cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Pharmacologic Considerations for HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors.

Many data associate low protease inhibitor plasma concentrations with suboptimal virologic responses, whereas relatively few data associate high plasma concentrations with increased likelihood of toxicity. Knowledge of relationships between concentrations and virologic response is important because significant variability in plasma concentrations exists among HIV-infected persons. Unfortunately, a prospectively confirmed therapeutic range that reduces the risk of virologic failure has not been established for the protease inhibitors. Recent investigations have identified a relationship between the measured minimum plasma concentration, the in vitro susceptibility of the subject’s virus, and virologic outcome. However, differences in virologic response may further depend on other pharmacologic factors such as protein binding, intracellular kinetics, expression of drug transporters, and drug synergies or antagonisms. In the future, dosing strategies that accommodate the variability in both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics may improve virologic outcomes. In summary, clinical pharmacologic considerations for protease inhibitors can be used to promote their optimal use.
Strategies in Lip Reconstruction

Injury or surgical trauma can result in significant alterations of normal lip appearance and function that can profoundly impact the patient's self-image and quality of life. Neuromuscular injury can lead to asymmetry at rest and during facial animation, and distressing functional disabilities are common. Loss of labial competence may interfere with the ability to articulate, whistle, suck, kiss, and contain salivary secretions. For smaller defects, reconstruction can be very effective. Reconstructing an aesthetically pleasing and functional lip is more difficult with larger defects.
Variables influencing performance of air terminal buildings

Issues related to the evaluation of the performance (quality of service) of passenger terminal buildings and the passenger perceptions of performance are discussed. According to the results of a personal interview survey of departing passengers, the variables that have a significant influence on the performance of a particular element of the terminal is quite different to those influencing performance of another element. For example, for the circulation elements, 53% of the respondents perceived Information is the most significant variable, while for the waiting areas, 44% of the respondents perceived performance to be a function of the Availability of Seats. It is only for the processing elements that Waiting Time was perceived by passengers to be a significant performance variable. Moreover, in all elements, less than 10% considered Availability of Space or the degree of freedom available for maneuvering as a variable influencing performance. On the basis of chi‐square tests of proportions, a set of sig...
Optogenetic Modulation of an Adenylate Cyclase in Toxoplasma gondii Demonstrates a Requirement of the Parasite cAMP for Host-Cell Invasion and Stage Differentiation

Successful infection and transmission of the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii depends on its ability to switch between fast-replicating tachyzoite (acute) and quiescent bradyzoite (chronic) stages. Induction of cAMP in the parasitized host cells has been proposed to influence parasite differentiation. It is not known whether the parasite or host cAMP is required to drive this phenomenon. Other putative roles of cAMP for the parasite biology also remain to be identified. Unequivocal research on cAMP-mediated signaling in such intertwined systems also requires a method for an efficient and spatial control of the cAMP pool in the pathogen or in the enclosing host cell. We have resolved these critical concerns by expressing a photoactivated adenylate cyclase that allows light-sensitive control of the parasite or host-cell cAMP. Using this method, we reveal multiple roles of the parasite-derived cAMP in host-cell invasion, stage-specific expression, and asexual differentiation. An optogenetic method provides many desired advantages such as: (i) rapid, transient, and efficient cAMP induction in extracellular/intracellular and acute/chronic stages; (ii) circumvention of the difficulties often faced in cultures, i.e. poor diffusion, premature degradation, steady activation, and/or pleiotropic effects of cAMP agonists and antagonists; (iii) genetically encoded enzyme expression, thus inheritable to the cell progeny; and (iv) conditional and spatiotemporal control of cAMP levels. Importantly, a successful optogenetic application in Toxoplasma also illustrates its wider utility to study cAMP-mediated signaling in other genetically amenable two-organism systems such as in symbiotic and pathogen-host models.
Are Developmental Processes Affected by Immigration? Family Processes, Internalizing Behaviors, and Externalizing Behaviors

The current study compared levels of family processes, internalizing behaviors, and externalizing behaviors as well as developmental processes, namely the associations among family processes and measures of internalizing or externalizing behaviors, in native Swiss, 2nd and 1st generation immigrant adolescents (N=3,540). Findings provided evidence that both 2nd and 1st generation immigrant youth experienced higher rates of internalizing symptoms (depression and anxiety) than native Swiss youth. Comparisons of how individual family processes were associated with internalizing and externalizing behaviors provided evidence of few differences across groups. Thus, developmental processes were largely invariant by immigrant status. Although the immigration process may increase the risk for internalizing and some externalizing behaviors, it does not seem to affect how key family processes are associated with measures of adolescent adjustment.
Portal imaging with flat-panel detector and CCD camera

