cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantification of porosity and microstructure and their effect on quasi-static and dynamic behavior of additively manufactured Inconel 718

Abstract The objective of this investigation is to quantify the evolution of microscopic features, including porosity, precipitates, and grain structure with respect to post-processing heat-treatments and their influence on the quasi-static and dynamic behavior of additively manufactured Inconel 718 built by laser powder bed fusion technique. In laser powder bed fusion, porosity, phase formation, and grain configuration could arise from different sources, including building powder or from the processing (e.g., laser pattern and solidification). The effect of these microscopic features on mechanical properties has drawn the scientific community's attention to developing thermal post-processing procedures targeting porosity closure, microstructural recrystallization, and precipitation of strengthening phases, thus improving material performance. One major challenge is to understand whether one can generalize the effect of certain microscopic features on mechanical properties under different states of stress and whether observed trends remain the same across strain rates? To address these questions, a comprehensive characterization agenda, which includes X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Electron Backscatter Diffraction and mechanical testing at two strain rates ( 10 − 4 s − 1 and 10 3 s − 1 ) were implemented on as-built, stress relieved, hot isostatically pressed, and solution treatment plus aging test samples. Results show that, for the given specimen size, precipitate morphology and distribution changes from heat-treatment have a more significant effect than the porosity. In addition, it is demonstrated that there is a considerable enhancement in the magnitude of the plastic flow stress after applying the stress relief heat-treatment, while the subsequent heat-treatments do not have the same effect. When the state of stress is changed to compression, a different trend is observed that is relatively consistent increases in the magnitude of the flow stress. However, an opposite observation is seen under dynamic loading conditions indicating compressive mechanical behavior is more sensitive to the underlying microstructure than tensile behavior. Furthermore, strengthening mechanisms as a result of implemented heat-treatment is also discussed.
Intraoperative Imaging for High-Grade Glioma Surgery

This article discusses intraoperative imaging techniques used during high-grade glioma surgery. Gliomas can be difficult to differentiate from surrounding tissue during surgery. Intraoperative imaging helps to alleviate problems encountered during glioma surgery, such as brain shift and residual tumor. There are a variety of modalities available all of which aim to give the surgeon more information, address brain shift, identify residual tumor, and increase the extent of surgical resection. The article starts with a brief introduction followed by a review of with the latest advances in intraoperative ultrasound, intraoperative MRI, and intraoperative computed tomography.
Deep learning-based downscaling of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide using ground-level and satellite observations.

Abstract Air quality is one of the major issues within an urban area that affect people's living environment and health conditions. Existing observations are not adequate to provide a spatiotemporally comprehensive air quality information for vulnerable populations to plan ahead. Launched in 2017, TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) provides a high spatial resolution (~5 km) tropospheric air quality measurement that captures the spatial variability of air pollution, but still limited by its daily overpass in the temporal dimension and relatively short historical records. Integrating with the hourly available AirNOW observations by ground-level discrete stations, we proposed and compared two deep learning methods that learn the relationship between the ground-level nitrogen dioxide (NO2) observation from AirNOW and the tropospheric NO2 column density from TROPOMI to downscale the daily NO2 to an hourly resolution. The input predictors include the locations of AirNOW stations, AirNOW NO2 observations, boundary layer height, other meteorological status, elevation, major roads, and power plants. The learned relationship can be used to produce NO2 emission estimates at the sub-urban scale on an hourly basis. The two methods include 1) an integrated method between inverse weighted distance and a feed forward neural network (IDW + DNN), and 2) a deep matrix network (DMN) that maps the discrete AirNOW observations directly to the distribution of TROPOMI observations. We further compared the accuracies of both models using different configurations of input predictors and validated their average Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), average Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and the spatial distribution of errors. Results show that DMN generates more reliable NO2 estimates and captures a better spatial distribution of NO2 concentrations than the IDW + DNN model.
A simple web-based tool for multi-spectral surface visualization

In this paper we describe a web-based application we have developed that allows visualization of the multi-spectral reflectance properties of three-dimensional surfaces. To develop this application, we employ a 3D computer graphics framework that enables us to combine spectral data with other object features such as topography and reflectance properties. The cross-platform application runs in any modern web browser, has an interactive interface, and does not require the installation or maintenance of any custom or proprietary software packages. The application is configured as a standard HTML/JavaScript client-server system, which provides flexibility for working with data in local or remote setups.
Outcomes following interventions to sustain body weight in esophageal cancer patients starting preoperative therapy: a retrospective cohort study

