cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies of Acid Phosphatase in Prostatic Cancer

Various analyses of data gathered in the VACURG studies demonstrate that the extent of elevation of the pre-treatment acid phosphatase correlates with the probability of having detectable metastases and with survival. Patients with increased acid phosphatase but without evidence of metastases have a worse prognosis than patients with normal acid phosphatase and no metastases. For patients in stages I and II treated with radical prostatectomy, even values in the normal range were correlated with time until progression of tumor. These findings suggest that increased acid phosphatase values probably represent undetected metastases.
Dechirper wakefields for short bunches

Abstract In previous work (Bane and Stupakov, 2015 [1] ) general expressions, valid for arbitrary bunch lengths, were derived for the wakefields of corrugated structures with flat geometry, such as is used in the RadiaBeam/LCLS dechirper. However, the bunch at the end of linac-based X-ray FELs—like the LCLS—is extremely short, and for short bunches the wakes can be considerably simplified. In this work, we first derive analytical approximations to the short-range wakes. These are generalized wakes, in the sense that their validity is not limited to a small neighborhood of the symmetry axis, but rather extends to arbitrary transverse offsets of driving and test particles. The validity of these short-bunch wakes holds not only for the corrugated structure, but rather for any flat structure whose beam-cavity interaction can be described by a surface impedance. We use these wakes to obtain, for a short bunch passing through a dechirper: estimates of the energy loss as function of gap, the transverse kick as a function of beam offset, the slice energy spread increase, and the emittance growth. In the Appendix, a more accurate derivation—than that is found in Bane and Stupakov (2015) [1] —of the arbitrary bunch length wakes is performed; we find full agreement with the earlier results, provided the bunches are short compared to the dechirper gap, which is normally the regime of interest.
Genetic engineering of platelets to neutralize circulating tumor cells

Mounting experimental evidence demonstrates that platelets support cancer metastasis. Within the circulatory system, platelets guard circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from immune elimination and promote their arrest at the endothelium, supporting CTC extravasation into secondary sites. Neutralization of CTCs in blood circulation can potentially attenuate metastases to distant organs. Therefore, extensive studies have explored the blockade of platelet-CTC interactions as an anti-metastatic strategy. Such an intervention approach, however, may cause bleeding disorders since the platelet-CTC interactions inherently rely on the blood coagulation cascade including platelet activation. On the other hand, platelets have been genetically engineered to correct inherited bleeding disorders in both animal models and human clinical trials. In this study, inspired by the physical association between platelets and CTCs, platelets were genetically modified to express surface-bound tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a cytokine known to induce apoptosis specifically in tumor cells. The TRAIL-expressing platelets were demonstrated to kill cancer cells in vitro and significantly reduce metastases in a mouse model of prostate cancer metastasis. Our results suggest that using platelets to produce and deliver cancer-specific therapeutics can provide a Trojan-horse strategy of neutralizing CTCs to attenuate metastasis.
Developing Mentoring Practices Through Video-Focused Responsive Discourse Analysis:

This study is part of a larger longitudinal, multiphase study on the development of literacy mentoring practices that seeks to bring attention to the learning of cooperating teachers. In this paper...
Equity and Efficiency in Public Assistance Distribution

Modern market economy is recognized as efficient in meeting the consumer's demands, but it can result in inequity in income distribution and has some negative impacts on low - income groups. Public assistance is an important mechanism for delivering and allocating social resources to low - income groups. This paper starts with equitable mechanism of public assistance distribution, and analyzes the necessity of establishing government - oriented public assistance system. Then it defines public assistance connotation from a new perspective of social welfare aimed at adequately reflecting special social value concept. Finally it discusses efficiency problems related to public assistance system in China.
Some narcissistic personality types.

Ben Bursten, an American psychoanalyst, wrote this diagnostic paper, which appeared in the International Journal of Psychoanalysis in 1973. His important but little-known book, The Manipulator, was published by Yale University Press the same year. Bursten sets forth his four types of narcissistic personality: the craving, the paranoid, the manipulative, and the phallic narcissistic. He discusses their common aim, reunion with the omnipotent object, and the different means by which they pursue it. Most germane to psychopathy is the manipulative type, chiefly defined by repetitive attempts to "put something over" on the object. Domination is achieved, contemptuous delight is felt, and once again the grandiose self is preserved through the behavioral devaluation of the other.
Multi-phase quasicrystalline alloys for superior wear resistance

Abstract Highly wear-resistant alloys are important in many engineering and biomedical applications. In this research, a multi-phase quasicrystal-based alloy was developed using a rapid arc-melting technique. The alloy contains three characteristic phases, hard λ-Al13Fe4, quasicrystal icosahedral (i-phase), and ductile τ-AlCu. The Vickers micro hardness of each was 828, 795, and 552, respectively, with an overall hardness of 334 (HR15T). Due to the co-existence of these three phases, this alloy exhibits both hardness and ductility. As such, the new material has favorable wear and crack resistance. The approaches used in this study are beneficial for the future design and development of this class of quasicrystalline alloys.
A Case-Control Study Comparing Bone Bruising and Intra-articular Injuries in Patients Undergoing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With and Without Medial Collateral Ligament Tears:

Background:Concomitant injuries can occur in patients with combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and medial collateral ligament (MCL) tears; however, no studies have compared these injuries in ...
Characterizing cardiac arrest in children undergoing cardiac surgery: A single-center study.

