cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clock polymorphism in Pacific salmon: evidence for variable selection along a latitudinal gradient

Seasonal timing of life-history events is often under strong natural selection. The Clock gene is a central component of an endogenous circadian clock that senses changes in photoperiod (day length) and mediates seasonal behaviours. Among Pacific salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.), seasonal timing of migration and breeding is influenced by photoperiod. To expand a study of 42 North American Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations, we tested whether duplicated Clock genes contribute to population differences in reproductive timing. Specifically, we examined geographical variation along a similar latitudinal gradient in the polyglutamine domain (PolyQ) of OtsClock1a and OtsClock1b among 53 populations of three species: chum (Oncorhynchus keta), coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). We found evidence for variable selection on OtsClock1b that corresponds to latitudinal variation in reproductive timing among these species. We evaluated the contribution of day length and a freshwater migration index to OtsClock1b PolyQ domain variation using regression trees and found that day length at spawning explains much of the variation in OtsClock1b allele frequency among chum and Chinook, but not coho and pink salmon populations. Our findings suggest that OtsClock1b mediates seasonal adaptation and influences geographical variation in reproductive timing in some of these highly migratory species.
WOMEN AND MEN IN FILM Gender Inequality Among Writers in a Culture Industry

Distinctive features of culture industries suggest that women culture workers face formidable barriers to career advancement. Using longitudinal data on the careers of screenwriters, we examine gender inequality in the labor market for writers of feature films. We hypothesize and test three different models of labor market dynamics and find support for a model of cumulative disadvantage whereby the gender gap in earnings grows as men and women move through their careers. We suggest that the transition of screenwriting from a mixed to a male-dominated occupation parallels the “empty field” phenomenon described in a study by Tuchman of nineteenth-century novelists. The institutionalization of male dominance of the film industry in the 1930s and the typecasting of women writers has had a lasting impact on gender inequality, which shows little change through the early 1990s.
An Explanatory Model for Differing Types of Participation

Democratic participation (conventional and unconventional methods of legal political activity in democracies) and aggressive participation (civil disobedience and political violence) are analytically distinct types of political behaviour. Previous explanatory models have assumed (usually implicitly) that these types of behaviour are uncorrelated. But an accumulation of recent research evidence shows them to be correlated expirically; therefore an important current priority of political participation research is development of integrated model to explain both types. Using 1974 survey data from the Federal Republic of Germany. a preliminary simultaneous-equation model is specified and tested.
A Guide to GOMS Model Usability Evaluation using NGOMSL

Publisher Summary The major extant form of engineering model for interface design is the goals, operators, methods, and selection rules (GOMS) model. A GOMS model is a description of the knowledge that a user must have in order to carry out tasks on a device or system; it is a representation of the “how to do it” knowledge that is required by a system in order to get the intended tasks accomplished. Briefly, a GOMS model consists of descriptions of the methods needed to accomplish the specified goals. The methods are a series of steps consisting of the operators that the user performs. A method may call for the sub-goals to be accomplished, so the methods have a hierarchical structure. If there is more than one method to accomplish a goal, selection rules choose the appropriate method depending on the context. Describing the GOMS for a set of tasks in a formal way constitutes doing a GOMS analysis or constructing a GOMS model. Natural GOMS Language (NGOMSL) is the model in which learning time and execution time are predicted based on a program-like representation of the procedures that the user must learn and execute to perform tasks with the system. NGOMSL is a structured natural language used to represent the user's methods and selection rules. NGOMSL models thus have an explicit representation of the user's methods that are assumed to be strictly sequential and hierarchical in form.
The impact of care integration in patients with high complexity, low frequency neurologic diagnoses on outcomes, costs, and family engagement. (P4.189)

Objective: To assess the impact of care integration in patients with high complexity, low frequency neurologic diagnoses on outcomes, costs, and family engagement. Background :We have demonstrated that care integration produced significant improvement in children with low complexity, high frequency neurologic diagnoses in urban medical homes. This report investigates the impact of care integration on outcomes, costs, and family engagement for patients with high acuity and low frequency neurologic diagnoses Design/Methods ; A care coordination measurement tool was used to assay various aspects of care integration in diagnosis-specific tertiary-hospital based neurology clinics. 30-day readmission rates were followed as a measure of costs and outcomes. A care integration checklist was instituted, and these same metrics re-evaluated. Results: Before care integration, significant amounts of information necessary to patient care were not being transmitted to relevant parties (e.g., < 25[percnt] of the labs mentioned in the office note as needed before the next visit were actually being drawn, and less than half of those results were transmitted to referring providers). 30-day unplanned readmission rates were 23[percnt], and some patients experienced multiple re-admissions. Family satisfaction with their child’s care was poor, with nearly 40[percnt] saying they “sometimes/rarely/never” felt they were treated as a full partner in their child’s care, and 80[percnt] endorsing that they “rarely/never” were asked about things in their life that were stressful as a result of their child’s health issues. Subsequent to the initiation of the care integration, nearly all metrics in care integration improved, 30-day readmission rates decreased, and family engagement and satisfaction were demonstrably better. Conclusion : This study suggests that in high-complexity, low-frequency diagnosis-specific neurology clinics care integration improves outcomes, lowers costs, and increases family satisfaction and engagement. Observation of the changes in practice brought about suggest evolution towards a specialty-clinic based medical home for such patients Disclosure: Dr. Urion has nothing to disclose. Dr. McCrave has nothing to disclose. Dr. Antonelli has nothing to disclose.
The Necessity of Metaphysical Solutions

