cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Field Investigations of Trace Metal Effects on Lake Erie Phytoplankton Productivity

Abstract Responses of phytoplankton to trace metal and phosphate enrichments were made in pelagic Lake Erie surface waters over the time period of 1999–2003. All experiments employed trace metal clean sampling protocols. Bioassays were incubated over a 0.75–4 d period. Response was evaluated by measures of biomass (chlorophyll-a; chl-a), photosynthesis (using the carbon-14 technique), and dilution assays used to measure chl-a specific growth and grazing rates. Metals assayed were Cd, Co, Zn (5–50 nM) and Fe over the range of (20–100 nM). Phosphorus was added singly (0.1–1 μM) or in addition with Zn or Fe. The principle finding from this study was that the frequency of observed trace metal limitation in pelagic Lake Erie phytoplankton was low. Picoplankton (0.2–2 μm) responded most frequently to the metal enrichment; metals were as frequently toxic as they were stimulatory. Nanoplankton (2–20 μm) were nearly insensitive to metal enrichment as were the microplankton (20–210 μm). An EDTA chelated mixture of Fe, Cu, Zn, Co, Mn, and Mo did stimulate picoplankton chl-a production over 3 days and the growth and grazing rate of this important size fraction. Toxicity of Zn at 50 nM was observed; the presence of phosphate reduced inhibition by Zn at this concentration. The results suggest that trace metals are not as important over the short term as the availability of phosphorus in controlling phytoplankton productivity; however, trace metal enrichment can periodically have a stimulatory effect, particularly on the picoplankton size class.
The Role of Evaluation When Electric Utilities Get Financial Incentives for Their DSM Programs.

Electric utility demand-side management (DSM) programs affect the efficiency and timing of customer electricity use. As the number and cost of these programs increase, evaluations will become increasingly important. A key challenge is the role of evaluation in determining the amount of financial incentive that a utility earns for its DSM programs. Most regulatory incen tives for DSM programs depend on the net benefits provided by these programs. The total benefit is the reductions in electricity use and demand multiplied by the appropriate avoided costs (energy or capacity). The net benefit is the difference between total benefit and program cost. Evaluations determine the total benefits of DSM programs. This article presents a hypothetical example of problems that might arise when evaluations are subject to litigation, a likely occurrence when utility earnings depend on evaluation results. A hypothetical illustration is used because such incentives are so new that they have yet to be tested in regulatory...
Tailoring the Performance of Ceramic-metal Piezocomposite Actuators, 'cymbals'

Abstract A unique design of metal-ceramic actuators exhibits very high displacement and large generative forces. This new metal-ceramic composite actuator design, the ‘cymbal’, consists of a piezoelectric disk sandwiched between two truncated conical metal endcaps. The radial motion of the piezoelectric ceramic is converted into flextensional and rotational motions in the metal endcap. Based on previous studies of ceramic-metal composites, a simplified model has been developed to evaluate the properties of cymbals and to aid in materials selection. The influence of the stiffness of the metal, the piezoelectric coefficients of the ceramics and the characteristics of the epoxy bond on actuator performance have been evaluated. It is found that the higher the transverse piezoelectric coefficient, the higher the displacement of the actuator. The stiffness of the metal reduces the displacement but allows the composite to support higher loads. There is a thermally induced displacement of the piezocomposite with the temperature that is related to the thermal expansion mismatch between the metal endcaps and the ceramic. By selecting appropriate materials, it is possible to avoid this thermally induced displacement. Very low or negligible temperature dependence of the displacement is attained by using PZT ceramics with temperature-independent properties together with metal caps having higher Young's modulus and lower thermal expansion coefficients than the ceramics.
The role of arachidonic acid on LH-stimulated steroidogenesis and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein accumulation in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells.

