cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tomorrow Is Another Day: Stocks Active Mutual Funds Overweight Predict the Next-Day Market

We show that active mutual fund managers effectively incorporate information about future short-term market movements into security prices. Specifically, when high active-mutual-fund ownership stocks outperform, the market tends to do well the next day, and vice-versa. These effects are modest day by day but are quite large in the aggregate - trading the S&P 500 futures daily based on the strategy delivers an average annual return over 15% with a Sharpe ratio over 0.9. The same findings are also present in other major equity markets all around the world. Various additional tests further suggest that the novel short-term market return predictability results from active mutual fund managers' collective information advantage about future market movements, as opposed to informed fund flows or temporary price pressure.
Phish Fanhood: Phish.net as a Distinct Virtual Fan Community with Offline Significance

The band Phish, founded in 1983 in acollege dorm, holds a strange place in the popularculture of modern music. Known for theirexperimental ‘jamming’ style of music, Phish hasnever enjoyed widespread popularity, yet they havea large group of extremely loyal fans, leading totremendous success with live tours. This devout fanfollowing comprises a unique group of individualsfrom geographically diverse areas that share acommon interest and often common values. Usingnewly emergent media and communicationtechnologies Phish fans have created internet-basedcommunities that act as centers for informationsharing and social support. The focus of this essayis one such group, Phish.net, which labels itself as“for phans, by phans.” I will determine the site’sstatus as a community, explore the norms reinforcedonline, and establish the effects resonating offline.As Henry Jenkins states, “…fandom has both beenreshaped by and helped to reshape cyberculture.”1 This essay will go beyond looking at how fandomand cyberculture intersect and delve further, intohow this established online fan community andinformation hub generates coordinated action fromits members in the offline world. By first analyzingprevious works on Internet communities, this paperwill establish Phish.net as a legitimate, distinctcommunity. Next, using the structure of and forumposts from Phish.net, I will outline the valuesreinforced by this community. Finally, I will applyresearch on the offline effects of onlinecommunities to evaluate the extent to whichPhish.net influences members’ actions offline. Iargue, based on previous research and the analysisof Phish.net’s virtual community, that this site is anonline community with defined norms and aconsiderable impact on member’s social andpolitical views offline.
Compensation: The American Way

This paper depicts a picture of American compensation systems and practices in light of concerns for equitable treatment of workers. It raises questions about these practices in reference to racial, gender, and executive pay levels in the U.S., and points out that the principle of equity applied regularly has fallen short when interests and needs of particular groups have been examined. Addressing this shortfall in relation to equity concerns is the key policy challenge facing the American compensation manager.
A short tutorial on reinforcement learning: review and applications

Dynamic Programming (DP) has been widely used as an approach solving the Markov Decision Process problem. This paper takes a well-known gambler's problem as an example to compare different DP solutions to the problem, and uses a variety of parameters to explain the results in detail. Ten C++ programs were written to implement the algorithms. The numerical results from gamble's problem and graphical output from the tracking car problem support the conceptual definitions of RL methods.
The use of indirect arterial pulse tracings in the diagnosis of congenital heart disease. II. Congenital subaortic and aortic stenosis.

Studies were made of the carotid arterial pulse curves, recorded by indirect means utilizing a crystal microphone system, of 21 normal patients and 38 patients fulfilling the clinical criteria of congenital aortic or subaortic stenosis, 6 of whom had coexisting coarctation of the aorta. There were definite and constant abnormalties in the pulse curves of the carotid artery in the group with aortic or subaortic stenosis. These were characterized by the presence of an initial sharp anacrotic notch placed low on the ascending limb of the Pulse curve; a series of systolic vibrations on the ascending limb, the graphic representation of a palpable thrill in the carotid vessels of these patients; plateau formation near the peak of the curve; a slow rise of the ascending limb of the curve to reach a later peak than normally seen; and, in some cases, an increased duration of systole as measured from the beginning of the carotid upstroke to the dicrotic notch of the carotid. Although the patients studied would appear to fulfill the clinical criteria for diagnosis of congenital subaortic stenosis as opposed to congenital aortic valvular stenosis, it is emphasized that the differential diagnosis of these 2 conditions may not be possible during the life of the patient. It is stressed that congenital aortic or subaortic stenosis may be considerably more frequent than can be judged by previously reported necropsy statistics and that, in addition, there may be a frequent association of these conditions with coarctation of the aorta.
Power archipelago for GHz power filtering on printed circuit boards

Noise coupling in mixed-signal systems from shared power distribution networks can be a critical problem. Sensitive RF ICs have to be isolated from voltage fluctuations caused by simultaneously switching drivers. Suppressing this noise is therefore important to the performance of mixed-signal systems. This paper introduces the concept of the power archipelago, a new methodology for minimizing the transfer impedance of the power distribution network. The power archipelago is essentially a lumped element microwave filter in which the discrete elements have been translated to embedded elements, effectively filtering out noise from the power distribution network.
ELECTRO-OSMOTIC STABILIZATION OF WEST BRANCH DAM

After foundation movement occurred during the construction of West Branch (Mahoning River) Dam, electro-osmotic stabilization was used to reduce pore-water pressures in the foundation, thus enabling completion of the 80-ft high earth embankment. The electro-osmotic system and its installation are described, and the results achieved are presented. A bibliography on electro-osmosis is included.
Infrared Astronomical Spectroscopy

Spectroscopic instruments are designed to divide radiation into its component wavelengths (or frequencies) and to provide the observer with a display of this information at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
Metastatic malignant melanoma treated with combined bolus and continuous infusion interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells.