This paper provides a comparison of imaging parameters of two portal imaging systems at 6 MV: a flat panel detector and a CCD-camera based portal imaging system. Measurements were made of the signal and noise and consequently of signal-to-noise per pixel as a function of the exposure. Both systems have a linear response with respect to exposure, and the noise is proportional to the square-root of the exposure, indicating photon-noise limitation. The flat-panel detector has a signal- to-noise ratio, which is higher than that observed wit the CCD-camera based portal imaging system. This is expected because most portal imaging systems using optical coupling with a lens exhibit severe quantum-sinks. The paper also presents data on the screen's photon gain (the number of light-photons per interacting x-ray photon), as well as on the magnitude of the Swank-noise, (which describes fluctuation in the screen's photon gain). Images of a Las Vegas-type aluminum contrast detail phantom, located at the ISO-Center, were generated at an exposure of 1 MU. The CCD-camera based system permits detection of aluminum-holes of 0.01194 cm diameter and 0.228 mm depth while the flat-panel detector permits detection of aluminum holes of 0.01194 cm diameter and 0.1626 mm depth, indicating a better signal-to-noise ratio. Rank order filtering was applied to the raw images from the CCD-based system in order to remove the direct hits. These are camera responses to scattered x-ray photons which interact directly with the CCD of the CCD-camera and generate 'salt and pepper type noise,' which interferes severely with attempts to determine accurate estimates of the image noise.
In-Situ Measurement Of Lime Kiln Burden Temperature By Laser Induced Fluorescence

A novel technique has been developed for measuring the temperature of the burden inside an operating industrial lime kiln. In this technique, trace quantities of a rare earth element are introduced into the input stream to the kiln. Conditions inside the kiln cause the rare earth ions to become incorporated as substitutional impurities in the crystal lattice of the calcium oxide product. This results in a product which exhibits strong fluorescence under ultra-violet excitation. The decay time constant of this fluorescence, which is strongly temperature dependent, serves as a measure of burden temperature. The spectral and temporal characteristics of the fluorescence of several rare earths have been studied over a temperature range of 800 to 1150°C which is the range of interest in an operating kiln. This work has led to the selection of praseodymium as the most suitable rare earth element and to the development of techniques to permit temperature measurements with an accuracy of approximately ±20°C to be performed at rare earth concentrations in the parts per million range. A prototype sensor employing this fluorescence technique has been developed. This sensor, which has been designed to survive in the harsh lime kiln environment, utilizes a frequency tripled Nd:YAG laser to provide high energy UV pulses at 355 nm and a specially designed telescope and fiber-optic light collection system to detect the emitted fluorescence. This device will provide the first accurate, in-situ measurement of lime kiln burden temperature which can be made on a continuous basis.
Radiology corner: osteoid osteoma of the index finger: case presentation and discussion.

t o t M o A c 28-year-old, right-hand dominant woman presented with a long history of pain in the proximal phalanx of the right index finger. The nset of pain was insidious and there was no antecedent rauma. There was no swelling or discoloration in the ffected digit. The patient denied any other musculokeletal pain of any kind. She was treated eventually ith excision of a portion of the proximal phalanx of he index finger because of a presumptive diagnosis of Brodie’s abscess. Biopsy examination performed at hat time showed only mucoid tissue. Culture results ere negative. The pain continued, increasing in severty to the point at which the patient was treated with 600 g of gabapentin (Neurontin, Pfizer Inc., New York, Y) daily based on the idea that the patient was sufering from a regional pain syndrome. This did not elieve the pain and she was referred to our center for e-evaluation. On physical examination there was tenderness imediately deep to the scar from a prior incision on he dorsum of the most proximal aspect of the proxmal phalanx of the index finger. There was no limtation in range of motion and no neurologic impairent. Perfusion was excellent with patent ulnar and adial pulses. No obvious joint effusion was present. Radiographs were obtained in the anteroposterior, ateral, and oblique positions. The lateral and oblique adiographs showed a subtle lytic lesion with a thin urrounding sclerotic rim (Fig. 1) and some slight eformity of the base of the proximal phalanx from he prior surgery. There was no periosteal reaction resent. Bone density was normal. After this examination a high-resolution, 3-T magetic resonance image (MRI) of the index finger was btained with and without gadolinium enhancement. his examination showed a 6-mm intraosseous lesion ithin the base of the proximal phalanx. It was urrounded by a rim of black sclerosis on all seuences (Fig. 2). On T2-weighted imaging and after ontrast administration a focal area of periostitis was een with mild elevation of the extensor mechanism. 2
FeedVis: A Path for Exploring News Feed Curation Algorithms

