cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
You Can't Help But Get Stoned: Notes on the Social Organization of Marijuana Smoking.

Informants participating in an ethnographic study of a counter-culture community in Southern California reported that marijuana use was so pervasive in the community that it was “hard to turn the thing down.” However, attempts to pin informants down on specific group arrangements for promoting marijuana use were met with the claim that smoking was “spontaneous,” done at the whim of the individual for a variety of motives unrelated to most social occasions. These somewhat different accounts of marijuana smoking were examined as embedded instructions on how to understand the nature of this activity in its community context, leading to an analysis of the social organization of routine marijuana use and its relationship to members' accounts of that practice.
A high-level framework for network-based resource sharing

This paper proposes a high-level, application-independent framework for the construction of distributed systems within a resource sharing computer network. The framework generalizes design techniques in use within the ARPA Computer Network. It eliminates the need for application-specific communication protocols and support software, thus easing the task of the applications programmer and so encouraging the sharing of resources. The framework consists of a network-wide protocol for invoking arbitrary named functions in a remote process, and machine-dependent system software that interfaces one applications program to another via the protocol. The protocol provides mechanisms for supplying arguments to remote functions and for retrieving their results; it also defines a small number of standard data types from which all arguments and results must be modeled. The paper further proposes that remote functions be thought of as remotely callable subroutines or procedures. This model would enable the framework to more gracefully extend the local programming environment to embrace modules on other machines.
Identification of Splenic Infarction by Emergency Department Ultrasound

Abstract Background Splenic rupture or infarction can occur secondary to acute infectious mononucleosis. Patients with abdominal pain and known or suspected infectious mononucleosis mandate evaluation for these complications, which can have significant morbidity or mortality. Case Report An 18-year old man presented to the emergency department (ED) with a 2-day history of left upper quadrant abdominal pain. He had been diagnosed with mononucleosis 4 days before his ED presentation. Physical examination was notable for focal left upper quadrant tenderness. The treating physician's principal diagnostic considerations were splenic rupture or infarction secondary to mononucleosis. Point-of-care ultrasound was performed by the emergency physician, demonstrating multiple hypoechoic areas in the splenic parenchyma with absent Doppler flow, consistent with multiple splenic infarcts. The patient was admitted for observation, managed conservatively, and had an uneventful course. Conclusion Emergency ultrasound of the spleen can allow rapid diagnosis of splenic infarction and exclusion of splenic rupture in a patient at risk for splenic pathology.
Misbranded Poultry Remedies

Abstract INTERSTATE shipments of poultry preparations are subject to the requirements of the national pure food and drugs act and the Federal insecticide act. These acts have no jurisdiction over products manufactured and sold locally; nor has the Administration any jurisdiction over false and extravagant claims appearing in newspapers, farm papers, radio advertising, or advertising matter of any kind distributed separately from the product. An efficient poultryman naturally wants his poultry to be healthy. This desire when not combined with a proper knowledge of what constitutes a reliable treatment or cure for certain poultry diseases, has led him to spend much hard-earned money for remedies of no value whatever in the treatment of poultry diseases. The food and drugs act fully recognizes the right of manufacturers of honestly labeled preparations to do business. There are many such preparations on the market, and many manufacturers who are earnestly seeking literally to comply . . .
Clinical presentation of a patient with thoracic myelopathy at a chiropractic clinic

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this case report is to describe the clinical presentation, examination findings, and management decisions of a patient with thoracic myelopathy who presented to a chiropractic clinic. Case Report/Methods After receiving a diagnosis of a diffuse arthritic condition and kidney stones based on lumbar radiograph interpretation at a local urgent care facility, a 45-year-old woman presented to an outpatient chiropractic clinic with primary complaints of generalized low back pain, bilateral lower extremity paresthesias, and difficulty walking. An abnormal neurological examination result led to an initial working diagnosis of myelopathy of unknown cause. The patient was referred for a neurological consult. Results Computed tomography revealed severe multilevel degenerative spondylosis with diffuse ligamentous calcification, facet joint hypertrophy, and disk protrusion at T9-10 resulting in midthoracic cord compression. The patient underwent multilevel spinal decompressive surgery. Following surgical intervention, the patient reported symptom improvement. Conclusion It is important to include a neurologic examination on all patients presenting with musculoskeletal complaints, regardless of prior medical attention. The ability to recognize myelopathy and localize the lesion to a specific spinal region by clinical examination may help prioritize diagnostic imaging decisions as well as facilitate diagnosis and treatment.
A 3-D ground-penetrating radar and wavelet transform analysis of the morphology of shoreface deposits in the Upper Cretaceous Ferron Sandstone Member, Utah

