cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Efficacy and Safety Study of Quetiapine or Lithium as Monotherapy for Mania in Bipolar Disorder

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of quetiapine monotherapy versus placebo for the treatment of mania associated with bipolar disorder. METHOD In an international, multicenter, double-blind, parallel-group, 12-week study, patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of bipolar I disorder (manic episode) were randomly assigned to treatment with quetiapine (flexibly dosed up to 800 mg/day), placebo, or lithium. The primary efficacy measure was change from baseline in Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) score at day 21. Data were gathered from April 2001 to May 2002. RESULTS More patients in the quetiapine (72/107) and lithium (67/98) groups completed the study compared with the placebo group (35/97). Improvement (reduction) in YMRS score was significantly greater for quetiapine than placebo at day 7 (-8.03 vs. -4.89; p < .01), and the difference between groups continued to increase over time to day 21 (-14.6 vs. -6.7; p < .001) and to endpoint at day 84 (-20.3 vs. -9.0; p < .001). Significantly more quetiapine patients compared with placebo patients fulfilled YMRS response criteria at day 21 (53.3% vs. 27.4%; p < .001) and at day 84 (72.0% vs. 41.1%; p < .001). Quetiapine was also superior to placebo in efficacy at day 21 and day 84 by all secondary measures. Lithium-treated patients improved significantly compared with placebo patients and similarly to quetiapine-treated patients on the primary efficacy measure. The most common adverse events for quetiapine were dry mouth, somnolence, and weight gain, while lithium was associated with tremor and insomnia. The quetiapine and placebo groups had similar, low levels of extrapyramidal symptom-related adverse events. CONCLUSIONS Quetiapine demonstrated superior efficacy to placebo in patients with bipolar mania and was well tolerated.
Behavior profile of children with severe breath-holding spells

Thirty-two children with severe breath-holding spells and 42 control children were studied by using the Child Behavior Checklist. No single behavioral profile could identify children with breath-holding spells, and there were no group differences with respect to individual behavior categories, broad-band profiles, or total scores. No correlation was found between frequency of breath-holding spells and profile scores.
A Multi-Sensor Approach to Automatic Tracking of Midwater Targets by an ROV

A vision-based automatic tracking and observation system installed on an ROV has successfully tracked midwater ocean animals such as jellyfish in Monterey Bay, California. This system uses stereo vision to localize the tracking vehicle with respect to the target of interest and closes control loops to maintain the target in the views of the cameras. Reliance on the vision sensor imposes a constraint on the control system performance to keep the target in the fields of view of the cameras at all times. The constraint can be expressed as maximum allowable pointing and positioning errors, which are inversely proportional to the stando distance to the specimen. For the system to track small specimens at short range, the constraint of keeping the target within the vision cones becomes very dicult to maintain continuously and the out-of-frame events that result are unrecoverable for the current technology. To expand the operational envelope of the system to include observation of smaller specimens at short stando distances, a new approach is demonstrated that complements vision with sensors typically found on underwater vehicles. This approach softens the constraint of the viewing cones of the vision system by allowing tracking to continue during brief out-of-frame events. A non-linear multi-rate estimator implemented with a Sigma Point Kalman Filter (SPKF) fuses vision with water-relative velocities from a Doppler Velocity Log (DVL) and other vehicle measurements. With this estimator, the target’s position relative to the vehicle is propagated during periods of time when the specimen cannot be seen. The design of an estimator for this problem requires consideration of issues such as assumptions about the motion dynamics of the target, limited knowledge of the vehicle’s dynamic model and robustness to unmodeled disturbances. Simulated tracking results and data from field experiments are presented.
Multidimensional tunneling and complex momentum

We examine the problem of modeling tunneling phenomena in more than one dimension. We find that existing techniques are inadequate in a wide class of situations because of their inability to deal with concurrent classical motion. We show how to generalize these methods to allow for complex momenta, and demonstrate the improved techniques with a selection of illustrative examples. We comment on possible applications.
Model Predictive Control of regulation services from commercial buildings to the smart grid

We first demonstrate that the demand-side flexibility of the Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system of a typical commercial building can be exploited for providing frequency regulation service to the power grid using at-scale experiments. We then show how this flexibility in power consumption of building HVAC system can be leveraged for providing regulation service. To this end, we consider a simplified model of the power grid with uncertain demand and generation. We present a Model Predictive Control (MPC) scheme to direct the ancillary service power flow from buildings to improve upon the classical Automatic Generation Control (AGC) practice. We show how constraints such as slow and fast ramping rates for various ancillary service providers, and short-term load forecast information can be integrated into the proposed MPC framework. Finally, we provide extensive simulation results to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology for enhancing grid frequency regulation.
A two-dimensional theory of coupled electro-magneto-mechanical plates as an application to load-bearing antenna structures

