cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Demographic Profiles of Smokeless Tobacco Users in the U.S.

Background Users of smokeless tobacco (chew or snuff) in the U.S. are viewed demographically as being homogeneous. Prior studies have demonstrated such homogeneity in national survey data but have not utilized latent-variable methods. The objective of this study was to determine whether a single group or underlying subgroups best characterize users of smokeless tobacco. Methods Men aged >17 years who had used smokeless tobacco in the past month ( n =4583) were selected from the 2003, 2004, and 2005 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health. A latent-class analysis, conducted in 2008, was based on individual response patterns from six demographic variables and three items pertaining to the use of smokeless tobacco. Results Four latent classes were identified: older chew users (17.2%); younger poly-tobacco users (28.7%); skilled laborers with a high school diploma (27.5%); and educated professionals (26.6%). External validation of these classes indicated that older chew users and younger poly-tobacco users were more likely than the educated professionals to be former and current smokers, respectively. Conclusions While users of smokeless tobacco in the U.S. are predominantly white men, they are more heterogeneous with respect to education, occupation, and residency than commonly is perceived.
Computing correlated equilibria in multi-player games

We develop polynomial-time algorithms for finding correlated equilibria—a well-studied notion of rationality that generalizes the Nash equilibrium—in a broad class of succinctly representable multiplayer games, encompassing graphical games, anonymous games, polymatrix games, congestion games, scheduling games, local effect games, as well as several generalizations. Our algorithm is based on a variant of the existence proof due to Hart and Schmeidler, and employs linear programming duality, the ellipsoid algorithm, Markov chain steady state computations, as well as application-specific methods for computing multivariate expectations over product distributions.For anonymous games and graphical games of bounded tree-width, we provide a different polynomial-time algorithm for optimizing an arbitrary linear function over the set of correlated equilibria of the game. In contrast to our sweeping positive results for computing an arbitrary correlated equilibrium, we prove that optimizing over correlated equilibria is NP-hard in all of the other classes of games that we consider.
Atemporal Diagrams for Quantum Circuits

A system of diagrams is introduced that allows the representation of various elements of a quantum circuit, including measurements, in a form which makes no reference to time (hence ``atemporal''). It can be used to relate quantum dynamical properties to those of entangled states (map-state duality), and suggests useful analogies, such as the inverse of an entangled ket. Diagrams clarify the role of channel kets, transition operators, dynamical operators (matrices), and Kraus rank for noisy quantum channels. Positive (semidefinite) operators are represented by diagrams with a symmetry that aids in understanding their connection with completely positive maps. The diagrams are used to analyze standard teleportation and dense coding, and for a careful study of unambiguous (conclusive) teleportation. A simple diagrammatic argument shows that a Kraus rank of 3 is impossible for a one-qubit channel modeled using a one-qubit environment in a mixed state.
Comparisons of Related Rare and Common Species in the Study of Plant Rarity

: Conservation of rare plant populations is an important dimension of the preservation of biodiversity. Yet the database underlying both the theoretical understanding and management of rare—in contrast to common—plant species is scattered, unfocused, and conceptually weak. Our review of studies comparing attributes of rare vascular plants with those of closely related, more common relatives found fewer studies than expected (n = 38) and no consistency in the attributes measured, which precluded further assessment of pattern. Only 10% of 71 response variables compared were reported in more than four studies, and most of the traits ( 79%) were compared in only one or two studies. Improvement of comparisons of rare and common species requires standardization of attributes measured among studies. Although experiments evaluating hypothesized limiting factors are desirable, at a minimum all studies should include population densities and life table schedules. Demographic parameters provide detailed data, required for scientific management of specific rare plants, and extensive data, required for meta-analyses and detection of general patterns in rarity. Resumen: La conservacion de poblaciones de plantas raras es una dimension importante de la preservacion y la biodiversidad. Sin embargo la base de datos, sustento tanto del entendimiento teorico como del manejo de plantas de especies raras, en contraste con las comunes, es disperso, sin enfoque y conceptualmente debil. En nuestra revision de estudios de comparacion de atributos raros en especies de plantas vasculares con aquellas especies cercanamente relacionadas encontramos menos estudios de los esperados (n = 38) y no existe una consistencia en los atributos medidos lo cual impidio una evaluacion futura de patrones. Solo 10% de 71 variables de respuesta comparadas fueron reportadas en mas de cuatro estudios y la mayoria de los rasgos ( 79%) fueron comparados unicamente en uno o dos estudios. El mejoramiento de las comparaciones de especies raras y comunes requiere de la estandarizacion de los atributos medidos entre estudios. Aunque los experimentos de evaluacion de factores limitantes hipoteticos son deseables, como minimo todos los estudios deberian incluir densidades poblacionales y calendarios de tablas de vida. Los parametros demograficos proveen datos detallados requeridos para el manejo cientifico de especies de plantas raras, asi como datos extensivos requeridos para el meta-analisis y deteccion de patrones generales de rareza.
Right ventricular injury in young swine: effects of catecholamines on right ventricular function and pulmonary vascular mechanics.