Wavelengths of hummocky cross-stratified (HCS) beds (a common sedimentary feature of storm-dominated shorefaces) are documented for the first time using measurements in three-dimensional (3-D) ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data for a well-developed Upper Cretaceous lower-shoreface succession at Dry Wash in the Ferron Sandstone Member, Utah. The shallow-marine sequence consists of upward-thickening HCS sand beds alternating with interstorm deposits. The thickness variation of the storm beds indicates locally steadily growing storm intensity with at least four cycles. Weakly coarsening-upward (mud to very fine-grained sand) fair-weather background deposits suggest a slow progradation of deposition with no significant change in environment. The GPR interpretation mapped three conformable, high-continuity, high-amplitude reflections throughout the 3-D GPR data volume. The interpreted radar surfaces (RSs) are well correlated with tops of HCS sand beds (and thus paleotopographic surfaces); the associated radar units (RUs) have a uniform thickness (on average 0.8 m [2.6 ft]). The RUs and the adjacent outcrop observations suggest that the shoreface sandstone at the Dry Wash site has a simple layered internal architecture. The hummocky-swaley surfaces generally dip westerly, as a product of postdepositional structural alterations that are mostly in the shoreline direction, and contain variable-size, structurally undulating rounded features. A 2-D continuous wavelet transform analysis is applied to the detrended RSs, producing a multiresolution image decomposition of the GPR surfaces. Surface features with a wavelength range of 1–7 m (3–23 ft) are in good agreement with the observations on modern hummocky shallow-marine seabeds. Quantitative measurements indicate that the hummocky surfaces at the Dry Wash site are dominated by uniformly distributed circular to elongate bed forms with maximum correlation at 1.5–3.5-m (4.9–11.4 ft) wavelength and that the deltaic sedimentary layers were simultaneously deformed by the middle Campanian compressional stress of the Sevier orogeny transmitted from the northwest. Quantitative information on the subseismic-scale surface geometry of the HCS beds is expected to result in more refined reservoir models. In addition, the connectivity of units indicated by the scale of the morphology can be an indirect indicator of unit correlation and permeability paths.
Neutralization of poliovirus by cell receptors expressed in insect cells.

Abstract To examine the interaction of the poliovirus receptor (PVR) with virus and the role of the PVR in virus entry, the PVR was expressed in insect cells. Poliovirus bound to insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus (AcPVR) carrying cDNA encoding the PVR. Antibodies raised against PVR expressed in bacteria immunoprecipitated a 67-kilodalton polypeptide from cytoplasmic extracts of AcPVR-infected cells. Treatment of AcPVR-infected cells with tunicamycin revealed that the PVR is a glycoprotein containing N-glycosidic linkages and that carbohydrate accounts for nearly 50% of its molecular weight as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When PVR was solubilized from AcPVR-infected insect cells and incubated with poliovirus, viral infectivity was neutralized. Sedimentation analysis revealed that irreversibly altered 135S particles were formed after incubation of poliovirus at 37 degrees C with solubilized extracts of AcPVR-infected insect cells. These results demonstrate that poliovirus eclipse may result from interaction with the cell receptor at neutral pH in the absence of membranes and suggest that soluble receptors may be effective antiviral agents against picornaviruses.
The thermal structure of the ionosphere

From a large number of rocket, satellite, and ground-based experiments since 1959 it is known that the electron and ion gases of the middle and upper ionosphere are substantially hotter than the neutral atmosphere. At low and midgeomagnetic latitudes the principal heating agent for the ionospheric plasma lies in the excess kinetic energy given to photoelectrons arising from the ionization of the atmospheric gases by solar ultraviolet radiation. Although the photoelectrons lose most of their kinetic energy in the excitation of atomic and molecular gases, a significant amount of energy is given to the ambient Maxwellian electron gas, increasing its temperature above that of the neutral gases. The ion gases, in contrast, appear to be heated almost entirely through the elastic collisions with ambient electrons so that the ion temperature generally lies between the electron and neutral temperatures. The calculation of theoretical temperature profiles has developed into a moderately sophisticated process with a fair degree of correspondence between predicted and observed values for undisturbed geophysical conditions. Current research emphasizes the global aspects of plasma temperatures and the connection between ionospheric and magnetospheric phenomena. However, many of the observed diurnal and seasonal variations in both electron and ion temperatures depend upon the couplings between the neutral and ionized atmospheres, and a complete understanding of all aspects of the ionospheric thermal balance is not possible at the present time.
Traditions of protest and the high‐school student movements in Spain and France in 1986–87

This article explores the social circumstances that nurture social movements in advanced capitalist societies by examining the Spanish and French high‐school student movements of 1986–87. Attention...
Pre-weaning morbidity and mortality of llamas and alpacas.

