cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Training a neurocontrol for talking heads

Talking heads are anthropomorphic representations of a software agent used to facilitate interaction with human users. Talking heads have been commonly programmed and controlled by ontologies designed according to intuitive and heuristic considerations that may have little to do with the applications at hand, and are thus probably not truly expressive, meaningful or ergonomic to human users. Here we present preliminary results in the design and training of an autonomous neural control that is capable of generating facial expressions that convey meaningful emotional content to users in the context of tutoring sessions on a particular domain (computer literacy) on a continuous scale of negative, neutral, and positive feedback. The ultimate goal of the project is to have the control autonomously synchronize the movements of facial features in lips, eyes and eyebrows in order to produce facial animations that are not only valid and meaningful to untrained human users, but also can easily interface with semantic processing modules of larger agents that operate in real-time, such as tutoring systems.
Oxidized Lipids in the Diet Accelerate the Development of Fatty Streaks in Cholesterol-Fed Rabbits

Abstract Studies have indicated that oxidized lipoproteins may play a role in atherosclerosis. We have recently demonstrated that the levels of oxidized lipoproteins in the circulation can be directly correlated to the quantity of oxidized lipids in the diet. The present study tested the hypothesis that dietary oxidized lipids accelerate the development of atherosclerosis. For 12 to 14 weeks, 36 male New Zealand White rabbits were fed a low-cholesterol (0.25%) diet containing either 5% unoxidized corn oil (control diet) or 5% oxidized corn oil (oxidized-lipid diet). Serum cholesterol levels increased to a similar extent in both groups, with the majority of the cholesterol in the β-migrating very low density lipoprotein (β-VLDL) fraction. β-VLDL from control animals contained 3.86±0.57 versus 9.07±2.14 nmol conjugated dienes per μmol cholesterol ( P 100% increase in total cholesterol in the pulmonary artery that was primarily due to an increase in cholesteryl ester. Oxidized lipids are frequently present in the typical US diet, and our results suggest that consumption of these foods may be an important risk factor for atherosclerosis.
Effects of electrostatic discharge on GaAs-based HBTs

Short term and long term effects of electrostatic discharge (ESD) on GaAs-based HBTs are described. Both single-finger and multi-finger devices were tested, at ESD levels from 300 to 8000 V. Typically, devices subject to ESD show increasing levels of leakage current and/or decreased breakdown voltages. ESD effects on single and multi-finger devices are discussed, as well as the effects of ballasting. Finally, the results of long-term bias stress on ESD exposed devices is described.
Father participation in infancy.

Although the importance of paternal influence on child development is now generally accepted, we actually know very little about normal father-infant relationships. This study, undertaken to define some of them, found a wide variation among a homogeneous middle-class group. No factor was consistent for infants of both sexes. But results showed enough significant correlations to support the need for more developmental studies.
Susceptibility of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) to pitch canker, caused by Gibberella circinata (anamorph = Fusarium circinatum)

For better characterization of the risk of pitch canker (caused by Gibberella circinata , anamorph = Fusarium circinatum ) to Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ), Californian isolates, selected exotic isolates, and ascospore progeny of a cross between wild-type Californian isolates were tested for aggressiveness to this host species. In addition, seedlings from representative provenances of P. menziesii in California were tested for susceptibility to pitch canker. The results revealed only minor differences between isolates, but differences in susceptibility between trees were often significant. The majority of the tested trees were relatively resistant as indicated by the development of only very short lesions, but some were clearly susceptible.
Stimulation of oogenesis by proteinaceous adult diets for screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

The influence of protein in the adult diet on first cycle gonotrophic development was examined in newly colonized screwworm flies, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), reared on an artificial larval diet and bred in subsequent generations from females stimulated to oviposit only after all individuals in a colony were expected to have matured their eggs. This latter criterion was established with the goal of reducing selection for early ovarian maturity and increased autogeny. Under these conditions, supplementing the diet with raw meat during the first week after adult emergence hastened egg maturation by two to four days or more, increased the percentage of seven- to ten-day-old females that was gravid by 45%, and boosted the number of eggs per gravid female by c. 30%. The serous discharge from screwworm-infested sheep wounds, a casein–salt mixture, or casein in potassium hydroxide was as effective as raw meat. Addition of B vitamins to the casein–salt mixture was without further effect. The measures taken to reduce selection for altered gonotrophic development were not critically evaluated here, but they appeared successful in that age and protein affected ovarian maturation rates similarly in F2 and F27. Fecundity measured as eggs matured per gravid female differed between generations, but appeared correlated with size differences that were unrelated to colonization duration.
Secretion of a progesterone-induced inhibitor of plasminogen activator by the porcine uterus

