cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Langevin Dynamics Simulations of Protein Fencing of PIP2

Anionic phosphotidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) occupies only 2∼3% of the phospholipids in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, but participates in numerous cellular processes. Concentrated pools of PIP2 on the membrane surface appear to be the source for such PIP2-involved cellular processes, and recent experimental observations indicate that a “protein fence” prevents PIP2 from diffusing out of the pool. Here the necessary properties of the protein fence are examined using Langevin dynamics simulation with effective potential maps. PIP2 molecules are modeled as explicitly diffusing spheres, and the rest of the system represented by steric and electrostatic potentials. Simple models of charged or porous rods, as well as rigid proteins are considered. Retardation by electrostatic forces from a rod is only significant when the charges are highly concentrated and close to the diffusion plane; charge densities and geometries of proteins are insufficient to effectively block diffusion. Hence, fencing appears to be dominated by steric effects, though even a small (> 1%) opening in a porous rod in contact with the surface results in substantial leakage. The three protein fence candidates, actin, human septin, and yeast septin, are known to self-assemble into filaments on the cell surface and to interact with PIP2. Simulations reveal that actin is a poor fence for all depths and orientations simulated because its arch-type shape leaves passageways for diffusion. In contrast, the septins effectively block PIP2 diffusion when buried in the membrane to 10∼15 A from the lipid surface. Free energy calculations using an implicit membrane model support the possibility of burial of septins at these depths. It is also possible that the septins are not buried as deeply, but associate with other proteins or peptides to make a fence.
Enhancing the study abroad experience: A longitudinal analysis of hospitality-oriented, study abroad program evaluations

Abstract Research suggests numerous benefits associated with studying abroad. Given the increasingly global nature of the world, it would seem that there is a significant need for international exposure; however, only 1.4% of U.S. students have studied abroad. This study examined program evaluations from 11 short-term undergraduate study abroad programs encompassing a span of 9 years. A total of 185 participants completed the survey using evaluations designed for program improvement, which were collected at the conclusion of each experience. Data were examined using a mixed-methods approach with the goal of identifying programmatic characteristics that contributed to increased student satisfaction. Results indicated that students' preferences were prioritized in terms of logistics, culture, and pleasure. In addition, the engagement and source of experience significantly influenced students' satisfaction with their study abroad experience, implying that students prefer programs with active components and local guides. Findings were examined in light of Mezirow's Transformative Learning Theory.
Ethanol extraction of oil, gossypol and aflatoxin from cottonseed

Commercial processing of cottonseed requires hexane to extract and recover edible oil. Gossypol and aflatoxin are not removed from extracted meals. A bench-top extraction process with 95% (vol/vol) aqueous ethanol (EtOH) solvent has been developed that extracts all three of the above materials with a much less volatile solvent. In this process, cottonseed is pretreated and extracted with ambient 95% EtOH to remove gossypol and then extracted with hot 95% EtOH to extract oil and aflatoxin. Membranes and adsorption columns are used to purify the various extract streams, so that they can be recycled directly. A representative extracted meal contained a total gossypol content of 0.47% (a 70% reduction) and 3 ppb aflatoxin (a 95% reduction). Residual oil content was approximately 2%. Although the process is technically feasible, it is presently not economical unless a mill has a continual, serious aflatoxin contamination problem. However, if a plant cannot meet the hexane emission standards under the Clean Air Act of 1990, this process could provide a safer solvent that may expand the use and increase the value of cottonseed meal as a feed for nonruminants.
Whitman in the Popular Media

Examines Whitman's appearances in the popular media of 1988, including mentions in the The New York Times, Time, Sports Illustrated, and the movie Bull Durham.
SU‐GG‐I‐21: Image Reconstruction From Sparse Data in Breast CT

Purpose: Because breast CT acquires projection data at a large number of views and involves no breast compression, the radiation dose involved may be significant. In this study, we investigate image reconstruction from projections acquired at a small number of views in breast CT, thus potentially reducing the radiation dose to the patient. Method and Materials: A clinical trial has been carried out at UC‐Davis using their breast CT scanner. Circular cone beam projections are acquired at 500 views over 360 degrees for each patient. Based on compressed sensing approach, we have developed an algorithm for image reconstruction from sparse data, which involves the minimization of the total variation (TV) of the underlying image function subject to the data condition. We have applied the TV‐based algorithm to reconstruct breast images from patient data acquired in the clinical trial studies. The reconstructed images are compared to those reconstructed by the FDK algorithm. Results:Image reconstruction was performed using both TV and FDK algorithms for patient data sets acquired only at 50 views and 100 views. The results suggest that images obtained with the former are superior to that obtained with the latter. Images were also reconstructed by the FDK algorithm from the full data sets containing 500 views, which are regarded as the gold standard in this study. A comparison shows that the TV reconstructions from sparse data can reveal most of the details that are observed in the FDK reconstruction from full data. Conclusion: An initial comparative study suggests that the TV reconstructions from sparse data can reveal most of the details of a patient breast. A potentially significant implication is that the TV‐based algorithm may lead to a reduction of radiation dose in breast CTimaging.
Musculus comitans nervi mediani (M. palmaris profundus)

