cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cybersecurity and Authentication: The Marketplace Role in Rethinking Anonymity – Before Regulators Intervene

Anonymous speech plays a fundamental role in America’s political history. However, that long tradition of anonymous communications faces an image problem in today’s age of spam, computer viruses, spyware, denial-of-service attacks on websites, and identity theft. The criminals and hackers who perpetrate these insults on the commercial Internet are, for the most part, anonymous; we simply do not know the identities of these bad guys. Yet, the promise of anonymous communications is vital to the preservation of political liberty across the globe. Therefore, how should we regard anonymity in a digital age? And how should we strike the right balance between security and anonymity online? To begin, we should not consider the outlawing of anonymous communications as the answer to today’s cybersecurity threats. Commercial sector “regulation” of anonymity, so to speak, can play a significant role in combating these problems. Increasingly, online authentication has become important to both personal security and to cybersecurity in general. Some recent proposals toward bolstering security have included greater authentication of the source of emails to deal with spam and the requirement that those who conduct transactions online reveal their identities – seeming violations of online culture. Policymakers also want a say in the matter, and as the process unfolds, they might feel increasingly tempted to intervene whenever issues impacting privacy and authentication emerge in debates over telecommunications, intellectual property, biometrics, cybersecurity, and more. Regardless, government should not strip us of our anonymity online. Cybersecurity concerns may instead call for the marketplace – not regulators – to deal with the fact that many threats stem from that very lack of authentication. The inclusion of greater authentication standards into online services by private vendors will lead to their working in concert in unprecedented ways that may draw attention from regulatory and antitrust authorities. But these private, experimental efforts have no implications for political liberty – nor are they anticompetitive. Private solutions are the only real hope we have for decreasing cybersecurity threats, given that previous government efforts to regulate the Internet – for example, outlawing spam in 2004 – have not lived up to expectations. Political anonymity and commercial anonymity are not the same thing, and the distinction requires better appreciation. Over the coming tumultuous period of dealing with online threats, policymakers should allow the experimentation necessary to cope with today’s lack of online authentication to proceed with minimal interference.
An alternate preparation for (Bi, Pb)2Ca2Sr2Cu3Oz

Abstract An alternative synthetic route for obtaining (Bi, Pb) 2 Ca 2 Sr 2 Cu 3 O z (2223), by using Bi 2 CaSr 2 Cu 2 O z , (2122), as a starting material is described. The advantages of this route include lower processing temperatures, shorter reaction times, and improved phase purity over conventional synthetic routes.
Object representation with a single continuous formula

The possibility of representing the two-dimensional (2D) orthogonal image of an arbitrary 3D object from any viewpoint and orientation is established. The novelty of the representation is that it consists of a single continuous analytic formula. This allows for the complete symbolic representation of an object and derivative features, and may aid in object recognition and the establishment of object recognition standards.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Mormon Education of A Gentile Justice: George Sutherland and Brigham Young Academy

Although there are at least two fine published biographies of Sutherland, these and other accounts do not include extensive information about the future Justice’s educational activities at Brigham Young Academy from 1879 to 1881. Thus, this article focuses on the formative experiences of Sutherland, then between the ages of seventeen and nineteen, at the Academy. Clearly, his relationships with classmates and faculty left a lasting impression that affected the rest of his life, including his work on the Court. The article also details for the first time the Sutherland family’s close relationship to the Mormon Church from 1849 to approximately 1870; although Sutherland himself never joined the Church, he maintained strong relationships with Mormons and Brigham Young University throughout his life.
Doubly sparse transform learning with convergence guarantees

The sparsity of natural signals in transform domains such as the DCT has been heavily exploited in various applications. Recently, we introduced the idea of learning sparsifying transforms from data, and demonstrated the usefulness of learnt transforms in image representation, and denoising. However, the learning formulations therein were non-convex, and the algorithms lacked strong convergence properties. In this work, we propose a novel convex formulation for square sparsifying transform learning. We also enforce a doubly sparse structure on the transform, which makes its learning, storage, and implementation efficient. Our algorithm is guaranteed to converge to a global optimum, and moreover converges quickly. We also introduce a non-convex variant of the convex formulation, for which the algorithm is locally convergent. We show the superior promise of our learnt transforms as compared to analytical sparsifying transforms such as the DCT for image representation.
Ultrasonic reflectivity imaging in three dimensions: reconstruction with spherical transducer arrays.