Abstract The indirect 125 I-fibrin plate assay has been used to measure the levels of plasminogen activator (PA) in uterine flushings from pigs through the estrous cycle and during early pregnancy, and to measure the production of PA by pig conceptuses cultured in vitro. Activity in the flushings was high at the beginning and end of the estrous cycle, but only low levels were detected in mid cycle (the luteal phase). In pregnant animals, uterine PA levels became low around day 12 and did not show any further increase. Cultured day 12 blastocysts, however, released large amounts of PA into the medium in a time-dependent fashion over a 48 hr period, suggesting that this activity was inhibited in vivo. The presence of a protease inhibitor in uterine flushings has been demonstrated in cycling gilts, and follows a hormone-directed trend, with flushings taken during the luteal phase showing inhibitory activity against PA secreted early or late in the cycle. By assaying flushings from ovariectomized gilts given daily injections of progesterone, estrogen, both hormones together, or corn coil, it has been verified that the inhibitor is progesterone-induced and is also active against both PA produced by day 12 conceptuses and urokinase. It also inhibits PA, as determined using a direct fluorometric assay with glutaryl-glycyl-L-arginine-4-methyl-coumarinyl-7-amide as substrate. The PA inhibitor is acid-stable, and of low molecular weight (15,000 ± 5000), as determined by Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration. Unlike most animals, the trophoblast of the pig is not invasive in the uterus, but is invasive if transplanted to some ectopic site. The progesterone-induced inhibitor may possibly play a role in preventing invasive implantation.
A Self-Directed Preclinical Course in Ophthalmic Surgery

Objective Medical students receive limited exposure to ophthalmology and ophthalmic surgery in the preclinical curriculum. To address this gap, the authors designed a self-directed preclinical elective course in ophthalmic surgery offered in the 2013-2014 academic year to all first- and second-year students at the study institution. Design Prospective cohort study with anonymous Likert-style questionnaires and qualitative responses. Setting Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI. Participants All current first- and second-year medical students at the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University enrolled in the preclinical elective in 2013-2014 were eligible to participate in the study. Methods The course had 3 components: (1) 4 web-based didactic modules on common ophthalmic conditions with slide sets, surgical procedure videos and animations, and mandatory premodule and postmodule quizzes to assess for competency; (2) a 3-hour interactive virtual surgery simulation session on cataract surgery-related tasks; (3) a total of 2 shadowing experiences in the clinic and in the operating room. Each student completed an anonymous precourse and postcourse Likert-style questionnaire that assessed exposure to ophthalmology, favored components of the course, and interest in ophthalmology as a career. Results Of the 22 students who signed up, 18 (81.8%) completed the course. Most students (76.5%; 14/18) felt there was inadequate exposure to ophthalmology in the medical curriculum. Students scored a mean of 44.0% on premodule assessments and 97.0% on postmodule assessments. All students completed the postcourse questionnaire: they all recommended the course to other medical students and increased their understanding of ophthalmology as a career. The most popular components of the course were the practical aspects of the elective (44.4%; 8/18) and virtual surgery simulation (44.4%; 8/18). Conclusions This course increased preclinical medical students' knowledge of ophthalmic surgery and suggests that flexible preclinical electives can help medical students explore clinical interests and career choices earlier in their medical education.
Plant biology: LURE is bait for multiple receptors.

In flowering plants, sperm-containing pollen tubes are guided towards ovules by attractants from the female reproductive organ. Receptors for the attractant molecule AtLURE1 have now been found. See Letters p.241 & p.245 In flowering plants, the female gametophyte secretes chemoattractant peptides to guide pollen tube growth so that it delivers the immobile sperm to the ovule-enclosed female gametophyte. Two papers published in this issue of Nature report the identification of male pollen tube cell-surface receptors for one of these female attractants, LURE1, in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Wei-Cai Yang and colleagues show that LURE1 is perceived by a receptor-like kinase complex, the heteromer MDIS1–MIK. Tetsuya Higashiyama and Hidenori Takeuchi report that pollen-specific receptor-like kinase 6 (PRK6) is required for sensing LURE1, and PRK6 acts together with other PRK family receptors. Both groups demonstrate that by engineering pollen tubes of the sister species Capsella rubella to express a component of the A. thaliana receptors — either MDIS1 or PRK6 — the reproductive isolation barrier between the two species is partially broken down.
An Instrument for Evaluating Experimental Educational Research Report

AbstractAn Instrument for Evaluating Experimental Research Reports was developed after synthesis of the suggestions of experts. In two studies of reliability with articles from the field of elementary mathematics education and raters from that field and from educational psychology, coefficients of Inter-rater agreement of .01 and .04 resulted, while .77 and .58 were the corresponding coefficients of Intra-class reliability. The Instrument is suggested for use not only In evaluation, but also In planning and developing research studies.
Clausal pied-piping