Metabolic pathways leading to the production of arachidonic acid (AA) and its metabolites have been reported to have modulatory effects on steroidogenesis in a number of cell types. To examine the importance of the arachidonic acid pathway in steroid production and steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein expression, luteinizing hormones (LH) or N 6-2-o-dibutyryl-adenosine-3∶5-cyclic monophosphate-(Bt2cAMP) stimulated MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells were treated with various concentrations of quinacrine (an inhibitor of arachidonic acid production). Incubation of the cells with quinacrine resulted in dose-dependent decreases in steroid production and StAR protein. Twenty micromolars quinacrine inhibited 92 and 91% of LH-induced progesterone and StAR protein, respectively, and 98 and 90% of Bt2cAMP-induced progesterone and StAR protein. Reversal of this inhibition was obtained by incubation of quinacrine-treated cells with various levels of AA, which resulted in a dose-dependent increase in both steroid and StAR protein levels. Two hundred micromolars of AA rescued 57 and 60% of the LH-induced steroid production and StAR protein, respectively, and 52 and 89% of Bt2cAMP-induced steroid production and StAR protein. These results suggest that the effect of AA on LH- and cAMP-stimulated steroidogenesis is associated with the modulation of StAR protein expression.
The neurobiology of empathy in borderline personality disorder.

We present a neurobiological model of empathic dysfunction in borderline personality disorder (BPD) to guide future empirical research. Empathy is a necessary component of interpersonal functioning, involving two distinct, parallel neural networks. One form of empathic processing relies on shared representations (SR) of others’ mental states, while the other is associated with explicit mental state attribution (MSA). SR processing is visceral and automatic, contributing to attunement, but also emotional contagion. MSA processing contributes to deliberate, perspectival forms of empathic understanding. Empathic dysfunction in BPD may involve hyper-reactivity of SR networks and impairment of MSA networks. Nevertheless, this empathic dysfunction is subtle, but contributes to interpersonal difficulties. Interaction between genetic factors and traumatic attachment stressors may contribute to development of BPD, with painful attachment insecurity and disorganization affecting SR and MSA network functioning. Future avenues for BPD research will include developmental assessment of attachment and neurobiological functioning under varying conditions.
Far ultraviolet and extreme ultraviolet rocket instrumentation for measuring the solar spectral irradiance and terrestrial airglow

A sounding-rocket experiment is being developed for the study of EUV spectral irradiance and its effects on the upper atmosphere, using three solar EUV instruments devised by the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics. These include a 25-cm Rowland circle EUV spectrograph, an array of Si X-UV photodiodes, and an X-UV imager with 20 arcsec resolution of the sun.
The Struggle Over the Lloyd-George Budget

The Constitutional Crisis of 1909–10. Comparison with Crises of 1832, 1846, 1884–5, and 1886, 244. — Popular political education through the platform and the press, 245. — Liberal and Tory Press in 1909–10, 247. — Platform Propaganda in 1909, and in previous crises, 248. — Class bitterness in the Budget struggle, due in first place to action of the peers in attacking the Budget. Letters and speeches of peers, 253. — Unfair assessment of mansions of aristocracy for local rates, 257. — Peers' desire for protective duties, 258. — Propaganda of political leagues, 259. — Chamberlain's share in the struggle, 260. — Reasons for the Lords' rejection of the Budget, 262. — Chamberlain's appeal to the Lords to reject it. Contrast between his attitude in 1884 and in 1909, 264. — Methods of propaganda in constituencies and results in education of people, 266. — Agreement of Liberals and Tories on need of new expenditure. No opposition to old age pensions or Dreadnoughts, 268. — The taxation proposals, 269. — Motor car and petrol duties, 269. — Tax on urban undeveloped land and on unearned increment, 270. — Attitude of municipalities to these taxes, 272. — Tax on renewals of leases of building sites, 273. — Ground landlords of London and site values, 274. — Tax on mining royalties and way leaves, 275. — Tax on monopoly value of liquor licenses.
Energy storage in magnetic fields

Abstract With the advent of high-temperature, high-current-density superconductors, 1,2 one can store electrical energy in superconducting magnets at higher densities, in terms of required mass or volume, than is possible for currently-available electrical-energy storage systems. High densities are especially important in applications requiring mobility or transportability, e.g., for terrestrial vehicles or for systems in space. Unfortunately, it is in these applications that magnetic forces make high energy densities difficult to achieve. The energy that can be stored per kg in a magnetic field is largely determined by the strength-to-density ratio of the materials used to support the current-carrying layers against the magnetic forces exerted on them; this is the same ratio that determines the performance of flywheels. For the energy per unit volume, the strength alone is the critical parameter. In both cases, the mechanical strength determines a value of the magnetic field strength beyond which the energy density begins to decrease. For Kevlar, a new, high-strength polymer, the energy densities at best somewhat exceed those for a car battery, and magnetic field strengths should be held below 80 T. New low-density materials of higher strength now under development may improve the situation.
Non-Isothermal Autohesion Model for Amorphous Thermoplastic Composites

