cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FAR-LATERAL APPROACH TO THE CRANIOCERVICAL JUNCTION

The far-lateral approach is an extension of the standard suboccipital approach, designed to maximize exposure of the lateroventral craniocervical junction. Following a basic principle of cranial base surgery, the angle of view is increased by bone removal. Bone removal involves the most lateral part of the inferior occipital squama and the posterior arch of C1. Drilling of various portions of the occipital condyle further increases the exposure. Transposition of the vertebral artery is seldom required. The far-lateral approach allows a tangential, unobstructed view of the lateroventral cervicomedullary area and can be applied effectively to manage with a heterogeneous spectrum of pathological lesions involving this area. The technical aspects of the procedure are briefly illustrated in this report.
Allelopathic potential ofnuphar lutea (L.) Sibth. & Sm. (Nymphaeaceae)

Aqueous extracts ofNuphar lutea (L.) Sibth. & Sm. leaves (blades plus petioles) and roots plus rhizomes were tested for allelopathic activity using lettuce seedling andLemna minor L. assay systems. The 12.5, 25, 125, and 250 parts per thousand (ppt) treatments of both extracts killed the lettuce seedlings. At 2.5 ppt of extract, radicle growth of lettuce was 29% of the control for leaves and 31% of the control for roots plus rhizomes.Lemna minor frond number was reduced to 34% of the control by the 25 ppt leaf extract and to 43% of the control by the 25 ppt roots plus rhizomes extract.L. minor was killed by concentrations of 125 ppt and above of both plant part extracts. As expected, the frond number and total chlorophyll content measured by theL. minor assay were highly correlated. Osmotic potentials below 143 mOsmol/kg had no influence onL. minor growth. Neither the osmotic potential nor the pH of the undiluted extracts ofN. lutea were in the range known to influence the growth of either lettuce seedlings orL. minor. Nuphar lutea extracts were many times more inhibitory than 16 other hydrophytes we previously examined.
The Present and Future of the International Trade of the United States

I. Unexampled excess of exports during 1915–19, 1. — II. Theoretical analysis of international lending and borrowing under ordinary conditions, 2. — Peculiar conditions in United States during the war, 3. — Influx of gold and rise in prices, 5. — All the transactions in substance were within the United States, 6. — An overturn inevitable, 7. — III. New stage of international payments and trade to be expected, 8. — Tourist expenditures, 9. — Immigrants' remittances, 9. — Freight charges, 10. — Interest account, 11. — Capital account, 12. — The general outcome, 13. — IV. The probable course of prices and money incomes, theoretical analysis, 14. — Extraordinarily rapid overturn, 17. — Relation to world price level, 19. — Probable maintenance of gold standard and resumption of special payments, 20. — Conclusion, 20.
Predicting and managing spoken disfluencies during human-computer interaction

This research characterizes the spontaneous spoken disfluencies typical of human-computer interaction, and presents a predictive model accounting for their occurrence. Data were collected during three empirical studies in which people spoke or wrote to a highly interactive simulated system. The studies involved within-subject factorial designs in which input modality and presentation format were varied. Spoken disfluency rates during human-computer interaction were documented to be substantially lower than rates typically observed during comparable human-human speech. Two separate factors, both associated with increased planning demands, were statistically related to increased speech disfluency rates: (1) length of utterance, and (2) lack of structure in the presentation format. Regression techniques revealed that a linear model based simply on utterance length accounts for over 77% of the variability in spoken disfluencies. Therefore, design techniques capable of channeling users' speech into briefer sentences potentially could eliminate most spoken disfluencies. In addition, the degree of structure in the presentation format was manipulated in a manner that successfully eliminated 60 to 70% of all disfluent speech. The long-term goal of this research is to provide empirical guidance for the design of robust spoken language technology.
DETERMINATION AND THE USE OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE IN THE SAMARITAN AND IN THE MASORETIC TEXT OF THE TORAH

The use of the Hebrew article underwent changes throughout the history of Biblical Hebrew. Some of these changes are documented by the differences between the consonantal framework and the Masoretic vocalization. A comparative view of these materials and the respective variants in the Samaritan Pantateuch including its reading tradition provides further insights. With regard to the use of the article, the consonantal framework of the Masoretic text preserves the oldest stratum, while the Masoretic vocalization represents the youngest. The Samaritan tradition, on the other hand, is uniform in both its parts - consonantal framework and reading tradition - and holds a middle position between the two Masoretic strata from a historical point of view. However, both parts of the Masoretic tradition share at least one common feature, which set it as a whole apart from the Samaritan tradition: the generic use of the article.
Novel approaches to linkage mapping

