cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enzymatic Basis of Phase I and Phase II Drug Metabolism

Enzyme systems have evolved in humans to maintain cellular homeostasis and to facilitate the disposition of xenobiotics. These enzymes possess complementary, and sometimes overlapping, functions, a feature which can set the stage for drug–drug interactions. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the phase I and phase II families of detoxification enzymes, their potential for induction and inhibition, and the role of genetic variants in the occurrence of drug–drug interactions.
Sharp Feature Preservation in Octree-Based Hexahedral Mesh Generation for CAD Assembly Models

This paper describes an automatic and robust approach to convert 3D CAD assembly models into unstructured hexahedral meshes that are conformal to the given B-Reps (boundary-representations) with sharp feature preservation. In previous works, we developed an octree-based isocontouring method to construct unstructured hexahedral meshes for manifold and non-manifold domains. However, sharp feature preservation still remains a challenge. In the current algorithm, boundary features such as sharp curves and NURBS (non-uniform rational B-Splines) surface patches are first extracted from the given B-Reps. An octree-based isocontouring algorithm is then carried out to create unstructured hexahedral meshes, detecting and preserving all the sharp features. After this stage, a two-step pillowing technique is adopted to eliminate triangle-shaped quadrilateral elements along the sharp curves and “doublets”. To further improve the mesh quality, a combination of smoothing and optimization is used. The developed algorithm is robust, and it works for single-component manifold domain, as well as multiple component non-manifold domains. We have applied our algorithm to several complicated CAD models and assemblies. Valid meshes are generated and quality statistics are given.
Kinetic Stability of Food Emulsions

The kinetics of coalescence of soybean oil-in-water emulsions is discussed in relation to interfacial Theological properties and thin film drainage. The emulsifiers used are a model protein and a food grade nonionic emulsifier and the interfacial shear viscosity and interfacial elasticity were measured for these systems. The measured values of these properties are found to be low for the nonionic emulsifier. Earlier studies showed that these emulsions were stabilized by ordered colloid structures within the emulsion films. For the protein system the interfacial elasticity is found to be low and the emulsion film drainage and stability is controlled by the high interfacial shear viscosity. Due to the slow adsorption/diffusion kinetics of the protein the final value of the interfacial shear viscosity was achieved in a finite aging time which depended on the concentration of protein. Consequently, the coalescence of the protein stabilized emulsion shows two kinetic regimes - an initial period of rapid coalescence which coincides with the aging time, and a final period in which the emulsions are relatively stable.
The role of lipids in the tissue factor pathway of blood coagulation.

When blood is shed from a vein, collected into a glass tube and allowed to clot spontaneously, fibrin will form in about 15 or 20 minutes. On the other hand if small amounts of various tissues but particularly lung, brain, and placenta are added to this blood, it will clot in something of the order of 12 to 20 seconds. The fact that blood clots at all when withdrawn from the body is due to the initiation of a complex series of reactions involving many proteins, calcium ions and phospholipids. When no tissue extracts are added and the blood is allowed to simply clot spontaneously the initial reaction involves the activation of Factor XII or Hageman factor and the entire series of events which then follows is referred to as the intrinsic system. When tissue factor is added in the form of acetone powders of whole tissues or as a more purified preparation, the initiating event is the formation of a complex between tissue factor and a plasma protein Factor VII. The reactions which then lead to the formation of fibrin are called the extrinsic system or the tissue factor pathway of blood coagulation.
Straumann’s Roman constitutionalism and Machiavelli’s commentary on the Roman Republic

This article examines the important contributions to the scholarship of Benjamin Straumann’s Crisis and Constitutionalism: Roman Political Thought from the Fall of the Republic to the Age of Revolu...
Food Security and Use of SNAP Benefits in Inner-City Patients with Diabetes: Associations with Gender, Social Support and Stress (P04-064-19)

