cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Models of ADHD: Five ways smaller sooner is better.

Abstract Background In the delay discounting paradigm choices are made between a good of small utility available soon (SS) vs. a good of greater utility available later (LL). Versions of the task may be used with human and non-human subjects, they generate characteristic data, and are of relevance the topic of this special issue, the imputed impulsivity of organisms categorized as ADHD, and animal models of ADHD. Method Mathematical models of judgment were formulated. The first model adds the utility of a good to the utility of the delay. It provides distinct information about future perspective, the marginal utility of the goods offered, and the relative weight on delay. It grounds hyperbolic discounting. It predicts slower rates of discount for more preferred goods. It can reduce to an exponential function on future perspective time. When choice is mediated by conditioning, not judgment, a model of conditioned reinforcement strength is written. For studies where only the degree of preference for the LL is reported, a Thurstonian model of discrimination provides a shell that embraces all of the earlier models, providing additional information about the precision and bias of those preferential judgments. Comparison with other models All other prominent models are nested within, or approximations to, the models described here. Results The models are fit to exemplary data. They provide some support for theories of delay aversion, and explanations for some inconsistencies in the literature. They involve parameters of general utility and provide connection to economic models.
Laboratory and Numerical Studies of Heat Extraction from Hot Porous Media by Means of Supercritical \hbox {CO}_{2}

The use of $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ as a heat transfer fluid has been proposed as an alternative to water in enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) and in $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ -plume geothermal systems (CPG). Numerical simulations have shown that under expected EGS operating conditions, $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ would achieve more efficient heat extraction performance compared to water, especially at sites with low geothermal temperatures and low subsurface heat flow rates. With increased interest in carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), the possibility of combining geothermal energy production with carbon sequestration is actively being explored. Simulations have shown that $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ -based geothermal energy production could substantially offset the cost of CCS. Since numerical models are critical for the planning and operation of geothermal systems that employ $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ as the working fluid, it is important to validate the results of the current numerical tools against real- world experimental data. In a set of laboratory experiments, we have investigated heat extraction by flowing dry supercritical $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ through a heated porous medium in a laboratory pressure vessel and have compared experimental results with a numerical model using TOUGH2 with the ECO2N module. In addition, experiments were performed using (1) $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ and (2) water as the working fluids under similar operating conditions in order to compare the heat transfer behavior and the overall heat extraction rates. Our laboratory apparatus is capable of operating at temperatures up to 200 $$^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ , pressures up to 34.5 MPa, and flow rates up to 400 ml/min. The experimental system was designed such that measurements and controls at the boundaries could be readily modeled using TOUGH2. We have made estimates of the density and the effective thermal conductivity of our saturated porous media, and have found that both properties change significantly during the course of experiments. The large changes in $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ density, due to decreasing system temperatures, can result in fluid accumulation in the system that may have significant impacts on geothermal reservoir management. The large changes in thermal conductivity as a function of temperature are of concern because the TOUGH2 code does not update the thermal conductivity of the system during the course of a simulation. Our data can be used by geologic reservoir modelers to ensure that their models accurately capture the heat extraction behavior of $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ to aid in the further investigations of EGS, CPG, and CCS.
Our Experience with Two Reformed Calculus Programs.

ABSTRACT This paper gives a general description of reformed calculus efforts, and then describes our experiences with two reformed calculus programs, together with traditional calculus. It also provides comparisons between these three programs.
Vulnerability analysis of certificate graphs

A certificate system can be represented by a directed graph, called a certificate graph, where each node represents a user that has a public key and a private key and each edge (u, v) represents a certificate that is signed by the private key of u and contains the public key of v. Two types of damage can be done in a certificate graph when the private key of a node u in the graph is revealed to an adversary: explicit and implicit. The explicit damage is that the adversary can impersonate node u to other nodes in the graph (until it is known to other nodes that the private key of u is revealed). The implicit damage is that the adversary can impersonate nodes other than u to other nodes in the graph. In this paper, we define a metric called vulnerability that measures the scope of explicit and implicit damage that may occur in a certificate graph when the private key of a node in the graph is revealed to an adversary. Using this metric, we analyse the vulnerability of different classes of certificate graphs. For example, in the case of (m, k)-star certificate graphs, the vulnerability is 1−(k−1)/2mk, whereas in the case of (d, h)-tree certificate graphs, the vulnerability is approximately 1−h/dh. For the same number of nodes, (m, k)-star certificate graphs can be made less vulnerable than (d, h)-tree certificate graphs. We present three algorithms that compute the vulnerability of an arbitrary certificate graph, and use these algorithms to show that certificate dispersal and stricter acceptance criteria reduce the vulnerability of certificate graphs.
Modulation of the excitability of cockroach giant interneurons during walking

