cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Centralized sanctioning and legitimate authority promote cooperation in humans

Social sanctioning is widely considered a successful strategy to promote cooperation among humans. In situations in which individual and collective interests are at odds, incentives to free-ride induce individuals to refrain from contributing to public goods provision. Experimental evidence from public goods games shows that when endowed with sanctioning powers, conditional cooperators can discipline defectors, thus leading to greater levels of cooperation. However, extant evidence is based on peer punishment institutions, whereas in complex societies, systems of control are often centralized: for instance, we do not sanction our neighbors for driving too fast, the police do. Here we show the effect of centralized sanctioning and legitimate authority on cooperation. We designed an adaptation of the public goods game in which sanctioning power is given to a single monitor, and we experimentally manipulated the process by which the monitor is chosen. To increase the external validity of the study, we conducted lab-in-the-field experiments involving 1,543 Ugandan farmers from 50 producer cooperatives. This research provides evidence of the effectiveness of centralized sanctioning and demonstrates the causal effect of legitimacy on cooperation: participants are more responsive to the authority of an elected monitor than a randomly chosen monitor. Our essay contributes to the literature on the evolution of cooperation by introducing the idea of role differentiation. In complex societies, cooperative behavior is not only sustained by mechanisms of selection and reciprocity among peers, but also by the legitimacy that certain actors derive from their position in the social hierarchy.
Three-dimensional target visualization from wide-angle IFSAR data

We consider the problem of developing three-dimensional (3D) spatial representations of objects by processing sparse, wide-angle radar measurements of that object. We propose an approach in which multiple interferometric SAR (IFSAR) image pairs are obtained, each using a modest angular aperture. Each IFSAR image pair is used to extract 3D scattering locations and attributes, and these points are noncoherently combined to form object reconstructions. Volume rendering methods are employed to represent these spatial points and their attributes. Reconstruction results are presented using synthetically-generated, wide-angle scattering data of a backhoe.
Particle Swarm Optimization for classification of breast cancer data using single and multisurface methods of data separation

This paper exploits the simplicity, efficiency and flexibility of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) method to propose a single and multisurface based data separation methods for classification of Breast Cancer Data. Like most artificial intelligence based techniques the first step of the proposed approaches involve the training of the PSO-based classifiers according to pre-defined data separation methods, using part of the dataset for training. The performances of the classifiers are then tested on the remaining dataset to measure the classification accuracy. The training and testing datasets are derived from the Breast Cancer database obtained from the UCI machine learning repository. Both separation methods produce good classification performance; however, the method based on multiple separating surfaces achieves the best result of 100% classification accuracy on both the training and testing datasets.
Contractarianism and rational choice

Peter Vallentyne (ed.), Morals by Agreement (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991) pp.xvi + 339. $n.p. ISBN 0 521 39134 2.
How Postindustrial Families Talk

The nuclear family is both crucible and product of capitalism and modernity, carried forth and modified across generations through ordinary communicative and other social practices. Focusing on postindustrial middle-class families, this review analyzes key discursive practices that promote “the entrepreneurial child” who can display creative language and problem-solving skills requisite to enter the globalized knowledge class as adults. It also considers how the entrepreneurial thrust, including the democratization of the parent–child relationship and exercise of individual desire, complicates family cooperation. Family quality time, heightened child-centeredness, children's social involvement as parental endeavor, children's autonomy and freedom, and postindustrial intimacies organize how family members communicate from morning to night.
Life history variation in upper Columbia River Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): a comparison using modern and ~500-year-old archaeological otoliths

Conservation planning often occurs only after a species has been extirpated from portions of its historical range and limited information is available on life history diversity prior to development...
Challenges of DNA-Based Mark-Recapture Studies of American Black Bears

Abstract We explored whether genetic sampling would be feasible to provide a region-wide population estimate for American black bears (Ursus americanus) in the southern Appalachians, USA. Specifically, we determined whether adequate capture probabilities (p > 0.20) and population estimates with a low coefficient of variation (CV < 20%) could be achieved given typical agency budget and personnel constraints. We extracted DNA from hair collected from baited barbed-wire enclosures sampled over a 10-week period on 2 study areas: a high-density black bear population in a portion of Great Smoky Mountains National Park and a lower density population on National Forest lands in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. We identified individual bears by their unique genotypes obtained from 9 microsatellite loci. We sampled 129 and 60 different bears in the National Park and National Forest study areas, respectively, and applied closed mark–recapture models to estimate population abundance. Capture probabilities...
Knee X-Ray Image Analysis Method for Automated Detection of Osteoarthritis