We examined prevalence and impact of food insecurity and use of SNAP benefits in a cohort of inner-city patients with diabetes. 57 patients with diabetes from the CKD, Transplant, Dialysis, Diabetes, and Internal Medicine Clinics at an inner-city hospital were interviewed by face-to-face technique. Food security was assessed using the U.S. Adult Food Security Survey Module and scored from 1–4 (1–2 is food insecure, 3 is at risk). 24-hour food recall was evaluated using ASA24 software. Stress was assessed using the PSS stress scale. Mean age was 67.3 ± 10.87 yrs, with 21 men (36%), 36 women (64%), 82% black or African American, 61% high school education or less and 81% had household income < $40k/yr. Months since diabetes diagnosis ranged from 3 to 804 (mean 204.1 ± 148.99). 16% (8/50 respondents) were food insecure (score 1–2) and another 28% (14/50) were at risk (score 3). 42% (21/50) received SNAP benefits. There was no significant difference in macronutrient intake, total fruits, total vegetables, or added sugar intakes for food secure (FS) vs food insecure or at risk pts (FIS), and no significant difference in BMI, blood pressure, total cholesterol, HbA1c, or serum albumin. FIS patients scored significantly higher on PSS than FS (12.69 ± 4.5 vs 7.1 ± 7.4, P = 0.012). Patients receiving SNAP benefits were more likely to be FIS (2.9 ± 1.12 vs 3.59 ± 0.68, P = 0.01), more likely to be women (55% (18/33) vs. 17% (3/17, P = 0.012), report income < 25 K annually (68% (17/25) vs 12% (2/16), P = 0.006) and be single, divorced or widowed rather than living with a partner or married (64% (18/28) vs 14% (3/22), P = 0.001). In our population of Inner-City patients with diabetes: 1. Over one quarter reported being at risk or food insecure. 2. At risk or food insecure pts scored significantly higher on the perceived stress scale. 3. Patients receiving SNAP benefits were more likely to be at risk or food insecure. 4. Patients receiving SNAP benefits were more likely to be severely indigent, female and living alone. 5. Although we did not find differences in nutrient intake on 24 hour recall, our data suggest that patients with diabetes who are food insecure and especially those who are receiving SNAP benefits feel social stress and are high risk over the long term as they also lack social and financial support to help deal with their chronic illness. none.
Ultra-clean and smoky marine boundary layers frequently occur in the same season over the southeast Atlantic

Abstract. We study 41 d with daily median surface accumulation mode aerosol particle concentrations below 50 cm −3 (ultra-clean conditions) observed at Ascension Island (ASI; 7.9 ∘ S, 14.4 ∘ W) between June 2016 and October 2017 as part of the Layered Atlantic Smoke Interactions with Clouds (LASIC) campaign. Interestingly, these days occur during a period of great relevance for aerosol–cloud–radiation interactions, the southeast Atlantic (SEATL) biomass-burning season (approximately June–October). That means that these critical months can feature both the highest surface aerosol numbers, from smoke intrusion into the marine boundary layer, as well as the lowest. While carbon monoxide and refractory black carbon concentrations on ultra-clean days do not approach those on days with heavy smoke, they also frequently exceed background concentrations calculated in the non-burning season from December 2016 to April 2017. This is evidence that even what become ultra-clean boundary layers can make contact with and entrain from an overlying SEATL smoke layer before undergoing a process of rapid aerosol removal. Because many ultra-clean and polluted boundary layers observed at Ascension Island during the biomass burning season follow similar isobaric back trajectories, the variability in this entrainment is likely more closely tied to the variability in the overlying smoke rather than large-scale horizontal circulation through the boundary layer. Since exceptionally low accumulation mode aerosol numbers at ASI do not necessarily indicate the relative lack of other trace pollutants, this suggests the importance of regional variations in what constitutes an “ultra-clean” marine boundary layer. Finally, surface drizzle rates, frequencies and accumulation – as well as retrievals of liquid water path – all consistently tend toward higher values on ultra-clean days. This implicates enhanced coalescence scavenging in low clouds as the key driver of ultra-clean events in the southeast Atlantic marine boundary layer. These enhancements occur against and are likely mediated by the backdrop of a seasonal increase in daily mean cloud fraction and daily median liquid water path over ASI, peaking in September and October in both LASIC years. Therefore the seasonality in ultra-clean day occurrence seems directly linked to the seasonality in SEATL cloud properties. These results highlight the importance of two-way aerosol–cloud interactions in the region.
Unconstrained Flood Event Detection Using Adversarial Data Augmentation

Nowadays, the world faces extreme climate changes, resulting in an increase of natural disaster events and their severities. In these conditions, the necessity of disaster information management systems has become more imperative. Specifically, in this paper, the problem of flood event detection from images with real-world conditions is addressed. That is, the images may be taken in several conditions, including day, night, blurry, clear, foggy, rainy, different lighting conditions, etc. All these abnormal scenarios significantly reduce the performance of the learning algorithms. In addition, many existing image classification methods use datasets that usually include high-resolution images without considering real-world noise. In this paper, we propose a new image classification framework based on adversarial data augmentation and deep learning algorithms to address the aforementioned problems. We validate the performance of the flood event detection framework on a real-world noisy visual dataset collected from social networks.
Salinity-dependent expression of ncc2 in opercular epithelium and gill of mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus).

Mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) can tolerate abrupt changes in environmental salinity because of their ability to rapidly adjust the activities of ionocytes in branchial and opercular epithelia. In turn, the concerted expression of sub-cellular effectors of ion transport underlies adaptive responses to fluctuating salinities. Exposure to seawater (SW) stimulates the expression of Na+/K+/2Cl− cotransporter 1 (nkcc1) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (cftr) mRNAs in support of ion extrusion by SW-type ionocytes. Given the incomplete understanding of how freshwater (FW)-type ionocytes actually operate in mummichogs, the transcriptional responses essential for ion absorption in FW environments remain unresolved. In a subset of species, a ‘fish-specific’ Na+/Cl− cotransporter denoted Ncc2 (Slc12a10) is responsible for the uptake of Na+ and Cl− across the apical surface of FW-type ionocytes. In the current study, we identified an ncc2 transcript that is highly expressed in gill filaments and opercular epithelium of FW-acclimated mummichogs. Within 1 day of transfer from SW to FW, ncc2 levels in both tissues increased in parallel with reductions in nkcc1 and cftr. Conversely, mummichogs transferred from FW to SW exhibited marked reductions in ncc2 concurrent with increases in nkcc1 and cftr. Immunohistochemical analyses employing a homologous antibody revealed apical Ncc2-immunoreactivity in Na+/K+-ATPase-immunoreactive ionocytes of FW-acclimated animals. Our combined observations suggest that Ncc2/ncc2-expressing ionocytes support the capacity of mummichogs to inhabit FW environments.
Infectious mononucleosis-related tonsillar hyperplasia mimicking T-cell lymphoma on histopathology: A rare case and review

Infectious mononucleosis (IM) with histopathologic characteristics of T-cell lymphoma is uncommon. IM, caused by Epstein-Barr virus, is a self-limiting, benign lymphoproliferative disorder. Transfe...
A weighting procedure to analyse the Indoor Environmental Quality of a Zero-Energy Building

Abstract The Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) is a basic requirement for the design of energy-efficient buildings since it affects the occupants’ well-being and health inside buildings. Over the years, the issue of IEQ has been widely investigated under different perspectives: from the first experiments aimed at assessing the physiological response of individuals it has become a human-centric concept. In recent years, new paradigms have influenced buildings design towards sustainable and highly efficient constructions. Zero-Energy Buildings (ZEBs) are the current challenge which should be appropriately addressed with a holistic approach to achieve excellent IEQ and energy efficiency levels. Thermal, visual and acoustic comfort and indoor air quality are the most important Indoor Environmental Factors (IEF) characterizing the overall environmental condition of indoor spaces. However, there is no standard method to calculate the overall IEQ level of a building by monitoring and aggregating all individual aspects of comfort. This article aims to bridge this gap, proposing a method to define weighting factors of IEFs. A survey was carried on 100 participants out in a fully monitored Zero-Energy full-scale test building to collect and analyse the answers of the sample about their evaluation of IEFs. The collected data of questionnaire-based IEQ responses were treated with a multiple linear regression model. The results prove that IEQ is affected mostly by IAQ during the test. The proposed weighting factors were applied to rank the monitoring-based IEFs. The comparison between objective (monitoring-based) and subjective (questionnaire-based) analyses shows how the former underestimates IEQ with respect to the latter.
Assessment of Discretionary Lane-Changing Decisions using a Random Parameters Approach with Heterogeneity in Means and Variances:

Lane-changing maneuvers on highways may cause capacity drops, create shock waves, and potentially increase collision risks. Properly managing lane-changing behavior to reduce these adverse impacts ...
Luxury Branding in the Hospitality Industry: The Impact of Employee’s Luxury Appearance and Elitism Attitude:

Some of the luxury consumption literature suggests that luxury consumption is a beneficial social signal for the actor which facilitates social interaction. However, a different stream of recent re...
Experimental methods for laboratory measurements of helium spectral line broadening in white dwarf photospheres

White Dwarf (WD) stars are the most common stellar remnant in the universe. WDs usually have a hydrogen or helium atmosphere, and helium WD (called DB) spectra can be used to solve outstanding problems in stellar and galactic evolution. DB origins, which are still a mystery, must be known to solve these problems. DB masses are crucial for discriminating between different proposed DB evolutionary hypotheses. Current DB mass determination methods deliver conflicting results. The spectroscopic mass determination method relies on line broadening models that have not been validated at DB atmosphere conditions. We performed helium benchmark experiments using the White Dwarf Photosphere Experiment (WDPE) platform at Sandia National Laboratories' Z-machine that aims to study He line broadening at DB conditions. Using hydrogen/helium mixture plasmas allows investigating the importance of He Stark and van der Waals broadening simultaneously. Accurate experimental data reduction methods are essential to test these line-broadening theories. In this paper, we present data calibration methods for these benchmark He line shape experiments. We give a detailed account of data processing, spectral power calibrations, and instrument broadening measurements. Uncertainties for each data calibration step are also derived. We demonstrate that our experiments meet all benchmark experiment accuracy requirements: WDPE wavelength uncertainties are <1 A, spectral powers can be determined to within 15%, densities are accurate at the 20% level, and instrumental broadening can be measured with 20% accuracy. Fulfilling these stringent requirements enables WDPE experimental data to provide physically meaningful conclusions about line broadening at DB conditions.
Game-Theoretic Intent Negotiation in a Haptic Shared Control Paradigm