1. The giant interneurons (GI's) of the cockroachPeriplaneta americana are morphologically divisible into dorsal and ventral groups within each connective of the ventral nerve cord (VNC). During walking there is simultaneous excitation of dorsal GI's and inhibition of ventral GI's (Figs. 1, 2, 5 and 6). 2. The mean firing frequency of each of the six dorsal GI's increases as the animal's speed of walking increases. In an analogous manner, the amount of inhibition of the six large ventral GI's increases as the speed of walking increases (Figs. 6 and 7). 3. Computer-aided analysis of intracellular records of GI firing during walking in suspended preparations indicated that at the slow speeds of walking tested, spike activity of all three pairs of dorsal GI's is not closely coupled to any particular phase in the stepping cycle. 4. The inhibition of ventral GI activity doesn't build up over time. It begins when the animal begins stepping and stops when the animal stops stepping (Fig. 5) as has been shown previously for excitatory modulation of dorsal GI's (Delcomyn and Daley, 1979). 5. These results suggest that the morphological division of GI's into dorsal and ventral groups has a physiological correlate. The dual modulation of GI activity during walking is discussed in relation to the animal's escape behavior.
Bounded-depth, polynomial-size circuits for symmetric functions

Abstract Let F = { f 1 , f 2 ,…} be a family of symmetric Boolean functions, where f n has n Boolean variables, for each n ⩾ 1. Let μ F ( n ) be the minimum number of variables of f n that each have to be set to constant values so that the resulting function is a constant function. We show that the growth rate of μ F ( n ) completely determines whether or not the family F is ‘good’, that is, can be realized by a family of constant-depth, polynomial-size circuits (with unbounded fan-in). Furthermore, if μ F ( n ) ⩽ (log n ) k for some k , then the family F is good. However, if μ F ( n ) ⩾ n ϵ for some ϵ > 0, then the family is not good.
Uptake of normal immunoglobins by motor neurons in the rat: A study using radioiodinated IgG

Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and the mystatial vibrissae was injected with 0.3-120 pmol of 125I-labeled affinity-purified nonspecific rat IgG with and without additional unlabeled IgG in 50 μL of normal saline. Following a survival of 2 days, the rats were deeply anesthetized and perfused with saline and buffered formalin. The brains were removed and punch sample taken that included the facial nuclei. Uptake of radioiodinated IgG by the facial nucleus was determined by subtracting background activity, which was determined from the facial nucleus punch sample contralateral to the injection, from the ipsilateral facial nucleus. Uptake of radiolabeled IgG established a linear relationship with the amount of radiolabeled IgG injected, and only a very small amount was taken up (0.21 fmol per nmol injected). Addition of unlabeled IgG had no effect on the uptake of radiolabeled IgG. This evidence supports immunohistochemical evidence indicating that nonspecific serum IgG is taken up by motor neurons of the CNS with axons projecting the periphery. An increased understanding of this and other aspects of the relationship between the nervous system and the humoral immune system may provide insight concerning the pathogenesis of certain types of autoimmune nervous system disease.
Hypertropia Associated With Superolateral Translation of the Superior Rectus Muscle Pulley in Unilateral Coronal Synostosis

Objective: To explore the mechanisms underlying the hypertropia associated with unilateral coronal synostosis. Methods: In 13 patients with unilateral coronal synostosis, we measured gaze-dependent binocular alignment before and after strabismus surgery, assessed the superior rectus muscle (SRM) pulley using computed tomography,andsimulatedposteriordisplacementofthetrochlea and superolateral displacement of the SRM pulley. Results: All the patients had an ipsilateral hypertropia in primary gaze (3-30 diopters) that increased in contralateral gaze and decreased in ipsilateral gaze and that simulated an inferior oblique muscle overaction. Strabismus surgery fully or partially corrected the hypertropia in only 7 of 11 patients. High-resolution computed tomographydemonstratedthatthepulleyoftheSRMrelative to the inferior rectus muscle was translated 0 to 11.0 mm laterally and up to 2.7 mm vertically. Lateral translation (up to 10 mm) alone or combined with vertical translation (up to 5 mm) of the SRM pulley in the simulated model produced a hypertropia with lateral incomitance. Posterior translation (15 mm) of the trochlea did not induce a significant hypertropia. Conclusion: Superolateral translation of the SRM pulleycreatesanimbalanceofmusclepullingforcesthatbetter accounts for the hypertropia than posterior displacement of the trochlea.
Decline in Bloater Fecundity in Southern Lake Michigan After Decline of Diporeia

Population fecundity can vary through time, sometimes owing to changes in adult condition. Consideration of these fecundity changes can improve understanding of recruitment variation. Herein, we estimated fecundity of Lake Michigan bloater Coregonus hoyi during December 2005 and February 2006. Bloater recruitment has been highly variable from 1962 to present, and consistently poor since 1992. We compared our fecundity vs. weight regression to a previously published regression that used fish sampled in October 1969. We wanted to develop a new regression for two reasons. First, it should be more accurate because it uses fish collected closer to spawning, thus minimizing the potential for atresia (egg reabsorption) which could bias fecundity high. Second, we hypothesized that fecundity would be lower in 2006 because adult condition was 41% lower in 2006 compared to 1969, likely owing to the decline of Diporeia spp, a primary prey for bloater. Although the slope of the fecundity versus weight regression was similar between the years, fecundity was 24% lower in 2006 than in 1969 for bloater weighing between 70 and 240 g. Whether this was the result of the difference in sampling time prior to spawning or of differences in condition is unknown. We also found no relationship between maternal size and mature oocyte size. Incorporating our updated fecundity regression into a stock/recruit model failed to improve the model fit, indicating that the low bloater recruitment that has been observed since the early 1990s is not solely the result of reduced fecundity.
Constructing Test Cases for Partitioning Heuristics

