect were observed during lifetime measurements of a two-level structure consisting of Ti-AlCu-Ti stripes connected by interlevel tungsten (W) stud-vias. A linear increase in resistance was followed by a resistance change with time that approached zero. The threshold product is not a constant at 250 °C for stripe lengths of 30, 50 and 100 µm. The sigma of the lognormal distribution increased as the current density decreased and/or as the fail criterion increased. The lifetime, or t50, at relatively small current densities did not obey Black's empirical equation. Rather, the lifetime data obeyed a modified version of this equation that includes a critical current density, jc, as a new parameter. This critical current density is strongly dependent on the fail criterion, but is independent of temperature in the range 210–250 °C.
The Effect of Preoperative Serum Iron Levels on Thromboembolic Events after Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation

calculate the percentage of time (TATR) each patient spent above therapeutic INR for each patient’s entire support and 30 day periods of support prior to GI bleeding events. The therapeutic range for each patient is established and assessed continually by IMC’s interdisciplinary team. INR volatility was also measured for support time and 30 day periods by calculating the mean of the absolute value of slopes between consecutive INR measurements. PointBiserial Correlation coefficients were calculated for collected variables. Results: 115 patients were included in the analysis with an average age of 58 years. 59 total bleeding events occurred in 23 patients. Results are detailed in the table below. 30-Day TATR was significantly correlated with incidence of GI Bleed. INR volatility was not significantly correlated with GI Bleed. Conclusion: Our results show that, unlike overall TATR, a high 30-day TATR was a significant indicator of GI bleed risk in LVAD patients. This indicates that evaluating a patient’s PT-INR over the short term is more useful than looking at a patient’s history of supratherapeutic INR. Changing how we historically monitor anticoagulation levels may lower the risk of GI bleed in this patient population.
Immunoglobulins in the Semen of Men with Azoospermia, Oligospermia, or Self-Agglutination of Spermatozoa

One hundred samples of semen showing azoospermia, oligospermia, self-agglutination of spermatozoa, or normal physiologic spermatozoa were examined for evidence of autoimmune disorders. Immunoglobulin A, secretory immunoglobulin A, and complements C 3 and C 4 were present in a greater proportion of abnormal samples than in normal ones. The immunoglobulin A content of the abnormal samples was markedly increased, and the immunoglobulin G level slightly increased, as compared with normal samples, These findings support the hypothesis that agglutination of spermatozoa in semen is an autoimmune mechanism. They also suggest that, although spermatozoa may activate the mechanism, it is possible that abnormalities of the male genital tract can stimulate the formation of spermatozoal antibodies.
Promoting savings among low income earners in Kenya through mobile money

With most households in rural Kenya dependent on meagre wages from manual labor, the task of balancing immediate family needs with long-term financial goals is usually a difficult task, which in most cases leave families with minimal or no savings. This paper articulates a study to investigate the potential of using mobile money accounts as a money management platform that can help promote a savings culture as well as establish and nurture financial discipline among poor households in Kenya. Based on the premises that 41% of Kenyans do not save regularly because they do not have “enough money to live on let alone save for a rainy day”, the study examined innovative ways in which poor households could use mobile money accounts as a tool for financial inclusion, achieving household financial security, and enhancing family role performance. The study took place in Nairobi's Mathare slum. It aimed to understand, in depth, mobile money savings accounts usage among poor households. Key informants were low income traders, who earns a daily income of less than two dollars (about 200 Kenya Shillings). Data was collected using a questionnaire, informal conversations and contextual interviews and supplemented by in-depth interviews with managers from a leading mobile money service provider and the mobile money provider commercial banks. The study results indicates that lack of awareness on the available and affordable mobile money savings products, low interest rates on mobile money fixed deposit savings accounts and high transaction costs when making mobile money payments impacts negatively on mobile money fixed deposit savings accounts usage while availability of microcredit on mobile money savings accounts has a positive effect on the usage. The study provides policy and technology design recommendations that could aid in mobile money lock savings accounts acceptance.
Recurrent Coevolutionary Latent Feature Processes for Continuous-Time Recommendation