Multifunctional materials and structures possess the ability to perform multiple tasks by combining structural integrity with sensing and actuating capabilities. Recent progress in the development of such materials/structures has made concepts like load-bearing antennas or load-bearing batteries feasible and formed new research possibilities. Load-bearing antenna structures are multifunctional sensing and actuating devices integrated with a load-bearing structure, i.e. they can simultaneously function as a mechanical structure and an electromagnetic antenna. Such an antenna structure is subjected to mechanical forces, temperature gradients, and electromagnetic fields, giving rise to highly-coupled nonlinear thermo-electro-magneto-mechanical (TEMM) behavior. The current research focuses on modeling and characterizing the nonlinear 3-D coupled behavior of TEMM materials, consistent with first principles. This theoretical framework is specifically aimed at modeling and analysis of load-bearing antenna structures. In this paper we demonstrate the development of analytical techniques and computational tools for multiscale, multi-physics modeling of load-bearing antenna structures. The mathematical model, based predominantly on first principles, employs the thermomechanical governing equations coupled with Maxwell's equations. Our modeling has identified 92 nondimensional numbers which quantify the competition between physical effects in the operation of load-bearing antenna. A fixed relative ordering of all competing effects determines a regime of antenna/environment interaction. In this work, we demonstrate a comprehensive framework to derive the 3-D governing equations for a given regime. For thin geometries, these equations are further reduced to 2-D model, using series expansion and perturbation techniques. Mathematical modeling of thin electro-magneto-mechanical plates can have applications like design and optimization of load-bearing antennas structures. This framework can be extended to model various regimes of behavior of any device/material with coupled electro-magentomechanical capabilites.
Fused fullerenes and multiply connected carbon clusters: Proposed new forms of carbon

We explore forms of carbon obtained from fusing fullerenes and demonstrate that ~i! they are energetically more favorable than toroidal forms, and ~ii! for small sizes, doubly connected structures resembling gears provide local minima where the strain is reduced via the formation of fourfold coordination. Some of these structures can be treated as a ‘‘superatom’’ which, when used as a building block for the solid, yield a crystal with fourfold coordination for all atoms, but with two-thirds the density of diamond. The recent experimental results reported may already point to the existence of fused fullerene structures. @S0163-1829~98!03107-5# the group-IV elements, carbon is unique in that its special chemistry allows it to form stable clusters with widely differing coordination in the form of chains, rings, and fullerenes. It is now generally accepted that the ground state for carbon clusters for clusters with N 20, formation of fullerenes ~closed cages with positive curvature everywhere! becomes possible, with carbon atoms arranged in the form of pentagons and hexagons. All theoretical calculations give an energy minimum even for the smallest fullerene (C20), although the precise geometry is still in dispute. Further, many other threefold-coordinated structures have been proposed for carbon. They include graphitic tubules, 5‐16 capsules ~capped tubules!, 8 and toroids. 17‐20 The tubes and capsules incorporate graphitic features ~all hexagons! in their cylindrical part. The capsules also incorporate fullerene features ~pentagons and hexagons! in their cap regions. The toroids, on the other hand, are doubly connected carbon molecules with five-, six-, and seven-membered rings ~heptagons!. They require equal numbers of pentagons and heptagons to provide the necessary curvature to close the torus on itself. 21
Vapor-Pressure Lowering in Geothermal Systems

The water vapor-pressure lowering phenomenon in porous media was investigated for a range of temperatures by measuring vapor pressure vs. mass of water adsorbed in consolidated sandstone cores and unconsolidated silica sands. Experimental results showed that the mass of water adsorbed on the rock surface is much more than the amount of pore steam. Results also revealed that the water adsorption is caused mainly by micropores in the porous medium. Measurement of the mass of methane and ethane adsorbed on dry rocks showed that the amount of adsorption is not great in comparison with the pore gas. It was found that adsorption data for water/sandstone core studies could be normalized with respect to temperature. Although this appears not to have been reported previously, it does agree in principle with findings for solid powders with micropores. Another interesting result was that reanalysis of previous studies of capillarity in sandstones indicates that experimental data probably were influenced mostly by adsorption.
Circumpolar measurements of ozone, particles, and carbon monoxide from a commercial airliner

Trace constituent data are presented from the unique flight of an airliner around the world over both poles. Relatively high resolution and simultaneous measurements of ozone, carbon monoxide, light-scattering particles, condensation nuclei, and meteorological parameters were obtained. The mutual variations of the data in the polar stratospheres, and in the tropical upper troposphere, are discussed in their meteorological setting. The data from the Arctic lower stratosphere are consistent with a tropospheric source of condensation nuclei, but not of carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide mixing ratios in the Antarctic stratosphere averaged 44 ppbv. In the tropical troposphere they averaged 66 ppbv over the Pacific versus 89 ppbv over Africa. A local area of higher concentration (115 ppbv) was encountered over tropical Africa; its possible relation to carbon monoxide production by vegetation and deep convection is discussed. Evidence was found in the tropical upper troposphere of distinct boundaries between air masses of different temperature, ozone content, and particle content.
Stress-corrosion cracking experience in piping of light water reactor power plants