Abstract Objectives To characterize cardiac arrest in children undergoing cardiac surgery using single-center data from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and Pediatric Advanced Life Support Utstein-Style Guidelines. Methods Patients aged 18 years or less having a cardiac arrest for 1 minute or more during the same hospital stay as heart operation qualified for inclusion (2002-2014). Patients having a cardiac arrest both before or after heart operation were included. Heart operations were classified on the basis of the first cardiovascular operation of each hospital admission (the index operation). The primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. Results A total of 3437 children undergoing at least 1 heart operation were included. Overall rate of cardiac arrest among these patients was 4.5% (n = 154) with survival to hospital discharge of 84 patients (66.6%). Presurgery cardiac arrest was noted among 28 patients, with survival of 21 patients (75%). Among the 126 patients with postsurgery cardiac arrest, survival was noted among 84 patients (66.6%). Regardless of surgical case complexity, the median days between heart operation and cardiac arrest, duration of cardiac arrest, and survival after cardiac arrest were similar. The independent risk factors associated with improved chances of survival included shorter duration of cardiac arrest (odds ratio, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.20; P = .01) and use of defibrillator (odds ratio, 4.51; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-18.87; P = .03). Conclusions This single-center study demonstrates that characterizing cardiac arrest in children undergoing cardiac surgery using definitions from 2 societies helps to increase data granularity and understand the relationship between cardiac arrest and heart operation in a better way.
Synaptic Suppression of Axon Regeneration

In this issue of Neuron, Tedeschi et al. (2016) describe the voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha2delta2 as a developmental switch from axon elongation to synapse formation and transmission that doubles as a suppressor of axon regeneration, providing a molecular clue for the synaptic stabilization hypothesis of CNS regeneration failure.
Proposal of backside Die-level analysis

We propose a Die-level backside analysis system, which makes it possible to apply backside emission analysis and the Optical Beam Induced Resistance Change (OBIRCH) for die chips. It is possible to analyze only failure dies without sacrificing good dies which exist on the same wafer with this system. As a result, we realize cost free wafer-level failure analysis. Furthermore, we have developed Solid Immersion Lens(SIL) plate realizing high spatial resolution observation conveniently. The die chip is ideal to apply to the SIL-plate, so that we can achieve high sensitivity and resolution efficiently.
Evaluation of food access and food security concerns among public housing residents

Background: In 2012, food insecurity affected 14.5% of the households in the U.S and 20% in the state of Georgia. Individuals who are food-insecure can experience malnutrition, and social and physical problems. The purpose of this study was to assess food access and security concerns in two counties of the North Central Health District 5-2 (NCHD 5-2) in Georgia and to aid in devising interventions to increase food access and reduce food insecurity. Methods: Data collection involved surveying 399 public housing residents within two NCHD 5-2 counties using the Household Food Security Survey developed by the US Department of Agriculture. The survey contained 24 questions focusing on demographics and household food status and on the severity and prevalence of food access and security. Results: Of the 399 participants, 91.9% reported annual household incomes less than $30,000; 61% (n = 244) reported receiving Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP/food stamps) benefits, 11% (n = 46) received Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) benefits, and 3.3% (n = 13) received Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Results for food security status (whether or not families have access to food at all times) showed that 7.3% (n = 29) were classified as high food secure, 22.8% (n = 91) as marginally food secure, 30.6% (n = 122) as low food secure, and 39.3% (n = 157) as very low food secure. Conclusions: Most of the residents with some form of food insecurity received government food assistance, yet still identified as being unable to feed themselves or their families for the month. Recommendations to evaluate this problem include additional research and implementation of public health efforts to address food access and insecurity through policy changes and implementation of programs.
A slow opportunist: physiological and growth responses of an obligate understory plant to patch cut harvesting