Social media feeds, personalized search results and recommendations are examples of algorithmically curated content in our daily digital Life. While the algorithms that curated this content have great power to shape users' experiences, they are mostly hidden behind the interface, leaving users unaware of their presence. Whether it is helpful to give users knowledge of the algorithms' existence and if this knowledge affects interaction behavior are open questions. To assist us in addressing these questions, we developed a system, FeedVis, that exposes Facebook users to comparisons between algorithmically curated and unadulterated News Feeds. We used the tools visualizations as concrete artifacts to study users' perceptions of the algorithms governing their social media feeds.
A discrete method of optimal control based upon the cell state space concept

A discrete method of optimal control is proposed in this paper. The continuum state space of a system is discretized into a cell state space, and the cost function is discretized in a similar manner. Assuming intervalwise constant controls and using a finite set of admissible control levels (u) and a finite set of admissible time intervals (τ), the motion of the system under all possible interval controls (u, τ) can then be expressed in terms of a family of cell-to-cell mappings. The proposed method extracts the optimal control results from these mappings by a systematic search, culminating in the construction of a discrete optimal control table.
Risky Business: Some Thoughs on Controversial Exhibitions

Tom D. Crouch, chairman of the Department of Aeronautics of the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum, is no stranger to controversy, as this article reveals. It was written in response to the arguments of those who question the value of virtually all thoughtful exhibitions that seek to interpret objects within a useful social and cultural context. He has written or edited several books and articles on the early history of flight technology and is the recipient of a number of major writing awards, including the history book prizes offered by both the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and the Aviation/Space Writers Association. He received a 1989 Christopher Award, a literary prize recognizing ‘significant artistic achievement in support of the highest values of the human spirit’ for The Bishop’s Boys.
Developing quality indicators for associate degree culinary arts programs: a survey of educators and industry chefs.

This study investigates how culinary educators and chefs perceive the importance of various school characteristics when evaluating overall program quality for associate degree culinary arts programs. The survey was administered to culinary educators and active chef members of the American Culinary Federation (ACF). Data analysis revealed the five most important indicators of quality, based on the highest means, to be: sanitation of kitchen laboratories, industry experience of faculty, subject experience of faculty, required internship, and placement rates. Independent samples t‐tests showed that educators and chefs differed significantly (p<0.01) in their importance ratings of 18 of the potential quality indicators.
Putting schools as socio/economic institutions back into educational evaluation: A response to Kean and McNamara

A number of individuals have proposed the gradual refinement of existing programs, rather than their continual closing down, as a safeguard against educational fads and political pressures. The gradual refinement thesis is extended, refined, and criticized in this article. A different unit of analysis is proposed, one which takes into account the role of educational institutions in assisting in the reproduction of both cultural and economic inequality. It is argued that decisions about the gradual refinement of programs and institutions are not only technical but ideological and politico/economic in nature. Criteria for deciding on gradual refinement, based on a strategy of nonreformist reforms, are suggested.
The Responsibility of Reason: Tocqueville and the Problem of Modern Transcendence

Abstract Tocqueville’s brief evocation of a collapse of “moral analogy,” indicates a fundamental defect of modern rationalism and invites us to consider how reason’s responsibility might best be understood in our times. This defect is best understood as a disorder affecting the relation between “theory” and “practice,” one that may present itself either as a radical separation or as a radical fusion. To resist these twin pathologies of “reason,” and thus to take responsibility for connecting our theoretical freedom with our practical belonging, reason must first learn to affirm its own goodness as in some way continuous with the intimations of transcendence that structure our practical existence. Once the dynamics of this separation/fusion of theory and practice are understood, it is possible to discern the Scylla and Charybdis between which we must navigate in seeking conditions for the survival of a moral analogy binding together man’s spiritual freedom and his practical existence, and thus securing the...
Queuing network modeling of age differences in driver mental workload and performance

Modeling and predicting age differences in driver mental workload and performance may help the in-vehicle system design to reduce or prevent information overloading on older drivers. However, few c...
Reconstruction of protein and nucleic acid sequences. V. Computer-simulated tests of various tactics for reconstructing the sequences of transfer ribonucleic acids.

One hundred hypothetical polynucleotides of varying chain length and composition and of random sequence were generated and their chemical degradation simulated by a computer. Included in the study were 20 hypothetical polymers with the composition and chain length of a transfer RNA. A second computer program attempted to reconstruct the sequences from the nucleotide composition and the simulated fragments produced. Approximately 700 reconstructions were attempted from various sets of fragments generated from the 100 polymers. The dependence of the probability of reconstructing the original sequences on the methods of producing and isolating the fragments was studied.
Overlay measurement tool up to 70-nm design rule

With the refined lithography techniques that exist today, it is critical for overlay measurement tools to perform with great measurement precision. Tool induced shift, TIS, is one of the key factors taken into consideration when evaluating the performance of an overlay measurement tool. TIS can be observed as a numerical value, and the measurement value is corrected by the TIS value. However, in an overlay measurement tool with TIS, the measured values could be shifted due to an interaction between TIS and a film stack structure of wafer. Therefore, it is essential to minimize the TIS values. We extend our study on the lens surface aspheric error, which is known to be one of the root causes of TIS. As this point of view, we constructed our overlay measurement tool, NRM-3100, and were able to decrease TIS values.
Focus group methodology: when and why?

