cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aicardi-like chorioretinitis and maldevelopment of the corpus callosum in congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.

almology ing partial ventricuhite arrow nce of the Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) dent-borne arenavirus that can cause conge fections similar to cytomegalovirus (CMV) plasmosis in liveborn infants. Congenital LC fection causes hydrocephalus, chorioretini neurodevelopmental abnormalities. For t son, it should be added to the list of co infections subsumed currently under the T acronym (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomega and herpes simplex). Only 49 cases of co LCMV infections have been described wo since 1955, but a lack of recognition of the may account for the low prevalence. Th oretinopathy of LCMV is noteworthy for features, which may resemble the choriore cunae of Aicardi syndrome. LCMV has been guishable from Aicardi syndrome by 2 find liveborn infants with LCMV may be boys whereas infants with Aicardi syndrome are g lethal in boys) and (2) infants with LCMV ported to have a normal corpus callosum, infants with Aicardi syndrome have callosa sis. We report here a boy with congenita infection, lacunar chorioretinopathy, and agenesis. Our findings indicate that screen congenital LCMV infection is advisable in with the features of Aicardi syndrome.
Ebonics: A Case Study in Language, Power, and Pedagogy

* The Ebonics debate is relevant to all those engaged in language education, whether as classroom teachers, teacher educators, materials writers, or policy makers. All educators who wish to validate and nurture diversity (e.g., Delpit, 1995) need to be informed by the issues raised by Smitherman (this volume). My goal here is to demonstrate that the issues around Ebonics are the issues vital to all language educatorslanguage, power, and pedagogy. These issues are not confined to African American language use in the U.S. The axes of language, power, and pedagogy affect the teaching of languages in a variety of situationsMalaysian parents choosing to send their children to a school where American English rather than Malaysian English is used, Korean educational policy whereby English is taught in primary schools, the hiring of a Spanish speaker from Spain to teach a bilingual Spanish-English class in which all the Spanish-speaking students speak Mexican Spanish, mother tongue education in Kenya, and the retraining of Russian teachers to teach English in Poland. I will confine my remarks to the field of language education, which I use to include teaching English to speakers of other languages.1
Generation and dissipation of heat in vocal fold tissue.

The power dissipated in the vocal folds during phonation results from viscous loss in the fold tissues and can be estimated on the basis of a simplified representation of the geometry and movement ...
SLC11 family of H+-coupled metal-ion transporters NRAMP1 and DMT1.

NRAMP1 (natural resistance-associated macrophage protein-1) and DMT1 (divalent metal-ion transporter-1) make up the SLC11 gene family of metal-ion transporters that are energized by the H+ electrochemical gradient. Long known to confer resistance to bacterial infection, NRAMP1 functions at the phagolysosomal membrane of macrophages and neutrophils. NRAMP1 most likely contributes to macrophage antimicrobial function by extruding essential metal ions (including Mn2+) from the phagolysosome via H+/metal-ion cotransport. An alternative hypothesis in the literature proposes that NRAMP1 concentrate Fe2+ within the phagolysosome by means of H+/Fe2+ antiport, resulting in the generation of toxic free radicals. DMT1 is expressed widely and accepts as substrates a broad range of transition metal ions, among which Fe2+ is transported with high affinity (K0.5≈2 μM). DMT1 accounts both for the intestinal absorption of free Fe2+ and for transferrin-associated endosomal Fe2+ transport in erythroid precursors and many other cell types. DMT1 is up-regulated dramatically in the intestine by dietary iron restriction and, despite high serum iron levels, is not appropriately down-regulated in hereditary hemochromatosis.
A dynamic load balancing mechanism for distributed systems

It is desirable in a distributed system to have the system load balanced evenly among the nodes so that the mean job response time is minimized. In this paper, we present a dynamic load balancing mechanism (DLB). It adopts a centralized approach and is network topology independent. The DLB mechanism employs a set of thresholds which are automatically adjusted as the system load changes. It also provides a simple mechanism for the system to switch between periodic and instantaneous load balancing policies with ease. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by intensive simulations for various parameters. The simulation results show that the mean job response time in a system implementing DLB algorithm is significantly lower than the same system without load balancings. Furthermore, compared with a previously proposed algorithm, DLB algorithm demonstrates improved performance, especially when the system is heavily loaded and the load is unevenly distributed.
Balancing the Role of Parents in the Residential Community.

This chapter examines the issues associated with familial involvement in a residential community and offers strategies for fostering positive relationships with parents.
Suppression of thyrotropic hormone secretion by prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors.