Not the least interesting thing about the beginnings of a revival of metaphysical interest is the source of that renewed interest. When Carnap developed the distinction between the formal and material modes of speech and with that his various formulations of syntactics, it was felt by him and his disciples that the confusions of the metaphysicians had at long last been definitively dispelled by being shown for what they really were — a confusion based on the use of pseudo-object statements because of an unjustified and uncritical application of the material mode of speech. So Carnap said at one time:
Fat, cachexia, and the right ventricle in heart failure: a web of complicity.

Cachexia, derived from the Greek “kakos” (bad) and “hexis” (condition), is a dreaded yet frequent accompaniment of advanced heart failure (HF) syndromes. This unintentional loss of excess body weight has a serious prognostic connotation and signifies a greater burden of morbidity and
Postmortem bacteriology and pneumonia in a mentally retarded population.

Postmortem pathologic and bacteriologic reports were analyzed for 237 deaths occurring at a large institution for the mentally retarded from 1958 to 1973. Bronchopneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, and lipid pneumonia were frequently reported at autopsy, and in a total of 146 cases (61.6%) at least one type of pneumonia was reported. Postmortem bacteriologic cultures in a smaller group revealed high recovery rates of staphylococci (coagulase-positive), hemolytic streptococci, and gram-negative bacilli in throat and lung cultures. Enteric aerobic gram-negative bacilli were particularly frequent, along with yeast ( Candida albicans ). The institutionalized retarded appear similar to other hospitalized populations, in that a large proportion of hospital-acquired respiratory infections is related to aerobic gram-negative bacilli. The high frequency of aspiration and its sequelae in this population is unusual, however, and post-mortem bacteriologic findings appear consistent with those of antemortem studies of cases of aspiration pneumonia.
Nonlinear Control Using the State Dependent Coefficient Pole Placement Technique

The State Dependent Riccati Equation (SDRE) Technique has been used for a wide variety of nonlinear problems. One step in the technique is to form a state dependent coefficient description of the plant. This paper uses that same state dependent coefficient form, but now applies a pole placement technique. Four example problems are examined. Advantages and disadvantages of this technique are discussed. One clear advantage is that the state dependent feedback can be fully determined in closed form off line. The technique is also compared with feedback linearization. The design process is inherently different though the end results don’t necessarily have to be different. This paper presents the state dependent coefficient pole placement technique. The State Dependent Riccati Equation Technique has been used for a wide variety of nonlinear problems. One step in the SDRE technique is to form as tate dependent coefficient description of the plant; this has been called “apparent linearization” by Wernli and Cook. 7 This technique would fall under the general comment in Freidland 3 in that any preferred control technique could be used once the apparent linearization form was produced. Four example problems are examined. The first example is a single state and controller. It is demonstrated this technique provides the “correct” solution. The second example uses two states and either two or one control. For this example various SDC parameterization are examined along with various control solutions. The third example is the nonlinear benchmark problem. This example examines variations in the design parameters. The fourth example is a pitch plane autopilot example. One advantage of this technique is that there is no Riccati Equation has to be solved on-line. The state dependent feedback can be solved closed form off-line. One disadvantage is that this technique does not take advantage of helpful nonlinearities. Another is the ambiguity of solutions for multiple controls. The pole placement technique is compared with feedback linearization in the first two examples. The results show the similarity in the two approaches. Both of which can give the same overall results but which use inherently different design procedures.
Sedation shared decision-making in ambulatory venous access device placement: Effects on patient choice, satisfaction and recovery time

