cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leveraging Paraphrase Labels to Extract Synonyms from Twitter

We present an approach for automatically learning synonyms from a corpus of paraphrased tweets. The synonyms are learned by using shallow parse chunks to create candidate synonyms and their context windows, and the synonyms are substituted back into a paraphrase detection system that uses machine translation metrics as features for a classifier. We find a 2.29% improvement in F1 when we train and test on the paraphrase training set, demonstrating the importance of discovering high quality synonyms. We also find 9.8% better coverage of the paraphrase corpus using our synonyms rather than larger, existing synonym resources, demonstrating the power of extracting synonyms that are representative of the topics in the test set.
The Turkana low-level jet: mean climatology and association with regional aridity

This article develops the first climatology of the low-level jet that prevails in the Turkana Channel of northern Kenya. ERA-Interim data are utilized, giving the analysis a resolution of 0.75° of latitude/longitude and a temporal resolution of 6 h. The jet is found to be a semi-permanent feature, its occurrence ranging from 69% of the days in May to 90% of the days in October. It is strongest during the June–September dry season. Typical core speeds in a 0.75 × 0.75 grid point are 10–15 m s−1. The Turkana Jet is clearly a nocturnal feature, being strongest at 0000 UTC or 0600 UTC and usually barely discernible at 1200 UTC. There are distinct patterns of divergence and vertical motion associated with the jet and these differ between the entrance, core, and exit regions. The jet appears to modulate rainfall, especially during the nocturnal hours, with strong jets suppressing rainfall. It also appears to be a factor in the prevailing aridity in the northeast Kenya, southern Somalia, and southeastern Ethiopia and the absence of a summer rainy season in this region.
Variations in gastric acid secretion during periods of fasting between two species of shark

Vertebrates differ in their regulation of gastric acid secretion during periods of fasting, yet it is unknown why these differences occur. Elasmobranch fishes are the earliest known vertebrates to develop an acid secreting stomach and as such may make a good comparative model for determining the causative factors behind these differences. We measured gastric pH and temperature continuously during periods of fasting in captive free-swimming nurse sharks (Ginglymostoma cirratum) using autonomous pH/temperature data-loggers. All nurse sharks secreted strong gastric acids (minimum pH 0.4) after feeding; however, for most of the sharks, pH increased to 8.2-8.7, 2-3 days after feeding. Half of the sharks also exhibited periodic oscillations in pH when the stomach was empty that ranged from 1.1 to 8.7 (acid secretion ceased for 11.3 +/- 4.3 h day(-1)). This is in contrast to the gastric pH changes observed from leopard sharks (Triakis semifasciata) in a previous study, where the stomach remains acidic during fasting. The leopard shark is a relatively active, more frequently feeding predator, and continuous acid secretion may increase digestive efficiency. In contrast, the nurse shark is less active and is thought to feed less frequently. Periodic cessation of acid secretion may be an energy conserving mechanism used by animals that feed infrequently and experience extended periods of fasting.
An Overview of Analog Microwave Photonics

An overview of analog microwave photonics will be presented. The performance requirements for externally-modulated analog microwave photonic links will be reviewed with specific emphasis placed on modulator efficiency, laser noise, detected photocurrent and link linearity.
Diflubenzuron Effects on Boll Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Small Field Cages

In 1992 and 1993, newly emerged adult boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, were released on diflubenzuron (DFB)-treated and untreated cotton plants grown in 20 screened field cages. Seven days later weevils were recovered, and the effects of DFB on adult survival, mating success of males, egg hatch, flight activity, and cuticle hardness were measured. DFB substantially reduced hatch, flight activity, and cuticle hardness in both years; survival apparently was reduced in 1992, but not in 1993. Mating success of treated males was unaffected in either year. The combined effect of reduced egg hatch, flight activity, cuticle hardness, and possibly survival demonstrates several ways in which DFB may reduce populations of boll weevils in the field.
Incidental Findings of Massive Heel Spurs in a Veteran with a Variant of Psoriatic Arthritis

A middle-aged man presented for left foot diabetic ulcer care. Pedal radiographs were negative for signs of osteomyelitis. However, asymptomatic incidental osseous findings demonstrated significant plantar and posterior calcaneal spurring possibly consistent with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). A differential of DISH, psoriatic arthritis, Reiter’s, and ankylosing spondylitis was developed. Subsequent spinal imaging and laboratory work-up did not satisfy the diagnostic criteria for DISH. This case illustrates radiographic changes characteristic of multiple seronegative arthropathies. On initial presentation a diagnosis of DISH was most likely, but with further imaging studies a diagnosis of a variant of psoriatic arthritis may be more correct. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 102 (5): 422-427, 2012)
Computational Study on Cu Clusters Supported on Au(010) Surfaces at Atom Scale