In order to determine whether endogenous prostaglandins (PCs) are involved in the secretion of thyrotropic hormone (TSH), we monitored plasma TSH levels in female rats receiving indomethacin (Ind) or aspirin (Asp) to inhibit PG synthesis. TSH secretion was induced by either exogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) or by thyroidectomy. On the basis of preliminary experiments, Ind was found to inhibit thyroid secretion directly. Subsequently, thyroidectomized rats receiving thyroxine (T4) replacement (2–4 μg'100 g BW'day) were used to avoid this complicating factor. These replacement regimens were judged to be adequate on the basis of the measurement of plasma triiodothyronine and T4 levels, and the lack of a compensatory rise in plasma TSH levels. Under these conditions, Ind significantly inhibited, but did not abolish, the TSH response to exogenous TRH (250 ng'100 g BW iv). Thyroidectomy-induced TSH secretion was abolished by Ind, and could be reversed upon cessation of Ind treatment. Aspirin was als...
Interleukin (IL)-6 modulates transforming growth factor-β expression in skin and dermal fibroblasts from IL-6-deficient mice

Summary Background—Interleukin (IL-6) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β have been shown to play a role in skin development and maintenance. Objectives—A link between these two cytokines has yet to be identified and therefore in this study we investigated the modulation of TGF-β1 and TGF-β type 2 receptor (TGF-βR2) by IL-6 in skin. Methods—An IL-6 knockout (IL-6KO) fibroblast-populated lattice model and intradermal injections of IL-6 into unwounded IL-6KO mice were used to investigate the direct effects of IL-6 treatment on TGF-β and TGF-βR2 expression and to determine the signalling mechanism. In addition, IL-6KO and C57BL/6 control mice were wounded by a 4-mm punch biopsy to monitor expression of TGF-β1 and TGF-βR2 within a wound over time. The expression of TGF-β1 and TGFβR2 was assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistology. Results—Recombinant IL-6 treatment of IL-6KO lattices and intradermal injections of IL-6 showed a significant induction of TGF-β1 mRNA and protein, with TGF-β1 expression localized in the dermis, while TGF-βR2 expression was primarily in the epidermis in IL-6KO mice. During healing, the expression of TGF-β1 and TGF-βR2 mRNA was significantly greater in unwounded and 7-day-old wounds from wild-type mice; however, protein expression did not differ. Treatment with signal transduction inhibitors indicated that IL-6 modulates TGF-β through a mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Mapk/Erk)-dependent mechanism. Conclusion—These studies indicate that IL-6 has the ability to modulate the expression of TGFβ and TGF-βR2 to varying degrees in the skin, which may provide a possible mechanism for defining the role of IL-6 in skin maintenance and a new association of IL-6 with TGF-β in pathologies associated with fibrosis.
The existence of a positive solution to a second-order delta–nabla p-Laplacian BVP on a time scale

Abstract In this work we consider a second-order delta–nabla dynamic boundary value problem of the form ( ϕ p ( y Δ ( t ) ) ) ∇ = − a ( t ) f ( y ( t ) ) , t ∈ ( 0 , T ) T κ ∩ T κ , ϕ p ( y Δ ( 0 ) ) = 0 , y ( T ) = ψ ( y ) : = ∑ i = 1 n c i y ( ξ i ) , where T is a time scale, a : [ 0 , T ] T → [ 0 , + ∞ ) and f : [ 0 , + ∞ ) → [ 0 , + ∞ ) are continuous functions, and ψ : C ld ( [ 0 , T ] T ) → R is a given functional. We show that even if some of the c i ’s are negative, the boundary value problem may still admit a positive solution. Our results extend and generalize some recent results on this type of problem, and we illustrate this by way of a numerical example.
Activation by "feedback regulator" and some properties of guanylate cyclase of plasma membrane of rat epididymal fat cells.

Summary Low levels of FR (feedback regulator), an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, stimulates guanylate cyclase about 10-fold. The extent of stimulation depends on FR concentration, but is reversed at higher FR levels. At lower enzyme concentrations less FR is required for maximal activation. ER-stimulated activity is different from basal activity as it is more pH and [Mn2+] dependant. Basal activity has a broad optimum at higher pH. Both basal and stimulated activities show a sigmoidal dependance on [GTP].
Liposome-encapsulated desferrioxamine in experimental iron overload.

Summary. We have encapsulated desferrioxamine (DF) in multilamellar liposomes (ML) and unilamellar liposomes (UL). Liposomes were prepared either with or without a glycolipid, i.e. galactocerebroside (GC). The average diameter of ML was 0.5 μm, and that of UL was 0.08 μm. Less than 5% of DF leaked out from the liposomes after incubation in mouse plasma for 6 h. 59Fe-ferritin and 59Fe-labelled heat damaged erythrocytes (59Fe-DRBC) were administered to normal and hyper- transfused mice as models of iron overload. Ferritin was used to label liver parenchymal cells and DRBC to label the Kupffer cells of the liver. A single injection of ML or UL with or without galactocerebroside into normal and hypertransfused mice enhanced from 3- to 15-fold the urinary excretion of radioiron from 59Fe-ferritin and from 59Fe-DRBC injected mice. For both the normal and hypertransfused mice, liposomes containing GC removed more 59Fe radioactivity from 59Fe-ferritin injected mice than liposomes without the glycolipid; whereas liposomes without GC removed more 59Fe radioactivity from mice receiving 59Fe-DRBC. Thus GC-liposomes may have a higher affinity for parenchymal cells of the liver, whereas liposomes without the glycolipid may have a higher uptake by the Kupffer cells.
Misclassification of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma with cytologic diagnosis of lung cancer.

