cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 2734: c-Met antibody LY2875358 (LA480) shows differential antitumor effects in non-small cell lung cancer

c-Met is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family and is the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). c-Met is involved in many mechanisms of cancer proliferation and metastasis. Inappropriate activation of c-Met can be induced by ligand-independent mechanisms such as gene amplification, specific genetic mutations, and transcriptional up-regulation, or by ligand-dependent autocrine or paracrine mechanisms. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Despite the successful development of EGFR- or EML4-ALK-targetd therapies, treatment options remain limited for patients with advanced lung cancer, making the identification of new therapeutic targets essential. c-Met expression was reported in 41-72% non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), amplification of c-Met occurs in 5-10 % of patients, and c-Met mutations have been detected in 8-13% of patients. We have developed a bi-valent c-Met antibody LY2875358 (LA480), which blocks ligand-dependent and ligand-independent c-Met activations. It is currently in clinical development. Here, we have demonstrated that LY2875358 alone or in combination with standard-of-care (SOC) affected cell proliferation, migration and signal transduction in NSCLC cells with c-Met gene amplification, mutations and overexpression. In vitro, LY2875358 induces wild type and mutant c-Met internalization and degradation. In vivo, LY2875358 alone shows a marked antitumor activity in Met amplification NSCLC xenograft models. The combination of LY2875358 with SOC chemotherapeutics treatments has better efficacy than either treatment alone, both in vitro and in vivo. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2734. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2734
Finite element modeling microelectromechanical structures for sensing applications

A general purpose finite element method is developed for the direct numerical solution of small amplitude vibrations of crystal structures which are superposed on a static biasing state. The use of resonant structures for sensing applications is widespread in the development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) such as accelerometers, pressure and force sensors, rate of rotation sensors, and resonant strain gauges. Central to the design of such devices is the problem of calculating the change in resonant frequency of a vibrating structure under an imposed quasi-static mechanical loading. The direct solution to this problem, except for very simple cases, is generally intractable since the formulation usually results in a set of nonlinear partial differential equations. Perturbation analysis has been used to obtain solutions to problems of simple geometry which are valid over a small range of magnitudes of the static biasing variables. When the structural geometry becomes complicated or when the change in frequency over a large range of the biasing magnitude is needed, as it would be in modeling the performance of a sensor design over its full operational range, a powerful numerical technique is necessary. A general class of finite elements will be presented which are based on the theory of Baumhauer and Tiersten for small fields superposed on a bias. The solution of the discretized problem is handled in two parts: 1) the solution of a static problem under a loading from the variable being sensed, and 2) the construction of a vibration eigen-value problem which incorporates the static solution vector into the element stiffness matrices via finite element shape functions. Relevant examples of the modeling of various resonant microsensors mentioned above are presented using materials such as Quartz, Gallium Arsenide, and Silicon.
Human factors simulations of a head-mounted, surgical display

Honeywell conducted two display simulations and evaluations to define design requirements for a stereoscopic, head-mounted, surgical display. The use of stereoscopic imagery resulted in striking improvements in surgical performance, as well as lending a degree of novelty and excitement to the procedure. Surgeons indicated they anticipate many benefits of such a system.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Modeling interannual variability of the Amazon hydroclimate

[1] El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) strongly influences the interannual variability of Amazon hydroclimate. But current global climate models are unable to represent the associated variability, raising the question of their aptitude to simulate current and changing climate in that region. We explore this critical issue with the Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Model (OLAM), a new Earth System Model (ESM) capable of simulating regions like mountain ranges at high resolution while efficiently simulating the rest of the world at coarser resolution. We find that simulations representing the Andes at resolutions coarser than 100 km lead to a ‘reverse’ ENSO effect, with large precipitation rates in the Amazon during ENSO events. In contrast, the model correctly simulates the ENSO dry anomaly provided the Andes are simulated at resolutions finer than 100 km. Furthermore, we find that the grid mesh over the Andes has important implications for ENSO teleconnections, especially over the continents.
Style and Language Use among Youth of the New Immigration: Formations of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Class in Everyday Practice

In this article I consider “style” as a linguistic and cultural concept that can demonstrate how identities performed through language use are linked to topics of central concern in studies of immigrant youth, including racial and ethnic formation, generational cohorts, acculturation, assimilation, and gender. I draw on anthropological and sociolinguistic approaches to style not generally considered in migration studies and present ethnographic data of two cliques of Desi (South Asian American) teens in a Northern California high school. I argue that analyses of youth style can substantially complicate assimilation frameworks by highlighting the ways in which young peoples' linguistic practices may not fit neatly into commonly used analytical categories of “immigrant” and “American.” Focusing on how political economy and local histories inform power and difference that shape migration experiences for youth, the article moves beyond routinely examined areas of heritage language retention and loss to analyz...
Preference for salt in a food may be alterable without a low sodium diet