This study was undertaken to determine the impact of shared decision-making when selecting a sedation option, from no sedation (local anesthetic), minimal sedation (anxiolysis with a benzodiazepine) or moderate sedation (benzodiazepine and opiate), for venous access device placement (port-a-cath and tunneled catheters) on patient choice, satisfaction and recovery time. This is an IRB-approved, HIPPA-compliant, retrospective study of 198 patients (18-85 years old, 60% female) presenting to an ambulatory vascular interventional radiology department for venous access device placement between 22 October 2014 and 7 October 2015. Patients were educated about sedation options and given the choice of undergoing the procedure with no sedation (local anesthetic only), or minimal or moderate sedation. Satisfaction was assessed through three survey questions. No sedation was selected by 53/198 (27%), minimal sedation by 71/198 (36%) and moderate sedation by 74/198 (37%). All subjects would recommend the option to another patient and valued the opportunity to select a sedation option. Post-procedure recovery time differences were statistically significant (p<0.0001) with median recovery times of 0 minutes for no sedation, 38 minutes for minimal sedation and 64 minutes for moderate sedation. In conclusion, patient sedation preference for venous access device placement is variable, signifying there is a role for shared decision-making as it empowers the patient to select the option most aligned with his or her goals. The procedure is well-tolerated, associated with high satisfaction, and the impact on departmental flow is notable because patients choosing no or minimal sedation results in a decreased post-procedure recovery time burden.
A negative urinalysis is associated with a low likelihood of intra-abdominal injury after blunt abdominal trauma

Abstract Background The utility of urinalysis (UA) to diagnose intra-abdominal (IA) or genitourinary (GU) injury after blunt trauma remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the significance of UA in the blunt trauma patient. Methods A retrospective review of patients admitted for blunt abdominal trauma from 2011 to 2013. Results A total of 1,795 patients sustained blunt abdominal trauma: mean age of 44 ± 21 years; mean Injury Severity Score of 13 ± 10. Overall 810 patients had a negative UA (45%). Two patients (2/810 and .2%) had a GU injury and neither required intervention. Thirty-two patients (32/810 and 4.0%) had an IA injury, and 2 (2/810 and .02%) required intervention. The sensitivity for predicting GU injury requiring intervention was 1, and IA injury requiring intervention was .96. Negative predictive values were 1 and .99. Conclusions A negative UA correlates with a low risk for GU and IA injury after blunt abdominal trauma. A negative UA should be evaluated prospectively as part of a clinical prediction score to rule out injury and avoid unnecessary radiation exposure from computed tomography imaging.
RV Function: Trying to Listen to Second Fiddle.

Until the late 20th century, many viewed the right ventricle (RV) as a subordinate to its muscular sibling. Emerging from this long-standing role as second fiddle to the left ventricle (LV), several treatises have since been written regarding the RV’s role in cardiopulmonary disease [(1–3)][1].
Olfactory Impairment Predicts Underlying Dopaminergic Deficit in Presumed Drug-Induced Parkinsonism.

Drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) is common, and the motor symptoms can be indistinguishable from Parkinson's disease (PD). When symptoms persist after drug withdrawal, this may represent “unmasking” of underlying PD. We previously reported that hyposmia, a common nonmotor feature of PD, was associated with persistent DIP. Here, we report on a series of 33 consecutive patients who underwent dopamine transporter imaging to evaluate DIP. We examined the clinical correlates of underlying dopaminergic denervation by comparing subjects with normal and abnormal scans. Imaging was abnormal in 7 of 33 (21%) cases. Motor features were similar in patients with normal and abnormal scans. Olfactory testing was available for 30 subjects and was concordant with imaging in 27 of 30 (odds ratio = 63; 95% confidence interval: 4.8–820; P = 0.002). Olfactory testing may be a simple screen to help identify DIP patients with underlying dopaminergic denervation, consistent with unmasking of incipient PD.
Inequitable distribution of green public space in the Mexico City: an environmental injustice case

This article presents an analysis of the distribution of green public spaces (GPS) in Mexico City as an urban environmental injustice case. Using spatial and demographic data, a Park Need Index (PNI) was calculated for the 16 boroughs of the city. Results show that distribution of GPS is directly correlated with demographic features usually present within low socioeconomic sectors of the city. Such findings align with the Environmental Justice Theory postulation that urban environmental amenities are inequitably distributed against marginal populations.
To reproduce or work? Insect castes emerge from socially induced changes in nutrition-related genes.

In social species, there is a fundamental trade-off between 'me' and 'we'; that is, should I reproduce, or should I work to help others to reproduce? In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Okada et al. () delve into the evolution and genetic mechanisms of this core question, focusing on social caste formation in insects. The authors take advantage of a unique ant in the genus Diacamma, which has secondarily lost the classic, highly different queens and workers found in many other ants, bees and wasps. Instead, Diacamma ant castes are decided via aggressive dominance interactions among adult females, similar to dominance hierarchies seen in primitively social insects and many social vertebrates. But how does being dominated translate into reproductive shutdown and thus, the creation of a worker caste? The authors use transcriptomics to address this question, and discover that the key may lie in very rapid (within one day) changes in the regulation of nutrient signalling genes, and other genes related to nutrient storage and reproduction. In other words, being aggressed turns on or off genes that tell the ant's brain and physiology to go into 'sterile mode', whereas winning a fight stimulates other genes that ramp up reproductive traits. These results add weight to the idea that caste differences rely on a 'toolkit' of deeply conserved genes involved in core nutritional, reproductive and metabolic functions. In addition, these results emphasize the exquisite and rapid social environmental sensitivity of core toolkit genes during the production of distinct phenotypes.
Coralgal reef morphology records punctuated sea-level rise during the last deglaciation.