Acute right ventricular (RV) injury is commonly encountered in infants and children after cardiac surgery. Empiric medical therapy for these patients results from a paucity of data on which to base medical management and the absence of animal models that allow rigorous laboratory testing. Specifically, exogenous catecholamines have unclear effects on the injured right ventricle and pulmonary vasculature in the young. Ten anesthetized piglets (9–12 kg) were instrumented with epicardial transducers, micromanometers, and a pulmonary artery flow probe. RV injury was induced with a cryoablation probe. Dopamine at 10 μg/kg/min, dobutamine at 10 μg/kg/min, and epinephrine (EP) at 0.1 μg/kg/min were infused in a random order. RV contractility was evaluated using preload recruitable stroke work. Diastolic function was described by the end-diastolic pressure-volume relation, peak negative derivative of the pressure waveform, and peak filling rate. In addition to routine hemodynamic measurements, Fourier transformation of the pressure and flow waveforms allowed calculation of input resistance, characteristic impedance, RV total hydraulic power, and transpulmonary vascular efficiency. Cryoablation led to a stable reproducible injury, decreased preload recruitable stroke work, and impaired diastolic function as measured by all three indices. Infusion of each catecholamine improved preload recruitable stroke work and peak negative derivative of the pressure waveform. Dobutamine and EP both decreased indices of pulmonary vascular impedance, whereas EP was the only inotrope that significantly improved transpulmonary vascular efficiency. Although all three inotropes improved systolic and diastolic RV function, only EP decreased input resistance, decreased pulmonary vascular resistance, and increased transpulmonary vascular efficiency.
Performance of a New-Generation Chemiluminescent Assay for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen

Background: The usual criteria for analysis of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) are detection of HBsAg and result confirmation by antibody neutralization. We observed that with the Immulite 2000 HBsAg assay [Diagnostics Product Corporation (DPC)] a relatively high percentage of weakly reactive (WR) samples did not pass the neutralization step. Methods: For each of 3 lots of Immulite 2000 HBsAg reagent (DPC), we collected and analyzed HBsAg data from ∼3000 to 4000 patient blood samples and compared these data with HBsAg data from 3393 samples tested with the Abbott Auszyme assay. For 127 samples with initially WR detection signals (relative signal/cutoff index of 1.00–2.5) on the Immulite 2000 HBsAg assay, we then measured hepatitis B (HB) viral load and/or other HB serologic markers. Results: The Immulite 2000 HBsAg assay produced more initially reactive results than the Abbott Auszyme method. Many of these reactive samples, however, were WR and did not meet the confirmation criteria in the neutralization test. Moreover, DNA PCR testing indicated that 22 of the 38 WR samples (58%) that did meet the confirmation criteria had no detectable HB viral DNA. Conclusions: Immulite 2000 HBsAg assay results include a unique group of WR samples that are associated with both false-positive and false-negative results, regardless of neutralization status, and require careful interpretation. WR HBsAg samples should be reported as confirmed HBsAg reactive only if the samples not only meet the neutralization criteria but also are positive for other HB serologic markers such as anti-HB core total and anti-HB core IgM.
Photon counting three-dimensional passive sensing and object recognition

In this keynote address, we introduce three-dimensional (3D) passive sensing using photon counting integral imaging. We investigate both linear and nonlinear matched filtering for automatic target recognition (ATR). Significant benefits of the nonlinear matched filtering with 3D integral imaging are found for ATR with a low number of photons. The discrimination capability of our system is quantified in terms of discrimination ratio (DR), Fisher ratio (FR), and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Experimental and simulation results are presented.
Dynamics of Bacterial Swarming

When vegetative bacteria that can swim are grown in a rich medium on an agar surface, they become multinucleate, elongate, synthesize large numbers of flagella, produce wetting agents, and move across the surface in coordinated packs: they swarm. We examined the motion of swarming Escherichia coli, comparing the motion of individual cells to their motion during swimming. Swarming cells' speeds are comparable to bulk swimming speeds, but very broadly distributed. Their speeds and orientations are correlated over a short distance (several cell lengths), but this correlation is not isotropic. We observe the swirling that is conspicuous in many swarming systems, probably due to increasingly long-lived correlations among cells that associate into groups. The normal run-tumble behavior seen in swimming chemotaxis is largely suppressed, instead, cells are continually reoriented by random jostling by their neighbors, randomizing their directions in a few tenths of a second. At the edge of the swarm, cells often pause, then swim back toward the center of the swarm or along its edge. Local alignment among cells, a necessary condition of many flocking theories, is accomplished by cell body collisions and/or short-range hydrodynamic interactions.
13-year-old with cryptic abdominal pain.