In Basque, wh-movement can pied-pipe an entire clause. The surface syntax of clausal pied-piping structures suggests that their syntax and semantics should be similar to scope marking constructions as analyzed in the Indirect Dependency approach. However, data having to do with presupposition projection and the interpretation of how many-questions show that clausal pied-piping structures are actually more similar to their long-distance wh-movement counterparts than to scope marking constructions. I develop an analysis which takes into account these facts. Specifically, I show that pied-piped clauses must reconstruct, which makes the correct prediction that clausal pied-piping, unlike long-distance wh-movement, is sensitive to negative islands. Finally, I propose that reconstruction is forced by a condition on the interpretation of traces.
Interaction and Scattering of Greater Than 2△ Phonons with Electrons in Superconducting Sn Films

Contrary to earlier results by others1,2 phonons, with energy greater than the superconducting gap, escape Sn tunnel junctions in sufficient number to be detected by Pb tunnel junction detectors. An attempt is made here to describe an analytical basis for the observed spectral distribution and the temperature dependence of such phonons. The analysis is based on the electron-phonon interactions proposed by Tewordt3 and Privorotskii.4
Computerized Monitoring and Control System of Dadu River Cascade Hydropower Stations Centralized Control Center

This paper introduces the key elements of the control system for the Dadu River cascade hydropower stations centralized control center,such as the network structure of the control system,approach for data exchange and reliability design of communication between the control center and the cascade hydropower stations,and the centralized control strategy.These elements provide strong guarantee for safe,stable and reliable operation of the control system.
Introduction and Study on Chinese Traditional “Pillow Culture”

"Pillow"is a product of human beings' life practice,experiencing from being unconsciously used to purposely produced,with more functions gradually developed.As a material carrier,"pillow"has become one of the life necessities.Besides its utility,"pillow"can express people's psychological feelings,aesthetic taste and ritual concept."Pillow"is compatible with three attributes of material culture,system culture,and spiritual culture,which can be taken into the cultural category and can be referred to as the pillow culture.
Epidemic Characteristics of Malaria in Shaoguan City,1980-2012

Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of malaria in Shaoguan city from 1980 to 2012,and to provide references for the elimination of malaria in the city. Methods Epidemic data during 1980 to2012 were collected from the Disease Reporting Information System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of malaria cases. Results A total of 3094 malaria cases were reported from 1980 to 2012 in Shaoguan,with an annual average incidence of 2. 78 /105and an annual average case number of 94. There were 3041 cases of Vivax malaria,4 cases of Falciparum malaria and 49 cases of identified malaria. The most malaria cases were reported in 1982 with a total of 651 cases and incidence of 14. 13 /05. During 2006-2011,only one case was reported in 2008. During May to November,totally 2625 cases were reported and accounted for 84. 84% of the 3094 cases. The ratio of male to female cases was 4. 34: 1. The age distribution concentrated mainly in20-45 years old,with 2486 cases and accounted for 80. 34% of the total cases. During 1980 to 2012 in Shaoguan city,a total of 47 533 persons received blood examination and 2127 were found as Plasmodium positive,with a positive rate of 0. 45%. During 1980 to 1994,31 139 persons received blood examination and474 were found as Plasmodium positive,with a positive rate of 1. 52%. Conclusion The number of malaria cases in Shaoguan decreased year after year during 1980to 2012. Twenty to forty-five is the vulnerable onset age interval. For recent years,the malaria cases are all imported and the epidemic status is stable.
The clinical use of umbilical cord acid-base determinations in perinatal surveillance and management.

This article discusses the value of the routine practice of obtaining a segment of umbilical cord at delivery for the determining of acid-base values, which may help the obstetrician establish an etiology of an intrapartum problem, aid in the resuscitation of the newborn infant, and help the neonatologist in the immediate management of the newborn infant.
Legal Briefs: Parainfluenza and Immunocompromised Twin

A 21-year-old gravida 4, para 3 African-American mother developed preterm labor. After a course of antenatal steroids and 2 days of tocolysis, dichorionic twins were delivered at 31 weeks'gestation. Twin A, with a birthweight of 1,600 g, was delivered via normal spontaneous vertex delivery, with Apgar scores of 7 and 8 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Twin B required a cesarean delivery secondary to placental abruption, had a birthweight of 1,340 g, and Apgar scores of 7 and 8 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Twin A was briefly given nasal continuous positive airway pressure and had an uneventful course. Twin B required a brief period of intubation, but also had an uneventful course. Four days before discharge of twin A, when he was 5 weeks old, 3 infants in the NICU developed nasal congestion and were tested with the direct fluorescence antibody (DFA) method for parainfluenza virus (PIV). Type 3 PIV was found in all 3 cases. The treating nurses, respiratory therapists, and physicians were questioned on depositions why only those 3 infants were tested as there were 5 infants in the room and dozens in adjacent rooms in the NICU. The treaters explained that they only tested infants who had symptoms of nasal congestion. The plaintiff experts were critical of this approach because the asymptomatic infants in the room were likely exposed, colonized, and had a high risk of being infected; all NICU infants were immunocompromised, and the preterm infants were especially vulnerable. Furthermore, the plaintiff experts explained that symptoms would not necessarily manifest as, or be limited to, nasal congestion in a newborn infant. The symptoms could manifest as apneic episodes, tachycardia, respiratory distress, or in other ways. Moreover, the plaintiff pointed out that type 3 is the most virulent form of PIV. The treaters were …
Recent Changes in Code Requirements for Repair of In-Service Pipelines by Welding