Abstract Three-dimensional backprojection for reconstructing acoustic reflectivity within a volume is examined. The reflectivity data are acquired by means of a spherical array of point sources-receivers which encloses the object under study. Reconstruction of the image is obtained by back-projecting the recorded pulse-echo data over spherical surfaces in image space. An analytical expression for the point spread function (PSF) generated by the backprojection process has been derived. This expression was evaluated for several different choices of the acoustic pulse: a narrowband pulse, wideband pulse, and two analytically-derived optimum pulses which provide the best sidelobe response and a mainlobe width equal to approximately 0.4λ c , where λ c is the wavelength corresponding to the upper cutoff frequency of the pulse. Excellent agreement was obtained between the theoretical PSF's for the different pulses and those obtained by computer simulation. A number of potential advantages of direct three-dimensional reconstruction relative to two-dimensional tomographic techniques are discussed, including (1) high resolution in three dimensions; (2) the possibility of incorporating refraction effects in the reconstruction process; (3) reduced sensitivity to limited viewing angles; and (4) improved signal-to-noise ratio (thus minimizing requirements for data redundancy).
Corrections to VMD in the photoproduction of vector mesons I: Mass dependence of amplitudes

Abstract We study the dependence of the vector meson scattering amplitudes on the external masses, assuming that the most important effects arise from the coupling of the vector mesons to low mass intermediate states which mediate the scattering. The consequence is that the amplitudes for ϱ0 and o photoproduction are modified by approximately + 10% and −15% respectively. This result is equivalent to naively using the coupling constants from the e+e- decay widths and ignoring the mass variation effects. The analysis also calls attention to residual uncertainties at the several percent level.
How to localize parathyroid tumors in primary hyperparathyroidism

The management of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) has dramatically changed in the last 5 yr. Many more patients now undergo focused, limited or minimally invasive parathyroidectomy instead of traditional bilateral neck exploration. This change has taken place because of the improved accuracy of pre-operative localizing studies in selecting patients who have single-gland parathyroid disease (single adenoma) and can therefore have a minimally invasive parathyroidectomy. Sestamibi scanning followed by ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans are most accurate for localizing parathyroid tumors in patients with PHPT. Selective venous catheterization for PTH levels is useful when other localizing studies are negative or discordant in patients with persistent or recurrent PHPT. The routine use of one or more localizing studies commonly identifies the parathyroid tumor in patients with single-gland disease; but if localizing studies are negative or discordant, patients should have intra-operative PTH levels monitored or have a bilateral neck exploration to ensure a high rate of biochemical cure.
Enhancing business education through integrated curriculum delivery

Purpose – If business education programs are to meet the needs of the business community, educators must continuously examine the strengths and weaknesses of their programs. While the current business curriculum typically educates students in the key business disciplines, many business schools deliver their curriculum by creating courses based on functional area, rather than the integration of knowledge from a holistic perspective. Therefore, the purpose of this literature review is to explore several approaches for delivering the business curriculumDesign/methodology/approach – This aim is achieved through a holistic approach, which highlights the benefits and limitations of each proposal. Key approaches include capstone projects, service learning projects, team teaching, and integrative case studies.Findings – The literature review revealed that all four approaches provide students with the opportunity to integrate their business knowledge with the critical skills that they have mastered in their libera...
Two new malyngamides from a Madagascan Lyngbya majuscula.

The lipid extract of a Madagascan Lyngbya majuscula has yielded malyngamides Q and R, both amides of 7-methoxytetradec-4-enoic acid. The isolation of these metabolites was accomplished using preparative liquid chromatography, with final purification through repetitive reversed-phase HPLC. Structure elucidation was accomplished utilizing 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic characterization of the natural products and comparisons with malyngamides A and B. DPFGSE 1D NOE data suggested a different geometrical stereochemistry at C-6 in malyngamides Q and R from that observed for malyngamide A, as well as the other known malyngamides. The Z stereochemistry was confirmed for malyngamide R by measurement of key diagnostic 3JCH couplings utilizing the HSQMBC pulse sequence. The absolute stereochemistry of C-4‘ ‘ of the pyrrolidone ring was defined by chiral GCMS analysis of serine released by ozonolysis and acid hydrolysis.
Hybrid density functional study of structural and electronic properties of functionalized Ti n+1 X n (X=C, N) monolayers

Density functional theory simulations with conventional (PBE) and hybrid (HSE06) functionals were performed to investigate the structural and electronic properties of MXene monolayers, ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{n+1}{\mathrm{C}}_{n}$ and ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{n+1}{\mathrm{N}}_{n}$ ($n=1$--9) with surfaces terminated by O, F, H, and OH groups. We find that PBE and HSE06 give similar results. Without functional groups, MXenes have magnetically ordered ground states. All the studied materials are metallic except for ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}{\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$, which we predict to be semiconducting. The calculated density of states at the Fermi level of the thicker MXenes ($n\ensuremath{\geqslant}5$) is much higher than for thin MXenes, indicating that properties such as electronic conductivity and surface chemistry will be different. In general, the carbides and nitrides behave differently with the same functional groups.
Synthesis of highly magnetic iron nanoparticles suitable for field structuring using a β-diketone surfactant

We describe the synthesis of highly magnetic iron nanoparticles using a novel surfactant, a β-diketone. We have produced 6 nm iron nanoparticles with an unusually high saturation magnetization of more than 80% the value of bulk iron. Additionally, we measured a particle susceptibility of 14 (MKS units), which is far above the value possible for micron-scale spherical particles. These properties will allow for formation of composites that can be highly structured by magnetic fields.
A Comparison of Water Quality Between Low- and High-Flow River Conditions in a Tropical Estuary, Hilo Bay, Hawaii