A 13-year old female patient presented to the emergency department (ED) with four days of intermittent non-radiating, left upper quadrant pain, associated with non-bloody, non-bilious emesis and decreased appetite. The patient had been evaluated by a gastroenterologist three months prior for abdominal pain. At that time an esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a trichobezoar in the stomach too large for endoscopic removal. Elective surgical removal had been offered to the patient, although surgery had not yet been scheduled. Vital signs were within reference limits for the patient’s age. The patient had tenderness throughout the left upper quadrant, however there was no guarding or rebound tenderness. The patient underwent computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis, which confirmed the thichobezoar in the stomach and intussusception of the bowel (Figures 1 and ​and2)2) consistent with Rapunzel Syndrome. Figure 1 Bezoar in the stomach. Figure 2 Target sign signifying intussusception. The arrow points to the tail of the bezoar acting as a lead point for the intussusception.
An empirical assessment of the AIDS Risk Reduction Model (ARRM) employing ordered probit analyses

Abstract The AIDS Risk Reduction Model (ARRM) is a conceptual model designed to explain the influence of knowledge and attitudes about AIDS/HIV on risk-related behaviors. This article measures the influence of the primary concepts associated with the ARRM (labeling, commitment, and enactment) on high-risk adolescent's knowledge, attitudes, and self-reported behaviors. Data were collected from 393 adolescents incarcerated in juvenile detention facilities. Ordered probit and ordinary least squares (OLS) analyses were conducted to determine which of several independent variables have the most impact on acceptance of the ARRM. Results indicated that the ARRM is effective for understanding the factors that influence AIDS risk avoidance. Findings also indicate that previous life experiences should be formally integrated into the model. Moreover, specific forms of enactment are associated with different factors. Suggestions as to how the ARRM may prove useful for promoting behavioral change among high-risk adolescents are provided.
TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON POROUS SILICON LUMINESCENCE

A theoretical surface-state model of porousilicon luminescence is proposed. The temperature effect on the PhotoLuminescence (PL) spectrum for pillar and spherical structures is considered, and it is found that the effect is dependent on the doping concentration, the excitation strength, and the shape and dimensions of the Si microstructure. The doping concentration has an effect on the PL intensity at high temperatures and the excitation strength has an effect on the PL intensity at low temperatures. The variations of the PL intensity with temperature are different for the pillar and spherical structures. At low temperatures the PL intensity increases in the pillar structure, while in the spherical structure the PL intensity decreases as the temperature increases, at high temperatures the PL intensities have a maximum for both models. The temperature, at which the PL intensity reaches its maximum, depends on the doping concentration. The PL spectrum has a broader peak structure in the spherical structure than in the pillar structure. The theoretical results are in agreement with experimental results.
Effect of Conical Angle and Thread Pitch on the Self-Loosening Performance of Preloaded Countersunk-Head Bolts

This paper investigates the effect of the countersunk conical angle and thread pitch on the loosening performance of preloaded countersunk-head bolts that are subjected to harmonic transverse loading. A nonlinear mathematical model is used to predict the loosening performance. Cumulative differential loosening rotation of the bolt head is converted to a gradual loss in the bolt tension and joint clamp load. Model prediction of the self-loosening behavior is experimentally validated.
Dual-retrieval models and neurocognitive impairment.

Advances in dual-retrieval models of recall make it possible to use clinical data to test theoretical hypotheses about mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's dementia (AD), the most common forms of neurocognitive impairment. Hypotheses about the nature of the episodic memory declines in these diseases, about decline versus sparing of specific processes, and about which individuals will become impaired over time can all be rigorously tested. Basic theoretical principles, such as whether recollection and reconstruction are distinct retrieval processes, can also be evaluated. In 3 studies, measurements of recollective retrieval, reconstructive retrieval, and familiarity judgment were extracted from standard clinical instruments, for healthy subjects and for subjects with MCI and AD diagnoses. Differences in reconstructive retrieval consistently distinguished MCI and AD, in nationally representative subject samples as well as in highly educated samples, and recollective retrieval also distinguished them in highly educated samples. Dual-retrieval processes were accurate predictors of future conversion to MCI and AD over periods of 1.5-6 years and were better predictors than the best genetic marker of these conditions (the e4 allele of the APOE genotype). The standard recollection-deficit account of memory declines in MCI and AD was not supported, but the data were consistent with an alternative account that stresses the increasing importance of reconstruction deficits as older adults convert to these diseases. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Towards understanding the underlying mechanism of vanishing white matter disease