The API code requirements for repair of in-service pipelines by welding were recently up-dated. The 19th edition of API 1104 - Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities - includes a new appendix (Appendix B) titled In-Service Welding, which is intended to eventually replace API 1107 - Pipeline Maintenance Welding Practices. Work is also presently underway to up-date the requirements for weld deposition repair in ASME B31.8 - Gas Transmission Systems. This paper reviews the rationale behind these changes and provides a brief summary of their primary features.Copyright © 2000 by ASME
A visual analytics approach to author name disambiguation

Academic publication archives often draw from numerous, heterogeneous sources, whose records can follow differing naming conventions. As such, ambiguity issues concerning authorship of scientific papers often arise, such as authors sharing similar names, the use of first names versus initials, or alternate name spellings for the same author. These ambiguities have plagued research on scientific collaboration and influence. Detecting and correcting these errors is important for maintaining the archive, as well as for ensuring correctness and reliability in any desired subsequent analysis. There are existing analytic methods designed to accomplish this with varying degrees of accuracy, but many of them require fine tuning or manual categorization. We have developed a visual analytics system to interactively control and apply several analytic name disambiguation algorithms in a finely controlled manner, and to present the results to the user for verification or correction. We demonstrate the efficacy of our system by using it to find and resolve ambiguities in authorship data collected from Cornell University Library's arXiv.org and the InfoVis 2004 contest dataset with improved accuracy and speed over existing approaches.
Constrictive Pericarditis: A Practical Clinical Approach

Constrictive pericarditis (CP) represents a form of severe diastolic heart failure (HF), secondary to a noncompliant pericardium. The true prevalence of CP is unknown but it is observed in 0.2-0.4% of patients who have undergone cardiac surgery or have had pericardial trauma or inflammation due to a variety of etiologies. Despite its poor prognosis if untreated, CP is a potentially curable disease and surgical pericardiectomy can now be performed at low perioperative mortality in tertiary centers with surgical expertise in pericardial diseases. Cardiologists should have a high index of suspicion for CP in patients presenting with predominant right-sided (HF), particularly when a history of cardiac surgery, pericarditis or pericardial effusion is present. Transthoracic two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography is usually the first diagnostic tool in the evaluation of HF and can reliably identify CP in most patients by characteristic real-time motion of the heart and hemodynamic features. Computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging provide incremental data for the diagnosis and management of CP and are especially helpful when clinical or echocardiographic findings are inconclusive. Cardiac catheterization has been the gold-standard for the diagnosis of CP, but may not be necessary if non-invasive test(s) demonstrate diagnostic features of CP; it should then be reserved for selected cases or for assessment of concomitant coronary disease. Although most patients with CP require pericardiectomy, anti-inflammatory therapy may be curative in patients presenting with subacute symptoms, especially when evidence of marked ongoing inflammation is seen.
PERFORMANCE OF CONSTRUCTED WETLAND TREATMENT SYSTEMS AT BENTON, HARDIN, AND PEMBROKE, KENTUCKY, DURING THE EARLY VEGETATION ESTABLISHMENT PHASE

ABSTRACT The Tennessee Valley Authority is demonstrating use of constructed wetlands for municipal wastewater treatment with three full-scale small community sewage systems. Project objectives include determining permit compliance ability, evaluating basic design and operational factors, evaluating cost effectiveness, investigating process variables to further optimize design and operation factors, and conducting technology transfer activities. Results of the initial 11 to 20 months of data reveal that all constructed wetland cells are very effective in reducing suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, and fecal coliforms. Nitrification appears to be limited by dissolved oxygen. Phosphorus removal is variable. Gravel cells generally provide slightly better effluent quality than surface flow cells. Clogging in the inlet areas of gravel cells has been a major problem with the existing design and treatment performance. Vegetation species that have rhizomes appear to be a much better choice than other types based on quicker cell coverage. Vegetation should generally be allowed a period of establishment (one growing season if practicable) prior to sustained pollutant loading.
Stabreimende Wortpaare in der frühmittelhochdeutschen Genesis: Nachträge zum Bestand

A new edition of the “Wiener Genesis” provides data relevant to the extant listings of alliterating word-pairs in early attestations of German. A complete catalogue of the word-pairs locates the collection from the Early Middle High German text within the body of Early German literature. Three new earliest word-pair attestations are documented, while issues of word sequence, alliteration, and transmission are discussed.
A Latent Class Analysis of Online Sexual Experiences and Offline Sexual Behaviors Among Female Adolescents.