This paper aims to introduce a platform for exploring the interaction patterns between the human and co-robot in haptic shared control paradigm. The human and co-robot are modeled as two-level hierarchical controllers wherein the higher-level represent the decision-making level and the lower-level acts as the impedance controller. We employed the Nash approach to present how different information patterns will influence the two agents' interaction patterns.
Influence and Simulation of transformer firewall device on audible noise propagation characteristics

The theoretical basis of noise reduction by noise barrier is Huygens Fresnel's wave theory. When a noise barrier is added in the propagation path between the sound source and the receiving point, the reflection, transmission and diffraction of the noise sound wave will occur when it meets the noise barrier in the propagation process. A part of the sound energy is emitted from the sound source and transmitted to the receiving point through the diffraction of the top structure of the sound barrier; A part of the sound energy can reach the sound receiving point directly through the sound barrier; When a part of the energy reaches the sound barrier, it will be reflected. If the two sound barriers are close to each other, it will be reflected many times. The ability of sound insulation and noise reduction of sound barrier is to reduce the energy of direct and transmission to the sound receiving point by blocking, and reduce the energy of diffraction to the sound receiving point through the upper structure, so as to achieve the effect of sound energy attenuation, The influence of firewall geometry on audible noise distribution of transformer is obtained [1].
Siren: Context-aware Computing for Firefighting

Based on an extensive field study of current firefighting practices, we have developed a system called Siren to support tacit communication between firefighters with multiple levels of redundancy in both communication and user alerts. Siren provides a foundation for gathering, integrating, and distributing contextual data, such as location and temperature. It also simplifies the development of firefighting applications using a peer-to-peer network of embedded devices through a uniform programming interface based on the information space abstraction. As a proof of concept, we have developed a prototype context-aware messaging application in the firefighting domain. We have evaluated this application with firefighters and they have found it to be useful for improving many aspects of their current work practices.
Decisions to hospitalize nursing home residents dying with advanced dementia.

Objectives: To describe the prevalence of, timing of, and factors associated with decisions not to hospitalize nursing home residents with advanced dementia who were dying. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Six hundred seventy five–bed nursing facility in Boston. Participants: Two hundred forty residents in a teaching nursing home who died between January 2001 and December 2003 with advanced dementia. Measurements: The prevalence and timing of do-not-hospitalize (DNH) orders were determined from the medical record. Data describing demographic characteristics, health conditions, advance care planning, sentinel events, and health services usage during the last 6 months of life were examined. Factors associated with having a DNH order were identified. Results: At the time of death, 83.8% of subjects had a DNH order. The prevalence of DNH orders was 50.0% and 34.4%, 30 and 180 days before death, respectively. Hospital transfers were common during the last 6 months of life (24.6%). Factors independently associated with having a DNH order before death included surrogate decision-maker was not the subject's child (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=4.39, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.52–12.66), eating problems (AOR=4.17, 95% CI=1.52–11.47), aged 92 and older (AOR=2.78, 95% CI=1.29–5.96), and length of stay 2 years or longer (AOR=2.34, 95% CI=1.11–4.93). Conclusion: For most institutionalized persons with advanced dementia, a decision to forgo hospitalization is not made until death is imminent. Thus, hospital transfers are common near the end of life. The finding that DNH orders are associated with patient and surrogate factors can help clinicians identify cases in which decisions to forgo hospitalizations may be facilitated.
The Theorem of Frobenius

Having acquired the language of vector fields, we return to differential equations and give a generalization of the local existence theorem known as the Frobenius theorem, whose proof will be reduced to the standard case discussed in Chapter IV. We state the theorem in §1. Readers should note that one needs only to know the definition of the bracket of two vector fields in order to understand the proof. It is convenient to insert also a formulation in terms of differential forms, for which the reader needs to know the local definition of the exterior derivative. However, the condition involving differential forms is proved to be equivalent to the vector field condition at the very beginning, and does not reappear explicitly afterwards.
Taking advantage of multiuser diversity and beamforming in wireless cellular networks

This paper demonstrates that a pre-scheduled (primary) mobile user can receive information along with another user by taking advantage of transmit beamforming and multiuser diversity concepts. The motivation for combining these two approaches is to show that even in a time-sharing scheduling system (like many current systems), opportunistic users can also be scheduled without interfering with the pre-scheduled mobile users and still have good performance. The practicality of this approach is shown in the small amount of feedback required to take advantage of multiuser diversity, so long as we have full channel knowledge for the primary user. Once the channel of the primary user is known, the nullspace of its channel is used to maximize the received signal-to-noise ratio of the selected opportunistic user, given the small amount of feedback. A lower-bound for the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) is derived and verified via simulation, and different approaches are then considered for the problem of selecting the appropriate secondary user conditions and ensure a logarithmic increase of SINR as a function of the number of mobile users.
Exploring the Effect of Autism Waiver Services on Family Outcomes