One qualitative research method that is gaining popularity among investigators within the discipline of nursing is focus group methodology. A recent survey of the CINAHL database quickly revealed more than 1,000 studies using focus groups, alone or in combination with other methods. This strategy has been used in the fields of product development and marketing since the 1920s. In the 1930s, social scientists began to experiment with focus group methodology when they observed that in individual interviews the questioner dominated the discussion while the interviewee tended to play a passive role (Krueger & Casey, 2000). Focus group methodology was employed by the U.S. Department of Defense during World War II in improving troop morale (Burns & Grove, 2001).
GLC analysis of ergonovine maleate.

A method is described for the quantitative determination of ergonovine maleate by GLC. Data are presented to show that this method provides the quantitative and semiquantitative results of the USP colorimetric assay and TLC in a single determination. Favorable quantitation is achieved by using brucine as internal standard. The sample is dried in the dark, derivatized with N-trimethylsilyldiethylamine and N-trimethylsilylimidazole in pyridine, and chromatographed on a column containing a nonpolar methyl silicone liquid phase. Degradation of the sample by preanalytical preparation (pH changes, air, heat, and light) are thereby minimized.
Failure of Three Cementless Modular Total Hip Arthroplasty Prostheses: A Retrieval Analysis

The reasons leading to the in vivo failure of three titanium alloy modular implants in cementless total hip arthroplasty were investigated. The implantation period ranged from 18 months to over three years. Two were fractured in vivo and the other was retrieved secondary to aseptic loosening after 18 months in service. Macroscopic examination showed close topographical similarities between the two fractured implants. Dark elliptical striations on the fractured site indicated the occurrence of low cycle fatigue. Light Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy confirmed the presence of fretting, pitting, plastic deformation, and stress-induced corrosion cracking. In two of the three implants, EDS confirmed metal ion traces in the tissue around the implant. However, nothing unusual was found in the third unfractured implant. Taper performance is influenced by metallurgy, the load carried and the effect of the local microenvironment. Methods to reduce the impact of these factors may reduce the incidence of taper related failure.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The Salt Gland in a Sea Snake ( Laticauda )

ONE marine lizard and several marine turtles possess salt glands capable of secreting highly concentrated solutions of sodium chloride1. The salt gland appears to be of adaptive advantage to reptiles exposed to electrolyte loads, because the kidney is unable to excrete urine hyperosmotic to the blood. A sea snake (Laticauda semifasciata) follows the general pattern of ionic regulation found in marine turtles and a marine lizard2. The work reported here was designed to identify the salt glands of Laticauda semifasciata and compare it with the homologous gland of another sea snake, Pelamis platurus. Laticauda excretes a relatively dilute urine (7–148 mmolar sodium) from the kidney and a concentrated sodium chloride solution (380–625 mmolar) orally2. The rate of excretion of extrarenal sodium chloride increases to as much as 72 μmoles/ 100 g/h after injection of a sodium chloride or sucrose load2. This response must be due to a salt gland. In all lizards the salt gland is the nasal gland; secretions pass from the nasal passage out through the external nares1,3,4. In turtles, salt gland secretion elaborated by the Harderian gland is discharged under the eyelid1. Crocodiles may have a similar route of extrarenal electrolyte excretion2.
Seasonal abundance of imported cabbageworm (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), cabbage looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on cabbage in southwestern Virginia

Seasonal variation in abundance of the imported cabbageworm, Artogeia rapae (L.), cabbage looper, Trtchoplusta ni (Hũbner), and diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), was determined in 1982, 1983, and 1984 cabbage plantings in southwestern Virginia. Two population peaks of diamondback moth were seen in 1983 (single cabbage planting) and 1984 (two cabbage plantings). A larger first peak was observed in both years, and larvae preferentially fed on cabbage frame leaves rather than heads. Two population peaks of cabbage looper also were seen in 1983, but only one (of low density) was observed in 1984. Significantly more cabbage looper larvae and pupae were present on frame leaves compared with heads. Of the three species, the imported cabbageworm reached the most damaging population levels. One to two population peaks of A. rapae occurred in 1982 and 1983 on single cabbage plantings, and two to three peaks occurred in 1984 on summer and fall crops. The undersides of leaf surfaces were consistently favored as oviposition sites. Significantly more larvae were found on heads compared with frame leaves in 1982 but not in the other years. A. rapae favored frame leaves rather than heads for pupation sites.
Methionine and Cystine Requirements of Rainbow Trout