Two-dimensional heat transfer analyses for non-isothermal molding of amorphous thermoplastic polymers and composites are presented. Solutions of the heat transfer analyses were obtained using the f...
Electropolymerization of Molecular Assemblies

Electropolymerization of the ligand-bridged, ruthenium polypyridyl assemblies [(vbpy)2ClRu(pz)RuCl(vbpy)2](PF6)2 and [(bpy)2(CN)Ru(CN)Ru(vbpy)2(NC)Ru(CN)(bpy)2)](PF6)2 results in formation of elect...
Contemporary clinical applications of coronary intravascular ultrasound

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) provides valuable information on the coronary vascular lumen and wall and has been an important tool in the cardiac catheterization laboratory for over 2 decades. The major utility of IVUS relates to optimizing stent deployment, particularly in complex lesions. In percutaneous coronary intervention with bare-metal stents, IVUS guidance reduces restenosis. In percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents, IVUS guidance may reduce rates of stent thrombosis with little affect on restenosis. The benefit of IVUS guidance is most important in complex lesion subsets, such as left main and bifurcation lesions, where studies suggest that IVUS guidance may reduce mortality. Whereas IVUS luminal area measurements have been used to assess intermediate lesion severity, recent studies have demonstrated that IVUS accurately identifies nonischemic lesions for which percutaneous coronary intervention can be safely deferred, but cannot accurately predict hemodynamically significant lesions and should not solely be used to justify revascularization. In the current review, we focus on clinical applications of IVUS in interventional cardiology.
Measurement of true calcium absorption in premature infants using intravenous 46Ca and oral 44Ca.

ABSTRACT: We have developed a method for measuring true fractional calcium absorption (α) in premature infants using two stable isotopes of calcium and tested it in seven studies in seven infants (birth weight 1543 ± 65 g, gestation 32.8 ± 7 wk). A total of 7.5 μg/kg 46Ca was given as a single intravenous bolus. Immediately thereafter 1.25 mg/kg of 44CA was given in a single gavage feeding of standard infant formula (Enfamil). A metabolic isolette was used to obtain 4-h collections of urine for 24 h total. 46Ca and 44Ca were measured in urine by thermal ionization mass spectroscopy and expressed as the ratio to naturally occurring 48Ca. The differences in the 46Ca/48Ca and 44Ca/48Ca ratios from natural levels (Δ% excess 46Ca and Δ% excess 44Ca) were calculated. Percent absorption (α) equals a constant times cumulative Δ% excess 44Ca/A% excess 46Ca. The calculation of α is independent of urine volume or concentration. The Δ% excess 46Ca, showed the expected multiexponential decline as a function of time, and Δ% excess 44Ca usually peaked during a 4− to 8-h urine collection. Calculations of α using increasingly long sampling times showed that a plateau had been reached by 12 h. α values calculated after 16–24 h in the seven infants at 2 wk of age were 41, 48, 45, 46, 25, 55, and 51%. Repeat studies at 3 wk of age were 46, 60, and 54%. These values are somewhat higher than net percent calcium absorption values reported for standard formula and thus appear very appropriate. This methodology will be very valuable in studying factors that may affect true calcium absorption in premature infants.
The effects of quantity and quality of diet nitrogen on the growth, efficiency of food utilization, nitrogen budget, and metabolic rate of fifth-instar Spodoptera eridania larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Relative growth rate and relative nitrogen accumulation rate for fifth-instar Spodoptera eridania larvae vary less than 20% on artificial diets in which protein content varies more than 250%, due to compensatory adjustments in consumption rate and changes in efficiencies of food and nitrogen utilization. The substitution of zein for two-thirds of the casein in a diet containing 26.0% protein results in a 25% decrease in both relative growth and nitrogen accumulation rates, due to reduced values of relative consumption rate, relative nitrogen consumption rate, approximate digestibility, approximate digestibility of nitrogen and efficiency of conversion of digested nitrogen. Although larval growth rate is relatively independent of diet nitrogen, larval composition is highly dependent upon both nitrogen quantity and quality. As diet nitrogen increases, larval nitrogen content increases and fat content decreases. Larvae on diets containing a mixture of casein and zein produce 3.53.9 times as much uric acid and respire at rates significantly higher than larvae on diets containing the same total amount of protein but lacking zein. Thus, there is a measurable metabolic cost associated with processing low quality protein. We conclude, however, that elevated metabolic rates of larvae on diets containing nutritionally unbalanced protein are not the cause of reduced growth rates. On these diets, growth is limited by an amino acid present in limiting quantities, and the elevated metabolic rate is due, at least in part, to increased synthesis of uric acid. Finally, we discuss the possibility that variation in amino acid profiles across host plant species might be a factor favouring specialization in insect herbivores. Key Word Index: Southern armyworm, Spodoptera eriaimia, growth, nutritional indices, food utilization, nitrogen budget, uric acid production, respiration rate, metabolic cost
The computational stability properties of the Shuman pressure gradient averaging technique