Coralgal reefs preserve the signatures of sea-level fluctuations over Earth’s history, in particular since the Last Glacial Maximum 20,000 years ago, and are used in this study to indicate that punctuated sea-level rise events are more common than previously observed during the last deglaciation. Recognizing the nature of past sea-level rises (i.e., gradual or stepwise) during deglaciation is critical for informing models that predict future vertical behavior of global oceans. Here we present high-resolution bathymetric and seismic sonar data sets of 10 morphologically similar drowned reefs that grew during the last deglaciation and spread 120 km apart along the south Texas shelf edge. Herein, six commonly observed terrace levels are interpreted to be generated by several punctuated sea-level rise events forcing the reefs to shrink and backstep through time. These systematic and common terraces are interpreted to record punctuated sea-level rise events over timescales of decades to centuries during the last deglaciation, previously recognized only during the late Holocene. A paucity of natural archives can make resolving rapid ocean rises induced by ice-sheet collapses during past periods of warming difficult. Here the authors show that systematic and common coralgal terraces record punctuated sea level rise events over decades to centuries during the last deglaciation.
Effectiveness of message framing on women's intention to perform cytomegalovirus prevention behaviors: a cross-sectional study.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of message framing on women’s intention to perform cytomegalovirus (CMV) prevention behaviors involving handwashing, not sharing food and eating utensils, not kissing a child on the lips and not placing a pacifier in the mouth after it was in a child’s mouth. An online panel of women 18–40 years, who were pregnant or planning a pregnancy were randomized in a 2 × 2 factorial design to receive 1 of 4 CMV fact sheets. The fact sheets were framed as either what could be gained or be lost by following (or not) the recommendations and the likelihood of being affected by CMV (i.e., small chance or one of the most common infections in infants). The questionnaire measured CMV knowledge, participation in CMV risk or prevention behaviors, perceived severity of and susceptibly to CMV, and the perceived control over and the efficacy of recommended prevention behaviors. The dependent variable, intention to modify behavior, was an index score that ranged from 0 to 16 with higher values indicating greater intention. Linear regression was used to evaluate the association between all independent variables and overall behavioral intention. The sample included 840 women; 15.5% were familiar with CMV. Behavioral intention was high (M = 10.43; SD = 5.13) but did not differ across the message frames (p = 0.23). Overall, behavioral intention was predicted by CMV knowledge, message credibility, perceived severity of CMV, perceived behavioral control and response efficacy. Significant interactions with gain vs. loss frame were observed for perceived behavioral control (p = 0.03) and response efficacy (p = .003). Framing CMV messages by what women stand to gain or lose interacts with perceived behavioral control and response efficacy to influence behavioral intention. Perceived behavioral control and response efficacy were most predictive of behavioral intention overall regardless of frame. Messaging that focuses on these two variables, particularly for avoiding kissing a child on the lips and sharing food, cups and utensils, may result in greater gains in intention to participate in CMV prevention behaviors.
Engineering precision biomaterials for personalized medicine

As the demand for precision medicine continues to rise, the “one-size-fits-all” approach to designing medical devices and therapies is becoming increasingly outdated. Biomaterials have considerable potential for transforming precision medicine, but individual patient complexity often necessitates integrating multiple functions into a single device to successfully tailor personalized therapies. Here, we introduce an engineering strategy based on unit operations to provide a unified vocabulary and contextual framework to aid the design of biomaterial-based devices and accelerate their translation.
Dependency analysis of cloud applications for performance monitoring using recurrent neural networks

Performance monitoring of cloud-native applications that consist of several micro-services involves the analysis of time series data collected from the infrastructure, platform, and application layers of the cloud software stack. The analysis of the runtime dependencies amongst the component micro-services is an essential step towards performing cloud resource management, detecting anomalous behavior of cloud applications, and meeting customer Service Level Agreements (SLAs). Finding such dependencies is challenging due to the non-linear nature of interactions, aberrant data measurements and lack of domain knowledge. In this paper, we propose a novel use of the modeling capability of Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks, which excel in capturing temporal relationships in multi-variate time series data and being resilient to noisy pattern representations. Our proposed technique looks into the LSTM model structure, to uncover dependencies amongst performance metrics, which were learned during training. We further apply this technique in three monitoring use cases, namely finding the strongest performance predictors, discovering lagged/temporal dependencies, and improving the accuracy of forecasting for a given metric. We demonstrate the viability of our approach, by comparing the results of our proposed method in the three use cases with those obtained from previously proposed methods, such as Granger causality and the classical statistical time series analysis models, such as ARIMA and Holt-Winters. For our experiments and analysis, we use performance monitoring data collected from two sources: a controlled experiment involving a sample cloud application that we deployed in a public cloud infrastructure and cloud monitoring data collected from the monitoring service of an operational, public cloud service provider.
On the far-zone electromagnetic field of a vertical Hertzian dipole over an imperfectly conducting half-space with extensions to plasmonics