Abstract In response to current efforts to reduce population-wide dietary salt intake, the objective of this study was to determine whether liking for reduced sodium and low sodium tomato juice could increase following repeated exposure over an extended period. Eighty-three adult subjects participated in a three-part study: an initial taste test, a 16-week longitudinal study, and a final taste test. Subjects gave liking ratings of four tomato juice samples ranging in sodium from 640 mg (a concentration comparable to a commercially available product) to 136 mg per 237 ml serving (a low sodium concentration) at both taste tests. For the longitudinal study, subjects were divided into two balanced groups based on PROP sensitivity, hedonic sensitivity to salt, and motivation to reduce dietary salt intake; the abrupt group received tomato juice reduced in sodium to reach a low sodium target at week four, and the gradual group received juice reduced in sodium via difference thresholds to reach the same target at week 14. Though liking for the juice with the highest salt content was unchanged between taste tests, liking for all reduced salt juices increased at the final taste test relative to the initial taste test among subjects in both salt reduction groups. In addition, subjects in both groups experienced a downward shift in preference for salt in tomato juice, indicating that repeated exposure may be sufficient to alter preference for salt in a food in the absence of a low sodium diet. That salt preference may be altered by exposure alone within the context of a high salt diet is promising for both the food industry and individual consumers.
Adenosine triphosphate:creatine phosphotransferase of rat cerebral cortex: evidence for a bimodal subcellular localization.

—(1) ATP: creatine phosphotransferase of rat cerebral cortex is soluble to the extent of 57 per cent when the tissue is homogenized in 0.25 M-sucrose and 80 per cent when distilled water is used for tissue dispersion. Among particulate fractions, the crude mitochondria] fraction contains the highest percentage of enzyme activity. (2) Discontinuous sucrose gradient fractionation of the crude mitochondrial fraction yields about 55 per cent of the particulate activity in the nerve ending fractions and 24 per cent in the mitochondrial pellet. (3) Rupturing of the nerve-ending particles by a moderate osmotic shock designed to spare the mitochondria results in about 60 per cent of the ATP:creatine phosphotransferase becoming soluble, the remainder preserving the association with heavy particles, presumably mitochondria. (4) Subfractionation of the microsomal fraction on a discontinuous sucrose gradient reveals that this particulate component of the enzyme is an adsorption artifact. (5) The overall evidence points to at least two distinct subcellular localizations of the enzyme in rat brain cortex, a major soluble component and a particulate component. It has not been unequivocally shown whether the latter, in turn, reflects the presence of a single, mitochondrial component or whether the soluble matrix of the nerve ending particles represents a third locale for the enzyme.
Evolution and diversification of a sexually dimorphic luminescent system in ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), including diagnoses for two new genera

A phylogeny was generated for Leiognathidae, an assemblage of bioluminescent, Indo-Pacific schooling fishes, using 6175 characters derived from seven mitochondrial genes (16S, COI, ND4, ND5, tRNA-His, tRNA-Ser, tRNA-Leu), two nuclear genes (28S, histone H3), and 15 morphological transformations corresponding to features of the fishes’ sexually dimorphic light-organ system (LOS; e.g., circumesophageal light organ, lateral lining of the gas bladder, transparent flank and opercular patches). Leiognathidae comprises three genera, Gazza, Leiognathus, and Secutor. Our results demonstrate that Leiognathidae, Gazza, and Secutor are monophyletic, whereas Leiognathus is not. The recovered pattern of relationships reveals that a structurally complex, strongly sexually dimorphic and highly variable species-specific light organ is derived from a comparatively simple non-dimorphic structure, and that evolution of other sexually dimorphic internal and external features of the male LOS are closely linked with these light-organ modifications. Our results demonstrate the utility of LOS features, both for recovering phylogeny and resolving taxonomic issues in a clade whose members otherwise exhibit little morphological variation. We diagnose two new leiognathid genera, Photopectoralis and Photoplagios, on the basis of these apomorphic LOS features and also present derived features of the LOS to diagnose several additional leiognathid clades, including Gazza and Secutor. Furthermore, we show that five distinct and highly specialized morphologies for male-specific lateral luminescence signaling, which exhibit species-specific variation in structure, have evolved in these otherwise outwardly conservative fishes. Leiognathids inhabit turbid coastal waters with poor visibility and are often captured in mixed assemblages of several species. We hypothesize that the species-specific, sexually dimorphic internal and external modifications of the leiognathid LOS provide compelling evidence for an assortative mating scheme in which males use species-specific patterns of lateral luminescence signaling to attract mates, and that this system functions to maintain reproductive isolation in these turbid coastal environments. � The Willi Hennig Society 2005.
Forced unraveling of nucleosomes assembled on heterogeneous DNA using core histones, NAP-1, and ACF.