The recent progress seen in the development of high-quality genetic markers and high-density human genetic maps is facilitating new strategies for mapping disease-causing and disease-susceptibility genes. These strategies, which include homozygosity mapping, DNA pooling, and the utilization of linkage disequilibrium, have been successfully applied to the mapping and fine mapping of several loci causing diseases segregating in genetically isolated populations.
Health professionals' factual knowledge and changing attitudes toward transsexuals

Abstract General practitioners (GPs), obstetrician-gynecologists, urologists, psychiatrists and clinical psychologists (total N = 202) were randomly surveyed to assess their knowledge of the syndrome of transsexuality and their attitudes toward transsexual patients and sex reassignment surgery. A low return rate, though, requires that the present data be interpreted prudently. Where possible, the current findings were compared with the attitudinal data published in 1966 by Green, Stoller and MacAndrew. Over this interval an increasingly liberal and favorable trend in attitudes was noted amongst all medical specialties. ‘Liberal’ refers to a willingness to recommend a surgical remedy and ‘favorable’ refers to a less psychopathological perspective of the syndrome and greater social acceptance of these individuals. In the present sample GPs tend to hold the most conservative views, while clinical psychologists consistently endorse the most liberal positions. No differences emerged among the five groups of health care professionals on the factual knowledge assessment.
Longitudinal Study of Direct Instruction Effects from First through Third Grades.

In a 3-year longitudinal study, the authors examined the effect of Direct Instruction (DI) on students' reading achievement, teacher perceptions, nature of the classroom, and special education referral rate. Urban and suburban students completed the Gates-MacGinitie Reading Tests in the fall of Grade 1 and spring of Grades 1, 2, and 3. Teachers completed interviews and questionnaires and were observed in their classrooms. We determined effects of reading instruction by covariate and correlation analyses. Results indicate that suburban low-skilled readers significantly benefited from the combination of DI and non-DI; urban students benefited from non-DI. Specific teacher characteristics significantly affected class reading achievement; DI did not decrease special education referral rates.
Orientation effects in copper single crystals fatigued at elevated temperatures

Effet de l'orientation cristalline sur les proprietes mecaniques de monocristaux de cuivre fatigues a temperature elevee. Role de la structure de dislocations et des systemes de glissement secondaire
Synthesis of Ni-stabilized β″-alumina

Abstract By means of a skull melting technique, Ni-stabilized β″-alumina has been synthesized. The product has a deep blue color. The existence of a characteristic fine structure in the visible optical absorption band indicates that Ni 2+ ions are located in the tetrahedral sites of the spinel block as expected.
Two particle rapidity, transverse momentum, and azimuthal correlations in relativistic nuclear collisions and transverse radial expansion

At the very first stage of an ultra-relativistic nucleus-nucleus collision new particles are produced in individual nucleon-nucleon collisions. In the transverse plane, all particles from a single NN collision are initially located at the same position. The subsequent transverse radial expansion of the system creates strong position-momentum correlations and leads to characteristic rapidity, transverse momentum, and azimuthal correlations among the produced particles.
Orbital Express Advanced Video Guidance Sensor: Ground Testing, Flight Results and Comparisons

Orbital Express (OE) was a successful mission demonstrating automated rendezvous and docking. The 2007 mission consisted of two spacecraft, the Autonomous Space Transport Robotic Operations (ASTRO) and the Next Generation Serviceable Satellite (NEXTSat) that were designed to work together and test a variety of service operations in orbit. The Advanced Video Guidance Sensor, AVGS, was included as one of the primary proximity navigation sensors on board the ASTRO. The AVGS was one of four sensors that provided relative position and attitude between the two vehicles. Marshall Space Flight Center was responsible for the AVGS software and testing (especially the extensive ground testing), flight operations support, and analyzing the flight data. This paper briefly describes the historical mission, the data taken on-orbit, the ground testing that occurred, and finally comparisons between flight data and ground test data for two different flight regimes.
Leadership Practice in the Context of U.S. School Choice Reform

Choice schools provide a unique laboratory where variation in governance and management structure is predicted. We examine the results from principal surveys from traditional and choice public schools, and compare challenges faced by principals and their leadership practice. Analyses show that while differences across school types are small, there are noteworthy variations among different types of charter schools. Our study broadens the understanding of school leadership in a choice environment by examining not only the association between leadership practices and school types, but also the influence of school management structures on instructional development beyond school type differences.
Upper level atmospheric stationary waves in the twentieth century climate of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change simulations