In analyzing the effectiveness of min-cut partitioning heuristics, we are faced with the task of constructing ``random'' looking test networks with a prescribed cut-set size in its optimal partition. We present a technique for constructing networks over a given set of components that has been a priori partitioned into two parts. The networks have the property that the optimal partition, i.e., one that minimizes the size of the cut-set, is the predefined partition, and this partition has a cut-set of a given size. Furthermore, these networks can be designed to possess certain statistical properties, such as a desired mean and standard deviation for the number of components per net, so that they truly reflect the input space in the application domain. We also extend these techniques to the generalized partitioning problem.
The strategic importance of applied tree conservation programs to the forest industry in South Africa

Because of anticipated adverse climatic change and resulting increases in disease and insect attacks in forest plantations in the future, forest industries must maintain broad genetic bases for adaptability and pest resistance. Since the early 1980s, the South African forest industry has obtained genetic material of 25 pine and eucalypt species that represent more than 4 200 trees from 260 natural populations around the world through its participation in Camcore (International Tree Breeding and Conservation Program) at North Carolina State University, USA. This combined genetic testing and conservation program has identified new productive pine species, such as P. tecunumanii and P. maximinoi, that grow well and are resistant in the seedling stage to the pitch canker fungus (Fusarium circinatum). Because of the industry's foresight to assemble genetic material and test alternate species over the last three decades, it was well prepared to immediately develop more-resistant pine hybrids such as P. patula ×...
The Effects of Divorce on Children: Married and Divorced Parents' Perspectives

Three hypotheses, derived from the social psychology literature, regarding the impact of marital status history on parents' attitudes toward the impact of divorce on children were examined. Married parents (n = 118) were expected to report more negative effects of divorce on children than divorced parents (n = 114); mothers and fathers whose own parents remained married were expected to rate the impact of divorce more negatively than mothers and fathers whose parents had divorced; and, divorced parents who initiated their own divorce were expected to report fewer negative effects of divorce on children than parents who did not initiate divorce. All three hypotheses were supported, extending the self- and vested-interest research to the divorce literature.
The mean of several quotients of two measured variables

Abstract It is shown that the weighted geometrical mean is a more correct estimate of the mean of several quotients of two measured variables when the variables are normally distributed and have comparable errors.
Brote grande, a new phytoplasma-associated disease of Chile peppers.

Chile is one of the most important crops in New Mexico, contributing both to the agricultural economy and cultural identity of the state. Chile producers in New Mexico and Arizona have reported a disorder of unknown etiology that has increased in frequency for the past several years. Affected plants have a bushy appearance, develop overly large green calyces instead of normal flowers, and fail to set fruit. This characteristic phyllody is similar to symptoms associated with other phytoplasma-caused diseases, such as tomato big bud, and has led chile producers to refer to the disorder as “brote grande”, which is Spanish for “big bud”. PCR analysis using the phytoplasma-specific primer pairs P1/Tint and P1/P7 (4) produced amplicons of the expected size (~1.6 kb) from symptomatic but not healthy samples. Direct sequencing of the P1/P7 PCR amplicons determined that they contained the expected 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and included the tRNAIle typically found in phytoplasma ITS r...
The Effect of Calcium Hardness on Hatching Success of Channel Catfish × Blue Catfish Hybrid Catfish Eggs

Abstract The present study was designed to determine the optimal level of calcium hardness in hatching waters to incubate channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus × blue catfish I. furcatus hybrid catfish eggs. Hatching success of hybrid catfish eggs was higher (P < 0.05) at a calcium hardness (CaCO3) of 75 mg/L in hatching waters than at a calcium hardness of 25 or 50 mg/L; however, further increases in calcium concentration did not improve hatching success. A minimum water hardness of CaCO3 at 75 mg/L is recommended for incubating hybrid catfish eggs. Received September 13, 2011; accepted November 22, 2011
Synthesis and Biochemical Evaluation of 3-Fluoromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines as Selective Inhibitors of Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase versus the α2-Adrenoceptor.