The geometry structure and adsorption energy of Cu cluster adsorbed on Au (010) surface were affected by both the height of adsorption site and temperature. The height of adsorption site has major impact on the geometry structure and adsorption energy of the cluster when the temperature is low; while it has minor impact on the geometry structure and adsorption energy of the cluster at higher temperature. The adsorption energy is relevant to the atom number of the first layer on the surface vector of the clusters.The structural of Cu clusters on Au surface and its diffusion properties were studied in this paper by molecular dynamics simulation method and computer graphics techniques. The interaction potential between atoms is adopted by EAM form proposed by Johnson, simulation adopted by canonical ensemble of molecular dynamics method, and computer simulation was adopted to simulate the atomic structure of copper clusters of different amounts of atomic layers at different temperature during heating process. Moreover the analysis of the distribution function and the mean square displacement curve were performed by two representativ kinds of copper clusters Cu55, Cu201.
Low-Power VLSI Architecture for Neural Data Compression Using Vocabulary-based Approach

Modern-day bio-implantable chips for neural prostheses cannot monitor a large number of electrodes at the same time since they suffer from excessively high data rates. Hence, it is imperative to design area and power-efficient digital circuits for appropriate conditioning of the recorded neural signal in order to remain within the bandwidth constraint. Previously, we have proposed an algorithm for neural data compression, which incorporates the concept of creating and maintaining a dynamic vocabulary of neural spike waveforms represented as wavelet transform coefficients. In this paper, we propose an appropriate architecture for low-power and area-efficient VLSI implementation of the scheme. Based on simulation results, the hardware consumes 3.55 muW and 0.36 mW power using 0.18 mum CMOS technology for 1-channel and 100-channel neural recording applications, respectively.
The Early History of Case-Based Instruction: Insights for Teacher Education Today:

This examination of early efforts to use the case method of instruction in business and education at Harvard provides historical insights for those currently contemplating the use of cases in the education of teachers. Conceptual clarity about the purpose of case instruction and administrative and financial support for coordinated case writing by faculty are suggested as reasons why the method took hold in business but not in education.
A role for centromere pairing in meiotic chromosome segregation

In meiosis I, exchanges provide a connection between homologous chromosome pairs that facilitates their proper attachment to the meiotic spindle. In many eukaryotes, homologous chromosomes that fail to become linked by exchanges exhibit elevated levels of meiotic errors, but they do not segregate randomly, demonstrating that mechanisms beyond exchange can promote proper meiosis I segregation. The experiments described here demonstrate the existence of a meiotic centromere pairing mechanism in budding yeast. This centromere pairing mediates the meiosis I bipolar spindle attachment of nonexchange chromosome pairs and likely plays the same role for all homologous chromosome pairs.
α2-Adrenergic receptors mediate inhibition of cyclic AMP production in neurons in primary culture

Abstract The actions of adrenergic agents on the intracellular production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) was examined in intact cortical and striatal neurons in primary culture, generated from the fetal mouse brain. Exposure of striatal neurons to the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (10 μM) resulted in a 5-fold increase in intraneuronal cyclic AMP; norepinephrine (100 μM), alone or in combination with isoproterenol, produced only a 3-fold increase in cyclic AMP levels. However, in the presence of yohimbine (10 μM), cyclic AMP productions due to norepinephrine or isoproterenol plus norepinephrine were identical to isoproterenol alone. When striatal or cortical neurons were exposed to pertussis toxin (100 ng/ml) overnight, there was no detectable difference between isoproterenol- and norepinephrine-stimulated cyclic AMP production. These data suggest thatα2-adrenergic receptors mediate the attenuation of cyclic AMP production in neurons and do so via the inhibitory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein of adenylate cyclase.
HARPER-DORN CREEP—PREDICTIONS OF THE DISLOCATION NETWORK THEORY OF HIGH TEMPERATURE DEFORMATION

Abstract Several experimental observations characteristic of the Harper-Dorn (H-D) creep of crystals are examined within the framework of the dislocation network theory of creep. It is demonstrated that the dislocation network theory provides an excellent quantitative prediction of the transition stress from H-D to power-law creep, provided the steady-state dislocation density, ρ s , in the H-D regime is known. The dislocation network theory also explains the observation that σ s in the H-D creep regime is independent of the applied stress. This is a consequence of the frustration of dislocation network coarsening, which arises because of the exhaustion of Burgers vectors that can satisfy Frank's rule at the nodes in the network. The dislocation network theory is also able to explain the dramatic reduction in the steady-state creep rate that obtains when the initial dislocation density is very large, such as those introduced by pre-deformation of specimens at low temperatures or recovery-resistant microstructures attendant to processing by cold or hot working. The theory also accounts quantitatively for the reduction in the dislocation density that occurs during primary creep in the H-D regime. None of the other theories of H-D creep are able to account for the totality of these experimental observations. © 1997 Acta Metallurgica Inc .
Reaction Pathways Involved in the Reduction of Monochloramine by Ferrous Iron