[1] The upper level stationary waves are defined as the deviations from longitudinal symmetry of the 250 hPa climatological monthly mean stream function. The climatological averaging period is over the years 1980 to 2000. The coupled model simulations are those of the climate of the 20th Century experiment (20C3M) prescribed by IPCC. The model results are compared to the NCEP/NCAR and ERA40 Reanalyses. The comparison shows the following. (1) The amplitude of the modeled waves in the Northern Hemisphere is generally weaker than observed; that is, modeled flow is too zonal. In the Southern Hemisphere, there are phase as well as amplitude discrepancies but no clear biases. (2) The correlation of the waves in the reanalyses and models in the Northern Hemisphere in winter averages about 0.9, but decreases sharply outside of winter. (3) For many models the correlation of the waves in the reanalyses and models outside of the wintertime Northern Hemisphere is poor, sometimes being less than 0.7. The most prominent systematic error, occurring across all models, is the underestimate of the trough/ridge in the Northern Hemisphere winter over the north Atlantic sector, 60°W–0°W. (4) The models having the coarsest horizontal resolution consistently underperform compared to the others. For models of horizontal resolution finer than approximately 2.5°, the relation to horizontal resolution and fidelity of the simulation is somewhat less clear. (5) The interannual variability of the waves is consistently underestimated by almost all the models throughout the year and over the Northern Hemisphere. The differences between the models and the reanalyses are surprisingly large, given the large scale of the features diagnosed and the fairly long averaging period. Comparison to AMIP2 integrations indicates that differences in the ocean simulation in the coupled models are likely not an overwhelming influence on the agreement with reanalyses.
Defect mechanism of photoinduced superconductivity in YYBa 2 Cu 3 O x

Persistent photoconductivity and photoinduced superconductivity have been previously observed in various stoichiometries of YBa2Cu3Ox. The physical mechanism which is responsible for these effects is still under debate. Through an investigation of laser ablated YBa2Cu3Ox thin film compositions, photoluminescence spectra and infrared spectroscopy, the possibility that the mechanism may be defect related has been supported. A correlation between photoluminescence spectra and wavelength dependence support an oxygen defect model of photoinduced persistent conductivity and superconductivity in which the oxygen vacancies act as weakly luminescent F-centers and F+-centers under illumination. Upon infrared illumination the trapped electrons are photoexcited resulting in a partial quenching of the persistent photoconductivity state.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Lipoprotein geometry. I. Spatial relationships of human HDL apoproteins studied with a bifunctional reagent.

Summary The spatial relationships of the apoprotein components of intact human serum high density lipoprotein particles have been studied using the bifunctional reagent 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. The results of crosslinking experiments indicate that the two major HDL apoproteins, apoA-I and apoA-II, lie close to one another in the intact lipoprotein particle. The reproducibility of these results, and the absence of other products signifies that they remain in a relatively fixed position.
Oxide surfaces as environmental interfaces

Abstract Environmental molecular surface science is an expanding area of current research. This review focuses on advances in the molecular level understanding of oxide surfaces as they play an important role in several environmental chemical processes. Oxide surfaces are often used as catalysts and adsorbents in environmental remediation. The surface of oxide particles in the troposphere can adsorb and catalyze reactions of trace gases and thus change the chemical balance of the atmosphere. Mineral oxide surfaces in contact with ground water can adsorb and catalyze reactions of pollutant molecules. Surface science studies of these environmental chemical processes provide the basis for delineating molecular-level information about surface structure under environmentally relevant conditions, adsorbate–surface interactions, surface reaction mechanisms, structure–reactivity relationships and an overall understanding of these processes on the molecular level. In order to glean insights into environmental processes, these studies need to be done under environmentally relevant conditions of temperature, pressure and relative humidity. Thus the need for the further development and use of techniques that can be employed under ambient conditions are discussed.
Preventing Mania: A Preliminary Examination of the GOALS Program

There is strong evidence of a relationship between goal dysregulation and mania. Building on these findings, we examined the feasibility of developing a mania prevention treatment program designed to improve goal regulation skills for those with bipolar disorder. Here, we describe the process of developing a manual, delivering the intervention to a series of cases, and then conducting a small open uncontrolled trial. All participants met diagnostic criteria for bipolar I disorder based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV and were not currently experiencing episodes of depression or mania. Ten participants (8 female, mean age = 46.7 years) were enrolled in the GOALS program and completed an average of 13.2 weekly sessions. Participants were administered the Bech-Rafaelson Mania Scale (BRMS) and the Modified Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression at baseline and termination. Some participants completed self-report scales including the Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Willingly Approached Set of Statistically Unrealistic Pursuits at baseline and termination. In addition, participants were administered a consumer satisfaction questionnaire at termination. At termination, all 10 participants found the program highly relevant and helpful. Most importantly, even though levels of mania were low initially, mean levels of manic symptoms on the BRMS decreased significantly from baseline to termination, and all 10 participants were within a healthy range (BRMS <7) at termination. Although the lack of control group or follow-up data limits this study, preliminary evidence suggests that it is feasible to identify treatment targets by drawing from the basic research literature in bipolar disorder. Findings await replication and more careful testing within a randomized controlled trial.
A nonequilibrium universe of stars and radiation

A model for a relativistic gas of macroscopic objects and black-body radiation is constructed using kinetic theory and the assumptions that the macroscopic objects form a perfect fluid and scatter the radiation isotropically in their rest frame. The model is applied to the Robertson-Walker metric and the nonrelativistic and ultra-relativistic limits are given. Equilibrium occurs in the limit that the temperature of the gas of macroscopic objects approaches zero.
Spinal cord protection via alpha-2 agonist-mediated increase in glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor.