Fifty patients with advanced melanoma received high-dose bolus and continuous infusion interleukin-2 (IL-2) with lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells in an attempt to improve the therapeutic index of this active but toxic therapy. Treatment began with up to nine bolus doses of IL-2 administered over 3 days. After 1 day of rest, patients underwent daily leukapheresis for 4 days, and the leukocytes were cultured with IL-2 in vitro to prepare LAK cells. Continuous infusion IL-2 was begun 1 day after the last leukapheresis and continued for up to 148 hours; LAK cells were administered on days 1, 2, and 4 of the infusion. Responding patients were eligible to receive up to two additional cycles of therapy at 3-month intervals. Most patients completed each cycle without dose reduction. One patient had a complete response and six patients had partial responses (14% response rate). The complete responder and three of the partial responders (8%) remain free from disease progression with follow-up of 21 to 24 mon...
Examination of growth phenotypes and protein stability in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae model for TPI deficiency (578.2)

Triose Phosphate Isomerase (TPI) is a glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the inter-conversion of DHAP to G3P. Mutations in TPI have been identified that are associated with a neurodegenerative disease in humans known as TPI deficiency. To study the cause of TPI deficiency pathogenesis, we constructed Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains expressing various TPI alleles that are associated with the development of TPI deficiency in humans and Drosophila melanogaster. In this study, we examined the cell growth rates of multiple mutant TPI strains by growth curve analysis and spot plate analysis. In addition, we examined the stability of the TPI proteins by cycloheximide chase at high temperature. Interestingly, not all of the mutations resulted in significant changes in growth rates. However, the mutation M80T was associated with the most severe growth defects at all temperatures and the M80T protein exhibited the highest degree of instability at high temperature. Furthermore, the mutation E104D exhibited grow...
Embodied knowledge in glassblowing: the experience of meaning and the struggle towards proficiency

Becoming a proficient glassblower involves an indispensable shift away from cognitive readings of practice towards corporeal readings, marking the development of proficient practical knowledge. In learning glassblowing myself in the course of an ethnography of handicrafts in New York City, the subtleties of apprenticeship, the modes of reading and understanding the practice, both cognitive and corporeal, have emerged, complexifying our understanding of the transmission, development, and modalities of practical knowledge. Such ethnographic dissection brings phenomenological considerations to bear on the question of achieving proficient practical knowledge, and enables us to sharpen our understanding of the role of meaning in practice.
Examining the feasibility of a Microsoft Kinect ™ based game intervention for individuals with anterior cruciate ligament injury risk

We describe a feasibility study in which the Microsoft Kinect is used for a game-based exercise to strengthen posterior chain muscles which are often weak in those at high risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. In the game, subjects perform a single posterior chain strengthening exercise. The game uses a side-scrolling video display driven by a hip abduction exercise while a player lies down on the floor. Leg lifts beyond a predetermined angle trigger the jumping action of an animated tiger. We describe the scene and game control, which uses depth images from the Kinect. Although Kinect-based skeletal data are used for many games, the skeletal model does not yield good estimates for positions on the floor. Our proposed system uses multiple leg angle estimators for different angle regions to recognize the player lying down and capture the angle between two legs. We conducted an experiment that validates our system with marker-based Vicon ground truth data. We also present results of an end-to-end test using the game, showing feasibility.
Resistance of Lung Fatty Acid Synthesis to Inhibition by Dietary Fat in the Meal-Fed Rat