This study examined the effect of services provided through Maryland's Home and Community-Based Services Medicaid waiver for children with autism on several outcomes related to families, specifically family quality of life (FQoL) and employment. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of the services provided through the Maryland autism waiver on families' perceived quality of life by comparing responses of families receiving waiver services in Maryland with families in the same state who were on the registry (i.e., a waiting list) for waiver services. An invitation letter and Internet-based survey were sent out to 723 waiver recipients and 2,298 families on the wait-list registry by the state's agency administering the waiver program. Some 861 surveys (229 waiver, 632 registry) were returned, yielding an overall response rate of 28.8% (31.6% waiver, 27.5% registry). Both study groups reported lower satisfaction with FQoL and the majority of respondents in both groups reported that having a child with autism affected their employment. However, the findings suggest that families of children with autism who currently receive services through the waiver report higher FQoL than those not receiving services through the waiver. The authors note that there needs to be additional research to fully understand the most effective features of the waiver, including whether and how waiver programs make a difference in families' quality of life, health, and participation in school, work and leisure activities, and the effect of self-determination on these outcomes.
Phosphorylation of Sendai Virus Phosphoprotein by Cellular Protein Kinase C ζ

The phosphoproteins (P) of nonsegmented negative strand RNA viruses are viral RNA polymerase subunits involved in both transcription and replication during the virus life cycle. Phosphorylation of P proteins in several negative strand RNA viruses by specific cellular kinases was found to be required for P protein function. In the present study, using bacterially expressed unphosphorylated P protein of Sendai virus, a mouse parainfluenza virus, we have shown that the major cellular kinase that phosphorylates P protein in vitro is biochemically and immunologically indistinguishable from protein kinase C (PKC) zeta isoform. PKC zeta was packaged into the Sendai virion and remained associated with purified viral ribonucleoprotein, where it phosphorylated both the P and the nucleocapsid protein in vitro. When PKC zeta-specific inhibitory pseudosubstrate peptide was introduced into LLC-MK2 cells prior to Sendai virus infection, production of progeny virus was dramatically attenuated, and kinetic analysis revealed that primary transcription was repressed. These data indicate that phosphorylation of the Sendai virus P protein by PKC zeta plays a critical role in the virus life cycle.
Algebraic reductions of scalar three-dimensional systems

Abstract Two-dimensional multicomponent and matrix isospectral deformation equations are described as subsystems of three-dimensional scalar Zakharov-Shabat systems in terms of algebraic relations on (pseudo) differential operators. The evolution of poles of solutions of arbitrary two-dimensional systems is given by invariant manifolds and many-particle completely integrable hamiltonians of Calogero type.
Performance of MMSE MIMO receivers in frequency-selective channels

This paper investigates the performance of the minimum mean-square error (MMSE) equalizers in MIMO frequency selective channels under zero-padding (ZP) transmission. It was previously known that the SISO linear ZP receiver achieves full diversity; this paper shows that the MIMO version of this receiver is suboptimal in diversity. It is shown that the MMSE MIMO receiver exhibits an intricate error behavior that depends not only on channel memory and antenna configuration, but also on transmission rate. This behavior is fully characterized in closed form, revealing that the MMSE ZP receiver attains the (optimal) diversity of a ML receiver but only at small spectral efficiencies.
Differential organization of desmin and vimentin in muscle is due to differences in their head domains

In most myogenic systems, synthesis of the intermediate filament (IF) protein vimentin precedes the synthesis of the muscle-specific IF protein desmin. In the dorsal myotome of the Xenopus embryo, however, there is no preexisting vimentin filament system and desmin's initial organization is quite different from that seen in vimentin-containing myocytes (Cary and Klymkowsky, 1994. Differentiation. In press.). To determine whether the organization of IFs in the Xenopus myotome reflects features unique to Xenopus or is due to specific properties of desmin, we used the injection of plasmid DNA to drive the synthesis of vimentin or desmin in myotomal cells. At low levels of accumulation, exogenous vimentin and desmin both enter into the endogenous desmin system of the myotomal cell. At higher levels exogenous vimentin forms longitudinal IF systems similar to those seen in vimentin-expressing myogenic systems and massive IF bundles. Exogenous desmin, on the other hand, formed a reticular IF meshwork and non-filamentous aggregates. In embryonic epithelial cells, both vimentin and desmin formed extended IF networks. Vimentin and desmin differ most dramatically in their NH2-terminal "head" regions. To determine whether the head region was responsible for the differences in the behavior of these two proteins, we constructed plasmids encoding chimeric proteins in which the head of one was attached to the body of the other. In muscle, the vimentin head-desmin body (VDD) polypeptide formed longitudinal IFs and massive IF bundles like vimentin. The desmin head-vimentin body (DVV) polypeptide, on the other hand, formed IF meshworks and non-filamentous structures like desmin. In embryonic epithelial cells DVV formed a discrete filament network while VDD did not. Based on the behavior of these chimeric proteins, we conclude that the head domains of vimentin and desmin are structurally distinct and not interchangeable, and that the head domain of desmin is largely responsible for desmin's muscle-specific behaviors.
Natural convection heat transfer characteristics of a protruding thermal source located on horizontal and vertical surfaces