Effects of storms on the water quality of Hilo Bay, Hawaii, were examined by sampling surface waters at 6 stations 10 times during low-flow and 18 times during high-flow (storms) river conditions. The direction of a storm’s impact on water quality parameters was consistent among storms and most stations; however, direction of the impact varied with the parameter. High river flow conditions increased concentrations of nitrate and decreased those of dissolved organic nitrogen (N); effects on ammonium and particulate N were station specific. Storms also increased dissolved organic and particulate carbon (C) concentrations. Dissolved phosphorus (P) concentrations were not affected by high river flow events. Dissolved organic forms dominated the N, C, and P pools under both low- and high-flow river conditions. Soil-derived particles and fecal indicator bacteria increased during storms, while chlorophyll a concentrations and bacterial cell abundances decreased. Our results suggest that an increase in storms with global warming could impact water quality of tropical estuaries.
Comparison of fast backbone dynamics at amide nitrogen and carbonyl sites in dematin headpiece C-terminal domain and its S74E mutant.

We perform a detailed comparison of fast backbone dynamics probed at amide nitrogen versus carbonyl carbon sites for dematin headpiece C-terminal domain (DHP) and its S74E mutant (DHPS74E). Carbonyl dynamics is probed via auto-correlated longitudinal rates and transverse C′/C′-Cα CSA/dipolar and C′/C′–N CSA/dipolar cross-correlated rates, while 15N data are taken from a previous study. Resulting values of effective order parameters and internal correlation times support the conclusion that C′ relaxation reports on a different subset of fast motions compared to those probed at N–H bond vectors in the same peptide planes. 13C′ order parameters are on the average 0.08 lower than 15N order parameters with the exception of the flexible loop region in DHP. The reduction of mobility in the loop region upon the S74E mutation can be seen from the 15N order parameters but not from the 13C order parameters. Internal correlation times at 13C′ sites are on the average an order of magnitude longer than those at 15N sites for the well-structured C-terminal subdomains, while the more flexible N-terminal subdomains have more comparable average internal correlation times.
Performance of alliances: formative stages and changing organizational and environmental influences

There is near unanimous agreement that the performance of alliances usually falls short of expectations. Studies have identified several generic reasons for poor performance: inadequate communication, lack of trust, insufficient complementarity of resources, inappropriate organizational structures and processes, and so on. While we broadly agree with these, knowledge of these self-evident reasons does not seem to have turned the tide of bad news in any way. We show in this paper that it is important to unpack a broad set of antecedent variables, including the ones identified above, and to track them over the crucial formative stages of an alliance. Based on our interviews with 24 senior and middle level managers and professionals of a focal company about 10 of its major alliances, we identify the following four formative stages of an alliance: (1) Recognition, (2) Research, (3) Relationship Set-up, and (4) Ramp up. We show that the primary predictors of success across these stages are not identical, nor their effect uniform. Further, proper completion of all the preceding stages is essential for the success of subsequent stages. We finally show that the compaction of the various successful stages, in particular of the Ramp-Up stage, is one of the best predictors of overall success of an alliance.
Ion-pairing in polyether solid electrolytes and its influence on ion transport

Abstract Vibrational spectroscopic and conductivity data are presented for complexes of NaBF4 and NaBH4 with poly(ethylene oxide). These studies indicate that extensive contact ion pairing occurs in the NaBH4 complex but not in the NaBH4 complex. As a result the ionic conductivity is considerably lower in the NaBH4 complex, due to trapping of the mobile sodium cations by the anion. The effect of salt stoichiometry on the conductivity behavior is also reported.
Profit-maximizing clubs

Abstract We study a Nash equilibrium among profit-maximizing clubs which choose facility size and admission price. The number of clubs is endogenous. Entry is deterred whenever the symmetric Nash equilibrium with one additional firm would yield negative profit. Equilibrium exists with positive profit. The equilibrium price is higher than the congestion price and the equilibrium number of clubs is bounded below by one fewer than the efficient number. In general there will be too much entry than too little. One can choose an economy sufficiently large that the equilibrium price is within epsilon of the competitive price.
The Need for an Iterative Process for Assessing Economic Outcomes Associated with SSRIs