We describe a method for automated detection of radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) in knee X-ray images. The detection is based on the Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) classification grades, which correspond to the different stages of OA severity. The classifier was built using manually classified X-rays, representing the first four KL grades ( normal, doubtful, minimal, and moderate). Image analysis is performed by first identifying a set of image content descriptors and image transforms that are informative for the detection of OA in the X-rays and assigning weights to these image features using Fisher scores. Then, a simple weighted nearest neighbor rule is used in order to predict the KL grade to which a given test X-ray sample belongs. The dataset used in the experiment contained 350 X-ray images classified manually by their KL grades. Experimental results show that moderate OA (KL grade 3) and minimal OA (KL grade 2) can be differentiated from normal cases with accuracy of 91.5% and 80.4%, respectively. Doubtful OA (KL grade 1) was detected automatically with a much lower accuracy of 57%. The source code developed and used in this study is available for free download at www.openmicroscopy.org.
Anomalously Low Surface Area and Density in the Silica—Alumina Gel System

A range of composition/processing conditions that yield xerogel surface areas 2 orders of magnitude lower than expected along with low skeletal densities has been discovered. For xerogel compositions in the vicinity of 50 wt% Al2O3, surface areas are 1 to 5 m2/g and skeletal densities are 2.1 to 2.2 g/cm3, as compared to the expected values of ∼300 m2/g and ∼2.6 g / cm3, respectively. This behavior is observed over a wide range of heat treatment temperatures (373 to 1073 K) and appears to be the result of closed porosity which evolves during gel drying.
A graduate course in software engineering

My part in this workshop is to describe the graduate software engineering course at UCSC, CMPE276, including the delivery mode, teaching and learning mechanisms, student profile, assessment methods, successes and problems, and improvements needed. The CMPE276 course gives students a strong background in software engineering. The traditional topics of software engineering are covered, using textbook readings, journal and conference papers.Students are required to prepare by commenting on their readings for each (or for every other) class meeting. The class sessions are spent as discussions woven together from the material in the students' comments. The students are graded on the technical quality of their comments. The students are graded on their class participation. In addition, students are graded on a final exam covering material from these readings and from small team projects which are presented to the class at the end of the quarter. Project topics are problems suggested by local companies.Topics have included: the design of an experiment to determine the "goodness" of a testing plan, the design and optional implementation of a system to promote a company's look and feel standard for user interfaces, investigation of defects found in a past release of software to determine effectiveness of development techniques, investigation of the process used for an inspection method of a requirements specification, and development of a model for software acquisition or internal development. Students are evaluated on their understanding of the theoretical basis of the problem as demonstrated in their written and oral reports, and their development of solutions to the stated problem.Most of the students in CMPE276 are computer science or engineering graduate students with some whose primary language is not English. Others come from other departments or from industry. Successes with this course include that my students read many (10-40) papers during the quarter.Critical to this is the required writing assignment for every paper, timely feedback, and timely discussion of the paper during class. Success with the project work requires readings that target relevant software engineering topics which provide a good starting point for the teams' project work. Benefits include "real world" experience and contacts for the students. Problems include slips in the schedules of the industry projects and trouble coordinating the communication between the company and students. Additional time management problems arise trying to return students' paper comments for each class session.One suggestion for improvement would be to ask students to evaluate each other's work. Also, a reduced collection of software engineering standards would be useful for the students for use in their project work.
PtrB of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Suppresses the Type III Secretion System under the Stress of DNA Damage

In a search for regulatory genes of the type III secretion system (TTSS) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, transposon (Tn5) insertional mutants of the prtR gene were found defective in the TTSS. PrtR is an inhibitor of prtN, which encodes a transcriptional activator for pyocin synthesis genes. In P. aeruginosa, pyocin synthesis is activated when PrtR is degraded during the SOS response. Treatment of a wild-type P. aeruginosa strain with mitomycin C, a DNA-damaging agent, resulted in the inhibition of TTSS activation. A prtR/prtN double mutant had the same TTSS defect as the prtR mutant, and complementation by a prtR gene but not by a prtN gene restored the TTSS function. Also, overexpression of the prtN gene in wild-type PAK had no effect on the TTSS; thus, PrtN is not involved in the repression of the TTSS. To identify the PrtR-regulated TTSS repressor, another round of Tn mutagenesis was carried out in the background of a prtR/prtN double mutant. Insertion in a small gene, designated ptrB, restored the normal TTSS activity. Expression of ptrB is specifically repressed by PrtR, and mitomycin C-mediated suppression of the TTSS is also abolished in a ptrB mutant strain. Therefore, PtrB is a new TTSS repressor that coordinates TTSS repression and pyocin synthesis under the stress of DNA damage.
Governing in the Vernacular: Eugen Ehrlich and Late Habsburg Ethnography