Background To improve nutritional status and dysphagia, esophageal cancer patients starting neoadjuvant therapy in advance of curative-intent surgery may receive a jejunostomy tube (J-tube) or esophageal stent, or they may be managed without a feeding modality. We examined percent total weight loss (%TWL), reinterventions, and progression to surgery in relation to these options. Methods The retrospective cohort study included stage II-III esophageal cancer patients diagnosed during 2010-2017 who received J-tube, stent, or nutritional counseling only, without a procedure, when starting chemotherapy or combined modality chemoradiation. Data were obtained from the electronic medical record and chart review. We compared median %TWL between intervention groups and reinterventions using Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results Among the 366 patients, median %TWL reached a nadir at 120 days, when it was 7% for patients with no procedure (N=307), 4% for J-tube (N=39), and 16% for stent (N=20) (P=0.01). Individual case analysis revealed 72-80% of the patients in the three groups started chemotherapy or chemoradiation as neoadjuvant curative-intent therapy (P difference =0.79). In J-tube patients, the reasons for intervention was anticipation of weight loss in 49% and mitigation of actual weight loss in 15%, whereas 95% of stent patients received the stent for dysphagia (P Conclusions For stage II-III esophageal cancer patients starting chemotherapy, this study gives evidence that stents were associated with significant %TWL and risk of reintervention. Although J-tube patients returned to baseline weight sooner than those with no procedure, they experienced complications from their J-tubes. For esophageal cancer patients undergoing curative-intent treatment and with acceptable levels of weight loss, no procedure at all may be superior to placing a J-tube in terms of complications, weight loss, and progression to curative-intent surgery.
Individual Differences Offer Insight Into Clinical Recommendations for Directional and Remote Microphone Technology Use in Children

Purpose This study sought to evaluate the effects of common hearing aid microphone technologies on speech recognition and listening effort, and to evaluate potential predictive factors related to m...
«Белая вера» в Горном Алтае: тибетский буддизм, Монголия и Ойротское пророчество (1880-е — 1920-е гг.) (The 'White Faith' Movement in the Mountain Altai: Tibetan Buddhism, Mongolia, and the Oirot Prophecy, 1880s–1920s This Paper Explores the Influence of Tibetan Buddhism on the Development)

Russian Abstract: В данной статье исследуется влияние «монгольского фактора» на зарождение и эволюцию Ак-янг («Белая вера» или «Молочная вера») — этно-религиозного движения в горном Алтае в начале XIX в. и в ранней литературе известное как «бурханизм». В статье показывается, что большая часть пантеона и духовных практик «Белой веры» пришла из тибетского буддизма в его монгольском варианте. Исследователи зачастую подходили к исследованию Ак-янг как к чисто локальному феномену, не уделяя должного внимания внешним факторам, в частности духовному и политическому влиянию монгольского буддизма и общеполитическому контексту первых двух десятилетий прошлого века. В статье доказывается, что роль указанных факторов в развитии Белой веры особенно усилилась после поражения России в войне с Японией 1905 г., нарастания центробежных сил в Сибири и Внутренней Азии в результате крушения Маньчжурской (Цинской) и Российской империй и начала освободительного движения против Китая в западной Монголии. Автор анализирует малоизвестные духовные связи и контакты между мессианизмом Ак-янг и западно-монгольским мессианизмом, которые были связаны с верой в хана-спасителя Ойрота (Амурсану). Этнорелигиозное движение в западной Монголии и духовно-политический вакуум, образовавшийся в результате падения империй и последующего хаоса, стали важнейшим фактором проникновения буддизма на Алтай, который местное население интерпретировало как возвращение к «исконной» Ойротской вере. English Abstract: Of Ak-Jang (White Faith or Burkhanism), an ethno-religious movement that sprang up in the Mountain Altai in the early twentieth century. It is emphasized that a large part of the “White Faith” pantheon and spiritual practices originated from Tibetan Buddhism that was coming from Mongolia. The article is particularly focused on the links between the messianism of the White Faith and ethno-religious messianic movement Amursana that developed in Western Mongolia from 1910 to 1923. Both movements received their spiritual and cultural inspiration both from Tibetan Buddhism and the shared set of heroic oral tales about the coming of the glorious redeemer prince Oirot (Amursana). Scholars frequently approached the Altaian “White Faith” movement as a purely local phenomenon stripped of significant neighboring political and spiritual influences. The goal of the present article is to expand the revisionist scholarship that questions that narrow approach. It is argued that the rapid expansion of Tibetan Buddhism into the Altai and the rise of the Ak-Jang messianic movement became possible as a result of the spiritual and political void created by Russia’s defeat in the Russo-Japanese War and the eventual collapse of the Manchu and Russian empires. The article is based on the wide range of primary sources.
A Stroll through Time with Chlamydomonas

Publisher Summary This chapter is about the author's, Joel Rosenbaum, work experience on Chlamydomona titled, A Stroll through Time with Chlamydomona. He first met Chlamydomonas in 1966 at The University of Chicago. Rosenbaum began work on Chlamydomonas in 1967, and he continues, to this day, over 40 years later, to find excitement in studies of the flagella of this organism. Many of his former students continue to work on Chlamydomonas, and indeed he trained many of the authors of chapters in this volume. His work has been supported throughout this time by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health, from which he most recently received a MERIT Award. In 2006, he was awarded the E. B. Wilson Medal, the highest honor given for research by the American Society for Cell Biology, for his studies on Chlamydomonas flagella.
Design of a new smaller lighter faraday rotator for ACERAD radar QOTL