The maintenance of disinfectants in distribution systems is critical to ensure the safety of drinking water. Reduced iron is one type of reactive constituent believed to play a central role in disinfectant loss as the water travels through the pipe. Specifically, reactions involving Fe(II), both in solution and at the pipe−water interface, are felt to be important processes that account for this loss. This work shows that the rate-limiting reactions responsible for the disappearance of monochloramine involve a direct reaction between molecular monochloramine and Fe(II), leading to the formation of the amidogen radical (•NH2) as a reactive intermediate. In addition, the mechanism was found to be autocatalytic with the ferric oxide precipitate acting to accelerate the overall reduction of monochloramine. A variable stoichiometry was observed for this system, and this was rationalized by accounting for radical scavenging in the reaction scheme.
Application of linear free energy relations to protein conformational changes : the quaternary structural change of hemoglobin

Abstract The transition state for the R in equilibrium with T quaternary conformational change of hemoglobin has thermodynamic properties much closer to those of the R conformation than to those of the T conformation. This finding is based on a comparison of activation and equilibrium enthalpy and entropy changes and on the observation of a linear free energy relationship between quaternary rate and equilibrium constants. A previous theoretical study [Janin, J. & Wodak, S. J. (1985) Biopolymers 24, 509-526], using a highly simplified energy function, suggests that the R-like transition state is the result of a reaction pathway with the maximum buried surface area between alpha beta dimers.
The Development and Prospects for Category Theory

This paper is a formulation of my personal opinion of the historical development and the present prospects of category theory.
Comparative testing with human PPD and avian PPD in East Suffolk

Summary A small-scale survey was carried out to compare sensitivities to avian and human PPD between poultry processing and egg packing workers in 5 factories in East Anglia and a sample of volunteers from an East Suffolk village who did not work in such factories. No significant difference in sensitivity to avian tuberculin was found between the groups.
Ethical waves of the silver tsunami: consent, capacity, and surrogate decision-making.

In the coming decades, the United States and other developed countries will continue to experience an increase in their older populations. With this demographic shift, the numbers of older adults with disorders characterized by impaired cognition—from mild cognitive impairment to various forms of dementia—will grow significantly. Already, Alzheimer disease is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. 1 The impact of these disorders is already immense, particularly for families and other informal caregivers. Without major improvements in treatment, the effects of dementia and other cognitive disturbances would be staggering in their costs to individuals, families, and society. 2 Calls for major research investment into Alzheimer disease and other dementias have become louder—with dire predictions of economic and personal consequences on a grand scale. 3 The importance of these concerns is urgent and undeniable. Another set of concerns has quietly but insistently emerged alongside dementia’s increasing toll, however. These concerns do not have their own national institute or advocacy organization, and often are added to meetings or reports—if added at all—as “extras”orafterthoughts.Ifleftunaddressed,however, they pose a major threat to dementia research and treatment. The intersecting ethical, clinical, and legal implications of dementia present major challenges in helping families navigate the rocky shores of declining or fluctuatingcognition.It is the collisionof theoryand reality: as abstract ethical principles like “autonomy” slam up against impaired judgment and declining self-care; and as financial exploitation of an impaired elder challenges our desire to help patients live independently as long as possible. It is the difficulty of determining what a loved one “would have wanted,” as idealized notions such as substituted judgment confront the daily experience of family caregivers who must make decisions for their relative.
Surgical-prosthetic correction of dentofacial deformities.

The combined surgical-prosthetic approach to the rehabilitation of optimal masticatory function for patients with severe dentofacial deformities is described. The rehabilitation of optimal masticatory function in many persons who have difficult prosthetic dental conditions can be significantly aided by newer orthognathic surgical procedures. The combined surgical-prosthetic approach for these patients requires close cooperation and communication between the general dentist or prosthodontist and the oral surgeon, particularly because various aspects of the surgical treatment planning for these patients differ greatly from those for patients with complete natural dentitions. A discussion and report of cases illustrate germane aspects of evaluation of conditions, treatment planning, and surgical approaches to the more commonly encountered surgical-prosthetic dental problems.
Detonation Initiation in a Tube via Imploding Toroidal Shock Waves

The effectiveness of imploding waves at detonation initiation of stoichiometric ethylene- and propane–oxygen– nitrogen mixtures in a tube was investigated. Implosions were driven by twice-shocked gas located at the end of a shock tube, and wave strength was varied to determine the critical conditions necessary for initiation as a function of diluent concentration for each fuel. Hydrocarbon–air mixtures were not detonated due to facility limitations, however, detonations were achieved with nitrogen dilutions as large as 60 and 40% in ethylene and propane mixtures, respectively. The critical-energy input required for detonation of each dilution was then estimated using the unsteady energy equation. Blast-wave initiation theory was reviewed and the effect of tube wall proximity to the blast-wave source was considered. Estimated critical energies were found to scale better with the planar initiation energy than the spherical initiation energy, suggesting that detonation initiation was influenced by wave reflection from the tube walls.
Summary: Diagnostic Uses

ONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES have ad­ vanced the clinical utility of various forms of renal transplant biopsies. With respect to core needle biopsies of the renal transplant, immuno­ peroxidase studies using monoclonal antibodies to specific cell markers have to date been adjunctive. Standard histochemical and pathologic analysis of the core biopsy permits an accurate clinical diagnosis to be made based on the architecture of the tissue and the presence, position, and nature of immunocompetent cell infiltrates. The role of monoclonal antibodies has been able to delineate the pedigree of the infiltrating lymphocyte respon­ sible for rejection that may be discerned. Because rejection is a heterogenous entity, cells from a wide range of different pedigrees participate in the phenomenon. Little additional diagnostic informa­ tion has so far been gained by analysis of these markers by monoclonal antibodies. In contrast, the presence of activation markers, such as the in­ terleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor, the transferrin recep­ tor, or the appearance of class II antigens on tubu­ lar cells has been instructive as it may confirm the presence of rejection diagnosed by standard technique. Dual markers will in the future improve the role that the surface structures playas diagnos­ tic elements. The most important role for the panel of described monoclonal antibodies at present may be prognosis. In terms of the fine needle aspiration biopsy, monoclonal antibodies may play a greater diagnostic role. The goal of this form of biopsy is to aspirate out of the allograft an array of cells including immunocompetent cells and isolated tubular structures. Morphologic analysis by stand­ ard histochemical techniques permits one to appre­ ciate the stage of maturation of the
Involvement of the choroid plexus in the inflammatory response after acute spinal cord injury in dogs: An immunohistochemical study

The choroid plexus (CP) is increasingly recognized as an important contributor to central nervous system (CNS) inflammation by recruitment of inflammatory cells and release of inflammatory cytokines. Here we investigate the role of the CP epithelium (CPE) as a source of three pro-inflammatory molecules of potential importance in inflammation after acute spinal cord injury (SCI): IL-1β, TNF-α, and hsp70. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for these three proteins was performed on 4th ventricular CPE from 4 dogs euthanized 12-48 h after spontaneous acute SCI, and from 4 neurologically normal dogs euthanized for other reasons. IHC staining was quantified using Aperio ImageScope software. IHC staining in the CPE of dogs with acute SCI was 2.2, 1.6 and 1.5 times higher than that of normal dogs, for IL-1β, TNF-α, and hsp70, respectively. Increases were statistically significant (p<0.1) for IL-1β and TNF-α, and closely approached significance for hsp70. These findings indicate that the CPE could serve as an important source of these inflammatory mediators after SCI. There was also an inverse correlation between IL-1β and hsp70 staining and duration of clinical signs in acute SCI, suggesting that increased expression of these proteins by the CPE may be of particular importance in the immediate-early inflammatory response after acute SCI.
A bivariate noncentral T-disttrtoution with applications

The particular bivariate noncentral t-distribution associated with two univariate noncentral t variates having a correlation coefficient of one is considered. Some applications and properties are presented together with tables in the same form as Johnson and Welch's tables for a univariate noncentral t-distribution.
Ground Application of Ultra-Low-Volume Malathion and Fenthion for Horn Fly Control in New Mexico

Ground applications of ultra-low-volume (ULV) formulations of malathion and fenthion applied at 7-day intervals to unrestrained range cattle were evaluated for control of Haematobia irritans (L.). Insecticides were applied on the upwind side of herds with a ULV applicator transported on a pick-up truck. The air blast generated by the applicator plus the natural wind currents carried the insecticides onto the herds. Horn fly populations were reduced an average of 94, 83, and 59% at 1 hour, 2 days, and 7 days, respectively, following ULV malathion treatments applied at an average calibrated truck speed of 2.75 mph, and with an “0” nozzle dispensing 22.5 oz/min of insecticide. With the same speed and an “00” nozzle dispensing 11.3 oz/min, population reduction were 91, 90, and 51% at the same time intervals. Control with ULV fenthion (3.3 oz/min at 2.0 mph) was slightly better than with malathion treatments. Population reductions at 7 days after treatment averaged 70% and gave slightly better population suppression over a 30-day period than did a single application of 0.25% top-line spray of coumaphos.
The Cepheid Period-Luminosity Relation (The Leavitt Law) at Mid-Infrared Wavelengths. II. Second-Epoch LMC Data

We present revised and improved mid-infrared (mid-IR) period-luminosity (PL) relations for Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) Cepheids based on double-epoch data of 70 Cepheids observed by Spitzer at 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8.0 μm. The observed scatter at all wavelengths is found to decrease from ±0.17 mag to ±0.14 mag, which is fully consistent with the prediction that the total scatter is made up of roughly equal contributions from random sampling of the light curve and nearly uniform samplings of stars across the instability strip. It is calculated that the Cepheids in this sample have a full amplitude of about 0.4 mag and that their fully sampled, time-averaged magnitudes should eventually reveal mid-IR PL relations that each have intrinsic scatter at most at the ±0.12 mag level, and as low as ±0.08 mag after correcting for the tilt of the LMC.
The behaviour of the complex phase shifts over the 5.3 and 6.6 MeV anomalies in 12C(p,p)12C

Abstract Complex phase shifts are obtained to represent cross sections measured over the D 3 2 resonance at 5.3 MeV in 12C(p,p)12C. It is shown that the “resonating” phase shift does not pass through 90°.
Epigenetic Regulation of Normal and Cancer Stem Cells

