cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signaling of Escherichia Coli Enterotoxin on Supramolecular Redox Bilayer Vesicles

Electron transport in supramolecular assemblies containing redox centers has been a subject of great interest. Depending on spatial arrangement of redox moieties in macromolecular structures, transport of electrons may occur via a diffusion mechanism or electron hopping between the neighboring redox sites. While research has largely dealt with 3-D redox polymers, some 2-D systems such as self-assembled and Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers have been exploited as well. The authors describe here a new interfacial architecture that combines the high redox concentration in 3-D polymers and controllable structure and functionality of the 2-D monolayer systems. The new interface utilizes structurally defined redox liposomes engineered with biomolecular recognition capability by incorporating cell surface receptor G{sub M1} into the bilayer membrane. The design allows for direct inspection of the dependency of electron transport on the state and extent of biomolecular recognition that has taken place on the vesicles and, thus, provides a method for direct measurement of E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin binding by electrochemistry.
Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure Differentials Between Elderly and Non-Elderly Households

Regression analysis was used to compare out-of-pocket health expenditures between lower and higher income elderly and non-elderly households. Race and housing tenure were significant determinants for both age groups, but assets, education, and family size were significant only for the non-elderly. Analysis of out-of-pocket health costs indicated greater equity among elderly persons, probably due to Medicare, but income elasticities revealed that health spending is a luxury for lower income elderly households.
Radial basis approximation for Newtonian potentials

In this paper Newtonian potentials for particular solutions of Poisson’s equations are constructively approximated by using radial bases with the order of approximation derived.
Femoral neuropathy complicating urologic abdominopelvic procedures

We report on 3 cases of femoral neuropathy following radical surgery for urologic malignancy. The defect was bilateral in 2 patients. Compression from self-retaining retractors was the presumed mechanism of injury in all patients. Spontaneous improvement was observed in each case although the symptoms did not resolve completely. The pathophysiology contributing to this operative complication as well as measures for prevention and treatment are discussed.
Some Spectroscopic Measurements of a Supersonic Plasmajet

Typical results of spectroscopic data from argon and nitrogen supersonic plasmajets are presented. The purpose of this study was to determine which of these spectroscopic data give suitable information for temperature determination, Spectral-line-intensity and hydrogen-line broadening techniques were used. For the argon jet, the results from line-intensity measurements of ionized and un-ionized atoms generally give reliable information; results from hydrogen-line broadening measurements indicate temperatures from 6% to 20% less than intensity measurements. Spectrographic data are compared with enthalpy measurements. For the nitrogen plasmajet, the N2+ (0,0) band was used to determine a rotational temperature.
Communication Intervention for Children with Cochlear Implants: Two Case Studies.

This article describes the intervention programs attended and progress made by 2 children who exhibited considerable differences in benefit from their cochlear implants. The children differed in ma...
A direct comparison of the ages of detrital monazite versus detrital zircon in Appalachian foreland basin sandstones: Searching for the record of Phanerozoic orogenic events

Abstract The provenance potential of detrital monazite was investigated by in situ measurement of 232 Th– 208 Pb dates of grains isolated from six Middle Carboniferous–Permian sandstones from the Appalachian foreland basin. Provenance assessment of these units was previously investigated by measuring U–Pb crystallization ages of detrital zircon (Thomas et al., 2004; Becker et al., 2005, 2006). Approximately 90% of the detrital zircon ages record Mesoproterozoic or older ages, with only 10% recording the three major pulses of tectonism (Taconian, Acadian and Alleghanian) that are the hallmark of the Appalachian Orogen. 232 Th– 208 Pb ages of detrital monazite, however, strongly record the complex phases of Paleozoic orogenesis. Nearly 65% of the ages record Paleozoic events, while 35% record Neoproterozoic or older ages. In several of the analyzed sandstones, detrital monazite ages record Paleozoic orogenic events that are completely missed by detrital zircon ages, demonstrating that monazite ages more accurately reflect the character of the sediment source rocks. The inferred maximum age of sediment deposition, as determined by the youngest monazite grains, is ~ 550 Ma younger for two of the analyzed sandstones compared to depositional constraints based on the youngest detrital zircon. The different physical properties and petrogenesis of zircon and monazite are interpreted to be factors for the dramatic differences in sediment provenance information provided by each mineral. The results from this study have important implications for determining sediment provenance, constraining maximum age of sediment deposition, and developing robust regional tectonic models.
Google books' coverage of Hawai'i and Pacific books

This poster reports on a recent quantitative study of Google Books' coverage of Hawaiian and Pacific books using the University of Hawaii's collection as a benchmark. A total of 1,500 books were randomly selected from the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa's Hawaiian, Pacific, and general stacks collections. Their level of access was then determined in Google Books by observing whether the books had a metadata record, were full-text searchable, and whether they were available in snippet, preview, or full-text views. Results show that Google Books has a sizable number of metadata records for Hawaiian and Pacific books, but has only a limited number available for full-text searching. In contrast, a larger number of books from the general stacks were available for full-text searching.
The external pixe milliprobe at davis: laser alignment, pixe calibration, and quality assurance