Abstract Methionine and cystine requirements of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were studied by supplementing a 35% protein semipurified basal diet with these amino acids at graded levels in a factorial design. In experiment 1 (initial average weight of fish, 1.5 g), methionirie levels were 0.30, 0.45, and 0.60% of the diet and cystine levels were 0.04, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, and 0.60%. In experiment 2 (initial average weight of fish, 8.8 g), methionine levels were 0.55, 0.75, and 0.95% and cystine levels were 0.04, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16, 0.24, and 0.32%. Methionine requirement was estimated to be between 0.55 and 0.75% in the presence of adequate dietary cystine and the cystine requirement was about 0.30% with a diet marginally deficient in methionine. The requirement for both sulfur amino acids was, therefore, between 0.85 and 1.05% of the diet or 2.50 and 3.00% of the protein. Molar efficiency of conversion of dietary methionine to cystine was highest (80%) when the diet was deficient in methionine; this efficie...
Synthesis of hormothamnione

Abstract Hormothamnione 1 has been obtained from 2,3-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetramethoxy-chromone 18 in 63% yield. Synthesis of the required chromone 18 as well as of the 2 and 3-styryl analogs 5 and 9 are described.
“A Kind of Idyll”: Epistemologies of Citation in Jean Paul

Jean Paul's prose is commonly seen as particularly complex and somewhat hermetic, and it owes that reputation not least to a narrative strategy of dense citations. This article examines this phenomenon with regard to Jean Paul's Life of the Merry Masterkin Maria Wutz in Autenthal: A Kind of Idyll (1793). The starting point of my reflections is the ambivalence of the format of the paratext. A kind of idyll presents an ironic modulation of quoting a genre, which brings up the epistemological status of the citation, its potential for reflecting (on) genre discourse and thus on institutions of writing and their power of authorization. In closely engaging with the highly idiosyncratic authorship of Masterkin Maria Wutz on the one hand and with a parallel discursive context, Friedrich Schiller's modern revision of the idyll, on the other, the article reconstructs Jean Paul's original analysis of authorship and authority. Citation is the means of this analysis; it becomes a strategy for discerning the conditions...
Renal Circulation and Blockade of the Renin-Angiotensin System Is Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition the Last Word?

Abstract The mechanism by which angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition influences renal perfusion and function has assumed growing importance as alternatives for blocking the system have emerged. Neither renin inhibitors nor angiotensin II (Ang II) antagonists are likely to trigger responses similar to ACE inhibitor–induced involvement of kinins, prostaglandins, or nitric oxide. Several observations suggest species variation in the contribution of these pathways to the renal response to ACE inhibition. In humans, recent investigation suggests that virtually all of the renal response is due to a fall in Ang II formation. Perhaps most persuasive is the surprising observation that the renal hemodynamic response to renin inhibitors exceeds by more than 50% the response to ACE inhibition in healthy humans. To the extent that kinins or prostaglandins contribute to the renal response to ACE inhibition, one would anticipate a smaller response to renin inhibition. Possible explanations include an unanticip...
Training in Cultural Schemas: An Antidote to Unintentional Racism in Clinical Practice

Although recent attempts have been made to bolster multicultural training, problems remain in defining effective training and providing equitable service delivery to minority consumers. This article argues that cultural schema is a useful construct for helping clinicians identify, organize, interpret, and integrate cultural data into clinical practice. Further, it is proposed that training in the use of cultural schemas will serve to also reduce the prevalence of unintentional racism in the mental health field.
THE MATERNAL LIFESTYLES STUDY (MLS): COCAINE/OPIATE EXPOSURE AND 1 MONTH NEUROBEHAVIORAL OUTCOME. 1610

THE MATERNAL LIFESTYLES STUDY (MLS): COCAINE/OPIATE EXPOSURE AND 1 MONTH NEUROBEHAVIORAL OUTCOME. 1610
Comparison of 3 Upper Tract Anticarcinogenic Agent Delivery Techniques in an Ex Vivo Porcine Model