Abstract The stability properties of the Shuman pressure gradient averaging technique are investigated with the linearized shallow water equations. In the simplest case an analytic expression is obtained for the stability condition. The maximum time step is twice the value for the leapfrog scheme. When a mean flog is added to the equations the time step must be reduced. The time averaging suggested by Robert is examined and again leads to a shorter time step. In each case however, the use of the Shuman averaging allows a significantly longer time step.
The community and phylogenetic diversity of biological soil crusts in the Colorado Plateau studied by molecular fingerprinting and intensive cultivation.

We studied the bacterial communities in biological soil crusts (BSCs) from the Colorado Plateau by enrichment and cultivation, and by statistically analyzed denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting of environmental 16S rRNA genes, and phylogenetic analyses. Three 500-m-long transects, tens of km apart, consisting of 10 equally spaced samples each, were analyzed. BSC communities consistently displayed less richness (10–32 detectable DGGE bands per sample) and Shannon diversity (2.1–3.3) than typical soil communities, with apparent dominance by few members. In spite of some degree of small-scale patchiness, significant differences in diversity and community structure among transects was detectable, probably related to the degree of crust successional maturity. Phylogenetic surveys indicated that the cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus was dominant, with M. steenstrupii second among phototrophs. Among the 48 genera of nonphototrophs detected, Actinobacteria (particularly Streptomyces spp.) were very common and diverse, with 18 genera and an average contribution to the total 16S rDNA amplificate of 11.8%. β-Proteobacteria and Bacteriodetes contributed around 10% each; Low-GC Gram-positives, α-Proteobacteria, Thermomicrobiales, and Acidobacteria were common (2–5%). However, the second largest contribution was made by deep-branching unaffiliated alleles (12.6%), with some of them representing candidate bacterial divisions. Many of the novel strains isolated are likely new taxa, and some were representatives of the phylotypes detected in the field. The mucoid or filamentous nature of many of these isolates speaks for their role in crust formation.
Evaluation of spherical fiducial localization in C-arm cone-beam CT using patient data.

Purpose: C-arm based cone-beam CT(CBCT) has been recently introduced as anin-situ 3D soft tissueimaging modality. When combined with image-guided navigation, it provides a streamlined clinical workflow with, potentially, improved interventional accuracy. A key component in these systems is image to patient registration. The most common registration method relies on fiducial markers placed on the patient’s skin. The fiducials are localized in the volumetric image and in the interventional environment. When using C-arm CBCT, the small spatial extent of the volumetric reconstruction makes this registration approach challenging, as the volume must include both the anatomy of interest and the fiducials. The authors have previously proposed a semiautomatic localization approach that addresses this challenge, with evaluation carried out using anthropomorphic phantoms. To truly evaluate the algorithm’s utility, the evaluation must be carried out using clinical data. In this article, the authors extend the evaluation of the approach to data sets acquired in a clinical trial. Methods: Nine CBCTdata sets were obtained in three interventional radiology procedures as part of a clinical trial evaluating a commercial navigation system. Fiducials were localized in the volumetric coordinate system directly from the projection images using the evaluated localization approach. Localization was assessed using two quality measures fiducial registration error to quantify precision and fiducial localization error to quantify accuracy. The fiducials used in this study are 6 mm spheres embedded in a custom registration phantom used by the navigation system. Results: In all cases, the proposed approach was able to localize all five fiducial markers embedded in the registration phantom. The approach’s mean (std) fiducial registration error was 0.29 (0.13) mm. The mean (std) localization difference as compared to direct volumetric localization was 0.82 (0.34) mm. Conclusions: Based on the current evaluation using data from clinical cases, the authors conclude that the localization approach is sufficiently accurate for use in thoracic-abdominal interventions, and that it can simplify the current workflow while reducing cumulative radiation to the patient due to repeated CBCT scans.
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) calibration using inkjet microdrop printing for direct loading of known analyte mass on to SPME fibers