Abstract An external beam PIXE system has been developed at the Davis cyclotron, which is being used extensively for the analysis of the inks and papers of historical documents. This system has several important features. First, because the system is used in valuable and fragile documents, we have kept the heat loss very small. The amount of beam on the sample is minimized by a close detector geometry and by on-demand beam pulsing. A computer driven beam stop allows beam on the sample only when the data is being acquired. Second, the 1 to 2 mm2 beam spot can be accurately and quickly located at the desired position using a laser alignment system. With this system we can analyze single letters on one side of a page. Third, the beam on sample is internally monitored using the argon present in the 3 cm gap between the exit window and the sample. This is essential for thick targets which stop the beam. Finally, the elemental results are corrected for the decrease of beam energy at the target and for the X-ray attenuation between the target and the detector, and verified by thin standard foils. Similar corrections are made for the finite thickness of the samples. Multiple measurements on the inks of a single page show good consistency, whether done during the same cyclotron run or at another time. Our work indicates that external beam PIXE can be a very safe and accurate tool in historical research.
Efficient bulk search for fractional charge with multiplexed Millikan chambers

We outline the design of a fully automated Millikan droplet apparatus that could detect a single free fractional charge in several hundred grams of matter even without the use of a prefilter. This would constitute an improvement over current limits by about three orders of magnitude. The experiment achieves high material throughput and high background rejection through on-line processing which allows for a feedback system that can concentrate the measurement effort on anomalous droplets. The task is simplified by generating a monodisperse stream of droplets which will be preprocessed to let only a very narrow range of charges enter the Millikan chamber. Because the droplets can act as carriers of finely dispersed materials it is also possible to search for fractional charge in matter that has not undergone extensive refinement that may have excluded fractionally charged atoms from the sample. In a large refinery style operation many such Millikan chambers could run concurrently to achieve extremely large material throughput.
A Marcus-type model for steric and electronic effects of ligands in atom transfer reactions of metal carbonyl radicals

Abstract The rate constants for reaction of a series of Re(CO)4L (LCO, PR3, P(OR)3) radicals with various atom or functional group donors in hexane at room temperature have been measured using laser flash photolysis. The data in each series have been analyzed in terms of the linear free energy relationship, In k=aEi+bS i+c, where Eirepresents a measure of the donor character of ligand L (the 13C chemical shift of the CO groups in LNi(CO)3), and Si represents a measure of its steric requirement (the ligand repulsive energy parameter, ER). Expressing the atom or group transfer process in terms of the Marcus model for atom transfer, the variation in electron donor-acceptor character of L is related to variation in the overall free energy change in the atom transfer step, ΔG°′. The variation in ligand steric requirement is related to variation in the intrinsic barrier for the process, ΔG*(O). The model leads to a new prediction: for a group of related reaction sets, such as the atom transfer reactions of the Re(CO)4L radicals, the ratio a/b decreases monotonically with increasing exergonic character. That is, the relative sensitivity of the rate to variation in the electronic character of the ligand as compared with variation in its steric character decreases as the reaction becomes more exergonic. The predicted behavior is in good agreement with the experimental results for the large body of atom and group transfer data presented.
Controversies in the management of pulmonary disease due to cystic fibrosis.

The purpose of such a, necessarily, circumscribed review is to highlight therapeutic modalities of promise and to expose common treatments based on inadequate data, in an attempt to provide debate between colleagues, to stimulate clinical trials, and to suggest directions for future clinical investigation
A 1.3 centimeter wavelength interferometric study of Jupiter

Maps of the brightness distribution of Jupiter at 1.3 cm wavelength are reported for the two orthogonal linear polarizations; one approximately parallel to the equator and one approximately parallel to the pole. The synthesized beam is 6.0 arc sec by 12.0 arc sec, which provides about 55 picture elements over the visible disk. The two maps do not differ significantly. There are no small real features of the size of one resolution element with brightness greater than 6 K. The disk brightness is approximately uniform, which is consistent with saturated ammonia vapor as the source of opacity in the atmosphere. Uniformly mixed ammonia, molecular hydrogen, and methane are strongly excluded as major sources of the opacity. Forcing the maps to have symmetry about the pole, as expected for the rapidly rotating planet, reduces the residual noise level in the maps so that there appears to be a small amount of limb darkening along the equator and a small amount of brightening at the poles.
Anomalies in Red and Blue II: Towards an understanding of the roles of setting, values, and demography in the 2004 and 2008 U.S. presidential elections