We describe a new Faraday rotator as part of the Quasi Optical Transmission Line (QOTL) on the Aerosol/Cloud/Ecosystems (ACE) mission. A QOTL design has been completed and laboratory tested and is the subject of a separate paper. A major component of the QOTL is a Faraday Rotator used in the simultaneous transmit and receive operation. It rotates the polarization of the transmitted and received signals by 45 degrees in opposite directions, thus creating a 90 degree polarization difference which is utilized by a linear polarizer to separate the two. This paper describes the design of a new rotator which is substantially lighter and smaller than a previous one used in the CloudSat radar jointly developed by JPL/NASA, Canadian Space Agency and other agencies. This is achieved by using better ferrite materials and a higher degree of optimization in the design. The weight and volume of the rotator have been substantially reduced to less than one third of the original. Furthermore, the RF performance of the new magnet design is much better than original design in the 94 GHz range. The new Faraday Rotator has been fabricated and tested with very good results.
Automatic recognition of handwritten characters via feature extraction and multi-level decision

Automatic recognition of handwritten alphanumeric characters is designed by making use of topological feature extraction and multi-level decision making. By properly specifying a set of easily detectable topological features, it is possible to convert automatically the handwritten characters into stylized forms and to classify them into primary categories. Each category contains one or several character pattern classes with similar topological configurations. Final recognition is accomplished by a secondary stage which performs local analysis on the characters in each primary category. The recognition system consists of two stages, global recognition followed by local recognition. Automatic character stylization results in pattern clustering which simplifies the classification tasks considerably, while allowing a high degree of generality in the acceptable writing format. Simulation of this scheme on a digital computer has shown only 2% misrecognition.
PhSeCl as a chlorinating agent for activated benzene derivatives

Abstract Regiospecific chlorination of some aromtic compounds using benzeneselenyl chloride are reported.
The relationship between tension reduction and ethanol consumption in rats

It is generally assumed that organisms drink ethanol during stress in order to reduce anxiety. We tested this prediction by investigating the effects of inescapable shock in relation to living conditions and the temporal pattern of ethanol consumption. Adult male rats received 60 trials of 2-sec-duration 1.0-mA inescapable shock each day throughout shock training. Contrary to the tension-reduction prediction, when subjects were given a choice between water and 5% ethanol, the rats living in the fearful shock environment consumed less ethanol than the rats that returned to their home cages (safety cages) after shock treatment. In addition, rats showed an increase in ethanol consumption, but only on the days following experience with inescapable shock. These results are inconsistent with the tension-reduction hypothesis and suggest that rats drink ethanol, not during, but when recovering from tension-arousing events.
Intercontinental Dispersal of Bacteria and Archaea by Transpacific Winds

Microorganisms are abundant in the upper atmosphere, particularly downwind of arid regions, where winds can mobilize large amounts of topsoil and dust. However, the challenge of collecting samples from the upper atmosphere and reliance upon culture-based characterization methods have prevented a comprehensive understanding of globally dispersed airborne microbes. In spring 2011 at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory in North America (2.8 km above sea level), we captured enough microbial biomass in two transpacific air plumes to permit a microarray analysis using 16S rRNA genes. Thousands of distinct bacterial taxa spanning a wide range of phyla and surface environments were detected before, during, and after each Asian long-range transport event. Interestingly, the transpacific plumes delivered higher concentrations of taxa already in the background air (particularly Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes). While some bacterial families and a few marine archaea appeared for the first and only time during the plumes, the microbial community compositions were similar, despite the unique transport histories of the air masses. It seems plausible, when coupled with atmospheric modeling and chemical analysis, that microbial biogeography can be used to pinpoint the source of intercontinental dust plumes. Given the degree of richness measured in our study, the overall contribution of Asian aerosols to microbial species in North American air warrants additional investigation.
Looking Toward the Future Young People's Attitudes About Affirmative Action and the American Dream

Discussions about affirmative action often exclude the perspective of young people, especially secondary-aged students. The purpose of this article is to present young people's attitudes and beliefs about affirmative action. A second purpose is to link perspectives about affirmative action to beliefs about one's future or the American Dream. A summary of 161 high school students' responses to items included in a survey package is presented. It was found that the students generally believe in the American Dream but disagree across racial groups about whether opportunities exist for all races and classes in America. The authors argue affirmative action is a mechanism of hope for youth and offers them a means by which they can transform the world in which they live.
The Normative Erosion Hypothesis: The Latent Consequences of Juvenile Justice ractices*

The normative erosion hypothesis is that nonpunitive reactions by legal officials will erode offenders' normative evaluations of delinquency. Consistent with the hypothesis, survey data from Arizon...
Three ways to solve the Poisson equation on a sphere with Gaussian forcing