Periodic arrays of nucleosomes were assembled on heterogeneous DNA using core histones, the histone chaperone NAP-1, and ATP-dependent chromatin assembly and remodeling factor (ACF). The mechanical properties of these complexes were interrogated by stretching them with optical tweezers. Abrupt events releasing ∼55-95 base-pairs of DNA, attributable to the non-equilibrium unraveling of individual nucleosomes, were frequently observed. This finding is comparable with a previous observation of 72-80 bp unraveling events for nucleosomes assembled by salt dialysis on a repeating sea urchin 5 S RNA positioning element, but the unraveling force varied over a wider range (∼5-65 pN, with the majority of events at lower force). Because ACF assembles nucleosomes uniformly on heterogeneous DNA sequences, as in native chromatin, we attribute this variation to a dependence of the unraveling force on the DNA sequence within individual nucleosomes. The mean force increased from 24 pN to 31 pN as NaCl was decreased from 100 mM to 5 mM. Spontaneous DNA re-wrapping events were occasionally observed in real time during force relaxation. The observed wide variations in the dynamic force needed to unravel individual nucleosomes and the occurrences of sudden DNA re-wrapping events may have an important regulatory influence on DNA-directed nuclear processes, such as the binding of transcription factors and the movement of polymerase complexes on chromatin.
Codesign of communication protocols

A codesign process using Promela, a concurrent programming language, is under development. A description is given of Promela, the software compiler, and the hardware compiler. As an example, the method is applied to a simple communication system using the alternating bit protocol. >
All-optical microfluidic circuit for biochemical and cellular analysis powered by photoactive nanoparticles

We have invented a novel all-optical-logic microfluidic system which is automatically controlled only by visible or near infrared light with down to submilliwatt power. No electric power supply, no external or MEMS pump, no tubings or connectors, no microfluidic valves, nor surface patterning are required in our system. Our device only consists of a single-layer PDMS microfluidic chip and newly invented photoactive nanoparticles. Our photoactive nanoparticles are capable of converting optical energy to hydrodynamic energy in fluids. The nanoparticle themselves are biocompatible and can be biofunctionalized. Via these photoactive nanoparticles, we used only light to drive, guide, switch and mix liquid in optofluidic logic circuits with desired speeds and directions. We demonstrated the optofluidic controls in transportation of biomolecules and cells.
Commodity exports and the adding-up problem in LDCs: Trade, investment and lending policy☆

Abstract This paper argues that previous analyses have generally failed to fully incorporate two important aspects of commodity policy: 1. (a) the spillover effect of policy change in one producing country on the welfare of other producing countries, and 2. (b) the policy response of the other producing countries. Taking spillover effects and strategic considerations into account leads to a more restrictive trade, investment and lending policy than would result from maximizing welfare on a country-by-country basis. This paper examines what trade and investment policy commodity-producing countries should pursue and what advice and lending policy should be pursued by the multilateral lending organizations.
Prospective controlled study of polytetrafluoroethylene versus saphenous vein in claudicant patients with bilateral above knee femoropopliteal bypasses.

Background: Although several studies have compared the patency rates of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and saphenous vein grafts (SVG) for the above knee location, none have compared the 2 grafts when implanted in the same patient with claudication who needs bilateral above knee femoropopliteal bypasses. Methods: Forty-three patients (86 limbs) with bilateral disabling claudication who had superficial femoral artery occlusion and above knee reconstitution with 2- to 3-vessel runoff were analyzed. Patients were treated on one side with PTFE and on the other side with SVG. They were sequentially assigned to PTFE-SVG alternating with SVG-PTFE. All patients were followed using duplex ultrasound and ankle/brachial indexes at 1 month and every 6 months thereafter. Results: The perioperative complication rates were 5% for PTFE and 12% for SVG. There was no operative death or perioperative amputation for either procedure. The Kaplan-Meier estimate of primary, assisted primary, and secondary patency rates at 72 months were 68%, 68%, and 77% for PTFE and 76%, 83%, and 85% for SVG. There were no statistically significant differences between primary and secondary patency rates for both grafts; however, the assisted primary patency rates were higher for SVG (P < .05). The crude limb salvage rate at 72 months was 98% for PTFE and 98% for SVG. There were no risk factors identified that had an impact on graft patency. Conclusions: PTFE and SVG for above knee bypasses have comparable patency and limb salvage rates in claudicant patients with bilateral superficial femoral artery occlusion and 2- to 3-vessel runoff. This may justify the use of PTFE for above knee locations in these selected patients. (Surgery 1999;126:594-602.)
Spectroscopy of metallic and insulating V 2 O 3

${\mathrm{V}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ exhibits as a function of temperature a metal-insulator transition (MIT) associated with a structural and a magnetic transition, which we have studied with x-ray-absorption measurements of ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ at the V $2p$ and O $1s$ edge as well as photoemission measurements above and below the MIT. The O $1s$ edge shifts $\ensuremath{\sim}0.3\mathrm{eV}$ to lower energy in the metallic phase and the linear dichroism is enhanced in the insulating state, an enhancement discussed in a molecular-orbital picture. These effects are independent of whether the insulating state is achieved by cooling, Cr doping, or stress. We conclude the monoclinic distortion plays only a minor role in the MIT; the major factor is the change in the $c/a$ ratio. The V $2p$ edge is much narrower in the insulating phase, perhaps due to changes in electron phonon coupling.
Arbitrary pole placement using linear output feedback compensation