Abstract Counties identified as anomalous in the 2004 US presidential election – large metropolitan counties and majority–minority counties that voted Republican and non and small-metropolitan counties that voted Democratic, are the subject of a qualitative analysis to assess why they were exceptions to the conventional wisdom of a Red and Blue America polarized along metropolitan–non-metropolitan and modern versus traditional dimensions. Contacts with professional colleagues, and with media and partisan representatives, and visits to selected counties provided valuable insights and helped us to assess the extent to which the county votes in 2008 reinforced or changed the broad Red and Blue dimensions derived from 2000 to 2004.
GA 3D EXCITONS AT SURFACES AND INTERFACES

L'emission d'excitons 3d de Ga persiste malgre la croissance des couches superieures d'epaisseur 50 A. Les resultats demontrent un nouveau parcours a la formation des excitons sous la couche superieure, ou ils sont associes aux etats de limite de bande L 6 et X 6 du volume
Increased MicroRNA-34b and -34c Predominantly Expressed in Stromal Tissues Is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Human Colon Cancer

The microRNA-34 family (miR-34a, -34b and -34c) have been reported to be tumor suppressor microRNAs (miRNAs) that are regulated by the TP53 and DNA hypermethylation. However, the expression, regulation, and prognostic value of the miR-34 family have not been systematically studied in colon cancer. To elucidate the roles of miR-34 family in colon carcinogenesis, miR-34a/b/c were measured in tumors and adjacent noncancerous tissues from 159 American and 113 Chinese colon cancer patients using quantitative RT-PCR, and we examined associations between miR-34a/b/c expression with TNM staging, cancer-specific mortality, TP53 mutation status and Affymetrix microarray data. All miR-34 family members were significantly increased in colon tumors, counter to the proposed tumor suppressor role for these miRNAs. Increased miR-34b/c were observed in more advanced tumors in two independent cohorts and increased expression of miR-34b/c was associated with poor cancer-specific mortality. While the expression of miR-34 family was not associated with TP53 mutation status, TP53 transcriptional activity was associated with miR-34a/b/c expression that is consistent with the proposed regulation of miR-34a/b/c by TP53. To examine where the miR-34 family is expressed, the expression of miR-34 family was compared between epitheliums and stromal tissues using laser microdissection technique. The expression of miR-34b/c was increased significantly in stromal tissues, especially in cancer stroma, compared with epithelial tissue. In conclusion, increased miR-34b/c predominantly expressed in stromal tissues is associated with poor prognosis in colon cancer. MiR-34 may contribute to cancer-stromal interaction associated with colon cancer progression.
The influence of subgrain boundaries on the rate controlling creep processes in Fe-3 Pct Si

The influence of subgrain boundaries on the kinetics of high temperature creep is studied by comparing the creep properties of textured Fe-3 pct Si with the properties of randomly oriented polycrystalline samples of the same composition. The steady state creep properties of the two materials are very nearly the same even though the randomly oriented polycrystalline samples exhibit subgrain formation while the textured samples do not. The transient creep properties of these materials are widely different indicating that the presence of subgrain structure can affect the transient creep behavior without affecting the steady state properties. We find that long creep delays produced by stress reductions during creep are associated with the presence of subgrain boundaries. The textured samples which have no subgrains do not show these transients. It is suggested that the creep transients for the randomly oriented polycrystalline samples are more sluggish than those for the textured samples because recovery involving subgrain boundary movement is slower than that for homogeneous dislocation rearrangement.
Bridge or frontier? Turkey's Post‐Cold War geopolitical posture

(1999). Bridge or frontier? Turkey's Post‐Cold War geopolitical posture. The International Spectator: Vol. 34, Turkey in the Spotlight, pp. 63-78.
An Examination of the Factors Contributing to Adoption Decisions among Late-Diffused Technology Products

According to diffusion theory, consumer beliefs or perceptions of innovation attributes, along with external socioeconomic and media exposures, influence the decision to adopt an innovation. To examine the relative influence of beliefs, attitudes, and external variables, the current study synthesizes perspectives from the Technology Adoption Model (TAM) and diffusion theory, and presents an integrated model of consumer adoption. The article reports the results of a survey investigating the measurement model in predicting potential adoption by late adopters of cellular phones. The model confirms the importance of attitudes towards potential adoption. Also significant are the influence of media ownership on perceptions of advantage, observability, and compatibility of the innovation. Media use and change agent contacts significantly influence perceptions of complexity of the innovation. Age, income and occupation were the sociodemographic variables that indirectly influenced adoption intention.
Practical Wisdom and Professional Character

