cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Web 2.0 Technologies and Democratic Governance

In this book, we refer to Web 2.0 as a second generation of the World Wide Web used to describe social media on the Internet—a variety of Web-based platforms, applications, and technologies which exploit the Internet’s connectivity to support the networking of people and content. These include social media applications such as blogs, photo and file sharing systems (e.g. Flickr, SlideShare, YouTube) and social networking sites (e.g. Friendster, Facebook, MySpace, SecondLife). Recent innovations in Web 2.0 technologies such as Ajax, XML, Open API, Microformats, and Flash/Flex have enabled the development and use of social media and networking through which individuals can actively create, organize, edit, publish, combine, share, comment, collaborate, and rate Web content. The chapters in this edited volume provide insights into how social media and related applications can be used to enhance the management of public service delivery, to enable online citizen-government interaction and participatory democracy, and to promote accountability.
The Relaxing Incision for Priapism

Urological emergencies are rare for the andrologist. However, a patient with priapism can challenge any urological surgeon. Early in my career, I followed the normal paradigm for relief of priapism, but each successive step met with less than spectacular results. Initially at least, my efforts appeared successful, a distal glanular shunt would lead to rapid detumescence, but within hours the penis would again be rigid, and the patient would again be crying in pain. The standard of carewould next be to performamore proximal surgical shunt such as a shunt between the corpus spongiosum and the corpus cavernosum. This was done diligently, as I had learned during residency. Yet within hours I would receive a call from the nurses on the floor that the penis was again rigid and the patient in pain. After cavernosal blood gases would demonstrate ongoing anoxia, off I would go to the operating room for yet a third attempt at surgical relief, now utilizing a saphenous vein to corpus cavernosum shunt. I was not alone in this experience, for as the local andrologist I would receive calls fromprivate practice urological surgeons in my locale with questions about patients with priapism whose medical course followed a similar track.
First Law of Geography

Tobler’s first law was a product of the quantitative revolution of the 1960s, and of the efforts to turn geography into a nomothetic science. It was largely ignored as the quantitative revolution declined, but has recently gained prominence with the growth of geographic information systems. Despite notable exceptions, it is hard to imagine a world in which it is not true, and it provides a very useful principle for the design of geographic information systems and for the spatial analysis that such systems support. The law clearly applies in certain other spaces. Spatial heterogeneity is proposed as a second law. The discipline of geography today seems willing to accommodate a variety of views on the significance of the law.
Linking Teaching and Learning Environment Variables to Higher Order Thinking Skills

Studies of learning environments, particularly during the past 30 years, have rapidly drawn the interests of educational researchers and theorists. In recent decades, studies of learning environments have been concerned with conceptualization and theory development (Bryk & Raudenbush, 1992). Student ratings have also been traditionally included in faculty and course evaluation in higher education settings.
A compositional minimization approach for large asynchronous design verification

This paper presents a compositional minimization approach with efficient state space reductions for verifying non-trivial asynchronous designs. These reductions can result in a reduced model that contains the exact same set of observably equivalent behavior in the original model, therefore no false counter-examples result from the verification of the reduced model. This approach allows designs that cannot be handled monolithically or with partial-order reduction to be verified without difficulty. The experimental results show significant scale-up of the compositional minimization approach using these reductions on a number of large asynchronous designs.
Application of the DP4 Probability Method to Flexible Cyclic Peptides with Multiple Independent Stereocenters: The True Structure of Cyclocinamide A.

A DP4 protocol has been successfully utilized to establish the true structure of the natural product cyclocinamide A, a flexible cyclic peptide with four isolated stereocenters. Benchmarking the necessary level of theory required to successfully predict the NMR spectra of three previously synthesized isomers of cyclocinamide A led to the prediction of the natural stereochemistry as 4S, 7R, 11R, 14S, which has been confirmed by total synthesis.
Then and Now: Temporality in Grimm's The Golden Key

In the short story “The Golden Key” written by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, time is used both as a literary (grammatical) device that temporally frames the experience of the reader, and a structural metaphor to convey the enduring nature of oral traditions. In the following article, I will explore the means by which time is communicated and the semantic significance of its manipulation.
Validation of a Clinical Decision Rule to Identify Risk Factors Associated With Multidrug-Resistant Urinary Pathogens in the Emergency Department:

Background: Antimicrobial resistance remains a significant obstacle for clinicians when treating patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with urinary tract infections. Objective: The g...
Secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) in patients with myeloproliferative disorder (MPD).

e18513Background: We utilized Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 13 database to determine the risk of sAML in MPD diagnosed in 2000-12 Methods: Multiple primary standardized inciden...
Risk-Taking Incentives and Returns on R&D Investment