Abstract Objectives Delayed paraplegia secondary to ischemia–reperfusion injury is a devastating complication of thoracoabdominal aortic surgery. Alpha-2 agonists have been shown to attenuate ischemia–reperfusion injury, but the mechanism for protection has yet to be elucidated. A growing body of evidence suggests that astrocytes play a critical role in neuroprotection by release of neurotrophins. We hypothesize that alpha-2 agonism with dexmedetomidine increases glial cell-line–derived neurotrophic factor in spinal cord astrocytes to provide spinal cord protection. Methods Spinal cords were isolated en bloc from C57BL/6 mice, and primary spinal cord astrocytes and neurons were selected for and grown separately in culture. Astrocytes were treated with dexmedetomidine, and glial cell-line–derived neurotrophic factor was tested for by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to assess neuronal viability. Results Spinal cord primary astrocytes treated with dexmedetomidine at 1 μmol/L and 10 μmol/L had significantly increased glial cell-line–derived neurotrophic factor production compared with control ( P P P Conclusions Astrocytes have been shown to preserve neuronal viability via release of neurotrophic factors. Dexmedetomidine increases glial cell–derived neurotrophic factor from spinal cord astrocytes via the alpha-2 receptor. Treatment with alpha-2 agonist dexmedetomidine may be a clinical tool for use in spinal cord protection in aortic surgery.
Religion and violence

Abstract Religion kills. Throughout human history, people have killed in the name of their gods. Emile Durkheim rightly stressed that religion serves to strengthen the bonds of solidarity among those who worship the same god, in the same way. But the flip side of this solidarity is enmity towards those who worship other gods or worship the same god differently. Religious boundaries separate the pure and virtuous ‘us' from the impure and evil ‘them’. We who worship our god our way are truly human. The Other, who worships other gods, or the same god differently, is less than human and thus killable. Yet while the hostility towards the Other found in most sacred scriptures has often had lethal consequences, one cannot assume that these texts dictate the actual behaviour of believers for all time. Scriptures are constantly being reinterpreted as historical circumstances change. And some conflicts in which sacred texts get invoked may infact have secular causes.
THE EFFECT OF PITUITARY EXTRACT ON MILK SECRETION IN THE GOAT

1. Injection of the extract obtained from four ox pituitaries, intravenously or subcutaneously, produces a marked increase in the amount of secretion yielded by the mammary gland of the goat when milked fifteen minutes after the injection. 2. This increase is followed by a corresponding decrease below normal at the next milking several hours later. 3. As pointed out by Hammond, there is also a marked rise in the fat content of the milk secreted after injection, but there is no sudden fall in the percentage of fat at the next milking, as was observed by this investigator. 4. The solids-not-fat of the milk do not appear to be affected by the extract.
B0 − B̄0 mixing and related CP violation in supersymmetric models

Abstract We analyze the supersymmetric contributions to B d 0 − B d 0 mixing. For squark and gluino masses which respect the bounds coming from the CERN pp collider, the supersymmetric contribution turns out to be substantially smaller than the corresponding standard model prediction. However, we suggest that the presence of supersymmetry may sizeably contribute to the observability of large CP asymmetries related to the mixing.
An Evolutionary Analysis and Theoretical Account of the Discontinuous Nature of Human Language

The plan of this paper is to demonstrate that human language is a complex phenomena which is unique to man and that the properties of human language represent a new level of cognitive organization vis-a-vis evolutionary theory. The linguistic continuities and discontinuities between man and other species on the phylogenetic scale are described and it is postulated that given the present state of knowledge, traditional learning theory extrapolations cannot adequately account for the discontinuous nature of human language. Man's linguistic discontinuity is discussed in a speculative way to determine what laws of organization and neurosensorimotor mechanisms might account for the human acquisition of language. The implications of evolutionary theory for behavior modification techniques are discussed.
Bearing Witness: The Politics of Form in Etel Adnan's Sitt Marie Rose

But, what are you writing? I'm stammering out a scream.1 In Memory for Forgetfulness, the Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish recalls the fate of Khalil Hawi, a prominent Lebanese poet, who, on the se...
Design and tumor targeting of anthracyclines able to overcome multidrug resistance: A double-advantage approach