Motivated by the needs of vortex methods, we describe three different exact or approximate solutions to the Poisson equation on the surface of a sphere when the forcing is a Gaussian of the three-dimensional distance, @?^2@j=exp(-2@e^2(1-cos(@q))-C^G^a^u^s^s(@e). (More precisely, the forcing is a Gaussian minus the ''Gauss constraint constant'', C^G^a^u^s^s; this subtraction is necessary because @j is bounded, for any type of forcing, only if the integral of the forcing over the sphere is zero [Y. Kimura, H. Okamoto, Vortex on a sphere, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 56 (1987) 4203-4206; D.G. Dritschel, Contour dynamics/surgery on the sphere, J. Comput. Phys. 79 (1988) 477-483]. The Legendre polynomial series is simple and yields the exact value of the Gauss constraint constant, but converges slowly for large @e. The analytic solution involves nothing more exotic than the exponential integral, but all four terms are singular at one or the other pole, cancelling in pairs so that @j is everywhere nice. The method of matched asymptotic expansions yields simpler, uniformly valid approximations as series of inverse even powers of @e that converge very rapidly for the large values of @e(@e>40) appropriate for geophysical vortex computations. The series converges to a nonzero O(exp(-4@e^2)) error everywhere except at the south pole where it diverges linearly with order instead of the usual factorial order.
Mechanical and Electrical Performance of Thermally Stable Au-ZnO films

Abstract The mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical performance of Au–ZnO composite thin films are determined in this work. The co-deposition of ZnO with Au via physical vapor deposition leads to grain refinement over that of pure Au; the addition of 0.1 vol.% ZnO reduces the as-grown grain size by over 30%. The hardness of the as-grown films doubles with 2% ZnO, from 1.8 to 3.6 GPa as measured by nanoindentation. Films with ZnO additions greater than 0.5% show no significant grain growth after annealing at 350 °C, while pure gold and smaller additions do exhibit grain growth and subsequent mechanical softening. Films with 1% and 2% ZnO show a decrease of approximately 50% in electrical resistivity and no change in hardness after annealing. A model accounting for both changes in the interface structure between dispersed ZnO particles and the Au matrix captures the changes in mechanical and electrical resistivity. The addition of 1–2% ZnO co-deposited with Au provides a method to create mechanically hard and thermally stable films with a resistivity less than 80 nΩ-m. These results complement previous studies of other alloying systems, suggesting oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) gold shows a desirable hardness–resistivity relationship that is relatively independent of the particular ODS chemistry.
Ground‐Water Geochemistry: Arsenic in Landfills

Three key hydrogeochemical environments based on the oxidation-reduction state of ground water are defined by the presence or absence of dissolved oxygen and hydrogen sulfide. The mobility of arsenic is greatly influenced by these dissolved gases and the behavior of iron in these same environments. The main forms of arsenic in aqueous environments are arsenate and arsenite. Arsenate occurs in oxygenated waters but if colloidal ferric hydroxide is also present, the arsenate may be adsorbed and removed from solution. In strongly reducing waters containing hydrogen sulfide arsenic is removed from solution and precipitated either as arsenic sulfide, heavy-metal sulfarsenite compounds, or coprecipitated with iron sulfides. In mildly reducing waters lacking both dissolved oxygen and hydrogen sulfide arsenic occurs as the arsenite ion. In waters of this type the mobility of both arsenic (as arsenite) and iron (as ferrous iron) are at a maximum. It must also be stressed that arsenite is 60 times more toxic to humans than arsenate.
Investigation of inorganic cluster–surfactant flocculants for virion sequestration and removal from aqueous media

Anionic polyoxometalates or cationic aluminum clusters when combined with a surfactant of an opposite charge form hydrophobic precipitates that are approximately lamellar with alternating layers of interdigitated surfactant tails and inorganic clusters. The charged surfactant heads are associated with the inorganic cluster layers. When these phases self-assemble and precipitate from aqueous media spiked with a virus titer, either bovine enterovirus (BEV) or influenza A, the precipitates effectively sequester the virions via an enmeshment process. These studies were done via precipitation and filtration of the cluster-surfactant floc in the presence of the virus, followed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) analysis of the filtrate. Efficacy of these cluster-surfactant phases for virion sequestration is variable as a function of their solubility, the size of colloid formed in solution, and their degree of long-range order. Generally less soluble, poorly ordered precipitates that form the largest colloids are the most effective virion sequestering media. Cluster-surfactant phases were characterized in solution by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and dynamic light scattering (DLS); and in the solid-state by powder X-ray diffraction and solid-state magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR.
Sulfapyridine (polymorph III), sulfapyridine dioxane solvate, sulfapyridine tetrahydrofuran solvate and sulfapyridine piperidine solvate, all at 173 K.