Matching users to the right items at the right time is a fundamental task in recommender systems. As users interact with different items over time, users' and items' feature may drift, evolve and co-evolve over time. Traditional models based on static latent features or discretizing time into epochs can become ineffective for capturing the fine-grained temporal dynamics in the user-item interactions. We propose a coevolutionary latent feature process model that accurately captures the coevolving nature of users' and items' feature. We use a recurrent neural network to automatically learn a representation of influences from drift, evolution and co-evolution of user and item features. We develop an efficient stochastic gradient algorithm for learning the model parameters which can readily scale up to millions of events. Experiments on diverse real-world datasets demonstrate significant improvements in user behavior prediction compared to state-of-the-arts.
Iron Overload Diminishes the Effectiveness of the Innate Immune Response in Thalassemia Major: a Possible Mechanism for Increased Infection Risk.

Abstract 4071 Poster Board III-1006 Introduction Infection is the second most common cause of death in thalassemia. The innate immune system provides a first line of defense against infection and specificity depends on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) specific to microbial pathogens. One class of PRR called the toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important for transducing the signal for bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), resulting not only in cytokine production, but also in the control of extracellular iron levels through production of neutrophil gelatinase associated Lipocalin (NGAL). However, the exact role that NGAL plays and the expression level of PRRs are unknown in thalassemia. Thus, the goal in these studies is to investigate the relationship of iron overload to the innate immune cell expression of PRRs and NGAL in thalassemia. Patients and Methods Fifteen transfusion dependent thalassemia patients (11 – 29 yrs old) participating in the combination trial of deferasirox (an oral iron chelator) and deferoxamine were enrolled (Novartis sponsored CICL670AUS24T). Fasting blood samples were obtained i) at baseline after a 72 hr washout of chelator, and ii) at 6 and 12 months on study. Five healthy controls (13 - 18 yrs old) were also enrolled. Fresh monocytes were isolated using antibody-linked magnetic microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec Inc). Highly enriched populations of CD14+ monocytes were verified by flow cytometry. The expression of TLR4, also examined by flow cytometry is reported as the mean fluorescent intensity (MFI). In patients with thalassemia, liver iron concentration (LIC) was analyzed by biomagnetic susceptibility (“SQUID”, Ferritometer®). The plasma levels of NGAL were analyzed by ELISA. Results At baseline the expression of monocyte TLR4 (mean 18.8 ± 3.5 MFI) was reduced 30% compared to the healthy controls (mean 26.9 ± 7.6 MFI, p Conclusions These preliminary studies support the hypothesis that iron burden has a negative impact on the innate immune response in thalassemia as demonstrated by the decreased expression of TLR4. After intensive chelation, the levels of TLR4 increased, indicating that decreased iron overload with chelation may improve innate immune responsiveness. Finally, the iron transport protein NGAL is significantly elevated in thalassemia possibly acting to prevent essential iron uptake by pathogenic bacteria. Disclosures: Harmatz:Novartis: Research Funding; Apotex : Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Ferrokin: Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees. Vichinsky:Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding.
Development of a brief and effective temporomandibular disorder pain screening questionnaire: Reliability and validity

Background Available screening instruments for identifying temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) exhibit methodological or logistic limitations. The authors conducted a study to develop and assess the validity of a self-report instrument in screening patients for pain-related TMDs.
Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy following radioactive iodine thyroid ablation

This article evaluates the efficacy of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (eDCR) for nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) in patients exposed to radioactive iodine (RAI) for treatment of thyroid carcinoma. Retrospective chart review of 7 eDCR procedures was performed on 6 patients, aged 18 or older, with prior RAI treatment, who underwent eDCR between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2013 for treatment of epiphora due to NLDO. Average time to tube removal was 159 days, and average follow-up was 341 days. One patient noted complete epiphora relief at the time of their final visit. Partial symptom relief was noted by 3 patients, and recurrent epiphora was noted by 2 patients. In complex patients with RAI-associated NLDO, eDCR may be a reasonable option for relief of epiphora. Appropriate counseling, including the risks of incomplete symptom relief and need for additional surgery, should be discussed pre-operatively with these patients.
Who's bigger? Where computer scientists really rank