A new method of assigning min (n,p + m − l) closed-loop poles using linear output feedback is presented. Specifically, parametric expressions of the desired matrix H are derived using either the differential operator or the transfer matrix representation, which not only allow the direct assignment of min (n,p + m − 1) (or more) closed-loop poles, but also make possible the ‘ control ’ of the remaining, non-assignable poles. Finally, as a consequence of the above, an interesting generalization of a well-known scalar result is presented, which constitutes a direct method of assigning min (m,p) closed-loop poles.
General purpose computer program for exact esr spectrum calculations with applications to vanadium chelates

A computer program has been developed for the calculation of ESR spectra directly from spin and radiation matrices. Positions of lines in terms of the static magnetic field and relative line intensities are computed and plotted as Dirac δ functions. Powder spectra are obtained as a summation of single crystal data calculated for “well-chosen” orientations. The integrated powder spectrum envelope or its derivatives are obtained as output plots, with ad hoc line-shape functions being selected as justified by empirical data. The program requires the following as basic input data: Terms of a suitable Hamiltonian, parameter values (A, D, g, S, I, etc.), and orientation directions. Provisions are made to alter the accuracy of the program for rapid operation, where “higher order” effects are of no interest, and to ignore forbidden transitions completely if so desired. This program is used to synthesize and study the powder spectrum of a vanadyl chelate (axial symmetry: S = 12 I = 72 Limitations and extensions of the program are discussed with particular reference to vanadium chelates.
Stark broadening in hot, dense, laser-produced plasmas: A two-component, two-temperature formulation

Broadened Lyman-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and Lyman-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ x-ray profiles from hydrogenic, high-$Z$ radiators immersed in a hot, dense plasma are presented. Particular attention is given to broadened profiles originating in a plasma where there are two ionic species and in which ions and electrons have different temperatures. The applicability of these calculations to early laser-fusion experiments is discussed.
The involvement of gigantocellular reticular nucleus in clonidine-promoted hypotension and bradycardia in experimentally-induced hypertensive cats.

Abstract The possible involvement of the medullary gigantocellular reticular nucleus (GRN) in clonidine-induced hypotension and bradycardia was examined in eats that were anesthetized with chloralose-urethane and were rendered experimentally hypertensive by a sustained bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. Clonidine (10 μ/kg i.v.) elicited an initial, transient hypertension, followed by a significant and maintained decrease in arterial blood pressure, accompanied by a marked reduction in heart rate. The same injection produced only a significant transient vasopression without subsequent discernible hypotension and bradycardia in cats receiving a focal electrolytic lesion of the GRN. On the other hand, microinjection of clonidine directly into the GRN, at an ineffective systemic dose (0.5 μg/kg), produced significant and prolonged vasodepression and cardioinhibition without the initial hypertension. Furthermore, the suppressive effects of clonidine, administered intravenously or directly into the GRN, on arterial blood pressure and heart rate, were substantially antagonized by bilateral cervical vagotomy or atropine sulfate (1 mg/kg i.v.). It is concluded that the GRN may be a strong candidate as the mediator of both clonidine-elicited hypotension and bradycardia, possibly using the vagal mechanism as its link to the cardiovascular effectors.
The Dichotomy in the Preinvasive Neoplasia to Invasive Carcinoma Sequence in the Pancreas: Differential Expression of MUC1 and MUC2 Supports the Existence of Two Separate Pathways of Carcinogenesis

Emerging evidence suggests a dichotomy in the dysplasia-CIS-invasive carcinoma sequence in the pancreas. Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms (PanINs; small, incidental duct lesions) progress to invasive ductal adenocarcinomas (5-y survival of 55%). We explored the relationship of these lesions by examining the expression of MUC1 and MUC2, glycoproteins reportedly reflecting "aggressive" and "indolent" phenotypes in pancreas cancer, respectively. Immunohistochemical labeling with MUC1 (clone Ma695) and MUC2 (clone Ccp58) antibodies was performed on PanINs (n = 43), intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (n = 74), ductal adenocarcinomas (n = 136), and colloid carcinomas (n = 15). Fifty-four percent of the intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms expressed MUC2, whereas none of the PanINs did. In contrast, PanINs, especially higher grade lesions, were often positive for MUC1 (61% of PanIN 3), whereas the expression of this glycoprotein was infrequent in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (20%). This dichotomy was further accentuated in the invasive carcinomas with which these two preinvasive pathways are respectively associated: all colloid carcinomas were MUC2+ (100%) and MUC1- (0%), whereas the labeling pattern was the reverse for ductal adenocarcinomas: 63% were MUC1+ and only 1% were MUC2+. These results support a dichotomy in the dysplasia-CIS sequence in the pancreas. Because these two pathways often lead to different types of invasive carcinomas, this is an invaluable model for the study of carcinogenesis. The findings here also support the previous impression that MUC2 (the mucin associated with gel formation) is a marker of the "indolent" pathway (intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and colloid carcinoma), whereas MUC1 (the glycoprotein known to have an inhibitory role in cell-cell and cell-stroma interactions as well as in immunoresistance of tumor cells) is a marker of the "aggressive" pathway (PanIN to ductal adenocarcinoma).
Transformation of follicular lymphoma to plasmablastic lymphoma with c-myc gene rearrangement.

Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an indolent lymphoma that transforms to high-grade lymphoma, mostly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, in about a third of patients. We present the first report of a case of FL that transformed to plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL). Clonal transformation of the FL to PBL was evidenced by identical IGH/BCL2 gene rearrangements and VDJ gene usage in rearranged IGH genes. IGH/ BCL2 translocation was retained in the PBL, which also acquired c- myc gene rearrangement. Genealogic analysis based on somatic hypermutation of the rearranged IGH genes of both FL and PBL suggests that transformation of the FL to PBL occurred most likely by divergent evolution from a common progenitor cell rather than direct evolution from the FL clone. Our study of this unusual case expands the histologic spectrum of FL transformation and increases our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms of transformation of indolent lymphomas to aggressive lymphomas.
Cyclopentadiene: The Impact of Storage Conditions on Thermal Stability

The potential hazards from cyclopentadiene storage and use on kilogram scale are studied under adiabatic conditions. Cyclopentadiene, a reagent commonly used in organic synthesis, is known to spontaneously dimerize exothermically and thus should be stored cold and used quickly. In the present work we consider the impact of storage conditions such as the container size, volume, temperature, and solvent dilution to assess the potential hazards of a runaway reaction. The results of this analysis clearly show that the hazards are significantly increased as the mass of cyclopentadiene being stored is increased.
Towards an ethics of love Arendt on the will and St Augustine

In The Life of the Mind, Hannah Arendt explores the relationship between thinking, willing and judging. She poses the question of whether these may be among those conditions that prevent a person from doing evil. While many consider her account of thinking and willing (she died before writing the third volume on judging) insufficient for treating this question, I argue that in order fully to understand Arendt's notion of the will, particularly as it relates to our ability to avoid doing evil, one must consider the way in which she attempts to overcome the Augustinian dilemma of how one can love both God and one's neighbor at the same time. Drawing on her Love and Saint Augustine, I seek to show that her ‘Augustinian’ notion of the will is extremely fruitful for helping us understand what she meant by the two movements of withdrawal from, and activity within, the world.
Bacterial, fungal and protozoan responses to chloroform fumigation in stored soil

Abstract Microbial biomass estimated by CO 2 evolution following fumigation was 2.5–14.7 times greater than that estimated by direct microscopy in prairie soil. Bacteria, fungi and protozoa were counted by direct microscopy before, during and periodically for 10 days following chloroform fumigation and compared with microbial biomass as estimated by CO 2 evolution and N mineralization following chloroform fumigation. Protozoan populations were reduced to below detection levels immediately after fumigation and remained below detection levels during incubation following fumigation. Bacterial and fungal populations were reduced by fumigation to 37–79% of their original populations but usually recovered to their initial numbers by the second day following fumigation. In one case protozoa contributed up to 74 μg C, or about half of the total microbial biomass, to CO 2 evolution following fumigation. Microbial biomass was estimated in soil wetted to 60% of water-holding capacity (WHC) 1 wk or 1 day before fumigation. Microbial activity changed during the 1 wk incubation before fumigation but not total microbial biomass determined by microscopy. The ratio of CO 2 evolved-to-N mineralized followed fumigation changed in direct proportion to the ratio of fungal-to-bacterial biomass present in the soil before fumigation. Although more experiments with different soils should be performed, these results indicate that CO 2 evolved or N mineralized varies with the ratio of fungal-to-bacterial biomass initially present.
Hemodynamic conditions at the carotid bifurcation during protective common carotid occlusion