Eugen Ehrlich's vision for a "dynamic conception of law" in 1903 challenges prior focus on doctrine and logic with a demand that legal science direct attention to the "facts of daily life." Ehrlich's program -- his innovative conception of law and calls for a new sociology of law -- has been claimed as inspiration by those intent on modernizing law and state administration and by critics launching attacks on state fetishism. Between these extremes, Ehrlich's understudied ideas about implementing "living law" as a program for governance deserve re-examination.This Article, situating Ehrlich's work in the social, intellectual, and political milieu of late Habsburg Bukovina (then part of Austria, now Ukraine), shows that direct experience with pluralism and fluidity inform Ehrlich's conception of society as a living organism in constant flux. Ehrlich, searching for contemporary equipment adequate to this milieu, finds ethnography. In his work, ethnography emerges as not merely a matter of heuristics but of epistemology, a method of apprehending and studying "society," dynamically conceived. This version of ethnography becomes the centerpiece of Ehrlich's methodological program for making legal decisions. Ehrlich's radical proposal to the Free School is that, when facing gaps in the law, a judge's sense of what to do in an instant case be predominantly informed by studying current practice, operationalizing what I call a "user theory of rights." Understanding Ehrlich in either extreme -- as visionary foundation-layer for state renewal or as righteous critic of state fetishism -- miscomprehends Ehrlich and sells his work short. Ehrlich offers a different kind of authoritative discourse, different from existing science and law. Ethnography in his hands defies the boundary between the descriptive and the normative. Incorporating ethnography into the production of judicial decisions, Ehrlich recognizes his fellow citizens' practice as already law. His program could be read as a blueprint for governing in the vernacular where the ethnographer is a key link but does not claim to produce law or to know the right answers, offering instead observations of law that others are already practicing.
Challenging the No-Fly List: The Status of the Litigation after Five Years

Five years ago, thirteen United States citizens, aided by counsel from the American Civil Liberties Union, filed suit to challenge their suspected placement on the no-fly list. The plaintiffs raised both procedural and substantive due process challenges. Four years later, in June 2014, they prevailed on their initial claims — the United States District Court for the District of Oregon granted partial summary judgment in favor of the plaintiffs in Latif v. Holder, ruling that the government’s redress procedures violated the plaintiffs’ procedural due process rights. The court directed the government to adopt a new process that would inform the plaintiffs of their status on the no-fly list and permit them to offer evidence challenging their placement on the list. By January 2015, the government had issued letters to each of the plaintiffs with an update on their status, had removed seven of the thirteen plaintiffs from the list, and had provided the remaining plaintiffs with notice of some (though not all) of the reasons for their continued inclusion on the list. Although the points of contention have narrowed since the case was first filed, the most significant issues in the case are yet to be resolved: plaintiffs continue to challenge the revised travel procedure on both substantive and procedural due process grounds.
Chemical–Dynamical Coupling in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere

A chemistry climate model is used to illustrate several ways in which dynamics and chemistry are coupled in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (50–120 km in altitude). First the mean chemical state of the modeled atmosphere is presented, including the distribution of key radiatively-active species that determine heating and cooling rates. This is followed by a description of the major dynamical modes of variability resolved by the model, which span timescales from hours to seasons, and includes the mean meridional circulation, the upper atmospheric response to a sudden stratospheric warming, and upward propagating tidal modes. It is demonstrated that all these have significant effects on composition, either through advection, or by the temperature and pressure dependence of chemical reaction rates. For those constituents modified by dynamics that play a role in the energy budget, the potential for a feedback on the dynamics exists.
Reflex control of mesenteric vein diameter and pressure in situ in rabbits

We have directly demonstrated that the mesenteric veins actively constrict and dilate in response to reflex stimuli in the in situ preparation. A segment of small intestine of 23 chloralose-anesthetized rabbits was exposed in a specially designed bath. Small vein diameter and intravenous pressure (575-1,375 microns and 6.2-11.4 mmHg at rest, respectively) of the mesentery were measured continuously at the same site with the use of videomicrometer and micropressure systems during celiac ganglion stimulation (CGS), bilateral carotid occlusion (BCO), and aortic nerve stimulation (ANS). Innervation to the mesenteric vein was evident by a frequency-dependent venoconstriction in response to CGS, which was completely abolished by local application of tetrodotoxin. Vein diameter and intravenous pressure changed from an average of 1,042 +/- 32 to 1,003 +/- 32 microns (-3.8 +/- 0.3%, P less than 0.01) and from 8.1 +/- 0.3 to 9.0 +/- 0.3 mmHg (10.6 +/- 0.8%, P less than 0.01), respectively, during BCO. During ANS, vein diameter increased from 990 +/- 32 to 1,012 +/- 31 microns (2.4 +/- 0.2%, P less than 0.01), and intravenous pressure decreased from 8.5 +/- 0.3 to 7.9 +/- 0.2 mmHg (-6.1 +/- 0.6%, P less than 0.01), respectively. Vein diameter changes of -3.8 and 2.4% corresponded to volume changes of -7.6 and 4.9%, respectively. During BCO, vein diameter decreased while intravenous pressure increased, whereas during ANS vein diameter increased while intravenous pressure decreased. These results indicate that the reflex change in vein diameter is due to an active response.
In-class didactic versus self-directed teaching of the probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) criteria for Barrett's esophagus.