This study used latent class analysis to identify patterns (i.e., classes) across a broad range of online sexual experiences among female adolescents (n = 312) and to explore offline sexual behavior and substance use correlates of as well as maltreatment differences in class membership. The following four classes were identified: Online Abstinent, Online Inclusive, Attractors, and Seekers. Maltreated female adolescents were more likely to be members of the Online Inclusive class and less likely to be members of the Online Abstinent class than nonmaltreated female adolescents. Offline sexual behaviors and substance use differentially predicted class membership. These results suggest online sexual experiences vary greatly and should not be aggregated together as a global risk factor for all female adolescents.
Sifting through a failed Alzheimer trial: What biomarkers tell us about what happened.

The pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) remains a work in progress even as we approach the 50-year anniversary of the modern exploration of late-life dementia. The β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide has been a target of repeated therapeutic efforts for the last 2 decades. It seems like an obvious target: people dying with dementia often have high burdens of Aβ in one form or another throughout their brains. Over the last decade, several large clinical trials attempted to lower brain Aβ levels. One of them, with the anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody bapineuzumab, serves as the basis of a report in this issue of Neurology® .1
THE MOVEMENT SYSTEM IN EDUCATION.

Although many physical therapists have begun to focus on movement and function in clinical practice, a significant number continue to focus on impairments or pathoanatomic models to direct interventions. This paradigm may be driven by the current models used to direct and guide curricula used for physical therapist education. The methods by which students are educated may contribute to a focus on independent systems, rather than viewing the body as a functional whole. Students who enter practice must be able to integrate information across multiple systems that affect a patient or client's movement and function. Such integration must be taught to students and it is the responsibility of those in physical therapist education to embrace and teach the next generation of students this identifying professional paradigm of the movement system. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to describe the current state of the movement system in physical therapy education, suggest strategies for enhancing movement system focus in entry level education, and envision the future of physical therapy education related to the movement system. Contributions by a student author offer depth and perspective to the ideas and suggestions presented. Level of Evidence 5.
Conformational structures and vibrational spectroscopic investigation of isolated dityrosine and tryptophan-tyrosine dipeptides: A theoretical study

Abstract Aromatic peptides can form dipeptides which could then self-assemble into nanostructures. However, there is still a lack of fundamental understanding between structures and properties of these materials. We use dispersion-corrected density functional theory and second-order Moller Plesset perturbation theory to study a few lowest energy structures and the corresponding vibrational spectra of linear and cyclic dityrosine (YY) and tryptophan-tyrosine (WY), the building blocks of four different aromatic dipeptide nanotubes. The variation in relative energies predicted by the different methods indicates that a judicious choice of levels of theory is critical for these systems. We find common geometrical features for the systems of interest. For linear YY and WY, the most stable conformers are characterized by intermolecular hydrogen bonding of the carboxylic hydroxyl group with the carbonyl of the amide. For cyclic YY and WY, the most stable conformers assume a slightly puckered boat structure for the diketopiperazine ring with the aromatic side chains in pseudoaxial and pseudoequatorial positions. All the systems considered in this study possess at least two aromatic groups suggesting that π-π stacking interaction, in addition to hydrogen bonding, is an essential factor behind aggregation of self-assembled structures from peptide-based molecular frameworks.
The impact of right ventricular pressure and function on survival in patients with pulmonary vein stenosis.

Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is associated with pulmonary hypertension (PH), but there is little information regarding the impact of PH on right ventricular (RV) systolic function and survival. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of our patients to explore this and other aspects of pulmonary hemodynamics with PVS. RV function was assessed using qualitative two-dimensional echocardiography. The ratio of systolic pulmonary artery (PA) and aortic pressures (PA:Ao) at cardiac catheterization reflected pulmonary hemodynamics. Reactivity testing employed inhaled nitric oxide + 100% fiO2, or 100% fiO2 only; "reactivity" was a ≥ 20% decrease in PA:Ao. There were 105 PVS patients, although not all had data at every time point. (1) The mean PA:Ao at first cardiac catheterization (n = 77) was 0.79 ± 0.36; at last catheterization (n = 54), PA:Ao = 0.69 ± 0.30; 90% had systolic PAP > one-half systemic. Survival was shorter with PA:Ao > 0.5. (2) Differences in survival relative to RV dysfunction on the first echocardiogram were not significant, although they were using the last echocardiogram. (3) The magnitude of RV dysfunction was positively correlated with PA:Ao. (4) Balloon dilation of PV acutely decreased PA:Ao (-0.13 ± 0.37, P = 0.03 [n = 40 patients]). 5. Of 20 patients tested, 13 were acutely reactive to vasodilators. PH is a major feature of PVS. Reduced RV function and PA:Ao appear to be predictors of survival. Given the importance of PH in this disease, clinical studies of PVS treatments should include measures of PAP and RV function as important variables of interest.
DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE AMPL MODELING LANGUAGE

The design of the AMPL modeling language stresses naturalness of expressions, generality of iterating over sets, separation of model and data, ease of data manipulation, and automatic updating of derived values when fundamental values change. We show how such principles have guided the addition of database access, complementarity modeling, and other language features.
Colouration by total internal reflection and interference at microscale concave interfaces.

