cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of behavior and social condition on cardiovascular response to footshock stress

Rats were instrumented with arterial catheters and directional-pulsed Doppler flow probes for assessment of blood pressure, heart rate, and blood flow in the renal, mesenteric, and hindquarter vascular beds. Subjects were tested in an intermittent shock procedure under paired and isolated social conditions and the cardiovascular indices associated with first shock, prone immobile behavior, upright behavior, and boxing behavior were recorded. Both shock procedures resulted in increased heart rate, mesenteric resistance, and renal resistance, as well as decreased hindquarter resistance. Blood pressure response was variable. Social and behavioral conditions generally accounted for little variance in cardiovascular indices during the treatments. Blood pressure assessed 2.5 min after the last shock was significantly higher in the isolated shock condition. In the context of divergent results from previous research in the area, the current results are most consistent with the view that a similar form of cardiovascular adjustment is present under paired and isolated shock, but that under some conditions the presence of a conspecific or the opportunity to fight may attenuate cardiovascular response to shock.
Measurements of the acoustic shear impedance of superfluid3He

Measurements of the complex acoustic shear impedance of3He-B at 19 bar and 36 and 60 MHz, and of3He-A at 23 bar and 12, 36, and 60 MHz, have been made by observing the time constant and the frequency shift of the decay of a transiently excited AC-cut quartz transducer.
Isolation and characterization of an unusual protein from the cell nucleus.

Abstract A protein with unusual solubility properties has been isolated from chicken-erythrocyte nuclei. It is insoluble in water and dilute salt solutions at all pH values greater than 5, but is soluble at lower pH's. The protein has been partially purified by chromatography on phosphorylated cellulose. Some distinguishing features of this protein include high proportions of both the acidic and the basic amino acids, a relatively low molecular weight, and an absence of N-terminal amino group as determined by the fluorodinitrobenzeneethod.
Modeling of imperfect mixing and its effects on polymer properties

A compartmental model is used to study imperfect mixing and its effects on polymer properties. Examples of imperfect feed mixing caused by a rapidly decomposing initiator are shown for styrene polymerization, high-pressure ethylene polymerization, and vinyl acetate/methyl methacrylate solution copolymerization. Continuation analysis indicates mixing can change reactor steady states and stability. A composite approach is proposed to construct full molecular weight distribution (MWD) under imperfect mixing. In linear polymerization imperfect mixing broadens MWD; however, in nonlinear polymerization mixing can cause either broader or narrower MWD. By changing the dominant chaintermination mechanism to chain transfer, the influence of imperfect mixing on the MWD can be reduced. Depending on reactivity ratio and monomer composition, mixing also affects copolymer composition and chain sequence length.
Assessing the Research Needs of Graduate Students at Georgetown University

Abstract Describes a two-part study of the research needs of graduate students at Georgetown University. The first part, conducted in May 2010, consisted of an online survey about students' research practices and opinions about the library. The second part, conducted in May 2011, consisted of focus groups with particular subsets of graduate students. The goals of the study were to: 1) gain insight into students' research habits; 2) determine how they use and perceive the library; 3) determine any differences in responses between students in different disciplines; and 4) uncover distinctions between “scholarly” students (those intent on careers in academia) and “professional” students (those intent on careers outside of academia). Survey responses and focus group transcripts reflected three common broad themes: 1) Infrastructure (library building, furniture, designated space for graduate students); 2) Awareness & Scholarly Support (awareness of specialized library resources and services, tailored orientation and instruction); and 3) Access Services (availability of resources on and off campus, interlibrary and consortial lending, borrowing policies). Humanities students were much more familiar with library services and resources than social science students. Among social science students, we found few differences between the “scholarly” and “professional” groups.
The Guide to Community Preventive Services : managed care / clinical practice commentary.

Historically managed care has been aimed at giving people access to high-quality cost-effective health care through a delivery system that influences utilization of services cost services and accountability for services. However the dynamic health care environment of today is being driven by market and community forces that are impacting the way health care is delivered paid for and used. The changing perspectives on health and disease and the increasing emphasis on population-based health services offer a context for a comprehensive set of evidence-based recommendations that may be useful to managed care organizations in carrying out missions to improve community health. The Guide to Community Preventive Services would be an extremely useful tool for managed care organizations seeking strategies and programs that relate to the populations/communities they serve. Nevertheless challenges and potential barriers toward preventive care delivery that have implications for the use of the Guide are identified.
Autoxidation of nitrogen heterocycles. 3 Solvent effects in the autoxidation of 2,5-dimethylpyrrole.