Summary Palmaris profundus muscles were found in two cadavers during routine dissection of the upper limb. This rare muscle was found in two forms. In the first case, the muscle resembled a diminutive palmaris longus with the belly arising from the common flexor tendon. In the second case however, a reversed muscle with the belly emerging from beneath the transverse carpal ligament and its long thin tendon extended to and inserted in the common flexor tendon. The similarity therefore of these muscles to variable forms of palmaris longus is remarkable but they differed in one very important aspect from palmaris longus. The muscles are of special interest because, in both cases, the muscles were found enclosed in a common fascial sheath with the median nerve. These unusual muscles, in spite of mimicking palmaris longus, may perhaps, be better named “musculus comitans nervi mediani” to denote their very important relationship to the median nerve, that of being the intimate traveling companion of the median nerve through the forearm and into the hand by way of the carpal canal beneath the transverse carpal ligament. In one case, a well developed median artery was also found which also entered the carpal canal along with the median nerve and its muscular companion.
Copolymerization of 4‐cyclopentene‐1,3‐dione with styrene

The copolymerization of 4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione (D) with styrene (S) is reported. The copolymers were prepared by heating sealed tubes containing the monomer feeds and azobisisobutyronitrile. The copolymers exhibited infrared bands for the phenyl and β-diketone groups, indicating that copolymerization had occurred. The copolymers were completely insoluble in all solvents. Some swelling was observed in tetrahydrofuran, nitrobenzene, and aqueous sodium hydroxide. From the compositions of the copolymers, as determined from the carbon and hydrogen analyses, it was found that the copolymers were about 40 mole-% styrene over an appreciable range of feed compositions (0.1–0.6 mole fraction styrene). The results at styrene feeds <0.5 were in general agreement with the equation: d[D]/d[S] = 1 1/2 + (kDD/2kDCK[S]). This equation was derived on the basis of monomer complex (C) participating in the propagation and a penultimate effect preventing the occurrence of a sequence of three dione units.
Static viscosity of supercooled 3-bromopentane in mixtures with 3-methylpentane

Static viscosity measurements of two mixtures of 3-bromopentane in 3-methylpentane are presented in the temperature range from 94 to 112 K and over a range of viscosities from 3 × 107 to 280 Pa s. The data are fitted to the Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman equation. Estimates of the glass transition temperatures for these mixtures based on the reference viscosity of 1 × 1012 Pa s are 90.1 and 98.8 K for 0.500 mole fraction and 0.750 mole fraction of 3-bromopentane in 3-methylpentane, respectively. Additionally, viscosity measurements on pure 3-methylpentane, previously reported, have been extended to higher temperatures. These viscosity values and those measured in this laboratory on 3-bromopentane, along with estimates of their glass transition temperatures, are also presented for comparison purposes.
Sonar-based iceberg-relative navigation for autonomous underwater vehicles

Abstract Iceberg-relative navigation for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) will enable a new mode of data collection for studies of free-floating icebergs. Compared to current data collection methods, autonomous underwater vehicles offer substantially expanded coverage area and continuous sampling. However, because icebergs translate and rotate through inertial space, standard vehicle navigation methods which rely on inertial sensors are unable to provide iceberg-relative position estimates. Presented here is a new iceberg-relative vehicle navigation technique which is an extension of existing work in terrain-relative navigation. The technique comprises a mapping step and localization step, each of which is modified here to account for the translation and the rotation of free-floating icebergs. In the mapping step, the AUV circumnavigates the iceberg at a sequence of constant depths, collecting multibeam sonar imagery of the iceberg's submerged surface. A map is then generated in post-processing by projecting these sonar data from their corresponding vehicle positions (accounting for iceberg motion) in a frame that is fixed to the iceberg. Overlapping sonar data from the beginning and end of a circumnavigation provide the information necessary to enforce self-consistency of the iceberg map. In the localization step, the AUV uses the previously generated map to determine its position and orientation with respect to the iceberg by correlating incoming sonar ranges with the map. The estimator works by maintaining explicit estimates not only of the vehicle position and orientation, but also of the iceberg translation and rotation rates through inertial space. Results from a proof-of-concept field demonstration of this new iceberg-relative AUV navigation technique prove the feasibility of both generating a self-consistent three-dimensional map of a moving iceberg and localizing a vehicle's position with respect to that iceberg. The data for the experiment were collected using a sideways looking multibeam sonar mounted on the side of the RVIB Nathaniel B Palmer during a circumnavigation of a small iceberg in the Scotia Sea.
Predictors of Size for Gestational Age in St. Louis City and County