In many tissues, a cellular hierarchy exists in which a small population of stem cells is responsible for the production of the mature cells of the organ. The stem cells maintain themselves through a process known as self-renewal. Similarly, tumors contain a minority population of cancer stem cells that maintain the tumor. Some factors that regulate this process of self-renewal are conserved from fruit fly to humans. Disruption of the regulation of self-renewal results in cancer. Thus understanding the mechanisms that regulate stem cell generation has implications for normal development and disease.
Universal nuclear dependence in high energy nuclear collisions

In this talk, I present a systematic calculation of process independent nuclear dependence to nuclear parton distribution functions (nPDFS). In terms of the collinear QCD factorization approach, we calculate the leading-pole contributions to DGLAP evolution equations of nPDFs, and we evaluate both real and virtual Feynman diagrams without using the AGK cutting rule. Our result has an advantage for studying nuclear dependence in a region where active parton momentum fraction x is not too small.
The L2 Minor Capsid Protein of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Interacts with a Network of Nuclear Import Receptors

The L2 minor capsid proteins enter the nucleus twice during viral infection: in the initial phase after virion disassembly and in the productive phase when, together with the L1 major capsid proteins, they assemble the replicated viral DNA into virions. In this study we investigated the interactions between the L2 protein of high-risk human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) and nuclear import receptors. We discovered that HPV16 L2 interacts directly with both Kapβ 2 and Kapβ 3 . Moreover, binding of Ran-GTP to either Kapβ 2 or Kapβ 3 inhibits its interaction with L2, suggesting that the Kapβ/L2 complex is import competent. In addition, we found that L2 forms a complex with the Kapα 2 β 1 heterodimer via interaction with the Kapα 2 adapter. In agreement with the binding data, nuclear import of L2 in digitonin-permeabilized cells could be mediated by either Kapα 2 β 1 heterodimers, Kapβ 2 , or Kapβ 3 . Mapping studies revealed that HPV16 L2 contains two nuclear localization signals (NLSs), in the N terminus (nNLS) and C terminus (cNLS), that could mediate its nuclear import. Together the data suggest that HPV16 L2 interacts via its NLSs with a network of karyopherins and can enter the nucleus via several import pathways mediated by Kapα 2 β 1 heterodimers, Kapβ 2 , and Kapβ 3 .
A Team Performance Data Collection and Analysis System

At present there exists no commercially available product capable of capturing and broadcasting multimedia audiovisual data from teams performing high-risk work. We have developed such a recording and analysis system for the purpose of studying team behavior, which we currently use to observe and record up to 8 people working as a co-located team in a hospital operating room. The system has four data collection computers, each recording one video stream and up to 2 audio feeds. A separate software package is used to synchronize and view the audio/video streams together on a fifth computer. This software has several annotation and scoring features which can be used either for data analysis or for team debriefing purposes. Although currently being used for patient safety research in the operating room, this system could also be adapted to collect and analyze team behavior in other domains, even for participants who are distributed.
University of California/San Diego's mid-IR astronomical array camera

We have implemented an infrared array camera for high-background, ground-based astronomical imaging in the mid-infrared spectral region from 5 to 27 microns. The camera is built around a 20 X 64 element Si:As Impurity Band Conduction (IBC) device manufactured by GenCorp Aerojet Electronic Systems Division. Observations with the camera on a 1.5 meter telescope (Mt. Lemmon Observing Facility, Tucson, Arizona) yield a noise- equivalent flux density (NEFD) of 23.5 mJy min -1/2 arcsec -2 at (lambda) equals 10 micrometers , (Delta) (lambda) equals 1 micrometers , and a readout frame rate of 366 Hz. We discuss the design and implementation of the camera and operational procedures for observation in a high-background environment (e.g. background subtraction and flat-fielding). We also present sample images obtained with our camera.
Information theory applied to the acquisition of size distributions

Abstract The size distribution (sd), a probability density, is a very descriptive parameter of any aerosol. The informational entropy, associated with one experimentally determined sd is not only dependent on the sd itself, but also on the instrument used; especially on its resolution and accuracy. An extension of the concept of informational entropy, I, is introduced which allows for the fact that the sd is only known within an accuracy inherent to the method (instrument) and described by a conditional probability density. This I is used to compare quantitatively optical particle counters, aerosol centrifuges and cascade impactors (as methods).
Mu-Opioid Receptor Alkylation in the Ventral Pallidum and Ventral Tegmental Area, but not in the Nucleus Accumbens, Attenuates the Effects of Heroin on Cocaine Self-Administration in Rats

Mu-Opioid Receptor Alkylation in the Ventral Pallidum and Ventral Tegmental Area, but not in the Nucleus Accumbens, Attenuates the Effects of Heroin on Cocaine Self-Administration in Rats
Nasal gliomas: identification and differentiation from hemangiomas.