The mechanism of the autoxidation of C-alkylpyrroles is suggested to proceed by way of a charge transfer mechanism. Kinetic measurements for the autoxidation of a representative C-alkylpyrrole, 2,5-dimethylpyrrole, are presented which are consistent with this hypothesis.
Diffusion studies in polymer melts by ion beam depth profiling of hydrogen

Abstract Forward recoil spectrometry (FRES) is used to measure the volume fraction versus depth profiles of undeuterated polystyrene (PS) chains of molecular weight M that have diffused into a high molecular weight deuterated PS matrix. The tracer diffusion coefficient D∗ PS is extracted from these profiles. The D∗ PS is found to be identical with D∗ d-PS , the tracer diffusion coefficient of deuterated PS (d-PS) of the same molecular weight, as well as with D∗ PS measured by other techniques
Spectrophotometric calibration of pH electrodes in seawater using purified m-cresol purple.

This work examines the use of purified meta-cresol purple (mCP) for direct spectrophotometric calibration of glass pH electrodes in seawater. The procedures used in this investigation allow for simple, inexpensive electrode calibrations over salinities of 20–40 and temperatures of 278.15–308.15 K without preparation of synthetic Tris seawater buffers. The optimal pH range is ∼7.0–8.1. Spectrophotometric calibrations enable straightforward, quantitative distinctions between Nernstian and non-Nernstian electrode behavior. For the electrodes examined in this study, both types of behavior were observed. Furthermore, calibrations performed in natural seawater allow direct determination of the influence of salinity on electrode performance. The procedures developed in this study account for salinity-induced variations in liquid junction potentials that, if not taken into account, would create pH inconsistencies of 0.028 over a 10-unit change in salinity. Spectrophotometric calibration can also be used to expedi...
Hippocampal Neurogenesis and the Brain Repair Response to Brief Stereotaxic Insertion of a Microneedle

We tested the hypothesis that transient microinjury to the brain elicits cellular and humoral responses that stimulate hippocampal neurogenesis. Brief stereotaxic insertion and removal of a microneedle into the right hippocampus resulted in (a) significantly increased expression of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), the chemokine MIP-1a, and the proinflammatory cytokine IL12p40; (b) pronounced activation of microglia and astrocytes; and (c) increase in hippocampal neurogenesis. This study describes immediate and early humoral and cellular mechanisms of the brain’s response to microinjury that will be useful for the investigation of potential neuroprotective and deleterious effects of deep brain stimulation in various neuropsychiatric disorders.
Medieval Materialism: A Manifesto

AbstractMedieval views of matter have traditionally been left out of discussions of materialism, in part because philosophers and historians of science have considered them to be too "metaphysical" in orientation. Materialism has therefore been defined univocally in terms of the definitions of matter in vogue during the Enlightenment (primarily physicalism and Cartesian dualism). The effects of this omission are still felt in the materialist paradigms that continue to underwrite much work in literary criticism, history, and other humanist disciplines. This article argues that our modern understanding of materialism would be usefully widened by admitting that medieval definitions of matter, both hylomorphic and humoral, constitute their own versions of "materialism," versions that can help us to historicize later understandings of the term. Finally, medieval poetics would play a significant role in such a recuperative project, since late medieval natural philosophy and literary practice shared similar repr...
The influence of physicochemical factors on the thermal inactivation of murine interferon.

The degradation of biological activity of virus-induced murine interferon was determined in linear nonisothermal and multiple isothermal tests. The stabilizing effect of pH during heating on interferon in solution was greatest at low pH, such that pH 2>pH 5>pH 7≥pH 9; freeze-dried preparations of interferon were also more heat-stable at acid pH than at neutral pH. Heat stability was a function of the H+-ion concentration rather than the ionic composition of the buffer; interferon solutions containing monovalent cations with different ionic radii had similar heat stability. A change in the H+ ion concentration was a critical event during the cooling of heated interferon: a shift in the direction of acidity contributed to stability whereas a shift towards alkalinity led to inactivation. The rate of cooling of heated interferon significantly influenced its residual activity. Rapid cooling and sudden freezing decreased the residual activities of interferons at pH 2 and 9 more than “normal” cooling, an effect not observed at pH 7. Interferon heated to 80° C could not be reactivated at 40° C or 55° C. Interferon of higher apparent molecular weight was more heat-stable than that with lower apparent molecular weight. It is postulated that the physicochemical alterations in the aqueous environment significantly affecting the stability of interferon operate by producing changes in the size and/or conformation of interferon molecules. A model is proposed that relates thermal inactivation to different possible molecular states of interferon.
Cost-Effectiveness of Anti-Retropulsion Devices for Ureteroscopic Lithotripsy

Purpose: We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of anti-retropulsion devices used during ureteroscopic lithotripsy.Materials and Methods: A decision analysis model was constructed to compare the cost-effectiveness of ureteroscopic lithotripsy with vs without an anti-retropulsion device. The risk of stone retropulsion was determined from published data in the English language literature. Expected value calculations were used to determine whether the additional cost of a device would be cost-effective to prevent secondary procedures used to treat retropulsed stones. Device cost was determined using the average cost of all commercially available devices.Results: It became cost-effective to use an anti-retropulsion device at or above a 6.3% retropulsion rate. The weighted probability of retropulsion with vs without an anti-retropulsion device was 98.1% vs 83.7%. The estimated costs of secondary procedures needed to treat retropulsed stones were $5,290 for shock wave lithotripsy and $6,390 for ureteroscopy. Avera...
Structural analysis of the adhesive bond in a honeycomb core sandwich panel