Abstract Cracking has been observed in the heat-affected zones of welds that join small diamter austenitic steel piping and associated components in boiling water reactors. It was concluded that much of this was caused by intergranular stress-corrosion cracking. In 1975 the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission established a pipe crack study group to investigate this cracking in order to minimize and curtail this phenomenon. In 1978 intergranular stress-corrosion cracking was observed for the first time in large diameter piping. A second pipe crack study group was formed, with an expanded charter, to continue investigations and answer specific questions concerning pipe cracking. This paper summarizes the results of the two study group investigations and presents the major conclusions and recommendations regarding the causes, detection, and control of such pipe cracking. Also discussed is the history of the observed cracking, metallurgy associated with intergranular stress-corrosion cracking, the effects of the primary coolant chemistry, developed stress levels in the heat-affected zones of piping, methods of crack detection, and the importance of leak detection.
Optimization of filter architecture for high-order RF-photonic filters on SOI

We compare the cascade, baseline, and lattice architectures for a four-pole, four-zero photonic filter implemented using high-Q resonator-based components on SOI. These filters are fully reconfigurable and very compact (total area 0.15 mm2).
Enhancing soil carbon storage for carbon remediation: potential contributions and constraints by microbes

Terrestrial carbon sequestration represents an important option for partially mitigating anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Evidence suggests that terrestrial ecosystems can be managed for carbon sequestration, but it is not certain to what extent the microbes within them can be manipulated. Challenges include identifying which specific microbes and mechanisms contribute to sequestered carbon; understanding how microbial communities respond over large spatial and long temporal scales to crucial environmental variables; and developing management strategies suitable for large spatial and long temporal scales. The growing recognition that microbes produce proteins that limit organic matter degradation suggests targets for basic research. Directly manipulating microbes to sequester CO2 through other processes such as mineral formation offers intriguing alternatives that merit further attention, but at present the prospects for practical implementation appear remote.
Deep-sea hydrothermal vent Epsilonproteobacteria encode a conserved and widespread nitrate reduction pathway (Nap)

Despite the frequent isolation of nitrate-respiring Epsilonproteobacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents, the genes coding for the nitrate reduction pathway in these organisms have not been investigated in depth. In this study we have shown that the gene cluster coding for the periplasmic nitrate reductase complex (nap) is highly conserved in chemolithoautotrophic, nitrate-reducing Epsilonproteobacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Furthermore, we have shown that the napA gene is expressed in pure cultures of vent Epsilonproteobacteria and it is highly conserved in microbial communities collected from deep-sea vents characterized by different temperature and redox regimes. The diversity of nitrate-reducing Epsilonproteobacteria was found to be higher in moderate temperature, diffuse flow vents than in high temperature black smokers or in low temperatures, substrate-associated communities. As NapA has a high affinity for nitrate compared with the membrane-bound enzyme, its occurrence in vent Epsilonproteobacteria may represent an adaptation of these organisms to the low nitrate concentrations typically found in vent fluids. Taken together, our findings indicate that nitrate reduction is widespread in vent Epsilonproteobacteria and provide insight on alternative energy metabolism in vent microorganisms. The occurrence of the nap cluster in vent, commensal and pathogenic Epsilonproteobacteria suggests that the ability of these bacteria to respire nitrate is important in habitats as different as the deep-sea vents and the human body.
On the Spherically Symmetric Phase Change Problem.

Abstract : The objectives of this paper are: To show that the application of the 'thin thermal boundary layer' approximation to collapsing bubbles is incorrect although this approximation has been used by all investigators interested in cavitation. To show that the available analyses based on the heat balance integral method contain a significant error because the assumed temperature profiles are incorrect when applied to a spherically symmetric problem. To solve the spherically symmetric phase change, i.c. 'moving boundary', problem by means of the heat balance integral method using the appropriate temperature profile. To use the results in an analysis of diffusion controlled bubble growth and collapse. Two solutions of the phase change problem are presented. (Author)
Infrared spectra of adsorbed propyne

Abstract Infrared spectra of propyne adsorbed on a series of SiO2-supported metal chlorides have been obtained to delineate the effect of the electronic structure of the metal on the chemisorption previously described as a μ- and π-bonded surface complex. Data from a SiO2-supported MeCl2 series where Me is Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn, as well as from a SiO2-supported MeCl3 series where Me is Sc, Ga, Cr, and Fe, have been interpreted in terms of a ligand field model proposed for nitrosyl and carbonyl complexes. Shifts of ν1, the CH vibrational frequency, and ν3, the CC vibrational frequency, from the corresponding frequencies of the gas phase molecule, are a function of metal d-orbital population. There is general agreement between the experimental data and the ligand field model of a distorted octahedral structure for the surface metal species. In the case of propyne adsorbed on Me(II) species, the infrared data are in agreement with a weak ligand field; for adsorption on Me (III) species, a strong ligand field is indicated.
Effect of Salinity and Nitrogen Status on Nitrogen Uptake by Tall Fescue Turf

ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) absorption is inhibited by root zone salinity, which could result in increased NO3 leaching. Conversely, N absorption is enhanced by moderate N deficiency. Because turfgrasses are grown under N-limiting conditions, it is important to understand the interactive effects of salinity and N deficiency on N uptake. This study examined the effect of N status (replete versus deficient) and salinity on N (15NO3 and 15 NH4) uptake and partitioning by tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Two cultivars (‘Monarch’ and ‘Finelawn I’) were grown in nutrient solution culture. Treatments included N level (100% or 25% of maximum N demand) and salinity (0, 40, 80, and 120 meq L−1) in a factorial arrangement. Absorption of NO3 and NH4 was greater in low-N than in high-N cultures, but was reduced by salinity under both N treatments. Salinity reduced partitioning of absorbed N to leaves and increased retention in roots. These results suggest that turfgrass managers should consider irrigation water qu...
Engineering Progress and Economic Progress

The advance of engineering has a vital bearing upon economic progress; in turn, though perhaps less obviously, the operation of the economic system largely determines the rate at which new engineering discoveries may be applied in the actual production of wealth. From this point of view Doctor Moulton discussed progress in the interdependent fields of engineering and economics in the Eleventh Steinmetz Memorial Lecture,* full text of which is presented here.
Ion chromatographic separation of alkali metals in organic solvents

Abstract Ion-exchange chromatography is a common method for the separation and determination of metal cations. Although much research has been done on improving various aspects of this technique, the use of non-aqueous eluents has received little attention. The effect of organic solvents on the retention of alkali-metal cations on a macroporous polystyrene-divinylbenzene resin was studied. The retention of alkali cations increases as the organic content in the eluent increases for most organic solvents. Methanol was an exception with a maximum retention occurring at an eluent composition of methanol-water (75:25). Since organic solvents do not solvate these cations in the same manner as water, increases in the separation factors and changes in elution order are observed. Several separations that are not possible with aqueous eluents will be shown. The effect of crown ethers in the mobile phase was also investigated. In most solvent 18-crown-6 (18C6) altered the retention of all cations. In some cases 18C6 changed elution order or improved peak shape. Separations with an organic eluent and 18C6 modifier will also be shown.
In vitro radiation studies on Ewing's sarcoma cell lines and human bone marrow: application to the clinical use of total body irradiation (TBI)

Abstract Patients with Ewing's sarcoma who present with a central axis or proximal extremity primary and/or with metastatic disease have a poor prognosis despite aggressive combination chemotherapy and focal irradiation. In this high risk group of patients, total body irradiation (TBI) has been proposed as a systemic adjuvant. To aid in the design of a clinical TBI protocol, we have studied the in vitro radiation response of two established cell lines of Ewing's sarcoma and human bone marrow CFUc. The Ewing's fines showed a larger D0 (1.26 Gy, 2.04 Gy) and n (6.0, 3.2) compared to the bone marrow CFUc (D0 = 0.86 Gy, n = 1.2). No repair of potentially lethal radiation damage (PLDR) was found after 4.5 Gy in plateau phase Ewing's sarcoma cells. A theoretical split dose survival curve for both the Ewing's sarcoma fines and human bone marrow CFUc using this TBI schedule shows a significantly lower surviving fraction (10−4–10−5) for the bone marrow CFUc. Based on these in vitro results, two 4.0 Gy fractions separated by 24 hours is proposed as the TBI regimen. Because of the potentially irreversible damage to bone marrow, autologous bone marrow transplantation following the TBI is felt to be necessary. The details of this clinical protocol in high risk Ewing's sarcoma patients are outlined.
Neutron Damage Effects in Step Recovery Diode Frequency Multipliers

The Step-Recovery Diode (SRD) frequency multiplier has been studied both theoretically and experimentally. The results show that the multiplier is quite susceptible to neutron damage if self-bias is used (which is usually the case), and it is recommended either that the preradiation lifetime should be deliberately shortened or that voltage bias be considered in a radiation environment. The self-bias problem is found to be due to an increase in recombination current brought on by a reduction in minority carrier lifetime with neutron fluence. This study also derives the ultimate failure fluence as a function of multiplier parameters for these multipliers in general.
‘TALMUDICAL COMMONWEALTHSMEN’ AND THE RISE OF REPUBLICAN EXCLUSIVISM