s ingediend voor het Amsterdam Kindersymposium 2013 117 Towards understanding the underlying mechanism of vanishing white matter disease Lisanne E. Wisse, Emiel Polder, M. Clair van de Beek, Marjo S. van der Knaap, Truus E.M. Abbink Department of Pediatrics, Center for Childhood White Matter Disorders, VUmc INTRODUCTION Vanishing white matter disease (VWM) is one of the most prevalent genetic childhood white matter disorders. The disease is characterized by ataxia and spasticity. Diagnosis is performed by MRI, which shows progressive white matter degeneration, aggravated by stress, minor head trauma or fever. The lack of myelin and scar tissue formation in the aff ected area may result from a maturation defect in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. VWM is caused by recessive mutations in the eukaryotic initiation factor 2B (eIF2B). This enzyme regulates the protein synthesis rate in every cell type and is regulated by various stressors, including heat shock. METHODS Our project aims to unravel the molecular mechanisms that underlie VWM. Although we have acquired increasing insights into the VWM brain pathology, it remains elusive how a defect in eIF2B causes a disease that almost exclusively aff ects the white matter. Aided by two clinically representative disease models, we currently address two unresolved questions. Firstly, we investigate whether relative white matter eIF2B levels deviate from those in other tissues using immunoblotting. Secondly, we address whether aberrant translation regulation of specifi c mRNAs in white matter cells underlies VWM using polysomal profi ling and pulsed isotope labeling. In follow-up assays we will assess the functional importance of the observed diff erences between control and VWM tissues. RESULTS Preliminary results suggest that we can purify polysomes from brain cells and tissue from normal and VWM mice. CONCLUSION Two representative disease models in combination with two robust genome-wide assays allow us to gain further insight into the disease mechanism of VWM.
Tariffs and saving in a model with new generations

Abstract We explore how a tariff may affect saving through intergenerational redistribution of income that is caused by changes in factor prices and by the distribution of tariff revenue. The model is a Blanchard-style overlapping generations model. Two types of revenue distribution schemes are examined: lump-sum distribution of current revenues to currently living individuals, and distribution as a subsidy to holders of physical wealth. Under both schemes the government budget is continuously balanced. We draw some general conclusions about the non-neutralities that arise in this type of model as opposed to single-generation models, or models in which perfect bequest motives exist.
Evaluation of a command monitoring concept for a V/STOL Research Aircraft

A simplex control system monitoring concept is described, which has the potential of rapidly detecting computer command failures (hardware or software) in fly-by-wire control systems. The concept has been successfully tested on a model of the NASA Vertical/Short Takeoff and Landing Research Aircraft in the Ames Research Center's Vertical Motion Simulator. The monitoring concept detected both slow and fast failures quickly enough to allow the pilot to make a safe recovery while performing landings on a destroyer-sized ship. The monitoring concept did not suffer from nuisance disconnects during the evaluations.
Growth and Change in Attention Problems, Disruptive Behavior, and Achievement From Kindergarten to Fifth Grade

Despite widespread interest in children’s adjustment problems, existing research does not provide conclusive evidence regarding the direction of the associations of achievement with classroom attention problems and disruptive behavior over the course of elementary school. Using a nationally representative sample of 16,260 kindergarteners, this study examined the temporal sequence of achievement, classroom attention problems, and disruptive behavior, focusing on how changes in skills and problems unfold across key periods between kindergarten and fifth grade. Results indicate that improvements in attention during the earliest years of schooling predict achievement gains through third grade. However, changes in disruptive behavior do not predict subsequent changes in achievement. Evidence linking changes in achievement to changes in classroom attention problems and disruptive behavior was less consistent. These findings point to the need to develop and examine early interventions that can improve attention ...
Historical periods, trends, and cycles in international relations:

One of the most prominent features of Quincy Wright's comprehensive approach to the study of international relations was his knowledge of historical events and scholarly thought through the ages and his emphasis on historical continuity and development. The first volume of A Study of War was devoted to the history of war, and included analyses of animal, primitive, traditional, and modern warfare, along with special chapters on the "character of modern civilization" and "contradictions of modern civilization." Wright was particularly interested in discovering ways of analyzing and measuring historical events and trends objectively. He also believed that empirical studies could not be very fruitful unless the scholar knew history well unless he acquired a sense of the continuity of human affairs, of change, and of the "uniqueness of every nation, every period, and every individual"; disclosures of apparent repetitions; light upon the causes of human action; emphasis on the role of contingency; a sense of the "influence of choice and of values in human affairs" ("historians are seldom materialists"); and "standards of evaluation" (Wright, 1955, pp. 86-87). In his classes Quincy Wright often astonished his students by the depth and detail of his historical knowledge, which he used frequently to illustrate his major points. He focused especially on differing periods and trends. For example, he divided the history of modern military techniques into four periods: (1) experimental adaptation of firearms and religious wars, 1450-1648; (2) professional armies and dynastic wars, 1648-1789; (3) industrialization and nationalist wars the "capitalization of war"-1789-1914; and (4) the airplane and totalitarian war, 1914 on (Wright, 1942, pp. 294-303). His students in the late 1930s were introduced to Arnold J. Toynbee's four phases in the rise and fall of a "civilization" (Heroic Age, Time of Troubles, Universal State, and the rise of a new Universal Religion in the time of decline). Although the coming of World War II heightened his students' anxiety about the prospects for Western civilization, Wright continued his studies and consultant activities apparently without loss of faith or hope in mankind and in ultimate peace. Three aspects of his concerns and research interests inspired my own work: predicting war as a function of attitudinal factors (Klingberg, 1941); predicting the end of war as a function of casualties (Klingberg, 1966); and predicting national policies of expansion or withdrawal on the basis of national moods (Klingberg, 1952). In terms of today's concerns a number of hypotheses emerging from these studies testify to the permanence of Wright's place both in methodology and in substantive focus. For instance, one's interest in the end of fighting in Vietnam might lead one to refer to Wright's historical data of combat duration
Selective Effect of Mercury on Th2-Type Cytokine Production in Humans