Abstract Objectives: Carotid angioplasty and stenting procedures are associated with an obligatory release of particulate debris into the distal cerebral circulation. Although most of the emboli are small and do not result in symptomatic neurologic deficits, some may be large enough to cause stroke. For this reason, a variety of filters and balloon occlusion devices have been employed as adjuvants to decrease the risk of distal embolization during carotid stenting. Some of these devices rely on the arrest of antegrade blood flow with the use of inflow arrest. The present study was undertaken to investigate the hemodynamic conditions that exist at the carotid bifurcation during common carotid artery (CCA) occlusion. Methods: Internal carotid artery (ICA) and external carotid artery (ECA) stump pressures were measured in 29 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Duplex ultrasound scanning was used to measure the direction and velocity of blood flow in the ICA and ECA with the CCA cross-clamped but the ICA and ECA open, a clinical scenario analogous to CCA balloon occlusion at the time of carotid angioplasty and stenting. The direction and magnitude of ICA and ECA flow were compared with the stump pressures to determine whether a correlation existed between these variables. Results: The mean stump pressure in the ICA and ECA averaged 56 ± 16 and 53 ± 12 mm Hg, respectively. The ICA systolic stump pressure was lower than the ECA systolic stump pressure in six patients (21%), and all of these patients had persistent antegrade systolic duplex blood flow by duplex interrogation during CCA occlusion. The ICA systolic stump pressure exceeded the ECA systolic stump pressure in 19 patients (66%), and all of these patients had retrograde ICA flow during systole. Diastolic flow was also well correlated with the magnitude of the ICA/ECA stump pressure differential, with antegrade diastolic ICA blood flow in all nine patients with an ICA diastolic stump pressure less than the ECA diastolic stump pressure. None of the 10 patients with ICA diastolic stump pressure greater than ICA diastolic stump pressure maintained antegrade ICA diastolic flow, but four of these patients had flow to zero in diastole. Overall, 13 of 29 patients (45%) could be surmised to be at risk for distal embolization to the brain based on the persistence of some element of either systolic or diastolic antegrade ICA flow during common carotid occlusion. Conclusions: Common carotid occlusion alone appears insufficient to protect against distal embolization during manipulations of the carotid bifurcation. Persistent systolic or diastolic antegrade blood flow occurs in a high proportion of patients, lending credence to the use of additional protective strategies to ameliorate the risk of embolic complications. (J Vasc Surg 2001;34:577-80.)
Health care service use and sexual communication: past experience and future intention of high-risk male adolescents

High-risk male adolescents were surveyed to collect data to be used to develop strategies to enhance communication with their partners about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Participants were concerned about acquiring an STD from their partner, and reported an increased likelihood of communicating about STD-related issues when confidential health care was available.
LSD and 2-bromo-LSD: comparison on effects on serotonergic neurones and on neurones in two serotonergic projection areas, the ventral lateral geniculate and amygdala.

Abstract d -Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its psychotropically weak 2-bromo derivative (BOL) were compared in terms of their relative potencies in inhibiting serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptamine) neurones versus neurones in two representative areas receiving an identified serotonergic input-the amygdala and ventral lateral geniculate. Drug ejection and unit recording were accomplished by means of 5-barrelled micropipettes. For each neurone tested, the ejection currents of LSD and BOL were standardized in relation to an ejection current of serotonin that produced 50% inhibition of firing within about 20 sec. Serotonin had a high inhibitory potency in all the areas studied. At equal ejection currents, serotonin and LSD (the latter ionically diluted 100 fold with NaCl) were equipotent in inhibiting serotonergic neurones in the dorsal raphe nucleus; BOL had substantially less inhibitory activity at equal or even higher ejection currents. In the amygdala and ventral lateral geniculate both LSD and BOL were considerably less potent than serotonin in inhibiting neuronal firing. Moreover, neither BOL nor LSD produced any marked blockade of serotonin in these areas. It is concluded that differences in direct actions upon serotonergic (raphe) neurones discriminates best between LSD and BOL. d -Lysergic acid diethylamide but not BOL had a highly potent serotonin agonist-like inhibitory action on serotonergic neurones, while both drugs had relatively weak inhibitory actions (in comparison with serotonin) on postsynaptic cells in the ventral lateral geniculate and amygdala. The greater potency of LSD in inhibiting serotonergic neurones parallels the greater hallucinogenic potency of LSD compared with BOL.
Accumulation by Dispossession and Its Limits: The Southern Africa Paradigm Revisited

The dispossession of agricultural producers from the land has long been considered a condition of successful capitalist development. The main contention of this paper is that such dispossession has in fact become the source of major developmental handicaps for at least some and possibly many countries of the global South. We develop our argument by focusing on the South(ern) African experience as a paradigmatic outlier case of accumulation by dispossession—that is, as one of its extreme instances capable of highlighting in almost ideo-typical fashion its nature and limits. After reconstructing interpretations of capitalist development in Southern Africa that in the early 1970s established the region as a paradigm of accumulation by dispossession, we discuss how useful these interpretations are for understanding the more recent developmental trajectory of South Africa. We then suggest ways in which these interpretations from the 1970s should be reformulated in light of subsequent developments. We conclude by briefly examining the theoretical and policy implications of the analysis.
Equilibrium sites and electronic structure of interstitial hydrogen in Si

