cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An artificial neural network approach to improving the correlation between protein energetics and the backbone structure

Computational approaches to modeling protein structures have made significant advances over the past decade. However, the current limitation in modeling protein structures is to produce protein structures consistently below the limit of 6 A compared to their native structure. Therefore, improvement of protein structures consistently below the 6 A limit using simulation of biophysical forces is of significant interest. Current protein force fields such as those implemented in CHARMM, AMBER, and NAMD have been deemed complete, yet their use in ab initio approaches to protein structure determination has been unsuccessful. Here, we introduce a new approach in evaluation of protein structures based on analysis of energy profiles produced by the SCOPE software package. The latest version of SCOPE produces a hydrogen bond profile that is substantially more informative than a single hydrogen bond energy value. We demonstrate how analysis of SCOPE's energy profile by an artificial neural network shows a significant improvement compared to the traditional force-based approaches to evaluation of structures. The artificial neural network based analysis of SCOPE's energy profile showed identification of structures to within the range of 1.5–3.0 A of the native structure. These results have been obtained by testing structures in the same Homology, Topology, Architecture, or Class of the CATH family.
Millimeter-wave and terahertz integrated circuit antennas

A comprehensive review of integrated circuit antennas suitable for millimeter and terahertz applications is presented. A great deal of research was done on integrated circuit antennas in the last decade, and many of the problems associated with electrically thick dielectric substrates, such as substrate modes and poor radiation patterns, have been understood and solved. Several antennas, such as the integrated horn antenna, the dielectric-filled parabola, the Fresnel plate antenna, the dual-slot antenna, and the log-periodic and spiral antennas on extended hemispherical lenses, which have resulted in excellent performance at millimeter-wave frequencies, are covered in detail. A review of the efficiency definitions used with planar antennas is included. >
Vibrational spectra of trihalogeno-s-triazines C3F3−nClnN3

Abstract Infrared and Raman spectra of 2-fluoro-4,6-dichloro-s-triazine and 2,4-difluoro-6-chloro-s-triazine have been recorded and an assignment of the normal vibrations in the series C3Cl3−nFnN3 is proposed. Infrared spectra of the series C3Br3−nFnN3 are evaluated in somewhat less detail.
Single-Molecule Studies of RNA Polymerase: One Singular Sensation, Every Little Step It Takes

Transcription is the first of many biochemical steps that turn the genetic information found in DNA into the proteins responsible for driving cellular processes. In this review, we highlight certain advantages of single-molecule techniques in the study of prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription, and the specific ways in which these techniques complement conventional, ensemble-based biochemistry. We focus on recent literature, highlighting examples where single-molecule methods have provided fresh insights into mechanism. We also present recent technological advances and outline future directions in the field.
Universal maternal cervical length screening during the second trimester: pros and cons of a strategy to identify women at risk of spontaneous preterm delivery

Three large randomized controlled trials investigating the efficacy of universal cervical length screening and treatment with vaginal progesterone or cervical cerclage to prevent preterm delivery have been published over the past several years. None of these trials demonstrate proven efficacy for universal cervical length screening and cerclage placement in women with short cervical length. However, universal cervical length screening and treatment with daily vaginal progesterone in women with short cervical length reduces the risk of preterm birth, but large numbers of women must be screened to prevent a relatively small number of preterm deliveries. Issues that should be considered while implementing universal cervical length screening include: (1) standards of quality and reproducibility for transvaginal ultrasound cervical length ascertainment; (2) implications of screening on the application of therapeutic strategies to populations not known to benefit (so-called "indication creep"); and (3) willingness of obstetricians to prescribe vaginal progesterone formulations that are not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for preterm birth prevention. Optimal strategies to employ cervical ultrasound and progesterone treatment might be revealed by additional studies investigating cervical length cutoffs, frequency of screening, selective screening in higher-risk groups, and the use of transabdominal cervical length screening as a surrogate for transvaginal cervical length screening.
Childbirth: Two Approaches

Different approaches to providing optimum psychologic conditions for childbirth are presented in two articles, one about a home delivery and one about the special efforts one hospital exerted to this end. The author of the January/February issue's article on transactional analysis introduces this section with vignettes from her personal experience.
Essential fatty acid metabolism in dogs and cats

Summary and Conclusion Cats do not synthesize linoleic acid and require a dietary supply. Cats also have a limited capacity to synthesize arachidonic acid and an alternative pathway for it may exist. For maintenance needs, male, female, and neutered cats may be able to meet their requirements at very low levels of dietary inclusion of this fatty acid. A summary of the essential and conditionally essential fatty acids of cat is presented in Table 1. Specific recommended allowances for each life stage have been made as part of the 2006 NRC Nutrient Requirements for Dogs and Cats document from the National Research Council (16). Table 1 - Summary of the Essential and Conditionally Essential Fatty Acids for Dog and Cat Life Stages. a) X, Essential fatty acid; C, Conditionally essential for the respective life stage. b) Recommended but no requirement established c) Many n-3 LCPUFA sources contain both EPA and DHA; EPA should not exceed 60% of EPA + DHA total. Male cats may be able to synthesize enough arachidonate for reproduction. However, queens require an exogenous source of arachidonate for successful pregnancies and normal litters although for conception
Three-year outcomes of Uretex Urethral Support System for treatment of stress urinary incontinence