Introduction Cytology is commonly used to diagnose non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) but is an inaccurate means of diagnosis of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC). The aims of this study were to calculate the sensitivity and specificity of cytologic diagnosis of BAC and to estimate the misclassification of BAC as other subtypes of NSCLC. Methods Preoperative fine-needle aspiration cytology diagnoses were compared to histology diagnoses in 222 patients, including 51 patients with pure or mixed BAC, who underwent lung resection for NSCLC at our institution since 1999. Results The sensitivity and specificity of a cytologic diagnosis of BAC were 12% and 99%, respectively. Based on cytologic diagnosis, 63% of BAC was misclassified as adenocarcinoma, and 18% was misclassified as undifferentiated NSCLC. In this cohort, 35% of adenocarcinomas and 12% of undifferentiated NSCLC diagnosed by cytology had BAC histology. Conclusions Diagnosis of NSCLC by cytology alone results in significant misclassification of BAC, most commonly as adenocarcinoma or undifferentiated NSCLC. Because patients with BAC respond differently to certain treatments such as endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors and surgical resection of multifocal lung cancer, misclassification of BAC may have important therapeutic implications.
First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Podosphaera xanthii on Sechium edule in the United States.

Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw., also known as mirliton or chayote, is a perennial, monoecious, cucurbitaceous plant native to Mexico and Central America. It is cultivated worldwide for a variety of uses (4). Mirliton fruit is rich in carbohydrates, has 16 amino acids, and is a traditional staple in New Orleans, LA. During the spring of 2009, the LSU AgCenter's Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic received diseased mirliton plants from a small commercial grower in New Orleans. Symptoms included yellow, irregular spots on both surfaces of the leaves. Microscopic examination revealed the presence of powdery mildew conidia and conidiophores. Initially, white, cottony mycelial colonies were present on the abaxial surface, but as the disease progressed, white, cottony colonies developed on the adaxial surface, the spots coalesced, and the entire leaf turned yellow and necrotic. Conidia were hyaline, ovoid, borne in long chains with crenate edges, and measured 25.6 to 36.6 μm long (mean = 31.2) × 14.6 to 18.3 μm wide (mea...
Calibration of Phosphorus Export Coefficients for Total Maximum Daily Loads of Massachusetts Lakes

ABSTRACT In an effort to develop Total Maximum Daily Loads of total phosphorus for hundreds of Massachusetts lakes we reanalyzed the land use export coefficients of previously published diagnostic/feasibility studies. Typically, literature values for phosphorus loading per unit area of land use overestimate total phosphorus loading to Massachusetts lakes. We used a stagewise regression technique to screen a variety of models and to select export coefficients that were reasonable, based on the literature, and which offered a good fit to the data. The final model was verified by predicting phosphorus loadings to an independent set of Massachusetts lakes with an average error of 36 percent. The process has been automated with the use of the Arcview Geographic Information System computer system and digital maps of land use. With additional data, the model can also be used to predict lake total phosphorus concentrations under a variety of proposed land use management plans.
Bringing the excitement of space to the people of the world: An international space year initiative

Abstract This paper proposes to initiate a campaign which will permit the forecast of visibility of specifically chosen major satellites from urban regions around the Earth at special times during the International Space Year 1992.
Studies on Honey Inhibine. 4. Destruction of the Peroxide Accumulation System by Light

SUMMARY Conflicting reports on the sensitivity of honey inhibine (accumulated hydrogen peroxide) to light are resolved by demonstration of great variability in the effect of light on the peroxide accumulation value of different honeys. Destruction of the glucose oxidase in honey by photo-oxidation has been observed. This enzyme, responsible for peroxide production in diluted honey, is destroyed in either full-density or diluted honey by visible radiation, with the 425-525 mμ region most effective. General laboratory illumination, particularly fluorescent-tube lighting, is highly destructive to inhibine in a sensitive full-density honey. The liability of the inhibine of a honey sample to photo-destruction depends on the presence of a heat- and light-stable, non-volatile sensitizing material; photo-oxidation is greatest at pH 3 and negligible at pH 6-7. Immediate adjustment of the pH of honey samples prepared for bacteriological inhibine assay is therefore essential. Inhibine content of honey is not recommended as a quality factor, because of wide variation in light and heat susceptibility and in distribution according to floral source.
Dissecting cell biology with chemical scalpels

Understanding complex cellular processes requires methods for specifically perturbing protein function in a temporally defined fashion. In recent years a variety of chemical tools have been used to study the cytoskeleton and cell division, protein trafficking, and the destruction of proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The ability to use combinations of reversible inhibitors is proving to be especially helpful in dissecting complex cellular events. Furthermore, the identification of novel inhibitors through unbiased screening approaches is revealing novel drugable steps in important cellular pathways.
Surface effects in nanoscale structures investigated by a fully-nonlocal energy-based quasicontinuum method