We have developed algorithms that measure the relative historical significance of the over 800,000 people appearing in Wikipedia, producing significance rankings that correlate well with a wide variety of validation criteria. In our book Who's bigger?: where historical figures really rank (Skiena and Ward 2013), we use our significance scores to provide insight into a variety of historical and cultural questions.Here we apply our significance measure to study several issues related to the history and stature of computing. Who are the most historically significant computer scientists? The most significant Turing award winners? The Turing award purports to be the ‘Nobel Prize of Computing’, but does the stature of these awards really compare?Our answers to all these questions prove revealing. To lend credence to our findings, we describe our ranking methodology and validation criteria. Our complete rankings for all historical figures in Wikipedia are available for inspection at http://www.whoisbigger.com.
Structural Allograft Supporting a Trabecular Metal Cup Provides Durable Results in Complex Revision Arthroplasty

Abstract Background Revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) is challenging specially in the presence of severe acetabular bone deficiency. We report the use of a highly porous revision shell augmented by structural allograft to provide structural support and coverage to the acetabular component. Methods We identified 56 patients (58 hips) undergoing revision THA, where a trabecular metal revision cup was supported by structural allograft. Mean follow-up was 5.4 years (range 2-12 years). Preoperatively acetabular bone defects were classified as Paprosky 2A in 6 hips (10%), 2B in 12 hips (21%), 2C in 12 hips (21%), 3A in 11 hips (19%), and 3B in 17 hips (29%). Structural allograft configuration was classified as type 1 (flying buttress) in 13 hips, type 2 (dome support) in 23 hips, and type 3 (footings) in 17 hips, with 5 hips having combined configurations. Results All hips showed evidence of union between the allograft and host bone at latest follow-up, 14 hips had partial resorption of the allograft that did not affect cup stability. Three acetabular components demonstrated failure of ingrowth. Survivorship-free from radiographic acetabular loosening as end point was 94% at 5 years. The 5-year survivorship with revision for any reason as end point was 90%. Conclusion Trabecular metal shells combined with structural bone allograft in revision THA demonstrate excellent midterm survival, with 94% of acetabular components obtaining stable union onto host bone at 5 years. Allograft restored bone stock with minimal resorption, and when it occurred did not alter the survivorship of the acetabular component.
Bird’s Eye View

In this chapter I review the history of Python, describe the main differences between the 2.x and the 3.x versions, and how to choose the appropriate version go start with. I then show it is possible to both work with Python in an interactive mode, using iPython (now Jupyter), or in the standard productive mode for large projects, with the main two implementations at present: Anaconda Spyder and Enthought Canopy. The main libraries used through the book are quickly introduced, among them MatPlotLib, NumPy, and Cython.
Venturing into the Unknown: Blogs as a Means of Advancing Leadership Skills.

ABSTRACTThe author describes a theoretically eclectic exploratory assignment that helped students in a managerial communication class practice and advance a comprehensive range of leadership skills. Specifically, the author combined E. M. Eisenberg, L. H. Goodall, and A. Tretheway's (2014) model of leadership with pertinent concepts from the theory of learning and used blogs as the communication medium. The outcome was very positive. Students practiced and advanced a range of cognitive, ethical, and communication skills.
Ultrasonic Imaging and Finite Element Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Cylinders

Adhesively bonded structures are increasingly being used for marine applications. One such application involves the use of adhesively bonded cylinders of polyethylene—rubber—steel. Steel forms the inner-most cylindrical lamina and polyethylene forms the outermost layer of this component. The adhesively sandwiched lamina, rubber, is subjected to axial shear loads—tangential to the curved surfaces. For this component to perform well under load it is necessary that the adhesive bonds at the polyethylene-rubber and steel-rubber interfaces be strong and free of any deleterious delaminations. Any surface areas which are devoid of adhesive, have trapped gas, are not chemically bonded by the adhesive or are simply in mechanical contact, form areas of delaminations detrimental to the performance of these components.
Communal Coping and Adjustment to Chronic Illness: Theory Update and Evidence:

We present a theory of communal coping that describes an optimal pathway to patient adjustment among couples in which one person faces a chronic illness. Communal coping consists of a shared illness appraisal (i.e., person perceives illness as a joint rather than individual problem) and collaboration with a partner to manage the illness. We present a model of the communal coping process that links patient and partner shared illness appraisals to collaboration and a set of supportive interactions that might be reframed as collaboration in the presence of shared illness appraisals. We then outline a model that identifies potential antecedents of communal coping and mechanisms that link communal coping to patient illness adjustment (i.e., enhanced psychological well-being, improved health behaviors, better physical health) and partner psychological well-being. We review the empirical evidence for this model and conclude by identifying several moderator variables, noting potential limitations, and outlining future research directions.
Creating Structured Opportunities for Social Engagement to Promote Well-Being and Avoid Burnout in Medical Students and Residents.