Many physical phenomena create colour: spectrally selective light absorption by pigments and dyes1,2, material-specific optical dispersion3 and light interference4–11 in micrometre-scale and nanometre-scale periodic structures12–17. In addition, scattering, diffraction and interference mechanisms are inherent to spherical droplets18, which contribute to atmospheric phenomena such as glories, coronas and rainbows19. Here we describe a previously unrecognized mechanism for creating iridescent structural colour with large angular spectral separation. Light travelling along different trajectories of total internal reflection at a concave optical interface can interfere to generate brilliant patterns of colour. The effect is generated at interfaces with dimensions that are orders of magnitude larger than the wavelength of visible light and is readily observed in systems as simple as water drops condensed on a transparent substrate. We also exploit this phenomenon in complex systems, including multiphase droplets, three-dimensional patterned polymer surfaces and solid microparticles, to create patterns of iridescent colour that are consistent with theoretical predictions. Such controllable structural colouration is straightforward to generate at microscale interfaces, so we expect that the design principles and predictive theory outlined here will be of interest both for fundamental exploration in optics and for application in functional colloidal inks and paints, displays and sensors. A mechanism for creating patterns of iridescent structural colour by total internal reflection of light beams along a concave optical interface leading to interference is described, for complex microscopic systems and for systems as simple as condensed water drops.
Characterization and Analysis of Bit Errors in 3D TLC NAND Flash Memory

3D NAND flash memory has entered dynamically into the space of enterprise server and storage systems, offering significantly higher capacity and better endurance than the latest 2D technology node. Moreover, the advancements in vertical stacking, cell design and program/read algorithms, have also enabled TLC 3D NAND flash with enterprise-level reliability, thus achieving further increase in capacity and cost-per-bit reduction. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the bit-error characteristics of state-of-the-art 64-layer 3D TLC NAND flash with a focus on read-voltage calibration. We provide experimental measurements of the RBER and threshold voltage distributions using typical and mixed-mode test patterns of program/erase cycling, retention and read-disturb. Moreover, we quantify the RBER components attributed to threshold voltage level overlapping and on-chip 2-step program errors. Finally, we characterize how the optimal read voltages change under different device stress and we evaluate calibration schemes with different performance and complexity trade-offs.
Teaching Mathematics with Microcomputers: Junior High School.

The ubiquitous computer! Do you realize that there may be a great variety of uses of a microcomputer in your classroom? Indeed, if we view the computer as a tool, or as a context for many differing activities, then we must learn how to choose our uses of it. This will require that we know the possible options, and have some rationales for our choices. Instructional computing includes any application of a computer involving direct contact by either the student or the teacher, which serves the goals and functions of instruction. The domain of instructional computing can be structured into three categories of usages: student programming, computer-based instruction, and teacher utilities. Student programming uses focus upon the learner constructing his own computer program. Extremely powerful learning experiences can occur within this context. Computer-based instruction includes eight types of uses: practicing, tutoring, simulating, gaming, demonstrating, testing, informing, and communicating. Perhaps the common feature is the execution of a prepared computer program by the student or the teacher for the purposes of instructing. Teacher utilities include the following six types of uses: test gener-
Intravascular Stem Cell Bioreactor for Prevention of Adverse Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction.

Background Prevention of adverse remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) is an important goal of stem cell therapy. Clinical trial results vary, however, and poor cell retention and survival af...
Use of CT Vs. MRI for Diagnosis of Hip or Pelvic Fractures in Elderly Patients After Low Energy Trauma.

Background: Elderly patients who fall account for more than two million emergency department visits each year. In 4-10 % of these patients, initial plain radiographs do not identify a hip or pelvis fracture later diagnosed with advanced imaging. No consensus exists about what type of imaging, CT or MRI, should be obtained in elderly patients with hip or pelvic pain after a low energy trauma. The purpose of this study was to determine whether CT or MRI is more likely to result in a definitive fracture diagnosis in elderly patients with hip or pelvic pain after low energy trauma.
Management and Outcomes of Button Batteries in the Aerodigestive Tract: A Multi-institutional Study.