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a widely used sampling technique that has been proved to enable efficient extraction of a broad range of analytes. Generally, SPME achieves non-exhaustive extraction, and therefore the analyte mass transfer distribution in the sampled multiphase system should be considered while developing a calibration method. Here, a new method, aimed at quantifying the extracted analytes without the need to consider their mass distribution, is proposed. This method relies on the generation of mass response curves by loading a known analyte mass onto the absorbent phase of a SPME fiber, and then conducting analysis by the preferred technique. Precise and accurate deposition of analyte over the restricted dimension of a fiber is demonstrated for the first time by utilizing a drop-on-demand microdrop printer. This system enables direct, non-contact deposition of micron-sized drops containing negligible solvent volumes (<1 nL), on the center of the extraction phase of the fiber which enables immediate analysis. Printed fiber response curves were determined herein, with three model compounds of different volatility-2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), diphenylamine (DPA), and 1,3 diethyl-1,3-diphenylurea (ethyl centralite, EC), using two analytical techniques, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). Quantification of the absolute amounts extracted by headspace SPME yielded comparable results between the two methods of analysis with only less than 10% variation for 2,4-DNT and EC and less than 30% for DPA. In comparison, quantification by the traditional liquid injection/spike response curves determined by each technique led to mass estimates that were significantly greater by hundreds of percent.
Varying protein content and nitrogen solubility for pluriparous, lactating Holstein cows: lactation performance and profitability.

Effects on total lactation performance of varying ration crude protein (15.3 vs. 13.6% of dry matter) and nitrogen solubility (35 vs. 45% of total nitrogen) in early lactation was studied using 57 pluriparous Holstein cows. Grain was fed according to production so as to minimize change in body weight throughout lactation. Forages high in nitrogen solubility, corn and grass silages, were fed free-choice. Percent concentrate in ration dry matter was highest (64%) 5 to 8 wk postpartum and lowest (3%) 33 to 44 wk postpartum. Protein and nitrogen solubility were varied by formulating four protein supplements fed as 10% of the grain allocation, so differences in treatments applied narrowed as lactation progressed. Cows fed the medium-protein diets produced 196 kg more milk than those receiving low-protein diets, but their peak daily milk yield was only .6 kg higher. Cows receiving rations with reduced nitrogen solubility produced 347 kg more milk than those fed the higher solubility diets, but their peak daily milk yield was 1.0 kg lower. Income above fed cost for the lactation was highest and postpartum loss in body weight was least for cows receiving medium-protein and low-solubility rations in early lactation, but no differences were significant. Both milk yield (38.3 to 40.6 kg) and total dry matter intake (3.74 to 3.91% body weight) means were maximum 6 to 7 wk postpartum, but lactation performance was not proportional to peak milk yield. When cows are fed to minimize body fat mobilization, response to increased protein in the diet is small. Reducing nitrogen solubility of silage-based diets increased milk produced per unit grain fed. There were no adverse effects of treatments on breeding efficiency or herd health.
Applications Of Real-Time Holography

This article will review some of the current applications of real-time holography. No claim is made of thoroughness; the field is too diverse. Instead, this article will focus on some of the more recent, interesting, and promising applications of real-time holography.
Expression and Structural Characterization of the Recombinant Human Doppel Protein