Pharmacotherapeutic advances in the treatment of depression have included the development of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), thereby providing alternatives to tricyclic antidepressants. Concurrent with these events have been significant structural (e.g. pharmaceutical formularies) and regulatory (e.g. required pharmacoeconomic evaluations) changes in the delivery, financing, and oversight of healthcare programmes throughout the world. International cost-containment initiatives are increasingly mandating a demonstration of value for money, defined in terms of a measurable health and/or financial outcome, and, in the case of medicines, attributable to a given expenditure, for a given pharmacotherapeutic option. We examine the inherent strengths and weaknesses of 5 study designs used to discern and contrast financial outcomes stemming from the use of antidepressant pharmacotherapy for the treatment of depressive illness [randomised controlled trials (RCTs); meta-analyses; decision-analytical models (DAMs); retrospective database investigations; randomised naturalistic inquiry].We argue that the economic appraisal of pharmacotherapy requires an iterative process extending from the developmental (RCTs; meta-analyses; DAMs) through to the postmarketing phase (database reviews; naturalistic inquiry), thereby resulting in a porfolio of evidence as to the safety, efficacy and effectiveness of a given pharmacotherapeutic category (e.g. SSRIs) and/or a specific medication. Database reviews, while nonrandomised, and prospective naturalistic inquiry afford greater insight into the patterns of use and financial merits of prescribing specific pharmacotherapeutic options for the treatment of depression within the context of clinical practice as compared with RCTs, meta-analyses and DAMs. The portfolio of evidence to date indicates that the first-line use of SSRIs in the treatment of depression is clinically warranted, and represents value for money.
Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Deteriorating Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of simple clinical variables and radionuclide ventriculogram in separating those patients with isolated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) from those with COPD and coexisting left ventricular dysfunction (LVD). Design Retrospective record review of 77 patients with increasing dyspnea, defined as recent deterioration in exercise tolerance, new use of corticosteroids, or recent hospital admission for COPD; referred to the outpatient Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program at the Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center from July 1987 to October 1992. Setting Outpatient medical clinic. Patients Veterans who were referred to the Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program. Measurements History and physical findings, pulmonary function tests, arterial blood gases, distance achieved in a 12-min walk, dyspnea score, electrocardiogram, chest radiograph, and radionuclide multigated ventriculography. Results Twenty-five of 77 patients evaluated in the Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program for increasing dyspnea were functionally more limited (12-min walk 10.4 vs 13.9 laps; MRC score 2.68 vs 2.06; *p Conclusions LVD was found in 32% of patients with COPD presenting with symptomatic deterioration. Since the therapeutic approach to these two disorders differs, the identification of patients with LVD is important. Prospective studies are needed to identify the most cost-effective approach to this problem of coexisting disease and to evaluate the benefit from therapy.
A modal separation measurement technique for broadband noise propagating inside circular ducts.

A measurement technique which separates broadband noise propagating inside circular ducts into the acoustic duct modes is developed. The technique is also applicable to discrete frequency noise. The acoustic modes are produced by weighted combinations of the instantaneous outputs of microphones spaced around the duct circumference. The technique is compared with the cross spectral density approach presently available and found to have certain advantages, and disadvantages. Considerable simplification of both the new technique and the cross spectral density approach occurs when no correlation exists between different circumferential mode orders. The properties leading to uncorrelated modes and experimental tests which verify this condition are discussed. The modal measurement technique is applied to the case of broadband noise generated by flow through a coaxial obstruction (nozzle or orifice) in a pipe. Different circumferential mode orders are shown to be uncorrelated for this type of noise source.
In Vivo Expression Technology Identifies a Novel Virulence Factor Critical for Borrelia burgdorferi Persistence in Mice

Analysis of the transcriptome of Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, during infection has proven difficult due to the low spirochete loads in the mammalian tissues. To overcome this challenge, we have developed an In Vivo Expression Technology (IVET) system for identification of B. burgdorferi genes expressed during an active murine infection. Spirochetes lacking linear plasmid (lp) 25 are non-infectious yet highly transformable. Mouse infection can be restored to these spirochetes by expression of the essential lp25-encoded pncA gene alone. Therefore, this IVET-based approach selects for in vivo-expressed promoters that drive expression of pncA resulting in the recovery of infectious spirochetes lacking lp25 following a three week infection in mice. Screening of approximately 15,000 clones in mice identified 289 unique in vivo-expressed DNA fragments from across all 22 replicons of the B. burgdorferi B31 genome. The in vivo-expressed candidate genes putatively encode proteins in various functional categories including antigenicity, metabolism, motility, nutrient transport and unknown functions. Candidate gene bbk46 on essential virulence plasmid lp36 was found to be highly induced in vivo and to be RpoS-independent. Immunocompetent mice inoculated with spirochetes lacking bbk46 seroconverted but no spirochetes were recovered from mouse tissues three weeks post inoculation. However, the bbk46 gene was not required for B. burgdorferi infection of immunodeficient mice. Therefore, through an initial IVET screen in B. burgdorferi we have identified a novel in vivo-induced virulence factor critical for the ability of the spirochete to evade the humoral immune response and persistently infect mice.
The Porcine Hemodialysis Access Model