New asymptotic formulas for the electromagnetic fields of a vertical Hertzian dipole over an imperfectly conducting half-space are derived using two variants of the modified saddle-point method, referred to as subtractive and multiplicative. The accuracy of the two far-zone formulations is assessed by comparisons with the state-of-the-art Norton-Bannister theory and with the rigorous results of numerical integration for problems involving seawater in the microwave range and gold in the visible range. It is found that the performance of the three approximate methods is similar, except at the surface of plasmonic media, where the saddle-point methods are superior to the Norton-Bannister formulation.
Preschoolers’ alphabet learning: Letter name and sound instruction, cognitive processes, and English proficiency

Abstract This study investigated: 1) the influence of alphabet instructional content (letter names, letter sounds, or both) on alphabet learning and engagement of English only and dual language learner (DLL) children, and 2) the relation between children’s initial status and growth in three underlying cognitive learning processes (paired-associate, articulation referencing, and orthographic learning) and growth in alphabet learning. Subjects were 83 preschool children in six public preschool classrooms with low-income eligibility thresholds, including 30 DLLs. Children were screened for alphabet knowledge and randomly assigned to small groups and to one of four conditions: experimental letter names or letter sounds only, experimental letter names + sounds (LN + LS), or typical LN + LS. Research assistants provided nine weeks of instruction in each treatment, in 10-min sessions, four days/week. Irrespective of language status, children in the four groups made significant growth from pretest to posttest on measures of alphabet learning. The single-focus letter name or letter sound conditions led to significantly greater growth on taught alphabet content. The experimental LN + LS condition led to greater growth in taught letter names and sounds content compared to the typical LN + LS condition. Pretest vocabulary and alphabet knowledge did not moderate growth, and only limited evidence of differential response to instruction among DLLs was found. Paired associate and articulation referencing learning processes were related to alphabetic growth. Engagement during learning was high in all four treatments. Findings support the benefits of explicit alphabet instruction that enlists cognitive learning processes required for alphabet learning.
Fault Analysis and Protection of a Series-DC Collection and Transmission System

Series-dc collection and transmission is suggested to be competitive for remote offshore wind farms. However, severe overcurrent, overvoltage, and other impacts that arise from faults cause challenges on system protection, which have not been fully studied yet. In this paper, simplified equivalent circuits are developed for fault analysis, based on which analytical models for fault transients are derived. The expressions can be used for stress estimation, as well as provide insight in understanding the mechanism of fault propagation. A cost-effective protection scheme characterized by a breakerless design is proposed. Parameter selection for stress mitigation is also discussed. Simulation results verify that the proposed fault protection and stress mitigation design is effective for such a series-dc system.
On fairness in continuous electronic markets

Most of the world's financial markets are electronic (i.e., are implemented as software systems) and continuous (i.e., process orders received from market participants immediately, on a FIFO basis). In this short position paper I argue that such markets cannot provide 'racetrack fairness' to their participants, yet this form of fairness seems to feature quite prominently throughout the large, multi-jurisdictional body of law governing financial markets. What seems to follow from this is that electronic batch-style markets are not only a desirable replacement for continuous ones---as a number of economists have recently argued---but a necessary replacement.
Why mobile-to-mobile wireless malware won't cause a storm

The enhanced capabilities of smartphones are creating the opportunity for new forms of malware to spread directly between mobile devices over short-range radio. This has been observed already in Bluetooth radios, and WiFi capabilities of smartphones provide an opportune new spreading vector. The increasing complexity of phone operating systems coupled with disclosed vulnerabilities suggest it is simply a matter of time before WiFi based worms are possible. Works that have considered this problem for Bluetooth suggest outbreaks would result in epidemics [11,28,32]. We use traditional epidemiological modeling tools and high-fidelity realistic human mobility data to study the spreading speed of this emergent threat. As opposed to other works, we take in to account the effects of exposure times, wireless propagation radii, and limited population susceptibility. Importantly, we find that lowering the susceptibility of the population to infection gives significant herd immunity as with biological infections, but unlike traditional Internet worms, making such threats unlikely in the near to medium term. Specifically, with susceptibility rates below 10% the result is near total immunity of the population. We find exposure times, and wireless transmission radii have no significant effect on outbreaks.
Controllability and stabilization of two-dimensional elastic vibration with dynamical boundary control

Dynamical control from the boundary of a membrane with edge mass and control is mathematically modelled and then the mathematical model is reduced to an abstract evolutionary equation with principal differential operator being Friedrichs extension of the original dissipative and symmetric operator. Using spectral/eigenspace analysis it is established that this evolutionary system is approximately controllable and strongly stabilizable by linear boundary damping feedback control.
EFFECT OF ETHANOL ON SOMATOSENSORY EVOKED POTENTIALS