Abstract Detailed finite element models are used to examine the effect of the adhesive joint between the honeycomb core and the face sheets on the load transfer and static response of sandwich panels. The square-cell honeycomb core panels considered have simply supported edges and are subjected to static uniform pressure loading. The sandwich core, face sheets and adhesive joint are modeled by using three-dimensional solid elements. The total strain energy in the finite element model of the adhesive joint material are used to investigate the effect of adhesive joint characteristics (thickness and adhesive joint fillet size) as well as the core cell size and wall thickness on the load transfer in the core/face sheet joint.
Machining the refractories and constructing the lining of equipment for the vacuum treatment of steel

A section has been organized at the Magnezit Plant for the machining and checkout assembly of MKhVP and MKhV refractories for VTS equipment. The section is equipped with a column- and-knee type milling machine, surface grinders, and stands for the checkout assembly of the bottom and roof of the vacuum chamber and the hood cover.
Long-term survival of dialysis patients with bacterial endocarditis in the United States.

Background: The incidence of bacterial endocarditis is much greater in long-term dialysis patients compared with the general population, and chronic kidney disease has been postulated as an independent host-related risk factor. Limited data are available on the long-term survival of dialysis patients with endocarditis. Methods: Dialysis patients hospitalized for bacterial endocarditis between 1977 and 2000 were studied retrospectively using data from the US Renal Data System database. Long-term survival was estimated by means of the life-table method. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify the impact of demographic characteristics and comorbidity on outcome. Results: A total of 13,130 dialysis patients with bacterial endocarditis were identified. The in-hospital mortality rate for the entire cohort was 23.5%. Survival rates at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years were 45.9%, 33.3%, 24.3%, and 14.7% for patients hospitalized between 1977 and 1991 and 41.0%, 29.1%, 20.6%, and 10.9% for those hospitalized between 1992 and 1996, respectively. Survival rates at 1, 2, and 3 years were 38.4%, 25.3%, and 18.3% for patients hospitalized between 1997 and 2000, respectively. The most powerful independent predictors of all-cause death were age, diabetes as cause of end-stage renal disease, and cerebrovascular accident or transient ischemic attack as a comorbid condition. Conclusion: Dialysis patients with bacterial endocarditis have poor long-term survival, even in the current treatment era, with survival rates changing little in the past 2 decades. Additional studies are needed to identify risk-reduction measures and develop additional treatment strategies for dialysis patients with endocarditis.
Physical sketching: Reconstruction and analysis of 3D objects from freehand sketches

When designing a 3D object, designers, engineers and teachers often begin investigating potential design tradeoffs by creating informal sketches. Ideally, these sketches-in combination with a variety of engineering analysis tools-would allow prediction of the object's physical properties, especially those that affect the critical early design process. We introduce a pen-based system that reconstructs 3D spatial geometry from a single 2D freehand-sketch consisting of straight and curved lines in interactive time. Several optimization-based approaches to this problem have been proposed, but these generally have difficulty converging to an acceptable solution because the dimensionality of the search space is large. The primary contribution of this paper is a new reconstruction algorithm for orthographic projections of 3D wireframes. The algorithm reconstructs the depths of each vertex by exploiting geometric regularities among the graph lines in a reduced solution space, then optimizes a cost function over this space to recover the vertex depths. A second optimization algorithm is used to infer the 3D geometry of curved strokes once the vertex depths have been recovered. The proposed approach can recover the geometry of several objects with approximately 50 curved strokes in near interactive time. We also present an iterative, Tablet-PC-based design system that uses the proposed reconstruction algorithm to recover 3D objects from 2D orthographic sketches. The system allows the reconstructed objects to be subjected to two types of physical analysis, the results of which are superimposed directly on the sketch: a fast, kinematic simulation, and a complete finite-element-based static analysis. The object can quickly be modified in place using the pen-based interface according to the results of the analysis to allow for iterative design work. We demonstrate the system in action on a variety of early-stage design analyses.
Genome-wide views of cancer metastasis

Metastatic cancer afflicts millions worldwide, yet the vast majority of patients with cancer metastases remain incurable. Microarray-based gene expression profiling studies have recently offered insights into the genetic basis of solid tumor metastasis and molecular mechanisms that might drive the metastatic phenotype. We review these findings, discuss fundamental implications of this work and highlight new opportunities for the development of diagnostics and therapeutics in cancer medicine.
Homerooms: Rediscovering New Possibilities in an Old Tool:

The school—from preschool through twelfth grade—is a more complex form of community than the family. As students' capabilities and need to learn increase, they should practice operating in increasingly com plex environments. But such environments should still provide stu dents with greater stability and direction than most adult non-family environments. Such support groups often now include homerooms.
Structure of a natural guanine-responsive riboswitch complexed with the metabolite hypoxanthine.