Surface effects in nanoscale mechanical systems such as nanoporous solids or small-scale structures can have a significant impact on the effective material response which deviates from the material behavior of bulk solids. Understanding such phenomena requires modeling techniques that locally retain atomistic information while transitioning to the relevant macroscopic length scales. We recently introduced a fully-nonlocal energy based quasicontinuum (QC) method equipped with new summation rules. This technique accurately bridges across scales from atomistics to the continuum through a thermodynamically-consistent coarse-graining scheme. Beyond minimizing energy approximation errors and spurious force artifacts, the new method also qualifies to describe free surfaces, which is reported here. Surfaces present a major challenge to coarse-grained atomistics, which has oftentimes been circumvented by costly ad hoc extensions of the traditional QC method. We show that our new coarse-graining scheme successfully and automatically reduces spurious force artifacts near free surfaces. After discussing the computational model, we demonstrate its benefits in the presence of free surfaces by several nanomechanical examples including surface energy calculations, elastic size effects in nano-rods and in plates with nano-sized holes. Overall, we demonstrate the importance of surface effects as well as a new strategy to accurately capture those computationally via coarse-grained atomistics.
Structural studies on membrane-embedded influenza hemagglutinin and its fragments

The mechanism of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA)-mediated membrane fusion has been inferred in part from studies examining pH-induced structural changes in soluble HA derivatives lacking the viral membrane anchor and, sometimes, the fusion peptide (the C- and N-terminal residues of the HA2 chain, respectively). To reconcile structure-based mechanisms of HA-mediated membrane fusion with structural implications of functional studies performed on membrane-embedded HA, we have undertaken attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic analyses of membrane-embedded HA (strain X:31) and its fragments reconstituted into supported lipid bilayers. The fragments correspond to proteolytic products with the majority of the HA1 chain and, in some cases, the fusion peptide removed (THA2 and THA2F-, respectively). In combination with R18 fluorescence dequenching to monitor the functional implications of HA1 subunit removal, we have assessed the influence of pH and target membrane presentation on the secondary structures, orientations relative to the membrane, and dynamics of these molecules. We find that X:31 HA is more tilted towards the plane of the membrane under fusion than under resting conditions, that the fitting of HA depends on the presence of the HA1 chain, that the residues connecting the membrane-inserted fusion peptide with the crystallographically determined coiled coil probably adopt an alpha-helical conformation, and that several changes in the secondary structure and the amide H/D exchange kinetics occur as a result of acidification and target membrane presentation, which can be interpreted as small changes and a release of strain in the static and dynamic structure of membrane-bound HA. THA2 mediatcs fusion, but less efficiently and with less pH-selectivity than HA.
A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. X. tumor promoting activity

Cigarette smoke condensate has been shown to have tumor-promoting activity in the mouse skin bioassay system. The present study investigated the tumor-promoting activity of tobacco extract and a variety of cigarette smoke condensates. On a gram-to-gram basis, the tumor promoting activity of a DMSO tobacco extract is similar to that of cigarette smoke condensate. In the setting of the present study, smoke condensate from cigarettes made wholly from tobacco stems showed no significant tumor-promoting activity. Observations from this study should contribute towards the identification of the major tumor-promoting agents in cigarette smoke condensate and tobacco extracts.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Lytic Gene ORF57 Is Essential for Infectious Virion Production

The ORF57 gene of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes a nuclear protein expressed during the lytic phase of KSHV replication. An ORF57 homolog is present in all known human herpesviruses and many animal herpesviruses. Many of these proteins have been demonstrated to have essential transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory functions. ORF57 enhances expression of reporter genes posttranscriptionally in vitro and may synergize with transcription factors to enhance gene transcription. However, the biologic role of ORF57 in KSHV replication has not been established. In this study, we demonstrate that ORF57 is essential for productive KSHV lytic replication by constructing a recombinant KSHV in which ORF57 expression has been specifically inactivated. The ORF57-null KSHV recombinant was unable to produce virion progeny or fully express several other lytic KSHV genes except when ORF57 was provided in trans. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) homolog of ORF57, SM, was unable to rescue lytic KSHV virion production, although EBV SM does enhance KSHV lytic gene expression from the ORF57-null mutant. Conversely, ORF57 did not rescue an SM-null recombinant EBV, indicating the existence of virus-specific functions for the ORF57 family of genes.
Age, Growth, and Food Habits of the Fathead Minnow, Pimephales promelas, in North Dakota Saline Lakes