A series of 3-fluoromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines (3-fluoromethyl-THIQs) was proposed, and their phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) and α2-adrenoceptor affinities were predicted through the use of comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) models. These compounds were synthesized and evaluated for affinity at PNMT and the α2-adrenoceptor. It was discovered that these compounds are some of the most selective inhibitors of PNMT versus the α2-adrenoceptor known. To determine the ability of these compounds to penetrate the blood−brain barrier (BBB), a series of THIQs possessing a variety of calculated partition coefficients (Clog P) were assayed using an in vitro BBB model. This study found a good correlation between lipophilicity (Clog P) and BBB permeability, which indicated that THIQs possessing Clog P values of at least 0.13−0.57 should have some penetration into the brain. Two compounds [3-fluoromethyl-7-N-(4-chlorophenyl)aminosulfonyl-THIQ (18) and 3-fluoromethyl-7-cyano-THIQ (20)]...
Evidence in the Bering Strait region for differential movement between North America and Eurasia

North-trending folds and regional deflection of Cordilleran trends in the Bering Strait region strongly suggest east-west compression and crustal shortening between the North American and Eurasian continents during late Mesozoic or early Cenozoic time. Along the northwest coast of Alaska, the west- and southwest-trending grain of the Cordilleran belt appears to be deflected by a belt of folds and thrust faults that can be traced from Cape Lisburne southward across the Seward Peninsula and Yukon-Koyukuk province to the Kaltag fault. Fold axes are generally overturned to the east, and locally Paleozoic strata are thrust eastward onto Mesozoic strata. Major geologic trends on the north side of the Kaltag fault appear to be offset as much as 130 km to the east. On the Bering-Chukchi shelf, increasing evidence suggests that Cordilleran trends between Alaska and Siberia are buckled into a tight southward-looping orocline. The Paleozoic and early Mesozoic stratigraphic sequence on St. Lawrence Island is nearly identical with that found in the western Brooks Range, 400 km to the north, and distinctive belts of late Paleozoic and Mesozoic mafic volcanic and intrusive rocks and alkalic intrusive rocks appear to be traceable in an arc stretching southward from the Kobuk-Selawik area to St. Lawrence Island and then northward onto the Chukotsk Peninsula. Oroclinal bending in the Bering Strait region and in the eastern Brooks Range appears to have foreshortened the northern part of the Alaska Cordillera by at least 800 km. As neither of these deflections is reflected in the arcuate trends of the Alaska and Aleutian Ranges, the northern part of Alaska may have been decoupled from the southern part along the Kaltag fault. This compressional event in Late Cretaceous or early Tertiary time may be related to opening of the North Atlantic Ocean basin.
Three-Dimensional Hexagonal Structures from a Novel Self-Complementary Molecular Building Block

Nitrilotri(methylphosphonic acid), 1H6, exists as a zwitter ion in its pure form and reveals a complex three-dimensional structure with no predictable structural patterns. However, when acid 1H6 is reacted with 1,7-phenanthroline, 2, 1,10-phenanthroline, 3, acridine, 6, and tripropylamine, 8, in a 1:1 molar ratio, monodeprotonation of 1H6 triggers a prototypal self-complementary 3D hexagonal architecture in complexes 9 (1H5·H·2H2O), 10 (1H5·3H), 11 (1·5H)·(5)0.5, and 12 (1·8H). The networks are stabilized by very strong ionic hydrogen bonds and offer a viable new strategy for the design of stable and predictable 3D open organic networks. However, monodeprotonation of acid 1H6 with quinoline, 6, does not lead to the expected open hexagonal structure in 13 (1·6H) as quinolinium cations cannot effectively fill the void space if open hexagonal open structures were formed. The unique three-dimensional connectivity of these open networks does not permit interweaving, and template effects play a critical role in...
Late Cretaceous Cheilostome Bryozoans from California and Baja California

Cretaceous bryozoans from western North America are very poorly known. This paper describes twelve species of cheilostomes from the Upper Cretaceous of southern California and Baja California. The only previously described bryozoan, Ceriocava eastoni Woollacott, 1966, from the Holz Member (?Turonian–Campanian), Ladd Formation of the Santa Ana Mountains, is transferred from Cyclostomata to Cheilostomata, made the type species of the new genus Zimmerella and placed in the family Chiplonarinidae. The following new Campanian– Maastrichtian species are described from the Rosario, Point Loma, and Cabrillo formations of San Diego County, California and Le Mision, Baja California: Wilbertopora sannerae sp. nov., Onychocella schopforum sp. nov., Trichinopolia californica sp. nov., and T. lata sp. nov.
The role of skin trauma in the distribution of morphea lesions: A cross-sectional survey of the Morphea in Adults and Children cohort IV

Background Skin trauma may play a role in the development of morphea lesions. The association between trauma and the distribution of cutaneous lesions has never been examined to our knowledge. Objective We sought to determine whether patients enrolled in the Morphea in Adults and Children (MAC) cohort exhibit skin lesions distributed in areas of prior (isotopic) or ongoing (isomorphic) trauma. Methods This was a cross-sectional analysis of the MAC cohort. Results Of 329 patients in the MAC cohort, 52 (16%) had trauma-associated lesions at the onset of disease. Patients with lesions in an isotopic distribution had greater clinical severity as measured by a clinical outcome measure (mean modified Rodnan Skin Score of 13.8 vs 5.3, P = .004, 95% confidence interval 3.08-13.92) and impact on life quality (mean Dermatology Life Quality Index score 8.4 vs 4.1, P = .009, 95% confidence interval 1.18-7.50) than those with an isomorphic distribution. Most frequent associated traumas were chronic friction (isomorphic) and surgery/isotopic. Limitations Recall bias for patient-reported events is a limitation. Conclusion Of patients in the MAC cohort, 16% developed initial morphea lesions at sites of skin trauma. If these findings can be confirmed in additional series, they suggest that elective procedures and excessive skin trauma or friction might be avoided in these patients.
The ClC-3 chloride channels in cardiovascular disease.