Mercury induces autoimmune disease and increases IL-4 production and IgE levels in certain rodent strains. The object of this study was to determine if mercury was capable of inducing Th2 cytokine production in human leucocytes. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were incubated with PMA/ionomycin or Con A in the presence or absence of methyl mercury (CH3Hg) or mercuric chloride (HgCl2). IL-4 and gamma-IFN were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: IL-4 production significantly increased at low concentrations of CH3Hg (0.5 uM, p < 0.01), while gamma-IFN production was suppressed starting at CH3Hg 2 uM (p = 0.004). Inorganic mercury (HgCl2) increased IL-4 only at concentrations 10–20 times higher than CH3Hg. These findings suggest a mechanism by which mercury could trigger or potentiate TH2 cytokine production in humans.
Perspectives on...copyright and fair-use guidelines for education and libraries: what's wrong with fair-use guidelines for the academic community?

The Conference on Fair-Use (CONFU) guidelines would impose a peculiarly narrow interpretation of fair use in copyright law at a time of rapid transition from print media to digital information. Educators should oppose institutional adoption of guidelines because they undermine the historical commitment to open access to information, contradict the plain language of the law, and set the stage for a more restrictive and expensive scholarly communication system.
Synthesis and Characterization of the First Pentaphenylcyclopentadienyl Copper(I) Complex, (Ph5Cp)Cu(PPh3)

(Ph5Cp)Cu(PPh3) (1) has been synthesized from Na[Ph5Cp] and [(PPh3)CuCl]4. Complex 1 is the first reported pentaphenylcyclopentadienyl−copper complex and is a rare example of a π-bound Cu−Cp complex. Complex 1 has been fully characterized, including crystallographically; the 31P NMR chemical shift for the triphenylphosphine ligand in 1 appears unusually far downfield for a Cu(I)−PPh3 complex, at +23.2 ppm.
The influence of acclimation temperature on the lipid composition of fish gill mitochondria

Abstract 1. 1. The phospholipid fraction of goldfish gill mitochondria contained proportionately more cardiolilpin and phosphatidyl ethanolamine and less sphingomyelin at 10°C than 30°C but total phospholipid phosphorus levels ramained unchanged. 2. 2. The total mitochondrial lipids from both goldfish and yellow bullhead gill tissues were more unsaturated at the colder acclimation temperatures. 3. 3. Generally, the levels of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were reduced and polyunsaturated fatty acids were increased in both species at the lower temperature. 4. 4.l Changes in mitochondrial lipid composition presumably assist in maintaining a specific molecular organization over a wide range of environmental temperatures.
Multiple CMT source analysis of the 2004 Sumatra earthquake

While it is agreed that the great Sumatra earthquake of December 26, 2004 was among the largest earthquakes of the past century, there has been disagreement on how large it was, which part of the fault ruptured, and how the rupture took place. We present a centroid-moment-tensor (CMT) analysis of the earthquake in which multiple point sources are used in the inversion to mimic a propagating slip pulse. The final model consists of five point sources, with the southernmost sources accounting for the majority of the moment release. The presumed fault planes of the southern sources strike northwest, while those in the north strike northeast, consistent with the geometry of the subduction trench. Slip on the fault is found to be more oblique in the north than in the south. The inversion with five sources leads to a moment magnitude for the Sumatra earthquake of M_W = 9.3, consistent with estimates from long-period normal-mode amplitudes.
Factories, Forests, Fields and Family: Gender and Neoliberalism in Extractive Reserves

This paper explores the theoretical debates on extraction and development in Amazonia, and the emergence of extractive reserves (ERs) as a tropical development alternative. It reviews the role of women in Amazonian rural economies and then analyzes the (often invisible) tasks of women within the reserves through an analysis of the gender division of labour in the collecting and processing of non-timber forest products and agriculture. It then considers how lack of attention to rural women's labour obligations played out in a development project, Projeto Castanha, that began as an urban factory, but was later recast as a neoliberal decentralized processing and outsourcing programme. The project failed to appreciate the demands on, and the opportunity costs, of women's time and thus had very limited success as women withdrew their labour. The paper argues that there may be many more options for supporting extractive economies (and the women who work in them) in more peri-urban and village projects even though extractive reserves are valuable ecologically and socially in the regional economy.
Raman Scattering from an Interfacial Thin Layer of GaAs Heteroepitaxially Grown on Silicon (100) Substrate