Objective. To identify social, behavioral, and physiological risk factors associated with small for gestational age (SGA) by gestational age category in St. Louis City and County. Methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using birth certificate and fetal death records from 2000 to 2009 (n = 142,017). Adjusted associations of risk factors with SGA were explored using bivariate logistic regression. Four separate multivariable logistic regression analyses, stratified by gestational age, were conducted to estimate adjusted odds ratios. Results. Preeclampsia and inadequate weight gain contributed significantly to increased odds for SGA across all gestational age categories. The point estimates ranged from a 3.41 increased odds among women with preeclampsia and 1.76 for women with inadequate weight gain at 24–28 weeks’ gestational age to 2.19 and 2.11 for full-term infants, respectively. Among full-term infants, smoking (aOR = 2.08), chronic hypertension (aOR = 1.46), and inadequate prenatal care (aOR = 1.25) had the next most robust and significant impact on SGA. Conclusion. Preeclampsia and inadequate weight gain are significant risk factors for SGA, regardless of gestational age. Education on the importance of nutrition and adequate weight gain during pregnancy is vital. In this community, disparities in SGA and smoking rates are important considerations for interventions designed to improve birth outcomes.
Novel molecules in calcium signaling in platelets.

Summary. A rise in the intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration is a major component of the signaling mechanisms regulating platelet function in thrombosis and hemostasis. Previous studies, however, failed to identify many key molecules regulating Ca2+ signaling in platelets. Here, we review recent findings, which identified CalDAG-GEFI as a critical Ca2+ sensor that links increases in intracellular Ca2+ to integrin activation, TxA2 formation, and granule release in stimulated platelets. Furthermore, we summarize work that lead to the discovery of STIM1 and Orai1 as key regulators of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) in platelets. A short discussion on the usefulness of each molecule as a potential new target for antiplatelet therapy is included.
Lipid-Mediated Helix Gating in the GlpG Rhomboid Protease from Escherichia Coli

Intramembrane proteases cleave transmembrane substrates to liberate molecules that participate in essential cellular processes, such as cell signaling and gene regulation. Understanding how intramembrane proteases work requires knowledge of how substrates are docked and cleaved within the membrane plane. We find that lipid interactions and the presence of the substrate affect significantly the structure and dynamics of the helical gate and of the cap loop that control access to the active site of the GlpG rhomboid protease from E. coli.In the absence of the substrate, the 1-palmytoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidyethanolamine (POPE) lipid molecule bound to the protease active site remains closely associated with the protease on the ∼90ns timescale of the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Presence of the Spitz transmembrane substrate perturbs the interactions between the protease and the active-site lipid molecule. The substrate and whether or not a lipid headgroup is bound to the active site affect the orientation of the lateral gate helix 5 relative to the rest of the protein, the structure and dynamics of the cap loop, and the interaction between the catalytic serine and water. This suggests that lipid molecules may be involved in controlling the access to the active site of intramembrane proteases.This research was supported in part by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM-74637 and GM-86685 to S.H.W) and an allocation of computer time from the National Science Foundation through the TeraGrid resources at TACC (Ranger).
A model for deformation and segregation of solid-liquid mixtures

An isothermal one-dimensional model of axisymmetric compression of a solid-liquid mixture is presented. The model is applicable to conditions, such as solidification, where the solid and liquid phases may be contiguous and their deformation behaviors are coupled. The densification of the solid skeleton drives the fluid flow behavior, and the resulting pressure distribution in the liquid affects the stresses and densification in the solid. The predicted radial distributions of liquid fraction are qualitatively similar to those determined experimentally by Suery and Flemings, as is the shape of the predicted stress-strain response. Initial inhomogeneities in the two-phase mixture are predicted either to increase or decrease in severity depending upon the degree of interaction assumed between the liquid and solid stresses. While the numerical procedures are iterative, convergence is sufficiently rapid to allow application of this model to the interpretation of the results of an experimental program.
DESCRIPTIVE, PREDICTIVE AND NORMATIVE THEORY

SUMMARY The higher degree of description is reached when a field becomes amenable to the use of the axiomatic method. In economics this state has been reached only recently in the establishment of a numerical utility. In general, it is difficult to know what to describe and how to measure; both require precise concepts. Current economic descriptions lack both very often, in particular the whole area of psychological factors, decisions, etc., escape the essentially physical descriptions of economic phenomena. Good predictions are the ultimate test of theory but also false theories often have a surprising power to predict. Thus, this matter is much more complicated than normally assumed. Even descriptive theories can be interpreted as ‘normative’ provided they are convincing to the user. The implied norm is often a prohibition, as for example, in the statement that one should not try to build a perpetuum mobile. If a state of society is commonly accepted which sanctions private property, then the norm follows that one ought not to steal. This is different from normative value statements that derive solely from other norms.
The sandy inner shelf as a repository for muddy sediment: an example from Northern California