ClC-3 is a member of the ClC voltage-gated chloride (Cl−) channel superfamily. Recent studies have demonstrated the abundant expression and pleiotropy of ClC-3 in cardiac atrial and ventricular myocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. ClC-3 Cl− channels can be activated by increase in cell volume, direct stretch of β1-integrin through focal adhesion kinase and many active molecules or growth factors including angiotensin II and endothelin-1-mediated signaling pathways, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and reactive oxygen species. ClC-3 may function as a key component of the volume-regulated Cl− channels, a superoxide anion transport and/or NADPH oxidase interaction partner, and a regulator of many other transporters. ClC-3 has been implicated in the regulation of electrical activity, cell volume, proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis and intracellular pH. This review will highlight the major findings and recent advances in the study of ClC-3 Cl− channels in the cardiovascular system and discuss their important roles in cardiac and vascular remodeling during hypertension, myocardial hypertrophy, ischemia/reperfusion, and heart failure.
RESPECTING HUMAN DIGNITY: CONTRACT VERSUS CAPABILITIES

: There appears to be a tension between two commitments in liberalism. The first is that citizens, as rational agents possessing dignity, are owed a justification for principles of justice. The second is that members of society who do not meet the requirements of rational agency are owed justice. These notions conflict because the first commitment is often expressed through the device of the social contract, which seems to confine the scope of justice to rational agents. So, contractarianism seems to ignore the justice claims of the severely cognitively impaired. To solve this problem, Martha Nussbaum proposes the capabilities approach. The justifiability condition, on this approach, is met by the idea of overlapping consensus. This essay argues that overlapping consensus cannot meet liberalism's justifiability condition, nor is it more inclusive of the cognitively impaired. Therefore, we have reason to retain the contract device and look for another way to ensure that liberalism respects the justice claims of all.
Satellite terminals: a local solution to hub congestion?

Transport hubs are important generators of freight traAc both between and within metropolitan areas. The concentration of traAc places pressure on the terminals to expand their sites to cope with the business. At the same time the spatial spread of flows is becoming more extensive, impacting ever more severely on local communities. This paper explores some of the questions involving the need for terminals to continue expanding sites that are often in zones of intense environmental and land use conflict. It goes on to consider an alternative comprising satellite facilities, with the consequential dispersal of some transfer functions to sites that may be some distance from the main hubs themselves. " 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. A distinctive feature of contemporary transportation systems is the degree of traAc concentration at a rela- tively small number of hubs or load centres. Across the modes a few terminals dominate national and interna- tional traAc totals. While the causes of traAc concen- tration are based upon transport system dynamics that are often global in scope, it is the locality of the terminal that bears the brunt of negative externalities, including noise and air pollution, and congestion. As major air- ports, seaports and rail terminals experience ever larger throughputs their sites are subjected to even more pressures to cope with the extra volumes, accentuating an already diAcult situation. In addition, the greater road traAc generated by the hubs spills onto neigh- bouring highways. This paper argues that traditional solutions to the problem face increasing diAculties. The development of new terminals on greenfield sites is un- likely, and expansion of existing sites is impossible in most cases. Furthermore, renovation and improvements of existing terminals provide short to mid-term solutions only. Thus, new approaches are called for. Most of the suggestions that have been put forward focus on man- aging demand, by spreading out peak demand periods for example, and improving operational eAciency of existing sites (Hams, 1992). In this paper another pos- sibility involving the establishment of specialised satel- lite facilities is proposed. Satellites are seen as an opportunity to accommodate future growth of the load centres, while minimising the dislocations on the local communities.
Predicting support for recolonization of mountain lions (Puma concolor) in the Adirondack park

Carnivore range expansion creates opportunities for human–wildlife conflicts. Wildlife attitudes and values, factual knowledge, and risk perception have all been proposed as variables to measure or predict social acceptability of wildlife management. We examined the social acceptability of natural recolonization of mountain lions (Puma concolor; an extirpated carnivore) in the Adirondack Park, New York, USA. We administered questionnaires in person to 315 Adirondack residents and visitors during summer 2013. We also posed questions to 800 New York State residents in a telephone survey during winter 2014. We tested five hypotheses: 1) wildlife attitude and values scale scores predict stated support for restoration of mountain lions in the Adirondack Park; 2) people more knowledgeable about mountain lions perceive less risk and indicate greater support for mountain lion restoration; 3) women report greater perceived risk than do men from mountain lions; 4) residents will report greater perceived risk than nonresidents; and 5) respondents who participate in activities such as hiking and hunting in the Park will perceive less risk than those who do not. A majority of respondents supported natural recolonization of mountain lions to the Adirondack Park. Results of our regression model indicated that perceived risk and factual knowledge influence support for mountain lion restoration, with more knowledgeable respondents perceiving lower risk and reporting greater support. To reduce the potential for human–wildlife conflict and moderate risk perceptions, we recommend wildlife agencies and others consider conveying educational messages about how stakeholders can coexist with large predators in areas in which they are recolonizing. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Iron deficiency causes a shift in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) subunit composition in rat skeletal muscle