A novel, 'double-advantage approach' to developing more effective chemotherapies will be reviewed. This approach is based on a presumption that analogs designed on a sound hypothesis, and combined with a rationally selected drug delivery system, will optimize antitumor activity by creating drugs that are more active and that can be more specifically targeted to tumors. In the design of drugs superior to doxorubicin, we have focused on typical multidrug resistance and new anthracycline analogs, whose uptake is not affected by P-glycoprotein. Analysis of structural elements of anthracyclines affecting activity against multidrug resistant tumors and affinity for liposomes will be discussed. Annamycin, a lipophilic anthracycline analog, was selected for further preclinical development as a liposomal formulation and demonstrated, in the initial biological evaluation, high activity against tumors resistant to doxorubicin.
Dichlorvos and acetylcholine increase 32P-labelling of phospholipids in cricket central nerve cords.

Abstract 1. 1. The susceptibility of central nerve cord phospholipids of Acheta domesticus to stress caused by acetylcholine and the organophosphate insecticide dichlorvos was determined in vitro , 2. 2. Both dichlorvos (10 −5 and 10 −4 M) and acetylcholine (5 × 10 −5 M) stimulated increased labelling of nerve cord phospholipids by 32 P. 3. 3. Dichlorvos caused a significant release of radiolabelled material to the medium, while acetylcholine did not.
Influence of Feminism and Professional Status Upon Service Options for the Battered Woman

This paper reports on a survey of volunteers from domestic violence agencies and social workers throughout one state. Respondents were given a hypothetical case of an abused wife and asked to rate the level of their emphasis upon several services in their work with this woman. The services were divided into two categories: those which focused upon independence and those which focused upon interpersonal dynamics. It was found that feminist ideology and gender were better predictors of emphasis upon independence than either professional status, age, gender, experience with abused wives, or personal history with spouse abuse. The finding that social workers emphasized independence more so than did volunteers ran counter to some concerns expressed in the previous literature.
Osteoblast response to PLGA tissue engineering scaffolds with PEO modified surface chemistries and demonstration of patterned cell response

Because tissues are characterized by a well-defined three-dimensional arrangement of cells, tissue engineering scaffolds that facilitate the organization and differentiation of new tissue will have improved performance in comparison to scaffolds that only provide surfaces for cell attachment and growth. We hypothesize that instructions for cells can be incorporated into tissue engineering scaffolds by patterning the scaffold's architecture and surface chemistry. Our goals for the presented work were to collect data about cell response to three-dimensional, porous scaffolds with uniformly modified surfaces chemistries, and to demonstrate patterning of cell response by patterning surface chemistry. Our system was osteoblast response to poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds modified with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). Scaffolds were fabricated using the Three-Dimensional Printing (3DP) process which has control over scaffolds properties to a resolution of approximately 100 microm in all three dimensions. At higher PEO concentrations, adhesion, growth rates, and migration of rat osteoblasts were reduced; alkaline phosphate activity was increased, and cells were less spread and had microvilli. Patterned regions of low and high cell adhesion were demonstrated on scaffolds fabricated with 1 mm thick stripes of PEO and non-PEO regions.
Parents Call for Concerned and Collaborative Care

Parents' perceptions and expectations of health care providers within the context of the pediatric lung transplant experience were investigated using a phenomenological approach. Fifteen parents of 12 children were interviewed. Two theme clusters, concerned care and collaborative care, were formulated. Themes that reflected parents' perceptions of concerned care included: being treated as an individual, seeing familiar faces, feeling that their children really mattered, and conversely, experiencing a feeling of abandonment. Parents' perceptions of collaborative care included: being part of the team, and conversely, feeling caught in the middle. The theme cluster, concerned care, reflected the value parents place on continuity of care. Humanistic nursing theory provided the link between study results and nursing practice.
Cost of an Educational Voucher System

In this study, we suggest a framework for estimating the cost associated with a shift from the traditional method of financing and administering public schools in the US to an educational voucher system. The framework includes the accurate specification of the particular voucher plan, the system to be replaced, the setting where the plan will be applied, assumptions about the behaviour of schools and families under the plan, and the method for estimating costs. We then apply those parts of the framework that can be identified generically to compute illustrative ‘ballpark’ estimates in five cost areas: accommondating additional students, record keeping, student transportation, information to parents and dispute adjudication. Our estimates suggest that the public cost of a voucher plan in a representative US context could raise public educational costs by 25% or more. The costs of an overall governmental system of finance and structures that would support a voucher plan should no longer be ignored, as vouch...
RNA interference in Caenorhabditis elegans : Uptake, mechanism, and regulation

RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful research tool that has enabled molecular insights into gene activity, pathway analysis, partial loss-of-function phenotypes, and large-scale genomic discovery of gene function. While RNAi works extremely well in the non-parasitic nematode C. elegans, it is also especially useful in organisms that lack facile genetic analysis. Extensive genetic analysis of the mechanisms, delivery and regulation of RNAi in C. elegans has provided mechanistic and phenomenological insights into why RNAi is so effective in this species. These insights are useful for the testing and development of RNAi in other nematodes, including parasitic nematodes where more effective RNAi would be extremely useful. Here, we review the current advances in C. elegans for RNA delivery methods, regulation of cell autonomous and systemic RNAi phenomena, and implications of enhanced RNAi mutants. These discussions, with a focus on mechanism and cross-species application, provide new perspectives for optimizing RNAi in other species.
Dioxygenase and Co‐oxidase activities of rat hepatic cytosolic lipoxygenase

The role of rat liver cytosolic lipoxygenase in the metabolism of benzidine was studied using linoleic acid as a cosubstrate. Under optimum assay conditions, cytosolic dioxygenase activity in the presence of 3.5 mM linoleic acid at pH 7.2 was 74.07 +/- 1.43 nmoles/min/mg protein. Benzidine was oxidized at the rate of 3.18 +/- 0.13 nmoles/min/mg cytosolic protein to benzidine diimine at pH 7.2 in the presence of 3.65 mM linoleic acid. Both dioxygenase and co-oxidase reactions were inhibited by nordihydroguaiaretic acid in a concentration-dependent manner. Partially purified preparations of rat liver lipoxygenase, free of hemoglobin, exhibited a dioxygenase activity of 223.1 +/- 65.9 nmoles/min/mg protein and co-oxidase activity of 6.1 +/- 0.5 nmoles/min/mg protein toward benzidine. These results suggest that hepatic lipoxygenase may play an important role in the metabolism of this hepatocarcinogen.
Evaluation, Treatment and Management of Urinary Incontinence in Patients with Orthotopic Neobladder

Patients who undergo radical cystectomy for bladder cancer require reconstruction of the lower urinary tract. Orthotopic neobladder in carefully selected patients offers a more physiologic way of voiding. However, daytime and nighttime incontinence are commonly seen in male and female patients following surgery. Evaluation of incontinence requires careful history and physical exam to differentiate stress urinary incontinence from neobladder-vaginal fistula or poorly compliant neobladder with hypercontinence. Treatment of incontinence in patients with ONB may include: placement of retropubic sling, artificial urinary sphincter, or repair of fistula when present.
Strategies for evaluating clinical pharmacy services

These series of articles of the Director's Forum switch their focus from the core competencies of hospital pharmacy practice to programs that enhance the ability of the pharmacy to provide patient-centered services. In the September 2006 issue, decentralized pharmacy services were reviewed and recommended as an effective patient-centered strategy for a hospital pharmacy. In the October 2006 issue, strategies for developing advanced practice clinical programs were discussed. These services place the pharmacist closer to patients, enhancing their ability to be involved directly in all aspects of effective medication therapy management.
Drug metabolism by an acetone powder from rat hepatic microsomes.

Abstract An acetone powder from rat hepatic microsomes was found to be active in the oxidative metabolism of hexobarbital, aminopyrine, p-nitroanisole and the reductive metabolism of p-nitrobenzoic acid. Sex differences in p-nitroanisole demethylase activity were large in assays performed with fresh microsomes but were minimal for the acetone powder preparations. Phenobarbital greatly enhanced the p-nitroanisole demethylase activity of the acetone powder. The demethylation of p-nitroanisole by the acetone powder did not require addition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase to complete the NADPH-generating system, suggesting the possibility of an intrinsic dehydrogenase in the microsomes that is activated by the acetone treatment.
Perceptual cues and subjective organization in a virtual information workspace

The key to effectively using the immense body of data on the Internet is an efficient method of organizing relevant information. Researchers and designers are beginning to promote the advantages of three-dimensional (3D) models of information storage and retrieval; however, the potential benefits of perceptual depth cues have not been systematically studied. The present study used a computer task to examine the effectiveness of three types of virtual desktops. A two-dimensional (2D) virtual desktop display, lacking in the cues that give the illusion of depth, was compared to two different 3D virtual desktops, both of which used perceptual cues to convey a sense of depth. One of the 3D desktop conditions conveyed motion parallax through an automatic rotation. It was expected that performance would increase as the number of perceptual cues increased. The present study also examined the potential benefits of organizing and retrieving documents from a subjectively organized versus a preconstructed, or fixed, information space. An organization that individuals create for their own use may be difficult for others to use. Thus, subjective organization of documents was expected to promote better performance than a fixed organization scheme, which is exactly what the data showed. There was a very strong performance benefit to those who organized their own desktops. Contrary to the other hypothesis, the 2D arrangement was more beneficial to users than either the 3D or 3D with motion arrangements. The 2D advantage may be the result of a number of factors. First, although people live in a 3D world they navigate more on 2D planes. Also, people may naturally encode spatial information in a descriptive or symbolic manner, as opposed to creating a spatial analog in the mind's eye. Designers should not blindly attempt to create interfaces that mimic the real world. The choice between a 2D and 3D interface should be based upon the type of task to which the interface will be applied. Information storage/recall tasks, including the present task, will most likely benefit from a 2D interface. Other tasks that make greater use of navigation in 3D space may be better suited to 3D displays.
Formation of Microporous Films via Pattern Photo-Polymerization Induced Phase Separation