The equilibrium sites and electronic structure of interstitial hydrogen or muonium in Si clusters are calculated using the approximate ab initio method of partial retention of diatomic differential overlap and ab initio Hartree-Fock with minimum, expanded and polarized basis sets. The clusters range in size from ${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{6}$ to ${\mathrm{Si}}_{44}$${\mathrm{H}}_{42}$. The interstitial sites considered include the tetrahedral, hexagonal, antibonding and bond-centered sites, as well as more exotic locations such as the C, the M, and the ``umbrella'' sites (which is similar to an antibonding site, but in a distorted environment). Lattice relaxations and distortions are included up to second-nearest neighbors. Basis-set effects are discussed. The most stable site is the relaxed bond-centered site, which is the location of anomalous muonium. The associated energy level is deep in the gap. In contrast to diamond, bond-centered hydrogen in Si vibrates primarily along the bond. The tetrahedral interstitial site is the only other minimum of the energy. It is not deep enough to localize a proton which probably diffuses along 〈111〉 directions. The energy level associated with interstitial H at the tetrahedral site is below the top of the valence band.
Spatial variability of the ocean color field in CZCS imagery

Abstract The mesoscale ocean color field has been investigated by means of a statistical approach to the analysis of Coastal Zone Color Scanner imagery. A quantitative assessment of ocean color was provided by deriving large scale, high resolution images of the diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm, K(490), for several open ocean areas in the North Atlantic and North Pacific (around 30°, 40° and 60° N). Linear trends, power spectra and structure functions were determined for one-dimensional transects extracted from the images. These results can be interpreted as a composite statistical signature of the oceanic regions examined. In light of the relationship between ocean optical properties and concentration of dissolved and suspended materials in the water, the statistical parameters obtained provide an insight into the relative intensity and scales of patchiness of water constituents, and of the planktonic environment.
Deaf adults and health care: Giving voice to their stories

AbstractPurpose:Deaf adults often experience significant healthcare disparities. This article gives voice to nine Deaf adults as they describe their lifelong experiences with health care.Data sources:Qualitative, hermeneutic interviews with nine culturally Deaf adults. Each participant was interview
The impact of evolving hand-carried echocardiographic technology on outpatient physical examination accuracy in pediatric cardiology.

Background. Cardiac auscultory skills are declining. Hand-carried ultrasound (HCU) has been proposed as a method to enhance diagnostic accuracy of the physical examination (PE). However, features of HCU devices are varied. Objective. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracies of an experienced pediatric cardiac PE alone vs. the PE combined with the assistance of an HCU device when using 2 HCU devices with different capabilities. The results were compared with conventional echo as the reference standard. Methods. All outpatients seen by a single pediatric cardiologist underwent physical examination and HCU. Two HCU devices were compared. The first HCU device (HCU-1) had limited options with only 2-dimensional echo, limited Doppler, and a single transducer frequency (2.5 MHz). The second HCU device (HCU-2) was a unit with greater transducer choices and a wider variety of applications. A single echocardiologist performed the PEs & HCUs. Conventional echoes were performed by a pediatric sonographer and interpreted by a second pediatric echocardiologist. Examination accuracies centered on 3 broad areas including: cardiac shunts, valvular insufficiency, and valvular anatomy. The accuracy of the PE alone was compared with the accuracy of the combined PE & HCU-1 vs. PE & HCU-2. Results. Thirty patients total (3 months−19 years, 4–82 kg) were evaluated. Eighteen were examined with HCU-1 and 12 were examined with HCU-2. The accuracy of the combined PE & HCU-1 did not improve accuracy over the PE alone. However, the accuracy of the combined PE & HCU-2 was greater than the PE alone. Conclusions. Use of a limited HCU device does not improve diagnostic accuracy over an experienced PE alone and may actually worsen diagnostic accuracy in some cases. However, the improvements in newer HCU devices may enhance diagnostic accuracy over the PE alone, even for experienced physicians.
Avoiding Treatment Failures in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Maria is a 29-year-old, married, Caucasian female who was prompted by her husband Bob to seek treatment for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) following the birth of their first child. At intake, Maria noted that she had a nursing degree but had decided to stay home after her child was born. During the initial therapy sessions, Maria was upset and reluctant to disclose her obsessions. She stated that she has had some obsessive thoughts and behaviors since she was about 13 years old, but in the past she had been able to work around them. She checked the locks of her house excessively, cleaned the bathroom daily because of fear of germs, and was very perfectionistic in her work as a nurse. Maria noted that when she became more depressed, her OCD symptoms increased, which in turn made it more difficult for her to manage at home and at work. In addition to being diagnosed with OCD at intake, Maria was also given comorbid diagnoses of Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent (MDD) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). She did not meet criteria for any personality disorders. Despite this level of interference and distress, Maria never sought psychotherapy for OCD until she gave birth to her daughter Sophia. Maria had seen a psychiatrist once for her OCD and MDD symptoms, at which time the doctor had recommended that Maria consider taking a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), but she had refused it due to her desire to get pregnant.
Conformations of β-Fluorophenetole and Their Reactivities Studied by Supersonic Jet/REMPI Spectroscopy