As a cellular energy sensor, the 5’AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is activated in response to energy stresses such as hypoxia and muscle contraction. To determine effects of iron deficiency on AMPK activation and signaling, as well as the AMPK subunit composition in skeletal muscle, rats were fed a control (C=50-58 mg/kg Fe) or iron deficient (ID=2-6 mg/kg Fe) diet for 6–8 wks. Their respective hematocrits were 47.5% ± 1.0 and 16.5% ± 0.6. Iron deficiency resulted in 28.3% greater muscle fatigue (p<0.01) in response to 10 min of stimulation (1 twitch/sec) and was associated with a greater reduction in phosphocreatine (C: Resting 24.1 ± 0.9 μmol/g, Stim 13.1 ± 1.5 μmol/g; ID: Resting 22.7 ± 1.0 μmol/g, Stim 3.2 ± 0.7 μmol/g; p<0.01) and ATP levels (C: Resting 5.89 ± 0.48 μmol/g, Stim 6.03 ± 0.35 μmol/g; ID: Resting 5.51 ± 0.20 μmol/g, Stim 4.19 ± 0.47 μmol/g; p<0.05). AMPK activation increased with stimulation in muscles of C and ID animals. A reduction in Cytochrome c and other iron-dependent mitochondrial proteins was observed in ID animals (p<0.01). The AMPK catalytic subunit (α) was examined because both isoforms are known to play different roles in responding to energy challenges. In ID animals, AMPKα2 subunit protein content was reduced to 71.6% of C (p<0.05), however this did not result in a significant difference in resting AMPKα2 activity. AMPKα1 protein was unchanged, however an overall increase in AMPKα1 activity was observed (C: 0.91 pmol/mg/min; ID: 1.63 pmol/mg/min; p<0.05). Resting phospho Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (pACC) was unchanged. In addition, we observed significant reductions in the β2 and γ3 subunits of AMPK in response to iron deficiency. This study indicates that chronic iron deficiency causes a shift in the expression of AMPKα, β, and γ subunit composition. Iron deficiency also causes chronic activation of AMPK as well as an increase in AMPKα1 activity in exercised skeletal muscle.
The Relationship Between Cell Phone Use and Academic Performance in a Sample of U.S. College Students

The cell phone is ever-present on college campuses and is frequently used in settings where learning occurs. This study assessed the relationship between cell phone use and actual college grade point average (GPA) after controlling for known predictors. As such, 536 undergraduate students from 82 self-reported majors at a large, public university were sampled. A hierarchical regression (R2 = .449) demonstrated that cell phone use was significantly (p < .001) and negatively (β = −.164) related to actual college GPA after controlling for demographic variables, self-efficacy for self-regulated learning, self-efficacy for academic achievement, and actual high school GPA, which were all significant predictors (p < .05). Thus, after controlling for other established predictors, increased cell phone use was associated with decreased academic performance. Although more research is needed to identify the underlying mechanisms, findings suggest a need to sensitize students and educators about the potential academic...
Disentangling the Effects of Violent Victimization, Violent Behavior, and Gun Carrying for Minority Inner-City Youth Living in Extreme Poverty

Two waves of longitudinal data were used to examine the sequencing between violent victimization, violent behavior, and gun carrying in a high-poverty sample of African American youth. Multivariate logistic regression results indicated that violent victimization T1 and violent behavior T1 increased the likelihood of initiation of gun carrying T2 when examined separately (by 132% and 91%, respectively). However, only violent victimization T1 was a significant predictor of initiation of gun carrying T2 after controlling for violent behavior T1. More nuanced analyses uncovered no significant difference in the likelihood of initiating gun carrying when comparing offensive versus defensive gun carriers. The theoretical and policy implications of these findings are also discussed.
Recombinant Factor VIIa in the Treatment of Non-Hemophiliac Bleeding

OBJECTIVE:To review the clinical evidence for the use of recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) in the prevention and/or treatment of bleeding in non-hemophiliac patients.DATA SOURCES:A MEDLINE search (1966–December 2004) was conducted to identify pertinent literature. Results were limited to English-language reports and clinical trials. References of relevant articles and selected abstracts presented at scientific meetings were also reviewed.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:Human data from prospective and retrospective studies that examined the hemostatic effect of rFVIIa in non-hemophiliac patients were reviewed, with a focus on surgical prophylaxis, liver disease, intractable bleeding associated with trauma and surgery, and anticoagulation reversal.DATA SYNTHESIS:Results from limited controlled trials on the use of rFVIIa as an adjunct for prevention of bleeding in surgery and liver diseases have not been consistent. For treatment of intractable bleeding, earlier use of rFVIIa in one trauma trial was show...
Stroke: 30 Years of Progress 1987–1991