Increasing attention is being paid to medical student and resident well-being, as well as to enhancing resilience and avoiding burnout in medical trainees. Medical schools and residency programs are implementing wellness initiatives that often include meditation and other mindfulness activities, sel
The C-Word: Scientific Euphemisms Do Not Improve Causal Inference From Observational Data

Causal inference is a core task of science. However, authors and editors often refrain from explicitly acknowledging the causal goal of research projects; they refer to causal effect estimates as associational estimates. This commentary argues that using the term "causal" is necessary to improve the quality of observational research. Specifically, being explicit about the causal objective of a study reduces ambiguity in the scientific question, errors in the data analysis, and excesses in the interpretation of the results.
Immunological Status of Patients before and after Vasovasostomy as Determined by the Immunobead Antisperm Antibody Test

With the immunobead antisperm antibody test a prospective study was conducted to evaluate the immune status of 55 men before and after vasectomy reversal. A third of the vasectomy patients (19 of 55) had significant serum-sperm antibodies (20 per cent binding or more) detected by the indirect immunobead antisperm antibody test. Of 31 vasovasostomy patients 12 (38 per cent) had significant sperm-surface antibodies (20 per cent binding or more) by the direct immunobead antisperm antibody test. Preoperative serum assays correctly classified the antibody status of 69 per cent of the vasectomy patients. The immunological impact of spermatic granuloma formation, duration of vasal obstruction, patient age and presence of sperm in the vasal fluid at operation also were assessed. An inverse relationship between the proportion of antibody-bound sperm and the percentage of motile sperm in the ejaculate of vas reversal patients was found with videomicrographic semen analysis. The percentage motility was significantly lower among patients with greater quantities of sperm-surface antibodies. No other parameter of semen analysis showed this difference when compared for positive or negative immunobead antisperm antibody test results.
Quick screen of patients' numeracy and document literacy skills: the factor structure of the Newest Vital Sign.

Introduction The Newest Vital Sign (NVS) is a survey designed to measure general health literacy whereby an interviewer asks six questions related to information printed on a nutritional label from an ice cream container. It enables researchers to evaluate several health literacy dimensions in a short period of time, including document literacy, comprehension, quantitative literacy (numeracy), application, and evaluation. No study has empirically examined which items belong to which latent dimensions of health literacy in the NVS using factor analysis. Identifying the factor structure of the NVS would enable health care providers to choose appropriate intervention strategies to address patients' health literacy as well as improve their health outcomes accordingly. This study aimed to explore the factor structure of the NVS that is used to assess multiple dimensions of health literacy. Methods A cross-sectional study administering the NVS in a face-to-face manner was conducted at two family medicine clinics in the USA. One hundred and seventy four individuals who participated were at least 20 years old, diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, prescribed at least one oral diabetes medicine, and used English as their primary language. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to investigate the factor structure of the NVS. Results Numeracy and document literacy are two dimensions of health literacy that were identified and accounted for 63.05% of the variance in the NVS. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) of the NVS were 0.78 and 0.91 for numeracy and document literacy, respectively. Conclusion Numeracy and document literacy appropriately represent the factor structure of the NVS and may be used for assessing health literacy in greater detail for patients with type 2 diabetes.
Fifty Years of Thinking About Visualization and Visualizing in Mathematics Education: A Historical Overview