Traditional finance theory suggests that riskier investments should yield higher returns. Challenging this notion, anecdotal and empirical evidence suggests that highly-incented managers may take on excessive risk, leading to greater losses, while other theoretical research argues that high levels of option-based compensation may actually lead to greater risk aversion, resulting in lower return investment choices. Therefore, we assess whether incentives associated with stock option compensation (“vega”), presumed to increase managers’ appetite for risk, uniformly yield higher returns on R&D investment. Our results suggest that the return on R&D, as measured by future earnings and patent awards, varies concavely with vega. That is, low to moderate levels of vega correspond to increasing returns on R&D, consistent with vega inducing more profitable investments, but marginal returns decline as vega increases. Supplemental analyses suggest that these results are driven by greater risk aversion rather than excessive risk-taking. Overall, our results imply that risk-taking incentives (i.e., vega) may prove counterproductive.
Hiding in the Hedges: Tips to Minimize Your Malpractice Risks as a Radiologist.

OBJECTIVE. Although few radiologists dwell on the notion of malpractice risk during their daily practice, the risk of malpractice within the specialty is real. CONCLUSION. This article provides an ...
Black Male Students Negotiate Ways of Knowing Themselves During Digital Storytelling

We explore how valuing Black male students’ literacies within academic contexts during multimodal writing can position students’ ways of knowing at the center of their learning. This centering requires a repositioning of students’ cultural literacies at the core of instruction. Using multiliteracies and Critical Discourse Analysis frameworks, we analyze and share excerpts from conversations with three Black adolescent high school seniors as they composed and reflected upon authoring digital autobiographies for an assignment in their Black Literature class. These reflections illuminate how the students drew on culturally salient texts to share elements of themselves with their peer and teacher audience.
Abstract P187: Incidence and Predictors of Diuretic-Induced Hyponatremia

Hyponatremia is a common adverse effect of diuretic use. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of Diuretic-induced hyponatremia (DIH) (serum sodium <133mEq/L) caused by commonly ...
Do we know what they are thinking? Theory of Mind and affect in the classroom

Research on Theory of Mind explores how we develop the capacity to understand that others have thoughts and feelings that differ from our own and how we are compelled to “read” them. However, a preponderance of evidence from the cognitive humanities and cognitive neurosciences tells us that our readings are often misguided or just plain wrong. None of this work has considered how teachers and learners might engage in open conversations about theory to mind to identify misperceptions and enhance their understanding of one another’s thoughts and reactions in the classroom. In this essay, we explore how using what we call “Theory of Minding” as a rhetorical device may invite moments of vulnerability and of clarification when we engage in learning with our students, thus enhancing classroom dynamics. We describe how the idea of Theory of Minding developed, present an initial evaluation of it by students, and situate this technique in the rich literature about affect and pedagogy. We propose that using Theory of Minding in the classroom can be used to encourage more authentic and interactive engagement.
Mechanical Properties of High Early Strength Class C Fly Ash-Based Alkali Activated Concrete

This paper presents the mechanical properties of alkali activated concrete (AAC) cured at 70°C for 24 h. The AAC mixtures were synthesized using five class C fly ashes (FAs) having different chemic...
Total Hip Arthroplasty in Adolescents and Young Adults for Management of Advanced Corticosteroid-Induced Osteonecrosis Secondary to Treatment for Hematologic Malignancies

Abstract Background Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a potentially severe toxicity associated with glucocorticoid treatment for pediatric hematologic malignancy. We examined clinical outcomes of THA in adolescents and young adults treated for hematologic malignancies who developed advanced ONFH. Methods In a single-institution cohort, we retrospectively reviewed medical records and imaging for perioperative complications, reoperations, functional assessment at last follow-up, and radiological outcomes. Twenty-seven patients (41 hips) underwent THA (bilateral in 14 patients). There were 11 males. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) age at primary diagnosis was 14.9 years [1.8-18.9]. The median (IQR) age at THA was 19.8 years [14.6-30.3]. Mean (range) post-THA follow-up was 111.5 months (65.4-165.8). Results Perioperative complications included one intraoperative calcar fracture that was secured with a cerclage wire and one posterior hip dislocation that occurred 6 days postoperatively, requiring closed reduction. One hip required a revision 21.1 months post-THA due to a fractured ceramic liner. The radiographic review was available for 38 of 41 hips and demonstrated none with loosening, subsidence, or osteolysis; nine developed periacetabular stress shielding. Incidence of stress shielding was associated with increased postoperative pain (P = .0130). There was a significant functional improvement in range of motion (ROM), pain, use of supports, participation in school, work, and sports, and use of pain medication from preoperative to postoperative clinical visits (P Discussion Total hip arthroplasty in adolescents and young adults offers symptomatic and functional improvement in patients with ONFH. We found it to be safe with low perioperative complication rates even in patients undergoing active treatment for malignancy. Level of Evidence Level IV, case series study. See Instructions for authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Pole Sports: Considering Stigma