SUMMARY: Nasal gliomas are rare congenital midline tumors composed of heterotopic neuroglial tissue. The differential diagnosis of a nasal glioma includes neurogenic tumors, ectodermal tumors, mesodermal tumors, and teratomas. Initial evaluation of a nasal glioma should include skull radiographs and either a CT or MRI scan to rule out intracranial extension. CT or MRI scans can be used, but MRI scans are preferable due to their superior soft tissue enhancement. There have been several cases reported in which nasal gliomas were misdiagnosed as capillary hemangiomas. In cases in which clinical uncertainty exists, ultrasound and Doppler flow studies can be performed to noninvasively differentiate nasal gliomas from capillary hemangiomas. Ultrasound is useful for determining if the mass is cystic or solid. Doppler flow studies of nasal gliomas reveal a characteristic low arterial flow velocity during the end-diastolic phase. Microscopic and immunohistologic studies provide definitive confirmation of a nasal glioma. Once the diagnosis of a nasal glioma is established, early surgical resection is advocated to prevent local recurrence, nasal deformity, and secondary visual involvement.
Information processing: The effects of differential pattern complexity and input rate

Pattern complexity was shown to interact with input rate in affecting information processing. Under high rate, Ss did better on simple than on complex problems; under moderate rate, the reverse was true. High-rate Ss also recalled fewer clues, and used a smaller proportion of the clues they did recall.
Novel point mutations attenuate autotaxin activity

Background The secreted enzyme autotaxin (ATX) stimulates tumor cell migration, tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. ATX hydrolyzes nucleotides, but its hydrolysis of lysophospholipids to produce lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) accounts for its biological activities. ATX has been identified only as a constitutively active enzyme, and regulation of its activity is largely unexplored. In spite of its presence in plasma along with abundant putative substrate LPC, the product LPA is found in plasma at unexpectedly low concentrations. It is plausible that the LPA-producing activity of ATX is regulated by its expression and by access to substrate(s). For this reason studying the interaction of enzyme with substrate is paramount to understanding the regulation of LPA production.
Cubé Resin Insecticide: Identification and Biological Activity of 29 Rotenoid Constituents

Cube resin, the root extract from Lonchocarpus utilis and urucu, is an important insecticide, acaricide, and piscicide. The four major active ingredients are rotenone, deguelin, rotenolone, and tep...
COAL COMPOSITION EFFECTS ON MECHANISMS GOVERNING THE DESTRUCTION OF NO AND OTHER NITROGENOUS SPECIES DURING FUEL-RICH COMBUSTION.

Etude des reactions chimiques de NO, NH 3 , HCN au cours de la combustion etagee du lignite. Influence de la composition du fuel et de la temperature sur la vitesse de destruction de NO, en particulier dans la deuxieme zone de combustion
Biosynthesis and metabolism of ascorbic acid in plants and of analogs of ascorbic acid in fungi

Abstract Despite the plethora of reviews on l -ascorbic acid, few stray beyond its established roles as an agent in redox-associated reactions or its biomedical importance. Here, an attempt is made to draw attention to l -ascorbic acid biosynthesis and metabolism in plants and to structurally similar compounds in fungi. During the decade since this subject was last addressed, a rational view of ascorbic acid biosynthesis has emerged, fresh evidence of a biosynthetic role for l -ascorbic acid in oxalic acid biosynthesis has been gained, and the biosynthetic and metabolic processes associated with ascorbic acid analogs in fungi have been explored.
Design and characterization of optical nanorulers of single nanoparticles using optical microscopy and spectroscopy

Current conventional imaging methods cannot determine sizes of single nanoparticles (NPs) in solution and living organisms at the nanometre scale, which limits the applications of NPs. In this study, we developed new imaging calibration approaches to characterize the sizes of single Ag NPs in solution at nanometre resolution by measuring their size-dependent scattering localized-surface-plasmon-resonance (LSPR) spectra and scattering intensity using dark-field optical microscopy and spectroscopy (DFOMS). We synthesized nearly spherical shape Ag NPs, ranging from 2 to 110 nm in diameter, and characterized the sizes of single NPs using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and the LSPR spectra and scattering intensity of single NPs using DFOMS. We constructed calibration curves of the peak wavelength (λmax) of LSPR spectra or scattering intensity of single NPs versus their sizes. These calibration curves allow us to determine the sizes of single NPs at 1 nm resolution by measuring the LSPR spectra or scattering intensity of single NPs using DFOMS. These new approaches enable us to create optical nanorulers (calibration curves) of single Ag NPs for simultaneously imaging and measuring sizes of multiple single NPs in solution in real time at nanometre resolution using optical microscopy. One can now use these new imaging calibration approaches to study and characterize single NPs in solution and living organisms in real time for a wide variety of applications.
Versatile adeno-associated virus 2-based vectors for constructing recombinant virions

We have constructed several plasmid vectors with which a more efficient molecular cloning, followed by rescue, replication, and packaging of DNA fragments, can be achieved. The availability of these vectors should facilitate construction of a variety of recombinant adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV)-based virions containing therapeutic genes for potential use in human gene therapy.
Lethality of method of suicide among a youthful sample of committers: an examination of the intent hypothesis.