Objectives/hypothesis To describe the clinical presentation, management, and complications associated with button battery impaction in the aerodigestive tract in children. Study design Retrospective case series. Methods This multi-institutional study, endorsed by the American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology research consortium, is a retrospective medical record review, including all children at five tertiary-care institutions presenting with button batteries impacted in the aerodigestive tract between January 2002 and December 2014. Battery type/size, duration and location of impaction, presenting symptoms, treatment, complications, and outcomes were examined. Results Eighty-one patients were included (64.2% male), with ingestion witnessed in 20 (24.7%). Median age at presentation was 3 years (range, 1 week-14 years). Median time from diagnosis to removal was 2.5 hours (range, 0.4-72 hours). Locations included the esophagus (n = 48), hypopharynx (n = 1), stomach (n = 6), nasal cavity (n = 22), and ear canal (n = 4). Most common symptoms for esophageal/hypopharyngeal impactions included dysphagia (26.5%), nausea/vomiting (26.5%), drooling (24.5%), cough (18.4%), and fever (18.4%). Most common symptoms for nasal impactions included epistaxis (54.6%), rhinorrhea (40.9%), nasal pain (27.3%), and fever (22.7%). Almost all esophageal impactions were from 3-V (89.5%), 20-mm (81.8%) lithium batteries. Severe esophageal complications included stricture (28.6%), perforation (24.5%), tracheoesophageal fistula formation (8.2%), pneumothorax (4.1%), and bilateral true vocal fold paresis (4.1%). Nasal complications included necrosis (59.1%), septal perforation (27.3%), and saddle nose deformity (4.5%). Duration of impaction correlated with an increased likelihood of persistent symptoms only for nasal batteries (P = .049). Conclusions Button batteries in the upper pediatric aerodigestive tract or ear canal should be considered a surgical emergency, requiring urgent removal and careful vigilance for complications. Level of evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E298-E306, 2021.
“À chacun son Tokyo.”1: Marguerite Yourcenar’s Reading of Yukio Mishima as a Revolutionary Exemplar for Western Literary Art

Marguerite Yourcenar may well be best known for her prize-winning novels that accent the trope of homosexuality, but there is another, equally engaging aspect to her work that highlights her origin...
On a property of a non–local moment prior

The paper provides objective motivation for the class of non–local moment prior, introduced for the purposes of Bayesian hypothesis testing using Bayes factors. The motivation is that it minimizes ...
Legal Landscapes, Migrant Labor, and Rural Social Safety Nets in Michigan, 1942-1971

In the 1960s, farmers pressed trespass charges against aid workers providing assistance to agricultural laborers living on the farmers’ private property. Some of the first court decisions to address these types of trespass, such as the well-known and frequently taught State v. Shack (1971), limited the property rights of farmers and enabled aid workers to enter camps where migrants lived. Yet there was a world before Shack, a world in which farmers welcomed onto their land rural religious groups, staffed largely by women from the local community, who provided services to migrant workers. This article uses Michigan as a case study to examine the informal safety net those rural women created and how it ultimately strengthened the very economic and legal structures that left agricultural workers vulnerable. From the 1940s through the 1960s, federal, state, and local law left large gaps in labor protections and government services for migrant agricultural laborers in Michigan. In response, church women created rural safety nets that mobilized local generosity and provided aid. These informal safety nets also policed migrant morality, maintained rural segregation, and performed surveillance of community outsiders, thereby serving the farmers’ goals of having a reliable and cheap labor force.
Motion of a capsule in a curved tube

Cross-streamline migration of deformable capsules is studied in three-dimensional curved vessels using a numerical model. Two geometries are chosen: torus vessels to study the effect of constant vessel curvature, and U-shaped vessels to study the effect of change in curvature. A wide range of inertia is considered to include a broad range of applications, from the microcirculation to inertial microfluidics. Vessel curvature and change in curvature are shown to affect capsule migration because of the way they affect the undisturbed flow. In toroidal vessels at negligible inertia, no secondary flow exists and the axial fluid velocity is shifted toward the inner surface of the vessel. In this limit, capsules settle at a location that is away from the vessel centreline, and between the location of the maximum fluid velocity and the innermost surface. Increasing the vessel curvature results in the equilibrium position being increasingly closer to the inner surface. The results suggest the presence of a curvature-induced migration that drives the capsule continuously toward the region of higher streamline curvature. The equilibrium locations are on the symmetry plane of the torus, and are stable equilibria when inertia is negligible. At finite inertia, capsules released on the symmetry plane first settle at an equilibrium located on this plane, which may either be stable or unstable. This equilibrium location depends on both capsule deformability (characterised by capillary number, . This dependence of the equilibria arises due to the secondary flow (or Dean's vortex), which opposes the curvature-induced inward migration. The equilibrium locations on the symmetry plane are unstable if the secondary flow is strong, in which case capsules depart the symmetry plane, and set on to a spiralling motion, eventually settling near the centres of the Dean's vortices. For the U-shaped vessels, the curvature change is shown to create a radial velocity component, even at small inertia, that can be of comparable magnitude to the axial velocity, and that increases with increasing curvature. This radial velocity causes a large and abrupt change in capsule trajectory toward the inner side of the vessel where the curvature increases, but toward the outer side where the curvature decreases.
Advances in Breast Cancer Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy remains an integral component in the treatment of all stages of breast cancer which is the leading cause of cancer worldwide for women. We aimed to identify and characterize clinical trials in radiation therapy that have led to changes in practice essential for every physician who treats breast cancer. Hypofractionation, accelerated partial breast irradiation, and prone positioning have led to shorter treatment times and decreased toxicity for early-stage breast cancer patients. For patients with nodal metastasis, regional nodal radiation has improved disease-free survival and local recurrence in most breast cancer subtypes. The role of radiation in metastatic disease is transitioning from palliation alone to ablative therapy in patients with oligometastatic disease. Radiation therapy remains a pillar in the management of breast cancer. Research published since 2015 has established new standards of care in the delivery of radiation therapy to breast cancer patients. Ongoing trials and future work seek to evaluate who benefits most, whom therapy can be avoided, and the expanding role in definitive treatment of metastatic disease.
Machine Learning for Medium Access Control Protocol Recognition in Communications Networks