To assess the medium-term performance of the Uretex Urethral Support System, patients were evaluated by the 1-h pad test, cough stress test (CST), Valsalva leak-point pressure test (VLPP), and validated questionnaires. Seventy-five patients were enrolled; median follow-up was 3.6 years (range, 3.1–4.3 years). All patients had a negative CST, 65 (87%) had no leakage during VLPP, and 62 of 72 patients (86%) had a negative 1-h pad test. Compared with baseline values of 50.0 and 28.6, median Urogenital Distress Inventory and Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-7 scores at 3-year follow-up were 16.7 and 0, respectively (P < 0.001). Observed medium-term morbidity included de novo urgency in four (5%), frequency in three (4%), and urge incontinence in one (1%). No patients reported graft erosion. The Uretex Urethral Support System is highly effective (both objectively and subjectively) for treatment of stress urinary incontinence and improves quality of life in women with minimal adverse sequelae.
A Macromarketing Approach to Economic Development

The early comparative marketing studies first brought to the attention of scholars a relationship between marketing and economic development. Acceptance of this relationship by planners resulted in incorporating macromarketing inputs into economic development plans. For optimum effect both macro and micro inputs are necessary.
Unmasking host and microbial strategies in the Agrobacterium-plant defense tango.

Coevolutionary forces drive adaptation of both plant-associated microbes and their hosts. Eloquently captured in the Red Queen Hypothesis, the complexity of each plant-pathogen relationship reflects escalating adversarial strategies, but also external biotic and abiotic pressures on both partners. Innate immune responses are triggered by highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or PAMPs, that are harbingers of microbial presence. Upon cell surface receptor-mediated recognition of these pathogen-derived molecules, host plants mount a variety of physiological responses to limit pathogen survival and/or invasion. Successful pathogens often rely on secretion systems to translocate host-modulating effectors that subvert plant defenses, thereby increasing virulence. Host plants, in turn, have evolved to recognize these effectors, activating what has typically been characterized as a pathogen-specific form of immunity. Recent data support the notion that PAMP-triggered and effector-triggered defenses are complementary facets of a convergent, albeit differentially regulated, set of immune responses. This review highlights the key players in the plant’s recognition and signal transduction pathways, with a focus on the aspects that may limit Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection and the ways it might overcome those defenses. Recent advances in the field include a growing appreciation for the contributions of cytoskeletal dynamics and membrane trafficking to the regulation of these exquisitely tuned defenses. Pathogen counter-defenses frequently manipulate the interwoven hormonal pathways that mediate host responses. Emerging systems-level analyses include host physiological factors such as circadian cycling. The existing literature indicates that varying or even conflicting results from different labs may well be attributable to environmental factors including time of day of infection, temperature, and/or developmental stage of the host plant.
Factors involved in maxillary implant dentures

Abstract 1.There is a place for the full upper implant denture. 2.Local and systemic factors should be determined prior to starting any implant work. This means that the medical picture can be as important as the dental one. 3.Basic engineering principles should be applied to implant denture construction, as well as a knowledge of the anatomic structures, and their functions as they apply. 4.Each phase of implant work should be viewed in light of the whole. 5.Periodic checkup appointments for implant denture patients should be made the same as for patients with natural dentitions.
Ultrasonic loss and gain mechanisms in semiconductors

Several kinds of interactions of ultrasound in semiconductors are reviewed. The subjects discussed are the effects of interaction with 1) thermal phonons, which produce temperature dependent attenuation; 2) free carriers, which may give attenuation or amplification; 3) electrons bound to shallow donors, giving rise to attenuation at low temperatures; and 4) other ultrasonic waves, which may give attenuation or amplification. An introduction to relaxation effects is included.
An Operational Forecasting Model for the Variation of Mean Maximum Mixing Heights Across the Coastal Zone

Variation exists in the maximum mixing height (MMH) across the coastal zone because of major differences in heat capacity between land and sea. By assuming that synoptic and microscale effects are all small as compared to the contribution from mesoscale temperature differences, a model is proposed to explain this variation. The model states that the variation of the MMH across the coastal zone is due primarily and is linearly proportional to the difference in maximum temperature between land and sea. Since the MMH is one of the most important parameters in the computation of distribution and concentration of aerosols, water vapor, and pollutants, a simple equation is also provided for the operational forecasting of the MMH or the mixing height over the sea. All inputs into the equation are routinely available. The model has been verified by available data and a relevant field experiment.
The norm of self-interest.