Riboswitches are genetic regulatory elements found in the 5′ untranslated region of messenger RNA that act in the absence of protein cofactors1,2. They are broadly distributed across bacteria and account for the regulation of more than 2% of all genes in Bacillus subtilis, underscoring their importance in the control of cellular metabolism3. The 5′ untranslated region of many mRNAs of genes involved in purine metabolism and transport contain a guanine-responsive riboswitch that directly binds guanine, hypoxanthine or xanthine to terminate transcription3,4. Here we report the crystal structure at 1.95 A resolution of the purine-binding domain of the guanine riboswitch from the xpt–pbuX operon of B. subtilis bound to hypoxanthine, a prevalent metabolite in the bacterial purine salvage pathway. This structure reveals a complex RNA fold involving several phylogenetically conserved nucleotides that create a binding pocket that almost completely envelops the ligand. Hypoxanthine functions to stabilize this structure and to promote the formation of a downstream transcriptional terminator element, thereby providing a mechanism for directly repressing gene expression in response to an increase in intracellular concentrations of metabolite.
Benzodiazepines, breathing, and sleep

The benzodiazepines are sedative hypnotic drugs, i.e., central nervous system depressant drugs, that may adversely affect the control of ventilation during sleep. Prescription of these drugs may worsen sleep-related breathing disorders, especially in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cardiac failure. The most frequent users of sedative hypnotics are the polymorbid elderly with a secondary complaint of insomnia. Although the benzodiazepines may reduce sleep fragmentation, their long-term use may also cause health problems, such as complete obstructive sleep apnea in heavy snorers or short repetitive central sleep apnea in patients with recent myocardial infarction. Since drugs of this class vary in their effects, it is crucial to note the action of a given benzodiazepine on the control of vital functions during sleep.
Populations of the European freshwater pulmonate Physa acuta are not reproductively isolated from American Physa heterostropha or Physa integra

. It has long been speculated that Physa acuta, a pulmonate snail widespread and invasive in fresh waters of the old world, may have originated in North America. But the identification of a new-world cognate has been complicated by the confused systematics and taxonomy of the Physidae in America. More than 40 species of physids are currently recognized in the United States, many with variable and overlapping morphology. We have previously established that premating reproductive isolation is negligible among physid snails. Here we report the results from no-choice crosses each involving 2 populations of the widespread American species Physa heterostropha and Physa integra, both with each other and with P. acuta, designed to compare measures of reproductive success between species and between populations within species. Samples of P. acuta were collected from France and Ireland, P. heterostropha from eastern Pennsylvania and South Carolina, and P. integra from southern Indiana and northern Michigan. The 6 intrapopulation controls varied quite significantly in their survival, age at first reproduction, parental fecundity, F1 viability, and F1 fertility under our culture conditions. Measures of survival and reproduction in the 6 interpopulation crosses were generally intermediate, but in no case significantly worse than the more poorly performing control. Thus we were unable to detect evidence of reproductive isolation among our 6 populations of snails from 2 continents. All should be referred to the oldest available nomen, P. acuta.
Dense hydrolysis products from iron (III) nitrate and sulfate solutions

Abstract The hydrolysis of Fe(III) in NO3−3 and SO42− solutions was studied at different temperatures to determine the conditions under which dense Fe(III) precipitates form. Solutions of known composition made from reagent chemicals were maintained in controlled-temperature baths, and changes in color and formation of solid phases were observed as a function of time. Solids were isolated and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction or infrared spectroscopy. Dense Fe(III) precipitates are obtained in Fe(NO3)3 solutions especially at temperatures ≥60°C in acidified solutions. At lower acidities, colloids, a cationic hydrolytic polymer, or gelatinous precipitates form. In SO42−-containing solutions a dense amorphous basic ferric sulfate (DABFS) of compositions Fe4(OH) 10SO4·xH2O (x=2 to 3) forms at ≤40°C from solutions with SO42− and Fe3+ concentrations ≤0.2 M and mole ratio SO 4 2− Fe(III) ≥0.5 . Chemical observations showed that DABFS is related to the Fe (III) cationic hydrolytic polymer.
Hormonal control of insect epidermal cell commitment in vitro.