IThe existence of the legal profession is something most lawyers take for granted. Lawyers of course do many different things, and lead different sorts of lives, but those who make their living in the law tend to assume, without much reflection, that they have a bond or association of some sort with others who do the same and believe they share something important in common with them. It is not at all clear, however, what this common element is, and the great diversity of tasks that lawyers perform – representing litigants, counseling clients, advising legislators, administering government programs, and deciding cases – can easily make one doubt whether the search for a link leads to anything but empty generalities.One may, of course, conclude that the main law jobs, as Karl Llewellyn called them, have nothing important in common, and that the legal profession is only a name for a disconnected collection of pursuits with no substance or reality of its own. This is not, however, a very satisfying view, to lawyers at least, and is likely to provoke the quick reply that what lawyers share in common is after all quite easy to discern. All lawyers, regardless of the nature of their work, possess a general knowledge of the law which they have acquired through a specialized program of instruction; laypersons lack such knowledge and it is this, one might argue, which marks the line between those who are lawyers and those who are not and, thus, defines the scope and nature of the profession.
Causality-violating Higgs singlets at the LHC

We construct a simple class of compactified five-dimensional metrics which admits closed timelike curves (CTCs), and derive the resulting CTCs as analytic solutions to the geodesic equations of motion. The associated Einstein tensor satisfies all the null, weak, strong and dominant energy conditions. In particular, no negative-energy “tachyonic” matter is required. In extra-dimensional models where gauge charges are bound to our brane, it is the Kaluza-Klein (KK) modes of gaugesinglets that may travel through the CTCs. From our brane point of view, many of these KK modes would appear to travel backward in time. We give a simple model in which time-traveling Higgs singlets can be produced by the LHC, either from decay of the Standard Model (SM) Higgs or through mixing with the SM Higgs. The signature of these time-traveling singlets is a secondary decay vertex pre-appearing before the primary vertex which produced them. The two vertices are correlated by momentum conservation. We demonstrate that pre-appearing vertices in the Higgs singlet-doublet mixing model may well be observable at the LHC.
Neutralization of chemokines RANTES and MIG increases virus antigen expression and spinal cord pathology during Theiler's virus infection

The role of chemokines during some viral infections is unpredictable because the inflammatory response regulated by these molecules can have two, contrasting effects-viral immunity and immunopathologic injury to host tissues. Using Theiler's virus infection of SJL mice as a model of this type of disease, we have investigated the roles of two chemokines-regulated on activation, normal T cell-expressed and secreted (RANTES) chemokine and monokine induced by IFN-gamma (MIG)-by treating mice with antisera that block lymphocyte migration. Control, infected mice showed virus persistence, mild inflammation and a small degree of demyelination in the white matter of the spinal cord at 6 weeks post-infection. Treatment of mice with RANTES antiserum starting at 2 weeks post-infection increased both viral antigen expression and the severity of inflammatory demyelination at 6 weeks post-infection. MIG antiserum increased the spread of virus and the proportion of spinal cord white matter with demyelination. Overall, viral antigen levels correlated strongly with the extent of pathology. At the RNA level, high virus expression was associated with low IL-2 and high IL-10 levels, and RANTES antiserum decreased the IL-2/IL-10 ratio. Our results suggest that RANTES and MIG participate in an immune response that attempts to restrict viral expression while limiting immunopathology and that anti-chemokine treatment poses the risk of exacerbating both conditions in the long term.
An investigation of repetition and language processing in a case of conduction aphasia.

Abstract A study is reported of a single case of conduction aphasia. A battery of tasks designed to investigate the parameters of the patient's severe repetition deficit is supplemented by tests of several language functions. The results provide extensive information on a wide range of the patient's language abilities and are used to evaluate the adequacy of four models that have been offered to account for conduction aphasia. An argument is made in support of the suggestion that the syndrome of conduction aphasia should be divided into two subgroups based on patients' ability to select and realize phonemes in speech output. It is concluded that the best explanation for the disorder of patients with repetition deficit but without significant speech output problems is the hypothesis that repetition ability is compromised by a pathological limitation of auditory-verbal short-term memory. This hypothesis is extended to account for the pattern of results obtained in the language tasks.
Limited-Angle Three-Dimensional Reconstructions Using Fourier Transform Iterations And Radon Transform Iterations

The principles of limited-angle reconstruction of space-limited objects using the concepts of "allowed cone" and "missing cone" in Fourier space are discussed. The distortion of a point source resulting from setting the Fourier components in the missing cone to zero has been calculated mathematically, and its bearing on the convergence of an iteration scheme involving Fourier transforms has been analyzed in detail. It was found that the convergence rate is fairly insensitive to the position of the point source within the boundary of the object, apart from an edge effect which tends to enhance some parts of the boundary in reconstructing the object. Another iteration scheme involving Radon transforms was introduced and compared to the Fourier transform method in such areas as root mean square error, stability with respect to noise, and computer reconstruction time.
Upper limb asymmetries in the utilization of proprioceptive feedback