Objectives To describe the morbidity and mortality patterns and identify factors associated with morbidity in pre-weaning llamas and alpacas. Design Cross-sectional observational study of 287 crias born on four farms in Ohio, USA Procedure Historical data representing all crias born over a 6-year period were obtained from two llama farms and two alpaca farms in Ohio. Multivariable generalised linear mixed effects regression models were used to identify factors associated with morbidity outcomes. Results In total, 105 (37%) of the llamas and alpacas had some reported morbidity during the pre-weaning period, and mortality rate was 2.1%. In addition, 51 (18%) of llamas and alpacas experienced morbidity because of infectious disease, and 47 (16%) experienced morbidity during the neonatal period. The three most commonly reported morbidity events were undifferentiated diarrhoea (23%), umbilical hernia (16%) and unspecified infectious disease (15%). Difficult birth was an important risk factor for pre-weaning morbidity in this population. Conclusions Camelid veterinarians and their clients can expect that pre-weaning health events are common among crias, although mortality is low. Crias experiencing difficult births may require additional monitoring for health events during the pre-weaning period.
The Optimality of Unbalancing Both Workloads and Machine Group Sizes in Closed Queueing Networks of Multiserver Queues

Using a closed queueing network model, we explore the consequences of varying workloads among multiserver queues that may be of unequal size. In addition, we solve the problem of assigning servers of similar types to the queues in the network to maximize expected throughput. We show that 1 unbalanced configurations of assigned servers are superior to balanced ones, and 2 unbalanced workloads are better than balanced ones. We find that there can be significant differences in system throughput from balanced versus unbalanced configurations/workloads. Finally, we discuss applications to planning problems of flexible manufacturing systems.
Modifying VM hardware to reduce address pin requirements

This paper presents a simple modification of a computing system’s virtual memory hardware that can sharply reduce the number of pins required to transmit address information between a single chip processor and off-chip memory. By partitioning the virtual memory system’s translation lookaside buffer so that the virtual page numbers are stored in a cache on the processor chip and corresponding real page numbers are stored in a set of registers at the memory, it becomes possible to transmit a small index from the processor to memory instead of the page nmnber itself. Trace driven simulations indicate that this technique can significantly reduce the number of pins required to transmit address information between processor and memory. Because this technique makes use of existing virtual memory hardware, it can eliminate address pins without significantly changing computing system design, cost, or performance.
Leveraging Dynamic Inheritance in Complex Ontology Representation

Real life ontologies for web based systems, such as B2B, P2P, and B2C applications, are usually complex and large, and generally contain numerous intricate rules, exceptions and integrity constraints. Representing such ontologies in a concise but effective manner warrants sophisticated and higher level abstractions. In this paper we present an object-oriented approach to ontology representation and show that inheritance can be exploited to model and represent complex ontologies. For this purpose, we extend XML to include inheritance and methods, and demonstrate that such an extended XML actually help design and represent better ontologies that are modular, concise and low in maintenance overhead. The figure below shows an example of a complex ontology represented using our proposed XML extension. A complete discussion on XML++ and and its use in ontology representation may be found in an extended version of this paper in [1].
A Hall-current model of electron loss after POS opening into high-impedance loads

A self-consistent relativistic model of laminar Hall (E*B) electron flow access of a plasma-opening-switch (POS) plasma allows a loss mechanism after opening, even in a strongly magnetically insulated line, downstream of the remaining POS plasma. Opening is assumed to occur at the cathode, either by erosion or push-back. The loss results only when a large voltage appears after opening into a high-impedance load. Then the difference in potential between the plasma, which is near anode potential, and the cathode results in an axial component of E at the load end of the plasma, which supports an E*B drift of electrons across the gap. The analytic model predicts that this loss should increase with higher voltage after opening and can be eliminated only by removing the plasma from the gap or eliminating cathode electron emission (both difficult), or by confining this downstream electron flow with an applied magnetic field. >
Weight Loss and the Resulting Fit and Size Change of Ready‐ to‐Wear for American Women

The body dimensions of 85 female members of a weight loss salon who had lost 4-20 pounds were compared to PS 42–70, Body Measurements for the Sizing of Women's Patterns and Apparel (U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 1971) standard size dimensions before and after weight loss. The subjects were classified into fat pattern types to determine any differences occurring in patterns of dimensional change at specific body sites. A relation appeared to exist between a sub ject's fat pattern type and dimensional change at body sites. Weight loss does not guarantee im provement in the fit of ready-to-wear. The majority of women in this study would have difficulty finding a fit in ready-to-wear apparel sized with PS 42–70 either before or after weight loss.
Lewis rats are more sensitive than Fischer rats to successive negative contrast, but less sensitive to the anxiolytic and appetite-stimulating effects of chlordiazepoxide.