DEPENDING on the hormonal milieu, the insect epidermal cell can express one of several differentiated states manifest by the type of cuticle it secretes. In the Lepidoptera, as long as the juvenile hormone (JH) titre is high, the epidermis secretes larval cuticle periodically in response to ecdysone. When the JH litre declines at the end of larval life1, ecdysone causes the secretion of pupal cuticle. In the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, two distinct releases of ecdysone are necessary for this metamorphosis2,3. The first triggers the cessation of feeding and causes the epidermal cells to switch from a commitment to make larval cuticle to one for pupal cuticle4. After this time JH can no longer prevent pupal differentiation. The second ecdysone release begins 2 d later and causes pupal cuticle synthesis. Consequently, during the time of the first release it is possible to study the events which occur to alter the cellular commitment unhindered by those events involved in the expression of this commitment. I report the hormonal manipulation of this cellular commitment in an in vitro system.
Classification of Human Papillomavirus Infection

To the Editor. —Infection with oncogenic strains of human papillomavirus (HPV) constitutes a major risk factor for development of precancerous neoplastic lesions and/or cancer of the cervix.1The inability to culture HPV and the lack of reliable serologic tests have hindered characterization of the life cycle and the natural course of HPV infection.2 The use of imprecise terminology that implies a knowledge of the stage of HPV infection is common in the medical literature. For instance, the termlatenthas been used to refer to individuals who have only molecular biological evidence of infection. However, epidemiologists refer to thelatent periodof a disease as the interval between disease onset and detection.3Indeed, individuals who have HPV DNA but no other evidence of infection may be in this early stage of disease. On the other hand, virologists refer to latent viral infections as a state of persistent
Choline Content of Rat Brain

The free choline concentration in the rat brain was found to be 26.3 nanomoles per gram of brain tissue. This value was obtained through use of 6-second microwave irradiation for killing animals and inactivating enzymes, followed by a pyrolysis-gas chromatographic assay procedure. The identities of compounds measured from brain samples were verified by mass spectrometry.
Salicylate absorption from a bismuth subsalicylate preparation

The active ingredient in Pepto-Bismol (PB) (Norwich-Eaton), a common antidiarrheal, is bismuth subsalicylate. The absorption of salicylate after oral PB was studied in six fasted men. Plasma concentrations of total salicylate and the urinary excretion profile of salicylate were determined as a function of time and dose. After 60 ml PB, 500.1 +/- 33.6 mg (mean +/- SD) salicylate were recovered in urine, representing 95.0 +/- 6.4% of salicylic acid equivalents in 60 ml of the formulation. Peak plasma salicylate levels were reached 0.5 to 3 hr after ingestion and averaged 40.1 +/- 17.3 micrograms/ml. Absorption of salicylate was also essentially complete after 15- and 30-ml doses of the antidiarrheal preparation, and a linear relationship between dose and recovery of salicylate in the urine was found. Salicylate kinetics was nonlinear after a multiple-dose regimen of 60 ml every 6 hr for five doses.
Multiple Task Interference is Greater in Children With ADHD

There is considerable lay discussion that children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have increased difficulty with multitasking, but there are few experimental data. In the current study, we examine the simultaneous processing of two stimulus–response tasks using the Psychological Refractory Period (PRP) effect. We hypothesized that children with ADHD would show a greater PRP effect, suggesting a prolonged “bottleneck” in stimulus–response processing. A total of 19 school-aged children with ADHD showed a prolonged PRP effect compared with 25 control children, suggesting a higher cognitive cost in ADHD for multitasking.
INADVERTENT INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE AND DIATRIZOATE SODIUM DURING MYELOGRAPHY IN A DOG

A dog undergoing diagnostic myelography inadvertently received 0.5 ml diatrizoate meglumine (66%) and (10%) diatrizoate sodium via intrathecal injection. This resulted in post-operative seizures requiring extended sedation of the patient. The clinical course and management of this patient are presented. Complications associated with the inappropriate administration of a hyperosmolar contrast agent into the subarachnoid space and the results of similar accidents in humans are also discussed. The dog in the report recovered with no evidence of long trem neurological dam
Synthesis of TiO(2) nanoframe and the prototype of a nanoframe solar cell.

Nanoframes containing 20 nm diameter TiO2 nanowire arrays were synthesized with polymer templates via cathodic sol–gel deposition followed by 450 °C sintering. Raman spectra indicated that they are composed of pure anatase TiO2. The nanowire array inside the nanoframe was confirmed to be single crystalline by high resolution TEM. Dye-sensitized solar cells based on this nanoframe were fabricated and the effects of the top cover in the nanoframe, which is the only difference between nanoframe cells and nanowire cells, were investigated. The results show that the top cover does not prevent the I − and I3 − ions underneath from diffusing freely in the electrolyte and causes no deterioration of the cell performance. The nanoframe cell is a promising device in which nanowire arrays are strengthened and the effective internal surface area has the potentiality to be increased without sacrificing the advantages of nanowire cells compared to nanoparticle cells.
Luminescence and Raman Based Real Time Imaging of Ferroelectric Domain Walls