One-half of the palmitate utilized by the lung for production of the surfactant phospholipid, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, originates from de novo palmitate synthesis in the lung. In this report the lung was examined for the influence of dietary fat on the lung de novo fatty acid synthesis pathway. Lung lipogenesis was reduced by fasting and accelerated by carbohydrate refeeding or insulin injection. However, in general lung fatty acid synthesis was unaffected by dietary fat. Supplementing one meal (high glucose diet) with as much as 36% additional fat kilocalories did not suppress lung fatty acid synthesis. An inhibition of fatty acid synthesis resulted from a fat supplement of +60 and +120% of meal kilocalories, but this inhibition was likely due to an attenuated rate of glucose absorption. Ingestion of a high carbohydrate diet supplemented with 10, 17, or 30% added kilocalories as safflower oil or palmitate had no effect on lipogenesis after 10 days. On the other hand, liver fatty acid synthesis and acetyl-CoA carboxylase were selectively suppressed by safflower oil, whereas dietary palmitate was ineffective as an inhibitor of lipogenesis. These data clearly demonstrate that the well-characterized preferential suppression of liver lipogenesis by dietary polyunsaturated fats does not extend to lung tissue, and, more importantly, the inhibition of liver lipogenesis is not secondary to an essential fatty acid deficiency. The marked resistance of lung fatty acid synthesis to inhibition by dietary fat might be a biological protective mechanism to ensure adequate palmitate for dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine synthesis.
A Longitudinal Exploration of Strategic Isomorphism: The Case of the National Football League

The purpose of the current study is to examine the phenomenon known as strategic isomorphism within a longitudinal context. In particular, this research looks at performance data within the National Football League (NFL) across fifty-three NFL seasons to determine if the NFL had isomorphic characteristics (as measured by the presence of competitive balance). We propose two hypotheses relating to the presence of competitive balance in the NFL, and found support for both hypotheses. In testing for presence of competitive balance in the NFL, we found a low standard deviation in winning percentage across teams in the seasons 1960-2012, indicating that the NFL has been a league of teams of nearly equal strength. From a longitudinal perspective we found that the NFL has not been dominated by a few strong teams that win most of the championships. Further, no single NFL team has been able to maintain dominance across multiple seasons. Finally, winning percentage also proves to be only a moderate predictor of winning percentage in the following season, and a progressively poorer predictor for subsequent seasons. The current study is one of very few longitudinal studies that examine strategic isomorphism within a competitive context. It provides evidence that managers perceive achieving homogeneity among competitors to be an appropriate strategic choice under certain competitive conditions.
Idiopathic spinal epidural lipomatosis.

Objective Spinal epidural lipomatosis (SEDL) is a rare disorder often associated with the administration of exogenous steroids or the elevation of endogenous steroids. Spinal epidural lipomatosis develops in some patients in the absence of elevated steroid levels. The limited information known about idiopathic SEDL comes predominantly from isolated case reports. We proposed to study our experience with idiopathic SEDL and to review the literature. Methods We identified eight symptomatic patients with idiopathic SEDL treated at our institution, which is the largest series reported. All patients were male and obese by body mass index (> 27.5 kg/m2). The mean age of the patients was 35.4 years. Idiopathic SEDL was equally distributed between the thoracic and lumbar spine. Six patients underwent laminectomy and fat debulking with good postoperative results; two patients were treated with a weight loss diet, which resulted in the relief of symptoms after losing > 15 kg each. Results and conclusion A review of our patients in conjunction with other reported cases reveals the following: 1) idiopathic SEDL occurs almost exclusively in the obese population; 2) idiopathic SEDL seems to occur with equal frequency between the thoracic and lumber spine; 3) a strong male predominance exists; 4) thoracic SEDL presents at an earlier age compared with lumbar SEDL; 5) surgical decompression remains the treatment of choice for the immediate relief of symptoms. Our experience suggests that idiopathic epidural lipomatosis may be a pathological entity that has been underdiagnosed.
Normalized Shape and Location of Perturbed Craniofacial Structures in the Xenopus Tadpole Reveal an Innate Ability to Achieve Correct Morphology

Background: Embryonic development can often adjust its morphogenetic processes to counteract external perturbation. The existence of self-monitoring responses during pattern formation is of considerable importance to the biomedicine of birth defects, but has not been quantitatively addressed. To understand the computational capabilities of biological tissues in a molecularly tractable model system, we induced craniofacial defects in Xenopus embryos, then tracked tadpoles with craniofacial deformities and used geometric morphometric techniques to characterize changes in the shape and position of the craniofacial structures. Results: Canonical variate analysis revealed that the shapes and relative positions of perturbed jaws and branchial arches were corrected during the first few months of tadpole development. Analysis of the relative movements of the anterior-most structures indicates that misplaced structures move along the anterior–posterior and left–right axes in ways that are significantly different from their normal movements. Conclusions: Our data suggest a model in which craniofacial structures use a measuring mechanism to assess and adjust their location relative to other local organs. Understanding the correction mechanisms at work in this system could lead to the better understanding of the adaptive decision-making capabilities of living tissues and suggest new approaches to correct birth defects in humans. Developmental Dynamics 241:863–878, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Length-Scale Dependence of Hydration Free Energy: Effect of Solute Charge