Lewis rats show greater anticipatory contrast effects than Fischer 344 rats. Specifically, relative to Fischer rats, Lewis rats exhibit greater avoidance of a saccharin cue when it predicts the future availability of a preferred sucrose reward [Grigson, P.S., Freet, C.S. The suppressive effects of sucrose and cocaine, but not lithium chloride, are greater in Lewis than in Fischer rats: evidence for the reward comparison hypothesis. Behav Neurosci 2000;114:353–363.]. Experiment 1 was designed to determine whether Lewis rats also would demonstrate greater contrast in another paradigm, successive negative contrast (SNC). The results demonstrated a tendency for greater SNC in Lewis rats and then slower recovery from the unexpected loss of reward relative to the Fischer rats. Pretreatment with the anxiolytic agent, chlordiazepoxide (CDP), effectively eliminated contrast in the Fischer rats, but served to prolong recovery from contrast in the Lewis rats. Finally, the results of Experiment 2 demonstrated that Fischer rats, but not Lewis rats, increase consumption of a 0.1 M sucrose solution following pretreatment with CDP. Together, the results show that, while both Lewis and Fischer rats demonstrate SNC, the effect is more sustained in the Lewis rats and these rats are insensitive to both the anxiolytic and the appetite-stimulating effects of CDP.
Acidianus Tailed Spindle Virus: a New Archaeal Large Tailed Spindle Virus Discovered by Culture-Independent Methods

ABSTRACT The field of viral metagenomics has expanded our understanding of viral diversity from all three domains of life (Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya). Traditionally, viral metagenomic studies provide information about viral gene content but rarely provide knowledge about virion morphology and/or cellular host identity. Here we describe a new virus, Acidianus tailed spindle virus (ATSV), initially identified by bioinformatic analysis of viral metagenomic data sets from a high-temperature (80°C) acidic (pH 2) hot spring located in Yellowstone National Park, followed by more detailed characterization using only environmental samples without dependency on culturing. Characterization included the identification of the large tailed spindle virion morphology, determination of the complete 70.8-kb circular double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viral genome content, and identification of its cellular host. Annotation of the ATSV genome revealed a potential three-domain gene product containing an N-terminal leucine-rich repeat domain, followed by a likely posttranslation regulatory region consisting of high serine and threonine content, and a C-terminal ESCRT-III domain, suggesting interplay with the host ESCRT system. The host of ATSV, which is most closely related to Acidianus hospitalis, was determined by a combination of analysis of cellular clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas loci and dual viral and cellular fluorescence in situ hybridization (viral FISH) analysis of environmental samples and confirmed by culture-based infection studies. This work provides an expanded pathway for the discovery, isolation, and characterization of new viruses using culture-independent approaches and provides a platform for predicting and confirming virus hosts. IMPORTANCE Virus discovery and characterization have been traditionally accomplished by using culture-based methods. While a valuable approach, it is limited by the availability of culturable hosts. In this research, we report a virus-centered approach to virus discovery and characterization, linking viral metagenomic sequences to a virus particle, its sequenced genome, and its host directly in environmental samples, without using culture-dependent methods. This approach provides a pathway for the discovery, isolation, and characterization of new viruses. While this study used an acidic hot spring environment to characterize a new archaeal virus, Acidianus tailed spindle virus (ATSV), the approach can be generally applied to any environment to expand knowledge of virus diversity in all three domains of life.
Catholic Identity: Gay and Lesbian Catholics: “Owning the Identity Differently”

“I think when Catholic lesbians come out, it's like a double oppression. Like Black women have a totally different view of what oppression is about. And I think that's true for lesbians too because when you don't get privilege you feel it, you really can see it and you're hurt by it. And I think that's why a lot of lesbians just can't stay connected with the church. I think I wanted to stay connected because my spirituality has always kept me sane. It's always really made me feel better about myself. It's who I was and helped me make sense of the world when nothing else did. Catholic spirituality worked for me. I've always been really lucky to have been exposed to the progressive stuff. I was exposed to Vatican II. There was a priest in my parish who did folk masses. They wouldn't let him do it at the church but he did it at the VA. And so it's like that little stuff, the fringe stuff that keeps me alive…. I just don't know why. I have this thing about “No, I'm still Catholic.” It's like a gene thing. Nobody can take that away and tell me that I'm not. I want to stay connected to that spirituality and also this social justice stuff, you know. That's real.
Stationary states of identical point vortices and vortex foam on the sphere

Stationary configurations of identical point vortices on the sphere are investigated using a simple numerical scheme. Configurations in which the vortices are arrayed along curves on the sphere are exhibited, which approximate equilibrium configurations of vortex sheets on the sphere. Other configurations (found after starting from random initial conditions) exhibit net-like distributions of vorticity, dividing the sphere into many cells that contain no vorticity or diffuse vorticity and forming a stationary ‘vortex foam’ on the sphere. They may be viewed as intermediate-energy elements in the set of all identical point vortex equilibria on the sphere. In the continuum limit, these foam states may correspond to stationary states of multiple intersecting vortex sheets. Stationary configurations of point vortices are not found to have this character when vortices of opposite circulations are included.
Maximum Oxygen Tolerance of CL. Botulinum A, B and C, of CL. Sporogenes and CL. Welchii