Despite the importance of proprioception during upper limb movement, the extent to which arm/hemisphere asymmetries exist in the utilization of proprioceptive feedback remains unclear. In the present study, movement accuracy and arm dynamics were examined in 20 right-handed adults during a proprioceptive matching task that required subjects to actively match remembered target positions of the elbow with the contralateral arm. As hypothesized, the results indicated an accuracy advantage in favor of the non-preferred left arm reflected by smaller absolute matching errors when compared to the preferred right arm. This advantage was most pronounced for larger amplitude movements and was not associated with any limb-specific difference in movement strategy as indicated by the dynamics of the matching movement. These results extend current theories of handedness by demonstrating that, in right-handed individuals, the non-preferred arm/hemisphere system is more adept at utilizing position-related proprioceptive information than the preferred arm/hemisphere system.
Advancing age alters the influence of eye position on sound localization

Vision and audition provide spatial information about the environment to guide natural behavior. Because the eyes move in the head while the ears remain head-fixed, input conveying eye position in the head is required to maintain audiovisual congruence. Human perception of auditory space was previously shown to shift with changes in eye position, regardless of the target’s frequency content and spatial cues underlying horizontal and vertical localization. In this study, we examined whether this interaction is altered by advancing age. Head-restrained young (18–44 yo), middle-aged (45–64 yo), and elderly (65–81 yo) human subjects localized noise bursts under conditions of transient and sustained ocular deflection. All three age groups demonstrated a time-dependent shift of auditory space in the direction of eye position. Moreover, this adaptation showed a clear decline with advancing age, but only for peripheral auditory space (beyond ±10° from midline). Alternatively, adaptation in the periphery may occur, but is more sluggish than in the central field and therefore not fully observed in this experiment. The age-dependent effect cannot be readily explained by senescent peripheral hearing loss, suggesting a change in central processing of auditory space in relation to the control of gaze.
The fine structure of bovine nasal cartilage. Extraction as a technique to study proteoglycans and collagen in cartilage matrix.

Bovine nasal cartilage was studied by electron microscopy before and after extraction with 4 M guanidinium chloride or 1.9 M CaCl 2 . These solvents removed matrix granules, basophilia, and 85% of the proteoglycan complex, measured as hexuronate. Simultaneously, many collagen fibrils were disaggregated into component microfibrils (approximately 40 A thick). In contrast to the above solvents, exhaustive extraction with 0.5 M guanidinium chloride removed 20% of the proteoglycan complex, and matrix granules were reduced in size but not in number. Extraction with 4 M CaCl 2 removed only 10% of the proteoglycan complex, did not remove matrix granules, and caused the normal banding pattern of collagen to disappear. The banding was restored by further treatment with trypsin. Trypsin, before or after 4 M CaCl 2 , removed matrix granules and 90% of the proteoglycan complex. We conclude that matrix granules are an electron microscopic representation of the proteoglycan complex, and consist of more than one proteoglycan macromolecule. It would appear that 4 M guanidinium chloride and 1.9 M CaCl 2 , in addition to removing most of the proteoglycan complex, also disaggregate some of the collagen fibrils into their component microfibrils.
Conquests of the Imagination: Maya‐Mexican Polarity and the Story of Chichén Itzá

For generations scholars have explained the marked difference in the ruins of Chichen Itza by attributing the southern buildings to indigenous Yucatecan Maya and then telling of central Mexican Toltec invaders who built (or forced the Maya to build) the Tula-like plaza to the north. But evidence now suggests that the infamous "Toltec conquest of the Maya" never happened. The story may actually be the manifestation of a Western tendency to express ambivalent attitudes toward Native Americans in terms of polar opposites, in this case, "gentle Maya priests" versus "brutal Mexican warriors." In the end, the story may reveal more about the Western politics of knowledge than about pre-Columbian Mesoamerican history.
Effects of humor on sentence memory.

Memory for humorous and nonhumorous versions of sentences was compared. Humorous sentences were better remembered than the nonhumorous sentences on both free- and cued-recall tests and on measures of sentence recall and word recall. These effects persisted when subjects were warned that they were about to read a humorous sentence but were attenuated in incidental learning and limited to within-subjects manipulations. In incidental learning, recall was also scored as a function of subjective ratings of humor. Subjective humor affected memory in both within- and between-subjects designs. Attention, arousal, rehearsal, retrieval, and surprise explanations were explored. Results suggest that humorous material receives both increased attention and rehearsal relative to nonhumorous material. The emotion evoking qualities of a stimulus have a profound impact on memory processes. This impact has received increased attention, leading to the publication of numerous journal articles and to the recent publication of The Handbook of Emotion and Memory: Research and Theory (Christianson, 1992). However, most researchers have focused on the impact of negatively valenced emotions such as trauma and anxiety. The research presented in this article focuses on stimuli leading to the positive emotions associated with humor. Humor plays an important part in education, advertisement, entertainment, and politics. Nonetheless, basic research concerning the effects of humor on memory and attention is in short supply (see McGhee & Goldstein, 1983, for a review of research on humor). In fact, there was no coverage of the topic in Christianson' s volume. The research presented here attempts to answer some of the fundamental questions concerning the effects of humor on memory. I begin with a review of previous research, followed by a discussion of potential explanations for positive effects of humor on memory. Six experiments are then presented in which memory for humorous and nonhumorous versions of sentences was compared, and the results of these experiments are discussed in terms of the potential explanations. Most research investigating the effects of humor on learning and memory has been conducted in educational settings with less than rigorous experimental control. For example, Kaplan and Pascoe (1977) compared memory for lecture material presented with either serious or humorous examples. Kintsch and Bates (1977) compared memory for topic statements, details, and extraneous remarks and jokes presented during a lecture. Zillmann, Williams, Bryant, Boynton, and Wolf (1980)
Ventricular far-field activity may provide a diagnostic challenge in identifying an origin of ventricular tachycardia arising from the left ventricular papillary muscle