Size and curvature are important determinants of particle wettability, in addition to surface chemistry and texture. Hydration free energy of a nonpolar solute scales with volume for small solutes and with surface area for larger ones. If the solute acquires a surface charge, the scaling regimes can be affected, with size-dependence of the charge playing a critical role. For isolated particles grown at fixed surface charge density, the Born approximation gives scaling of hydration free energy with volume. We consider a distinctly different but practically important scenario, where the charged solute and surrounding counterions are dissolved together. For this process, our molecular simulations demonstrate the electrostatic contribution to the solvation free energy, calculated per unit area of the solute, to be virtually independent of solute size. We explain this behavior in terms of counterion shielding effect on the curvature-dependent solute energy in the dehydrated state, an effect closely balanced by the influence of dielectric screening in water. As a result, for moderate surface charge densities of the solute, the net electrostatic contribution is dominated by counterion solvation, and scales with solute surface area independently of the ionic strength in the solution.
Morphological Comparison of Two Varieties of Carrots During Growth and Storage: Scanning Electron Microscopy

The morphological development and response to storage of two varieties of carrots, both healthy and aster yellows-diseased, were evaluated using the scanning electron microscope. Instrumental textural profiles were evaluated for samples stored two weeks and then cooked by three different methods. Morphological and textural differences were found between the varieties of carrots, and these were attributed to differences in growth rates. Diseased carrots had unique cellular development but, except for the hardness parameter, showed few differences in textural properties when compared to healthy carrots.
Aerosol composition and size versus altitude measured from the C‐130 during ACE‐Asia

[1] During the Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) intensive experiment in the spring of 2001 we used a total aerosol sampler (TAS) and a micro-orifice impactor (MOI) to collect dust and pollution aerosols for ion chromatographic analysis. An aerodynamic particle sizer (APS) was used to estimate the total coarse-mode volume. We conducted postexperiment passing efficiency measurements on the APS, the MOI, and their delivery tubing to constrain the inevitable (and sometimes large) artifacts associated with sampling supermicron particles from an aircraft. We have combined TAS and corrected MOI data to estimate ambient coarse and fine sulfate, ammonium, nitrate, calcium, sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, and oxalate. We found significant differences between aerosol composition in the free troposphere (FT) and boundary layer (BL). The molar ratio of nitrate to soluble calcium averaged 1.8 in the BL, but only 0.2 in the FT. Nitrate and calcium frequently had identical coarse size distributions, while sulfate and ammonium often had identical fine distributions. Dust clearly directs NOy toward coarse-mode nitrate. Sulfate in the FT was closest to ammonium bisulfate (half neutralized), while non-sea-salt sulfate (NSS) in the BL was usually completely neutralized to ammonium sulfate. In the presence of dust, up to half the NSS was found in the coarse mode, probably the result of SO2 uptake by CaCO3 in the dust. Soluble calcium averaged 5–8% of the coarse dust mass inferred from the APS. BL aerosol chemistry was seldom a good indicator of ionic composition in the FT.
Quality in Inclusive Preschool Classrooms

Research Findings: Quality of care for preschool children in inclusive and noninclusive classrooms was examined in two studies. In Study 1, comparisons across a large sample of classrooms (N = 1, 313) showed that inclusive classrooms were higher than noninclusive classrooms in global quality as well as on two dimensions of quality (Activities/Materials and Language/Interactions). In Study 2, a more diverse sample of 44 classrooms (20 inclusive and 24 noninclusive) did not reveal differences on the global measures of quality but did show a difference on a measure of teacher–child interactions. Teachers in inclusive classrooms had higher quality and more appropriate interactions with all children than did teachers from noninclusive classrooms. Ratings of perceived severity of children's disabilities were not related to any of the measures of classroom quality in either study. Practice or Policy: Both studies suggest that including children with disabilities in regular preschool classrooms does not result in...
Successful treatment of juvenile hemangiomas with prednisone.

Six children with extensive hemangiomas were treated with oral prednisone. All exceptone showed dramatic regression within two weeks after starting therapy; the failure was in the oldest patient, 16 months of age, who had scarring due to extensive resection prior to administration of corticosteroids. Three patients relapsed after termination of therapy but were controlled by a second course; one of these had a second exacerbation after reduction of the dose. The advantages of a short course of systemic corticosteroids over other modes of therapy in hemangiomas requiring intervention are discussed.
Nanocomposites from biobased epoxy and single-wall carbon nanotubes: synthesis, and mechanical and thermophysical properties evaluation

The synthesis, and thermophysical and mechanical properties of anhydride-cured biobased epoxy containing diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F (DGEBF) epoxy and epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) reinforced with fluorinated single-wall carbon nanotubes (FSWCNT) are reported. Sonication was used to disperse FSWCNT in the biobased glassy epoxy network, resulting in great improvement of the modulus of nanocomposites containing extremely small amounts of FSWCNT. The glass transition temperature of the obtained nanocomposites decreased by approximately 30 °C after the addition of 0.20 wt% (0.16 vol%) FSWCNT, without adjusting the amount of the anhydride curing agent. This was because of the non-stoichiometry of the epoxy matrix, caused by the fluorine on the single wall carbon nanotubes. The adequate amount of the anhydride curing agent needed to achieve stoichiometry was experimentally determined by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The storage modulus of the epoxy at room temperature, which is below the glass transition temperature of the nanocomposites, increased up to 0.44 GPa with the addition of only 0.24 wt% (0.20 vol%) of FSWCNT, representing an up to 14% improvement from the modulus of the biobased ELO neat epoxies. The fracture toughness of the neat biobased ELO epoxies was also improved by approximately 43% upon addition of FSWCNT. The excellent improvement of the modulus was achieved without sacrificing the fracture toughness.
The Sm-like Hfq Protein Increases OxyS RNA Interaction with Target mRNAs