The Global Association of International Sports Federations (n.d.) granted pole sports Observer Status, and with that, the International Pole Sports Federation (IPSF) took another step towards makin...
Copulatory Dyskinesia: Pathognomonic Manifestation of Tardive Dyskinesia

Background: Copulatory or pelvic thrusting dyskinesia is a subtype of tardive dyskinesia (TD) which is caused by exposure to dopamine blocking agents. Phenomenology shown: A man exhibiting rhythmic, stereotypical pelvic thrusting movements. Educational value: Recognition of copulatory dyskinesia as a distinctive iatrogenic disorder helps prevent unnecessary investigations and guides the implementation of corrective strategies.
Establishing a Foundation for Collaborative Scenario Elicitation

Eliciting and integrating requirements from large groups of diverse users remains a major challenge for the software engineering community. Scenarios are becoming recognized as valuable means of identifying actions taken by users when executing a business process and interacting with an information system, and therefore have great potential for addressing requirements elicitation problems. A review of the scenario literature indicates that, although there is widespread agreement on the usefulness of scenarios, there are many unanswered questions about how to elicit scenario definitions from individual users and user groups efficiently. This research examines how increasing the structure of scenario definitions affects scenario quality and the efficiency of scenario definition by individual users. During a laboratory experiment, subjects defined scenarios using a general-purpose GSS, GroupSystems Group Outliner with one of three textual scenario formats that ranged from unstructured to very structured. Scenario quality and the efficiency of scenario definition by users were compared across the formats. Results highlighted the efficiency of the unstructured format but revealed that all formats produced incomplete scenario definitions. Recommendations are made for an iterative collaborative scenario process and a special-purpose GSS scenario tool that may overcome some of these problems.
Abstract P867: Stroke Facilitators Provide Support to the Intensive Care Unit Nurse

Purpose: The Stroke Program manager (SPM) collaborated with the Rapid Response Team Nurses (RRTRN) to develop a facilitator process for patients in the intensive care units (ICU) presenting with st...
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) in Urology: Where Do We Go From Here?

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) is a multidisciplinary effort and a pathway to facilitate shorter convalescence following surgery. ERAS has evolved over the years to now include over 20 components that are implemented across surgical specialties to improve care. Evidence strongly supports many components of the ERAS pathway and has shown that implementation improves outcomes while improving costs. However, proper adoption of all principles and widespread implementation are critical to achieving optimal benefits from ERAS. ERAS has become increasingly implemented in urology and with the rapid adoption of robotic surgery, there may be a synergistic role in improving recovery after surgery. Implementation has disseminated across urologic surgeries with radical cystectomy being most studied. Further standardized research reporting in urology with inclusion of robotic surgery in data reporting will further improve our understanding of the potential synergistic role between ERAS and minimally invasive robotic surgery.
Stanza-Linking in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: The Phenomenology of Narrative

Stanza-linking, also known as concatenation, is a stylistic flourish drawn into English from French and Welsh poetry. The poet of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight makes extensive use of stanza-linking and turns it to unusual poetic effects, principally montage and dialogue. In some twenty-six cases, one stanza overlaps diegetically with the next, with or without repeated words. This article enumerates and discusses these stanzaic junctures, concluding that the poet uses stanza-linking to make Gawain both less and more than the continuous romance narrative that it appears to be.
Does Chemical Similarity Predict Odor Similarity

We tested the chemotopic organization of the olfactory bulb, using behavioral generalization. Rats and mice were trained on series of aliphatic odors with control odors of different chemical structure. After training for each odor, animals were tested for discrimination ability on all odors. Generalization occurred only to previously learned odors, primarily to those of the same odor class. Exceptions to this were naive animals and those given behavioral extinction. Control odors were easier to discriminate, indicating class-specific interference. Thus, while prior learning has the largest effect on discrimination ability, functional group is also important and chain length less so.
Safety profile of low-titer group O whole blood in pediatric patients with massive hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Low-titer Group O Whole Blood (LTOWB) is used with increasing frequency in adult and pediatric trauma and massive bleeding transfusion protocols. There is a risk of acute hemolytic reactions in non-group O recipients due to the passive transfusion of anti-A and anti-B in the LTOWB. This study investigated the hemolysis risk among pediatric recipients of LTOWB. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Blood bank records were queried for pediatric recipients of LTOWB between June 2016 and August 2020 and merged with clinical data. The primary outcome was laboratory evidence of hemolysis as manifested by changes in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), haptoglobin, total bilirubin, reticulocyte count, potassium, and creatinine. Per protocol, these values were collected on hospital days 0-2 for recipients of LTOWB. Transfusion reactions were reported to the hospital's blood bank. RESULTS: Forty-seven children received LTOWB transfusion between 2016 and 2020; 21 were group O and 26 were non-group O. The groups were comparable in terms of the total volume of transfused blood products, demographics, and clinical outcomes. The most common indication for LTOWB transfusion was hemorrhagic shock due to trauma. There were no clinically or statistically significant differences in baseline, post-transfusion day 1, or post-transfusion day 2 hemolysis markers between the group O and non-group O LTOWB recipients. There were no adverse events or transfusion reactions reported. DISCUSSION: Use of up to 40 ml/kg of LTOWB appears to be serologically safe for children in hemorrhagic shock.
Current Options and Future Directions for NAFLD and NASH Treatment