Understory light environments change rapidly following timber harvest, and while many understory species utilize and benefit from the additional light, this response is not ubiquitous in shade-obligate species. I examined the effects of patch cut timber harvest on the physiology and growth of an obligate forest understory species to determine if disturbances via timber harvest are physiological stressors or whether such disturbances provide physiological benefits and growth increases in understory species. Forest canopy structure, along with photosynthesis, respiration, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and growth rates of American ginseng were quantified one summer before and two summers after patch cut timber harvest. Survival following timber harvest was lower than that observed at undisturbed populations; however, growth of survivors increased post-harvesting, with growth increasing as a function of canopy openness. Light response curves as well as photosynthesis and respiration rates indicated that plants were not well acclimated to higher light levels in the growing season after timber harvest, but rather to two growing seasons after harvest. Relative growth rate formed a positive linear relationship with maximum photosynthesis following timber harvest. My study suggests that ginseng is a "slow opportunist", because while it benefits from sudden light increases, acclimation lags at least one growing season behind canopy changes. American ginseng is surprisingly resilient in the face of a discrete environmental shift and may benefit from forest management strategies that mimic the natural disturbance regimes common in mature forests throughout its range.
Genomic characterization of a core set of the USDA-NPGS Ethiopian sorghum germplasm collection: implications for germplasm conservation, evaluation, and utilization in crop improvement.

The USDA Agriculture Research Service National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) preserves the largest sorghum germplasm collection in the world, which includes 7,217 accessions from the center of diversity in Ethiopia. The characterization of this exotic germplasm at a genome-wide scale will improve conservation efforts and its utilization in research and breeding programs. Therefore, we phenotyped a representative core set of 374 Ethiopian accessions at two locations for agronomic traits and characterized the genomes. Using genotyping-by-sequencing, we identified 148,476 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers distributed across the entire genome. Over half of the alleles were rare (frequency < 0.05). The genetic profile of each accession was unique (i.e., no duplicates), and the average genetic distance among accessions was 0.70. Based on population structure and cluster analyses, we separated the collection into 11 populations with pairwise F ST values ranging from 0.11 to 0.47. In total, 198 accessions (53%) were assigned to one of these populations with an ancestry membership coefficient of larger than 0.60; these covered 90% of the total genomic variation. We characterized these populations based on agronomic and seed compositional traits. We performed a cluster analysis with the sorghum association panel based on 26,026 SNPs and determined that nine of the Ethiopian populations expanded the genetic diversity in the panel. Genome-wide association analysis demonstrated that these low-coverage data and the observed population structure could be employed for the genomic dissection of important phenotypes in this core set of Ethiopian sorghum germplasm. The NPGS Ethiopian sorghum germplasm is a genetically and phenotypically diverse collection comprising 11 populations with high levels of admixture. Genetic associations with agronomic traits can be used to improve the screening of exotic germplasm for selection of specific populations. We detected many rare alleles, suggesting that this germplasm contains potentially useful undiscovered alleles, but their discovery and characterization will require extensive effort. The genotypic data available for these accessions provide a valuable resource for sorghum breeders and geneticists to effectively improve crops.
Naso- or Orbitocutaneous Fistulas after Free Flap Reconstruction of Orbital Exenteration Defects: Retrospective Study, Systematic Review, and Meta-Analysis.

Objective Naso- or orbitocutaneous fistula (NOF) is a challenging complication of orbital exenteration, and it often requires surgical repair. We sought to identify the incidence and risk factors for NOF after orbital exenteration. Study Design Retrospective chart review, systematic review, meta-analysis. Setting Tertiary care center. Participants Patients undergoing free flap reconstruction following orbital exenteration. Records were reviewed for clinicopathologic data, operative details, and outcomes. Main Outcome Measures Univariate analysis was used to assess risk factors for incidence of postoperative NOF. PubMed and Cochrane databases were searched for published reports on NOF after orbital exenteration. Rates of fistula and odds ratios for predictive factors were compared in a meta-analysis. Results Total 7 of 77 patients (9.1%) developed NOF; fistula formation was associated with ethmoid sinus involvement (p Conclusion Immediate postoperative wound complications and medial orbital wall resection increased the risk for NOF. On review and meta-analysis, reconstruction of orbital exenteration defects decreased the risk for fistula formation, but published series did not demonstrate a significant decrease in risk with free flaps compared with other methods of reconstruction.
Multiscale Poromechanics: Fluid Flow, Solid Deformation, and Anisotropic Plasticity

Natural geomaterials such as fissured rocks and aggregated soils often exhibit pore size distributions with two dominant porosity scales. In fractured rocks the dominant porosities are those of the fractures and rock matrix, whereas in aggregated soils the micropores and macropores comprise the two relevant porosity scales. When infiltrated with fluids this type of materials may also exhibit two permeability scales. In this paper we present a framework for so-called ‘dual porosity-dual permeability’ materials that covers both steady-state and transient fluid flow responses. The formulation revolves around a thermodynamically consistent effective stress previously developed for porous media exhibiting two porosity scales. Apart from the aspect of multiscale poromechanics, some geomaterials such as shale also exhibit pronounced anisotropy in their mechanical behavior due to the presence of distinct bedding planes. A transversely isotropic constitutive model is appropriate for this type of material behavior. Anisotropic plasticity models can easily be integrated into the aforementioned dual porosity-dual permeability framework.
Positionality, Intersectionality, and Power: Socially Locating the Higher Education Teacher in Multicultural Education