A 57-year-old man with idiopathic ventricular tachycardia (VT) underwent electrophysiological testing. Activation mapping revealed two remote earliest ventricular activation sites on anterior and posterior sides of the anterior papillary muscle. On the anterior side, far-field activity preceded near-field activity. Catheter ablation was successful on the posterior side. Ventricular far-field activity may provide diagnostic challenges in identifying papillary muscle VT origins.
Relationship between body composition and skeletal muscle eNOS.

Owing to the relationship between nitric oxide related endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease in overweight individuals, we investigated if skeletal muscle endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein content and activity are lower in overweight than lean women. A total of 19 women (age 26.0±1.7 years) underwent a resting muscle biopsy, body composition analysis by hydrostatic weighing and peak aerobic capacity determination using indirect calorimetry (Study 1). An additional separate set of six lean (⩽25% fat) and six overweight (>25% fat) women were subsequently studied for the determination of eNOS activity, and to better control for absolute peak aerobic capacity between lean and overweight women (Study 2). Skeletal muscle eNOS content was inversely related to percent body fat (r2=0.58, P<0.01), and body mass index (r2=0.35, P<0.05). Total eNOS activity was lower in overweight than lean women (2.09±0.22 vs 1.44±0.17 U, P<0.05; n=12), and was inversely related to percent body fat (r2=0.32, P=0.05), and BMI (r2=0.41, P<0.05). Absolute and relative aerobic capacity were not independent predictors of skeletal muscle eNOS content (r2=0.11 and 0.26, respectively). There is an inverse relationship between eNOS and percent body fat that may have implications for the previously reported reduced endothelial function and insulin sensitivity in overweight women.
Object-specific figure-ground segregation

We consider the problem of segmenting an image into foreground and background, with foreground containing solely objects of interest known a priori. We propose an integration model that incorporates both edge detection and object part detection results. It consists of two parallel processes: low-level pixel grouping and high-level patch grouping. We seek a solution that optimizes a joint grouping criterion in a reduced space enforced by grouping correspondence between pixels and patches. Using spectral graph partitioning, we show that a near global optimum can be found by solving a constrained eigenvalue problem. We report promising experimental results on a dataset of 15 objects under clutter and occlusion.
High Electron Mobility (2270 cm 2 /Vsec) In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As Inversion Channel N-MOSFETs with ALD ZrO 2 Gate Oxide Providing 1 nm EOT

Self-aligned MOSFETs with high-Indium content InGaAs based channel, ultra-thin high-k dielectric and metal gate are attractive devices for logic applications. To be compatible with the future generation CMOS technology, these devices must demonstrate high channel mobility and excellent performance at low operating voltage. Development of a thermally stable I-V/high-k interface with low EOT and low interface state density remains the key challenge for compound semiconductor implementation.
How the Incumbent Can Win: Managing Technological Transitions in the Semiconductor Industry

The paper reports on an empirical study of the management of technological transitions. It focuses on project-level mechanisms for the generation of knowledge through experimentation and for its accumulation through individual experience. It proposes a model that links these mechanisms to effectiveness in the management of revolutionary and evolutionary development approaches. This argument is tested with data describing projects conducted by all major competitors in the semiconductor industry. Each project was aimed at a technological transition, defined as the introduction of a major new generation of process technology. The analysis shows substantial differences among competitors in the approach taken i.e., evolutionary vs. revolutionary and results achieved. Additionally, it shows that individual organizations can migrate, over time, from evolution to revolution and vice versa. The analysis further indicates that accumulating experience and generating knowledge through experimentation are significantly associated with project performance. While product performance improvement through revolution is associated with research experience and with parallel experimentation capacity, improvement through evolution is associated with project experience and minimum experimental iteration time.
Stromal fibroblasts synthesize collagenase and stromelysin during long- term tissue remodeling