Abstract Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas Rafinesque) were abundant in 9 of 10 prairie pothole lakes in south-central North Dakota, selected to represent extremes in salinity. Fathead minnows were found in lakes with mean concentrations of total dissolved solids during ice-free periods ranging from 385 to 7,036 mg/liter; no fish were found in North Lake George with a mean concentration of 23,489 mg/liter total dissolved solids. Crustaceans were the most important food group by number, volume, and frequency of occurrence in 541 fathead minnow intestines collected from seven lakes during summer and fall 1969. Of the Crustacea, cladocerans were most important, followed by copepods and amphipods. Analysis of 30 brook sticklebacks (Culaea inconstans) from Wildlife Lake, 13 Iowa darters (Etheostoma exile) from Barnes Lake, and 5 tiger salamander larvae (Ambystoma tigrinum) from South Alkaline Lake indicated that Crustacea was the most important food group for these organisms also. Fathead minnow fry appeare...
Gravity Wave Heating and Cooling in Jupiter's Thermosphere

Abstract A numerical model to explore the possibility that the dissipation of two upward propagating internal gravity waves, identified in the temperature measurements of the Galileo Probe , provide the energy to maintain Jupiter's high thermospheric temperatures ∼900 K is used. The propagation and dissipation of the gravity waves are simulated by a full-wave model that is used to calculate the thermal mean-state forcing. The observed temperature is the result of this forcing and other energy sources. The equation of heat transfer, including the effects of eddy and molecular thermal diffusion, is solved to provide the gravity wave contribution to the steady-state temperature distribution. For the smallest values of eddy diffusion considered, the waves can heat the entire thermosphere, while for the largest values of eddy diffusion, the waves can cool the entire thermosphere. However, in all cases considered the net heating and cooling effects are not large, being typically ∼15–20 K or less. To the extent that the Galileo data characterize gravity waves in Jupiter's atmosphere, gravity wave dissipation is unlikely to be the source of energy maintaining Jupiter's high thermospheric temperatures. Other waves not identified in the Galileo data or other energy sources must be responsible for heating the jovian thermosphere. We demonstrate that the viscous heating can only be calculated using the viscous stress tensor, and that the use of the wave mechanical energy flux divergence for this purpose in previous studies is invalid.
From input and output measures to quality and outcome measures, or, from the user in the life of the library to the library in the life of the user

This paper discusses library models and user roles in relation to the transformative effects of technology. It explores how these models are changing our conceptualization of library assessment models from a linear to a more cyclical and dynamic perspective shaping relations among input, output, quality and outcome indicators.
Determination of the PIn antisite structure in InP by optically detected electron-nuclear double resonance.

Optically detected electron-nuclear double resonance (ODENDOR) is reported for the ${\mathrm{P}}_{\mathrm{In}}$ antisite in p-type InP. In both electron-irradiated and as-grown samples, ENDOR signals from the four nearest P neighbors and the next In shell were detected by monitoring radio-frequency-induced changes in magnetic circular dichroism associated with absorption near the band edge of InP while maintaining microwave resonance of the ${\mathrm{P}}_{\mathrm{In}}$ antisite. The electronic wave function of the ${\mathrm{P}}_{\mathrm{In}{}^{+}}$ state is highly localized, essentially all of it accounted for within these first two neighbor shells. The optical-absorption band associated with the antisite is centered above the InP band gap, and only its tail is observed.
Maize whole stillage as a supplemental protein source for growing lambs and finishing steers

Two lamb growth trials and two steer finishing trials were conducted to evaluate feed-to-gain performance of ruminants given maize whole stillage (WS, the grain by-product remaining after alcohol distillation) as a supplemental protein source. During a 66-day growth trial, lambs fed on diets based on maize and cottonseed hulls supplemented with WS consumed significantly less feed and consequently had lower (P < 0.05) daily gains than lambs given either soya bean meal (SBM), distillers dried grains (DDG) or urea (U). Lambs consuming DDG performed as well as, but no better than, those fed on SBM or U. Feed-to-gain ratios were similar for lambs receiving WS or DDG, and comparable to those receiving U. When SBM replaced one-half of the WS in lamb diets during a 56-day growth trial, feed intake and daily gain were increased to values similar to those observed in lambs receiving only SBM supplementation. Steers fed on diets based on maize grain and maize silage supplemented with either U, U + SBM or U + WS had similar feed intakes, rates of gain and feed-to-gain ratios during two finishing trials. Results indicate that whole stillage may be used as a supplemental protein source for growing lambs and finishing steers. For optimal performance and ease of handling, it appears that the stillage should be partially dried or given only as a portion of the supplemental protein in maize-based diets.
Structure, Organization, and Transcriptional Regulation of a Family of Copper Radical Oxidase Genes in the Lignin-Degrading Basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium

The white rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium produces an array of nonspecific extracellular enzymes thought to be involved in lignin degradation, including lignin peroxidases, manganese peroxidases, and the H2O2-generating copper radical oxidase, glyoxal oxidase (GLX). Preliminary analysis of the P. chrysosporium draft genome had identified six sequences with significant similarity to GLX and designated cro1 through cro6. The predicted mature protein sequences diverge substantially from one another, but the residues coordinating copper and constituting the radical redox site are conserved. Transcript profiles, microscopic examination, and lignin analysis of inoculated thin wood sections are consistent with differential regulation as decay advances. The cro2-encoded protein was detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in defined medium. The cro2 cDNA was successfully expressed in Aspergillus nidulans under the control of the A. niger glucoamylase promoter and secretion signal. The recombinant CRO2 protein had a substantially different substrate preference than GLX. The role of structurally and functionally diverse cro genes in lignocellulose degradation remains to be established.
Maximizing Appropriate Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Surgical Patients: An Update from LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City

Errors in antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgical patients remain one of the most frequent types of medication errors in hospitals. Failure to administer the first dose of antimicrobial prophylaxis within the 2-h window of time before incision is associated with 2- to 6-fold increases in rates of surgical site infection. Optimal use of antimicrobial prophylaxis includes proper case selection; use of appropriate agents; proper dosing, route of administration, timing, and duration; and intraoperative dosing when appropriate. Effective use of antimicrobial prophylaxis also requires monitoring of and feedback on patterns of use. Programs to improve antimicrobial prophylaxis should be multidisciplinary and should aim to improve use of medications, not simply to change physician practice patterns. The LDS Hospital experience demonstrates the clinical and financial benefits of such a program and also shows the pitfalls of and great difficulties associated with changing systems of care.
Long-term dynamics of the distribution of the invasive Argentine ant, Linepithema humile , and native ant taxa in northern California

Invasive species, where successful, can devastate native communities. We studied the dynamics of the invasive Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, for 7 years in Jasper Ridge, a biological preserve in northern California. We monitored the distributions at the hectare scale of native ant taxa and L. humile in the spring and fall from 1993 to 1999. We also studied the invasion dynamics at a finer resolution by searching for ants in 1-m2 plots. Our results are similar at both scales. The distributions of several native species are not random with regard to L. humile; the distributions of several epigeic species with similar habitat affinities overlap much less frequently than expected with the distribution of L. humile. We found that season had a significant influence on the distributions of L. humile and several native taxa. Over the 7-year period, L. humile has increased its range size in Jasper Ridge largely at the expense of native taxa, but there is seasonal and yearly variation in this rate of increase. Studies of invasions in progress which sample across seasons and years may help to predict the spread and effects of invasive species.
Parentage analysis detects cryptic precapture dispersal in a philopatric rodent.

Locating birthplaces using genetic parentage determination can increase the precision and accuracy with which animal dispersal patterns are established. We re-analyse patterns of movement away from the birthplace as a function of time, sex and population density for a sample of 303 banner-tailed kangaroo rats, Dipodomys spectabilis. We located birth sites using a combination of likelihood-based parentage analysis with live-trapping of mothers during the breeding season. The results demonstrate that natal-breeding site distances are density dependent in this species; in particular, both sexes emigrate earlier in the year, and females disperse farther than males, at low population densities. Banner-tailed kangaroo rats were chosen as a study system because live-trapping easily detects maternal and offspring locations; nevertheless, parentage analysis reveals that some offspring evade early detection and move substantial distances before their first capture. In a few cases, the approach even detects dispersal out of the natal ‘deme’ prior to first capture. Parentage analysis confirms the extreme philopatry of both sexes but indicates that prior estimates of median dispersal distance were too low. For D. spectabilis , more accurate location of individual birthplaces clarifies patterns of sex bias and density dependence in dispersal, and may resolve apparent discrepancies between direct and indirect estimates of dispersal distance. For species in which mothers can be more reliably trapped than juveniles, using offspring genotypes to locate parents is a novel way that genetic techniques can contribute to the analysis of animal dispersal.
Neural networks for fuzzy logic inference

Summary form only given. Many perspectives on the impact of neural networks on fuzzy logic inference exist. However, the author has focused on four important categories: (a) pattern recognition, (b) formation of fuzzy rules from data, (c) refinement of fuzzy membership functions, and (d) implementation of fuzzy inference systems using neural networks. The advantages of using neural networks for implementing fuzzy rules have been discussed and examples of their applications are demonstrated. >
Renal insufficiency is associated with an increased risk of papillary renal cell carcinoma histology

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) and acquired renal cystic disease associated with dialysis are known risk factors of papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC); however, it is not known whether renal insufficiency alone is a risk factor for pRCC. Our aim was to test whether renal insufficiency is associated with an increased preponderance of pRCC. Retrospective review of institutional database to identify all patients who underwent extirpative renal surgery for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with complete records from 1992 to 2012. We excluded those patients with preoperative ESRD as defined by GFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2. The dependent variable was histologic RCC subtype. Independent variables included demographic data, comorbidities, and renal functional data. Multivariate analysis by binary logistic regression was used to determine factors that independently were associated with pRCC development. A total of 1,226 patients met inclusion criteria, of which 15 % were pRCC. There was a positive association between likelihood of pRCC histology of RCC and increasing preoperative chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage (p = 0.021). Multivariate regression analysis indicated that male gender, race, and declining renal function categorized both by GFR and CKD stage were independently associated with a higher likelihood of pRCC histology as compared to other RCC histology. Within a large cohort of patients with a diagnosis of RCC, declining renal function was independently associated with an increased likelihood of pRCC histology. This finding and the available molecular evidence indicating protein expression similarity between pRCC and resident stem cells, which appear to be upregulated with kidney damage, suggest a possible causal relationship between renal injury and pRCC.
Measuring farmers’ agroecological resistance after Hurricane Mitch in Nicaragua: a case study in participatory, sustainable land management impact monitoring