AbstractThis paper explores positionality, intersectionality, context, and power in relation to the higher education teacher in multicultural education. The author argues that higher-education teachers, who teach multicultural education, benefit from understanding their own social location in relation to their students on account of the complexity involved in constructing meaning in any one class. The author examines this issue through an integration of multicultural education, critical feminist, and social construction theories. Furthermore, the author organizes the paper into three parts: an overview of key theories, the social location of the author as a model of the theories at work, and practices and strategies in addressing critical multicultural education issues.
Environment and Common Property Institutions

The twentieth century has witnessed many efforts to increase the sustainability of natural resource systems through reforms of property rights. The debate about the relative merits of government, private, and common-property regimes, however, has been clouded by three confusions. The article first clarifies the confusions between: (a) common-property (shared ownership rights) and open-access (no property) regimes; (b) common-pool resources and common-property regimes; and (c) resource systems and the flow of resource units from a resource system. Further, the concepts necessary to analyze diverse property rights systems are discussed including the rights of access, withdrawal, management, exclusion, and transfer. Once the conceptual framework is provided, the entry examines the question of whether those who own the rights of access, withdrawal, management, and exclusion (proprietors) but do not own the right of transfer are effective managers of common-pool resources. Empirical studies support the capabilities of proprietors to manage resources sustainably. Consensus among scholars has now been achieved regarding the attributes of a resource system and of the users of that system that enhance the likelihood of proprietors to invest time and energy devising and adapting rules that enhance the performance of their management system over time.
Molecular Pathology of Infectious Lymphadenitides

In its role in the presentation of foreign antigens to the immune system, the lymph node is frequently involved in both local and systemic infections. This may manifest as lymphadenopathy with reactive changes or localized infectious lymphadenitis, with or without necrosis and granulomatous inflammation, depending on the infectious agent. The vast majority of these infections are routinely diagnosed using nonmolecular methods, including culture, serology, and antigen testing. However, in some cases, other methods may be unavailable, or the presentation and appearance may be atypical, and direct confirmation of the infecting agent by in situ hybridization (ISH) or amplified nucleic acid detection is desired in the lymph node tissue itself.
Spatial Interference Mitigation Nulling the Embedded Element Pattern

Digital Arrays, including radars and large-scale multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) arrays, offer great advantages in terms of performance with respect to traditional phased array technology; however, their dynamic range suffer when strong interferers are present. Those effects can be decreased by using higher dynamic range components but are more costly, and in case of an ADC, more power hungry. This paper presents a circuit that mitigates those interferers by creating a steerable null in the embedded element pattern, mitigating the interferer at the RF frontend before they enter the receiver chain. A real scenario in a controlled environment was setup where an interferer was reduced more than 20 dB allowing for the receiver to demodulate the desired QPSK waveform, initially distorted by the interferer.
Video Event Detection Based on Temporal Pattern Analysis

Discovering events from video streams improves the access and reuse of large video collections. Since temporal information is critical in conveying video events, in this paper, a temporal-based event detection framework is proposed to support high-level event detection. The core is a temporal association mining process that systematically captures characteristic temporal patterns to help identify and define interesting events. This framework effectively tackles the challenges caused by loose video structure and class imbalance issues.
Urban Meyer Needs an Image Repair Coach

Ohio State University football coach Urban Meyer became the subject of controversy when it was reported that one of his assistant coaches, Zach Smith, allegedly abused his spouse. Scrutiny followed...
End-to-end secure insurance telematics

Building on IBM-lead work on adding encryption to Apache Parquet files, we have implemented a prototype of how an end-to-end PayHowYouDrive (PHYD) solution, offering the power of Apache Spark analytics while protecting the privacy rights of the data subjects, can be securely implemented on a public cloud.
Self-monitoring tendency and fashion involvement: Antecedents and consequences of perceived relative value of mass-customized fashion products in a gift-giving context

The process of mass customizing a product online hugely eclipses with that of gift selection due to similarity in nature of both the processes where one would devote considerable time, effort, and ...
Prevalence of visual impairment, ocular pathology, and ability to achieve a thorough examination in an eye clinic for patients with disabilities.