Some studies have been conducted to determine the acute effect of ethanol on the electroencephalographic potential.1, 4, 5 However, little is known concerning the central or peripheral nervous system site of action of ethanol.3,4, 5 This experiment was designed to obtain somatosensory evoked potentials from the peripheral nerve, cauda equina, medial lemniscus (ML), ventralis posterior lateralis (VPL), and somatosensory cortex (SSC) of the macaque monkey under the influence of acute and chronic alcohol ingestion.
THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF METAL SURFACES

The kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the terrace-ledge-kink model of surface structure are developed and compared with measurements of the surface self-diffusion coefficient (Ds) and the crystaliographic anisotropy of the surface energy-(γ) of metals. Evidence is presented to show that the temperature dependence of Ds for fee metals can be understood in terms of two mechanisms, one dominant at high temperatures and the other taking over at low temperatures. Theoretical considerations suggest that the high temperature mechanism is associated with adatom migration while the low temperature mechanism may be due to surface vacancies. It is shown that the main features of the experimental γ-plots of metals are in qualitative agreement with the predictions of the terrace-ledge-kink model. Faceting of a metal surface due to adsorption of oxygen or sulphur can be explained theoretically in terms of alterations in the shape of the γ-plot resulting from adsorption on terraces or steps.
Towards improving hospital workflows: An evaluation of resources to mobilize patients.

Aim To characterize resources to safely mobilize different types of hospitalized patients. Background Current approaches to determine nurse-patient ratios do not always include information regarding the specific demands of patients who require extra resources to mobilize. Workflows must be designed with knowledge of resource requirements to integrate patient mobility into the daily nursing team care plan. Methods Nurse-led mobility sessions were evaluated on two adult hospital units, which consisted of nurse-patient encounters focused on patient mobility only. The resources assessed for each session were time-to-mobilize patient, time-to-document, need for additional staff support, and the need for assistive devices. Mobility sessions were also categorized by patient ambulation status, level of mobility limitations (low, medium and high) and diagnosis. Results In 212 total mobility sessions, the median time-to-mobilize and time-to-document were 7.75 and 1.27 min, respectively. Additional staff support was required for 87% and 92% of patients with medium and high mobility limitations, respectively. All patients with low mobility limitations ambulated, and only 14% required additional staff. Ambulating patients with high mobility limitations was the most time-intensive (median 12.55 min). Ambulating stroke patients required one additional staff and an assistive device in 92% and 69% of the sessions, respectively. Conclusion This study describes the resources associated with mobilizing inpatients with different levels of mobility impairments and diagnoses. Implications for nursing management These results could assist nursing management with facilitating appropriate daily nurse-patient ratios and justify the need for assistive devices and staff support to safely mobilize patients.
The road to quality Paved with more than good intentions

There is no shortage of external pressures facing neurologists in clinical practice. Declining reimbursements place constraints on the amount of time neurologists spend with their patients. Clerical burdens introduced by regulatory compliance demands increasingly encroach on daytime, and sometimes nighttime, hours. Physicians spend more time facing screens than they do facing patients.1
Spatial regulation of the polarity kinase PAR-1 by parallel inhibitory mechanisms

ABSTRACT The MARK/PAR-1 family of kinases are conserved regulators of cell polarity that share a conserved C-terminal kinase-associated domain (KA1). Localization of MARK/PAR-1 kinases to specific regions of the cell cortex is a hallmark of polarized cells. In Caenorhabditis elegans zygotes, PAR-1 localizes to the posterior cortex under the influence of another polarity kinase, aPKC/PKC-3. Here, we report that asymmetric localization of PAR-1 protein is not essential, and that PAR-1 kinase activity is regulated spatially. We find that, as in human MARK1, the PAR-1 KA1 domain is an auto-inhibitory domain that suppresses kinase activity. Auto-inhibition by the KA1 domain functions in parallel with phosphorylation by PKC-3 to suppress PAR-1 activity in the anterior cytoplasm. The KA1 domain also plays an additional role that is essential for germ plasm maintenance and fertility. Our findings suggest that modular regulation of kinase activity by redundant inhibitory inputs contributes to robust symmetry breaking by MARK/PAR-1 kinases in diverse cell types.
Understanding the Design Trade-Offs of Hybrid Flash Controllers