Objective To evaluate the degree of urothelial exposure using 3 upper tract delivery techniques in an ex vivo porcine model, to determine the optimal modality to locally deliver topical anticarcinogenic agents in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Materials and Methods An indigo carmine solution was infused into en bloc porcine urinary tracts to test the 3 techniques: antegrade infusion via nephrostomy tube, reflux via indwelling double-pigtail stent, and retrograde administration via a 5F open-ended ureteral catheter. Nine renal units (3 per delivery method) were used. After a 1-hour dwell time, the urinary tracts were bivalved and photographed. Each renal unit was evaluated by 3 blinded reviewers who estimated the total percentage of stained urothelial surface area using a computer-based area approximation system. In addition, as a surrogate for exposure adequacy, a validated equation was used to calculate the staining intensity at 6 predetermined locations in the upper tract, with lower values representing more efficient staining. Results Mean percent of surface area stained for the nephrostomy tube, double-pigtail stent, and open-ended ureteral catheter groups was 65.2%, 66.2%, and 83.6%, respectively ( P = .002). Mean staining intensities were 40.9, 33.4, and 20.4, respectively ( P = .023). Conclusion Our results suggest that retrograde infusion via open-ended ureteral catheter is the most efficient method of upper tract therapy delivery. Larger studies using in vivo models should be performed to further validate these findings and potentially confirm this method as optimal for delivery of topical anticarcinogenic agents in upper tract urothelial carcinoma.
A Two Steps Method For Analyzing Dependency of Business Services On IT Services Within A Service Life Cycle

In order to meet the dynamic business environment, the alignment of business services and IT services has long been a challenge to both business and IT people. In this paper, a graph centric, two-phase analysis and design method for service system is proposed which is based on the recent evolutions in these fields like Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). The method proposed in this paper views a service system comprising of business services and IT services as a layered complex system and uses matrices to represent the interactions between different layers. The method could help decision makers to analyze the impact of service changes during service design period. This could also facilitate the design of a more flexible IT service system reacting to business changes. The aim of this paper is to seek balance among different parts of a service system, and to provide a holistic view of the system for different role players. Results from this paper could give service designers some insights on how to design an Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) in the SOA architecture of an enterprise.
The Role of Whitecapping in Thickening the Ocean Surface Boundary Layer

AbstractThe effects of wind-driven whitecapping on the evolution of the ocean surface boundary layer are examined using an idealized one-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes numerical model. Whitecapping is parameterized as a flux of turbulent kinetic energy through the sea surface and through an adjustment of the turbulent length scale. Simulations begin with a two-layer configuration and use a wind that ramps to a steady stress. This study finds that the boundary layer begins to thicken sooner in simulations with whitecapping than without because whitecapping introduces energy to the base of the boundary layer sooner than shear production does. Even in the presence of whitecapping, shear production becomes important for several hours, but then inertial oscillations cause shear production and whitecapping to alternate as the dominant energy sources for mixing. Details of these results are sensitive to initial and forcing conditions, particularly to the turbulent length scale imposed by breaking wa...
Classification of Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies

Although it has been long recognized that inflammatory muscle disease of unknown etiology may present clinically and respond to therapy in a variety of ways, our approaches regarding how to best classify or divide these entities into more understandable groups of patients has evolved as larger series have been studied using advanced laboratory, immunopathologic, and genetic technologies. In addition to the traditional clinicopathologic classifications of these entities, there is increasing interest in using newer methods, including serology, environmental exposures, and molecular genetics, to divide these syndromes into more homogeneous subsets. While our understanding of these disorders is far from complete, it is clear that the inflammatory myopathies are composed of many separate and distinct disorders with widely divergent clinical signs, symptoms, pathology, laboratory abnormalities, immune responses, genetic and environmental risk factors, and prognoses. Classification of the inflammatory myopathies remains unsatisfactory and controversial, with a number of competing approaches currently in use. Nonetheless, while many different schemes have been proposed, this chapter focuses on the classifications based on clinical signs, pathology, and autoantibodies that today are useful in assessing subjects, as well as possible new approaches that take into account environmental exposures and immunogenetics. Our understanding of the pathogenesis, classification, and prognosis of the inflammatory myopathies will become more complete as we decipher the interrelationships among all the critical features of disease—including the genetic and environmental risk factors necessary and sufficient for the induction of myositis—and develop more rational ways of dividing and treating these increasingly recognized syndromes.
Electromagnetic simulation of paired-wire and u-shaped resonator metamaterial composites for terahertz and optical frequencies

In a previous work, the present authors have demonstrated that the requisite electric-type response in a double-negative material can be realized by properly orientating single SRRs, whose particle size is small compared to the wavelength. Since it is necessary to orient these electric SRRs so that they are orthogonal to the k-vector of the incident wave, it is possible to deposit them on the same substrate that is used to print the paired wires. For operation in the mid-infrared frequency range, the SRRs should be replaced by U- shaped (horse-shoe) resonators, and a unit cell of infrared metamaterial can be realized by combining paired wires with U-shaped resonators that also exhibit bianisotropy in common with the SRRs. In this paper we use the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method to investigate the frequency response of a composite wire-pair and U- shaped resonators, forming a unit cell, to see if they produce the desired metamaterial characteristics we seek.
The impact of category separation on unsupervised categorization