Abstract To understand the sedimentary history of a siliciclastic, tectonically active inner-shelf environment, 50 vibracores were collected in water depths ranging from 20 to 55 m on the Eel margin, Northern California. Sediments exhibit changes in grain size along- and across-shelf, as well as vertically. The mean grain size of the surface sand fraction is 2.2–3.6φ 1 (217–82.5 μm), with 7–40% of the sediment finer than 4φ (64 μm). The along-shelf distribution of sand is controlled predominantly by proximity to the sediment source and by the prevailing oceanic conditions (e.g., waves and currents). Fine sand dominates within ∼10 km of the Eel River mouth, which is consistent with sediment settling velocities out of the Eel River plume. Coarser sediment is found farther (>10 km) north of the Eel River mouth, and may have a source other than the modern Eel River. Cores tend to demonstrate upward fining (except cores collected at ∼30 m) and other vertical grain-size variations, which preserve the record of floods on the Eel margin. Muddy layers, which are assumed to record large floods, are found interbedded with sand. Two types of muddy layers are observed. “Distinct” mud layers have >70% mud and are identifiable through visual observation and a decrease in bulk density. “Diffuse” mud layers contain only 5–15% mud due to reworking caused by wave activity during or after deposition. Diffuse mud layers are not visually obvious, and poor sorting increases their bulk density. Recent flood layers have detectable 210Pb and 137Cs, and the deepest detectable 137Cs is 120 cm below the surface. Assuming that the mud layers result from major floods (e.g., 1964), and using 210Pb and 137Cs radioisotopes to establish chronological control, the accumulation rate of sand on the inner shelf since 1964 ranges from 1.3 to 3.3 cm/yr. Approximately 6–13% of the fine-grained sediment discharged by the Eel River over the past 36 yr is accumulating interspersed with the inner-shelf sand. An additional ∼1% of the fine-grained sediment discharged since 1964 may be accounted for as distinct flood layers (containing >70% mud) interbedded with the inner-shelf sand. In all, 40–50% of the sand discharged by the Eel River, both in suspension and as bedload, can be accounted for on the inner shelf. An additional 2–5% of the sand accumulates in the mid-shelf mud deposit. Transport farther seaward (e.g., Eel canyon), landward (beaches or Humboldt Bay), or along shelf should account for the remainder of the sand. Thus, the inner-shelf region plays a significant role in controlling the fate of sand and mud supplied from terrestrial sources.
Assessing Age-Related Etiologic Heterogeneity in the Onset of Islet Autoimmunity

Type 1 diabetes (T1D), a chronic autoimmune disease, is often preceded by a preclinical phase of islet autoimmunity (IA) where the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed and circulating autoantibodies can be detected. The goal of this study was to demonstrate methods for identifying exposures that differentially influence the disease process at certain ages by assessing age-related heterogeneity. The Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY) has followed 2,547 children at increased genetic risk for T1D from birth since 1993 in Denver, Colorado, 188 of whom developed IA. Using the DAISY population, we evaluated putative determinants of IA, including non-Hispanic white (NHW) ethnicity, maternal age at birth, and erythrocyte membrane n-3 fatty acid (FA) levels, for age-related heterogeneity. A supremum test, weighted Schoenfeld residuals, and restricted cubic splines were used to assess nonproportional hazards, that is, an age-related association of the exposure with IA risk. NHW ethnicity, maternal age, and erythrocyte membrane n-3 FA levels demonstrated a significant age-related association with IA risk. Assessing heterogeneity in disease etiology enables researchers to identify associations that may lead to better understanding of complex chronic diseases.
Materials Development for Thermomagnetic Cooling

We review thermoelectric effects in a magnetic field at a phenomenological level. The measurement problem is discussed in detail, and results are presented based on the time-dependent voltages developed by thermoelectric materials in zero field and in large magnetic fields. These time dependent voltages provide a direct and unambiguously accurate measurement of both the Peltier and Ettingshausen figures of merit, and can be used to obtain all the relevant transport including thermal conductivity. Discussion of the limiting performance of both Peltier and Ettingshausen coolers are discussed. Data are shown for Ettingshausen materials with part-per-million levels of Sn doping. Thought these materials exhibit high Ettingshausen figures of merit, Sn doping does not appear to improve performance.
Post-secular Society: Christianity and the Dialectics of the Secular

A post-secular society is often defined as one with a renewed interest in the spiritual life. This paper argues for the contrary view: post-secular societies are neither religious nor secular, they do not prescribe or privilege a religion, but neither do they actively and intentionally refrain from doing so. They are neither for nor against religion(s) but rather take no stand on this matter because it is irrelevant for their self-understanding and without import for the way in which they define themselves. For them, religion has ceased to be something to which a society or a state has to relate in embracing, rejecting, prescribing, negating, or allowing it. People may or may not be religious, but states and societies are not, and hence there is no need for them to be secular any more.
Distribution and partial characterization of FMRFamide-like peptides in the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus

Abstract 1. FMRFamide-related peptides are widely distributed in the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus and may have a role in cardioregulation. 2. The distribution of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in Limulus was determined by radioimmunoassay. The ventral nerve cord (12.6 ± 3.3 pg/mg) and prosomal CNS (11.9 ± 1.7 pg/mg) contained the highest quantities of iR-FMRFamide. Lesser amounts of iR-FMRFamide were detected in the cardiac ganglion (4.6 ± 2.4 pg/mg) and segmental cardiac nerves 9 and 10 (4.0 ± 2.0 pg/mg). Immunoreactive FMRFamide was detected in high concentrations in the branchial nerves (11.2 ± 2.6 pg/mg). Other peripheral nerves or tissues contained lower quantities of immunoreactive FMRFamide. 3. Limulus prosomal CNS, cardiac ganglion and ventral nerve cord extracts were used to isolate FMRFamide-related peptides. A high molecular weight immunoreactive factor was detected on Sephadex G-15. This factor was purified further with Sep-Pak C18 and ion exchange chromatographies. With ion exchange, one peak of immunoreactive FMRFamide was isolated on a sharp gradient of ammonium acetate and increased pH. 4. With reverse phase HPLC, two peaks of immunoreactivity were detected in partially purified material. In the prosomal CNS and cardiac ganglion extracts, the first peak of activity exhibited an elution time similar to that of FMRFamide, while a more hydrophobic peak eluted with pQDPFLRFamide. FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the ventral nerve cord extracts separated into a peak eluting shortly before FMRFamide and a second peak eluting with pQDPFLRFamide. 5. Synthetic FMRFamide and pQDPFLRFamide were applied to the Limulus neurogenic heart preparation. FMRFamide had little effect on the cardiac rhythm, while application of pQDPFLRFamide resulted in marked increases in the rate, and to a lesser extent the strength, of heart contractions. 6. These findings suggest a cardioregulatory function for an endogenous FMRFamide-like peptide in Limulus in addition to other physiological roles.
Sex differences in stress-induced hyperthermia in rats: restraint versus confinement.

Abstract Studies using restraint to induce psychological stress consistently report the expected hyperthermic response in core body temperature (CBT), but many also report a hypothermic response that precedes the hyperthermia. To understand the conditions that produce hypothermia, and to study sex differences in stress-induced hyperthermia, we measured CBT in male and female rats at 70 and 180 days of age in response to two types of stressors: immobilization through restraint (Plexiglas restrainer) and confinement in a small area (circular wire mesh cylinders that allowed free airflow). Restraint early in the light period induced hypothermia only in 180-day-old males, with no hyperthermia observed during the 30-minute restraint period. Increases in humidity and temperature of the microenvironment due to the larger body weight at this age may contribute to the hypothermia. Hyperthermia during restraint in 70-day-old males was significantly attenuated and delayed in onset compared to the rise in females. All females exhibited a CBT rise of approximately 1.3 °C occurring 10–15 min after the onset of restraint. Restraint early in the dark period induced no significant change in CBT in males of either age during immobilization, while females exhibited a small rise of approximately 0.5 °C. Confinement early in the light period induced a significant rise of approximately 1.5 °C in all groups, with no preceding hypothermia. However, the male response was significantly delayed compared to females. Overall, these results indicate that CBT changes during restraint likely involve both anxiogenic and physiological components, while the marked hyperthermia during confinement is primarily psychological in both sexes.
Evaluation of spatially clustered ordnance when using compliance sampling surveys after clean-up at military training sites

After site clean-up teams have removed all of what they believe to be UXO within a specific impact area, statistical compliance sampling is a possible method for verifying with a specified probability that this area has been cleaned to specifications. Schilling [J Qual Technol 10(2):47–51, 1978, Acceptance sampling in quality control. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1982] developed a compliance sampling methodology based on the hypergeometric distribution. Bowen and Bennett (1987) also use compliance sampling where they provide an approximation for estimating the number of samples (n) required to state with desired probability that the entire population of sample units (N, where n < N) are in compliance with cleanup goals. This article describes two methods (anomaly and transect) for applying the Schilling [J Qual Technol 10(2):47–51, 1978, Acceptance sampling in quality control. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1982] compliance sampling method to military training sites. After describing these methods, a simulation study is presented which demonstrates the performance of transect compliance sampling calculations based on varied degrees of clustered UXO within a specific impact area and different types of sampling routines.
A general psychopathology factor in early adolescence.

Background Recently, a general psychopathology dimension reflecting common aspects among disorders has been identified in adults. This has not yet been considered in children and adolescents, where the focus has been on externalising and internalising dimensions. Aims To examine the existence, correlates and predictive value of a general psychopathology dimension in young people. Method Alternative factor models were estimated using self-reports of symptoms in a large community-based sample aged 11–13.5 years ( N = 23 477), and resulting dimensions were assessed in terms of associations with external correlates and future functioning. Results Both a traditional two-factor model and a bi-factor model with a general psychopathology bi-factor fitted the data well. The general psychopathology bi-factor best predicted future psychopathology and academic attainment. Associations with correlates and factor loadings are discussed. Conclusions A general psychopathology factor, which is equal across genders, can be identified in young people. Its associations with correlates and future functioning indicate that investigating this factor can increase our understanding of the aetiology, risk and correlates of psychopathology.
TGF-β Inhibits Activation and Uveitogenicity of Primary but Not of Fully Polarized Retinal Antigen-Specific Memory-Effector T Cells