The X-ray crystal structures of solvates of sulfapyridine have been determined to be conformational polymorphs. 4-Amino-N-(1,2-dihydro­pyridin-2-yl­idene)benzene­sulfonamide (polymorph III), C11H11N3O2S, (1), 4-amino-N-(1,2-dihydro­pyri­din-2-yl­idene)benzene­sulfonamide 1,3-dioxane monosolvate, C11H11N3O2S·C4H8O2, (2), and 4-amino-N-(1,2-dihydro­pyri­din-2-yl­idene)benzene­sulfonamide tetra­hydro­furan monosolvate, C11H11N3O2S·C4H8O, (3), crystallized as the imide form, while piperidin-1-ium 4-amino-N-(pyridin-2-yl)benzene­sul­fon­amidate, C5H12N+·C11H10N3O2S−, (4), crystallized as the piperidinium salt. The tetra­hydro­furan and dioxane solvent mol­ecules in their respective structures were disordered and were refined using a disorder model. Three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding networks exist in all structures between at least one sulfone O atom and the aniline N atom.
Parsimony for Empty Space

Ockham's razor is popularly phrased as a prohibition against multiplying entities beyond necessity. This prohibition should extend to the receptacle for these entities. To state my thesis more positively and precisely, both qualitative and quantitative parsimony apply to space, time, and possibility. All other things equal, we ought to prefer a hypothesis that postulates less space. Smaller is better. Admittedly, scientists are ambivalent about economizing on the void. They praise simplicity. Yet astronomers have a history of helping themselves to as much empty space as they wish—staggering common sense with the vastness of the universe. This largesse is abetted by an aesthetic bias for sublime hypotheses. Whereas abductions based on beauty converge with parsimony, abductions based on the sublime diverge from parsimony. Awe stifles our inner accountant. Both types of abduction are popular. Both are dubious because we lack independent assurance that the universe is beautiful or sublime. The analogy between...
A hydrographic section across the subtropical South Indian Ocean

Features of the water-property and circulation fields at the southern limit of the continentally bounded Indian Ocean are described on the basis of a transoceanic hydrographic section occupied along roughly Lat. 32°S by the R.R.S. Charles Darwin in November-December 1987. Primary observations consisted of 106 full-depth CTD/O2 stations with discrete measurements of the concentrations of dissolved silica, phosphate and nitrate. The section lies in the southern part of the South Indian subtropical gyre; water-property features in the upper kilometer indicate that the northward interior flow is predominantly in the eastern half of the ocean there, consistent with the forcing pattern of wind-stress curl. The southward return flow is the Agulhas Current, whose transport at Lats 31–32°S is estimated as 85 × 106 m3 s−1. Circumpolar Deep Water flows northward to fill the greater deep Indian Ocean by means of western-boundary currents in the Crozet Basin, Central Indian Basin and Perth Basin. North Atlantic Deep Water entering directly from the mid-latitude South Atlantic is almost entirely confined to the south-western Indian Ocean (Mozambique Basin, Natal Valley) by the topography of the Madagascar Ridge and Mozambique Channel. Geostrophic transport figures are presented based on a zero-velocity surface constructed along the section from the tracer-property evidence of where deep water was moving northward and where southward. Ekman transport, deduced from shipboard acoustic-Doppler profiler measurements, as well as synoptic and historical wind stress data, is found to be small (about 1 × 106 m3 s−1 northward). Net transport (geostrophic and Ekman) across the section is estimated to be 7 × 106 m3 s−1 southward, which implies a similarly sized Indonesia throughflow. Ambiquity in the geostrophic referencing scheme, and the magnitude of baroclinic eddy noise on the section, suggest this figure in uncertain by at least ±10 × 106mm3 s−1. The calculations obtain a figure for net transport of water below 2000 dbars of 27 × 106 m3 s−1 northward, which specifies an average upwelling speed at the 2-km level north of 30°S of 6.9 × 10−5 cm s−1. This estimate, perhaps uncertain by 20–30%, nonetheless contributes to growing evidence for an anomalously vigorous meridional circulation in the Indian Ocean. The associated calculations of heat and fresh water flux divergences demonstrate that the Indian Ocean thermohaline circulation essentially expresses a conversion of bottom and deep water to mid-depth thermocline, and near-surface water.
Impact of a Reading Improvement Program

AbstractThis report summarizes the experimental evaluation of one reading improvement program (Perceptual Development Laboratories, “Advanced Reading Program”) used in an Air Force population. The program consisted of twenty-six 1-hour lessons presented via a specially designed projector. The subjects were primarily Air Force retrainees though some permanent cadre personnel were included. To eliminate a “novelty” effect, the evaluation was performed during the second year the program was used. Using the P, D. L. reading achievement test, pre-test and post-test scores were obtained and compared. Differences were obtained (t = .01 level). Data from twelve separate groups of about sixteen subjects each were reported, i.e., the program was repeated monthly. Each group showed a statistically significant gain in speed of reading without a significant loss of comprehension. While considerable individual variation was present, the groups consistently demonstrated about a 60 percent increase in reading achievement.
Experimental Strain Investigation of Bolt Torque Effect in Mechanically Fastened Joints