PURPOSE To create a porcine hemodialysis access model that reliably reproduces intimal hyperplasia (IH) of the outflow vein similar to that which causes access failure in human patients undergoing dialysis treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Surgical technique for creation of side-to-side iliac-artery-to-ipsilateral-iliac-vein (IAV) native fistulas and IAV conduits was optimized in three standard-bred pigs. Persistent patency of fistulas and conduits was demonstrated in two additional pigs allowed to survive for 1 week. IAV fistulas and contralateral 2-cm polytetrafluoroethylene IAV conduits were created in five additional pigs. Venous outflow from these fistulas and conduits was evaluated with venography and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) immediately after creation (day 0) and at 2-week intervals for as long as 64 days. Animals were killed at 30 days ( n = 1), 42 days ( n = 2), or 64 days ( n = 2), and the arteries, veins, and conduits were evaluated histologically. RESULTS IAV native fistulas remained patent until the animals' death and conduits remained patent for at least 14 days in four of five pigs; both the fistula and conduit likely occluded before 16-day follow-up in the fifth pig. At 42–64 days, venography demonstrated maximum fistula outflow vein diameter stenoses of 53%–76% and maximum conduit outflow vein stenoses of 44%–84%, and IVUS demonstrated maximum area stenoses of 64%–86% and 43%–82%, respectively. Three of five conduits occluded, one before 16-day follow-up, one between 14 and 28 days, and the other after 42 days. Histologic sections demonstrated IH predominantly affecting the veins at the anastomoses and central (cephalad) to the anastomoses in all pigs. CONCLUSION This porcine model reproduces IH in the fistula or conduit outflow vein with measurable stenosis. Such a model might allow relevant preclinical evaluation of interventional devices and techniques intended to reduce the effects of IH in human patients undergoing dialysis treatments.
Assessing the Impact of the Tropopause on Mountain Waves and Orographic Precipitation Using Linear Theory and Numerical Simulations

AbstractThe partial reflection of mountain waves at the tropopause has been studied extensively for its contribution to downslope windstorms, but its impact on orographic precipitation has not been addressed. Here linear theory and numerical simulations are used to investigate how the tropopause affects the vertical structure of mountain waves and, in turn, orographic precipitation. Relative to the no-tropopause case, wave-induced ascent above the windward slope of a two-dimensional ridge is found to be enhanced or diminished depending on the ratio of the tropopause height to the vertical wavelength of the mountain waves—defined here as the “nondimensional tropopause height” . In idealized simulations of flow over both two-dimensional and three-dimensional ridges, variations in are found to modulate the precipitation rate by roughly a factor of 2 under typical atmospheric conditions. The sensitivity of precipitation to is related primarily to the depth of windward ascent but also to the location and stren...
Extending the 107Pd-107Ag chronometer to low Pd/Ag meteorites with multicollector plasma-ionization mass spectrometry

A new technique that uses multicollector plasma-ionization mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) for the determination of Ag isotopic composition is reported. By correcting for instrument-induced mass fractionation of Ag by comparison with an added “spike” of normal Pd, 107Ag/109Ag can be determined to an external precision of approximately ±1.3e. This precision allows resolution of variations in the Ag isotopic composition of low Pd/Ag objects such as pallasites, group IA irons, chondrites, and the Earth. For subsamples of the group IA iron Canyon Diablo, the group IIIB iron Grant, and the pallasite Brenham, variation in Ag isotopic composition correlates with Pd/Ag, suggesting contribution from the decay of now-extinct 107Pd. Canyon Diablo sulfide and metal provide a correlation corresponding to an initial 107Pd/108Pd of (2.39 ± 0.26) × 10−5, essentially identical to the highest value previously seen for any meteorite. Data for the pallasite Brenham define a four-point correlation corresponding to 107Pd/108Pd of (1.65 ± 0.05) × 10−5, indicating that the Pd-Ag system in Brenham closed 3.5 ± 0.3 Myr after that in Canyon Diablo. The initial Ag isotopic composition of Brenham is indistinguishable from that in Canyon Diablo. Thus, the parental materials of Brenham must have had low Pd/Ag, within the chondritic range, during this 3.5-Myr interval. In contrast, a sulfide–metal tie line for the group IIIB iron, Grant, provides a similar 107Pd/108Pd ((1.61 ± 0.70) × 10−5) to Brenham, but has radiogenic initial Ag (+36e compared with the initial Ag isotopic composition of Canyon Diablo), indicative of evolution in a parent body with high Pd/Ag, perhaps similar to the bulk composition of Grant. The Ag isotopic composition measured for Canyon Diablo sulfide is the lowest yet reported for any solar system material (11e below the terrestrial standard). When this value is used to approximate the initial Ag isotopic composition of the solar nebula, Pd-Ag data for the CV chondrite Allende suggest a solar system initial 107Pd/108Pd of (39 ± 19) × 10−5. Alternatively, the unexpectedly high 107Ag/109Ag for Allende could reflect either mass fractionation or a nuclear anomaly in the Ag contained in this primitive chondrite.
Digit ratio, emotional intelligence and parenting styles predict female aggression

Abstract The contributions of digit ratio (2D:4D), emotional intelligence (EI) and parenting styles to social aggression were examined. Females (n = 215 emerging adults) completed 5 aggression measures, an EI measure, 2 parenting measures, and had their hands measured. Aggression correlated with each of the predictors. Left hand 2D:4D, EI, and parental authoritarianism resulted in the most robust model for predicting aggression. Implications are discussed.
Substance dependence and the use of pro re nata anxiolytic/hypnotic drugs in a hospital setting.