The self-interest motive is singularly powerful according to many of the most influential theories of human behavior and the layperson alike. In the present article the author examines the role the assumption of self-interest plays in its own confirmation. It is proposed that a norm exists in Western cultures that specifies self-interest both is and ought to be a powerful determinant of behavior. This norm influences people's actions and opinions as well as the accounts they give for their actions and opinions. ionparticular, it leads people to act and speak as though they care more about their material self-interest than they do. Consequences of misinterpreting the “fact” of self-interest are discussed.
Lifecourse Epidemiology and Molecular Pathological Epidemiology

Lifecourse epidemiology studies long-term effects of social and environmental exposures on health and diseases.1, 2 A key challenge to the three models of lifecourse epidemiology is translating its empirical evidence into intervention planning especially among populations where the critical social and environmental exposures happened in the past or they are difficult to intervene. In this article, molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) is reviewed, which was first described in 2010.3 MPE reflects the recent technological advances in molecular pathology, and has revealed that a disease (e.g. colorectal cancer), which has been studied as a single entity, actually consists of a multitude of subtypes with differing biological features (e.g. combination of KRAS mutation +/−, BRAF mutation +/−, and more). Since each subtype theoretically is associated with a different set of epidemiologic risk factors, the social and environmental determinants of health through the life course need to be reexamined from the “unique disease principle” perspective of MPE. Investigating molecular heterogeneity of disease and disease development process can help epidemiologists to identify modifiable factors at the ongoing disease development process caused by early-life exposures among adult populations.
Catalyst particle effectiveness with unsymmetrical boundary conditions

Abstract In trickle-bed reactors part of the surface of the catalyst particles may be covered by liquid and part by gas. Under such conditions conventional expressions for effectiveness factors are not applicable because the surface concentration is not uniform. In this paper more general equations for both particle and overall effectiveness factors are derived. The first development is for slab geometry where the two plane surfaces of equal areas have different reactant concentrations. This is followed by treatment of a cubic particle where one or more faces are covered by liquid. Approximate methods are then presented for evaluating the effectiveness factor for any fractional liquid coverage, f . Comparison of the results at permissible values of f indicates that a simple weighting-factor method gives good results. The method is illustrated by comparing predicted and experimental reaction rates for a case where experimental results are available—the hydrogenation of α-methyl styrene.
The vascular volume-pressure relationship in the dogfish, Squalus acanthias

Abstract 1. 1. Systemic arterial blood pressure did not correlate significantly with blood volume or heart rate of unanesthetized dogfish (Squalus acanthias). 2. 2. Systemic arterial pulse pressure correlated significantly with both blood volume and heart rate. 3. 3. Plasma volume expansion with hypo-osmotic dextran solution increased blood pressure significantly without increasing plasma osmolality. 4. 4. Hypertonic saline and urea solutions increased plasma osmolality without significant increase in blood pressure. 5. 5. Serial intravascular increments of fluid volume in recently dead dogfish did not result in sustained elevation of vascular pressure. 6. 6. These experiments fail to demonstrate a direct relationship between blood pressure and blood volume in Squalus acanthias.
Grading of ovarian cancer: A histotype-specific approach

Over the last decade, our understanding of ovarian cancer has evolved; it is no longer considered a single entity, but instead a heterogeneous group of tumors. Accordingly, a histotype-specific grading system seems to be more appropriate than a universal grading system to reflect the diversity of this disease. In this article, this histotype-specific approach to the grading of ovarian carcinoma is discussed.
Snow microphysical observations in shallow mixed-phase and deep frontal Arctic cloud systems

Snow particle size distributions (particle size >400 µm) in the western Arctic measured with in situ aircraft instrumentation during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic/First ISCCP Regional Experiment - Arctic Clouds Experiment and MixedPhase Arctic Cloud Experiment are analysed. Three cases of shallow, precipitating mixed-phase boundary-layer clouds and two cases of deep, precipitating frontal clouds are examined. Overall, the shallow cases had much lower values of particle concentration and ice water content than the deep cases, indicating large differences in ice initiation and growth between these regimes. Within a given case for both the shallow and deep frontal systems, and for the dataset as a whole, crystal concentration had little correlation with temperature (height), despite an active aggregation process that was indicated by large aggregates (>5 mm) observed in four out of the five cases. Exponential size distributions are fitted to the observations, allowing a direct comparison with the snow particle size distributions that are represented with exponential functions in many bulk microphysics schemes used in weather and climate models. Values of the fitted intercept parameter N0 are generally 2 –10 times smaller for the shallow compared to the deep frontal cases as a result of differences in crystal concentration between these regimes. Values of N0 ∼ 10 7 m −4 specified for snow in many bulk microphysics schemes are broadly consistent with fitted N0 for the deep cases but larger than values for the shallow cases. The deep frontal cases also exhibit a relationship between N0 and temperature consistent with previous observations of midlatitude frontal systems. However, there are no consistent differences in N0 between the shallow and deep cases when partitioned by ice water content. Fitted values of slope parameter λ for the shallow and deep cases are generally consistent with previous studies of lower-latitude cloud systems. Copyright c � 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Land of Many Hands: Women in the American West