In an epi-layer of GaAs less than 300nm to 100nm thick grown on silicon substrate by two-step MOCVD lethod, broad Raman scattering centered at 700cm-1(L+) and TO-like phonon at 268cm-1(L-1) were observed as well as LO phonon spectrum (292cm -1) in a back-scattering optical geometry. Emission peak of photoluminescence spectra in these epilayer of GaAs were found to shift by 33meV at 300K towards high energy side. In a thin buffer layer of GaAs less than 20nm thick, however, Raman spectra showed only LO phonon peak. These experimental facts shows n-carrier generation of 1018cm-3 only within interfacial epi-layer of GaAs less than 300nm thick, except for the very thin buffer layer of GaAs, because of incorporation of silicon atoms during growth of epilayer at 700°C. In addition, in both layers of GaAs less than 300nm, compressive stress of 109dyn·cm-2 was observed, which were found to relax abruptly with thickness.
Duality relationships for a nonlinear version of the generalized Neyman-Pearson problem

The nonlinear generalized Neyman-Pearson problem examined herein may be considered to be a calculus-of-variations analog of a type of bounded-variable convex-programming problem. By using an approach similar to the Lagrange duality theorem, but taking advantage of the properties of convex and concave functionals, duality relationships somewhat analogous to those of linear programming are developed. Necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained for a solution to the primal problem and for a solution to the dual problem. Also, an example is presented to illustrate some of the results obtained.
An adaptive automatically tuning intrusion detection system

An intrusion detection system (IDS) is a security layer to detect ongoing intrusive activities in computer systems and networks. Current IDS have two main problems: The first problem is that typically so many alarms are generated as to overwhelm the system operator, many of these being false alarms. The second problem is that continuous tuning of the intrusion detection model is required in order to maintain sufficient performance due to the dynamically changing nature of the monitored system. This manual tuning process relies on the system operators to work out the updated tuning solution and to integrate it into the detection model.In this article, we present an automatically tuning intrusion detection system, which controls the number of alarms output to the system operator and tunes the detection model on the fly according to feedback provided by the system operator when false predictions are identified. This system adapts its behavior (i) by throttling the volume of alarms output to the operator in response to the ability of the operator to respond to these alarms, and (ii) by deciding how aggressively the detection model should be tuned based on the accuracy of earlier predictions. We evaluated our system using the KDDCup'99 intrusion detection dataset. Our results show that an adaptive, automatically tuning intrustion detection system will be both practical and efficient.
Erectile dysfunction in aging: upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase.

Objectives. To evaluate whether alterations in nitric oxide (NO) synthesis or activity contribute to age-related erectile dysfunction and to elucidate the mechanisms causing these alterations using the rabbit as our model of aging. Methods. We compared the ability of the rabbit cavernosal smooth muscle to relax in the organ bath in response to acetylcholine (Ach, endothelium-dependent vasodilator), sodium nitroprusside (SNP, an NO donor), and A23187 (a calcium ionophore) in young (6 month old) and aged (2.5 to 3.5 year old) rabbits. In addition, the immunohistochemical expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in both young and aged rabbit cavernosal tissue was examined. Endothelial integrity was examined immunohistochemically with JC70. Results. Ach-mediated relaxation of penile corporal tissue was significantly attenuated from a maximum of 68.39 ± 6.27 (0.1 mM Ach, n = 4) in young rabbits to 39.02 ± 4.88 (0.1 mM Ach, n = 6) in aged rabbits (P 0.05) was noted between cavernosal relaxation to sodium nitroprusside between young rabbits (97.8%, 0.1 mM SNP, n = 5) and aged rabbits (76.1%, 0.1 mM SNP, n = 5). This suggested that the defect in the Ach-NO pathway was at the level of NO synthesis, not activity. Immunohistochemical staining for eNOS demonstrated upregulation in both the vascular endothelium and corporal smooth muscle of aged rabbit tissue compard with young rabbit cavernosal tissue (n = 5). Anatomic endothelial integrity was demonstrated in the young and aged rabbits by the presence of JC70. This suggested that the defect in the Ach-NO synthetic pathway was not at the level of eNOS and was not due to anatomic endothelial cell disruption. Finally, Ach-mediated cavernosal smooth muscle relaxation in the young rabbit was not significantly augmented (P > 0.05) in the presence of the calcium ionophore A23187 (10 μM). A23187, however, significantly augmented (P <0.04) Ach-mediated relaxation in the aged rabbit from a maximum of 33.93 ± 6.58 to 41.55 ± 6.58 (10 μM Ach, n = 5). This suggested that a potential defect in the Ach-NO synthetic pathway was at the level of intracellular calcium flux and possibly at the level of the calcium-eNOS interaction. Conclusions. Endothelium-dependent relaxation is attenuated in the aging rabbit; eNOS is upregulated in the aging rabbit; and no difference is noted in response to direct NO donation between the young and aged rabbit. The endothelium is anatomically intact in both the young and aging rabbit. The calcium ionophore A23187 augmented the attenuated vasorelaxation in the aging rabbit cavernosum (although not to the levels seen in the young rabbit cavernosum) and had no effect on the young rabbit cavernosum. These data suggest that erectile dysfunction in the aging rabbit cavernosum appears to be related to endothelial dysfunction and is characterized by eNOS upregulation and aberrant intracellular calcium fluxes.
Diet, feeding rate, and assimilation efficiency of American brook lamprey