It is a pleasure to reflect on my term as editor of Stroke . There were many accomplishments that led to an increased understanding of stroke and its management during that period, and many changes in the journal itself. Perhaps the most conspicuous change in Stroke occurred in 1988, when the journal moved from bimonthly to monthly publication. By 1989 there was a 50% increase, from 1987, in studies published in Stroke . This figure suggests that not only was there an increasing amount of research published, but that its quality did not appear to have been diluted. Further, it is likely that the overall time to publication of stroke-related research was substantially shortened by monthly publication. It must be noted that these changes could not have been accomplished without a cadre of diligent reviewers and the devotion and hard work of Nancy Lynch Clark, who served as managing editor throughout my tenure. It is they who made the journal larger, with no loss of scientific integrity. Stroke grew in other ways as well. The subject index and glossary of terms were standardized, using MeSH headings, and an in-house abstracts editor. This was the first and only time that the abstracts …
Comparison of a nurse initiated insulin infusion protocol for intensive insulin therapy between adult surgical trauma, medical and coronary care intensive care patients

Sustained hyperglycemia is a known risk factor for adverse outcomes in critically ill patients. The specific aim was to determine if a nurse initiated insulin infusion protocol (IIP) was effective in maintaining blood glucose values (BG) within a target goal of 100–150 mg/dL across different intensive care units (ICUs) and to describe glycemic control during the 48 hours after protocol discontinuation. A descriptive, retrospective review of 366 patients having 28,192 blood glucose values in three intensive care units, Surgical Trauma Intensive Care Unit (STICU), Medical (MICU) and Coronary Care Unit (CCU) in a quaternary care hospital was conducted. Patients were > 15 years of age, admitted to STICU (n = 162), MICU (n = 110) or CCU (n = 94) over 8 months; October 2003-June 2004 and who had an initial blood glucose level > 150 mg/dL. We summarized the effectiveness and safety of a nurse initiated IIP, and compared these endpoints among STICU, MICU and CCU patients. The median blood glucose values (mg/dL) at initiation of insulin infusion protocol were lower in STICU (188; IQR, 162–217) than in MICU, (201; IQR, 170–268) and CCU (227; IQR, 178–313); p < 0.0001. Mean time to achieving a target glucose level (100–150 mg/dL) was similar between the three units: 4.6 hours in STICU, 4.7 hours in MICU and 4.9 hours in CCU (p = 0.27). Hypoglycemia (BG < 60 mg/dL) occurred in 7% of STICU, 5% of MICU, and 5% of CCU patients (p = 0.85). Protocol violations were uncommon in all three ICUs. Mean blood glucose 48 hours following IIP discontinuation was significantly different for each population: 142 mg/dL in STICU, 167 mg/dL in MICU, and 160 mg/dL in CCU (p < 0.0001). The safety and effectiveness of nurse initiated IIP was similar across different ICUs in our hospital. Marked variability in glucose control after the protocol discontinuation suggests the need for further research regarding glucose control in patients transitioning out of the ICU.
A Balance between Positive and Negative Signals in Cytotoxic Lymphocytes Regulates the Polarization of Lipid Rafts during the Development of Cell-Mediated Killing

Plasma membrane microdomains containing sphingolipids and cholesterol (lipid rafts) are enriched in signaling molecules. The cross-linking of certain types of cell surface receptors initiates the redistribution of these lipid rafts, resulting in the formation of signaling complexes. However, little is known about the regulation of the initial raft redistribution and whether negative regulatory signaling pathways target this phase of cellular activation. We used natural killer (NK) cells as a model to investigate the regulation of raft redistribution, as both positive and negative signals have been implicated in the development of their cellular function. Here we show that after NK cells form conjugates with sensitive tumor cells, rafts become polarized to the site of target recognition. This redistribution of lipid rafts requires the activation of both Src and Syk family protein tyrosine kinases. In contrast, engagement of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-recognizing killer cell inhibitory receptors (KIRs) on NK cells by resistant, MHC-bearing tumor targets blocks raft redistribution. This inhibition is dependent on the catalytic activity of KIR-associated SHP-1, a Src homology 2 (SH2) domain containing tyrosine phosphatase. These results suggest that the influence of integrated positive and negative signals on raft redistribution critically influences the development of cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
Job Involvement and Organization Commitment Among Dual-Income and Single-Income Families: A Multiple-Site Study

Abstract On the basis of data from 2 manufacturing plants (n = 260 participants at Site 1, and n = 314 at Site 2) in the United States, the authors examined levels of organization commitment and the job involvement of single-income and dual-income couples. A questionnaire that differentiates between those variables was used as the survey instrument. The results indicated that in 1 site there was no difference in the levels of organization commitment and in job involvement between individuals in dual-income and single-income families. In another site, however, individuals from single wage earner families with children had higher levels of commitment than members of dual wage earner families. Those results may have practical implications for organizations developing programs and policies to foster favorable working conditions and organization commitment.
Sequences Associated with Centromere Competency in the Human Genome