Purpose To report the demographics, types of visual/ocular pathology, and ability to achieve a comprehensive examination at a university-based outpatient clinic for individuals of all ages with disabilities. Methods The medical records for all patients with disabilities examined from January 2014 through December 2016 at our monthly clinic staffed by a pediatric ophthalmologist were reviewed retrospectively. Descriptive statistics were calculated for demographics, visual acuity, ocular diagnoses, nonocular diagnoses, refractive error, and achievable examination data. Ocular diagnoses were categorized as treatable or nontreatable and noted if newly diagnosed. Results A total of 178 patients with disabilities were examined at 281 visits; 119 patients (66.9%) were nonverbal. Of the 178, 140 patients (78.7%) had pathology or refractive error requiring glasses; 126 had pathology and 14 had no pathology. Of the 126 patients with pathology, 113 had treatable ocular diagnoses and 13 had only nontreatable diagnoses. Of the 113 with treatable conditions, 56 (49.6%) were newly diagnosed. Cycloplegic refraction was attained in 168 patients (94.4%); 85 had a significant refractive error, 66 of whom had another treatable ocular diagnosis. Lack of cooperation precluded slit-lamp examination in 1 patient, cycloplegic refraction in 3 (1.7%), dilated fundus examination in 4 (2.2%), and iCare or Goldmann intraocular pressure measurement in 28 (15.7%). Conclusions Patients with disabilities in our cohort had a high prevalence of ocular pathology, which was often treatable and previously unrecognized. Refractive errors were common and frequently accompanied by other treatable conditions. A thorough ophthalmic examination was achievable in most individuals with disabilities.
The quandary of covarying: A brief review and empirical examination of covariate use in structural neuroimaging studies on psychological variables

Although covarying for potential confounds or nuisance variables is common in psychological research, relatively little is known about how the inclusion of covariates may influence the relations between psychological variables and indices of brain structure. In Part 1 of the current study, we conducted a descriptive review of relevant articles from the past two years of NeuroImage in order to identify the most commonly used covariates in work of this nature. Age, sex, and intracranial volume were found to be the most commonly used covariates, although the number of covariates used ranged from 0 to 14, with 37 different covariate sets across the 68 models tested. In Part 2, we used data from the Human Connectome Project to investigate the degree to which the addition of common covariates altered the relations between individual difference variables (i.e., personality traits, psychopathology, cognitive tasks) and regional gray matter volume (GMV), as well as the statistical significance of values associated with these effect sizes. Using traditional and random sampling approaches, our results varied widely, such that some covariate sets influenced the relations between the individual difference variables and GMV very little, while the addition of other covariate sets resulted in a substantially different pattern of results compared to models with no covariates. In sum, these results suggest that the use of covariates should be critically examined and discussed as part of the conversation on replicability in structural neuroimaging. We conclude by recommending that researchers pre-register their analytic strategy and present information on how relations differ based on the inclusion of covariates.
Respiratory Health Problem among the Taxi Drivers of Pokhara Metropolitan City, Nepal

Respiratory health problems affect the respiratory tract and lungs. WHO states that four major potentially fatal respiratory problems will account for about one in five deaths worldwide by 2030. Taxi drivers are among the major sub-population at the risk of respiratory problems because of their exposure to polluted environment. Therefore, the present study aimed to find out the respiratory health problems among the taxi drivers of Pokhara metropolitan city of Nepal. A cross sectional study was conducted among 203 taxi drivers of the Pokhara Metropolitan city. Multistage sampling method was used to select the desired number of taxi drivers. Data were entered into EPI-DATA 3.1 and then analyzed in SPSS 20. Percentage, mean, and standard deviation were assessed to describe, and chi square test was used to infer the findings. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from Nepal Health Research Council. All samples were male with mean age of 38.46 ± 7.8 years. Majority of the taxi drivers were educated up to secondary level (54.2%), married (91.6%), were married and 78.8 percent had income of NRs 1000-1500/day. A large proportion of the drivers (96.6%) had to work for more than 10 hours/day and three-quarters (74.4%) of them did not take rest even in weekends. Nearly a quarter (24.1%) of them complained at least one respiratory health problem or symptom. Prevalence of respiratory health problems among the taxi drivers was 24.1 percent. Job duration was significantly associated with the respiratory symptoms. Key words : Respiratory problem, preventive practice, taxi driver
Planning for Data Monitoring and Audits

The process of data monitoring and auditing remains a mainstay to assure the integrity of information used for research and quality improvement. Despite this, routine monitoring and auditing vary widely in their utilization and implementation. The vast majority of published surgical literature is self-reported data, with the underlying assumption that the data submitted for publication are of high rigor and truthfulness. Formal data monitoring and auditing are usually reserved for clinical trials and data registries. Innovative methods to foster more routine use of these methods should be employed to ensure the highest level of data integrity in surgical literature. Ultimately, data integrity directly depends on the integrity of investigators and clinicians.
Neonatal gut microbiome and immunity