Background and aims: Optimal teaching methods for disease recognition using probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) have not been developed. Our aim was to compare in-class didactic teaching vs. self-directed teaching of Barrett’s neoplasia diagnosis using pCLE. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at a tertiary academic center. Study participants with no prior pCLE experience were randomized to in-class didactic (group 1) or self-directed teaching groups (group 2). For group 1, an expert conducted a classroom teaching session using standardized educational material. Participants in group 2 were provided with the same material on an audio PowerPoint. After initial training, all participants graded an initial set of 20 pCLE videos and reviewed correct responses with the expert (group 1) or on audio PowerPoint (group 2). Finally, all participants completed interpretations of a further 40 videos. Results: Eighteen trainees (8 medical students, 10 gastroenterology trainees) participated in the study. Overall diagnostic accuracy for neoplasia prediction by pCLE was 77 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 74.0 % – 79.2 %); of predictions made with high confidence (53 %), the accuracy was 85 % (95 %CI 81.8 % – 87.8 %). The overall accuracy and interobserver agreement was significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2 for all predictions (80.4 % vs. 73 %; P = 0.005) and for high confidence predictions (90 % vs. 80 %; P P = 0.04), mainly driven by a significant improvement in group 1 (74 % to 84 %; P P = 0.003). Conclusion: For novice trainees, in-class didactic teaching enables significantly better recognition of the pCLE features of Barrett’s esophagus than self-directed teaching. The in-class didactic group had a shorter learning curve and were able to achieve 90 % accuracy for their high confidence predictions.
Toxicity of L-Asparaginase to Resistant and Susceptible Lymphoma Cells in vitro∗:

Summary and conclusionsThe 6C3HED lymphoma which is susceptible to E. coli L-Ase in vivo, is also susceptible to E. coli L-Ase in vitro. The 6C3HED-ECLAR1 lymphoma which is resistant to E. coli L-Ase in vivo is also resistant to E. coli L-Ase in vitro. At 2 days of incubation, these cells respond to L-Ase concentrations of 1,000 to 10,000 fold of that needed to exert a cytotoxic effect upon the susceptible cell line. Spleen cells are approximately as resistant as the 6C3HED-ECLAR1 lymphoma. Thymus cells are more susceptible than spleen cells, but more resistant than the susceptible tumor cell line.
Angular momentum dependent orbital-free density functional theory: Formulation and implementation

Orbital-free density functional theory (OFDFT) directly solves for the ground-state electron density. It scales linearly with respect to system size, providing a promising tool for large-scale material simulations. Removal of the orbitals requires use of approximate noninteracting kinetic energy density functionals. If replacing ionic cores with pseudopotentials, removal of the orbitals also requires these pseudopotentials to be local. These are two severe challenges to the capabilities of conventional OFDFT. While main group elements are often well described within conventional OFDFT, transition metals remain intractable due to their localized $d$ electrons. To advance the accuracy and general applicability of OFDFT, we have recently reported a general angular momentum dependent formulation as a next-generation OFDFT. In this formalism, we incorporate the angular momenta of electrons by devising a hybrid scheme based on a muffin tin geometry: inside spheres centered at the ionic cores, the electron density is expanded in a set of atom-centered basis functions combined with an onsite density matrix. The explicit treatment of the angular momenta of electrons provides an important basis for accurately describing the important ionic core region, which is not possible in conventional OFDFT. In addition to the conventional OFDFT total energy functional, we introduce a nonlocal energy term containing a set of angular momentum dependent energies to correct the errors due to the approximate kinetic energy density functional and local pseudopotentials. Our approach greatly increases the accuracy of OFDFT while largely preserving its numerical simplicity. Here, we provide details of the theoretical formulation and practical implementation, including the hybrid scheme, the derivation of the nonlocal energy term, the choice of basis functions, the direct minimization of the total energy, the procedure to determine the angular momentum dependent energies, the force formula with Pulay correction, and the solution to emerging numerical instability. To test the angular momentum dependent OFDFT formalism and its numerical implementations, we calculate a diverse set of properties of the transition metal Ti and compare with different levels of DFT approximation. The results suggest that angular momentum dependent OFDFT ultimately will extend the reliable reach of OFDFT to the rest of the periodic table.
How Accurate are Case Records