The structure and spectroscopy of β-fluorophenetole (2-phenoxy-1-fluoroethane, FCH2CH2OPh) have been studied by X-ray crystallography and Raman scattering of the solid and by resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) excitation spectra of a supersonic-jet-cooled gaseous sample, as well as by ab initio calculations. Fluorine and oxygen are synclinal (with an FCCO torsion angle near 70°) in the dominant conformational isomer for both the crystalline and gas phases. The minor conformer observed in the gas phase has antiperiplanar substituents (FCCO torsion angle = 180°), with a relative abundance comparable to that previously inferred from NMR measurements in solution. Hartree−Fock-based computations, as well as second-order Moller−Plesset and density functional geometry optimizations, predict the structural features closely, and the computed (unscaled) normal modes ≤350 cm-1 have frequencies not far from those measured by vibrational spectroscopy. CI singles calculations give reasonable estimates of...
‘Our imperiled age’: an unfinished dialogue between Carl Jung and Karl Stern

Karl Stern was a Catholic psychiatrist in Montreal who published extensively on psychoanalysis and religion from 1951 to 1965. He sent a copy of his second book, The Third Revolution (1954) to Jung, who responded warmly in a (hitherto unpublished) letter dated 30 April 1960. The paper ponders the similarities and differences between Stern and Jung's approach to the psychology of religion, and the impact that Jung's belated response to Stern's book might have had on Stern subsequently.
A Genetic Analysis of Male-Predominant Pheromones in Drosophila melanogaster

Chemical signals from males play an important role in stimulating Drosophila melanogaster females to mate, and male-predominant pheromones may influence a female's choice of mates. Male-predominant pheromones also inhibit courtship, thereby functioning as antiaphrodisiacs. Interstrain variation in the ratio of two male-predominant pheromones (7-tricosene and 7-pentacosene) has been reported, but the genetic basis for this potentially important variation has not been examined. In a series of crosses between strains that differ radically in the amounts of 7-tricosene and 7-pentacosene, we have identified both X-linked and autosomal contributions to interstrain variation in the amounts of these compounds. The X-linked loci act as enhancers for production of the compound predominant in the strain from which the X chromosome originated. Autosomal factors for each of the two compounds appear to segregate as high vs. low, with incomplete dominance of high 7-tricosene over low, and low 7-pentacosene over high. A significant negative correlation between the quantities of 7-pentacosene and 7-tricosene in the F2 and backcross progeny, but not in the F1s or parentals, indicates linkage between autosomal loci regulating the expression of each compound. However, the phenotypic distributions of the backcross progeny indicate that additional unlinked loci are also directly involved in the production of these two hydrocarbons.
Jaltomata bohsiana: A New Species and Key to the Jaltomata (Solanaceae) of Mexico

A new species of Jaltomata Schltdl. (Solanaceae) from Mexico is described and a key to the Jaltomata of Mexico is provided. Known only from the type locality, J. bohsiana Mione & D. M. Spooner is distinguished from the similar J. procumbens (Cav.) J. L. Gentry by having a purple flowering calyx to 6.8 mm diam., the calyx lobes both recurved and concave in cross section, and a fruiting calyx to 10 mm diam. In contrast, J. procumbens has a mostly green flowering calyx that is not recurved, the calyx lobes are not concave in cross section, with a diameter greater than 7 mm, and a fruiting calyx diameter greater than 10 mm.
WHAT DOES COMBINING MOLECULAR DATA SETS TELL US ABOUT DIATOM ORIGINS AND PHYLOGENY

The past several years have seen an abundance of molecular sequence data gathered on heterokont algae and other stramenopiles with the goal of resolving phylogenetic relationships among major groups. The original focus was on SSU rDNA sequence, but lately a significant number of sequences of plastid and mitochondrial encoded genes (specifically rbcL and coxI) have been made available. Of particular interest to us has been the origin of diatoms and the relationship of diatoms to other stramenopiles. According to most claims based on morphological data, typically viewed from a non-rigorous evolutionary taxonomy standpoint (i.e. not with explicit cladistic or phylogenetic systematic methodology), diatoms are closely related to silica-scaled golden brown algae (chrysophytes or synurophytes). SSU rDNA sequence data, however, often place diatoms at the base of the heterokont alga tree, and chryso/synurophytes at the tip with eustigmatophytes, for example, as the chryso/synurophyte sister group. More recent analysis of rbcL sequences, however, supports the traditional classification. It is not automatically to be assumed that there is incongruence between the sequences, however. Taxon sampling is different in the different analyses, methods of analysis are often different, assumptions used to “filter” data are different, etc. Moreover, the relative strength of signal appears to be different in the data sets. We will present an analysis of combined SSU, rbcL and coxI data, an analysis of taxon-sampling issues, and review underlying assumptions and methodologies in an attempt to a) better understand the results of prior studies and b) reconcile the different hypotheses.