In this study, a different issue of mechanical engineering interests is determined for threaded fastened joints. A series of photoelastic experiments were performed to determine the maximum strains for the holes in a tensile flat plate subjected to bolt-nut loads. Pertinent strain distributions were examined to determine the roll of the torques on the bolts in mini mizing the strain; hence stress concentration. The experimental determination of maximum strains is needed as a way to validate future theoretical and numerical results, and provide a valuable aid to their application. The emphasis of this paper is on deformation. The results indicate that strains can decrease significantly with the increase of the bolt's pre-load.
Three-Dimensional Imaging Coherent Laser Radar Array

We have constructed a small-scale laboratory demonstration of a laser-diode-based radar array for simultaneous coherent ranging and velocimetry of multiple target points. Signals are produced by an array of laser/detector packages in a self-detection geometry with common imaging optics for both the source and backscattered light. The radar has been used with a microcomputer to find the orientation and rotation speed of a spinning disk at an arbitrary position in the field of view.
Correlation ofLegionella pneumophila virulence with the presence of a plasmid

Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of Legionellosis in man and considered an opportunistic intracellular Gram-negative bacterium that preferentially infects macrophages. The presence of a plasmid in these organisms was determined in cultures of the bacteria grown in vitro. A correlation was observed between the growth of virulent strains of theLegionella in murine macrophages and growth on standard buffered charcoal yeast extract agar supplemented with 0.1% α-ketoglutarate (BCYEα) agar medium rich in cysteine and widely used for growth of the bacteria in vitro. In contrast, the avirulent isolates of these strains grew well on supplemented Mueller-Hinton (SMH) agar utilized for differentiating virulent from avirulentLegionella. However, one virulent strain ofLegionella (the Iowa strain) was found to grow moderately well on the SMH agar. In addition, test strains ofLegionella that infect in vitro human monocytes were found to grow moderately well on the BCYE-α agar, but did not grow on the SMH agar. Examination of these strains for plasmid DNA expression showed that extra chromosomal DNA-containing molecules were present in theL. pneumophila strains characterized as virulent for in vitro growth in macrophages. However, the avirulent strains that replicated in the human monocytes readily but only poorly in the permissive murine macrophages did not show evidence of similar plasmid DNA expression.
Nonlinear adaptive control of an N-link robot with unknown load

An N-link planar robot holding an unknown load and driving its end-effector along a prespecified trajectory is studied. The effect of the unknown load is discussed, and the nonlinear dynamic equation with the unknown load is derived. A non linear model-reference adaptive control algorithm is devel oped for tracking of a trajectory that is a piecewise continuous function of time. The tracking error dynamics represent a linear stable system with persistent disturbances, and the Germaidze-Krasovskii theorem in the Lyapunov second method is applied to show the error stability. Digital com puter simulations show the effectiveness of the adaptive con trol algorithm for the unknown load with mass 2 kg, 5 kg, and 10 kg. The effect of the computation time delay on the system dynamics is also addressed.
Detection of Cyclic Patterns Using Wavelets: An Example Study in the Ormskirk Sandstone, Irish Sea

This study shows how wavelet analysis can be used on well log and drill core data to identify cyclicity in sedimentary sequences. Three possible methods for determining wavelength were investigated: the Morlet wavelet, the Fourier transform, and the semivariogram. When applied to several hypothetical signals similar to those observed in petrophysical measurements in hydrocarbon reservoirs, all three methods could identify the presence of cyclicity. Only the wavelet scalogram, however, gave a clear indication of when the cyclic element was present and where frequency changes occurred in the signal. To illustrate the wavelet analysis, we processed well log and core data from a well in the Ormskirk Sandstone and determined the wavelet coefficients for each zone and the wavelengths of the strongest cyclicities. The cyclicities observed corresponded well with sedimentary features of the formation (e.g., channels and channel sets). Also, ratios of the cyclicity wavelengths corresponded with ratios of the Milankovitch precession, obliquity, and eccentricity periods. This result is in agreement with other investigators, who have proposed that Milankovitch-driven climate changes exercised an important control on Ormskirk Sandstone deposition.
The Lek System in Uganda Kob Antelope

The tradition with which both male and female Uganda kob return to permanently located territorial breeding grounds (TG's or leks), along with the dispersion of individuals in relationship to a home TG and morphological variation between individuals associated with different TG's, indicates that the total population of kob in the Toro Game Reserve and its vicinity is subdivided into relatively closed breeding units. Mathematical analyses of linear body measurements show significant differences in morphological features between three demes, not only in averages but also in the inter-relatedness of body characteristics, suggesting an underlying genetic integrity within demes. Interdemic gene flow through individuals appears to be inconsequential, but there may be significant gene flow through the formation of temporary TG's. Altruistic behavior among territorial males may contribute to kinship selection, and the individual kob behavior in response to predation suggests that altruism may have a bearing on the regulation of predation. The lek system of social organization may be significant in maintaining genetic heterogeneity in the kob antelope, which lives in geographically isolated populations throughout its range.
School absence rates as outcome measures in studies of children with chronic illness.