The Escherichia coli host factor I, Hfq, binds to many small regulatory RNAs and is required for OxyS RNA repression of fhlA and rpoS mRNA translation. Here we report that Hfq is a bacterial homolog of the Sm and Sm-like proteins integral to RNA processing and mRNA degradation complexes in eukaryotic cells. Hfq exhibits the hallmark features of Sm and Sm-like proteins: the Sm1 sequence motif, a multisubunit ring structure (in this case a homomeric hexamer), and preferential binding to polyU. We also show that Hfq increases the OxyS RNA interaction with its target messages and propose that the enhancement of RNA-RNA pairing may be a general function of Hfq, Sm, and Sm-like proteins.
Some new phenomena in the perception of glass patterns

Glass patterns are dot pattern displays producing percepts of local orientation and global organization. Our observations suggest that the organizational principles involved in our perception of such patterns may be more consistent with a cortical simple-cell-like mechanisms (i.e., a king of neural summation within various feature maps) than with symbolic processing based on feature similarity.
The Performance of Well Elderly Persons on the Minnesota Spatial Relations Test

It has been well established that scores on visual perceptual tests decline with age. The norms for the Minnesota Spatial Relations Test (MSRT) were established with persons age 16 to 67. The purpose of this study was to develop guidelines of performance for adults age 65 and over. The MSRT was administered to 51 adults, 65 to 90 years of age. Decile ranks are provided for tests A/B, C/D, and A/B/C/D of the MSRT. The sex and educational levels of the subjects were not found to affect performance. A decline in performance speed, however, did correlate with advancing age (p = .0001) with those over age 75 performing significantly slower than those age 65 to 75.
Zooarchaeology and the Archaeology of Early Modern Iceland

Abstract This paper presents the bulk of existing early modern Icelandic zooarchaeological data together for the first time. The early modern period in Iceland was generally a time of great stress and hardship. These zooarchaeological data present a view of the responses to these hard times and suggest, contrary to a number of historical interpretations, that the people of Iceland often adapted to harsher conditions in dynamic ways. Given the growing effort in archaeology for this period in Iceland as well as the rest of the North Atlantic, these data are presented in the hope that it will stimulate further work and facilitate larger Atlantic comparisons.
Creativity, Problem Solving, and Solution Set Sightedness: Radically Reformulating BVSR

Too often, psychological debates become polarized into dichotomous positions. Such polarization may have occurred with respect to Campbell's (1960) blind variation and selective retention (BVSR) theory of creativity. To resolve this unnecessary controversy, BVSR was radically reformulated with respect to creative problem solving. The reformulation began by defining (a) potential solution sets consisting of k possible solutions each described by their respective probability and utility values, (b) a set sightedness metric that gauges the extent to which the probabilities correspond to the utilities, and (c) a solution creativity index based on the joint improbability and utility of each solution. These definitions are then applied to representative cases in which simultaneous or sequential generate-and-test procedures scrutinize solution sets of variable size and with representative patterns of probabilities and utilities. The principal features of BVSR theory were then derived, including the implications of superfluity and backtracking. Critically, it was formally demonstrated that the most creative solutions must emerge from solution sets that score extremely low in sightedness. Although this preliminary revision has ample room for further development, the demonstration proves that BVSR's explanatory value does not depend on any specious association with Darwin's theory of evolution.
Hybrid dante and phase‐contrast imaging technique for measurement of three‐ dimensional myocardial wall motion

Characterization of myocardial stress and strain is necessary for a complete understanding of myocardial function. The precise quantification of regional myocardial strain is complicated by its time-varying pattern and regional variation resulting from the anisotropy of the myocardium and by complex torsional and shortening motions of the heart during the cardiac cycle. The authors have developed a technique for point-specific tracking of myocardial motion along all three axes in a constant selected section of myocardium by combining prospective section selection with in-plane DANTE (delays alternating with nutations for tailored excitation) tissue tagging and phase-contrast detection of motion perpendicular to the image plane. With this technique, it is possible to determine point-specific myocardial strain values in vivo.
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Mission and Spacecraft Design