The doppel protein (Dpl) is a newly recognized prion protein (PrP)-like molecule encoded by a novel gene locus, prnd, located on the same chromosome as the PrP gene. To study the structural features of Dpl, we have expressed recombinant human Dpl corresponding to the putative mature protein domain (residues 24−152) in Escherichia coli. The primary structure of the recombinant Dpl 24−152 was characterized using gel electrophoresis, N-terminal Edman sequencing, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Dpl 24−152 was shown to contain two disulfide bonds (Cys94−Cys145 and Cys108−Cys140). The secondary structure of Dpl was analyzed using far-UV circular dichroism spectroscopy. Dpl 24−152 was found to be an α-helical protein having a high helical content (40%). Dpl 24−152 exhibited characteristics of a thermodynamically stable protein that undergoes reversible and cooperative thermal denaturation. In addition, Dpl was found to be soluble and s...
Dispersive O+ conics observed in the plasma-sheet boundary layer with CRRES/LOMICS during a magnetic storm

We present initial results from the Low-energy magnetospheric ion composition sensor (LOMICS) on the Combined release and radiation effects satellite (CRRES) together with electron, magnetic field, and electric field wave data. LOMICS measures all important magnetospheric ion species (H+, He++, He+, O++, O+) simultaneously in the energy range 60 eV to 45 keV, as well as their pitch-angle distributions, within the time resolution afforded by the spacecraft spin period of 30 s. During the geomagnetic storm of 9 July 1991, over a period of 42 min (0734 UT to 0816 UT) the LOMICS ion mass spectrometer observed an apparent O+ conic flowing away from the southern hemisphere with a bulk velocity that decreased exponentially with time from 300 km/s to 50 km/s, while its temperature also decreased exponentially from 700 to 5 eV. At the onset of the O+ conic, intense low-frequency electromagnetic wave activity and strong pitch-angle scattering were also observed. At the time of the observations the CRRES spacecraft was inbound at L\approx7.5 near dusk, magnetic local time (MLT), and at a magnetic latitude of -23°. Our analysis using several CRRES instruments suggests that the spacecraft was skimming along the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL) when the upward-flowing ion conic arrived. The conic appears to have evolved in time, both slowing and cooling, due to wave-particle interactions. We are unable to conclude whether the conic was causally associated with spatial structures of the PSBL or the central plasma sheet.
Purification of tetanus toxin and its peptide components by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Abstract A discontinuous preparative gel electrophoresis system has been devised and used successfully to separate the different tetanus toxin forms and fragments into highly purified preparations. A major feature of the system is the interaction of toxin, a suitable reducing agent and a critical concentration of denaturant during electrophoresis. With this procedure, filtrate (nicked) toxin has been separated into two distinct, but closely related molecular species. They appear to be nicked close to but on either side of an interchain disulfide bond, yielding heavy and light chains. The heavy- and light-chain components of each form of nicked toxin have been prepared and characterized. The system was also used to prepare extract (unnicked) toxin to a degree of purity not previously achieved in this laboratory. Nicked and unnicked toxin as well as the two forms of both heavy and light chain can consistently be prepared in sufficient purity and quantity to allow extensive biological, chemical, and physical characterization of each.
Effect of strychnine on single neurons of the pericruciate cerebral cortex.

Abstract The effects of topically applied strychnine sulfate on cerebral neurons were investigated in chloralose-anesthetized, paralyzed cats. Single neurons in both the postcruciate and precruciate forepaw foci were recorded before and after strychnine application. Direct effects on s a neurons in postcruciate and s a and s b neurons in precruciate cortex included an increase in the frequency and duration of discharge and a decrease in threshold to skin stimulation, whereas response latency remained unchanged. All postcruciate m neurons and some precruciate m neurons increased their discharge in response to contralateral forepaw stimulation, without changing their discharges to stimulation of the other paws. This implies an indirect effect of strychnine through the known facilitation from s a neurons. On the other hand, the discharges of many precruciate m neurons to stimulation of each of the four paws increased and response thresholds decreased after strychnine application, undoubtedly due to the direct action of the alkaloid. The effects of topically applied strychnine appear within 1 min, peak 7–14 min later, plateau for 10–20 min and then slowly subside. Possible reasons for the difference between postcruciate and precruciate cortex are discussed. Strychnine action ascribable entirely to alteration in hyperpolarizing responses is ruled out, and possible alternative mechanisms are discussed.
Proton transport by gastric membrane vesicles.