We describe a method of fabricating microporous films through pattern photopolymerization induced phase separation in a mixture of solvent/monomer using multi-wave mixing, i.e., four-wave mixing through interference of two horizontal and two vertical waves. The simulation on the microporous forming process was undertaken in the framework of the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau (TDGL) Model B equations coupled with the reaction kinetic equation of photopolymerization. In the total free energy description, Flory-Huggins free energy of mixing was combined with the elastic free energy of the network. The calculated results showed that the microporous size, shape, and spacing of the micropores depend on the angle of interference and the reaction rate controlled by the incident UV intensity.
Pregnancy outcomes among adolescent and older women receiving comprehensive prenatal care

This study compares three birth outcomes, gestational age, birthweight, and type of delivery, among adolescent and older mothers. Data were collected from 911 women who attended a comprehensive prenatal-care program in a large urban teaching hospital. Women aged 13-19 years were at increased risk for low-birth-weight babies (less than 2500 g) and for preterm infants of fewer than 38 weeks gestation, even with antenatal care, ethnicity, and other factors controlled. Results of bivariate analyses suggested that women aged 20-36 years are more likely than adolescent mothers to have a cesarean section; however, multivariate analyses suggested that maternal age was not an important factor in relation to type of delivery. Thus, even with similar comprehensive care, pregnant adolescents were at an increased risk of some adverse outcomes. However, the amount of antenatal care is a more important predictor of pregnancy outcome than is maternal age.
Evidence of CD8+ T-Cell-Mediated Selective Pressure on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 nef in HLA-B*57+ Elite Suppressors

Elite suppressors (ES) are human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients who maintain viral loads of <50 copies/ml without treatment. The observation that the HLA-B*57 allele is overrepresented in these patients implies that HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells play a key role in suppressing viral replication. We have previously shown that while CD8+ T-cell escape mutations are rarely seen in proviral Gag sequences in resting CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood, they are present in every clone amplified from the low levels of free virus in the plasma of HLA-B*57+ ES. In this study, we compared the pattern of mutations in Nef sequences amplified from peripheral blood CD4+ T cells and from plasma virus. We show that Nef mutations are present in plasma virus but are rare in the cellular sequences and provide evidence that these plasma Nef variants represent novel escape mutants. The results provide further evidence of CD8+ T-cell-mediated selective pressure on plasma virus in ES and suggest that there must be ongoing HIV-1 replication in spite of the very low viral loads seen for these patients.
A note on the extension of a result on scheduling with secondary criteria

A result of Smith previously published in this journal [3], on the use of secondary criterion in scheduling problems is extended, and an example presented.
Horizontal divestiture of energy companies: Regional market evidence on coal production and reserve ownership concentration ratios

Abstract Increasing attention has been given to competitiveness in energy markets, particularly in connection with horizontal divestiture. Of particular interest has been the competitive conditions in coal markets in light of merger activities during the 1960s and 1970s. Many analyses of competitiveness in coal markets have been inadequate, in that attention was not given to reserves or proper definitions of markets. This work examines competitiveness in both production and reserve ownership for a well-defined coal market, the Ohio River Basin region. Results support the hypothesis of competitiveness in both production and reserve ownership.
Tooth replacement in the bowfin (Amia calva - Holostei).

The dissected tooth bearing bones of 20 specimens of Amia calva (Pisces:Holostei) ranging from the third to tenth season have been examined radiographically and in alizarin red S stained and cleared specimens. Although forms of alternate (1:1) tooth series replacement (sensu Edmund, '60) were frequently observed, even in the youngest, immature specimens, many examples of irregular replacement were recorded. In several bones, the maxillae in particular, series with every third (2:1) or fourth (3:1) tooth replacing were seen and possible patterns of 2:2, were recorded. It is concluded that these data are not consistent with the Zahnreihen concept but support a morphogenic field concept of tooth development.
Structural Conservation and Functional Diversity of the Poxvirus Immune Evasion (PIE) Domain Superfamily