JT IS now nearly half a century since Ebbinghaus1 gave to the scientific world the results of his painstaking experiment, and some thirty years since Minsterberg2 attempted to give practical application to the findings concerning recall. To one who explores the fields of pure and applied experimental inquiry into the functioning of memory, the above contributions serve as mile posts. They indicate directions toward well defined highways of thought and experimentation. They must not, however, be regarded as the beginning of this trail. The development of any science is a record of the gradual replacing of inexact knowledge contained in the folk wisdom with the ordered and tested knowledge which proceeds from thorough-going investigation and laboratory experiment. The attempt on the part of the growing science of psychology to stake out the domain of memory as its own does not imply that the field has been untouched prior to this time. The steps from folk wisdom through philosophy and qualitative analysis finally to that of quantitative analysis do not necessarily make invalid that which the unordered experience of a people has revealed as fact. Quite in contrast, many of the findings of science only verify and establish by ordered procedure that which is already well known from the common experience of the group. Thus to relate that from early time men have distinguished between recognition and recall and that they have drawn lines of demarcation between imagination and memory should offer us no surprise. The narrators of early folk tales on occasion must have been aware of discrepancies in accounts related at different times or by different individuals. It may be that reserving the prerogatives of narration to the elders was an attempt to prevent too great alteration of folk wisdom and legends. Any ordered or critical examination into the field of memory had to await a certain liberation from theological conceptions and from ideas of spirit causation. These by their very nature establish a taboo on explanations in conflict with current mores. That traditional explanations of memory were seldom questioned in early American society is evident from long periods of time for which Poole's Index indicates no contribution. In the third quarter of the nineteenth century, however, discussions became more numerous. In these, philosophical interpretations began to replace theological. The first study3 assuming experimental proportions appeared in the Popular Science Monthly in I 87z. Without doubt the experiments of Ebbinghaus4 marked the real beginning of the quantitative approach. His work on the rate of forgetting is too well known to demand description at this point. It is perhaps unfair to the unknown writer of I87z to credit to a contribution of later date the establishment of the scientific 1 Von Herm Ebbinghaus, "Ueber das Gedachtnis," Intersuchungen zur Experimentellen Psychologie, i885 (Book Review). 2 Miinsterberg, On the Witness Stand, Clark Board-
Determination of lead in high salt samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with carbon and ammonium nitrate as matrix modifier

Objective:To establish a cryogenic atomic method for determination of lead.Methods: Combined with ammonium nitrate,the toners was added into graphite tube as matrix modifier,then the content of lead in high salt samples was determined at lower atomic temperature.Results: The linear range of the method was 0.00 μg/L～8.00 μg/L(r=0.999),the recovery was 94.4%～105.3%,the RSD(%) was 0.92%～4.1% and the detection limit was 5.0 μg/L.Conclusion: The method can be applied to determination of lead level in soy sauce and urine with satisfied results due to high sensitivity,low detection limit,good precision and reliable accuracy.
Depression of some drug-induced in vivo changes of cerebellar guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate by control of motor and respiratory responses.

Paralysis of rats with d -tubocurarine and maintanence of normal arterial pH, CO 2 and O 2 tensions reduced cerebellar cGMP to values only one fourth to one third that of spontaneously roving animals. Since administration of d -tubocurarine intracisternally elevated rather than decreased cerebellar cGMP, the decrease in nucleotide content may be a result of decreased motor behavior and subsequent cerebellar afferent stimulation. In paralyzed rats an increasing mechanical distortion of the chest by increasing tidal volumes raised cerebellar cGMP when arterial gas tensions were held constant. The relative decreases in cerebellar cGMP produced by pentobarbital, ethanol, and halothane in spontaneously active rats were sharply reduced in paralyzed rats. The magnitude of cGMP elevation produced by some drugs (thyrotropin releasing hormone, apomorphine) is also reduced when secondary motor and respiratory effects of these drugs are prevented, whereas the increase produced by harmaline is not altered. Systematic variations of arterial CO 2 and O 2 tensions revealed a negative correlation between the log cGMP content with arterial CO 2 tension and a positive correlation of the log arterial O 2 tension with cerebellar cGMP content in hypercarbic rats. It is concluded that a significant portion of the drug-induced changes in cerebellar cGMP content produced in vivo may be secondary to altered motor and/or respiratory actions of these drugs.
The utility of ct and MRI in diagnosis and image guided therapy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands

Thomas C. Lee was raised in Toronto, Canada. He received his bachelor’s degree in Biochemical Studies at Harvard College and medical degree from McGill University. After completing a radiology residency and neuroradiology fellowship at the University of Toronto, he became an attending at Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, Massachusetts and instructor of radiology at Harvard Medical School. In early 2013 he became assistant section head of neuroradiology at Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. Currently he is co-authoring the neuroradiology textbook for Netter’s Correlative Imaging series to be completed this year. The utility of ct and MRI in diagnosis and image guided therapy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands
Decentralized Resource Management and Fault-Tolerance for Distributed CORBA Applications

Assigning an applications fault-tolerance properties (e.g., replication style, checkpointing frequency) statically, and in an arbitrary manner, can lead to the application not achieving its target resilience and performance. The resource management infrastructure that we have developed transparently determines a CORBA applications resource usage and its rate/pattern of invocation across a distributed system. Using this information, our infrastructure makes more informed decisions about the applications fault-tolerance properties, and dynamically adapts these decisions, as faults occur, and as resources are added and removed from the system. We have designed our prototype to be decentralized so that it is scalable and does not itself constitute a single point of failure.
Within and between-day reliability of energetic cost measures during treadmill walking