A study using a participatory research approach and simple field techniques found significant differences in agroecological resistance between plots on “conventional” and “sustainable” farms in Nicaragua after Hurricane Mitch. On average, agroecological plots on sustainable farms had more topsoil, higher field moisture, more vegetation, less erosion and lower economic losses after the hurricane than control plots on conventional farms. The differences in favor of agroecological plots tended to increase with increasing levels of storm intensity, increasing slope and years under agroecological practices, though the patterns of resistance suggested complex interactions and thresholds. For some indicators agroecological resistance collapsed under extreme stress. With the help of 19 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and 45 farmer–technician teams, 833 farmers measured key agroecological indicators on 880 plots paired under the same topographical conditions. These paired observations covered 181 communities of smallholders from southern to northern Nicaragua. The broad geographical coverage took into account the diversity of ecological conditions, a variety of practices common to sustainable agriculture in Nicaragua, and moderate, high and extreme levels of hurricane impact. This coverage, and the massive mobilization of farmer–technician field research teams, was made possible by the existence of the Movimiento Campesino a Campesino (MCAC) (farmer-to-farmer movement), a widespread smallholders’ network for sustainable land management. An approach for measuring agroecological resistance is introduced, and it is suggested that comparatively higher levels of agroecological resistance are an indication of lower vulnerability and higher sustainability. However, the effectiveness of practices appears to be bounded by a combination of steep slopes, maintenance and design of soil conservation structures, and extremely high storm intensity. The study concludes that the participatory research can contribute significantly to the monitoring and development of sustainable land management systems (SLM) among smallholders, and recommends a sustainable, participatory approach to agricultural reconstruction following natural disasters. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Interpretation of the Coronary Artery Calcium Score in Combination with Conventional Cardiovascular Risk Factors: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Background—The coronary artery calcium (CAC) score predicts coronary heart disease (CHD) events, but methods for interpreting the score in combination with conventional CHD risk factors have not been established. Methods and Results—We analyzed CAC scores and CHD risk factor measurements from 6757 black, Chinese, Hispanic, and white men and women aged 45 to 84 years in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). CAC was associated with age, sex, race/ethnicity, and all conventional CHD risk factors. Multivariable models using these factors predicted the presence of CAC (C statistic=0.789) and degree of elevation (16% of variation explained) and can be used to update a “pretest” CHD risk estimate, such as the 10-year Framingham Risk Score, that is based on an individual’s conventional risk factors. In scenarios in which a high CAC score is expected, a moderately elevated CAC score of 50 is reassuring (eg, reducing risk from 10% to 6% in a healthy older white man), but when a low/zero CAC score is exp...
The Boundaries of Girls' Political Participation: A Critical Exploration of Girls' Experiences as Delegates to the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (CSW):

This article examines the boundaries of girls' political participation at the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (CSW). It explores the structural and conceptual limits to girls' meaningful political participation, and brings critical attention to the problematic management of girls' political practices in formal 'adult' spaces. Based upon a series of qualitative interviews with 11 adolescent girl delegates attending the CSW in 2010, the study investigates how girls understand and challenge their political marginalization in order to actualize their participation rights. Using the tools of feminist standpoint theory, the author (re)imagines the forms and possibilities for girls' political participation by privileging their voices and experiences as current political actors.
Short-Term Forgetting of Order Under Conditions of Reduced Interference

Three experiments examined the short-term retention of order in a modified Brown-Peterson task. Our intent was to examine the loss of order memory, unconfounded by item memory, under conditions in which interference from prior trials is kept low. In previous work on the short-term forgetting of order, experimenters have tended to repeat the same items across trials or to draw from a restricted set; in our experiments, we changed the to-be-recalled items from trial to trial and used reconstruction as the retention measure. In all three experiments, very little forgetting was obtained across retention intervals that have traditionally produced dramatic and systematic loss. Our results are reminiscent of those obtained in the BrownPeterson task when performance is assessed after only the first experimental trial.
The Daily Show and Perceptions of Government

This study examines the impact of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart - which frequently portrays public officials from both parties at the federal and state levels as being corrupt, dishonest, and incompetent - on viewers’ perceptions of government. Drawing on an internet survey, we found that frequent viewers of the show were more likely to consider the government as the most important problem facing the country than were those who watched the show less frequently. We discuss the implications of the finding for the health of the democratic system in the light of research on the consequences of political distrust and research into the political effects of The Daily Show.
The Pricing of Revenue Assurance: Reply