"Come along, come along--don't be alarmed, /Uncle Sam is rich enough to give us all a farm."--popular 1852 camp song From 1840 to 1910, the western region of the United States was the stage for dramatic and often tumultuous encounters between people of diverse cultural backgrounds. This was a period of feverish development of western lands, often with tragic consequences for native peoples as homesteaders encroached upon ancient lands and cultures. American women--Hispanic, African-American, Asian, and European whites--played a prominent role in the migration out West. They raised families, plowed land and planted corn, panned for gold and cleared forests for new homes, opened schools and ran boardinghouses and saloons, became ranchers, missionaries, journalists, peddlers, and trail guides. Women helped to build communities and push the boundaries of the United States to the Pacific. They came west as homesteaders and teachers, artists and journalists, prostitutes and outlaws, physicians and activists, domestics and nursemaids, and a myriad of other occupations. And wherever they settled they left an indelible mark on the land and on the nation's destiny. In Land of Many Hands, author Harriet Sigerman uncovers the fascinating stories of women in the American West using primary sources and documents (many never before published). Among the women featured are: Sarah Winnemucca, spokeswoman for the Piutes; women's rights activist Abigail Scott Duniway of Oregon; Narcissa Whitman, missionary to the Cayuse Indians of Oregon; Alice Fletcher, pioneer anthropologist, an advocate for the Omaha and Nez Perce Indians; Mary Elizabeth Blair, an African-American real estate agent; journalists Elizabeth Barstow Stoddard of San Francisco and Charlotte Spears Bass of Los Angeles; Mary Josephine Welch ("Chicago Joe"), proprietor of the Red Light Saloon in Helena, Montana; Mary E. Lease, orator for the populist party; and Mrs. E. J. Guerin ("Mountain Charley"), a trail guide who made her living disguised as a man."
SU-FF-T-330: A Practical Method to Measure and Evaluate Different Dose Calculation Algorithms in Varian Eclipse Treatment Planning System

Purpose: Electron Density Phantom (EDP) was used to evaluate dose calculation algorithms in Varian Eclipse Treatment Planning System (TPS) and to commission the Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm (Version 8.1.17, AAA_8117) with inhomogeneity correction for treatment planning.Methods and Materials: The EDP with various tissue equivalent plugs used to calibrate the CT simulator for dose calculation in Varian Eclipse TPS (Version 8.1.1.17) was adopted to evaluate different dose calculation algorithms in the TPS by measuring the actual dose delivered to the EDP prescribed by treatment plans. The treatment plans with field sizes of 20×20, 10×10, and 4×4 were created in the TPS using CTimages of the EDP. The 200 cGy per fraction was prescribed to a point that is 4 cm behind the 8.2 cm long exhale‐lung tissue equivalent plug. Dose calculation for each plan was performed with calculation models of Pencil Beam Convolution (PBC_8117), the AAA_8117 without inhomogeneity correction, and the AAA_8117 with inhomogeneity correction, respectively. Then the individual plans were delivered to “treat” the EDP for measuring the actual dose. The 2‐D dose distributions were measured and analyzed with two independent methods (1) MapCheck, and (2) EDR‐2 film with RIT VXR‐16 Dosimetry Vidar System. The prescribed point dose was measured using an ion chamber. All the measured doses were compared with the calculated doses from the associated treatment plans. Results: The AAA_8117 with inhomogeneity correction is superior to the other algorithms in our study. The dose discrepancy is within 1% at the prescribed area. Conclusion: A practical method to evaluate different dose calculation algorithms in a TPS was proposed and performed in our study. Results suggest that the AAA_8117 with inhomogeneity correction should be used for treatment planning, especially when lung tissue is involved in the radiation field.
Performance Assessments from the Perspective of Generalizability Theory

Relevant aspects of generalizability theory relating to performance assessments (PAs) are reviewed. The role of various facets in assessing the generalizability of PAs is examined, and some popular estimates of reliabilityfor PAs are considered from the perspective of generalizability theory.
Generalization of serial learning in the pigeon.

Sequence learning in pigeons was studied in asimultaneous chaining paradigm: all stimuli and the opportunity to respond to each stimulus were available simultaneously. In contrast to the traditionalsuccessive chaining paradigm, a simultaneous chaining paradigm provides no differential feedback following each response (except the last). Subjects were first trained to perform on sequences of two (AB), then three (ABC), and then four colors (ABCD). Performance greatly exceeded that predicted by models of random choice. Generalization to novel arrays of three and four colors was complete. After training with a four-color sequence, the subjects were tested with subsequences consisting of all possible combinations of two and three of the four training colors (e.g., BD, AD, BC, ACD, BCD, etc.). The successful completion of these subsequences showed that the organization of the original sequence did not entail overt pecks to successive elements of that sequence. That subjects can respond accurately on nonadjacent subsets is not readily explained by a chaining theory, or by any theory that assumes that responding to element n provides a cue for responding to element n+1.
TRPV1 Channels: Not So Inactive on the ER