AbstractThe efficacy of assistive devices used during walking is often measured as a reduction in metabolic cost. Metabolic cost is typically assessed within a day or on multiple days, yet the benefit of performing within-day vs. between-day metabolic assessments is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the within-day minimal detectable change of standard measures of physiologic performance using a conventional portable metabolic system (K4b2 Cosmed, Rome, Italy), and compare these to between-day values. Twenty healthy adults completed two identical data collection sessions on separate days. In each session they performed three bouts of treadmill walking interspersed with three bouts of rest while oxygen consumption (VO2˙), carbon dioxide production, and heart rate were measured. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and minimal detectable change values were calculated for non-resting within-day, as well as all between-day comparisons. All within-day measures were clinically reliable (IC...
A feasibility study of a deuterium-deuterium neutron generator-based boron neutron capture therapy system for treatment of brain tumors

Purpose Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a binary treatment modality that uses high LET particles to achieve tumor cell killing. Deuterium-deuterium (DD) compact neutron generators have advantages over nuclear reactors and large accelerators as the BNCT neutron source, such as their compact size, low cost, and relatively easy installation. The purpose of this study is to design a beam shaping assembly (BSA) for a DD neutron generator and assess the potential of a DD-based BNCT system using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Methods The MC model consisted of a head phantom, a DD neutron source, and a BSA. The head phantom had tally cylinders along the centerline for computing neutron and photon fluences and calculating the dose as a function of depth. The head phantom was placed at 4 cm from the BSA. The neutron source was modeled to resemble the source of our current DD neutron generator. A BSA was designed to moderate and shape the 2.45-MeV DD neutrons to the epithermal (0.5 eV to 10 keV) range. The BSA had multiple components, including moderator, reflector, collimator, and filter. Various materials and configurations were tested for each component. Each BSA layout was assessed in terms of the in-air and in-phantom parameters. The maximum brain dose was limited to 12.5 Gray-Equivalent (Gy-Eq) and the skin dose to 18 Gy-Eq. Results The optimized BSA configuration included 30 cm of lead for reflector, 45 cm of LiF, and 10 cm of MgF2 for moderator, 10 cm of lead for collimator, and 0.1 mm of cadmium for thermal neutron filter. Epithermal flux at the beam aperture was 1.0 × 105 nepi /cm2 -s; thermal-to-epithermal neutron ratio was 0.05; fast neutron dose per epithermal was 5.5 × 10-13 Gy-cm2 /φepi , and photon dose per epithermal was 2.4 × 10-13 Gy-cm2 /φepi . The AD, AR, and the advantage depth dose rate were 12.1 cm, 3.7, and 3.2 × 10-3 cGy-Eq/min, respectively. The maximum skin dose was 0.56 Gy-Eq. The DD neutron yield that is needed to irradiate in reasonable time was 4.9 × 1013 n/s. Conclusions Results demonstrated that a DD-based BNCT system could be designed to produce neutron beams that have acceptable in-air and in-phantom characteristics. The parameter values were comparable to those of existing BNCT facilities. Continuing efforts are ongoing to improve the DD neutron yield.
Landscape trends in small mammal occupancy in the Makira–Masoala protected areas, northeastern Madagascar

Madagascar’s native small mammals (Tenrecidae and Nesomyinae) are understudied. To help fill these knowledge gaps, we analyzed 1,575 detections of small mammals obtained during camera-trap surveys at 7 sites in northeastern Madagascar (2008–2011) using single-season occupancy analyses in program PRESENCE. We estimated landscape occupancy and detection probabilities of tufted-tailed rats ( Eliurus spp.), red forest rats ( Nesomys spp.), greater hedgehog tenrecs ( Setifer setosus ), and common tenrecs ( Tenrec ecaudatus ) and examined how these parameters responded to habitat characteristics, habitat degradation, and the trap success of native and exotic carnivorans. Only Nesomys showed a marked difference in mean occupancy between intact (ψ = 0.71 ± SE 0.06), intermediately degraded (ψ = 0.23 ± SE 0.05), and degraded (ψ = 0.34 ± SE 0.06) forest sites. Only Nesomys and Setifer occupancy was strongly influenced by habitat characteristics; Nesomys occupancy was positively related to distance away from forest edge (β = 1.39 ± SE 0.27) and percent rainforest cover (β = 1.89 ± SE 0.39), and Setifer occupancy negatively related to average canopy height (β = −0.52 ± SE 0.25). We found trap success of exotic carnivorans had little influence on small mammal occupancy and detection probabilities (with the exception of Eliurus ). We suggest that camera traps are a valid method for studying aspects of small mammal ecology, but caution researchers to consider characteristics of camera traps (e.g., trigger speed) to increase potential inference.
Gravitational Waves from Primordial Black Holes and New Weak Scale Phenomena