Abstract An experimental study of natural convection heat transfer from a heat source module of finite thickness, mounted on a vertical or horizontal surface, is carried out. This problem is of particular interest in the removal of thermal energy from heated elements in manufacturing and electronic systems. A wall plume, adjacent to the surface, arises if the heat source module is mounted on a vertical surface. A freely rising thermal is generated by the heat source when it is located on a horizontal surface. The temperature distributions in the flow and along the surface are measured. The results obtained indicate that the natural convection flow and the associated heat transfer characteristics vary strongly with the rate of energy input and the source thickness. A comparison between the free and wall plume circumstances indicates very different temperature distributions. While the resulting isotherms for the free plume case are symmetric about the source, those for the wall plume case are swept downstream of the source. It is found that conduction along the plate length is of considerable importance in the transport process. The downstream locations of the plate come under the effect of the wake for the wall plume case, whereas the region far from the source is free from the wake effect in the free plume circumstance which arises in the horizontal orientation. The interaction between the wakes generated by the three exposed surfaces of the heat source module is also found to have a significant effect on the flow. Thus, the heat transfer from a protruding heat source module cannot be accurately determined by assuming three heated, isolated surfaces. The results obtained are compared with those for a source of negligible thickness and the effect of a significant module thickness on the convective flow and transport is determined. The heat transfer coefficient for a protruding heat source module is found to depend on the ratio of the vertical to the horizontal surface areas of the module, exposed to the ambient medium. Several other interesting trends are observed in this investigation and discussed in terms of the underlying flow and thermal transport processes.
Casinos as an antecedent of tourism development

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the barriers to casino development, asking how they can be minimized, and how might casino resorts drive tourism growth most effectively?, – An extensive review of literature on casino development is reviewed and analyzed., – This paper supports the proposition that casinos can be used to provide attractions that will benefit tourism destinations., – This paper provides useful insights for tourism planning, governmental management of gaming jurisdictions, and gaming executives on the social costs and benefits of gaming. The paper focuses on how to reduce the social costs and maximize the value created by the economic benefits., – The author proposes a model where future casino development should be required to support other entertainment options, such as live entertainment and restaurants at tourism destinations.
Delivery systems for gene therapy

Introduction of foreign genes into mammalian cells in vitro has been accomplished previously by a variety of methods. The few techniques that have been developed for transfection of mammalian cells in vivo, are technically difficult or lack cell specificity. We have developed a soluble, targetable DNA carrier system consisting of an asialoglycoprotein covalently coupled to a polycation. The strategy was based on: 1) the presence of unique receptors on hepatocytes which internalize galactose-terminal (asialo-)glycoproteins; 2) polycations can bind DNA in a non-covalent, non-damaging interaction. Using chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) as a marker gene, specific delivery and expression of CAT was demonstrated in vitro using asialoglycoprotein receptor (+) and (-) cell lines. Intravenous injection of conjugate-DNA complexes in rats resulted in detection of CAT DNA sequences in liver 10 min later by dot blots with a CAT cDNA probe. CAT enzyme activity 24 hrs later was found specifically in liver but no other tissues or control livers. Targeted hepatic CAT expression was transient, maximal at 24 hrs but declined to barely detectable levels by 96 hrs. Persistent foreign gene expression was achieved by injection of DNA complex followed by 67% partial hepatectomy. High levels of hepatic CAT activity were detected through 11 weeks post-hepatectomy. The data indicate that a targetable gene delivery system can permit in vivo expression of an exogenous gene after simple intravenous injection. The foreign gene expression can be enhanced and made to persist by induction of hepatocyte replication.
BCNU-resistant human glioma cells with over-representation of chromosomes 7 and 22 demonstrate increased copy number and expression of platelet-derived growth factor genes.

We used standard karyotypic analyses of first-division cells to identify a subpopulation of cells in primary malignant gliomas with over-representation of chromosomes 7 and 22. These cells are a minor subpopulation in the primary tumor but become the dominant population after treatment in vitro of the cells with the chemotherapeutic agent 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU). The selection for a cell with this specific karyotypic abnormality suggests that these chromosomes contain genes important to the growth of BCNU-resistant cells. Southern blot hybridization analyses demonstrate an increased copy number of the genes encoding platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) A-chain and B-chain, which have been mapped to chromosomes 7 and 22, respectively. Reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis demonstrates increased expression of these genes. In addition, these cells secrete a mitogenic factor that stimulates 3H-thymidine uptake in NIH 3T3 cells. This factor is sensitive to anti-PDGF antibodies and β-mercaptoethanol, but not to anti-EGF antibodies. These data suggest that autocrine and/or paracrine mechanisms occur in human malignant gliomas, and that over-expression of PDGF may play a role in the growth of BCNU-resistant cells in these tumors. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Energy sources for rural development