The recent communications by Dack, Starin and Werner 1 and Dack and Baumgartner 2 on the effect of reduced oxygen and carbon dioxide pressures on the growth of CI. botulinum and CI. sporogenes in veal infusion broth recalled certain experiments which had been conducted in this laboratory 6 years ago by Belle Anderson. Her untimely death prevented the completion of the studies in which she was so deeply interested. The data to be presented have been compiled from the carefully kept notes and the marginal annotations which the writer made during the course of the tests. Relatively little information concerning the oxygen requirements of pathogenic anaerobic bacteria is available. From the older observations which may be found in the papers by Chudiakow,3 Porodka4 and Matzuschita5 one may conclude that bacteria generally considered strictly anaerobic, may grow at certain minimal oxygen tensions. In connection with studies on the gas metabolism of anaerobes it appeared desirable to have further information on the oxygen tolerance of CI. botulinum, since the aerobic index figures 59o to 10^o (5 to 10 cm. atmospheric pressure) as determined by Dozier 6 in 1920 according to the method of Harris 7 for two strains were found to be too high. Subsequent tests leave no doubt that the majority of type A and B strains and particularly type C strains exhibit a much greater intolerance to oxygen than these earlier tests would indicate. Several strains of CI. botulinum, CI. sporogenes and CL welchii grown in 2% peptone and l^o glucose broth (Ph 7.2 to 7.4) were trans-
Bluff Recession in the Elwha and Dungeness Littoral Cells, Washington, USACoastal Bluff Recession

The spatial distribution and temporal variability of retreat rates of coastal bluffs composed of unconsolidated glacial deposits are of interest to landowners who occupy bluff-top properties as well as coastal resource managers who are responsible for protecting marine habitats such as forage fish spawning beaches that are dependent on bluff-derived sediments. Assessment of bluff retreat and associated sediment volumes contributed to the nearshore over time is the first step toward development of a coastal sediment budget for bluff-backed beaches using data sources including aerial photography (1939, 2001), GPS-based beach profile data (2010–2013), and airborne LiDAR (2001, 2012). These data are analyzed in context to determine alongshore rates of bluff retreat and associated volume change for the Elwha and Dungeness littoral cells in Clallam County, WA. Recession rates from 2001 to 2012 range from 0 to 1.88 m/yr in both drift cells, with mean values of 0.26 ± 0.23 m/yr (N = 152) in Elwha and 0.36 ± 0.24 m/yr (N = 433) in Dungeness. Armored sections show bluff recession rates reduced by 50 percent in Elwha and 80 percent in Dungeness, relative to their respective unarmored sections. Dungeness bluffs produce twice as much sediment per alongshore distance as do the Elwha bluffs (average, 7.5 m 3 /m/yr vs. 4.1 m 3 /m/yr, respectively). Historical bluff recession rates (1939–2001) were comparable to those from 2001–2012. Rates derived from short timescales should not be used directly for predicting decadal-scale bluff recession rates for management purposes, as they tend to represent short-term localized events rather than long-term sustained bluff retreat.
Investigation on an Outbreak of Hepatitis A inWuchuan County,2010

Objective To investigate the potential risk factors and the route of transmission of a hepatitis A outbreak in Wuchuan county,Guizhou province. Methods Self-made questionnaires were applied to investigate the hepatitis A cases and its distribution. Results Altogether 34 hepatitis A cases were reported which mainly distributed in Tangchi group of Ganhe village and Shiyuanzi and Chenjiashan group of Huangyang village,Daping town. The overall prevalence rate was 0. 11%. Eighteen cases were reported in Ganhe primary school with a prevalence rate of 2. 96%. The inapparent infection rate was 20. 51%,mainly in age of 7-13 years old,accounting for 52. 94%. The vulnerable population were mainly students( 20 cases) and scattered children( 8 cases),altogether accounting for 82. 35%. Conclusion The outbreak is caused by intimate life contacts,the rural school as the outbreak site. Thus comprehensive measures should be taken,such as improving the living environment, health education and timely vaccination,etc.
Mechanism on Impact of Key Resources on Development Risk and Market Performance of New Product in Open Innovation in Manufacturing Enterprises