In this issue of Neuron, Wong et al. (2014) report a remarkable evolutionarily conserved role for the Drosophila TRPV1 homolog Inactive controlling synaptic growth at larval neuromuscular junctions by facilitating Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Hybridization of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms and fuzzy control for automated construction, tuning, and analysis of neuronal models

As of late, automated methods for generation and tuning of neuronal models have been gaining popularity (e.g. [1]). Several such techniques, including brute-force parameter search space exploration (e.g.[2]) or particle swarm optimization (e.g.[3]), have been successfully applied in this area; however, evolutionary/genetic algorithms seem to be the tool of choice for an increasing number of computational neuroscientists (e.g.[4,5]). Multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEA) lend themselves especially well to this application, as they are capable of generating or tuning neuronal models by optimizing multiple, often conflicting, objectives at the same time (e.g.[6,7]). The one weakness of MOEA-based construction of neuronal models, however, is the fact that it solely relies on the convergence efficiency of the chosen algorithm, and it largely ignores the plethora of available biological knowledge (other than what is utilized in the initial stages of model building in terms of the overall design of the model structure and the definition of fitness functions) that could be used to make the process itself more efficient. In this work, we propose to remedy this situation by hybridizing multi-objective evolutionary algorithms with a fuzzy logic-based controller in order to supply the MOEA with expert knowledge that can improve the algorithm's effectiveness. Fuzzy logic (FL) is a form of multiple-valued logic, which can emulate and incorporate human-like intelligence into a system controlling a process within a closed loop [8]. Fuzzy IF-THEN rules can be used to determine the best possible adjustment to the process based on its current output. Here, the process is the evolutionary algorithm, and the models generated by it are subjected to a set of fuzzy rules to determine the best adjustments, if any, to increase the likelihood of generating models that meet the predefined criteria. The application of fuzzy logic allows for utilization of linguistic rules that are easy to articulate and understand by humans (e.g. "IF spiking frequency is too low, THEN increase axon sodium conductance"), but at the same time can be directly applied to the neuronal models generated by the MOEA via the process of fuzzification (i.e. translation of crisp numerical values into linguistic concepts) and defuzzification, after the pertinent rules have been triggered. Importantly, as the loop continues to execute, more rules can be extracted from the evolutionary algorithm itself by simply identifying the changes across the generations that produced improvement, and mapping that information onto the fuzzy logic domain.
Broadband and adiabatic inversion of a two-level system by phase-modulated pulses.

We describe a class of continuously phase-modulated radiation pulses that result in coherent population inversion on resonance as well as over a large range of transition frequencies and radiation field strengths. This is a population-inversion analogy to self-induced transparency. Simulations of the inversion properties of the modulated inversion pulse (MIP) are presented. It is shown that the inversion behavior can be explained by treating the MIP as a highly efficient adiabatic sweep. Criteria for establishing adiabaticity are discussed in detail. Finally, a method is presented for generating a sequence of phase-shifted radio-frequency pulses, from the continuously modulated pulse, which can be implemented on modern NMR and coherent optical spectrometers; experimental confirmation is given.
Nursing consultation groups: A mental health intervention in pediatrics∗

Abstract The changing role of the pediatric nurse from a person who merely carries out orders to a more independent professional has caused nurses to find their education lacking in the basic psychological skills necessary to deal with pediatric patients. With the help of the clinical child psychologist consultant and the institution of nursing consultation groups, the nurse may obtain kelp in dealing with the mental health difficulties of pediatric patients as well as with their own staff problems. The role of the psychologist consultant is discussed in detail along with some of the more sensitive issues surrounding the presentation of these groups to the nursing staff. The three purposes of nursing consultation groups are enumerated including: (1) sharing of feelings, (2) skills training and traditional case consultation and (3) organizational development and team building.
Dairy, Magnesium, and Calcium Intake in Relation to Insulin Sensitivity: Approaches to Modeling a Dose-dependent Association

Dairy intake has been inversely associated with insulin resistance, which may be partly due to the specific effects of calcium and magnesium. Data from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (1992-1999) for 1,036 US adults without diabetes at baseline were examined to evaluate the cross-sectional association of habitual dairy, magnesium, and calcium intake with insulin sensitivity at baseline and after 5 years of follow-up. Insulin sensitivity was directly measured with a validated, 12-sample, insulin-enhanced, intravenous glucose tolerance test with minimal model analysis. Dietary intake was assessed by a validated food frequency interview, and dietary supplement dose was confirmed by reviewing the supplement label. Several statistical approaches were used to ensure appropriate modeling of the dose-dependent association. No association was found between dairy intake and insulin sensitivity (p=0.41); however, associations were positive for magnesium and calcium intake (p=0.016) after adjusting for demographic, nondietary lifestyle and dietary factors, and food groups. Furthermore, magnesium intake was associated with insulin sensitivity in a threshold fashion, with a Bayesian method-estimated threshold (325 mg) (beta=0.0607/100 mg, p=0.0008 for or=325 mg of magnesium/day). This study suggests that magnesium and calcium intake specifically, but not dairy intake, is associated with insulin sensitivity.
Employee acceptance of a four-day workweek.