PURPOSE. TGF- exerts suppressive effects on immunity, but its potential applications in therapy of ocular autoimmunity have not been widely explored. In the present study, the effects of TGF- on uveitogenic T cells were examined. METHODS. The effects of TGF- on newly primed cells from mice given a uveitogenic regimen of interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) were compared with the effects on fully polarized Th1 cells from a long-term uveitogenic T-cell line. The parameters measured were T-cell proliferation, IFNproduction, induction of IL-12R expression, triggering of pathogenicity, and expression of costimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) during in vitro exposure to antigen. RESULTS. TGF- suppressed B7.1 expression on APCs in cultures of lymph node cells from immunized mice. It also suppressed T-cell proliferation, IFN- production, IL-12 receptor accumulation, and the IL-12–promoted acquisition of uveitogenic function. In contrast, the polarized Th1 cells were either resistant to suppression or were enhanced by TGF-. CONCLUSIONS. The results suggest that TGF- suppresses acquisition of effector functions by autopathogenic T cells, in part by interfering with their response to IL-12 through downregulation of IL-12R expression and in part through inhibition of APC function. The data suggest that although TGF- may effectively inhibit activation and recruitment of new T cells into the effector pool, it may be less effective in suppressing the reactivation of already polarized memory T cells that are less dependent on IL-12 and costimulation. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44:4805– 4812) DOI:10.1167/iovs.02-0843
Synthesis and properties of amphiphilic BODIPY derivatives bearing hydroxyl groups

Functionalizable BODIPY compounds with a hydrophobic alkyl chain at the meso position and hydroxyl groups attached through alkynyl links at the 2,6 or 4,4′ positions were conveniently synthesized using Sonogashira coupling or organolithium chemistry. The compounds are readily taken up and accumulated in human osteosarcoma cells. Some compounds showed excimer formation inside cells as well as in solution.
Diagnostic Heterogeneity in Clinical Trials for Congestive Heart Failure

There are no uniform diagnostic criteria for congestive heart failure. To determine the pattern of diagnostic criteria used, reports of 51 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical drug trials published between 1977 and 1985 were reviewed. Only 23 (45%) of the trials specified objective diagnostic criteria beyond treatment history, clinical diagnosis, or functional class. Of these, there were two trials each for digoxin, hydralazine, amrinone, and metoprolol; for each pair, only one study showed therapy beneficial. Of the amrinone pair, the positive study required a lower ejection fraction (less than 30% compared with less than 45%) and selected patients with more clinical severity. Conversely, for metoprolol, the positive study specified a higher ejection fraction (less than 49% compared with less than 35%) and selected patients with clinically milder disease, suggesting that conflicting results may relate to differences in study population. Many studies of congestive heart failure are done without explicit diagnostic criteria. Criteria lack uniformity, and such discrepancies may explain conflicting results.
VORTEX-INDUCED LOADING ON OFFSHORE STRUCTURES: A SELECTIVE REVIEW OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK

This paper is a review of experimental research on vortex-induced transverse forces on smooth, rigid, fixed and elastically mounted circular cylinders, subjected to a variety of steady and periodic flows. The salient flow and geometric parameters influencing the vortex shedding process and thus the transverse force are outlined and discussed. Using data from a number of investigators'. attempts are made to illustrate both accepted findings and behavioural trends in the available data. Experimental work by the authors presently underway with oscillatory, nonplanar flows is described and some preliminary results discussed. Areas where information is sparse or nonexistent or where there is significant scatter in existing data are outlined as topics for future work.
Factors affecting outcomes of open surgical repair of pararenal aortic aneurysms: A 10-year experience

Purpose Few large series document surgical outcomes for patients with pararenal abdominal aortic aneurysms (PAAAs), defined as aneurysms including the juxtarenal aorta or renal artery origins that require suprarenal aortic clamping. No standard endovascular alternatives presently exist; however, future endovascular branch graft repairs ultimately must be compared with the gold standard of open repair. To this end, we present a 10-year experience. Methods Between 1993 and 2003, 3058 AAAs were repaired. Perioperative variables, morbidity, and mortality were retrospectively assessed. Renal insufficiency was defined as a rise in the concentration of serum creatinine by ≥0.5 mg/dL. Factors predicting complications were identified by multivariate analyses. Morbidity and 30-day mortality were evaluated with multiple logistic regression analysis. Results Of a total of 3058 AAA repairs performed, 247 were PAAAs (8%). Mean renal ischemia time was 23 minutes (range, 5 to 60 minutes). Cardiac complications occurred in 32 patients (13%), pulmonary complications in 38 (16%), and renal insufficiency in 54 (22%). Multivariate analysis associated myocardial infarction with advanced age (P = .01) and abnormal preoperative serum creatinine (>1.5 mg/dL) (P = .08). Pulmonary complications were associated with advanced age (P = .03), renal artery bypass (P = .02), increased mesenteric ischemic time (P = .01), suprarenal aneurysm repair (P 1.5 mg/dL) was predictive of the need for postoperative dialysis (10% vs 2%; P = .04). Patients with normal preoperative renal function had improved recovery (93% vs 36%; P = .0002). The 30-day surgical mortality was 2.5% (6/247) but was not predicted by any factors, and in-hospital mortality was 2.8% (7/247). Median intensive care and hospital stays were 3 and 9 days, respectively, and longer stays were associated with age at surgery (P = .007 and P = .0002, respectively) and any postoperative complication. Conclusions PAAA repair can be performed with low mortality. Renal insufficiency is the most frequent complication, but avoiding renal artery bypass, prolonged mesenteric ischemia time, or left renal vein transection may improve results.
Overcurrent Protection in DC Zonal Shipboard Power Systems using Solid State Protection Devices