Analysis of the records documented in a Medical Examiner's Office for a sample of 455 youthful suicide committers suggests that committers may not be similar to populations from which suicide attempters are drawn. The results do not confirm some recent findings reported on lethality of suicide method chosen by attempters and suicide intent and raise a question about the reliability of generalizing the findings based on attempters vs committers.
Effects of Alloyed Metal on the Catalysis Activity of Pt for Ethanol Partial Oxidation: Adsorption and Dehydrogenation on Pt3M (M = Pt, Ru, Sn, Re, Rh, and Pd)

The adsorption and dehydrogenation reactions of ethanol over bimetallic clusters, Pt(3)M (M = Pt, Ru, Sn, Re, Rh, and Pd), have been extensively investigated with density functional theory. Both the α-hydrogen and hydroxyl adsorptions on Pt as well as on the alloyed transition metal M sites of PtM were considered as initial reaction steps. The adsorptions of ethanol on Pt and M sites of some PtM via the α-hydrogen were well established. Although the α-hydrogen adsorption on Pt site is weaker than the hydroxyl, the potential energy profiles show that the dehydrogenation via the α-hydrogen path has much lower energy barrier than that via the hydroxyl path. Generally for the α-hydrogen path the adsorption is a rate-determining-step because of rather low dehydrogenation barrier for the α-hydrogen adsorption complex (thermodynamic control), while the hydroxyl path is determined by its dehydrogenation step (kinetic control). The effects of alloyed metal on the catalysis activity of Pt for ethanol partial oxidation, including adsorption energy, energy barrier, electronic structure, and eventually rate constant were discussed. Among all of the alloyed metals only Sn enhances the rate constant of the dehydrogenation via the α-hydrogen path on the Pt site of Pt(3)Sn as compared with Pt alone, which interprets why the PtSn is the most active to the oxidation of ethanol.
The neurocognitive effects of low-dose haloperidol: a two-year comparison with risperidone.

Abstract Background: Neurocognitive deficits are core features of schizophrenia that are linked to functional outcome for the disorder. Recent studies and reviews have concluded that newer antipsychotic medications are better for neurocognitive deficits than conventional antipsychotic medications; however, one difficulty in interpreting this literature is that the comparisons have mainly been with high doses of conventional medications. This study examined the neurocognitive effects of low-dose haloperidol compared with risperidone over a 2-year period. Methods: Sixty-two patients were randomly assigned to medication (starting at 6 mg of each medication) and administered neurocognitive batteries six times over the course of follow-up. At 6 months, the mean dose of haloperidol was 5.0 mg, and the mean dose of risperidone was 6.0 mg. Neurocognitive data were reduced into cluster scores and a global summary score. Results: We found no significant overall differences in treatment effects on the cluster scores or the global score. The global score revealed a significant group by time interaction, reflecting the fact that the haloperidol group tended to improve initially and then stay stable, whereas the risperidone group improved more gradually over the follow-up period. Conclusions: This study did not provide support for neurocognitive advantages of a newer antipsychotic medication over a low-dose conventional medication. We speculate that conventional medications may have neurocognitive benefits at low doses that are neutralized or reversed at higher doses.
The Sixth Toe: The Modern Culinary Role of the Guinea Pig In Southern Peru

In Peru modern perceptions of class, ethnicity, and social identity dictate whether the domesticated guinea pig (cuy) is considered a delicacy or an unpalatable indigenous food item. In the southern Peruvian city of Moquegua the breeding of cuyes, including the occurrence of many polydactyl individuals, the location of restaurants that serve cuy, meal costs, and behavior associated with cuy consumption attest to the animal's value beyond its dietary role. Partaking of a restaurant-prepared cuy reinforces social bonds and low sierra cultural identity. However, for some upper-class residents in Moquegua and for the majority of residents in the nearby industrial port city of Ilo, the cuy is considered an anomalous food item associated with indigenous culture and is not consumed. Food trends involving either the popularity or the rejection of a traditional Andean meat source reflect ongoing cultural change within sierra and coastal societies in Peru and have implications for other geographic areas.
The fleet readiness analysis tool performance based navigation operational forecast

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) developed the Roadmap for Performance Based Navigation (Roadmap) in 2003. This document outlined the goals associated with the development of performance based navigation (PBN) policies and procedures. In order to support successful implementation of PBN procedures, additional information regarding aircraft navigation capability levels was required. The FAA first tasked MITRE's Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD) with developing an inventory of equipage to enhance knowledge of PBN capability levels for operations at US airports. Navigational equipment suffixes, filed as part of an instrument flight plan, are useful in identifying Area Navigation (RNAV) capable aircraft. However, these suffixes lack the specificity to characterize Required Navigation Performance (RNP) and RNP Special Aircraft and Aircrew Authorization Required (SAAAR) categories. To further the understanding of aircraft fleet capability, the Fleet Readiness Analysis Tool (FRAT) was developed. It combines data from the inventory as well as equipment filing suffixes and other data sources to create an operations-centric probabilistic view of current PBN capability levels. FRAT has been used to support site identification and prioritization for PBN procedural implementation. In July 2006, an update to the Roadmap was developed and published. In this update the FAA outlines specific goals and milestones for PBN. It defines three time periods of interest: near term (2006-2010), mid term (2011-2015), and far term (2016-2025). Each of these time periods has associated goals and milestones for PBN policy and procedural development. To support the goals in the Roadmap, a future forecast model was developed as part of FRAT to project PBN capability rates into the future. This paper defines and documents PBN capability categories. It provides the current status of the PBN capabilities at the Operational Evolution Partnership (OEP) airports. This paper also documents the future forecast methodology of FRAT and presents the analysis results of the FRAT PBN operational forecast.
The enterohepatic circulation of methotrexate in vivo: inhibition by bile salt.