Abstract We entertain the possibility that primordial black holes of mass ∼ ( 10 26 – 10 29 ) g , with Schwarzschild radii of O ( cm ) , constitute ∼ 10 % or more of cosmic dark matter, as allowed by various constraints. These black holes would typically originate from cosmological eras corresponding to temperatures O ( 10 – 100 ) GeV , and may be associated with first order phase transitions in the visible or hidden sectors. In case these small primordial black holes get captured in orbits around neutron stars or astrophysical black holes in our galactic neighborhood, gravitational waves from the resulting “David and Goliath (D&G)” binaries could be detectable at Advanced LIGO or Advanced Virgo for hours or more, possibly over distances of O ( 10 ) Mpc encompassing the Local Supercluster of galaxies. The proposed Einstein Telescope would further expand the reach for these signals. A positive signal could be further corroborated by the discovery of new particles in the O ( 10 – 100 ) GeV mass range, and potentially also the detection of long wavelength gravitational waves originating from the first order phase transition era.
Policy Feedback in the Public–Private Welfare State: Advocacy Groups and Access to Government Homeownership Programs, 1934–1954

Scholarship on the U.S. public–private welfare state has pointed to the ways in which indirect, market-based channels of social policy provision often obscure the role of the government from many citizens who use these programs. This article argues that the same mechanisms that often depoliticize public–private policies for citizens who already benefit from them may actually politicize them for citizens who are unable to access those benefits. Focusing on the responses of black civil rights and veterans advocacy groups to the shortcomings of the Federal Housing Administration and the early GI Bill, it shows that public–private policies can draw advocacy groups, providers, and the state into conflicts over the terms of access. Despite facing very different challenges and bringing very different political capacities to bear, these two types of groups followed precisely the same processes of political mobilization and contestation in each case: First, they aggregated individual grievances into broader collective problems. Then, they traced those problems not to impersonal market mechanisms but to government policies and state authority. Finally, they pushed for reform across multiple venues to expand access for their members. By explicating these recurrent political dynamics, this article contributes to our understanding of policy feedback in the public–private welfare state and highlights the role of advocacy groups in helping to reshape the state's capacity to govern in a policy arena that is often characterized as dominated by third-party providers.
Evolution of the Definition of "Autism" in the Twentieth Century (P05.262)

OBJECTIVE: To identify changes in the definition and usage of the term “autism” in the 20th century. BACKGROUND: Autism is now considered a general term for a group of complex disorders of brain development. While autism is considered a common diagnosis, it is still poorly understood and the clinical features required for diagnosis have evolved over time. Our current diagnostic criteria for autism have provided greater consistency in diagnosis, but at the same time, are often quite different from those used when the condition was first identified. We will describe the changing patterns of autism diagnosis, from a term used for withdrawn schizophrenics to its current DSM-IV definition. Understanding these changes will provide a framework for understanding the current “epidemic” of autism. DESIGN/METHODS: Pubmed and Google Scholar search with review of DSM. RESULTS: Autism was first introduced in the medical literature in 1910 (Bleuler) to describe a behavior seen in schizophrenic patients. That view of autism as being related to schizophrenia prevailed (Kanner, 1943; DSM-I, 1952; Bettelheim, 1967) until the 1970s. The thinking that autism is a developmental disorder with early onset and due to an intrinsic disability of social awareness and difficulty with social engagement gained acceptance only in the latter half of the 20th century. A detailed timeline of key publications and their effects on autism thinking will be presented. CONCLUSIONS: The definition and use or the term “autism” has greatly evolved over the course of the last century to the currently defined by DSM IV criteria. These changes, in turn, have affected the diagnosis and management of this condition. Disclosure: Dr. Verbelchuk has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kwon has nothing to disclose.
Feasibility of a Manualized Occupation-Based Diabetes Management Intervention.

Objective We investigated the feasibility and acceptability of an occupational therapy intervention targeting diabetes management for underserved young adults. Method Eight participants completed the intervention and a battery of assessments at baseline and after the intervention. At completion, the participants and occupational therapist were interviewed about their experiences with the study. Four categories of assessment questions were used to guide the study: process, resource, management, and scientific. Results Successes included recruitment; fulfillment of tasks by staff and partnering clinics; adequate space, financial support, and equipment; and meaningfulness of the intervention for participants. Challenges included scheduling participants for the intervention and follow-up focus groups and providing client centeredness and flexibility while reducing burden on the intervener. Conclusion This feasibility study allowed us to make necessary revisions to our study protocol before implementing a larger pilot study.
Application of water activity-based theory for moisture diffusion in electronic packages using ANSYS