Abstract More energy is needed in the rural areas of developing countries for agriculture, transportation, domestic uses, and industrial development in towns and small cities of the countryside. By the year 2025, rural energy needs in South America, Africa, and Asia, outside the Soviet Union and Japan, could be over 4 TW—half of the present world energy consumption. With known technology most, but not all, of this energy might be supplied by the traditional source of rural energy—the biomass of forest woods and agricultural residues. To obtain a high sustainable yield of biomass, use of some “commercial” energy from fossil fuels or hydroelectric power will usually be necessary. The most serious energy problems will exist in rural Asia, with its high man-land ratios; these are illustrated by the examples of Nepal and Bangladesh. Large capital investments and intensive research and development must be undertaken to ensure adequate future energy supplies for the Asian countries.
A quality assurance program for human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity screening of dried-blood spot specimens.

Epidemiologic projects have been implemented for using dried-blood spot (DBS) specimens routinely collected on filter paper from neonates as a seroepidemiologic resource to monitor seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among childbearing women. To ensure the quality of the data base produced from the national and other epidemiologic surveys, a quality assurance program was developed to interact with all the neonatal screening laboratories. The focus of the Centers for Disease Control's quality assurance program for HIV seropositivity testing of neonatal blood specimens is to maintain a national program to produce, certify, and provide external quality control materials as DBSs on filter paper, to monitor the filter paper matrix, to operate an external performance surveillance program, and to provide other special and consultative services. The dried-blood control and surveillance materials are certified by rigorous testing for accuracy, stability, and homogeneity. Preliminary results from the first performance evaluation of screening laboratories indicated excellent performance. [Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1989; 10(1):8-13.]
Advances in semiconductor physics through spectroscopy

ABSTRACT Spectroscopic techniques have been and continue to be extremely fruitful in discovering ariddelineating novel phenomena exhibited by semiconductors and in characterizing their properties. Inturn, discoveries in semiconductor physics made with spectroscopic techniques have led to some ofthe most sensitive infrared detectors and highly monochromatic single frequency as well as tunablesolid state lasers; spectroscopy under high resolution is inconceivable in their absence. 1. INTRODUCTION As is well—known, the origins of the present semiconductor technology are in the intense effortsmade to develop microwave detectors during the Second World War.1 Silicon and germanium wereidentified as the most promising materials. The familiarity with these materials and the insightsgained during this phase set the stage for the invention of the transistor.2 The evolution of the fieldof semiconductors, with numerous milestones marking breakthroughs in fundamental understanding,introduction of novel concepts, and innovative applications, is one of the extraordinary scientificstories in recent times. Very early in this evolution, spectroscopic investigation was recognized as apowerful method for discovering new phenomena and for delineating physical properties. In turn,semiconductor physics has paid back its debt to spectroscopy by providing some of the most sensitiveinfrared detectors, fixed frequency and tunable lasers. In this overview I present illustrative examplesof this symbiotic interaction of semiconductor physics and spectroscopy.
A comparison of cocaine, GBR 12909, and phentermine self-administration by rhesus monkeys on a progressive-ratio schedule.

Abstract The dopamine reuptake inhibitor GBR 12909 and the dopamine releaser phentermine may have potential for the treatment of cocaine abuse in humans. Pre-session treatment with either drug can decrease cocaine-maintained responding in rhesus monkeys while not affecting food-maintained responding. Both drugs are self-administered, but in some reports the patterns of responding they maintain differ from typical cocaine-reinforced responding. This study compared self-administration of cocaine (1–100 μg/kg/inj), GBR 12909 (3–100 μg/kg/inj), and phentermine (10–170 μg/kg/inj) in rhesus monkeys on a progressive-ratio schedule. Individual unit doses of each drug were available across several consecutive sessions. Cocaine self-administration was typical: the average number of ratios completed per session was a bitonic (increasing/decreasing) function of unit dose. Phentermine self-administration was variable across subjects (two of four monkeys self-administered reliably); one subject exhibited clear signs of behavioral toxicity. Self-administration of GBR 12909 was similarly variable across subjects. In the two subjects that self-administered GBR 12909 reliably, self-administration of small to mid-sized unit doses was enhanced following exposure to large unit doses. These data indicate that differences in self-administration of these drugs can be observed under progressive ratio procedures. Further, the data add to existing evidence suggesting that phentermine and GBR 12909 have at least moderate potential to be abused by humans.
A risk stratification tool to assess commercial influences on continuing medical education.