We examined foods ingested by American brook lamprey larvae from Minnesota streams during spring and summer seasons. The diet was dominated numerically by diatoms, but organic detritus comprised the bulk (>85%) of ingested materials. The organic contents of ingested foods did not differ among streams or between seasons, averaging approximately 70%. Feeding rates based on gut fullness were highest, but most variable, during spring. Assimilation efficiency of the organic fraction of the diet averaged >65% across streams and seasons. Larval American brook lamprey depend on organic detritus to meet most of their nutritional needs and are very efficient at digesting and assimilating these detrital foods. Survival of American brook lamprey populations may be affected by human activities that alter the production and availability of detritus within streams.
Petrology of the Rocklin pluton and associated rocks, western Sierra Nevada, California

The Rocklin pluton is a Lower Cretaceous quartz diorite that is intrusive into Upper Jurassic plutonic (Penryn pluton) and metamorphic rocks about 30 km northeast of Sacramento, California. The Rocklin pluton varies from hornblende quartz diorite near Folsom to leucocratic, muscovite-bearing granodiorite in the quarry exposures at Rocklin. The mineral zonation is very regular and is interpreted to be the result of fractional crystallization beginning near Folsom and ending at Rocklin. Compositions of aplite dikes and mineral assemblages in the contact aureole permit an estimate to be made of the load pressure at the rime of intrusion. Minimum pressures estimated from the dike compositions range from 0.5 to 1.5 kb. Metamorphic mineral assemblages indicate an estimated load pressure of 3 to 6 kb, with the large range due to uncertainties in the aluminosilicate triple point. Combining both estimates gives a preferred value of 2 to 3-kb load pressure for the intrusion of the Rocklin pluton. Intrusion of the Rocklin pluton followed a period of complex deformation in the Sierra Nevada that is referred to as the Nevadan orogeny. New K-Ar analyses of hornblende and biotite confirm the results of Curtis, Evernden, and Lipson and give an intrusive age of 128 m.y. In about 15 m.y., during Late Jurassic time, sedimentary and volcanic rocks were deposited, buried, recrystallized to low-grade slates and schist, isoclinally folded, and intruded by quartz diorite plutons. This complex history has been interpreted as reflecting the collision of an island arc with the North American plate. Analysis of the radiometric dates on the Penryn and Rocklin plutons and the age of the metamorphic rocks places the time of the proposed collision at about 143 m.y. ago.
Parameter Reconstruction Based on Sensitivity Vector Fields

A novel approach to determine very accurately multiple parameter variations by exploiting the geometric shape of dynamic attractors in state space is presented. The approach is based on the analysis of sensitivity vector fields. These sensitivity vector fields describe changes in the state space attractor of the dynamics and system behavior when parameter variations occur. Distributed throughout the attractor in state space, these fields form a collection of snapshots for known parameter changes. Proper orthogonal decomposition of the parameter space is then employed to distinguish multiple simultaneous parametric variations. The parametric changes are reconstructed by analyzing the deformation of attractors which are characterized by means of the sensitivity vector fields. A set of basis functions in the vector space formed by the sensitivity fields is obtained and is used to successfully identify test cases involving multiple simultaneous parametric variations. The method presented is shown to be robust over a wide range of parameter variations and to perform well in the presence of noise. One of the main applications of the proposed technique is detecting multiple simultaneous damage in vibration-based structural health monitoring.
Are all Boer–Mulders functions alike?

Abstract Chirally odd generalized parton distributions (GPDs) and the Boer–Mulders function provide valuable information about spin–orbit correlations for quarks in nucleons and other hadrons. We compare results for the relevant GPD E ¯ T q from a variety of phenomenological models as well as recent lattice results, which all find that E ¯ T q > 0 for nucleons as well as the pion and for both u and d quark. As a result, the corresponding Boer–Mulders functions are all expected to be negative. We investigate the physical origin of the sign of E ¯ T q .
An experimental investigation of Kernberg's and Kohut's theories of narcissism.

This article presents data from a double-blind experimental study of the comparative validity of specific premises of Kernberg's and Kohut's theories of narcissism. The Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) was administered to 70 undergraduates. Thirteen of the 14 most narcissistic subjects (from the NPI data) participated in three experimental sessions during which the subject was exposed to one of three subliminal stimuli administered tachistoscopically. Each of the experimental stimuli represented an aspect of Kernberg's or Kohut's clinical theory of narcissism. A third stimulus contained neutral content and served as a control. After each tachistoscopic administration, the Narcissism-Projective (N-P) and the Self Focus Sentence Completion (SFSC), measures designed to assess narcissism and egocentricity, were administered. Results indicate that the Kernberg stimulus demonstrated a significant effect on the subject's narcissism and egocentricity (p less than .01). The stimulus that represented Kohut's theory did not demonstrate any statistically significant effect. It is concluded that methodologically rigorous investigations of psychoanalytical questions of theoretical and clinical significance are possible and necessary.
Differential inhibition of coliphage MS2 protein synthesis by ribosome-directed antibiotics.