Over the last few years, NAND flash manufacturers have steadily increased the number of bits stored per cell to achieve significant cost reductions. However, the increased density does not come without drawbacks. All key flash performance metrics, including latency and endurance, significantly degrade as bit density increases. Particularly, sustained write throughput is the worst affected as writes are roughly one order of magnitude slower than reads and further require precursory block erases in the background. As a result, many recent flash controllers operate flash blocks both in single-bit (high endurance and performance) and in multi-bit (high density) mode. In theory, such hybrid controllers are a great way of hiding flash technology limitations. A controller can use a small percentage of the flash blocks in single-bit mode as a cache which allows orders of magnitude higher write bandwidth and endurance in environments where the access patterns of the workload are skewed and bursty. In practice, however, many devices fall short of expectations when write performance varies significantly and utilization increases. We argue that a principled approach is required to understand the design trade-offs of hybrid NAND flash controllers. To this end, we develop a modeling framework for estimating the performance and endurance of hybrid controllers. The modeling framework computes the internal data movement generated by a hybrid controller by relying on advanced analytical models that offer both accurate and fast predictions. The data flow is then translated into higher-level metrics that quantify upper bounds for the overall performance of an SSD such as write throughput, latency, and device endurance. Using our modeling framework, we compare different controller architectures, identify their strong and weak points, and show that there is room to improve the efficiency of the hybrid controllers used today.
Nonmagnetic Linear Optical Nonreciprocity in Acoustically Driven Resonant Waveguide Gratings

Nonmagnetic nonreciprocal linear optical response is predicted for acoustically driven resonant waveguide gratings. In a narrow spectral range around the resonance the structure can be completely transparent for a light wave propagating in one direction and highly reflective in the opposite direction. As resonances are revealed in the zeroth diffraction order, the frequency of the transmitted/reflected waves is the same as the frequency of the incident wave, while resonantly enhanced guided mode field oscillates at the frequency shifted up or down due to acousto-optic coupling mediated by a traveling sound wave.
Cooperativity in Proteasome Core Particle Maturation.

Proteasomes are multi-subunit protease complexes found in all domains of life. The maturation of the core particle (CP), which harbors the active sites, involves dimerization of two half CPs (HPs) and an autocatalytic cleavage that removes β propeptides. How these steps are regulated remains poorly understood. Here, we used the Rhodococcus erythropolis CP to dissect this process in vitro. Our data show that propeptides regulate the dimerization of HPs through flexible loops we identified. Furthermore, N-terminal truncations of the propeptides accelerated HP dimerization and decelerated CP auto-activation. We identified cooperativity in autocatalysis and found that the propeptide can be partially cleaved by adjacent active sites, potentially aiding an otherwise strictly autocatalytic mechanism. We propose that cross-processing during bacterial CP maturation is the underlying mechanism leading to the observed cooperativity of activation. Our work suggests that the bacterial β propeptide plays an unexpected and complex role in regulating dimerization and autocatalytic activation.
Solving the problem of overdetermination of quasisymmetric equilbrium solutions by near-axis expansions: I. Generalised force balance

It is well known that the process of construction of quasisymmetric magnetic fields in magnetostatic equilibrium with isotropic pressure suffers from the problem of overdetermination. This has led to the widespread belief that global quasisymmetric solutions are likely not to exist. We develop a general near-axis expansion procedure that does not rely on the assumption of magnetostatic equilibria with isotropic pressure. We then demonstrate that in equilibria with anisotropic pressure, it is possible to circumvent the problem of overdetermination and carry out the power-series solutions to higher order. This suggests, contrary to current belief, that the existence of globally quasisymmetric fields is likely if one relaxes the assumption of magnetostatic equilibria with isotropic pressure.
Effect of (+)- Epicatechin treatment in Friedrich's ataxia on myocardial oxygenation and perfusion assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging

BACKGROUND: Cardiomyopathy is a major life-limiting manifestation of Friedrich’s ataxia, the most prevalent form of autosomal recessive ataxia in childhood. Our study aimed to explore non-invasive imaging namely, blood oxygen level ‒ dependent (BOLD) cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging and Regadenoson stress perfusion CMR imaging to determine the effect of (+)-Epicatechin treatment on myocardial oxygenation and perfusion in patients with Friedrich’s ataxia. METHODS: Ten patients (age, 10±12 years) with a confirmed diagnosis of Friedrich’s ataxia, disease duration of ≤7 years and at …
Flow Scheduling of Service Chain Processing in a NFV-Based Network

Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is changing the way we implement the network functions from expensive hardware to software middleboxes, called Virtual Network Functions (VNFs). Flows always request to be processed by several middleboxes in a specific order, which is known as a service chain. Most researches study the middlebox placement problemand few of them pay attention to the flow scheduling of a deployed service chain, resulting in poor control of flow completion times. However, the flow completion time is an extreme metric to evaluate the performance of a network. Therefore, we focus on the service chain scheduling problem. We aim to minimize the flow completion time in two aspects:the longest completion time (makespan) and the average completion time. First, a transmission and processing delay model is proposed to formulate the communication latency behaviour of flows being processed by middleboxes. When there are only two middleboxes in theservice chain, we propose one optimal solution for each aspect, respectively. For a service chain with an arbitrary length, we prove the NP-hardness of our problem in both aspects and two corresponding heuristic algorithms are designed, which are extended from ourproposed optimal solutions for a service chain with a length of two. Real testbed experiments and extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of our proposed algorithms in various scenarios.
39. Evaluation for Gynecologic Anomalies in Girls with Imperforate Anus