An experimental work schedule consisting of four 10-hour days (4/40) was initiated at a large metropolitan hospital. Interviews were conducted to determine which employee and job characteristics we...
A Lexicon of Christian Iconography

In 1968 the first volume of a monumental publishing enterprise came from the press, Herder's Lexikon der christlichen Ikonographie. The editor, the late Engelbert Kirschbaum, S.J., had planned the work to embrace six volumes, 1 to 4 dealing with general Christian themes, and 5 and 6 dealing with saints and other holy persons. The scope of the latter part, however, has subsequently been expanded, with the consequence that instead of two volumes, four will be needed to deal in a more comprehensive way with the saints that are to be included. (At the time of this writing three of these four volumes have been published.)
BACH1 Is a Specific Repressor of HMOX1 That Is Inactivated by Arsenite

Intracellular heme is a redox active molecule that can be detrimental to cells at high concentrations or under oxidizing conditions. To prevent accumulation, the inducible enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) catalyzes degradation of heme. In the absence of elevated intracellular heme or oxidative stress, the basic region leucine zipper transcriptional regulator BACH1 binds HMOX1 antioxidant response elements and represses transcription. Conversely, increased intracellular heme or sulfhydryl oxidation inactivate BACH1, permitting transcriptional induction of HMOX1. Here, we investigate the effect of BACH1 inactivation on the induction of HMOX1 and as a mechanism for broader gene induction. We show that BACH1 is inactivated at low micromolar arsenite concentrations and that BACH1 inactivation is necessary and sufficient for transcriptional induction of HMOX1. Because BACH1 is thought to interact with antioxidant response element motifs, we further examined the role of BACH1 as a regulator of inducible antioxidant gene expression by assessing the global profile of gene expression following BACH1 knockdown using small interfering RNA. The loss of BACH1 function in human keratinocytes results almost exclusively in HMOX1 induction, suggesting that BACH1 may function as a rheostat regulating levels of intracellular free heme.
The roles of cyclin A2, B1, and B2 in early and late mitotic events.

This paper presents evidence that chromatin condensation, like nuclear envelope breakdown, is brought about through the combined effects of cyclins A2 and B1, and that cyclins B1 and B2 are largely...
REGULATION OF THE SECONDARY ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN VITRO II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF AN ANTIBODY INHIBITORY MATERIAL (AIM) PRODUCED IN ANTIGEN-STIMULATED RABBIT LYMPH NODE ORGAN CULTURE

A material inhibiting antibody synthesis in vitro is produced during the productive phase by rabbit lymph node organ cultures undergoing a secondary response. This antibody inhibitory material (AIM) has been isolated from serum-free medium taken from the cultures and also extracted from lymph node fragments as late as their 4th wk in vitro. AIM inhibits most strikingly the early productive phase of the secondary response in vitro (i.e, during the 2nd wk). AIM isolated from cultures undergoing a given immune response inhibits the same as well as different responses, thus indicating an immunologically nonspecific effect. Ultrafiltration and related studies reveal that the molecular size of AIM is 10,000-50,000 daltons and that it is not antibody. AIM can readily be separated from 7S globulin by use of CM-cellulose. The inhibitory activity of AIM is lost by digestion with ribonuclease. Thus the avoidance of serum with its high levels of ribonucleases may be crucial in the study of this material. The presence in eukaryotic cells of metabolic regulators, governors, etc. has been postulated largely by analogy with microbial systems (27). There is little direct evidence about the chemical nature of these presumed regulators. Our data on the RNase sensitivity of AIM raises the possibility in this lymphoid system of regulation by a species of RNA.
Promiscuous Girls, Good Wives, and Cheating Husbands: Gender Inequality, Transitions to Marriage, and Infidelity in Southeastern Nigeria

The transition from premarital sexual relationships and courtship to marriage and parenthood in southeastern Nigeria involves particularly dramatic adjustments for young women who have absorbed changing ideas about sexuality, marriage, and gender equality, and who have had active premarital sexual lives. In the eyes of society, these women must transform from being promiscuous girls to good wives. This paper examines these adjustments and, specifically, how young married women's lives are affected by the reality of male infidelity and a persistent gendered double standard regarding the acceptability of extramarital sex.
National Science Foundation proposed budget could see another increase

President Barack Obama's proposed budget for the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) for fiscal year (FY) 2013 would provide the agency with $7.37 billion, a $340 million increase, 4.8% above the FY 2012 estimated budget under which NSF has been operating. NSF has fared well during previous budget cycles, and the Obama administration's budget document for FY 2013 states that “NSF plays a critical role in the implementation of the President's Plan for Science and Technology.” With federal agencies operating under tighter budgets in a difficult financial climate, NSF director Subra Suresh said the budget includes substantial increases for core programs, frontier science, education, and human resources. “I am confident that NSF merits the $7.4 billion the president proposed. I'm optimistic Congress will approve the budget,” Suresh said at a 13 February NSF budget briefing.
Nonclassical number-phase correlation in semiconductor lasers