Launched June 18, 2009, with its primary mission scheduled to end September 2010, NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter will be the first observatory ever to spend an entire year orbiting and observing the Moon at a low altitude of just 50 km. The spacecraft carries a wide variety of scientific instruments and will provide an extraordinary opportunity to study the lunar landscape at resolutions and over time scales never achieved before. This paper is intended as a companion to the series of papers released simultaneously in this journal detailing LRO’s instruments and their planned measurements. The paper describes the design and key performance drivers of the LRO spacecraft and overall mission design. It presents a comprehensive description of the operation of the various systems that comprise the spacecraft and illustrates how these systems enable achievement of the mission requirements.
A note on non-simple heat conduction

In einem nicht-einfachen Material kann die Warmeubertragung durch zwei Temperaturen geregelt werden; die eine regelt die Strahlung, die andere die Leitung. In dieser Arbeit zeigen wir unter Benutzung fruherer Ergebnisse, dass bei stationaren Bedingungen die Differenz der beiden Temperaturen proportional zur Strahlungsdichte ist.
Conjoint trajectories of depressive symptoms and delinquent behavior predicting substance use disorders.

Abstract Aims This study examines the conjoint trajectories of depressive symptoms and delinquent behavior from adolescence (age 14) into young adulthood (age 24) as predictors of substance use disorders (SUDs) in adulthood (age 32). Methods Of the 816 participants, 52% were African Americans, and 48% were Puerto Ricans. After we obtained the conjoint trajectory groups using Mplus, we performed logistic regression analyses using SAS to compare the Bayesian Posterior Probability ( BPP ) of each of the conjoint trajectory groups with the BPP of the reference conjoint trajectory group to predict SUDs. Results Four conjoint trajectory groups were obtained. The higher BPPs of both the high depressive symptoms and low delinquent behavior trajectory group ( AOR = 3.54, p AOR = 10.28, p BPP of the low depressive symptoms and low delinquent behavior trajectory group, were associated with an increased likelihood of SUDs in adulthood. These associations were maintained with control on gender, ethnicity, the use of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana, socioeconomic status (SES) at age 14, and income and educational level at age 36. Conclusions Prevention and treatment of delinquent individuals reporting SUDs might be more effective if their depressive symptoms were also addressed. Similarly, prevention and treatment of depressed individuals reporting SUDs might be more effective if their delinquent behavior was also addressed.
Emerging news non-profits: A case study for rebuilding community trust?

A new news disseminator has emerged to revitalize the profession of information gathering – the non-profit news organization. Adopting a framework of community trust, this article begins a scholarl...
The Normal Development of the Mammary Glands of Virgin Female Mice of Ten Strains Varying in Susceptibility to Spontaneous Neoplasms

Certain strains of mice are particularly susceptible to the development of spontaneous mammary gland adenocarcinoma. Other strains show a marked resistance to such atypical growths. The predisposition to tumor development thus appears to be determined at least partially by hereditary factors. That the predisposition to tumor incidence might be determined or indicated by structural or developmental factors was pointed out by Gibson (1930). Using a small number of animals from two strains of albino mice, the individuals of one strain being susceptible to tumor development and representatives of another strain more or less resistant, Gibson reported definite embryonic and developmental anomalies in the mammary glands of the tumor-susceptible strain. These anomalies largely involved the nipples. In addition, the mammary glands of the susceptible animals developed more slowly than did those of mice of the immune strain. More significant strain differences were observed in the regressed mammary glands of old mice. Cystic or metaplastic areas were present in the glands of old animals of the tumor-susceptible strain.
A Road Map for Measuring Development Impact: a Woman's and Family Perspective

This paper discusses women's strategies during the economic reforms with a focus on housing policies. It uses the housing issue to address the importance of identifying impacts on both women as individuals and as family members when evaluating development programs. A case study of a family in Cairo illustrates the issues involved. The paper then considers modifications for impact assessment of programs so that the concept of end user is broadened to include the woman and the family.
Shock-capturing non-hydrostatic model for fully dispersive surface wave processes