This paper investigates the mechanism of two types of key resources,namely the marketing resources and the technology resources,as well as theirs interaction effects on the risk and market performance of new product development in open innovation of enterprises.By using survey data of 115 manufacturing enterprises adopting the open innovation model,we give an empirical test for the relevant assumptions.It is revealed that the marketing resources have no significant effects on the risk of new product development,but have positive impacts on the new product market performance with diminishing marginal utility.For the technology resources,they have negative impacts on the risk of new product development with diminishing marginal utility,while have positive effects on the new product market performance with diminishing marginal utility.The results also show that the interactions between the marketing resources and the technology resources promote negative impacts on the risk of new product development with diminishing marginal utility,but have no significant effects on the new product market performance.These obtained conclusions have an important significance for improving the resources management theory of open innovation and advancing the practice of new product development.
Designing Speculative Civics

As human computer interaction design research continues to expand domains, civics is emerging as an important subject through which to explore how computation shapes our public lives. In this paper we present and reflect upon a series of research through design (RtD) projects that investigate speculative civic contexts. From this, we identify and discuss tactics that can be employed in RtD projects: RtD as Representations of Systems Yet-to-Come, RtD as Prototyping Systems and RtD as Use of a System. Then we identify and discuss thematic interpretations of civics that emerged through our designs: Mediated Civics, Computed Civics, and Proxied Civics. This work contributes to discourses of speculative design, research through design, and those of civics in human computer interaction design research.
Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography for Detection of Coronary Artery Disease: Analysis of Large-Scale Multicenter Trials and Registries

The field of coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) has evolved dramatically with an ever increasing and robust evidence base to support its clinical utility in terms of an unparalleled diagnostic accuracy and effective risk stratification rivaling the more commonly applied, comparative stress imaging procedures. This chapter seeks to highlight the available high quality effectiveness evidence, including large observational and randomized trial data, that support the utility of CCTA as a valuable tool in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease.
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Antagonism Promotes Hematoendothelial Development from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor originally characterized for its role in mediating biological responses to carcinogenic environmental agents. Recent studies have elucidated the importance of AHR-dependent signaling for normal physiological function in the absence of environmental ligands, most notably the development of Th17 cells, regulatory T-cells, and natural killer (NK) cells from human peripheral blood and umbilical cord blood. Additionally, AHR is highly expressed in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), and antagonism of AHR using small molecules results in a marked expansion of umbilical cord blood-derived HSPCs suitable for clinical transplantation. It remains unclear what role, if any, AHR plays during early human hematoendothelial development. We hypothesized inhibition of AHR-mediated cell signaling could promote early human hematopoietic cell development. To model human hematopoiesis, we employed a xenogeneic-free and chemically defined in vitro method to differentiate human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into endothelial and hematopoietic cells. qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated a significant increase in AHR (13.36±5.52 fold change, p Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Design It! Design Engineering in After School Programs (2002), and Explore It! Science Investigations in Out-of-School Programs (2006)

Science programming can be daunting for after school educators and para-educators. These two resources insure science is fun for both youth and educators! Design It! Design Engineering in After School Programs (2002), and Explore It! Science Investigations in Out-of-School Programs (2006) encourage the love of science learning through an exploratory format that is grounded in cooperative learning. Each of the two programs contain multiple projects using readily available and affordable materials. Design It! includes project topics such as Gliders, Spinning Toys, and Trebuchets. Explore It! includes project topics such as Wiring a House, Soda Science, and Balancing Toys.
Molecular Junctions: Control of the Energy Gap Achieved by a Pinning Effect

Single-molecule junctions are the constitutive components of molecular electronics circuits. For any potential application, the energy gap in the junction, i.e., the accumulated energy difference between the electrode Fermi level and the two frontier energy levels of the molecule, is a key property. Here, using the nonequilibrium Green’s function coupled to the density functional theory framework (NEGF-DFT) method, we show that the gap of the molecule inserted between electrodes can differ largely from the gap of the same molecule, at the isolated level. It can be widely compressed by tuning the alignment mechanism at each metal/molecule interface. In the context of molecular rectification, we show that this mechanism relates to the pinning effect. We discuss the different parameters affecting the compression of the gap and its efficiency. Interestingly, we find that the structure both of the molecule and of the anchoring group plays an important role. Finally, we investigate the evolution of these featur...
MANCHUKUO AND BEYOND: THE LIFE AND TIMES OF ZHANG MENGSHI