In their comment, Yin and Turvey (YT) suggest an approach to overcome a potential problem with Stokes, Nayda, and English’s (SNE’s) methodology for valuing revenue insurance. The problem, as discussed in SNE and YT, is that farm gross revenue is not a traded asset. Therefore, revenue insurance, which is itself a derivative security (i.e., a security that derives its value from the value of another asset—in this case, farm gross revenue), is difficult to price using standard asset pricing methods because buying and selling the underlying asset to hedge away risk is not possible. SNE assume an equilibrium pricing function exists and, and in doing so, are left with one unobservable parameter in their pricing formula. YT’s comment is essentially to propose a method for eliminating this unknown parameter. The problem is that an underlying asset, for which a derivative security is written against, is not tradable. The importance of tackling this issue cannot be over emphasized and YT are to be commended for their efforts. Indeed, virtually no other research besides SNE and YT approaches the problem of premium determination for agricultural insurance from the perspective of treating the insurance as a derivative security. 1 The importance of doing so is that one gains access to contemporary asset pricing methodology. In this reply, we focus on two important issues related to the problems created by nontradability. First, we clarify the tradable versus nontradable distinction in terms of its implications for arbitrage free pricing. The results we present provide the necessary background for motivating YT’s equation (1). Whereas YT begin their comment by assuming an economy that justifies their equation (1), we provide a mathematical characterization of the economy that insures the equation holds. Taking this approach gives us the opportunity to define the issues YT raise more clearly because the mathJ.R. Stokes is assistant professor at the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; W.I. Nayda is Manager of Financial Analysis and Development at Capital One, Inc., McLean, VA. 1 Counter examples include research by Turvey and Amanor
Perceived Deterrence in Crime and War Quest for Limited Integration

One can integrate the perceptual properties of deterrence as they are currently understood in the research on crime and conventional war. Some perceptual properties of crime deterrence, such as ‘self-serving biases’ and ‘impulsive behaviors’ can be applied to explain conventional war deterrence. Further a number of variables, such as ‘internal politics,’ ‘external pressure,’ ‘fundamentalism,’ and ‘new world view’ may explain much more of the variance in perception than the variables frequently used in conventional war research. Further research on integrating the major properties of deterrence in both crime and war is suggested.
Effects of timber harvesting on terrestrial survival of pond-breeding amphibians

Successful forest management for multiple uses requires balancing extractive practices with maintaining biodiversity, among other important goals. Amphibians comprise an important and abundant part of the biodiversity of many forests. Previous studies have documented declines in the abundance and diversity of amphibians in harvested forests. However, only recently have studies begun to elucidate the mechanisms that underlie such declines. Here, we studied the effects of timber harvesting on survival of geographically widespread ambystomatid salamanders in three forest regions of North America. We used terrestrial enclosures in the Northeast, Midwest, and Southeast to compare amphibian survival in unharvested controls, partially harvested stands (∼25% canopy reduction), and clearcuts with coarse woody debris either retained or removed. In all regions, patterns of amphibian survival were similar, with both juvenile and adult salamanders generally having significantly lower survival in clearcuts compared with unharvested controls. Survival of juvenile salamanders in partially harvested stands was also low, but adult salamanders survived as well or better in partially harvested stands as in controls. Larger body size in juveniles was significantly correlated with recapture, irrespective of treatment, in both the Northeast and Southeast, but not in the Midwest or for adults in any region. Relatively heavier adults were more likely to be captured again in the Southeast, but relative mass was not correlated with recapture in any other regions or for juveniles. Our results suggest that increased amphibian mortality may contribute to declines of amphibian abundance and richness after forest clearcutting for the regions evaluated here. Although our results indicate that partial harvesting is compatible with survival of adult salamanders, retention of intact forest around breeding ponds would benefit all terrestrial stages of pond-breeding salamanders and represents a best management practice for the maintenance of amphibian biodiversity.
Blood pressure management

The cerebrovascular system is highly vulnerable to fluctuations in systemic blood pressure (BP) through structural and functional alterations In a normal brain, cerebral blood flow (CBF) is autoregulated over a wide range of BP CBF remains
Carbohydrate Analysis by Gas-Liquid Chromatography

Monosaccharides may be rendered volatile by various procedures. Analysis of methylated monosaccharides was described first by Mclnnes and associates (1958). This procedure was applied to a number of fully methylated aldohexoses by Bishop and Cooper (1960), and Kircher (1960). Trimethylsilylation was developed by Sweeley et al. (1963) and was used extensively for the study of the carbohydrate composition of various natural products. This procedure clearly distinguishes between α and β anomers of carbohydrates, which became one of its disadvantages. In studying the carbohydrate components of heteropolysaccharides, frequently so many peaks were found in a gas chromatography pattern that it became difficult to identify the individual peaks.