This chapter surveys meanings given to the term “visualization” in mathematics, mathematics education, and psychology, and considers the evidence for the oft-heard assertion that mathematics learners tend to prefer to think algorithmically rather than visually. The analysis reveals that students who do very well on pencil-and-paper “visualization” tests often prefer not to use visual methods when attempting to solve mathematical problems; and those who do not do well on standard visualization tests often describe themselves as “visual thinkers”, and prefer to use visual methods when attempting to solve mathematics problems. The influence of various mathematics educators, and especially Alan Bishop—who thought of visualization in terms of a person’s use of visual images when posing and solving mathematics problems—of Norma Presmeg, and of a group of mainly Israeli mathematics educators who developed the construct “concept image”, is also examined. Views of some mathematicians are also taken into account. In the early 1990s, Zimmermann and Cunningham (Visualization in teaching and learning mathematics, 1991) wrote of how David Hilbert had spoken of two tendencies in mathematics—one that sought to crystallize logical relations, and the other to develop intuitive understanding, especially through “visual imagination” (p. 2). In addressing that theme, Ted Eisenberg and Tommy Dreyfus (Visualization in teaching and learning mathematics, pp. 25–37, 1991) spoke of mathematics students’ preference for “algorithmic over visual thinking” (p. 25). The paper draws special attention to the work of two lesser-known mathematics education researchers, Nongnuch Wattanawaha and Stephanus Suwarsono. It was Suwarsono who devised and applied a method whereby learner preferences for visual or verbal thinking, as well as the “visualities” of the mathematics tasks themselves, could be measured and calibrated on the same scale, using item response theory.
What Underlies the White American Public's Negative Attitudes Toward Japan's Domestic Market?

Many have contended that the white American public's negative attitudes toward Japan's domestic market are caused by one or more of three categories: economic, ethnic, and cultural elements. To date, no study has examined the connections between these categories. A questionnaire survey was used to collect responses from 296 white college students. A multiple regression analysis found that only economic elements were responsible for the negative attitudes toward Japan's domestic market. Neither cultural nor ethnic elements were found responsible. However, the economic elements accounted for about 10% of the variance in negative attitudes, leaving the vast majority of the variance unexplained. These findings suggest that elements responsible for the white American public's negative attitudes toward Japan's domestic market are not as simple as previously assumed.
Global Governmental Investment in Nanotechnologies

Nanotechnologies seem to have huge potential to bring benefits in areas as diverse as drug development, water decontamination, information and communication infrastructures, and the production of stronger, lighter and perfect nanomaterials. This potential attracts global investment from governments and private sectors in nanotechnologies with the hopes that R&D and commercial applications of nanomaterials, nanodevices, nanoparticles and nanodrugs will provide new impetus, after the ebb-tides of biotechnology and dotcom, to turn faltering economies around. The global governmental funding has been actively promoting industrial and academic cooperation to realize big prosperity from the nanotechnologies. This article summarizes historic trends and status of global governmental supports for nanotechnologies.
Sleep and memory: the ongoing debate

The last 10 years have produced a wealth of scientific studies reporting a role for sleep in offline memory processing. Despite this evidence, debate continues to rage over the very existence of sleep-dependent learning and memory processing. We briefly review here the evidence in support of sleep's role in memory consolidation.
Membrane Filtration with Liquids: A Global Approach with Prior Successes, New Developments and Unresolved Challenges.

After 70 years, modern pressure-driven polymer membrane processes with liquids are mature and accepted in many industries due to their good performance, ease of scale-up, low energy consumption, modular compact construction, and low operating costs compared with thermal systems. Successful isothermal operation of synthetic membranes with liquids requires consideration of three critical aspects or "legs" in order of relevance: selectivity, capacity (i.e. permeation flow rate per unit area) and transport of mass and momentum comprising concentration polarization (CP) and fouling (F). Major challenges remain with respect to increasing selectivity and controlling mass transport in, to and away from membranes. Thus, prediction and control of membrane morphology and a deep understanding of the mechanism of dissolved and suspended solute transport near and in the membrane (i.e. diffusional and convective mass transport) is essential. Here, we focus on materials development to address the relatively poor selectivity of liquid membrane filtration with polymers and discuss the critical aspects of transport limitations. Machine learning could help optimize membrane structure design and transport conditions for improved membrane filtration performance.
Association between hidradenitis suppurativa and hospitalization for psychiatric disorders: a cross-sectional analysis of the National Inpatient Sample.