The process of connective tissue remodeling is an important mechanism contributing to tissue morphogenesis in development and homeostasis. Although it has long been known that remodeling tissues actively mediate collagenolysis, little is understood about the molecular mechanisms controlling this cell-regulated process. In this study, we examined the biosynthesis of collagenase and the related metalloproteinase, stromelysin, during remodeling of repair tissue deposited after mechanical injury to the rabbit cornea. Neither enzyme was synthesized by uninjured corneas; however, synthesis and secretion was detectable within one day after injury. Collagenase accumulated in its latent form while stromelysin appeared to be partially activated. Enzymes were synthesized by cells having a fibroblast phenotype. These cells were found within the stroma. New synthesis was correlated with accumulation of enzyme-specific mRNA. Highest levels of enzyme synthesis were observed in the repair tissue. However, stromal cells outside of the repairing area also synthesized both enzymes. The level of synthesis decreased in a gradient radiating from the repair tissue. Total synthetic levels in a given area of cornea were dependent on both the number of cells expressing enzyme and the rate of enzyme synthesis. Synthesis of collagenase was detected in repair tissue as long as nine months after injury. Our findings provide direct support for the hypothesis that new collagenase synthesis by cells in repair tissue is the first step in collagen degradation during long-term tissue remodeling.
Hemorrhage in the Wall of Pyogenic Brain Abscess on Susceptibility Weighted MR Sequence: A Report of 3 Cases

Background and Purpose. In pyogenic brain abscess, hemorrhage in the walls is considered exceptional. Recently, hemorrhagic changes in the walls of pyogenic abscess have been demonstrated on susceptibility weighted imaging with 3T MRI. Here, we report hemorrhagic changes in the walls of pyogenic brain abscess on susceptibility weighted imaging with 1.5T MRI. Method. MRI of brain was done using 1.5T MRI with diffusion weighted sequence, susceptibility weighted sequence, and other standard sequences in 3 consecutive cases of pyogenic brain abscess. Stereotactic biopsy and cultures were obtained in 2 cases. One case was treated empirically with antibiotics. Results. Susceptibility sequence demonstrated hemorrhage in the wall of brain abscess in all three cases. All three cases also demonstrated restricted diffusion on diffusion weighted imaging. Conclusion. Susceptibility weighted imaging can demonstrate hemorrhagic changes in the walls of pyogenic brain abscess on 1.5T MRI. Presence of hemorrhage in the walls of ring enhancing lesions should not automatically lead to a diagnosis of tumor.
Practical Applications of Organic Fluorine Compounds

The development of fluorine chemistry is closely related to practical applications of fluorine derivatives. It was not until the early 1930’s that fluorine chemistry became of interest to large-scale producers, after the discovery of fluorinated refrigerants commonly called “Freons.” Later on, fluorinated plastics added to the importance of fluorine derivatives. The use of fluorocarbons in the field of atomic energy meant a further extension of practical uses of fluorine derivatives. And when the boom of industrial applications started to level off, several pharmaceuticals were added to the list of largescale products. These are the most important industrial applications [224, 225], and will be dealt with in sequence.
A Further Exploration of the Lesbian Identity Development Process and its Measurement

Abstract This study explored the fit of Cass's (1979) model of homosexual identity formation (HIF) and the utilization of the Self Identity Questionnaire (Brady, 1983) with a sample of lesbian women. Purposes of the study were to evaluate assignment of HIF stage based on two self-report measures, to measure the relationship between aspects of self-concept and lesbian identity development, and to clarify the sequencing of developmental tasks in lesbian identity formation. Participants were 118 women who self-identified as lesbian or as questioning their sexuality. Results of the study indicated that relationships exist between self-reported and assigned HIF stage, that HIF stage correlates with self-concept, and that participants moved through key developmental tasks in the order predicted by Cass's (1979) model. In addition, age was found to have a relationship with HIF stage. The study provides limited support for the utility of the HIF model and its measurement.
“The state of the heart”: Recent advances in engineering human cardiac tissue from pluripotent stem cells

The pressing need for effective cell therapy for the heart has led to the investigation of suitable cell sources for tissue replacement. In recent years, human pluripotent stem cell research expanded tremendously, in particular since the derivation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells. In parallel, bioengineering technologies have led to novel approaches for in vitro cell culture. The combination of these two fields holds potential for in vitro generation of high-fidelity heart tissue, both for basic research and for therapeutic applications. However, this new multidisciplinary science is still at an early stage. Many questions need to be answered and improvements need to be made before clinical applications become a reality. Here we discuss the current status of human stem cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes and the combined use of bioengineering approaches for cardiac tissue formation and maturation in developmental studies, disease modeling, drug testing, and regenerative medicine.
Powerful Soil: Utilizing Microbial Fuel Cell Construction and Design in an Introductory Biology Course.