Patients hospitalized for treatment of psychiatric illness commonly receive pro re nata (p.r.n.) anti-anxiety and hypnotic agents. The relationship between illicit drug use and p.r.n. anti-anxiety/hypnotic drug use in hospitalized psychiatric patients has not been extensively examined. The purpose of the present study was to examine this relationship. A retrospective review of 99 randomly selected hospitalized patients abstracted information regarding the utilization of p.r.n. anxiolytic and hypnotic medications. Seventy percent of the patients surveyed evidenced substance dependence. The substance users utilized p.r.n. anxiolytics (t = 2.29, df = 81, p < .05) and bedtime hypnotics (t = 4.23, df = 90, p < .0001) more frequently than the nonusers. Hospitalized substance abusers appear to continue their substance abuse in the hospital, substituting prescription preparations for illicit drugs. Nevertheless, cumulative literature now suggests that p.r.n. anxiolytic and hypnotic agents play a critical role in the management of aggressive behavior and insomnia in patients hospitalized with psychiatric illness.
Aerodynamic applications of infrared thermography

A series of wind tunnel experiments were conducted as part of a systematic study for evaluation of infrared thermography as a viable non-intrusive thermal measurement technique for aerodynamic applications. The experiments consisted of obtaining steady-state surface temperature and convective heat transfer rates for a uniformly heated cylinder in transverse flow with a Reynolds number range of 46,000 to 250,000. The calculated convective heat transfer rates were in general agreement with classical data. Furthermore, IR thermography provided valuable real-time fluid dynamic information such as visualization of flow separation, transition and vortices.
Oxidation Behavior of Sputter Deposited Nanocrystalline and Conventional Plasma Sprayed MCrAl(Y) Coatings

The MCrAl-type coatings with, or without, yttrium are widely used for oxidation and/or hot corrosion protection of hot section components of gas turbine engines. Recently, there has been great interest in developing nano or microcrystalline coatings since these coatings offer excellent oxidation and corrosion resistance compared to the conventional coatings. Cyclic oxidation and microstructral degradadation behavior of sputter deposited nanocrystalline Ni-20Cr-10Al coating has been investigated at 1010°C. The coating was deposited on Haynes 230 samples using a magnetron sputtering technique. This technique produced a coating with a grain size of ∼9 nm. The cyclic oxidation results showed that the sputter deposited Ni-20Cr-10Al coating exhibited better oxidation resistance in terms of weight loss kinetics compared to the conventional plasma-sprayed NiCoCrAlY and PWA 286 coatings. The Al content in the nanocrystalline coating was consumed in a relatively short time due to inward and outward diffusion of Al. The accelerated consumption of Al was presumably due to enhanced grain boundary diffusion resulting from the ultra-fine grain structure in the coating. Variation of oxide-scale spallation resistance during thermal cycling, internal oxidation of the coatings, and the rate of Al consumption due to inward and outward diffusion of Al between the nanocrystalline and plasma sprayed coatings is presented.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Autoradiographic study of the rejection phenomenon in tissue culture

Abstract 1. 1. A model system to study cellular and subcellular responses of skin allografts after transplantation has been established. 2. 2. The techniques of tissue culture and autoradiography with tritiated thymidine have been utilized to document sites of DNA synthesis and, therefore, mitotic activity after transplantation. 3. 3. DNA synthesis within the basal layer of epithelium decreases as rejection progresses, while mitotic activity in the round cell infiltrate beomes more evident. 4. 4. The possibility of selective irradiation of DNA and control of antibody production at this level is discussed.
Computer simulation studies of the speckle correlations of light scattered from a random array of scatterers: Scalar wave approximation

Two computer simulation studies of the speckle correlations in the light scattered from a volume disordered dielectric medium consisting of a random array of dielectric spheres are made. In both studies light is treated in the scalar wave approximation, and the wavelength of the light is taken to be much greater than the radius of the dielectric spheres. In one study, the scattering medium is formed by placing dielectric spheres of radius R and dielectric constant $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ randomly in space. The spheres occupy space uniformly, under the provision that no two spheres overlap. In a second study, the scattering medium is formed by placing dielectric spheres of radius R and dielectric constant $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ randomly on the vertices of a simple cubic lattice so that a fixed fraction of the vertices is occupied by the spheres. The lattice constant of the simple cubic lattice is taken to be of the order of magnitude of the wavelength of light in vacuum. In both studies the the volume filling fraction is the same, and the region outside the spheres is vacuum. The field equations are integrated numerically to determine the scattered fields, and these fields are used to calculate the speckle correlation function defined by $C(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{q},\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{k}|{q}^{\ensuremath{'}},{k}^{\ensuremath{'}})=〈[I(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{q}|\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{k})\ensuremath{-}〈I(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{q}|\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{k})〉][I({q}^{\ensuremath{'}}|{k}^{\ensuremath{'}})\ensuremath{-}〈I({q}^{\ensuremath{'}}|{k}^{\ensuremath{'}})]〉.$ Here $I(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{q}|\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{k})$ is proportional to the differential scattering coefficient for the elastic scattering of light of wave vector $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{k}$ into light of wave vector $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{q},$ and $〈〉$ indicates an average over an ensemble of random systems. Results are presented for $C(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{q},\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{k}|{q}^{\ensuremath{'}},{k}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ with particular attention paid to regions of $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{k}$ space in which either the ${C}^{(1)}$ or ${C}^{(10)}$ contributions dominate the correlator.
Embedding Finite Partial Linear Spaces in Finite Translation Nets