Background The most common anorectal malformation in girls is imperforate anus (IA). There is a known association between gynecologic anomalies and IA, but data are limited. The approach to gynecologic evaluation in girls with IA is not well described and may contribute to neglect of gynecologic evaluation in these patients. Methods One hundred forty-four patients with imperforate anus were retrospectively reviewed with a focus on gynecologic evaluation. Cloacal malformations were excluded. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, Chi squared, and Fisher's exact tests. IRB approval obtained. Results Seventy-eight (54%) patients had any type of gynecologic evaluation. Thirty-six (25%) had both vaginal evaluation and pelvic imaging, 68 (47%) had pelvic imaging, and 45 (31%) had vaginal evaluation. Of those with gynecologic evaluation, 28 (36%) were found to have an anomaly, all with an upper genital tract anomaly and 19 (24%) also with a lower genital tract anomaly (Table 1). Of 28 patients with a normal vagina and single cervix noted on vaginoscopy, 6 (21%) were found to have a uterine anomaly on imaging. Seven patients had uterine anomalies diagnosed on pelvic ultrasound prior to age 2; however, three patients eventually diagnosed with a uterine anomaly had an initial pelvic ultrasound read as normal. Comparing girls with a gynecologic anomaly to those without, there was a significant difference in age (13.0 years vs 6.6 years, p Conclusions Our study reiterates the high incidence of gynecologic anomalies in girls with IA without cloaca, consistent with findings in prior case series. We found the incidence of uterine anomaly is high even with normal vaginoscopy. Universal vaginoscopy in this population, ideally by a gynecologist, has been previously recommended. Based on our findings, we also recommend universal pelvic imaging in addition to vaginoscopy. Given parents express a desire for earlier knowledge of gynecologic anatomy, we recommend pelvic ultrasound at the time of initial diagnosis/evaluation and again at puberty. Despite previous reports of this association, gynecologic evaluation of girls with IA without cloaca remains inconsistent. Ultimately, increased awareness of the need for gynecologic assessment in girls with IA is needed along with further studies to increase understanding of the association.
Immunotherapy-Induced Sarcoid-Like Reaction: A Shrewd Imitator:

A 40-year-old male with a right-sided neck mass was diagnosed with metastatic melanoma. A repeat positron-emission tomography after treatment with combination immunotherapy demonstrated increased hypermetabolic activity in the right supraclavicular, hilar, and mediastinal regions. Immunotherapy was discontinued and a BRAF/MEK inhibitor combination was started. Repeat imaging showed a decrease in size of the neck mass; however, hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes increased in size. A fine needle aspiration of mediastinal lymph nodes was consistent with a granulomatous process. A diagnosis of a sarcoid-like reaction (SLR) was made, and he was started on steroids. A follow-up positron emission tomography showed decreased hilar and mediastinal lymph node hypermetabolic activity. We, therefore, report this rare case of immunotherapy-induced SLR to the expanding literature on immunotherapy-related adverse effects and would like to highlight that SLR can occur in conjunction with disease progression making it challenging to distinguish between the two.
The Impact of Global Acquisitions on the Capacity of Indigenous High Tech Software Start-Ups to Develop Technology Clusters in Local Economies: Case Studies on Emerging Economies (Brazil)

This research aims, not only to explore the rationales behind the phenomenal successes achieved in the information technology and internet sectors – impacting e commerce and other sectors such as accounting, internet taxation, contributing to competitive advantages particularly in China and India, but also to investigate why other BRICS such as Brazil and South Africa have not had such radically phenomenal growths. In addition to the global impacts being investigated (from the perspective of BRICS), local impacts – in view of innovation, entrepreneurship and development, on national and global economies will also be investigated. Knowledge transfers and spillovers contribute incredible sources of human capital which add value to global value chains. The research will also hence, seek to explore how selected emerging economies are developing such knowledge and value chains in enhancing local communities – as well as what more could be done to improve such transfer of knowledge resources. Entrepreneurship programs constitute value means whereby knowledge transfers can be facilitated. Hence this research will also highlight how such programs can be encouraged, facilitated, and improved – as a means of enhancing job creation possibilities and contributing to the local and broader economy as a whole.
LXI. Observations on some remarkable optical phænomena seen in Switzerland; and on an optical phænomenon which occurs on viewing a figure of a crystal or geometrical solid

(1832). LXI. Observations on some remarkable optical phaenomena seen in Switzerland; and on an optical phaenomenon which occurs on viewing a figure of a crystal or geometrical solid. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 329-337.