This article makes the case that modern ideological republicanism has its roots, not in Athens or Rome, but in Jerusalem. It begins from the observation that republican political theory underwent a dramatic transformation in the middle of the seventeenth century. Before 1650, republicanism had always been a ‘relative’ position: those who argued in favour of republican government did so because they believed that republics were better than monarchies for various reasons. None of them had any interest in arguing that monarchy was an illegitimate constitutional form. In the second half of the seventeenth century, however, we see for the first time the appearance of what we might call republican ‘exclusivism’, the claim that republics are the only legitimate regimes. This article argues that the ‘exclusivist’ turn was prompted by the Christian encounter with a tradition of rabbinic commentary on two chapters of the Hebrew Bible (Deut. 17 and 1 Sam. 8), according to which the Israelite request for a mortal king was regarded as an instance of the sin of idolatry. It further demonstrates that the English pamphleteers at the centre of this story – John Milton, James Harrington, and Algernon Sidney – were themselves deeply conscious of the degree to which their views had been shaped by the writings of the ‘Talmudical commonwealthsmen’.
Potential Flow Past Axisymmetric Bodies at Angle of Attack

The Karamcheti (1966) suggestion concerning the use of higher order singularity techniques has been developed for the calculation of incompressible flow past an axisymmetric body at angle of attack. Attention is given to the results of a convergence study using this axial singularity method, where solution accuracy has been investigated for ellipsoids of slenderness ratio in the 1-10 range for both axial and inclined flow. Effects of singularity type, element number and size distribution, and singularity line inset distance, are noted, and a paneling scheme is developed which yields accurate results for the class of axisymmetric bodies having continuous body slopes with discontinuous curvature jumps.
Clinical Applications of Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Directionally-ordered cellular structures that impede water motion, such as cell membranes and myelin, result in water mobility that is also directionally-dependent. Diffusion tensor imaging characterizes this directional nature of water motion and thereby provides structural information that cannot be obtained by standard anatomic imaging. Quantitative apparent diffusion coefficients and fractional anisotropy have emerged from being primarily research tools to methods enabling valuable clinical applications. This review describes the clinical utility of diffusion tensor imaging, including the basic principles of the technique, acquisition, data analysis, and the major clinical applications.
Imaging magnetic flux lines with iron oxide nanoparticles using a “fossilized liquid assembly”

Directed self-assembly of nanomaterials via external fields is an attractive processing tool for industry as it is inherently inexpensive and flexible. Direct observations of this process are however challenging due to the nano and meso length scales involved. The self-assembly of magnetic nanoparticles in particular has gained much recent interest for applications ranging from biomedical imaging and targeted cancer therapy to ferrofluid mechanical damping devices, that rely on the state of aggregation and alignment of the nanoparticles. We utilize an oil–water platform to directly observe directed self-assembly of magnetic nanoparticles that are field ordered into two-dimensional mesostructures through the fossilized liquid assembly (FLA) method. Our system consisted of polymer-coated iron-oxide nanoparticles (25 nm) which were assembled in the vicinity of the interface between a crosslinkable hydrophobic monomer (UV-polymerizable) oil, and water through the use of external magnetic fields, and then cured with UV light. This flash curing system effectively provides a snapshot of the assembly process and allows for direct visualization of assemblies through the use of both atomic force and optical microscopy. In this study, entire magnetic flux field lines in various geometrical configurations were successfully modelled and mapped out by the magnetic nanoparticles, both in-plane and in perpendicular orientations utilizing FLA. The assemblies showed strong directional selectivity and alignment with the flux field lines and provided evidence of strong dipole interactions which partially caused aggregate sedimentation.
The effects of critical charge variance on space upset rate

Sources of variance that may significantly affect space upset rate are analyzed and reduced to two main cases. Also, the current method of extracting critical charge from ground test data is noted to be inadequate for the most general case. Variance is propagated in the rounded shape model and applied to fitting the device cross section. The experience with this fitting generally supports the contribution of variance to the shape of the cross section. Then variance is propagated in the space upset rate and it is found that variance can be, but is not always, important. The result shows that variance is at least a nuisance, since it must be removed from the cross section in order to obtain model parameters.
High Temperature Testing of Polyester Castings and Laminates

Abstract Results of six months’ tests of castings of three polyesters and three months’ testing of laminates of the same materials in eight corrodents at 210 F are given. Corrodents were 5 percent nitric, 25 percent sulfuric, 25 percent acetic and 15 percent hydrochloric acids; 5 percent sodium hydroxide, an alkaline detergent, a bleach (5.25 sodium hypochlorite) and distilled water. Under conditions of the tests, a bisphenol-based polyester has significantly better resistance than a general purpose polyester or an isophthalic polyester. Test data are given in percentage retention of flexural strength, modulus of elasticity and hardness. 3.2
Calcium-Induced Interactions of Calmodulin Domains Revealed by Quantitative Thrombin Footprinting of Arg37 and Arg106†