Abstract This paper describes NHWAVE, a shock-capturing non-hydrostatic model for simulating wave refraction, diffraction, shoaling, breaking and landslide-generated tsunami in finite water depth. The governing equations are the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in conservative form, written in surface and terrain-following form using a σ coordinate. In order to apply a Godunov-type scheme, the velocities are defined at cell centers. The dynamic pressure is defined at vertically facing cell faces so that the pressure boundary condition at free surface can be precisely imposed. The HLL Riemann approximation is employed to estimate fluxes at horizontal cell faces. The nonlinear Strong Stability-Preserving (SSP) Runge–Kutta scheme is used to obtain second-order accuracy in time. The model is validated using seven test cases based on analytical solutions and experimental data. The computed results show that the model can well predict wave propagation over submerged bar, wave refraction and diffraction over an elliptical shoal as well as wave breaking, run-up and longshore current on a plane beach using relatively few (three to five) vertical layers. The model is also shown to provide accurate reproduction of a generated tsunami wave resulting from a solid translating bottom feature.
Characterization of slurry phase iron catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Abstract The study of Iron Fischer–Tropsch catalysts by conventional powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) is complicated by the number and type of phases present (α-Fe, various iron carbides, Fe x C: 2 3 O 4 ). Peak overlap in the diffraction patterns and differences in the X-ray scattering ability of each phase can make quantitation difficult. This has led to the consensus that activity for Fischer–Tropsch (F–T) synthesis does not correlate with the bulk composition of the iron catalyst, as seen by X-ray diffraction. As we demonstrate in this paper, some of the problems with sample analysis arise from the difficulty in preserving microstructures and composition intact, as the sample is removed from the reactor and prepared for analysis. Our results indicate that Soxhlet extraction, a commonly used procedure to remove the wax from a catalyst, can cause changes in catalyst phase composition. We present a study of a slurry-phase iron F–T synthesis catalyst, where samples have been removed under inert atmosphere and care was taken to preserve the catalyst constituents intact. Quantitative Rietveld structural refinement, combined with step-scanned X-ray diffraction data, allows us to determine changes in composition and morphology in the working catalyst. We conclude that, in its most active form, this Fe catalyst contains the Fe 7 C 3 carbide with small amounts of alpha-iron (α-Fe), while the χ-carbide (hereafter designated as Fe 5 C 2 ), also present in differing amounts during each run, appears to be less active. Major changes in carbide particle size also occur during the course of the F–T synthesis run. The active catalyst contains a significant amount of highly dispersed carbide particles.
PLASMODESMATAL FREQUENCY AND OTHER STRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF ASSIMILATE COLLECTION AND PHLOEM LOADING IN LEAVES OF SONCHUS OLERACEUS (ASTERACEAE), A SPECIES WITH MINOR VEIN TRANSFER CELLS

Leaves of Sonchus oleraceus (Asteraceae) were examined with the electron microscope to determine plasmodesmatal frequencies and other structural features relating to the collection of photoassimilate and its subsequent loading into minor veins. Few plasmodesmata occur between mesophyll cells, which contain chloroplasts that are sometimes connected to both the plasmalemma and the tonoplast by membranous tubules. The minor veins consist of tracheary elements, sieve-tube members, vascular parenchyma cells, and companion cells. The latter two cell types are transfer cells, with some of the fingerlike wall ingrowths in companion cells being traversed lengthwise by plasmodesmata. The frequencies of plasmodesmata at the mesophyllbundle sheath boundary and within are higher at some interfaces than at corresponding interfaces in nine other species, including some that previously had been characterized as loading assimilate via the symplast. It is thus premature to designate all species containing transfer cells in their minor veins as loading assimilate only via the apoplast. Ever since the seminal review by Gunning and Pate (1969), transfer cells have been recognized as having wall ingrowths that significantly increase plasmalemma surface area, compared to cells of a similar size without ingrowths. They occur at various locations throughout the plant, from root hair bases to leaf trace xylem to the minor veins of perhaps 15% of all flowering plant species (estimated from Pate and Gunning, 1969). Since they are believed to be specialized for short-distance transfer of solutes between the apoplast and symplast, they are seldom associated with plasmodesmata (but see Davis, Smith, and Cobb,
Stress redistribution in room and pillar salt mines

Abstract During the excavation of four rooms for an experiment demonstrating the disposal of radioactive wastes in salt mines, a number of unique rock deformation measurements were made. Since the new rooms were higher stratigraphically than the surrounding older workings, it was possible to observe deformations as the working face passed directly over instrumented boreholes. The results dramatically illustrate the presence of an abutment pressure in the floor travelling along with the face. The results of a comparative test of three different types of borehole gauge showed a certain degree of correspondence qualitatively but no quantitative conclusion could be drawn from any of the instruments used.
Assessing Reading Materials for Students Who Are Learning Disabled

This article presents a checklist that teachers and other education professionals can use when deciding which instructional materials to include in their content area instruction. The checklist addresses several considerations, such as the learners' prior knowledge, vocabulary levels, and motivation. In addition, characteristics of the text source, such as the inclusion of supplemental instructional materials, readability, and the use of objectives, examples, and analogies, are also addressed.
The effect of refractory metal substitution on the stability of Mo(ss) + T2 two-phase field in the Mo–Si–B system

Abstract The influence of refractory metal substitution such as Nb and Cr for Mo in Mo–B–Si alloys on the phase stability has been examined for compositions in the Mo(ss)+T2 two-phase field. The solidification pathways as well as the width of the two-phase field at high temperature are modified by refractory metal substitutions. The characteristically severe solidification segregation found in Mo–B–Si alloys may be significantly reduced if the substitution such as Nb for Mo change the T2-phase lattice constants to facilitate a larger compositional exchange between B and Si in the T2 phase. The enhanced B and Si exchange also yields a significant increase in the width of Mo(ss)+T2 two-phase field. This behavior highlights the role of atomic size factor in influencing the relative stability of the T2 (D8l) phase.
Raman scattering studies of pollutant systems.