BACKGROUND Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is associated with pain, disfigurement, psychosocial distress and poor quality of life, all of which may lead to a higher likelihood of mental health (MH) disorders. However, little is known about the MH comorbidities of HS. OBJECTIVES To determine the MH disorders and cost burden associated with HS. METHODS Data were examined from the 2002-2012 National Inpatient Sample, comprising approximately a 20% sample of all U.S. paediatric and adult hospitalizations (87 053 155 admissions). RESULTS MH disorders were much more common in inpatients with vs. without HS (34·27% vs. 20·05%). In multivariable logistic regression models controlling for sex, age, race/ethnicity and insurance status, HS was associated with significantly higher odds of an MH disorder (adjusted odds ratio 2·53, 95% confidence interval 2·42-2·63), including 10 of 15 MH disorders examined. In contrast, HS was not associated with primary hospitalization for an MH disorder overall (odds ratio 0·95, 95% confidence interval 0·84-1·07), but it was associated with primary hospitalization for eight of 15 MH disorders examined. Among inpatients with HS, primary admission for an MH disorder was associated with female sex, public or no insurance and more chronic diseases, but inversely associated with older age and nonwhite race/ethnicity. HS was associated with > $38 million (USD) of excess mean annual costs of hospitalization for MH disorders. CONCLUSIONS Inpatients with HS had increased odds of comorbid MH disorders, overall, and multiple primary MH admissions, in particular, which were associated with considerable excess costs.
Can Export Promotion Agencies Stem the Deindustrialisation in Sub-Saharan Africa?

We investigate how Export Promotion Agencies (EPAs) affect manufacturing outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Synthetic control methods technique results in employing the cases of South Africa and Mauritius to illustrate the effect. Results indicate an EPA’s adoption drives up manufacturing outcomes significantly. SSA countries without an EPA might have missed out on an opportunity to boost their manufacturing sector. Particularly, manufacturing value added as a share of GDP is about 7.5 and 3 percentage points higher in South Africa and in Mauritius compared to their synthetic counterpart. Jointly adopting EPA and EPZ can be beneficial to manufacturing activities. Since many conditions required for well-functioning financial markets for manufacturing firms to finance their expansion are missing, government intervention through EPA directed at counteracting some distortions may be growth enhancing.
Random packing by r-connected r-regular graphs

Abstract A graph G is packable by the graph F if its edges can be partitioned into copies of F. If deleting the edges of any F-packable subgraph from G leaves an F-packable graph, then G is randomly F-packable. If G is F-packable but not randomly F-packable then G is F-forbidden. The minimal F-forbidden graphs provide a characterization of randomly F-packable graphs. We show that for each ρ-connected ρ-regular graph F with ρ > 1, there is a set R (F) of minimal F-forbidden graphs of a simple form, such that any other minimal F-forbidden graph can be obtained from a graph in R (F) by a process of identifying vertices and removing copies of F. When F is a connected strongly edge-transitive graph having more than one edge (such as a cycle or hypercube), there is only one graph in R (F).
Cross-platform Interactions and Popularity in the Live-streaming Community

Twitch, a live video-streaming platform, provides strong financial and social incentives to developing a follower base. While streamers benefit from Twitch's own features for forming a wide community of engaged viewers, many streamers look to external social media platforms to increase their reach and build their following. We collect a corpus of Twitch streamer popularity measures and their behavior data on Twitch and third party platforms. We test the community-proposed relationship between behavior on social media accounts and popularity through examining the timing of creation and use of social media accounts. We conduct these experiments by studying the correlations between streamer behaviors and two popularity measures used by Twitch: followers and average concurrent viewers. We find that we cannot yet define which behaviors have statistically significant correlations with popularity, and propose future directions for this research.
1-[Hydroxy(sulfonyloxy)iodo]-2,2,2-trifluoroethanes, CF3CH2I(OH)OSO2R: Stable, fluoroalkyl analogs of Koser's reagent

Abstract 1-[Hydroxy(sulfonyloxy)iodo]-2,2,2-trifluoroethanes [CF 3 CH 2 I(OH)OSO 2 R; R = CH 3 , CF 3 , p -CH 3 C 6 H 4 ] can be prepared in two steps from trifluoroethyliodide by oxidation with pertrifluoroacetic acid and subsequent reaction with TsOH, MsOH, or Me 3 SiOTf. Reaction of the tosylate derivative 3 with silyl enol ethers affords α-tosyloxyketones, while triflate 5 smoothly reacts with trimethylsilylbenzene to give the respective trifluoroethyl(phenyl)iodonium triflate 8 .
Party of Conscience: The CCF, the NDP, and Social Democracy in Canada

Canada’s political left, as represented by the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation from 1932 to 1961 and since then by the New Democratic Party, has a long history of introspection and internal deb...