Calcium-dependent conformational states of calmodulin (CaM) were probed by thrombin to determine quantitative differences in the susceptibility of two bonds: Arg37-Ser38 (R37-S38, near site I in the N-terminal domain) and Arg106-His107 (R106-H107, near site III in the C-terminal domain). Quantitative thrombin footprinting of a discontinuous equilibrium calcium titration of wild-type calmodulin showed that the R37-S38 bond of the apoprotein was cleaved at a barely detectable level while the R106-H107 bond was maximally susceptible. Calcium binding to sites III and IV monotonically protected R106-H107 from proteolysis; concomitantly, the susceptibility of R37-S38 increased. However, calcium binding to sites I and II protected R37-S38 from cleavage, yielding a peaked biphasic profile composed of equal and opposite transitions. Both bonds were fully protected when calmodulin was saturated with calcium. Susceptibility profiles resolved from the fractional abundance of primary cleavage products (peptides 1-37, 38-148, 1-106, 107-148) were interpreted as directly reflecting calcium-induced conformational changes in whole calmodulin; free energies of calcium binding and cooperativity were estimated. Secondary cleavage was never observed; both R37 and R106 were sites of thrombinolysis in whole calmodulin only. In studies of E140Q-CaM (having a mutation in site IV), the susceptibility of R37-S38 decreased monotonically. Thus, the biphasic character of cleavage of R37 in helix B was not intrinsic to that domain but depended on propagation of effects of calcium-induced changes in the C-terminal domain. The observed patterns of susceptibility indicated that partially saturated wild-type calmodulin adopts at least one intermediate conformation whose structure is determined by calcium-mediated interactions between the domains.
Cytochrome oxidase and its derivatives. VIII. Formation and properties of the ‘oxygenated’ from of cytochrome oxidase and its reconversion to ferrous and ferric oxidase

Abstract 1. The ‘oxygenated’ compound of cytochrome c oxidase used in our experiments is more stable than the compound of previous reports. It is quantitatively reversible to ferrous oxidase. 2. It is best formed with an excess of O 2 after reduction with a minimum amount of dithionite. It can also be formed at low O 2 tension, but then contains some ferric oxidase. 3. Its formation from ferrocyanide-reduced oxidase remains incomplete and subsequent reduction by dithionite is also incomplete. 4. Cyanide does not inhibit its formation from ferrous oxidase. If only ferricytochrome a but no ferricytochrome a 3 is reduced in the presence of cyanide by dithionite, there is no reaction with O 2 . 5. The anaerobic reduction of ‘oxygenated’ oxidase by dithionite is monophasic and fast. In contrast, that of ferric oxidase is biphasic, with an initial fast reduction of ferricytochrome a followed by a much slower reduction of ferricytochrome a 3 . The rate of cytochrome a , but not that of cytochrome a 3 reduction depends on dithionite concentration. 6. In the presence of dissolved O 2 , the ferric oxidase reduction comes to a temporary standstill when one-third of the absorbance increase at 444 mμ has been reached. 7. Ethyl hydrogen peroxide reacting with ferrous oxidase forms a compound similar to the ‘oxygenated’ compound. 8. Hydrogen donors known to react with peroxidase-H 2 O 2 complexes, particularly pyrogallol, accelerate the transformation of ‘oxygenated’ to ferric oxidase, though not at a rate comparable to that of cytochrome c . 9. These results strengthen the evidence for cytochromes a and a 3 but indicate that this difference has disappeared in ‘oxygenated’ oxidase.
The young age of Earth

Patterson (1956) established that the age of Earth is close to that of meteorites. Over the last 20 years, workers argued for younger age for core differentiation based on Pb-Pb model ages and tungsten isotopic data and for gas retention based on I-Xe modeling. However, disagreement is abundant, and the young age of Earth has not been widely accepted. In this work, I examine all radiogenic noble gases in the atmosphere and use a model-independent approach and total inversion to show that (1) the Xe-closure age of Earth is 109 ± 23 million years younger than the formation of meteorite Bjurbole (∼4560 Ma) and (2) all radiogenic components of noble gases in the atmosphere can be quantitatively accounted for by production and degassing ∼60% of the bulk silicate earth. The agreement between the 129I-129Xe clock and 244Pu-238U-136Xe-134Xe-132Xe-131Xe clock suggests that the volatility of iodine does not affect the 129I-129Xe clock. Earth’s Xe-closure age is 4.45 ± 0.02 Ga, consistent with the model age of Pb and the 146Sm-142Nd, 147Sm-143Nd and 182Hf-182W systematics. On the basis of the consistency of these ages, 4.45 ± 0.02 Ga probably represents the time when the last Martian-sized planetesimal hit Earth and reinitialized the global clocks.
Impaired source memory in huntington's disease and its relation to basal ganglia atrophy

Memory for contrived facts and the source of those facts was assessed in a group of early-stage HD patients and an age- and education-equated group of healthy control subjects. Fact recall did not differ significantly between the groups, but erroneous source attributions were more common among the HD patients. Like individuals with frontal lobe damage, HD patients have impaired memory for the source of learned information. Volume of the left caudate nucleus on MRI scans correlated with fact recall and source memory measures. These results suggest that this nucleus, or its neocortical projections, play an important role in the coding of context.
Movement and reaction times and fine coordination tasks following pallidotomy.