In the 1970’s Paul Erdős and Dominic Welsh independently posed the problem of whether all finite partial linear spaces \({\mathbb{L}}\) are embeddable in finite projective planes. Except for the case when \(\mathbb{L}\) has a unique embedding in a projective plane with few additional points, very little has been done which is directly applicable to this problem. In this paper it is proved that every finite partial linear space \(\mathbb{L}\) is embeddable in a finite translation net generated by a partial spread of a vector space of even dimension. The question of whether every finite partial linear space is embedded in a finite Andre net is also explored. It is shown that for each positive integer n there exist finite partial linear spaces which do not embed in any Andre net of dimension less than or equal to n over its kernel.
Effects of management legacies on stream fish and aquatic benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages.

Fish and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages often provide insight on ecological conditions for guiding management actions. Unfortunately, land use and management legacies can constrain the structure of biotic communities such that they fail to reflect habitat quality. The purpose of this study was to describe patterns in fish and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage structure, and evaluate relationships between biota and habitat characteristics in the Chariton River system of south-central Iowa, a system likely influenced by various potential management legacies (e.g., dams, chemical removal of fishes). We sampled fishes, benthic macroinvertebrates, and physical habitat from a total of 38 stream reaches in the Chariton River watershed during 2002–2005. Fish and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages were dominated by generalist species tolerant of poor habitat quality; assemblages failed to show any apparent patterns with regard to stream size or longitudinal location within the watershed. Metrics used to summarize fish assemblages and populations [e.g., presence–absence, relative abundance, Index of Biotic Integrity for fish (IBIF)] were not related to habitat characteristics, except that catch rates of piscivores were positively related to the depth and the amount of large wood. In contrast, family richness of benthic macroinvertebrates, richness of Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, and Plecoptera taxa, and IBI values for benthic macroinvertebrates (IBIBM) were positively correlated with the amount of overhanging vegetation and inversely related to the percentage of fine substrate. A long history of habitat alteration by row-crop agriculture and management legacies associated with reservoir construction has likely resulted in a fish assemblage dominated by tolerant species. Intolerant and sensitive fish species have not recolonized streams due to downstream movement barriers (i.e., dams). In contrast, aquatic insect assemblages reflected aquatic habitat, particularly the amount of overhanging vegetation and fine sediment. This research illustrates the importance of using multiple taxa for biological assessments and the need to consider management legacies when investigating responses to management and conservation actions.
ENHS reactor power level enhancement possibilities

The ENHS thermal hydraulic optimization code was modified and applied to search for the maximum attainable power from a wide range of ENHS design options subjected to the following constraints: maximum permissible hot channel coolant outlet temperature of 600 °C, clad inner temperature of 650 °C and primary coolant temperature rise of either 150 °C or 90% of the theoretical limit for accelerated corrosion rate. The T-H optimization variables include the intermediate heat exchanger number of channels, channel width and elevation; diameter of the riser and diameter of a flow-splitting shroud in the riser. It was found possible to increase the attainable power from the nominal 125 MW th up to 311 Mw th for the reference core, 400 MW th for a reference-like core having equilibrium composition fuel and 372 Mw th for a flattened power core with 9 plutonium concentration zones. A power level exceeding 400 MW, th may be achieved by flattening the power distribution of the equilibrium core or using nitride fuel with enriched nitrogen rather than metallic fuel. With forced circulation it is possible to operate the flattened power core at up to 532 Mw th corresponding to 223 MW e .
Genome-tagged mice (GTM) : Two sets of genome-wide congenic strains

An important approach for understanding complex disease risk using the mouse is to map and ultimately identify the genes conferring risk. Genes contributing to complex traits can be mapped to chromosomal regions using genome scans of large mouse crosses. Congenic strains can then be developed to fine-map a trait and to ascertain the magnitude of the genotype effect in a chromosomal region. Congenic strains are constructed by repeated backcrossing to the background strain with selection at each generation for the presence of a donor chromosomal region, a time-consuming process. One approach to accelerate this process is to construct a library of congenic strains encompassing the entire genome of one strain on the background of the other. We have employed marker-assisted breeding to construct two sets of overlapping congenic strains, called genome-tagged mice (GTMs), that span the entire mouse genome. Both congenic GTM sets contain more than 60 mouse strains, each with on average a 23-cM introgressed segment (range 8 to 58 cM). C57BL/6J was utilized as a background strain for both GTM sets with either DBA/2J or CAST/Ei as the donor strain. The background and donor strains are genetically and phenotypically divergent. The genetic basis for the phenotypic strain differences can be rapidly mapped by simply screening the GTM strains. Furthermore, the phenotype differences can be fine-mapped by crossing appropriate congenic mice to the background strain, and complex gene interactions can be investigated using combinations of these congenics.
Performance of n + -p silicon solar cells in concentrated sunlight