Poxviruses encode a broad array of proteins that serve to undermine host immune defenses. Structural analysis of four of these seemingly unrelated proteins revealed the recurrent use of a conserved beta-sandwich fold that has not been observed in any eukaryotic or prokaryotic protein. Herein we propose to call this unique structural scaffolding the PIE (Poxvirus Immune Evasion) domain. PIE domain containing proteins are abundant in chordopoxvirinae, with our analysis identifying 20 likely PIE subfamilies among 33 representative genomes spanning 7 genera. For example, cowpox strain Brighton Red appears to encode 10 different PIEs: vCCI, A41, C8, M2, T4 (CPVX203), and the SECRET proteins CrmB, CrmD, SCP-1, SCP-2, and SCP-3. Characterized PIE proteins all appear to be nonessential for virus replication, and all contain signal peptides for targeting to the secretory pathway. The PIE subfamilies differ primarily in the number, size, and location of structural embellishments to the beta-sandwich core that confer unique functional specificities. Reported ligands include chemokines, GM-CSF, IL-2, MHC class I, and glycosaminoglycans. We expect that the list of ligands and receptors engaged by the PIE domain will grow as we come to better understand how this versatile structural architecture can be tailored to manipulate host responses to infection.
Use of the personal orientation inventory with disabled athletes.

Athletes who are blind or have impairments in hand-eye coordination that prevent writing are unable to complete psychological inventories in the standardized manner, i.e., read silently and answered independently and anonymously. Two studies were conducted on the oral administration of the Personal Orientation Inventory as a measure of self-actualization of disabled athletes. Reliabilities were examined across modalities (oral vs written) by administering the inventory both ways to 25 high school and college athletes, M age = 21.6 yr. Test-retest reliability for oral administration was affirmed in a study of 15 blind elite male athletes and 15 cerebral palsied elite male and female athletes. It was concluded that the inventory, administered orally, may be appropriately used with disabled athletes.
A Medical Anthropologist's Ruminations on NIH Funding

The National Institutes of Health administer two-thirds of all public funds spent on health research in the United States (NIH Data Book 1986). Medical anthropologists must examine this multibillion dollar funding program from both pragmatic and critical perspectives. This analysis is based on participant-observation in an NIH-funded university research center. This case study uncovers university-level processes and social relations that shape the theory, methods, and language used in social science investigations of illness. These local processes are analyzed in the context of cultural values, broader political structures, and NIH history. In the author's view, medical anthropology should strive to reorient federal funding so that the research program genuinely addresses social and economic factors in illness, prevention, and treatment.
Nutrition in Medicine Nutrition Education for Medical Students and Residents

Proper nutrition plays a key role in disease prevention and treatment. Many patients understand this link and look to physicians for guidance diet and physical activity. Actual physician practice, however, is often inadequate in addressing the nutrition aspects of diseases such as cancer, obesity, and diabetes. Physicians do not feel comfortable, confident, or adequately prepared to provide nutrition counseling, which may be related to suboptimal knowledge of basic nutrition science facts and understanding of potential nutrition interventions. Historically, nutrition education has been underrepresented at many medical schools and residency programs. Our surveys over a decade show that most medical schools in the United States are still not ensuring adequate nutrition education, and they are not producing graduates with the nutrition competencies required in medical practice. Physicians, residents, and medical students clearly need more training in nutrition assessment and intervention. The Nutrition in Medicine (NIM) project, established to develop and distribute a core nutrition curriculum for medical students, offers a comprehensive online set of courses free of charge to medical schools. The NIM medical school curriculum is widely used in the United States and abroad. A new initiative, Nutrition Education for Practicing Physicians, offers an innovative online medical nutrition education program for residents and other physicians-in-training, but with targeted, practice-based educational units designed to be completed in 15 minutes or less. The NIM project is strengthening medical nutrition practice by providing a free, comprehensive, online nutrition curriculum with clinically relevant, evidence-based medical education for undergraduate and postgraduate learners.
Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Current Status and Unanswered Questions

In 2002, the use of postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) declined dramatically world-wide with the first publication of results from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), the landmark randomized clinical trial that demonstrated an increased risk of breast cancer among women randomized to combination estrogen and progesterone therapy (EPT) compared to placebo.1-3 Although use of HT dropped significantly after 2002, millions of women still take HT for menopausal symptom control, so it is crucial to understand the data on HT and breast cancer risk and the unanswered questions.
Caliper pair-matching on a continuous variable in case-control studies

The use of matched pairs has been criticized as being less efficient than estimators based on random samples. This paper compares the mean square error of an analysis of covariance estimator based on random samples with two estimators based on caliper matched pairs. The first of these is a simple mean difference estimator and the second a regression estimator suggested by Rubin (1973b). Under conditions which commonly occur in epidemiologic case-control studies, both of the matched pair estimators can have smaller mean square errors than analysis o f covariance estimator. When there is a weak relationship between the matching and response variate, the mean difference estimator has a lower mean square error than the regression estimator.