The effect of a unilateral, microelectrode-guided lesion in the globus pallidum internum (GPi) was evaluated in 41 patients (21 women) with moderately advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). The mean age was 60.3 ± 9.0 years (range, 40–74) and the mean symptom duration was 14.7 ± 5.3 years (range, 4–25). In addition to clinical ratings, movement time (MT) and reaction time (RT) tests were performed at baseline and 3 months after surgery during the “practically defined off” state (more than 12 hours after the last dose of levodopa). Improvement occurred bilaterally with more robust and statistically significant improvement on the contralateral side in all RT tests. Simple reaction time (SRT) improved by 14.5% (p < 0.001) and the choice reaction time (CRT) by 12.2% (p < 0.001) when the arm contralateral to the pallidotomy side was tested. There was a trend toward improvement in the ipsilateral arm. The MT, determined by repetitive movement between two adjacent targets, improved by 24% contralaterally (p < 0.0001) and by 12% ipsilaterally (p < 0.005). In addition, the Purdue Pegboard (PP) test scores, used to evaluate hand dexterity, improved on the contralateral side by 35.5% (p < 0.0002) but there was no statistically significant ipsilateral improvement. To the extent that MT and RT are quantitative measures of bradykinesia, our study provides evidence that this parkinsonian feature improves after pallidotomy.
Delay-Dependent Criteria for Robust Stabilization of Markovian Switching Networks with Time-Varying Delay

A problem of feedback stabilization of hybrid systems with time-varying delay and Markovian switching is considered. Delay-dependent sufficient conditions for stability based on linear matrix inequalities (LMI's) for stochastic asymptotic stability is obtained. The stability result depended on the mode of the system and of delay-dependent. The robustness results of such stability concept against all admissible uncertainties are also investigated. This new delay-dependent stability criteria is less conservative than the existing delay-independent stability conditions. An example is given to demonstrate the obtained results.
Histologic Lesions in Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) Naturally Infected with Simian Retrovirus Type D: Comparison of Seropositive, Virus-Positive, and Uninfected Animals

Simian retrovirus (SRV) type D is a common cause of simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (SAIDS), a usually fatal immunosuppressive disease of macaques. Associated gross and histologic lesions have been well described for the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) in experimental and natural infections. However, morphologic changes induced by this virus at the gross and light-microscopic level have not been documented in the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis). In 1996, sporadic cases of anemia, weight loss, and diarrhea were noted in a colony of cynomolgus macaques in our research facility. Out of 28 animals, 24 tested positive for SRV by serology or virus isolation. Animals could mainly be classified into 1 of 2 categories: 1) positive for virus isolation but negative for SRV antibody and 2) negative for virus isolation but antibody positive. During the process of eliminating the virus from the colony, a complete postmortem examination was performed on the 24 infected animals that had to be culled. Twelve SRV-negative animals were available as controls. Minimal to mild follicular lymphoid infiltrates were seen in various organ systems in 75% of the negative animals, compared with moderate to marked infiltrates in 83% of infected animals. Lymphoid infiltrates were more common in the brain, bone marrow, and salivary gland of viremic animals and were rare to nonexistent in seropositive or negative animals. Lymphoid hyperplasia was present in 38% of the infected animals, whereas lymphoid depletion was seen in 47% of the infected animals. Overall, lesions were of greater severity in viremic animals than in virus-negative or seropositive animals. Overall, infected animals had lower, statistically significant hematocrit and lymphocyte values. Viremic animals had significantly lower hematocrit, white blood cell, lymphocyte, and neutrophil values than did controls. Only 1 out of 24 infected animals had clinical signs that were consistent with the definition of SAIDS, and none had evidence of opportunistic infections. Lesions were similar to those already reported in other species of macaques, but the absence of severe illness that was consistent with SAIDS in most viremic animals suggests that there may be a different manifestation of disease in the cynomolgus.
Application of acyl cyanophosphorane methodology to the synthesis of protease inhibitors: poststatin, eurystatin, phebestin, probestin and bestatin

Full details are given for the syntheses of the protease inhibitors, poststatin and eurystatin by the acyl cyanophosphorane coupling procedure used for the formation of α-keto amides. We have also extended this methodology to the syntheses of the related α-hydroxy amide natural products, phebestin, probestin and bestatin. The key step in the latter synthetic sequences involved diastereomeric selectivity in the reduction of the α-keto precursor to the corresponding α-hydroxy amide by the use of zinc borohydride.
Impact of entrepreneurial and management experience on early performance