We studied ferroelectric domain wall regions in lithium niobate using the photoluminescence of intentionally doped rare earth ions (such as Er3+) as well as Raman spectroscopy and present an overview of the current status of our ongoing investigations. We find that the Er emission is a sensitive tool to observe changes in local electric fields as well as reconfiguration of defect dipoles across the domain wall. The Raman spectra, on the other hand can be used to identify charges that accumulate asymmetrically across a domain wall. We further demonstrate that the imaging methods offer sufficient sensitivity to observe the changes associated with a domain in real time while it is moving.
The Wings of Democracy: The Influence of Air Power on the Roosevelt Administration, 1933-1941

The air force made a huge impact on the events of World War II, but this new force of men and machines did not simply appear out of the blue. There was a long history leading up to the use of air power in military campaigns. When Franklin D. Roosevelt entered the White House in 1933, the leaders of the Army Air Corps wanted to force him, Congress, and the Army General Staff to create an independent air force. Using Billy Mitchell's tactics of public confrontation, exploitation of the air corps's poor condition, and unproven claims about air power, these officers only antagonized the people who could grant them independence. After the air corps failed to carry the air mail in 1934, a number of air corps officers started a concerted effort to promote themselves as "team players" who had given up the caustic, separatist attitudes of Mitchell. By the beginning of World War II, they had convinced Roosevelt, Congress, and the General Staff of the air corps's efficiency, as evidenced by Roosevelt's air corps expansion programs and the army's war plans. After the war in Europe substantiated many of the claims about air power, especially the ability of land-based airplanes to force unprotected naval forces to withdraw, Roosevelt and his military advisors placed increasing emphasis on the role of the air corps. Jeffery S. Underwood's book moves away from the traditional studies of air power. By examining how the leading officers in the air corps developed political skills and used them to win the trust and support of their superiors, it shows that the political and military leaders of the United States were not suddenly forced to accept the importance of air power by the war in Europe. Rather, they had already been awakened to the potential of air power by the efforts of politically astute air corps officers.
The comparative biochemistry of collagen: The structure of rabbit skin collagen and its relevance to immunochemical studies of collagen

Abstract The overall amino acid composition and chain structure of rabbit skin collgen resembles that of previously studied mammalian collagens. The NH2-terminal sequence of the α1 chain is identical (on the basis of the composition of α1-CB1) with the homologous sequence in rat tendon collagen, and only a single amino acid substitution occurs in the subsequent 36 amino acid residues. In contrast, the NH2-terminal sequence of the α2 chain (represented by α2-CB1) displays a higher degree of structural variability which is in keeping with comparative studies of the homologous sequence from rat, human, and chicken collagens. In addition, the dodecapeptide from rabbit collagen is unique in lacking tyrosine. These observations support the proposal that the nonhelical NH2-terminal region of the α2 chain is particularly variable in composition and sequence and may contribute to the species-specific properties of collagen. The findings also provide a rational explanation for the reported antigenicity of the NH2-terminus of the α2 chain when rabbits are immunized with native rat collagen. However, interspecies changes occur in other regions of the collagen molecule (perhaps more commonly in the α2 chain) and these can account for the localization of antigenic determinants elsewhere in the protein.
Solute electronic structure and solvation in chemical reactions in solution

Abstract A review is given of a recent theoretical approach to the issue of the title. Compared to past efforts, novel aspects of the theory include incorporation of nonequilibrium solvation, attention to time scales of the solvent electronic polarization and construction of reaction paths and free energetics. The theory is illustrated with examples of electron and proton transfer and SN1 ionization.
The Movement and Physiological Effect of Indoleacetic Acid Following Point Applications to Root Tips of Zea mays

Pinpoint applications of labeled and non-labeled indoleacetic acid (IAA) on resin beads were made, without injury, to vertical roots of intact seedlings of Zea mays. Points of application were at the extreme tip of the root, 0.5, 2 and 5 mm from the root tip. The movement of label and bending of the roots was recorded. Radiolabel was found to move basipetally from the extreme tip and 0.5 mm applications to a similar extent, reaching 8 mm from the tip. The level of label in the growing zone after 4 h was 10% of that found in the extreme tip. Movement from 2 and 5 mm applications was equal in both directions. Higher amounts of non-labeled IAA caused bending towards the point of application if applied at 0.5 or 2 mm but not at 5 mm from the tip. It is proposed that any endogenous IAA in the root cap could move to the growing zone and cause a unilateral inhibition of growth, provided that it was in the same transport pool as the exogenously applied IAA.
Behaviour of defects in semi-insulating 4H-SiC after ultra-high temperature anneal treatments

Abstract We have recently explored the nature and stability of native defects in SI 4H-SiC after post-growth anneals between 1000 and 1800 °C from combined electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and low-temperature infrared photoluminescence (PL) experiments. In the present work we have extended these studies to SI 4H-SiC subjected to very high post-growth anneal temperatures (1900–2400 °C) where significantly enhanced carrier lifetimes have been recently reported for such conditions. Previously, the intensities of the VC, VSi, VC–VSi and SI-5 EPR decreased monotonically with anneals from 1200 to 1800 °C. In this work, surprisingly, many of these defects reappeared after annealing at 2100 °C and above. Similar annealing behavior was observed for the IR PL lines. Many defects are present during growth and these results illustrate the effects of the post-growth anneal treatments on their concentrations.
SU-E-T-101: Dosimetry Intercomparison for a Synchrotron-Produced Monochromatic X-Ray Beam