Zhang Mengshi died in late 2014 at the age of ninety-two, shortly after his autobiography was published. He was born into a life of privilege because his father Zhang Jinghui was a close confidant of the Chinese warlord Zhang Zuolin. Mengshi was a boy in Harbin in the 1930s when Russian influences dominated the city, then when his father became prime minister of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo in 1935 he lived with his family in Hsinking, the new capital. He studied in Japan in the early 1940s as war in the Pacific intensified. His father upheld the Japanese occupation of Manchuria, while Mengshi secretly worked with the Communist underground to undermine the occupation. When Soviet troops arrived in 1945 to take over from the defeated Japanese, Mengshi was also arrested and sent to Siberia, though he was willing to help the Russian Communists. In 1950 he returned to the new People's Republic of China, to work with the captured Chinese and Japanese from former Manchukuo, including his own father and former emperor Puyi, teaching them about the crimes they had committed. In this article Mengshi's fascinating autobiography is summarized and commented on.
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis following repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Abstract We report a series of three infants that were treated for congenital diaphragmatic hernia and concomitant pyloric stenosis (PS). Presentation of PS may be atypical in this population, and early recognition is important to facilitate advancement of gastric or oral feeds. Long-term outcomes depend on underlying gastrointestinal and neurologic function.
Hispanic ethnicity is associated with younger age at presentation but worse survival in acute myeloid leukemia.

Key Points SEER data and a Bronx validation cohort demonstrate that Hispanics present with AML at younger age but have shorter survival than whites. Increased frequency of high-risk mutations in Hispanics provides a potential biologic explanation for poorer outcomes in Hispanics.
Structured Spontaneity: Building Circuits in the Human Prenatal Brain

Early brain activity is crucial for neurogenesis and the development of brain networks. However, it has been challenging to localize regions in the developing human brain that contribute to spontaneous waves of neuronal activity. Recently, Arichi and colleagues reported that the temporal and heteromodal insular cortices have a central role in propagating these neural instructional signals.
Ideology: A Multi-paradigmatic Approach:

Any explanation of ideology is based on a worldview. The premise of this article is that any worldview can be associated with one of the four broad paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical h...
Volatile and Contact Chemical Cues Associated with Host and Mate Recognition Behavior of Sphenophorus venatus and Sphenophorus parvulus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae).

Beetles in the genus Sphenophorus Schonherr, or billbugs, potentially utilize both volatile and non-volatile behavior-modifying chemical signals. These insects are widely distributed across North America, often occurring in multi-species assemblages in grasses. However, details about their host- and mate-finding behavior are poorly understood. This study tested the hypothesis that volatile organic compounds from host-plants and conspecifics direct the dispersal behavior of hunting billbug S. venatus Say. Further, we characterized the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of two widespread pest species, S. venatus and bluegrass billbug S. parvulus Gyllenhaal, to assess the potential role of contact pheromones in mate-recognition. In Y-tube olfactometer bioassays, S. venatus males were attracted to a combination of conspecifics and Cynodon dactylon host-plant material, as well as C. dactylon plant material alone. S. venatus females were attracted to a combination of male conspecifics and host-plants but were also attracted to male conspecifics alone. Field evaluation of a putative male-produced aggregation pheromone, 2-methyl-4-octanol, identified from two congeners, S. levis Vaurie and S. incurrens Gyllenhaal, did not support the hypothesis that S. venatus and S. parvulus were also attracted to this compound. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of S. venatus and S. parvulus whole-body cuticular extracts indicated a series of hydrocarbons with qualitative and quantitative interspecific variation in addition to intraspecific quantitative variation between males and females. This study provides the first evidence that S. venatus orients toward host- and insect-derived volatile organic compounds and substantiates the presence of species-specific cuticular hydrocarbons that could serve as contact pheromones for sympatric Sphenophorus species.
Divisible Goods and Common Good: Reflections on Caritas in Veritate : Response to Martin Rhonheimer

Russell Hittinger, professor at the University of Tulsa, USA, responds to Martin Rhonheimer’s paper by addressing some of its more provocative points as well as by elaborating an idea of the common good suitable to guarding a rightful autonomy of institutions and societies other than the state. In this article, Hittinger begins by focusing upon two of the more important elements found in Rhonheimer’s work: the practical rationality necessary in the interaction between state and market and Polanyi’s “double movement,” characterizing the conflict between these two players. While understanding that an economic utopia is unrealizable, the state must limit its “intervention” to restoring the rule of law. Upon this basis, the author then elaborates the principle of unity enshrined in the concept of the common good; oft misunderstood, this common good is destroyed when the state attempts to divide and distribute the common goods, which can only be shared or participated, therein.
An Evoked Potential Study of Endogenous Affective Disorders in Alcoholics

This study investigated the hypothesis that some alcohol abusers have variations in neurophysiological response patterns akin to those found in endogenous affective disorders. VERs were obtained from three groups of alcohol abusers using procedures developed by Buchsbaum and Silverman (1968). The groups consisted of alcohol abusers with 1) a family history of bipolar affective disorder 2) a negative family history of affective disorders and 3) a family history of unipolar depression. Changes in VER with variation in stimulus intensity analogous to those reported for bipolar (augmenters) and unipolar (reducers) depressives were expected and obtained for Groups 1 and 3 respectively.
Immigration and health care reform: shared struggles