Results and techniques for laboratory measurements of Raman scattering cross sections and depolarization ratios of atmospheric gases as a function of the incident photon energy are discussed. Referred to N2, the cross section of H2O changes by a factor of 2 as the incident photon energy is changed by 5%. Less striking results are obtained for SO2, NO and other atmospheric gases. Tentative results are given for spectral features of scattering from polluted air-water interfaces. Raman lidar is assessed as a potentially useful aid in remote sensing of atmospheric and water-borne pollution distributions at least in near-source concentrations.
The diversity and host specificity of mites associated with ants: the roles of ecological and life history traits of ant hosts

Ant nests are stable resource patches that can be utilized by myrmecophiles (organisms living in association with ants). Mites are the most abundant guests in ant nests and are frequently observed in phoretic relationships with ants. Little is known about the effects of ecological and life history characteristics of ant hosts on mite species richness. Previous work focused on mite descriptions and provided little ecological information. Phoretic mites were surveyed for 43 ant species in 273 colonies in Ohio. Mite collections totaled 151 species including representatives of the cohorts Astigmatina and Heterostigmatina, and the suborder Mesostigmata. Most mite species had specific host species and attachment sites on the ants. Statistical analyses showed mite species richness to be highest in colonies of ant species that are (1) populous, (2) large bodied, (3) in the genus Lasius, and (4) established through social parasitism. The species richness was higher for ant species with social parasitism or the genus Lasius, but the relative importance of other host ecological and life history variables differed among mite taxa. Prevalence was greater for female ant alates than workers or males and was positively influenced by (1) host size, (2) social parasitism, and (3) the genus Lasius. These results suggest that greater ant diversity also supports a greater diversity of associated mites, but that mite diversity is disproportionately higher in ant species with greater resource availability within nests or those that may facilitate the exchange of mite assemblages among ant nests.
Crowd control in Rwanda

Sub-Saharan Africa's most densely peopled mainland nation is determined to head off a population crisis. Others should take note, say Josh Ruxin and Antoinette Habinshuti.
Microscale Temperature Measurements Near the Triple Line of an Evaporating Thin Liquid Film

Thin-film evaporation from a meniscus in a confined space, which is the basis for many two-phase cooling devices, is experimentally investigated. The meniscus formed by heptane, a highly wetting liquid, on a heated fused quartz wafer is studied. Microscale infrared temperature measurements performed near the thin-film region of the evaporating meniscus reveal the temperature suppression caused by the intensive evaporation in this region. The high spatial resolution 6.3 m and high temperature sensitivity 20 mK of the infrared camera allow for improved accuracy in the measurements. The effects of evaporation rate, applied heat flux, and channel width on the thin-film heat transfer distribution are also explored. DOI: 10.1115/1.3090525
Application of Person-by-Person Equilibrium and Performance-Measure Statistics to Distributed Control of Uncertain Stochastic Large-Scale Systems with Time Delays

Abstract This paper presents a distributed control design for a class of interconnected linear systems with Markovian jumps, parametric uncertainties and time delays in both system states and control actuations. The switching of a countable number of modes associated with constituent systems is encapsulated by appropriate probability transitions. The parameter uncertainties are considered to be unknown but norm bounded. Analysis of time-delay systems is supported by Pade approximations of the first order. A general framework of multi-person nonzero-sum stochastic differential games is leveraged for distributed decision making with performance risk-aversion. Towards performance risk-aversion and reliability, self-directed controllers and/or decision makers are now capable of effectively incorporating risk-averse attitudes via performance-measure statistics into person-by-person equilibrium decisions with decentralized output feedback for distributed interactions.
Economic Dispatch Reserve Allocation

In this paper, the economic dispatch problem is reformulated to include a constraint on the maximum average system frequency deviation of a power system following a postulated disturbance. The economic dispatch problem is translated into a well-defined nonlinear mathematical programming problem whose solution is obtained by solving a sequence of linear programming problems. Test results on a 20-node power system to demonstrate the improvement in the post-disturbance maximum average system frequency deviation and the relative trade-off in generation costs are included.
Copper oxide superconductors: Sharp-mode coupling in high-T c superconductors

Arising from: J. Hwang, T. Timusk & G. D. Gu Nature 427, 714–717 (2004); Hwang et al. reply In conventional superconductivity, sharp phonon modes (oscillations in the crystal lattice) are exchanged between electrons within a Cooper pair, enabling superconductivity. A critical question in the study of copper oxides with high critical transition temperature (Tc) is whether such sharp modes (which may be more general, including, for example, magnetic oscillations) also play a critical role in the pairing and hence the superconductivity. Hwang et al. report evidence that sharp modes (either phononic or magnetic in origin) are not important for superconductivity in these materials1, but we show here that their conclusions are undermined by the insensitivity of their experiment to a crucial physical effect2,3,4,5,6,7.