Most previous research on unsupervised categorization has used unconstrained tasks in which no instructions are provided about the underlying category structure or in which the stimuli are not clustered into categories. Few studies have investigated constrained tasks in which the goal is to learn predefined stimulus clusters in the absence of feedback. These studies have generally reported good performance when the stimulus clusters could be separated by a one-dimensional rule. In the present study, we investigated the limits of this ability. Results suggest that even when two stimulus clusters are as widely separated, as in previous studies, performance is poor if within-category variance on the relevant dimension is nonnegligible. In fact, under these conditions, many participants failed even to identify the single relevant stimulus dimension. This poor performance is generally incompatible with all current models of unsupervised category learning.
Digital simulation of guidance and control system of an advanced supersonic fighter

This paper discusses automatic guidance and control system of a supersonic fighter and presents results obtained from real-time digital simulation of a wide range of problems of practical in terest in optimal aircraft maneuvering. The optimal maneuvers simulated include (1) maximum-range glide, (2) minimum-time zoom climb, (3) minimum-time vertical turns (i.e., loop, half- loop, split-S), and 4) minimum-time three-dimensional turn (i.e., chandelle). The aircraft model used in the simulation is a lightweight, high thrust-to-weight ratio supersonic fighter. Both the off-line optimization approach and the on-line optimization approach are used. The computer used for the simulation is the AD 70, which is a very high-speed special-purpose computer designed specifically for time-critical simulation of very large and complex models of dynamic systems such as the aircraft.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF COMPLEMENT IN VIVO ROLE OF C5 IN THE ACCUMULATION OF POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES IN INFLAMMATORY EXUDATES

The importance of C5 in the generation of complement (C)-dependent chemotactic activity in vitro is well recognized. However, the actual role C5 may play in the accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) at inflammatory sites in vivo has not been established. Injection of glycogen or endotoxin into the peritoneal cavities of guinea pigs resulted, shortly thereafter, in the local accumulation of PMN. Preceding the influx of leukocytes, the peritoneal fluid became chemotactic for rabbit PMN in vitro. The majority of this activity could be attributed to a cleavage product of C5 (C5a). Similarly, injection of endotoxin into the peritoneal cavity of C5-normal mice resulted in the generation of a chemotactic factor for mouse PMN which was followed by the accumulation of PMN in the peritoneal fluid. In contrast, injection of endotoxin into the peritoneal cavity of C5-deficient mice resulted in the generation of virtually no detectable chemotactic activity and a markedly depressed accumulation of PMN during the first 24 hr after injection. The data suggest that C5 plays an important role in the early phases of PMN accumulation in response to inflammatory stimuli. The rapid accumulation of PMN in response to an inflammatory stimulus such as bacterial endotoxin would be expected to be a major factor in host defense against proliferation and dissemination of infectious agents.
Associations between parental ideology and neural sensitivity to cognitive conflict in children.

Processes through which parental ideology is transmitted to children—especially at a young age prior to the formation of political beliefs—remain poorly understood. Given recent evidence that political ideology is associated with neural responses to cognitive conflict in adults, we tested the exploratory hypothesis that children’s neurocognitive responses to conflict may also differ depending on their parents’ ideology. We assessed relations between parental political ideology and children’s neurocognitive responses to conflict, as measured by the N2 component of the event-related potential. Children aged 5–7 completed an age-appropriate flanker task while electroencephalography was recorded, and the N2 was scored to incongruent versus congruent flankers to index conflict processing. Because previous research documents heightened liberal–conservative differences in threatrelevant contexts, each trial of the task was preceded by an angry face (threat-relevant) or comparison face (happy or neutral). An effect of parental ideology on the conflict-related N2 emerged in the threat condition, such that the N2 was larger among children of liberals compared with children of moderates and conservatives. These findings suggest that individual differences in neurocognitive responses to conflict, heightened in the context of threat, may reflect a more general pattern of individual differences that, in adults, relates to political ideology.
The Positive Illusory Bias: Do Inflated Self-Perceptions in Children with ADHD Generalize to Perceptions of Others?