We examined the enterohepatic circulation of methotrexate (MTX) in the rat in vivo and determined the effect of the unconjugated bile salt, cholate, on the process. MTX (70 mg/kg body weight) was administered i.v. and the bile salt (1 mM) was delivered through intestinal perfusion. In the control group 38.43%±4% of the administered dose of MTX appeared in bile 2 h after administration of the drug. In the bile salt-treated group 21.4%±3.7% of the administered does of MTX appeared in bile, which was significantly lower (P<0.01) than the proportion in the control group. The liver content of MTX was depressed by 23% in the bile salt-treated group compared with the control group. This study demonstrates, in vivo, the important role that the enterohepatic circulation plays in exposing the small intestine to toxic levels of MTX and shows that the unconjugated bile salt, cholate, inhibits the process.
Das freie Elektron im homogenen Magnetfeld nach der Diracschen Theorie

Die Diracschen Gleichungen werden gelost und die Eigenwerte und Eigenfunktionen diskutiert.
The overcoming of overcoming: On Dominique Janicaud

This paper aims to give an overview of the central preoccupations of the work of Dominique Janicaud. In the first part, I discuss Janicaud's basic strategy with regard to Heidegger's work, with particular reference to the question of metaphysics and its overcoming. Opposing Heidegger's alternative between the completion of metaphysics in technology (Gestell), on the one hand, and the experience of meditative thinking (Gelassenheit), on the other, Janicaud's position can be described as what I call an overcoming of all claims at overcoming, whether it concerns metaphysics, rationality or humanity. This leads, in the second part of the paper, to a discussion of Janicaud's radical and compelling reconsideration of the genealogy of rationality in his major work, La puissance du rationnel. This genealogy permits Janicaud to sketch a novel conception of reason as what he calls partage, conceived as both the shared space of dialogue and the sense of the thrown contingency of our existence. In the third part of the paper, and with reference to posthumously published work, I go on to show how this conception of partage shapes Janicaud's conception of the human condition and how this conception shows a significant debt to Pascal.
Quantification of pressure gradients across stenotic valves by Doppler ultrasound

Two-dimensional echocardiography has proven very useful in assessing valvular heart disease, but the technique is limited in certain groups of patients and is unable to quantify a transvalvular pressure gradient. Advances in the Doppler ultrasound techniques have made it possible to noninvasively measure velocity of flow across a stenotic heart valve and to calculate the pressure gradient. A commercially available, continuous and pulse wave Doppler instrument was utilized to assess the transvalvular pressure gradient in patients with mitral and aortic stenosis and the transmitral pressure half-time to calculate mitral valve area. Thirty-five consecutive adult patients with suspected aortic stenosis and 30 adult patients with suspected mitral stenosis underwent Doppler ultrasound examination within 24 hours of cardiac catheterization. An adequate Doppler examination was obtained in 81 % of the patients with aortic stenosis, with a correlation between the Doppler-derived transaortic gradient and the catheteriza-tion-derived gradient of 0.94. The Doppler-measured gradient accurately separated those patients with significant aortic stenosis (gradients of greater than 50 mm Hg) from those patients with noncritical aortic stenosis. Similarly, an adequate Doppler examination was obtained in 90% of the adult patients with mitral stenosis. There was also close correlation between the mitral valve area and mean pressure gradient measured by the Doppler technique and that obtained at the time of cardiac catheterization (r = 0.87 and 0.85, respectively). The Doppler technique proved to be useful in those patients who had also undergone prior mitral commissurotomy. This study confirms that the combined continuous pulse wave Doppler technique will serve as a valuable addition to the diagnostic capabilities offered by echocardiography.
Guest Editorial Optical And Digital Information Processing

Long before the development of electrical systems and devices, optical systems were being used to perform the col-lection, transmission and storage functions of information processing. In recent years, the mathematical structure common to electrical signal analysis and optics has led to increased interaction between the two disciplines, with tremendous benefit to both. Optics has provided insight into the field of image processing by digital and electrical techniques, including image transmission and coding, image enhancement and restoration, and pattern recognition.1-8 At the same time, the analysis and synthesis of optical systems and advances in microscopy, spectroscopy and interferometry have directly benefited from the insights of signal and communication theory mathematics.9-13