In this paper, potential solutions to address the protection challenges in DC Shipboard Power Systems (SPSs) have been investigated. Two different options have been considered. The first option involves the use of Solid-State Circuit Breakers (SSCBs) for fault current limiting and interruption. Simulations on a prototype DC SPS have been performed to assess the performance of a SSCB. It is shown that the SSCB can interrupt the fault current very fast, within 20 milliseconds. The second option considered involves the use of Voltage Source Converter (VSC) themselves to act like crowbars. The simulations on the prototype system have been performed to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of this approach. It is shown that this is an effective method provided that VSC switches are properly chosen for it.
Silicalite nanoparticles that promote transgene expression

Here, we report on a new zeolite-based silicalite nanoparticle that can enhance the transfection efficiencies generated by poly ethylene imine‐plasmid DNA (PEI‐pDNA) complexes via a sedimentation mechanism and can enhance the transfection efficiencies of pDNA alone when surface functionalized with amine groups. The silicalite nanoparticles have a mean size of 55 nm. Functionalizing the silicalite nanoparticles with amine groups results in a clear transition in zeta potential from −25.9 ± 2.3 mV (pH 7.4) for unfunctionalized silicalite nanoparticles to 4.9 ± 0.7 mV (pH 7.4) for amine functionalized silicalite nanoparticles. We identify that silicalite nanoparticles used to promote non-viral vector acceleration to the cell surface are found in acidic vesicles or the cytoplasm but not the nucleus. An MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay showed that the silicalite nanoparticles were non-toxic at the concentrations tested for transfection. We show that surface functionalization of silicalite nanoparticles with amine groups results in a significant (230%) increase in transfection efficiency of pDNA when compared to unfunctionalized silicalite nanoparticles. Silicalite nanoparticles enhanced pDNA‐PEI induced transfection of human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells by over 150%.
The Extracellular Matrix Protein MAGP1 Supports Thermogenesis and Protects Against Obesity and Diabetes Through Regulation of TGF-β

Microfibril-associated glycoprotein 1 (MAGP1) is a component of extracellular matrix microfibrils. Here we show that MAGP1 expression is significantly altered in obese humans, and inactivation of the MAGP1 gene (Mfap2−/−) in mice results in adipocyte hypertrophy and predisposition to metabolic dysfunction. Impaired thermoregulation was evident in Mfap2−/− mice prior to changes in adiposity, suggesting a causative role for MAGP1 in the increased adiposity and predisposition to diabetes. By 5 weeks of age, Mfap2−/− mice were maladaptive to cold challenge, uncoupling protein-1 expression was attenuated in the brown adipose tissue, and there was reduced browning of the subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Levels of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) activity were elevated in Mfap2−/− adipose tissue, and the treatment of Mfap2−/− mice with a TGF-β–neutralizing antibody improved their body temperature and prevented the increased adiposity phenotype. Together, these findings indicate that the regulation of TGF-β by MAGP1 is protective against the effects of metabolic stress, and its absence predisposes individuals to metabolic dysfunction.
Age at Developmental Cortical Injury Differentially Alters Corpus Callosum Volume in the Rat

Background Freezing lesions to developing rat cortex induced between postnatal day (P) one and three (P1 – 3) lead to malformations similar to human microgyria, and further correspond to reductions in brain weight and cortical volume. In contrast, comparable lesions on P5 do not produce microgyric malformations, nor the changes in brain weight seen with microgyria. However, injury occurring at all three ages does lead to rapid auditory processing deficits as measured in the juvenile period. Interestingly, these deficits persist into adulthood only in the P1 lesion case [1]. Given prior evidence that early focal cortical lesions induce abnormalities in cortical morphology and connectivity [1, 2, 3, 4], we hypothesized that the differential behavioral effects of focal cortical lesions on P1, P3 or P5 may be associated with underlying neuroanatomical changes that are sensitive to timing of injury. Clinical studies indicate that humans with perinatal brain injury often show regional reductions in corpus callosum size and abnormal symmetry, which frequently correspond to learning impairments [5, 6, 7]. Therefore, in the current study the brains of P1, 3 or 5 lesion rats, previously evaluated for brain weight, and cortical volume changes and auditory processing impairments (P21-90), were further analyzed for changes in corpus callosum volume.
A novel yeast screen for mitotic arrest mutants identifies DOC1, a new gene involved in cyclin proteolysis.