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide, with a broad spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to advanced stage of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Although there are many undergoing clinical trials for NAFLD treatment, there is no currently approved treatment. NAFLD accounts as a major causing factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and its incidence rises accompanying the prevalence of obesity and diabetes. Reprogramming of antidiabetic and anti-obesity medicine is a major treatment option for NAFLD and NASH. Liver inflammation and cellular death, with or without fibrosis account for the progression of NAFLD to NASH. Therefore, molecules and signaling pathways involved in hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, and cell death are critically important targets for the therapy of NAFLD and NASH. In addition, the avoidance of aberrant infiltration of inflammatory cytokines by treating with CCR antagonists also provides a therapeutic option. Currently, there is an increasing number of pre-clinical and clinical trials undergoing to evaluate the effects of antidiabetic and anti-obesity drugs, antibiotics, pan-caspase inhibitors, CCR2/5 antagonists, and others on NAFLD, NASH, and liver fibrosis. Non-invasive serum diagnostic markers are developed for fulfilling the need of diagnostic testing in a large amount of NAFLD cases. Overall, a better understanding of the underlying mechanism of the pathogenesis of NAFLD is helpful to choose an optimized treatment.
Multiple Answer Multiple Choice Items: A Problematic Item Type?

Multiple Answer Multiple Choice items (MAMC) have been used primarily for high-stakes assessments but are being used in broader circumstances. Unfortunately, they are a complex format for examinees, item writers, and scorers. This article features two novel approaches to scoring these items while comparing a low ability and a high ability examinee group. One of these approaches is the use of Latent Class Analysis (LCA) to better understand how examinees respond to these item formats related to a “credit earned approach” to scoring MAMC items. In addition, Jaccard’s distance is proposed as an alternative partial credit scoring method for assigning credit to students on these items. Both have their benefits and drawbacks, which are discussed in the article; however, both exploratory approaches reveal more about examinee knowledge than simple dichotomous scoring.
The role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adult liver transplant patients: A qualitative systematic review of literature.

BACKGROUND A paucity of evidence exists regarding risks and benefits of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in adult liver transplantation. METHODS This was a systematic review conducted from January 1, 2000 to April 24, 2020 of adult liver transplant recipients (pre- or post-transplant) and donors who underwent Veno-arterial or Veno-venous ECMO cannulation. Death was the primary outcome, with graft function and complications as secondary outcomes. RESULTS Forty-one articles were identified that fit criteria. A total of 183 donors were placed on ECMO, with recipient complication profiles and mortality that mirrored rates from standard criteria donors. Sixty-one recipients were placed on ECMO intraoperatively or postoperatively. Most patients experienced at least one complication with infections as the most common cause and minimal complications specifically related to ECMO use. Multisystem organ failure (MSOF) and infections were more common among liver recipients who died compared to those who survived. Overall mortality at 90 days was 45.9%. Causes of death were most commonly MSOF and infections. CONCLUSIONS ECMO use in adult liver transplantation is a useful adjunct. Recipient morbidity and mortality from donors placed on ECMO parallel that of recipients from standard criteria donors, and morbidity and mortality of recipients placed on ECMO are similar to other ECMO populations.
Solar Central Receiver Costs for Electric Power Generation

In this paper the cost of solar electric power is compared to the cost of several fossil-fueled electricity generation technologies. There are two factors at work that will make solar power cost-competitive in the near future. First, the cost of solar electric generation technology is being reduced over time. This is due in a large part to the efforts of the national laboratories and industry to lower the cost through innovation and practical experience. Secondly, although solar power plants are capital intensive in comparison with fossil fueled plants, they have no fuel input costs.
The chemistry and technology of reworkable polymeric materials for electronic applications