Purpose: This study performed a dosimetry intercomparison for synchrotron‐produced monochromatic x‐ray beams. Ion chamber depth‐dose measurements in a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) phantom were compared with the product of MCNP5 Monte Carlo calculations of dose per fluence and measured incident fluence at 25 and 35 keV. The ion chamber measurements are being used to calibrate dose output for cell irradiations designed to investigate photoactivated Auger electron therapy at the LSU Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices (CAMD) synchrotron facility. Methods: Monochromatic beams of 25 and 35 keV were generated on the tomography beamline at CAMD. A cylindrical, air‐equivalent ion chamber was used to measure the ionization created in a 10×10×10‐cm3 PMMA phantom at depths of 0.6 – 7.7 cm. AAPM TG‐61 protocol was applied to convert measured ionization into dose. MCNP5 simulations of the irradiation geometry were performed to determine the dose deposition per photon fluence in the phantom. Photon fluence was determined using a NaI detector to make scattering measurements of the beam from a polyethylene target at angles 15 – 60 degrees. Differential Compton and Rayleigh scattering cross sections were used to derive the incident fluence. Results: At 35 keV dose measurements for equal exposures determined using the MCNP5‐fluence results underestimated those of the ion chamber by 1.8 – 4.8% for PMMA depths from 0.6 – 7.7 cm, respectively. At 25 keV there was an overestimate of 6.6 – 1.9%. Conclusions: These results show that TG‐61 ion chamberdosimetry, used to calibrate the dose output for the cell irradiations, is accurate within approximately 7% for beam energies 25–35 keV. This research was supported by contract W81XWH‐10‐1‐0005 awarded by The U.S. Army Research Acquisition Activity, 820 Chandler Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702‐5014. This report does not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the Government, and no official endorsement should be inferred.
Interprofessional Education and Practice Guide No. 1: developing faculty to effectively facilitate interprofessional education

With the growth of interprofessional education (IPE) and practice in health professional schools, faculty members are being asked to assume new roles in leading or delivering interprofessional curriculum. Many existing faculty members feel ill-prepared to face the challenges of this curricular innovation. From 2012–2013, University of Missouri – Columbia and University of Washington partnered with six additional academic health centers to pilot a faculty development course to prepare faculty leaders for IPE. Using a variety of techniques, including didactic teaching, small group exercises, immersion participation in interprofessional education, local implementation of new IPE projects, and peer learning, the program positioned each site to successfully introduce an interprofessional innovation. Participating faculty confirmed the value of the program, and suggested that more widespread similar efforts were worthwhile. This guide briefly describes this faculty development program and identifies key lessons learned from the initiative. Peer learning arising from a faculty development community, adaptation of curricula to fit local context, experiential learning, and ongoing coaching/mentoring, especially as it related to actual participation in IPE activities, were among the key elements of this successful faculty development activity.
Sustainable cellular biocomposites from natural fibers and unsaturated polyester resin for housing panel applications

Increased environmental awareness and interest in long-term sustainability of material resources has motivated considerable advancements in composite materials made from natural fibers and resins, or biocomposites. In spite of these developments the lower stiffness and strength of biocomposites has limited their applications to non-load-bearing components. This paper presents an overview of a study aimed at showing that the shortcomings of biocomposites can be overcome through hybrid material designs and efficient structural configurations to make them suitable for load bearing structural components. Hybrid blends of natural and synthetic fibers can significantly improve the characteristics of biocomposites with minimal cost and environmental impact, and hierarchical cellular designs can maximize material efficiency in structural components. Periodic and hierarchical cellular plate designs made from natural fibers and unsaturated polyester resin were evaluated experimentally and analytically. Stiffness, strength, and dimensional stability of all-biocomposite and hybrid natural–synthetic material systems were evaluated through material tests while structural performance of cellular plate designs was assessed through flexural tests on laboratory-scale samples. The experimental results were correlated with analytical models for short-fiber composites and cellular structures. The results showed that biocomposites have adequate short-term performance and that they can efficiently compete with housing panels made from conventional structural materials.
Photochemistry at adsorbate/metal interfaces