AbstractIntroduction:Heightened concerns about industry influence on continuing medical education (CME) have prompted tighter controls on the management of commercial funding and conflict of interest. As a result, CME providers must closely monitor their activities and intervene if bias or noncompli
Tank-mixing methods for producing time-varying reactive gas mixtures for chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Tank-mixing methods are explored toward producing controlled, time-varying reactive gas mixtures in vapor phase epitaxy reactors. The transient output concentrations of single and multiple mixing tank systems with series and parallel flow are simulated for discrete changes in then output concentration, input flow rate or tank volumes. A simple transient tank mixing system is proposed for composition grading ternary III–V compound alloy epitaxial layers on binary substrates. The system proposed requires changes in both gas composition and mixing tank volume.
Imaging of paediatric mediastinal abnormalities.

The mediastinum in children can be a difficult area to assess on the chest radiograph: even the normal thymus can give the impression of a mediastinal mass lesion. When there is suspicion of a mediastinal mass, its location within the mediastinum helps to limit the differential diagnosis. Further imaging with ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging helps to characterise the lesion, define its extent and detect complications. Abnormal mediastinal contours may also be caused by congenital anomalies of the mediastinal vessels, which can be demonstrated non-invasively using magnetic resonance imaging. The main purpose of this article is to review the anatomy of the mediastinum and imaging of mediastinal mass lesions in children together with some vascular anomalies that can simulate a mediastinal mass.
Revising Affirmative Action and Managing Cultural Diversity Challenge in Corporate America

Managing cultural diversity in the workplace and attempts to abolish affirmative action are emerging as some of the most important issues facing American business in the 90s. The relationship between affirmative action and diversity may start in their definitions. Affirmative action was born during the Civil Rights Movement in an effort to reverse the effects of generations of racial discrimination (the concept and the laws which governed it broadened over the years to include women and other traditionally disadvantaged groups). It is federally mandated law to combat discrimination. Diversity on the other hand, is an organisational effort that aims to modify organisation standards, procedures, and management practices that hinder creativity, productivity, and advancement of all employees.
Agents of Suspicion

If governments want to develop incapacitating chemical agents for use in warfare, they should come out and say so.
Revisiting place and temporal theories of pitch

The nature of pitch and its neural coding have been studied for over a century. A popular debate has revolved around the question of whether pitch is coded via “place” cues in the cochlea, or via timing cues in the auditory nerve. In the most recent incarnation of this debate, the role of temporal fine structure has been emphasized in conveying important pitch and speech information, particularly because the lack of temporal fine structure coding in cochlear implants might explain some of the difficulties faced by cochlear implant users in perceiving music and pitch contours in speech. In addition, some studies have postulated that hearing-impaired listeners may have a specific deficit related to processing temporal fine structure. This article reviews some of the recent literature surrounding the debate, and argues that much of the recent evidence suggesting the importance of temporal fine structure processing can also be accounted for using spectral (place) or temporal-envelope cues.
This Isn't Your Parents' Fortran: Managing C++ Objects with Modern Fortran

Modern Fortran automates dynamic memory deallocations, except in two cases: memory allocated via pointers and via a second language at the request of a Fortran driver. This article focuses on the second exception and presents a reference-counting architecture that requires minimal user intervention to safely free memory if and only if no references remain.
A Discourse of the Social: Medical Talk/Power Talk/Oppositional Talk?

In the 1960s when federal policies in the United States were directed at countering societal inequalities, including inequalities in health care, a new health care professional came into being—the ...
Seasonal incidence of perforated ulcer.

Abstract The series reported reveals two very definite factors: the tendency of cases of perforated ulcers to be bunched together and the occurrence of this bunching at the onset of warm weather in the spring or just prior to the onset of cold weather in the fall. The temperature factor so pronounced in this area, with its marked seasonal change, would be negated in such semitropical areas as Miami and New Orleans. The environmental upheaval during the “brown days” of Appalachia would not be evident in an urban setting. If environment plays a dominant role in the production of peptic ulcers, different environments must produce variables in manifestations of ulcers. Statistics reflect these variants.
Layered Structure and Swelling Behavior of a Multiple Hydrate-Forming Pharmaceutical Compound

Investigation of one anhydrous and four hydrated forms of a pharmaceutical compound (1) using both single-crystal and high-resolution powder X-ray diffraction methods revealed a two-dimensional framework which, upon exposure to moisture, absorbed water between the layers, causing the lattice to expand by as much as 20% of the axial length along a. The single-crystal structure was solved and refined for the pentahydrate form in space group C2 with unit cell parameters a = 36.961(5) A, b = 7.458(2) A, c = 20.691(4) A, β = 99.461(1)°, and V = 5626(4) A3. In the single-crystal structure the water layers were parallel to the bc plane and sandwiched by the crystalline compound 1 framework. Upon a change of relative humidity, water goes in and out of the interlayer space with the retention of the layer structure of the development compound. Starting from the anhydrous form, each additional water of hydration increased the interlayer spacing of the pharmaceutical solid by ∼1.3 A, half the size of a water molecule...