The connection between health care and immigration share overlaping key areas in policy reform. General concern, anger, and fear about immigration has been spreading nationwide. While illegal immigrants' use of expensive emergency department services does add to the cost for uncompensated care, this expenditure is not a primary cost driver but more a symptom of little or no access to preventative or primary health care. As a result of federal inaction, more state politicians are redefining how America copes with illegal residents including how or whether they have access to health care. The overlap of immigration and health care reform offers an opportunity for us to enter the next round of debate from a more informed vantage point.
Well-Differentiated Thyroid Follicular Carcinoma

Tumors that arise from follicular epithelial cells of the human thyroid gland are common in clinical practice and can be detected in up to 50% of adults by ultrasonography.1–3 Fortunately, less than 20% of palpable thyroid tumors are carcinomas, and these make up only about 1% of all cancers.4 Approximately 80% of thyroid cancers are papillary carcinomas that have an excellent prognosis with an overall patient survival of 90-95%.5 Another 15% of thyroid carcinomas are follicular and Hurthle cell carcinomas that have a good prognosis with an overall patient survival of 75-80%.4,6–12 Papillary, follicular, and Hurthle cell carcinomas are thought to arise from the same type of precursor thyroid follicular epithelial cell, although each has unique morphologic and clinical features. Well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas have the potential to progress to aggressive clinical disease that may be rapidly lethal, particularly in older patients.
Trends in college students’ mental health diagnoses and utilization of services, 2009–2015

Objective: To examine changes in diagnoses/treatment for 12 mental health (MH) conditions, previous use of campus MH services, and willingness to seek MH services in the future. Participants: ACHA–...
Recategorization: The Selection of Minority Directors and Their Subsequent Influences on Boards

We build on recategorization theory and research to explain how minority directors may overcome the social barriers of obtaining major board appointments and successfully influence subsequent board...
KLF4 activates NFκB signaling and esophageal epithelial inflammation via the Rho-related GTP-binding protein RHOF.

Understanding the regulatory mechanisms within esophageal epithelia is essential to gain insight into the pathogenesis of esophageal diseases, which are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. The zinc-finger transcription factor Kruppel-like factor (KLF4) is implicated in a large number of cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation in esophageal epithelia. In murine esophageal epithelia, Klf4 overexpression causes chronic inflammation which is mediated by activation of NFκB signaling downstream of KLF4, and this esophageal inflammation produces epithelial hyperplasia and subsequent esophageal squamous cell cancer. Yet, while NFκB activation clearly promotes esophageal inflammation, the mechanisms by which NFκB signaling is activated in esophageal diseases are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that the Rho-related GTP-binding protein RHOF is activated by KLF4 in esophageal keratinocytes, leading to the induction of NFκB signaling. Moreover, RHOF is required for NFκB activation by KLF4 in esophageal keratinocytes and is also important for esophageal keratinocyte proliferation and migration. Finally, we find that RHOF is upregulated in eosinophilic esophagitis, an important esophageal inflammatory disease in humans. Thus, RHOF activation of NFκB in esophageal keratinocytes provides a potentially important and clinically-relevant mechanism for esophageal inflammation and inflammation-mediated esophageal squamous cell cancer.
What-If Analysis of Page Load Time in Web Browsers Using Causal Profiling

Web browsers have become one of the most commonly used applications for desktop and mobile users. Despite recent advances in network speeds and several techniques to speed up web page loading such as speculative loading, smart caching, and multi-threading, browsers still suffer from relatively long page load time (PLT). As web applications are receiving widespread attention owing to their cross-platform support and comparatively straightforward development process, they need to have higher performance to compete with native applications. Recent studies have investigated the bottleneck of the modern web browser's performance and conclude that network connection is not the browser's bottleneck anymore. Even though there is still no consensus on this claim, no subsequent analysis has been conducted to inspect which parts of the browser's computation contribute to the performance overhead. In this paper, we apply comprehensive and quantitative what-if analysis on the web browser's page loading process. Unlike conventional profiling methods, we applycausal profiling to precisely determine the impact of each computation stage such as HTML parsing and Layout on PLT. For this purpose, we develop COZ+, a high-performance causal profiler capable of analyzing large software systems such as the Chromium browser. COZ+ highlights the most influential spots for further optimization, which can be leveraged by browser developers and/or website designers. For instance, COZ+ shows that optimizing JavaScript by 40% is expected to improve the Chromium desktop browser's page loading performance by more than 8.5% under typical network conditions.
Threatened suicide and baiting crowd formation: a replication and extension of Mann (1981)

Using the lens of Deindividuation Theory, Leon Mann explored the formation of baiting crowds in a small sample of public suicides/suicide attempts. Instead of attempting to prevent the suicide, bai...