As the need to recycle components becomes an ever-pressing issue in our more ‘green’ society, materials must be developed that allow manufacturers to recycle components in a non-destructive manner. Aside from the positive impact on the environment, the economic reasons for replacing defective components or harvesting functional components from obsolete equipment make reworkable materials very attractive. One particular interest with reworkable resins is in the electronics manufacturing sector, where the ability to rework computer components presents an effective solution to replacing defective components on otherwise functional hardware.
Piece rates, time rates, and teams: Explaining patterns in the employment relation

Abstract This paper illustrates how the economics of internal organization can be used to explain patterns in agricultural labor contracts. Piece rates tend to be chosen over time rates for tasks when shirking is easy monitor by ex post inspection. The incidence of piece rates is also higher where the work force is more heterogeneous, where high opportunity wages prevail and where some agricultural operations are done by specialized teams. These relationships are implied by the proposition that contracts minimize excess burden in the face of enforcement and information costs.
Generating multiple noise elimination filters with the ensemble-partitioning filter

We present the ensemble-partitioning filter which is a generalization of some common filtering techniques developed in the literature. Filtering the training dataset, i.e., removing noisy data, can be used to improve the accuracy of the induced data mining learners. Tuning the few parameters of the ensemble-partitioning filter allows filtering a given data mining problem appropriately. For example, it is possible to specialize the ensemble-partitioning filter into the classification, ensemble, multiple-partitioning, or iterative-partitioning filter. The predictions of the filtering experts are then utilized such that if an instance is misclassified by a certain number of experts or learners, it is identified as noisy. The conservativeness of the ensemble-partitioning filter depends on the filtering level and the number of filtering iterations. A case study of software metrics data from a high assurance software project analyzes the similarities between the filters obtained from the specialization of the ensemble-partitioning filter. We show that over 25% of the time, the filters at different levels of conservativeness agree on labeling instances as noisy. In addition, the classification filter has the lowest agreement with the other filters.
El «espíritu colectivo» en el trabajo. Una década en la vida de la sociología de la educación en los Estados Unidos

The niche space claimed by the U.S. sociology of education focuses on studies of educational achievement and educational attainment as conditioned by social inequality, family and student behaviors, and school organization. Although it is indirectly influenced by contemporary policy issues, Sociology of Education typically does not engaged policy directly, because other journals and books examine policy. It is relatively silent on comparison of educational systems, because other journals and books examine educational systems from a comparative perspective. Given this intellectual division of labor, we can perhaps feel comforted that important issues neglected by the sociology of education are not entirely neglected by the larger collective mind, which includes all of the pedagogical and social science disciplines and the journals attached to these disciplines.
Compression and Adaptation

What permits some systems to evolve and adapt more effectively than others? Gell-Mann [3] has stressed the importance of "compression" for adaptive complex systems. Information about the environment is not simply recorded as a look-up table, but is rather compressed in a theory or schema. Several conjectures are proposed; (I) compression aids in generalization; (II) compression occurs more easily in a "smooth", as opposed to a "rugged", string space; and (III) constraints from compression make it likely that natural languages evolve towards smooth string spaces. We have been examining the role of such compression for learning and evolution of formal languages by artificial agents. Our system does seem to conform generally to these expectations, but the trade-offs between compression and the errors that sometimes accompany it need careful consideration.
Assessment Tools for Allocating Homelessness Assistance: State of the Evidence

On November 5, 2014, HUD’s Office of Policy Development and Research, in partnership with the National Alliance to End Homelessness (the Alliance), convened a panel of experts to discuss assessment tools that communities are using to allocate homeless assistance and to consider the evidence base for the questions used in the tools. A strong tool would be reliable (produce consistent results) and have validity (measure what it claims to measure) so that stakeholders could have faith in the instrument, and it would have predictive value. For the purposes of this discussion, the Vulnerability Index — Service Prioritization Decision Assistance Tool (VI-SPDAT), the Alliance Comprehensive Assessment tool, and the Hennepin County Eligibility Criteria and Rating Tool and Vulnerability Index were provided to the experts as examples of tools currently being used by communities. The tools are evidence informed, but because they are still relatively new, the evidence base is limited.
Carbon dioxide insufflation during colonoscopy can significantly decrease post-interventional abdominal discomfort in deeply sedated patients: A prospective, randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial

Background and Aim: CO2 has been reported to be absorbed from the bowel more rapidly than air, resulting in a discomfort reduction after colonoscopy. Its role in deeply sedated patients is limited. This study was designed to investigate the efficacy and safety of CO2 insufflation during colonoscopy in patients deeply sedated with propofol. Methods: A total of 125 continuous patients were randomly assigned to receive either CO2 (n = 63) or air (n = 62) insufflation during propofol-sedated colonoscopy. Postcolonoscopy abdominal pain, distention, and satisfaction were assessed at 1, 3, and 24 h after the procedure, and the proportions of pain-free and distention-free patients were compared. Residual bowel gas in the colon and small bowel was evaluated at 1 h after colonoscopy. End-tidal CO2 and O2 saturation was measured for safety analysis. Results: There was a significant difference between the two groups regarding the postcolonoscopy abdominal pain, distention, and subjective satisfaction at 1 h (P < 0.001) and 3 h (P < 0.01) after the procedure. Patients' pain and distention at 1 and 3 h after the procedure were significantly lower in the CO2 group (P < 0.01). Residual bowel gas in the colon and small bowel was significantly less in the CO2 group (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in end-tidal CO2 levels between two groups before, during, and after the procedure. Conclusions: Compared with air, CO2 insufflation during colonoscopy reduced postcolonoscopy abdominal discomfort and improved patients' satisfaction. It was safe to use CO2 insufflation in deeply sedated colonoscopy.
The Entrepreneurial Gap: How Managers Adjust Span of Accountability and Span of Control to Implement Business Strategy

This study focuses on the relationship between business strategy, organization structure, and diagnostic control systems. The project analyzes data from 75 field studies to illustrate how managers adjust span of accountability and span of control to motivate different levels of innovation and entrepreneurial behavior. Six propositions are derived inductively about when, why, and how managers make these choices.
Ultraviolet irradiation of plastics. I. Degradation of physical properties

Polyethylene, Teflon, nylon, Mylar, and Acrilan have been irradiated in vacuo and in an atmosphere of nitrogen with narrow bands of ultraviolet radiation centered at 244, 314, and 369 μ and with monochromatic ultraviolet light of wavelength 253.7 μ. The physical properties of all these polymers are ultimately degraded by ultraviolet light of any of these wavelengths, but the shorter wavelengths are much the more effective in producing changes. The degradation of polyethylene, nylon, Mylar, and Acrilan is faster when irradiation is in an inert atmosphere of nitrogen than it is when irradiation is in vacuo. Teflon, however, degrades more rapidly in vacuo than in a nitrogen atmosphere.
Tricuspid Valve Tethering Predicts Residual Tricuspid Regurgitation After Tricuspid Annuloplasty

Background— Tricuspid valve (TV) annuloplasty is recommended for functional tricuspid regurgitation (TR), which is caused by TV annulus dilatation and tethering of the leaflets. However, the impact of TV deformations on the outcome of TV annuloplasty remains unknown. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between preoperative TV deformation and residual TR after TV annuloplasty. Methods and Results— Two hundred sixteen patients with functional TR had 2D echocardiography before and after TV annuloplasty. Right ventricular fractional area change and left ventricular ejection fraction were determined with the apical views. Minimal TV annulus diameter was determined by frame-by-frame analysis. The distance of TV tethering was measured from the annulus plane to the coaptation point and tethering area by tracing the leaflets from the annulus plane. TR severity was determined by the ratio of the maximal jet area to the corresponding right atrial area. The severity of residual TR was associate...
N-halamine copolymers for use in antimicrobial paints.

A series of copolymers containing units of a novel hydantoinylacrylamide and the sodium salt of 2-(acrylamido)-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid have been synthesized. The homopolymer of the hydantoinylacrylamide compound was insoluble in water, while the copolymers with the sulfonic acid sodium salt were water-dispersible/soluble, with the solution becoming completely transparent when the feed ratio for the copolymer contained 7 parts of the hydantoin moiety to 3 parts of the sodium sulfonate moiety. The polymers were added into a commercial water-based latex paint, and upon drying, the painted surfaces treated with the water-miscible copolymers were rendered antimicrobial following chlorination with dilute household bleach. The chlorinated homopolymer failed to provide an antimicrobial property for the paint because of its tendency to isolate into aggregates in the paint, while the completely miscible copolymers were capable of 6-log inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7 within 5...
The Effect of Enforcement History and Ordinance Provisions on Merchant Compliance With Tobacco-Control Laws

ABSTRACT Two studies examined merchant compliance with tobacco-sales laws. The first study examined the efficacy of assessing merchant compliance with tobacco-sales laws at the community level in a longitudinal, multitown intervention. Results indicated that individual merchants' compliance was consistent in communities involved in a tobacco-control intervention. The second study investigated the impact of history of involvement in a tobacco-control intervention and specific provisions in tobacco-control ordinances on merchant compliance rates. Results indicated that length of enforcement history was associated with high rates of merchant compliance, but specific provisions of the communities' local ordinances were not related to merchant compliance. Social workers interested in tobacco prevention can use their unique skills to initiate and facilitate a community-based, tobacco-control intervention to reduce the number of illegal tobacco sales to minors in their communities.
An Examination of Farm Sector Real Asset Dynamics: 1910–85