Summary form only given. Optical phase is conjugate to the photon-number in quantum optics and therefore is important for nonclassical states in which the photon-number operator is reduced below the semiclassical shot noise limit, i.e., for photon-number squeezed states. Nonclassical emission from semiconductor lasers has the added facet that excess phase fluctuations are correlated with fluctuations in the photon-number through the nonlinear gain, and this correlation extends below shot noise. In this experiment, quantum-limited number-phase correlations are examined using an external-cavity semiconductor laser with heavily suppressed (>40 dB) side modes and near ideal single-mode laser characteristics. A feedforward gain matching condition is found to limit the observation of a strong nonclassical effect.
Games for controls

We argue that games are expressive enough to encompass (history-based) access control, (resource) usage control (e.g., dynamic adaptive access control of reputation systems), accountability based controls (e.g., insurance), controls derived from rationality assumptions on participants (e.g., network mechanisms), and their composition. Building on the extensive research into games, we demonstrate that this expressive power coexists with a formal analysis framework comparable to that available for access control.
On combining slewing and vibration control in flexible manipulators via singular perturbations

The problem of designing a composite control as a strategy for controlling flexible link manipulators is addressed. The composite control consists of a slew control based on the reduced order model to achieve the desired slewing of the robot links and a fast control based on a manifold condition whose purpose is to dampen the link vibrations. The slow control is a decentralized torque control which approximately linearizes the reduced order model and adds a PI (proportional integral) control term for trajectory tracking. The fast control is a distributed actuator which consists of a thin piezoelectrically active film that when applied with a voltage produces a strain that dampens flexural vibrations. The control design is based upon a distributed parameter model of a two-link flexible manipulator. Computer results using a finite dimensional model obtained via modal expansion are presented to illustrate the control strategy. >
Comparative effectiveness of lifestyle intervention efforts in the community: results of the Rethinking Eating and ACTivity (REACT) study.

OBJECTIVE To determine the comparative effectiveness of three lifestyle intervention modalities in decreasing risk for diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Five hundred and fifty-five individuals (86.1% female, 95.1% white, and 55.8% obese) from eight rural communities were screened for BMI ≥25 kg/m 2 and waist circumference >40 inches in men and >35 inches in women. Communities with their eligible participants ( n = 493; mean age 51 years, 87.6% female, 94.1% Caucasian) were assigned to four Group Lifestyle Balance (GLB) intervention groups: face to face (FF) ( n = 119), DVD ( n = 113), internet (INT) ( n = 101), and self-selection (SS) ( n = 101). SS participants chose the GLB modality. GLB is a comprehensive lifestyle behavior–change program. RESULTS A marked decline was observed in weight after the intervention in all groups (FF −12.5 lbs, P = 0.01; DVD −12.2 lbs, P P P 90% of participants in each group at 6 months (FF 90.7%, DVD 90.9%, INT 92.1%, and SS 100%). All groups experienced improvements in the proportion of participants with CVD risk factors. The proportion of individuals with CVD risk factors remained steady between 3 and 6 months in all groups and never returned back to baseline. All associations remained after multivariate adjustment. CONCLUSIONS Despite the modality, the GLB intervention was effective at decreasing weight and improving CVD risk factor control. SS and FF participants experienced greater improvements in outcomes compared with other groups, establishing the importance of patient-centered decision making and a support network for successful behavior change.
Transcriptional program induced by Wnt protein in human fibroblasts suggests mechanisms for cell cooperativity in defining tissue microenvironments.

Background. The Wnt signaling system plays key roles in development, regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, cell polarity, morphogenesis and cancer. Given the multifaceted roles of Wnt signaling in these processes, its transcriptional effects on the stromal cells that make up the scaffold and infrastructure of epithelial tissues are of great interest. Methods and Results. To begin to investigate these effects, we used DNA microarrays to identify transcriptional targets of the Wnt pathway in human lung fibroblasts. Cells were treated with active Wnt3a protein in culture, and RNA was harvested at 4 hours and 24 hours. Nuclear accumulation of s-Catenin, as shown by immunofluorescence, and induction of AXIN2 demonstrate that fibroblasts are programmed to respond to extracellular Wnt signals. In addition to several known Wnt targets, we found many new Wnt induced genes, including many transcripts encoding regulatory proteins. Transcription factors with important developmental roles, including HOX genes, dominated the early transcriptional response. Furthermore, we found differential expression of several genes that play direct roles in the Wnt signaling pathway, as well as genes involved in other cell signaling pathways including fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. The gene most highly induced by Wnt3a was GREMLIN2, which encodes a secreted BMP antagonist. Conclusions. Elevated expression of GREMLIN2 suggests a new role for Wnt signals in the maintenance of stem cell niches, whereby Wnt signals induce nearby fibroblasts to produce a BMP antagonist, inhibiting differentiation and promoting expansion of stem cells in their microenvironment. We suggest that Wnt-induced changes in the gene expression program of local stromal cells may play an important role in the establishment of specialized niches hospitable to the self-renewal of normal or malignant epithelial stem cells in vivo.
Advances in children's speech recognition within an interactive literacy tutor