This tool utilizes the construction of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) as the long-term laboratory experience for an introductory biology course. Students build multiple versions of MFCs during the semester, altering a number of variables to produce a more powerful battery. Through this iterative laboratory experience, students learn experimental design strategies, microbial culturing and identification techniques, and how to construct scientific figures, legends and tables. This laboratory can also be adapted to a one-hour workshop for middle school students, facilitated by college faculty and college students. Editor's Note : The ASM advocates that students must successfully demonstrate the ability to explain and practice safe laboratory techniques. For more information, read the laboratory safety section of the ASM Curriculum Recommendations: Introductory Course in Microbiology and the Guidelines for Biosafety in Teaching Laboratories, available at www.asm.org. The Editors of JMBE recommend that adopters of the protocols included in this article follow a minimum of Biosafety Level 2 practices. Adopters of the 8th grade outreach activity discussed in this article should follow Biosafety Level 1 practices.
Synthesis, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of quaternary iron selenides: Ba 2 FePnSe 5 (Pn=Sb, Bi)

Abstract Two new barium iron pnictide–selenides, Ba2FeSbSe5 and Ba2FeBiSe5, were synthesized by a high-temperature solid-state route and their crystal structures were determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction. Both compounds are isomorphic to the high pressure phase Ba3FeS5 and crystallize in the orthorhombic space group Pnma (No. 62) with cell parameters of a=12.603(2)/12.619(2) A, b=9.106(1)/9.183(1) A, c=9.145(1)/9.123(1) A and Z=4 for Ba2FeSbSe5 and Ba2FeBiSe5, respectively. According to differential scanning calorimetry, Ba2FePnSe5 compounds exhibit high thermal stability and melt congruently at 1055(5) K (Pn=Sb) and 1105(5) K (Pn=Bi). Magnetic characterizations reveal strong antiferromagnetic nearest-neighbor interactions in both compounds resulting in an antiferromagnetic ordering at 58(1) K for Ba2FeSbSe5 and 79(2) K for Ba2FeBiSe5. The magnetic interactions between Fe3+ centers, which are at least 6 A apart from each other, are mediated by superexchange interactions.
Assessment and/or ABET accreditation: the good, the bad, and the helpful

Assessment has suffered from a bad reputation as very difficult and time consuming. ABET can also be time consuming and difficult. While almost all schools require some form of assessment, ABET can be considered optional. This workshop aims to help in the following areas: 1) Is ABET a viable option for me (especially if you are from a small department), 2) How can I get the most out of ABET accreditation, 3) Given the fact that I must do assessment (for ABET and/or my home institution), how can I get the most out of it without spending more time than I have on it? The emphasis of the workshop will be geared to the needs of those attending with a time for sharing of best practices (or even worst experiences) from those attending.
Neurobiology and genetics of ADHD in adults.

Treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may positively impact the neurobiology of adult patients with ADHD. Treatment may also minimize impairment from core symptoms and may alter the course of co-morbid disorders such as depression and substance use disorder. However, much of the information on stimulant use in adult ADHD comes from studies conducted in children, and it remains unclear whether there is a difference between children and adults when it comes to the side effects and tolerability of ADHD treatments. It is known that clinical presentation differs between adults and children, with adults demonstrating a higher percentage of mood disorders. Current treatments for adult ADHD include psychosocial therapies and pharmacologic therapies, the latter of which include the stimulants d-methylphenidate extended release (XR), OROS methylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine, and mixed amphetamine salts XR; and the nonstimulant atomoxetine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. There is need for additional study of treatment strategies for adult ADHD. Although all classes of ADHD medications are approved in adults, there are fewer approved formulations for adults than for children. Efficacy in adults is more subjective than in children, which may affect how efficacy rates for adult treatments are calculated. Adults also present a greater diversion risk than children. In addition, there are several new and emerging medication treatments worth considering.This Expert Roundtable Supplement represents part 2 of a 3-part supplement series on adult ADHD led by Lenard A. Adler, MD. In this activity, Thomas J. Spencer, MD, discusses the neurobiology and genetics of adult ADHD; Mark A. Stein, PhD, discusses stimulant therapy; and Jeffrey H. Newcorn, MD, reviews nonstimulants and psychosocial treatments.
Ab Initio Calculation of Rate Constants for Molecule–Surface Reactions with Chemical Accuracy

The ab initio prediction of reaction rate constants for systems with hundreds of atoms with an accuracy that is comparable to experiment is a challenge for computational quantum chemistry. We present a divide-and-conquer strategy that departs from the potential energy surfaces obtained by standard density functional theory with inclusion of dispersion. The energies of the reactant and transition structures are refined by wavefunction-type calculations for the reaction site. Thermal effects and entropies are calculated from vibrational partition functions, and the anharmonic frequencies are calculated separately for each vibrational mode. This method is applied to a key reaction of an industrially relevant catalytic process, the methylation of small alkenes over zeolites. The calculated reaction rate constants (free energies), pre-exponential factors (entropies), and enthalpy barriers show that our computational strategy yields results that agree with experiment within chemical accuracy limits (less than one order of magnitude).
A Model of the Distributor's Perspective of Distributor-Manufacturer Working Relationships:

Building upon work from social exchange theory and channels of distribution, a model of distributor-manufacturer working relationships from the distributor's perspective is presented. An initial em...