Polymeric materials used in electronic packages can absorb moisture from ambient environment, causing moisture-related reliability issues. To model moisture diffusion, concentration-based theory has been widely used, assuming the driving force as the gradient of moisture concentration. However, moisture concentration becomes discontinuous at material interface, which creates great numerical difficulty in multi-material systems. While several normalization schemes were developed to mitigate the issue, much confusion still exists regarding the principle of moisture diffusion. Meanwhile, an activity-based theory was recently developed according to the fundamental moisture diffusion mechanism: water transports from a high water activity region to a low one. Unlike moisture concentration, water activity is a state variable and is always continuous at material interface. These concepts of water activity-based theory, however, have not been well recognized in electronic packaging industry. In this paper, a unified activity-based diffusion theory was implemented in commercial finite element software (ANSYS) to study moisture diffusion in electronic packages. We showed that the original theory can be simplified by using temperature-dependent generalized solubility (which corresponds to a temperature-dependent Henry's law). The new theory has no issue of interface discontinuity since water activity is always continuous. We also showed that the activity-based model can be used to unify the existing normalized concentration-based theories. The activity-based theory was then implemented using concentration-activity analogy within ANSYS computational framework. The coupled field elements, however, must be adopted as diffusion-only element in ANSYS cannot consider temperature-dependent material property. As a validation, numerical study was conducted to model moisture diffusion through a bi-material interface under dynamic temperature and humidity conditions. Great agreement was obtained between the ANSYS results and the literature data. We concluded that the unified activity-based diffusion theory is effective for modeling moisture diffusion in electronic packages.
Benefits to breeds by using the hip and elbow health scheme.

I would like to thank Pauline Tolhurst for her letter in last week’s issue encouraging vets who take diagnostic x-rays for hip and elbow dysplasia screening to ensure all x-rays are submitted to the BVA/Kennel Club Canine Health Schemes ( VR , 28 July 2018, vol 183, p …
Antisemitism for Popular Consumption: Selections from the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion

These Protocols give the substance of addresses delivered to the innermost circle of the Rulers of Zion … Parts and summaries of the plan have been published from time to time during the centuries as the secrets of the Elders have leaked out … It demonstrates that the Jews are now a world menace and that the Aryan races will have to domicile them permanently out of Europe. Who are the Elders? This is a secret which has not been revealed. They are the Hidden Hand.
Multiresolution earth remote sensing approach

Satellite and airborne remote sensing results are shown and indicate the need for continued development of simultaneous use of sensors systems on the same platform, simultaneously collecting imagery at different spectral and spatial resolutions. When multiresolution imagery is collected simultaneously, high quality spatial and spectral image fusion techniques can be applied to the different sensor field of views that helps to improve detection of earth surface features and targets. Multispectral imagery fused with hyperspectral imagery described and results shown in this paper indicates the ability to detect subsurface water features along Florida littoral zones and coastal water regions. The use of multiresolution imaging from the same remote sensing platform provides a valuable approach for detecting sun glint regions and reflectance due to water wave facets and the presence of breaking waves. In littoral regions along Space Coast Florida and the Indian River Lagoon, surface bidirectional reflectance increases 5-6 times the background water surface reflectance, making typical water column constituent estimation questionable. The detection of the influence of surface water gravity waves can be modeled or easily detected using ground sampling distances or spatial resolutions less than or near 0.3 m. Spatial resolutions of approximately one meter or greater do not allow suitable detection of pixels affected by water waves. Satellite imagery based directional reflectance using ground sampling distance greater than 1 meter is contaminated by water wave facet reflection, breaking waves and sun glint effects. Thus bio-geophysical variables such as chlorophyll pigments, suspended matter, dissolved organic matter and light attenuation depths are biased. This bias effect can only be estimated reliably by using small spatial resolution imagery with knowledge gained from analytical and Monte Carlo radiative transfer modeling and multiresolution fused imagery. Application of transferable remote sensing algorithms for water quality applications require bidirectional reflectance corrections for water waves, sun glint, and wave facet effects. Example high quality WorldView-3 multispectral and panchromatic clearly shows the water wave facet reflectance effects that is imbedded into larger GSD imagery of water regions and littoral zones and as shown in hyperspectral Monte Carlo model results.
Broadening the Frame around Sustainability with Holistic Language: Mandela and Invictus

We argue for the need for a new language for business – one that is capable of changing the current business decision-making frame of wins and losses to a frame of community and social learning. This paper outlines a classroom exercise about Nelson Mandela’s leadership, involving movies, case studies and poetry, and shows how the more holistic approach helps shift student views of the triple bottom line. Since neuroscience literature has shown that poetry can help enhance learning, students carefully study “Invictus,” a poem written by Victorian-era poet Henley and revered by Mandela. As students dig deeper into the case study through classroom discussion, they begin to see Mandela’s leadership through a new frame, and in doing so broaden their own views. This more holistic approach to studying leadership may allow decision makers to adjust both their goals and the focus of their analysis to go beyond monetary outcomes to include socially and environmentally sustainable outcomes.