B-type cyclins are rapidly degraded at the transition between metaphase and anaphase and their ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis is required for cells to exit mitosis. We used a novel enrichment to is...
Acoustic vector-sensor correlations in ambient noise

Most array-processing methods require knowledge of the correlation structure of the noise. While such information may sometimes be obtained from measurements made when no sources are present, this may not always be possible. Furthermore, measurements made in-situ can hardly be used to analyze system performance before deployment. The development of models of the correlation structure under various environmental assumptions is therefore very important. In this paper, we obtain integral and closed form expressions for the auto- and cross-correlations between the components of an acoustic vector sensor (AVS) for a wideband-noise field, under the following assumptions concerning its spatial distribution: 1) azimuthal independence; 2) azimuthal independence and elevational symmetry; and 3) spherical isotropy. We also derive expressions for the cross-covariances between all components of two spatially displaced AVSs in a narrowband-noise field under the same assumptions. These results can be used to determine the noise-covariance matrix of an array of acoustic vector sensors in ambient noise. We apply them to a uniform linear AVS array to asses its beamforming capabilities and localization accuracy, via the Cramer-Rao bound, in isotropic and anisotropic noise.
Constraints on the Cluster Environments and Hot Spot Magnetic Field Strengths of the Radio Sources 3C 280 and 3C 254

We present new Chandra Observatory observations together with archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and radio observations of 3C 254, a radio quasar at z = 0.734, and 3C 280, a radio galaxy at z = 0.996. We report the detection of X-ray and possible HST optical counterparts to the radio hot spots in 3C 280 and the detection of an X-ray counterpart to the western radio hot spot in 3C 254. We present constraints on the presence of X-ray clusters and on the magnetic field strengths in and around the radio hot spots for both targets. Both sources were thought to be in clusters of galaxies based on reports of significant extended emission in ROSAT PSPC and HRI images. The exquisite spatial resolution of the Chandra Observatory allows us to demonstrate that these sources are not in hot, massive clusters. The extended emission seen in ROSAT observations is resolved by Chandra into point sources and is likely to be X-ray emission associated with the radio hot spots of these sources, with possible additional contributions from unrelated point sources. The intergalactic medium around these sources could be dense, but it is demonstrably not dense and hot. We conclude that radio sources are not reliable signposts of massive clusters at moderately high redshifts. We present measurements of the X-ray and optical fluxes of source features and discuss what physical processes may give rise to them. X-ray synchrotron emission could explain the radio, optical, and X-ray hot spot fluxes in 3C 280; this would require continuous acceleration of electrons to high Lorentz factors since the synchrotron lifetime of relativistic electrons that could produce the X-ray emission would be of the order of a human lifetime. Synchrotron self-Compton emission with or without inverse Compton emission due to scattering of the cosmic microwave background radiation can also explain the X-ray emission from the hot spots, although this most likely would require that some other physical process be invoked to explain the optical emission seen in 3C 280. High spatial resolution radio data with broad frequency coverage of the radio hot spot regions are needed to determine which physical process is responsible for the detected X-ray emission and to provide much tighter constraints on the magnetic field strength of the hot spot plasma. We summarize our current constraints on the magnetic field strengths in and around the hot spots of 3C 254 and 3C 280.
Exploring the Perceptions of Domestic Violence Service Providers in Rural Localities

This exploratory study uses a nonprobability purposive sample to investigate the perceptions of domestic violence service providers in rural regions of North Carolina and Virginia. Investigators gathered data incorporating both quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative data were retrieved through the development and distribution of a self-administered survey targeting service provider perceptions about the general public, consumers of services, self-perceptions, and perceptions related to inter- and intra-agency issues. Qualitative data were collected to provide further elaboration on the topic through the use of a focus group composed of rural service providers. The focus group was facilitated by the investigators. Findings identified deficits in public knowledge, agency resources, and community resources, and professional development as being the most problematic issues. Victims were perceived as having to face multiple issues and barriers when seeking services. Implications of these findings a...
VaR and time‐varying volatility: a comparative study of three international portfolios

Purpose – This study aims to evaluate the market risk exposure of three international equity portfolios using value‐at‐risk (VaR). This risk metric calculates the worst case loss for a business in the course of its daily transactions. To ensure that the calculated VaR reflects emerging risk characteristics, this paper introduces an approach that incorporates time‐varying volatility.Design/methodology/approach – This study uses the GARCH technique to calculate the volatility metric with which VaR estimates are obtained. The out‐of‐sample performance of the VaRs is then assessed by comparing them to the actual market risk losses in that period.Findings – Empirical results show that regardless of market conditions, the VaR calculated with this (GARCH) approach is more robust and more reliable than the traditional methods. Pursuant to the banking regulation on market risk capital stipulated by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, the out‐of‐sample VaRs are at least equal to actual daily market risk los...