The dynamic response of real farm asset values to changes in net returns and interest rates is studied using vector autoregression. Results show that a shock in real asset values, real returns to assets, or real interest rates leads to a process in which real asset values overreact. In the initial period, a reaction to a shock immediately occurs followed by a continued build-up in the asset value for up to six years until finally the effect of the one-time, transitory shock begins to die out. The results suggest a market with a propensity for bubbles.
The Internal Friction of Single Metal Crystals

The internal friction of crystalline copper, tin, lead, and zinc has been measured by the composite piezoelectric oscillator method. It is found that the decrement of an unannealed crystal may be as large as that of the polycrystalline material, that annealing reduces the decrement to a value of the order ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$, and that both Young's modulus and the decrement vary with the vibrational strain amplitude at strain amplitudes as low as ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$. In the case of zinc crystals, a detailed study has been made of the way in which the elastic modulus and internal friction depend on the previous history of the specimen, on the vibration frequency and amplitude, and on the orientation of the vibration axis with respect to the crystal slip planes. The results suggest that the mechanism involved is a propagated "dislocation" of the sort proposed by Taylor, Polanyi and Orowan to account for macroscopic plastic flow, and that the application of a stress is accompanied by a plastic strain, together with an associated strain hardening in consequence of which the stress-strain relation on removal of the applied stress is nearly elastic.
Evidence of deposition of anthropogenic pollutants in remote Rocky mountain lakes

Thirteen trace elements, the PAH fluoranthene and PCBs were measured in the sediments of four remote high altitude lakes in Rocky Mountain National Park. PCBs were found in the sediments of all four lakes providing substantial evidence of anthropogenic inputs, most likely through atmospheric transport. The results were less certain, but still suggestive as to the anthropogenic origins for the elements As, Cd, Pb, and Sb and the PAH fluoranthene. Several of these elements, as well as fluoranthene and the PCBs, were found to be elevated in surface sediments compared to samples taken at greater depths, inferring that loadings of these substances into Rocky Mountain National Park region have increased with time.
Predicting in vivo drug interactions from in vitro drug discovery data

In vitro screening for drugs that inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes is well established as a means for predicting potential metabolism-mediated drug interactions in vivo. Given that these predictions are based on enzyme kinetic parameters observed from in vitro experiments, the miscalculation of the inhibitory potency of a compound can lead to an inaccurate prediction of an in vivo drug interaction, potentially precluding a safe drug from advancing in development or allowing a potent inhibitor to 'slip' into the patient population. Here, we describe the principles underlying the generation of in vitro drug metabolism data and highlight commonly encountered uncertainties and sources of bias and error that can affect extrapolation of drug-drug interaction information to the clinical setting.
Structural basis of nucleotide exchange and client binding by the Hsp70 cochaperone Bag2

Bag2 acts as a nucleotide-exchange factor for Hsp70 and also binds misfolded substrates. Now structural work reveals that Bag2 promotes nucleotide exchange via a mechanism distinct from other Hsp70 nucleotide-exchange factors, and mapping of the binding sites for client peptides suggests how Bag2 assists Hsp70 in processing misfolded proteins.
Controlling the collapse/swelling transition in charged hydrogels

In this paper, we investigate systematically the parameters controlling the swelling transition of charged hydrogels. Combining theoretical analysis and experimental investigations we characterize the transition pH and the width of the transition as a function of the hydrogel crosslink density (i.e. subchain molecular weight) and the solution salt concentration. We also investigate the effect of pendant polyethylene glycol (PEG) side chains on the swelling transition. Quite surprisingly, we find that (1) the degree of swelling varies non-monotonically with the solution salt concentration, first increasing and then decreasing with salinity, (2) even in the limit of high salt concentrations, where electrostatics are expected to play a minor role, we find that the degree of swelling is quite sensitive to the suspension pH, namely, to the gel degree of charging, (3) in the limit of long subchains the transition pH depends only on the chemistry of the gel charges, and the transition is quite sharp, (4) the transition pH shifts with decreasing subchain length and/or with decreasing salt concentration, and the width of the transition increases and (5) the overall degree of swelling increases significantly upon the incorporation of pendent PEG chains, while the transition pH remains unaffected and the width of the transition narrows significantly.
Quantitation of CYP1A expression in two flatfish species showing different prevalences of contaminant-induced hepatic disease