Early life is a critical time window for the neonatal gut to be progressively populated with different bacterial species that collectively promote gut maturation. A fully developed and healthy gut microbiome in neonates is an important driver for the development of other aspects of health. Unlike the relatively stable gut microbiome in adults, the developing gut microbiome in neonates exhibits higher plasticity and adaptability. This also underscores the unique window of opportunity for intervention or preventive measures to improve long-term health through modulations of the gut microbiome in early life. Better understanding of the neonatal gut microbiome - how it arises and how it impacts immune cell development - will help us appreciate the underpinnings of immune-related diseases. Here, we examine recent findings on the neonatal gut microbiome and discuss their implications for understanding this important driver of the maturation of the immune system and immunity against infections in early life.
Perceptions of partial gland ablation for prostate cancer among men on active surveillance: A qualitative study

Objectives - Partial gland ablation (PGA) therapy is an emerging treatment modality that targets specific areas of biopsy proven prostate cancer (PCa) to minimize treatment-related morbidity by sparing benign prostate. This qualitative study aims to explore and characterize perceptions and attitudes toward PGA in men with very-low-risk, low-risk, and favorable intermediate-risk PCa on active surveillance (AS). Design - 92 men diagnosed with very-low-risk, low-risk, and favorable intermediate-risk PCa on AS were invited to participate in semi-structured telephone interviews on PGA. Setting - Single tertiary care center located in New York City. Participants - 20 men with very-low-risk, low-risk, and favorable intermediate-risk PCa on AS participated in the interviews. Main outcome measures - Emerging themes on perceptions and attitudes toward PGA were developed from transcripts inductively coded and analyzed under standardized methodology. Results - Four themes were derived from twenty interviews that represent the primary considerations in treatment decision-making: (1) the feeling of psychological safety associated with low risk disease; (2) preference for minimally invasive treatments; (3) the central role of the physician; (4) and the pursuit of treatment options that align with disease severity. Eleven men (55%) expressed interest in pursuing PGA only if their cancer were to progress, while 9 men (45%) expressed interest at the current moment. Conclusions - Though an emerging treatment modality, patients were broadly accepting of PGA for PCa with men primarily debating the risks versus benefits of proactively treating low-risk disease. Additional research on men9s preferences and attitudes toward PGA will further guide counseling and shared decision-making for PGA.
Kneading, Needing, and Eating Black Bodies: The History of Social Work and Its Concern for Black Citizenship in the United States

Social workers have been on the frontlines alongside marginalized communities since the profession’s emergence. This stance continues with supporting the Black Lives Matter Movement and centering the structural inequities that the COVID-19 pandemic highlights. A narrative that centers the history of social work’s concern for Black citizenship in the profession’s formation is neglected in the literature. This historical review traces the genesis of the profession’s work to expand access to the entitlements of citizenship among Black communities. Thematic analysis of secondary sources is used to investigate the formation of the profession and its work to ensure access to resources among Blacks communities. Study findings identify that the profession emerged from the bonds between the Abolitionist Movement and the Women’s Suffrage Movement, then moved away from working with Black people during the Settlement Movement and did not return to addressing the needs of these communities until the 1960s during the Civil Rights Movement. Black social workers answered the call to support Black and non-Black communities in the absence of the profession’s national organization’s presence. Social work needs, kneads, and eats Black bodies by being in complicity with systems of oppression. The history of social work and its concern and lack of concern for Black citizenship is a pedagogical innovation that addresses the historical amnesia that White domination fosters. The findings of this analysis call social workers to task to disrupt White dominant epistemologies of ignorance by incorporating this historical context into their social work pedagogy.
Too Much of a Good Thing? Excess Intake of Vitamins and Minerals

The past 30 years have witnessed a striking escalation in the average American’s concern with nutrition and health. One of the most obvious signs of this concern is the zeal with which 50 to 60 million Americans each day dutifully swallow pills containing lavish allotments of vitamins and minerals. Believing that vitamin and mineral supplements will prevent a variety of diseases from the common cold to arthritis and cancer, delay the aging process, alleviate feelings of fatigue, and generally improve psychological well-being, these individuals are stimulating the development of a multibillion dollar business. Sales of vitamins, either as single nutrients or multinutrient supplements, now average over 2 billion dollars a year.
Modeling and Scale-Up of Size-Exclusion Chromatography

Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) is ubiquitous in the downstream processing of a protein product in modern biotechnology. It is also known as gel filtration chromatography because its separation mechanism relies on the differences in molecular size and shape of solutes, and the separation media are often soft gels. Large molecules elute out of an SEC column first because they cannot penetrate small macropores in particles. Small molecules elute out of an SEC column later because it takes time for them to diffuse in and out of small macropores. In gradient elution of reverse phase, affinity, ion-exchange, or hydrophobic interaction LC, the feed volume can be many times of the column volume [1–3] due to the fact that the gradient operation has a concentrating effect. Because SEC separation does not rely on any binding, gradient elution using an eluitor in the mobile phase to elute out the solutes in the sample is not applicable. Thus, peak bands will invariably diffuse over time due to a lack of any concentrating effect. This means the feed loading volume can only be a small fraction of column volume, leading to the need for very large SEC columns in industrial separations [4–6]. In fact, in the separation of a small molecule from a large molecule, such as in solvent exchange or desalting SEC operations, the feed volume may be up to several percent of the column volume [7], while only a fraction of a percent is possible for the purification of different proteins because protein separation is more difficult [4]. Soft gels are less expensive and thus cost-effective in large-scale SEC [8]. One drawback of soft gels is that scale-up of SEC has to often increase column diameter, rather than column length, because a large pressure drop caused by bed height increase could compress the gels too much.
Comparison of the Threshold Stress Intensities and Fracture Characteristics for Temper Embrittled and Deembrittled 2¼ Cr-1M0 Steel in a Hydrogen Charging Environment

Fracture toughness tests and fractographic examinations were conducted on temper embrittled and deembrittled 21/4Cr-1Mo steel using double cantilever-beam specimens. The tests were conducted in an aqueous/acetic acid solution containing hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S). The threshold stress intensity of the temper embrittled specimen tested in the H 2 S environment was lower than that of the deembrittled specimens tested in a similar environment. For the purpose of comparing fracture appearances, temper embrittled and deembrittled specimens were fractured in air. The fracture appearances of the temper embrittled and the deembrittled specimens tested in the H 2 S environment and the temper embrittled specimen fractured in air were predominantly intergranular. The fracture appearance of the deembrittled specimen fractured in air exhibited a transgranular ductile mode of failure. These results indicate that the embrittling effects due to temper embrittlement and to the H 2 S environment act cooperatively in reducing the threshold stress intensity of 21/4Cr-1Mo steel.
History and Materiality

Studies of the newly emerging field of materiality examine the various ways in which physical objects that populate the environments we inhabit affect us socially, psychologically, and culturally. Scholars across the humanities and social sciences are actively engaged in such studies of what they term the new materialism. It examines how “things” shape tour worlds in decisive ways. This essay reviews the development of this exciting new area of investigation and outlines promising directions for study going forward. Keywords: social materialism; materiality; material objects; ontology; archaeology; culture studies; Dolphijn
The Redox Potential

The Redox Potential Scale is the scientist’s way (in a totally artificial way) to look at Mother Earth. Initially, this method might appear complex because it attempts to summarize the idea that the essence of all life is the result of photosynthesis, which produces electron flow and enables energy to be transformed so that it can be used by living organelles in there growth and development. However, in reality, the Redox Potential Scale is perhaps the simplest way to explain the complex process necessary for the continuation of life.
If at first you don't succeed.

Antigen receptor editing is no longer the province of B cells alone. T cells also can be caught in the act, given the right system. The T cell receptors of double positive thymocytes that recognize self antigens on the cortical epithelium with dangerously high affinity will undergo editing until they get it right.
Inviscid Shallow-Water Theory

In this chapter we take up the study of the dynamics of a shallow, rotating layer of homogeneous incompressible and inviscid fluid. There are two purposes to our consideration of this physical system. It is first of all simple enough so that the issues raised by the problem of geostrophic degeneracy can be dealt with directly without the need to simultaneously treat the complexities of the thermodynamics of a density-stratified fluid. The first goal of the present chapter is to illustrate how the geostrophic approximation can be systematically exploited to produce a deterministic dynamical framework adequate for the calculation of motions of large time and space scales. Furthermore, the method of analysis to be presented also can be generalized to the study of thermodynamically active fluids. The key technique of the analysis is the formulation of a systematic approximation scheme in which the geostrophic approximation is merely the first step.
Magnetic resonance imaging brain activation in first-episode bipolar mania during a response inhibition task.