Performance data for n+-p silicon solar cells operating at illuminations up to 90 suns (9 W/cm2) and temperatures up to 100°C are presented. Experimental results for 2-cm2cells with different base resistivities are compared to performances predicted by a numerical device analysis computer code. Excellent agreement between numerical simulation and experiment is observed. For the illumination levels considered, an optimum base resistivity of approximately 0.3 Ω. cm is predicted by the numerical analyses and verified experimentally. The 0.3-Ω. cm cells exhibit conversion efficiencies above 11.8 percent up to 90 suns with a peak efficiency of 14 percent at approximately 30 suns. Preliminary results for a large-area (15.2 cm2) circular cell design are also presented for illuminations up to 60 suns. A peak conversion efficiency of 13.5 percent is measured for this cell at ∼25 suns.
Laser electron accelerators for radiation medicine: a feasibility study

Table-top laser wakefield accelerators (LWFAs), proposed theoretically in 1979, have now generated individual electron bunches in the laboratory with a significant number of electrons having energies up to 10 MeV and beyond with the maximum energy reaching tens of MeV and charge per laser pulse of > 1 nC. The attained electron beam properties have stimulated a discussion about the possible applications of LWFAs to medical radiation treatment, either directly or via conversion to x-rays. Our purpose in this paper is to analyze whether or not such applications are feasible, or can be made feasible with existing laser technology. Clinical electron beam applications require the selection of specific electron energies in the range of 6-25 MeV with a narrow energy bin (deltaE <5 MeV) for depth control, and a beam expansion to as much as 25 cm x 25 cm for various tumor radiation treatments. As a result, we show that present LWFA sources provide a dose rate that falls short of the requirements for clinical application by at least an order of magnitude. We then use particle simulations to evaluate the feasibility of developing an improved LWFA-based medical accelerator. Current LWFA sources require such high peak intensity that laser repetition rate is restricted to < or = 10 Hz. A scheme to lower the threshold and increase the repetition rate of efficient LWFA thus appears essential. We analyze one such scheme. We show that by "seeding" the primary laser pulse with a second, hundred-fold less intense pulse that is shifted downward in frequency by approximately the plasma frequency omegap, LWFA produces a yield of clinically useful electrons per pulse comparable to that provided by an unseeded source, except that the primary pulse energy is now more than one order of magnitude lower than that in current LWFAs. This enables a repetition rate of approximately 100 Hz or more using existing laser technology, and thus dose rates (several Gy/min) in the range required for medical radiation applications.
A Membrane Binding Domain in the Ste5 Scaffold Synergizes with Gβγ Binding to Control Localization and Signaling in Pheromone Response

Summary Activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade signaling by yeast mating pheromones involves recruitment of the Ste5 scaffold protein to the plasma membrane by the receptor-activated Gβγ dimer. Here, we identify a putative amphipathic α-helical domain in Ste5 that binds directly to phospholipid membranes and is required for membrane recruitment by Gβγ. Thus, Ste5 signaling requires synergistic Ste5-Gβγ and Ste5-membrane interactions, with neither alone being sufficient. Remarkably, the Ste5 membrane binding domain is a dual-function motif that also mediates nuclear import. Separation-of-function mutations show that signaling requires the membrane-targeting activity of this domain, not its nuclear-targeting activity, and heterologous lipid binding domains can substitute for its function. This domain also contains imperfections that reduce membrane affinity, and their elimination results in constitutive signaling, explaining some previous hyperactive Ste5 mutants. Therefore, weak membrane affinity is advantageous, ensuring a normal level of signaling quiescence in the absence of stimulus and imposing a requirement for Gβγ binding.
Cytokines Modulate Terminal Differentiation and the Expression of Predesquamin in Cultured Keratinocytes

Predesquamin is a glycoprotein that we have isolated from human epidermis. Its monospecific polyclonal antibody immunolocalizes to the lower stratum corneum. We have previously found that it is not expressed in primary keratinocyte cultures unless both interferon-γ and serum are added to the culture media. We now show similar results with interleukin-1α substituted for interferon-γ (but not with retinoic acid). Predesquamin is expressed in media supplemented with both cytokines (with or without serum), accompanied by the observation of larger outer squames and a more mature pattern of desquamation. As both cytokines are naturally present in the epidermis, this suggests that they contribute to desquamation in vivo. The predesquamin expression is demonstrated by Western blots of cell extracts with the specific antibody. Corresponding morphological changes are illustrated by phase-contrast microscopy.