Venture capitalists have traditionally heavily weighted the previous experience, especially entrepreneurial experience, of the lead entrepreneur in their evaluation of the attractiveness of new ventures. This study quantitatively measures the relative early performance impact of this experience factor as well as the impact of several other experience and firm characteristics. Measurements were obtained on the environment, strategy, type of organization, entrepreneur's personality and attitude, and various measurements on the experience of entrepreneur and the team. The data were obtained in personal interviews with the chief executives of 52 new technical ventures in the New York/New England area. The entrepreneurial experience, namely the number of previous new venture involvements and the level of the management role played in such ventures was by far the most significant factor. Other experience factors such as age, years of business, management, and technical experience, various dimensions of the entrepreneurial team's experience, etc., were not significantly related to performance. Interestingly, advanced education beyond the bachelor's degree did not help but was negatively related to performance. The best way to learn about making a company successful is to work in, or better to run a new firm. Time spent in new ventures is dramatically more valuable than time spent in school or large firms. Therefore venture capitalists are correct in emphasizing previous entrepreneurial experience in their evaluation. On the other hand, general business, management, or technical experience may be over-emphasized in a venture capitalist's evaluations. Also those considering an entrepreneurial career would be wise to seek involvement or employment in new or newly established firms. Although the average personality of the entrepreneurs was similar to that observed by other researchers, personality was not a factor in firm performance. Certain personality types might tend
Faces from sketches: a subspace synthesis approach

In real life scenario, we may be interested in face recognition for identification purpose when we only got sketch of the face images, for example, when police tries to identify criminals based on sketches of suspect, which is drawn by artists according to description of witnesses, what they have in hand is a sketch of suspects, and many real face image acquired from video surveillance. So far the state-of-the-art approach toward this problem tries to transform all real face images into sketches and perform recognition on sketch domain. In our approach we propose the opposite which is a better approach; we propose to generate a realistic face image from the composite sketch using a Hybrid subspace method and then build an illumination tolerant correlation filter which can recognize the person under different illumination variations. We show experimental results on our approach on the CMU PIE (Pose Illumination and Expression) database on the effectiveness of our novel approach.
Radiologic evaluation of aortic dissection.

The radiologic assessment of patients suspected of having an aortic dissection must be based on an understanding of the treatment options and how these are to be employed in any clinical setting. The appropriate selection and timing of imaging studies is crucial. The diagnosis of dissection must be quickly confirmed, other diseases that mimic dissection must be excluded, and the type and extent of dissection must be established so that appropriate therapy can be instituted. Although computed tomography, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and echocardiography greatly enhanced the ability to evaluate the aorta by noninvasive means, aortography remains the examination of choice for defining the vascular anatomy, especially when surgical intervention is considered. MR imaging may become the primary examination for the initial and subsequent evaluation of acute and chronic dissections as MR angiographic techniques improve and changes are made in monitoring equipment to allow the safe examination of acutely ill p...
THE BRANE-WORLD FROM SUPERSYMMETRIC DOMAIN WALLS

We show that the Randall-Sundrum brane-world may be realized in terms of a doubled D3-brane configuration of type IIB theory. We demonstrate the supersymmetry of this realization and indicate how it overcomes previous supersymmetric no-go theorems.
Endothelial α2-adrenoceptors in canine pulmonary and systemic blood vessels

Abstract The present study was designed to determine whether α2-adrenoceptors mediate endothelium-dependent relaxations in veins and arteries of the pulmonary and systemic vasculature of the dog. Rings of either pulmonary or femoral artery and vein with and without endothelium were suspended for isometric force measurements in a buffered salt solution (37°C; gassed with 95% O2 and 5% CO2). Removal of the endothelium caused a shift to the left of the concentration-response curves to epinephrine, norepinephrine and the selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist UK 14,304, but not of that to the selective α1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine. In the presence of α1- and β-adrenoceptor blockers, norepinephrine and UK 14,304 initiated relaxations of previously contracted rings. These relaxations were inhibited by the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, rauwolscine, and were absent in rings without endothelium. In the pulmonary artery and femoral vein, the endothelium-dependent responses to UK 14,304 were masked in part by direct α2-adrenergic activation of the vascular smooth muscle.
Use of a novel outbred by inbred F1 cross to detect genetic markers for growth.

Summary A unique outbred by inbred F1 resource population was established. The population structure facilitated the unique opportunity of examining gene by genetic background interaction through crossing two modern broiler sires with dams from two unrelated inbred lines, with no selection for growth rate, to produce about 600 F1 chicks. Pools of DNA were generated from the phenotypic extremes (20% high and low) for 8-week body weight for each of the four combinations of sire and dam line. For one sire family, pools were also separately generated for each sex. The pools were genoyped with 25 informative (segregating) microsatellites. This unique F1 cross between outbred and inbred populations allowed use of the inbred alleles as an ‘internal control’ for polymerase chain reaction amplification quality in DNA pools. Ten microsatellites showed marked differences (P < 0.05) in allele frequencies between high and low pools, suggesting an association between marker and quantitative trait loci (QTL). These differences were verified using selective genotyping. For many markers, differences in allele frequencies between the high and the low pools, or marker effect, varied between the two dam lines and the two sexes, suggesting an interaction between some genes and the genetic background as represented by different dam lines or sexes. The suggestive marker–QTL associations identified in this F1 population demonstrate the efficiency of this population design while different QTL effects in different genetic line crosses and sexes highlight the importance of gene by genetic background interaction in QTL detection.