This study examined whether children with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) demonstrate positive illusory perceptions of their own competence and others’ competence. Participants (67 children with ADHD symptoms; 40 non-ADHD children) completed the Self-Perception Profile for Children and rated actors’ competence in videos clips where inconsistent cues of performance had to be integrated in order to determine the actor’s competence. Teachers completed the Teacher Rating Scale of Child’s Actual Behavior. Children with ADHD symptoms overestimated their own competence relative to teachers’ estimates in all domains significantly more than non-ADHD children. There were no significant group differences in perceptions of others’ competence. Findings suggest that positive illusions are exclusive to perceptions of self and do not extend to perceptions of others.
Widefield fluorescence sectioning with HiLo microscopy

HiLo microscopy is a widefield fluorescence imaging technique that provides depth discrimination by combining two images, one with non-uniform illumination and one with uniform illumination. We discuss the theory of this technique and a variety of practical implementations in brain-tissue imaging and fluorescence endomicroscopy.
How much more global warming and sea level rise

Two global coupled climate models show that even if the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere had been stabilized in the year 2000, we are already committed to further global warming of about another half degree and an additional 320% sea level rise caused by thermal expansion by the end of the 21st century. Projected weakening of the meridional overturning circulation in the North Atlantic Ocean does not lead to a net cooling in Europe. At any given point in time, even if concentrations are stabilized, there is a commitment to future climate changes that will be greater than those we have already observed.
The Tryptase, Mouse Mast Cell Protease 7, Exhibits Anticoagulant Activity in Vivo and in Vitro Due to Its Ability to Degrade Fibrinogen in the Presence of the Diverse Array of Protease Inhibitors in Plasma

Mouse mast cell protease (mMCP) 7 is a tryptase of unknown function expressed by a subpopulation of mast cells that reside in numerous connective tissue sites. Because enzymatically active mMCP-7 is selectively released into the plasma of V3 mastocytosis mice undergoing passive systemic anaphylaxis, we used this in vivo model system to identify a physiologic substrate of the tryptase. Plasma samples taken from V3 mastocytosis mice that had been sensitized with immunoglobulin (Ig) E and challenged with antigen were found to contain substantial amounts of four 34-55-kDa peptides, all of which were derived from fibrinogen. To confirm the substrate specificity of mMCP-7, a pseudozymogen form of the recombinant tryptase was generated that could be activated after its purification. The resulting recombinant mMCP-7 exhibited potent anticoagulant activity in the presence of normal plasma and selectively cleaved the alpha-chain of fibrinogen to fragments of similar size as that seen in the plasma of the IgE/antigen-treated V3 mastocytosis mouse. Subsequent analysis of a tryptase-specific, phage display peptide library revealed that recombinant mMCP-7 preferentially cleaves an amino acid sequence that is nearly identical to that in the middle of the alpha-chain of rat fibrinogen. Because fibrinogen is a physiologic substrate of mMCP-7, this tryptase can regulate clot formation and fibrinogen/integrin-dependent cellular responses during mast cell-mediated inflammatory reactions.
GABA-mediated neurotransmission in the ventrolateral NTS plays a role in respiratory regulation in the rat.

Our purpose was to determine whether endogenously released GABA in the ventrolateral nucleus of the solitary tract (vlNTS) of the rat influences respiration. Experiments were carried out in anesthe...
Debate: Democracy for Peace, or Peace for Democracy? The Post-Communist Experience

In the post-communist world, war appears to set back democracy. But pre-transition, prewar levels of democracy may predict both war and post-communist levels of democracy. After controlling for initial levels of democracy, it might emerge that war has no significant impact on later levels of democracy. These conjectures are supported if the years of regime change are used to measure pre-transition, prewar democracy. However, this measure is inappropriate, because war and other independent variables already had significant impacts on democracy in those years. When earlier years are used - which more appropriately measure pre-transition, prewar democracy - share of time at war is estimated to have a significant adverse impact on post-transition democracy. Moreover, pre-transition, prewar democracy is not a significant predictor of post-transition democracy, either directly, or through war, indirectly. In the post-communist sample, it is not surprising that prewar democracy has little capacity to predict war. Pre-transition levels of democracy were highly constrained by the authoritarian systems run from Moscow and Belgrade. In addition, the post-communist conflicts were inter-ethnic. In such conflicts, one would expect the institutional and normative constraints proposed by the democratic peace literature to be weaker.
Estimation of probabilities in the language model of the IBM speech recognition system

The language model probabilities are estimated by an empirical Bayes approach in which a prior distribution for the unknown probabilities is itself estimated through a novel choice of data. The predictive power of the model thus fitted is compared by means of its experimental perplexity [1] to the model as fitted by the Jelinek-Mercer deleted estimator and as fitted by the Turing-Good formulas for probabilities of unseen or rarely seen events.
Theranostic Upconversion Nanoparticles (II)

This theme issue provides a comprehensive collection of original research articles on the creation of diverse types of theranostic upconversion nanoparticles, their fundamental interactions in biology, as well as their biophotonic applications in noninvasive diagnostics and therapy.