The ability to recognize the medium access control protocol employed by a network can facilitate the incorporation of a cognitive radio into an existing network by elucidating an integral aspect of network behavior. Since the way in which users access the electromagnetic spectrum is one of the most prominent distinctions between reservation based and contention based medium access control protocols, the first part of this work exploits the regular timing of transmissions from networks utilizing reservation based time-division multiple access (TDMA) protocols to differentiate between transmissions governed by TDMA and by contention based carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) protocols. Our approach leverages modular arithmetic to identify periodicity in transmission timings and an unsupervised $k$ -means algorithm to generate distinct TDMA and CSMA clusters. Several supervised machine learning algorithms are explored to build a protocol classifier. We then present a method of distinguishing between transmissions from multi-channel frequency division multiple access (FDMA) based networks and single channel networks. This method uses an automated machine learning clustering algorithm to obtain an estimate of the actual center frequencies of channels utilized by a network. Such information can be used to determine whether the network is employing an FDMA protocol to access the electromagnetic spectrum.
Virtual Recruitment in Surgical Residency Programs.

Purpose of review The Covid-19 pandemic forced residency programs to drastically change their interview processes and adopt virtual interviewing for the 2020-2021 match cycle. Recent findings While virtual interviewing decreased cost and increased convenience for applicants and programs involved in the match, it also introduced several potential disadvantages. Maximizing technological capabilities was an area of utmost concern at the start of the interview cycle, and multiple medical education organizations quickly recommended ways to move to virtual process, and to prevent and troubleshoot technical problems. However, other issues were less straightforward, such as how to address new sources of bias introduced by virtual interviewing, and how to ensure that programs and applicants could make informed decisions about their rank lists after only limited virtual interactions. Additionally, the increased convenience of interviewing raised concerns that students would accept more interviews, disrupting the established calculus programs used to determine how many interviews to offer per spot available. Summary In this review, we examine the benefits and disadvantages of virtual interviewing, review recommendations from the current literature on how to improve the process, and discuss what we learned from our own experience at an academic general surgery residency program over the course of this unprecedented interview season.
A Fuzzy Set Based Evaluation of Suppliers on Delivery, Front Office Quality and Value-Added Services

Fuzzy probabilities are used in an algorithmic process to address the ambiguity and uncertainty in supplier selection. Supplier selection is receiving increased focus in supply chain management (SCM) and was the impetus of a survey sent to 3000 companies that deal with an industry-dominated seven suppliers. This study focuses on three criteria, each having four attributes; delivery, front-office quality, and value-added services. The respondent data are partitioned, the algorithm is applied to the twelve aspects of the criteria using a spreadsheet program, the results are analyzed, and discussion is provided of a weighted scoring approach to rank order the suppliers.
Combining parametric and waveform-matching coders for low bit-rate speech coding

Waveform-matching coders preserve the shape of the target waveform and the time synchrony between the original and the synthesized signal. In parametric coders the shape of the encoded waveform is often changed, and the time-synchrony between the input and synthesized speech is not preserved. These two issues, time synchrony and waveform shape, are major obstacles in representing different speech regions with parametric and waveform coders, as arbitrary switching between the two results in annoying artifacts in transition regions. We describe a hybrid parametric/waveform coder with MELP used for strongly voiced regions and CELP employed for weakly voiced and unvoiced speech segments. To limit switching artifacts between the coders, alignment phase is estimated and transmitted in MELP making the original and synthesized speech time-synchronous. Additionally, in zero-phase equalization, the phase component of the CELP target signal is removed making the target waveform more similar to the MELP-synthesized speech. These two techniques, alignment-phase encoding and zero-phase equalization, greatly reduce switching artifacts in transition regions between the parametric and waveform coders. Formal listening tests of the 4 kb/s hybrid coder show that it can achieve speech quality equivalent to 32 kb/s ADPCM.