Of thirteen ribosome-directed antibiotics surveyed for their inhibitory effect on viral protein synthesis in Escherichia coli infected with coliphage MS2, three antibiotics, kasugamycin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol, were found to exert differential inhibition, with synthesis of maturation protein being more sensitive than coat protein synthesis. Differential effects of kasugamycin and tetracycline were also observed in vitro. Such differential inhibition might reflect the presence of cistron-speciflc ribosomes or the induction of functional ribosomal heterogeneity by these antibiotic ligands.
"Agenesis" of ductus arteriosus associated with the syndrome of tetralogy of Fallot and absent pulmonary valve.

Four infants with the severe form of the syndrome of tetralogy of Fallot and absent pulmonary valve are described. All had severe respiratory distress due to bronchial compression from massively dilated pulmonary arteries. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. The infants died at age 3, 5, 30 and 90 days, respectively. Autopsy revealed, in addition to the usual components of the syndrome, absence of the ductus arteriosus or its remnants. The possible relation of "agenesis" of the ductus arteriosus to the pathogenesis of the severe form of this syndrome is discussed and pertinent studies are reviewed.
Exact closed-form optimal solution for constrained trajectory control of single-link flexible-joint manipulators

A single-link flexible-joint manipulator is considered. An analytic closed-form optimal solution is obtained for the nonlinear constrained optimal trajectory planning problem. The optimal solution turns out to be exact in the sense that no approximation is applied. >
Probes of inhibition of Escherichia coli F 1 -ATPase by 7-chloro-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole in the presence of MgADP and MgATP support a bi-site mechanism of ATP hydrolysis by the enzyme

Binding of MgADP and MgATP to Escherichia coli F1-ATPase (EcF1) has been assessed by their effects on extent of the enzyme inhibition by 7-chloro-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl). MgADP at low concentrations (Kd 1.3 μM) promotes the inhibition, whereas at higher concentrations (Kd 0.7 mM) EcF1 is protected from inhibition. The mutant βY331W-EcF1 requires much higher MgADP, Kd of about 10 mM, for protection. Such MgADP binding was not revealed by fluorescence quenching measurements. MgATP partially protects EcF1 from inactivation by NBD-Cl, but the enzyme remains sensitive to NBD-Cl in the presence of MgATP at concentrations as high as 10 mM. The activating anion selenite in the absence of MgATP partially protects EcF1 from inhibition by NBD-Cl. A complete protection of EcF1 from inhibition by NBD-Cl has been observed in the presence of both MgATP and selenite. The results support a bi-site catalytic mechanism for MgATP hydrolysis by F1-ATPases and suggest that stimulation of the enzyme activity by activating anions is due to the anion binding to a catalytic site that remains unoccupied at saturating substrate concentration.
Two-level games and bargaining outcomes: why gaiatsu succeeds in Japan in some cases but not others

One of the strengths of Robert Putnam's two-level bargaining game model is its ability to capture how international negotiations make it possible for negotiators to pursue synergistic strategies aimed at improving their prospects for a favorable deal by reshaping politics in both their own and their counterparts' domestic arenas. While reaffirming the utility of this approach, this article argues that Putnam describes only some of the synergistic strategies available to negotiators. In addition to “reverberation” and “synergistic linkage,” a negotiator can also reshape politics in his or her counterpart's domestic arena in two other ways: (1) by transforming decision making in ways that expand elite participation and bring the weight of public opinion to bear on policies that were previously dictated by small groups of privileged domestic actors and (2) by influencing the way in which policy alternatives are considered in the decisionmaking process. Through an examination of the Structural Impediments Initiative, a set of negotiations through which the United States applied a great deal of foreign pressure (gaiaisu) on Japan, the article makes the case for the above modifications to the Putnam model and argues that “participation expansion” strategies are most likely to be successful when involvement in decision making (before foreign intervention) is limited and latent support for foreign demands exists outside the privileged elite, while “alternative specification” is most likely to work when opportunities exist to link favored policy proposals to already recognized domestic problems.
A child with acquired factor XIII deficiency: case report and literature review

Factor XIII (FXIII) deficiency is a rare bleeding disorder, which can result in life threatening hemorrhage. Rarer still is acquired FXIII deficiency, in which the disorder is due to autoantibodies that inhibit the factor. To describe one of the youngest reported patients with this condition. To discuss the challenges we encountered in monitoring response with the available assays. To review the literature and provide a review of all acquired FXIII cases. We present the case of our patient, a 9-year-old girl with acquired FXIII deficiency. We present a comprehensive review of all acquired FXIII deficiency cases reported globally in English, with focus on clinical presentation, diagnostic assays, treatment and prognosis. There is no current standard for therapy and measuring response to therapy can be complicated by limitations of assays in the presence of inhibitors. Clinicians should be aware of acquired FXIII deficiency as a potentially life threatening bleeding disorder even in young children. The case presented illustrates a young patient with acquired FXIII deficiency with a good clinical response to cryoprecipitate and difficulty in hemostasis monitoring utilizing clinically available assays.