Abstract English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus) and starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) are two sympatric flatfish species which show markedly different responses to chemical contaminant exposure. Whereas English sole develop hepatic neoplasms, the prevalences of which are strongly linked to exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), evidence of neoplasia is virtually nonexistent in starry flounder, even those residing in areas with very high levels of PAH in the sediments. Because PAHs are activated to genotoxic forms by the action of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) in teleosts, we are examining the hypothesis that variation in the hepatic expression of this major inducible cytochrome P450 isozyme may contribute to the differential contaminant response. These two species were captured in the Duwamish Waterway, a contaminated area of Puget Sound, Washington. Catalytic activity of CYP1A [determined as aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity] was measured in the liver to quantitatively assess the relative induction of CYP1A in these two species, and AHH activity was significantly higher in English sole than in starry flounder (p = 0.015). Cellular expression of CYP1A was determined by immunohistochemical localization of tissues, using an avidin-biotin peroxidase complex method, with polyclonal rabbit anti-cod CYP1A. The results showed a markedly reduced expression of CYP1A in hepatocytes of starry flounder, which is consistent with the apparent resistance of this species to the development of hepatocellular neoplasia. This reduced expression of CYP1A in hepatocytes of contaminant-exposed fish was previously seen in oyster toadfish from the Elizabeth River, Virginia, and this species is also apparently resistant to hepatocellular neoplasia.
Development and validation of warning message utility scale (WMUS)

The evaluation of the warning message effectiveness is an important issue in improving communication safety in the system. The goal of the present research was to develop the scale to evaluate the warning message utility, namely, the effectiveness of warning message in preventing accident in general, and an empirical study was conducted to validate the Warning Message Utility Scale (WMUS) in a controlled laboratory environment. The reliability analysis indicated a good the split-half reliability for the WMUS with a Spearman-Brown Coefficient of .873. The predictive validity of WMUS was verified by the significant correlations between the WMUS scores and behavioral indexes of message utility (including reduced kinetic energy and collision rate). The results of regression indicated that the VWMUS is significant predictor of reduced kinetic energy (r2=.339, p<.001) and collision rate (r2=.363, p<.001), which further proved that the validity of WMUS in measuring effectiveness of the warning messages.
Consistency of polarization corrections to the S -wave isovector strength in the pion-nucleus optical potential

It is shown that P-wave medium polarization corrections to the second-order rescattering contribution to the S-wave isovector strength (b${\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}}_{1}$) in the pion-nucleus optical potential follow the trend of recent pionic atom fits. In particular, the net effect of medium polarization corrections is to increase the effective magnitude of b${\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}}_{1}$ some 10% to 20%.
The Tetralogy: Hemorrhage, Hypertension, DVT, Infection. Implementation of a Perinatal Safety Net

Childbearing Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program Pregnancy and childbirth may unexpectedly become obstetric emergencies. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics reported that the rate of perinatal mortality in the United States has increased since 2002. Hypertensive disorders or hypertensive emergencies are the most common medical complication of pregnancy and the second leading cause of maternal death in the United States. Pulmonary embolism remains a leading cause of death after hemorrhage in New York State. Advanced maternal age, obesity, cesarean delivery, and significant chronic disease contribute to postpartum infection. Proposed Change To initiate a realistic screening process to identify obstetric patients at risk of hemorrhage, hypertension, thromboembolic events, and infection after delivery; enhance nursing and medical staff education regarding evidence‐based standards of care; establish specific triggers for responding to changes in maternal vital signs and condition, and triggers for the activation of emergency response teams; and furthermore, to conduct multidisciplinary obstetric emergency drills. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation A Team STEPPS approach established a process to identify obstetric patients at risk of hemorrhage, hypertension, thromboembolic events, infection, and the tetralogy of Fallot. Individualized plan of care, medications, and home care referrals were driven by physician orders and nurse handoff communication. Multidisciplinary education included evidence‐based standards of care, specific triggers for responding to changes in maternal vital signs and condition, and activation of emergency response teams. Preeclampsia, eclampsia, and magnesium sulfate education also was provided in the intensive care unit and emergency department. Obstetric emergency drills that emphasized team goals, knowledge, mutual support, situation monitoring, and Situation‐Background‐Assessment‐Recommendation communication were conducted using video playback to assist with debriefing. The medical rapid response team (RRT) quickly recognized it was imperative to collaborate with the obstetrics department to meet the physiological needs of women who are pregnant and in the postpartum period. The code H team (Hemorrhage) and obstetric crisis team (OCT) were established. Implications for Nursing Practice For obstetric emergencies (i.e., hypertensive emergency, seizures, cardiac compromise, change in patient status) or when the nurse feels something is not right, the OCT and RRT respond via one phone call to the emergency operator. When the changing needs of the patient are identified quickly and a revised plan of care is implemented, a transfer to the intensive care area is frequently avoided and mother–infant bonding can continue. A shared mental model is the foundation of this multidisciplinary perinatal safety initiative. Recognizing early deviations in the plan of care and escalation of patient care needs have fostered teamwork and provide an obstetric safety net.