Aims: Impulsivity is common in bipolar disorder, especially during mania. Understanding the functional neuroanatomy of response inhibition, one component of impulsivity, might clarify the neural substrate of bipolar disorder. Methods: Sixteen DSM-IV first-episode, manic bipolar patients and 16 matched healthy subjects were examined during a first manic episode using functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a response inhibition task. All subjects were studied using a 4.0 Tesla Varian Unity INOVA Whole Body MRI/MRS system. The response inhibition task was presented using non-ferromagnetic goggles, and task performance was recorded during scan acquisition. Imaging data were analysed using analysis of functional neuroimages. Group contrasts were made for the specific response inhibition measure. Results: The groups performed the task similarly, although both demonstrated relatively poor rates of target response, but high rates of successful ‘stops’. Despite similar behavioural results, the groups showed significantly different patterns of functional magnetic resonance imaging brain activation. Specifically, during response inhibition, the healthy subjects exhibited significantly greater activation in anterior and posterior cingulate, medial dorsal thalamus, middle temporal gyrus, and precuneus. The bipolar patients exhibited prefrontal activation (BA 10) that was not observed in healthy subjects. Conclusions: Bipolar and healthy subjects exhibit different patterns of brain activation to response inhibition; these differences may reflect different functional neuroanatomic approaches to response inhibition between the two groups.
The Core Model Iterability Problem

x0. Introduction.- x1. The construction of Kc.- x2. Iterability.- x3. Thick classes and universal weasels.- x4. The hull and definability properties.- x5. The construction of true K.- x6. An inductive definition of K.- x7. Some applications.- x8. Embeddings of K.- x9. A general iterability theorem.- References.- Index of definitions.
Histamine H2 Receptor Activated Chloride Conductance in Myenteric Neurons From Guinea Pig Small Intestine

Whole cell perforated patch-clamp methods were used to investigate ionic mechanisms underlying histamine-evoked excitatory responses in small intestinal AH-type myenteric neurons. When physiological concentrations of Na+, Ca2+, and Cl− were in the bathing medium, application of histamine significantly increased total conductance as determined by stepping to 50 mV from a holding potential of −30 mV. The current reversed at a membrane potential of −30 ± 5 (SE) mV and current-voltage relations exhibited outward rectification. The reversal potential for the histamine-activated current was unchanged by removal of Na+ and Ca2+ from the bathing medium. Reduction of Cl−from 155 mM to 55 mM suppressed the current when the neurons were in solutions with depleted Na+ and Ca2+. Current-voltage curves in solutions with reduced Cl− were linear and the reversal potential was changed from −30 ± 5 mV to 7 ± 4 mV. Niflumic acid, but not anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (9-AC) nor 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (DIDS), suppressed the histamine-activated current. A membrane permeable analogue of cAMP evoked currents similar to those activated by histamine. A selective histamine H2 receptor agonist (dimaprit) mimicked the action of histamine and a selective histamine H2 receptor antagonist (cimetidine) blocked the conductance increase evoked by histamine. A selective adenosine A1receptor agonist (CCPA) reduced the histamine-activated current and a selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist (CPT) reversed the inhibitory action. The results suggest that histamine acts at histamine H2 receptors to increase Cl−conductance in AH-type enteric neurons. Cyclic AMP appears to be a second messenger in the signal transduction process. Results with a selective adenosine A1 receptor agonist and antagonist add to existing evidence for co-coupling of inhibitory adenosine A1 receptors and histamine H2 receptors to adenylate cyclase in AH-type enteric neurons.
Di-D-fructose dianhydrides from the pyrolysis of inulin.

Abstract Inulin was pyrolyzed in air to produce di- d -fructose dianhydrides (DFDAs) in ∼26% yield, three of which were identified by MS, NMR, and comparison with literature data. The mass spectra of the per-O-trimethylsilyl derivatives of the DFDAs are discussed. A mechanism is proposed for the formation of DFDAs from inulin during pyrolysis.
Can regenerating axons recapitulate developmental guidance during recovery from spinal cord injury

The precise wiring of the adult mammalian CNS originates during a period of stunning growth, guidance and plasticity that occurs during and shortly after development. When injured in adults, this intricate system fails to regenerate. Even when the obstacles to regeneration are cleared, growing adult CNS fibres usually remain misdirected and fail to reform functional connections. Here, we attempt to fill an important niche related to the topics of nervous system development and regeneration. We specifically contrast the difficulties faced by growing fibres within the adult context to the precise circuit-forming capabilities of developing fibres. In addition to focusing on methods to stimulate growth in the adult, we also expand on approaches to recapitulate development itself.
Recognition of Pneumococcal Peptidoglycan: An Expanded, Pivotal Role for LPS Binding Protein

Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) has a well-established role in LPS-induced immune responses. Here, we report that LBP also plays an essential role in the innate immune response to Gram-positive pneumococci, specifically to their major inflammatory component, pneumococcal cell wall (PCW). LBP was present in the CSF of patients with meningitis, and LBP-deficient mice failed to develop meningeal inflammation. LBP enhanced PCW-induced cell signaling and TNF-alpha release. LBP bound specifically to PCW multimers, indicating novel lipid-independent binding capability for LBP. We propose the iterative anionic groups along the glycan backbone of the cell wall are a crucial structure for recognition by LBP. Such a function for LBP expands its role to Gram-positive infections.