Centromeres, the sites of spindle attachment during mitosis and meiosis, are located in specific positions in the human genome, normally coincident with diverse subsets of alpha satellite DNA. While there is strong evidence supporting the association of some subfamilies of alpha satellite with centromere function, the basis for establishing whether a given alpha satellite sequence is or is not designated a functional centromere is unknown, and attempts to understand the role of particular sequence features in establishing centromere identity have been limited by the near identity and repetitive nature of satellite sequences. Utilizing a broadly applicable experimental approach to test sequence competency for centromere specification, we have carried out a genomic and epigenetic functional analysis of endogenous human centromere sequences available in the current human genome assembly. The data support a model in which functionally competent sequences confer an opportunity for centromere specification, integrating genomic and epigenetic signals and promoting the concept of context-dependent centromere inheritance.
Middle Miocene paleoaltimetry of southern Tibet: Implications for the role of mantle thickening and delamination in the Himalayan orogen

The stable isotope composition of pedogenic and early diagenetic carbonates from the Oiyug Basin of southern Tibet allows model estimates of the paleoaltimetry of the Tibetan Plateau for the middle Miocene. Pedogenic calcium carbonate nodules have average d 18 Occ values of 219.6‰, whereas nodular lacustrine dolomites range in composition from 27.6‰ to 25.5‰. The most negative of the carbonate isotope values can be used to constrain the oxygen isotope composition of paleoprecipitation, from which model estimates of paleoaltimetry can be made. Model results indicate that the southern Tibetan Plateau achieved elevations of ;5200 11370/2605 m by at least 15 Ma. Our results are identical within uncertainty to previous workers’ paleoelevation estimates based on Oiyug Basin fossil floral physiognomy. This is the first time that two paleoaltimeters have been directly compared and are in accord. Collectively, these data strongly support tectonic models in which thickening of mantle lithosphere beneath the domain of crustal thickening and subsequent detachment of the mantle lithosphere plays an indiscernible role in the elevation history of this part of the Himalaya-Tibet orogenic system.
Computerized mammography data base systems.

A computerized mammography data base system is a specialized radiology information system that is usually maintained on personal computers and is designed to facilitate the data processing tasks associated with mammography. This article is intended to assist readers in developing an organized approach to evaluating or designing a computerized mammography data base system, and to help in determining if such a system is feasible. Some initial decisions are necessary. Consideration should be given to how mammograms are currently processed in the department to be computerized. It may be helpful to draw a detailed flow chart of the procedures that are followed as a mammogram is acquired and paperwork is assembled, and then chart the flow of information from the mammographer outward (e.g., to a transcriptionist, to referring physicians, to patients). These steps are essential to define how current procedures can be enhanced by computerization and will also indicate current methods that can be modified vs those ...
Shifts in targeting of class switch recombination sites in mice that lack μ switch region tandem repeats or Msh2

The mechanisms that target class switch recombination (CSR) to antibody gene switch (S) regions are unknown. Analyses of switch site locations in wild-type mice and in mice that lack the Sμ tandem repeats show shifts indicating that a 4–5-kb DNA domain (bounded upstream by the Iμ promoter) is accessible for switching independent of Sμ sequences. This CSR-accessible domain is reminiscent of the promoter-defined domains that target somatic hypermutation. Within the 4–5-kb CSR domain, the targeting of S site locations also depends on the Msh2 mismatch repair protein because Msh2-deficient mice show an increased focus of sites to the Sμ tandem repeat region. We propose that Msh2 affects S site location because sequences with few activation-induced cytidine deaminase targets generate mostly switch DNA cleavages that require Msh2-directed processing to allow CSR joining.
Adaptive mesh refinement in Titanium

In this paper, we evaluate Titanium's usability as a high-level parallel programming language through a case study, where we implement a subset of Chombo's functionality in Titanium. Chombo is a software package applying the adaptive mesh refinement methodology to numerical partial differential equations at the production level. In Chombo, the library approach is used to parallel programming (C++ and Fortran, with MPI), whereas Titanium is a Java dialect designed for high-performance scientific computing. The performance of our implementation is studied and compared with that of Chombo in solving Poisson's equation based on two grid configurations from a real application. Also provided are the counts of lines of code from both sides.
Ecologic momentary assessment of eating-disordered behaviors

Objective: This pilot study evaluated the feasibility of ecologic momentary assess- ment (EMA) to measure five eating disorder behaviors and to examine reactivity of these behaviors to this measurement approach. The pattern of correspondence between EMA and the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) was also examined. Methods: Women with threshold or subthreshold anorexia and bulimia nervosa (N ¼ 16) recorded their eating disorder behaviors for 4 weeks on a hand-held computer. Upon completion of the EMA procedure, the EDE was administered. Results: Eighty-eight percent of the sample completed the EMA behavioral recording. No differences in behavioral frequency were found in the first and second halves of the EMA measurement period, suggesting that behaviors were not reactive to the methodology. Binging and excessive exercise were lower when measured by EMA compared with the EDE. Discussion: These results suggest that EMA is a feasible and valid approach to the measurement of disordered eating behaviors. # 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 349-360, 2003.