In this paper we present recent advances in acoustic and language modeling that improve recognition performance when children read out loud within digital books. First we extend previous work by incorporating cross-utterance word history information and dynamic n-gram language modeling. By additionally incorporating Vocal Tract Length Normalization (VTLN), Speaker-Adaptive Training (SAT) and iterative unsupervised structural maximum a posteriori linear regression (SMAPLR) adaptation we demonstrate a 54% reduction in word error rate. Next, we show how data from children's read-aloud sessions can be utilized to improve accuracy in a spontaneous story summarization task. An error reduction of 15% over previous published results is shown. Finally we describe a novel real-time implementation of our research system that incorporates time-adaptive acoustic and language modeling.
Evaluation of acoustic rhinometry and posterior rhinomanometry as tools for inhalation challenge studies

Objective measures of upper respiratory function are needed to understand the effects of inhaled toxicants on the nasal passages. Acoustic rhinometry (AR) is a simple new technique that determines nasal volume by measuring the cross-sectional area of the upper airway as a function of the distance along the nasal passage. This study compares acoustic rhinometry with the more traditional posterior rhinomanometry (NAR) and correlates these objective measures with the symptom of nasal congestion. Healthy young adults (n = 29) were studied on 4 days, each separated by at least 1 wk, in a climate-controlled environmental chamber for 6 h, with exposure to clean air or sidestream tobacco smoke (SS) (2 h, 1, 5, and 15 ppm CO). The coefficient of variation for single measurements was 8–15% (AR) and 4% (NAR); for across-day measurements it was 15–25% (AR) and 13–15% (NAR); and for between days it was 19–27% AR and 17–21% (NAR). These coefficients were similar in subjects with a history of environmental tobacco smoke...
Use of Standardized Activities of Daily Living Rating Scales in Spinal Cord Injury and Disease Services

OBJECTIVE Although standardized activities of daily living (ADL) rating scales offer advantages in reliability and consistency of reporting, the literature has revealed that most occupational therapists tend to use informal assessments and reporting methods. This study investigated the use of standardized ADL rating scales by occupational therapists who treat patients with spinal cord injury and disease (SCI/D). METHOD Fifty-two SCI/D rehabilitation sites were selected by stratified random sampling, and surveys were completed by the occupational therapist in each site who worked most extensively with patients with SCI/D: Occupational therapists at 49 of the sites completed the survey. RESULTS Survey results indicated that 68% of the respondents tend not to use standardized ADL rating scales in their work with SCI/D patients. Of those who used standardized ADL rating scales, the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) was more widely used than any other. Most respondents learned about this measure on the job. Many of the respondents indicated that a limitation of the FIM was its inability to detect progress in their patients with SCI/D: DISCUSSION The results indicate that although widely used, the FIM may need to be supplemented by other standardized ADL rating scales in order for a therapist to objectively document the progress made by patients with SCI/D: To be able to choose the most appropriate assessment tools, students and practicing therapists need to be educated in a variety of standardized ADL rating scales.
Subpallial dlx2-expressing cells give rise to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the cerebral cortex and white matter.

The precise origins of postnatal subventricular zone (SVZ) cells are not known. Furthermore, the gliogenic potential of progenitors expressing Dlx genes that migrate ventrodorsally from the ganglionic eminences has not been explored in vivo. Here, we identify the embryonic origins of two distinct populations of postnatal SVZ cells: SVZ border cells, which express Zebrin II, and migratory cells in the central SVZ, which are generally devoid of Zebrin II expression (Staugaitis et al., 2001). Zebrin II is expressed by all cells of the telencephalic primordium, with its expression becoming restricted to astrocytes in the mature telencephalon. As the neuroepithelium folds during corticostriatal sulcus formation (embryonic day 13–15), a wedge of Zebrin II+ cells is created at the presumptive site of the dorsolateral SVZ. At this time, Dlx2-expressing cells and their progeny begin to migrate ventrodorsally along a medial path from the ganglionic eminences. These migratory subpallial cells invade the wedge of Zebrin II+ cells to form the central region of the SVZ. We used aDlx2/tauLacZ knock-in to perform a short-term lineage analysis of Dlx2-expressing cells throughout SVZ formation and the postnatal peak of gliogenesis.Dlx2/tauLacZ [β-galactosidase (β-gal)]-expressing cells populate the central SVZ, whereas Zebrin II-expressing cells form its borders. Furthermore, β-gal expression demonstrates a lineage relationship between Dlx2-expressing cells and glia residing in the dorsal telencephalon. We propose a model for the formation of the postnatal SVZ and demonstrate that subpallium-derivedDlx2-expressing cells give rise to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the white matter and cerebral cortex.