Abstract Photochemistry at adsorbate/metal interfaces is a relatively new subject in the surface science community and one which provides excellent opportunities for studying adsorbate-surface interactions including energy and charge transfer, dynamics and kinetics. In this article we review the accumulated understanding of the major issues and opportunities for developing and utilizing this kind of surface chemistry. After some brief introductory remarks on the orientation of this review and an historical perspective of photon-driven chemistry at adsorbate/metal interfaces, the fundamental concepts entering the description of photon-adsorbate-surface systems are presented. Following that, experimental evidence for various kinds of surface photochemical mechanisms is summarized. Thereafter, a detailed review of the current surface photochemistry literature is presented. While photochemistry at adsorbate/metal interfaces is the focus of this review, photochemistry at insulator and semiconductor interfaces is also described briefly to provide comparisons. In several cases, we note the limitations of our present understanding, the places where key experiments are missing and doable and, in our view, the directions and opportunities for future research.
Inferring client response time at the web server

As businesses continue to grow their World Wide Web presence, it is becoming increasingly vital for them to have quantitative measures of the client perceived response times of their web services. We present Certes (CliEnt Response Time Estimated by the Server), an online server-based mechanism for web servers to measure client perceived response time, as if measured at the client. Certes is based on a model of TCP that quantifies the effect that connection drops have on perceived client response time, by using three simple server-side measurements: connection drop rate, connection accept rate and connection completion rate. The mechanism does not require modifications to http servers or web pages, does not rely on probing or third party sampling, and does not require client-side modifications or scripting. Certes can be used to measure response times for any web content, not just HTML. We have implemented Certes and compared its response time measurements with those obtained with detailed client instrumentation. Our results demonstrate that Certes provides accurate server-based measurements of client response times in HTTP 1.0/1.1 [14] environments, even with rapidly changing workloads. Certes runs online in constant time with very low overhead. It can be used at web sites and server farms to verify compliance with service level objectives.
A delay driven FPGA placement algorithm

In this paper, a delay-driven placement algorithm for symmetrical FPGAs is presented. The key features of the algorithm are: exploitation of concepts from both net-based and path-based approaches for timing-driven placement, direct use of net delays as net weights to determine relative placements, and dynamic alteration of net weights based on current path delays. Experiments on MCNC and industrial test circuits indicate that the algorithm performs very well longest path delay of the circuit is reduced (53% improvement in the best case), CPU time is much less (72% saving in time, in the best case, over an existing algorithm), and routability is not adversely a ected.
Dopaminergic neurons from midbrain-specified human embryonic stem cell-derived neural stem cells engrafted in a monkey model of Parkinson's disease.

The use of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to repair diseased or injured brain is promising technology with significant humanitarian, societal and economic impact. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurological disorder characterized by the loss of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons. The generation of this cell type will fulfill a currently unmet therapeutic need. We report on the isolation and perpetuation of a midbrain-specified self-renewable human neural stem cell line (hNSCs) from hESCs. These hNSCs grew as a monolayer and uniformly expressed the neural precursor markers nestin, vimentin and a radial glial phenotype. We describe a process to direct the differentiation of these hNSCs towards the DA lineage. Glial conditioned media acted synergistically with fibroblastic growth factor and leukemia inhibitory factor to induce the expression of the DA marker, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), in the hNSC progeny. The glial-derived neurotrophic factor did not fully mimic the effects of conditioned media. The hNSCs expressed the midbrain-specific transcription factors Nurr1 and Pitx3. The inductive effects did not modify the level of the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) transcript, a marker for GABAergic neurons, while the TH transcript increased 10-fold. Immunocytochemical analysis demonstrated that the TH-expressing cells did not co-localize with GAD. The transplantation of these DA-induced hNSCs into the non-human primate MPTP model of PD demonstrated that the cells maintain their DA-induced phenotype, extend neurite outgrowths and express synaptic markers.
Racial Equity and Diversity, Taking the Viable Approach Is Crucial: A Comment on Renner and Moore

There is much to appreciate in the article of Renner and Moore (2004). They do an excellent job of describing the current state of post-secondary education in the United States with respect to issues of ethnic/racial diversity. They illuminate the differential opportunity that exists currently, with most selective institutions still predominantly white while students of color are overrepresented at two-year colleges. And they describe a number of mechanisms that help account for continued differences in college access. Finally, they are correct in asserting that from a social justice perspective, arguing for diversity is meaningless, while arguing for equity makes perfect sense. Despite the wealth of information, however, the approach proposed by Renner and Moore will not provide a path toward their goal of equity. Shifting from the benefits of diversity for all students and the “compelling interest” that goes with it to the unfairness of inequity that disadvantages students of color will be counterproductive for several reasons. The first is that the shift would give up the only legal precedent for affirmative action. The U.S. Supreme Court in its University of Michigan decisions Gratz et al. v. Bollinger et al. and Grutter v. Bollinger et al. has affirmed the “compelling state interest” argument of Justice Powell in accepting diversity, while they have refused to recognize historical bases of inequality as a rationale for ongoing preferences (e.g., Alger, 1998). That is, the courts have disallowed information about past systematic patterns of discrimination as not germane. Their perspective has been that discriminating against white applicants today to make up for past discrimination against students of color is discriminatory, and