Abstract Health care providers are caring for growing numbers of children with chronic illnesses and research on the effects of various interventions with these children are being increasingly published. Data from a variety of sources indicate that children with chronic illnesses miss more school than their healthy peers. The relative ease with which school attendance data can be obtained and analyzed and the implications of excessive school absence for children's academic performance, social adjustment, and ultimate capacity to function in society suggest that school absence rates deserve to be more broadly emphasized in research on chronic illness in childhood. Although school absence rates have not been widely used as outcome measures in such studies they do reflect a wide variety of aspects of children's health status and have been shown to be responsive to interventions with children with various physical and mental health problems. Since these rates reflect both health and non-health related factors it is important that investigators recognize the nonspecific nature of this measure and account for non-health related influences either by sampling or analytic techniques.
Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on IgA serum and bile levels in rats.

Abstract Serum IgA is actively transported from blood to bile against a concentration gradient in the liver by the binding of dimeric IgA to secretory component, endocytosis and transport to the bile canaliculus by vesicles. As 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has been shown to elicit hepatotoxicity, the effects of TCDD on rat serum and bile IgA levels were investigated. Rats were orally administered 50 μg TCDD/kg body weight in 95% corn oil: 5% acetone. At days 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 after treatment, rats were anesthetized and a cannula inserted into the bile duct for collection of bile. In addition, blood was drawn, and, after euthanasia, the liver and thymus weights were recorded. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques were employed to determine IgA in serum and bile and IgG levels in serum. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis was carried out to support ELISA results. It was found that serum IgA increased with time while serum IgG remained unchanged. In addition, while serum IgA levels increasing, were there was a concomitant decrease in biliary IgA. Thymus and liver weight changes were also observed. The data indicate that TCDD affects hepatic clearance of serum dimeric IgA and suggest that liver damage may be reflected by increased serum levels of IgA.
Epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted treatment for advanced colorectal carcinoma.

Substantial effort has focused on the development of novel targeted agents for treating patients with late-stage colorectal carcinoma. These agents are designed specifically to inhibit biochemical processes associated with pathogenesis. Numerous molecules targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor have been investigated as therapeutic agents and appear to herald a shift in the treatment paradigm for colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
An immune cell population that responds to β-endorphin and is responsible for protecting nude mice from the fatal consequences of a virus infection of the central nervous system

Reconstitution of 3- to 4-week-old BALB/c nude (nu/nu) mice with 10(7) syngeneic splenocytes, 48 h before intracerebral inoculation with a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of VSV (tsG31 KS5), provided protection from the fatal consequences of clinical disease in 80-90% of the infected animals. Reconstitution of animals with 10(7) splenocytes, first depleted of natural killer (NK) cells with anti-asialo GM1 and complement, also afforded protection against the infectious disease. Depletion of T-lymphocytes with anti-thy-1.2 antibody and complement, however, provided little protection with approximately 40% of the animals succumbing to the virus infection within 30 days post-infection. A single intracerebroventricular injection with 14 pM of beta-endorphin, 24 h prior to viral infection, led to an increased fatality of mice previously reconstituted with T-lymphocytes but not in animals receiving only syngeneic NK cells. The increased fatality caused by the neuropeptide was antagonized by naloxone but not beta-endorphin-(1-27). Separation of splenocyte cell populations by buoyant density centrifugation demonstrated that small race lymphocytes, and not the large granular lymphocytes, were responsible for protection of nude mice from the central nervous system infection with ts-VSV. The beta-endorphin-responsive immune cells were shown to be a minor fraction of the small race T-lymphocyte population that bear the asialo-GM1 marker.
DNA polymerase I revisited.

Summary A model for DNA replicating machinery is proposed which proposes that DNA polymerase I has the potential to synthesize the 3′→5′ strand of DNA and also that nucleotidediphosphokinases are closely associated with the polymerase. Some experiments are suggested that will answer the questions raised.
The interaction of angiotensin with a binding factor in plasma

La liaison de l'angiotensine par les proteines plasmatiques est demontree par dialyse equilibree. L'angiotensine radioactive liee ne put etre deplacee par l'angiotensine non radioactive, ce qui diminue la signification physiologique de cette liaison.
Development of the ring sensor for healthcare automation

Abstract This paper presents the development of a miniaturized telemetered ambulatory monitoring device in a ring configuration. The device, called ring sensor, is worn by the patient at all times, hence the health status is monitored 24 hours a day. The ring is equipped with LEDs and photo detectors where the technology of pulse oximetry is implemented for monitoring pulse waves and blood oxygen saturation. The measured data are transmitted to a computer through a digital wireless communication link and the patient health status is analyzed continuously and remotely. Any trait of abnormal health status and possible accidents is detected by analyzing the sensor data. Detailed descriptions of the hardware and the software of the ring sensor including a noise protection algorithm will be presented. Also, unique features of the 24 hour patient monitoring system using the ring sensor will be discussed.
The Differential Effects of Retail Density: An Investigation of Goods versus Service Settings

Abstract Two studies investigate the impact of retail density and time pressure on shoppers' store attitudes and behavioral intentions. In a goods setting, experiment 1 results show a curvilinear pattern as the level of retail density increases. That is, individuals prefer a medium level of crowding to a store with low or high crowding. This inverted-U shaped crowding effect has not previously been tested in the retailing literature. Experiment 2 employs a service setting, where the relationship between retail crowding and outcome variables is found to be linear rather than curvilinear, except under conditions of time pressure. In contrast to the goods setting, individuals have more favorable attitudes and expect to pay more for a service as the level of crowding increases. Thus, our study findings suggest that the optimal level of crowding depends on the type of retail setting.
Revealing static and dynamic modular architecture of the eukaryotic protein interaction network

In an effort to understand the dynamic organization of the protein interaction network and its role in the regulation of cell behavior, positioning of proteins into specific network localities was studied with respect to their expression dynamics. First, we find that constitutively expressed and dynamically co-regulated proteins cluster in distinct functionally specialized network neighborhoods to form static and dynamic functional modules, respectively. Then, we show that whereas dynamic modules are mainly responsible for condition-dependent regulation of cell behavior, static modules provide robustness to the cell against genetic perturbations or protein expression noise, and therefore may act as buffers of evolutionary as well as population variations in cell behavior. Observations in this study refine the previously proposed model of dynamic modularity in the protein interaction network, and propose a link between the evolution of gene expression regulation and biological robustness.
Development of regional corrosion maps for galvanized steel by linking the RADM engineering model with an atmospheric corrosion model

Abstract Annual corrosion rates for galvanized steel standard panels were estimated for eastern North America and part of southern Canada using the Regional Acid Deposition Model Engineering Model Model (ACM). The galvanized steel ACM examines the contributions of wet and dry deposition, including anthropogenic and naturally occurring atmospheric species to galvanized steel structure corrosion. The results show agreement between model-predicted and field-measured annual corrosion rates of galvanized steel panel except for an exposure site located in up-state New York. Further comparison of corrosion rates showed some spatial disagreement of the relative contributions to the individual corrosion processes, particularly for the New York site. In addition, RADM EM MM-4 was used to predict the change in ambient sulfur (S) concentrations and hydrogen ion deposition from a hypothetical uniform 50°, reduction in S emissions. Using the ACM, the effects of the emission reduction on the annually estimated corrosion rates were modeled. The results show a beneficial reduction in regional corrosion rates estimated annually. However, due to nonlinearities associated with wet and dry deposition, the corrosion rates decline in a less than 1:1 proportion to the emissions reduction.
Semileptonic b-->u decay.

The flaws and advantages of the different kinds of models for semileptonic {ital b}{r arrow}{ital u} transitions are critically discussed. We argue that bound-state transition models are incomplete and should not be applied in phenomenological analyses of the electron end-point distribution. We describe a realistic model which corrects these deficiencies and combines the better features of the quark-decay models and the bound-state models.
LaBr3:Ce scintillators for in-beam gamma-ray spectroscopy with fast beams of rare isotopes

Abstract The scintillator material LaBr 3 :Ce, which was discovered in 2001, has grown in popularity for a variety of applications in homeland security and nuclear medicine. In this paper we investigate its use for nuclear science spectroscopy applications in the context of in-beam gamma-ray spectroscopy with fast ion beams. In such experiments, the Doppler broadening of the gamma-ray line measured with a finite-size detector in the laboratory fundamentally limits the achievable energy resolution. For a typical experiment this effect is of the order of 3%. With the intrinsic energy resolution of LaBr 3 :Ce better than 3% FWHM at 662 keV, and its favorable stopping power, it could be a nearly ideal scintillator for gamma-ray spectroscopy applications with fast beams. Results from in-beam gamma-ray spectroscopy measurements using two LaBr 3 :Ce scintillators are presented and compared to results from segmented germanium detectors. Results from these measurements suggest that LaBr 3 :Ce based scintillation arrays can provide a viable tool for many experiments. Additionally, we show that the excellent timing properties of LaBr 3 :Ce can significantly reduce background events in the gamma-ray spectra.
Bell's Theorem without Hidden Variables (').

The conflict between the principle of local causes and the predictions of quantum theory is demonstrated in a concise form without using the concept of hidden variables or determinism.