Abstract A highly purified membrane fraction was derived from hog gastric mucosa by a combination of differential and density gradient centrifugation and free flow electrophoresis. This final fraction was 35-fold enriched with respect to cation activated ouabain-insensitive ATPase. Antibody against this fraction was shown to be bound to the luminal surface of the gastric glands. The addition of ATP to this fraction or the density gradient fraction resulted in H + uptake into an osmotically sensitive space. The apparent K m for ATP was 1.7 · 10 −4 M in the absence of a K + gradient similar to that found for ATPase activity. The reaction is specific for ATP and requires cation in the sequence K + > Rb + > Cs + > Na + > Li + and is inhibited by ATPase inhibitors such as N , N ′-dicylclohexylcarbodiimide. Maximal H + uptake occurs with an outward K + gradient but the minimal apparent K A is found in the absence of a K + gradient. The pH optimum for H + uptake is between 5.8 and 6.2 which corresponds to the pH range for phosphorylation of the enzyme, but is considerably less than the pH maximum of the K + dependent dephosphorylation. In the presence of an inward K − gradient, protonophores such as tetrachlorsalicylanilide only partially abolish the H + gradient but valinomycin dissipates 75% of the gradient, and nigericin abolishes the gradient. The vesicles therefore have a low K + conductance but a measurable H + conductance, hence a K + gradient can produce an H + gradient in the presence of valinomycin. The uptake and spontaneous leak of H + are temperature sensitive skin with a similar transition temperature. Ultraviolet irradiation inactivates ATPase and proton transport at the same rate, approximately at twice the rate of p -nitrophenylphosphatase inactivation. It is concluded that H + uptake by these vesicles is probably due to a dimeric (H + + K + )-ATPase and is probably non-electrogenic.
Bonding, Structure and Properties of Metal/Ceramic Interfaces

This paper reviews the effects of chemical bonding, reaction, interfacial structure, fabrication, specimen geometry and testing conditions on the strength and fracture behavior of metal/ceramic interfaces. It is shown that a number of important properties of metal/ceramic interfaces such as the wetting behavior and work of adhesion can be qualitatively predicted from simple bonding models based on the elements in the metal and ceramic. In addition, the interfacial structure can often be predicted from principles of equilibrium thermodynamics and minimization of interfacial energy for relatively thick metal/ceramic layers. More quantitative description of interfacial structure employing atomistic calculations has been performed for simple interfaces and this area is progressing. The fracture behavior of metal/ceramic interfaces is a complicated process which depends on many factors such as the specimen geometry and loading conditions, strength of the interfacial bond, thermal, elastic and fracture properties of the metal and ceramic, thickness of the metal layer and testing environment. Advances in this area include the development of favorable specimen geometries for measuring interface properties and an understanding of the relationship among the phase angle of loading, crack trajectory and interface fracture energy for these geometries. Conversely, little is known about the stress corrosion and fatigue behavior of metal/ceramic interfaces although data on these time dependent failure modes are beginning to appear in the literature. Much progress has been made but considerably more work is needed to understand the properties of metal/ceramic interfaces.
Franck-Condon analyses on the IBM PC/AT

Abstract A program for the rapid calculation of electronic absorption and emission spectra has been developed. The program is designed to run on the IBM PC series of computers with maximal flexibility. Sample calculations are provided for several spectra to demonstrate the utility of the software. Extensive graphic options are also provided.
Estimation of extracellular space in intestinal sections in vitro from rainbow trout

Abstract 1. 1. Influence of incubation in vitro on total tissue water and inulin space (ECS) was measured in trout mid-gut segments. 2. 2. Total tissue water and ECS stabilized after 30 min incubation and remained stable for 2 hr. 3. 3. After 60 min incubation, stabilized total water and ECS were 83·8 ± 0·8 (2 S.E.) per cent and 25·0±0·3 (S.E.) per cent of wet tissue weight, respectively.
Occurrence and specialization of vessels in Xyridales

The occurrence and variation among vessels in available parts of 41 species in 16 genera of Rapateaceae and of 20 species in the four genera of Xyridaceae were determined. The vessels in Xyridaceae are more specialized in all organs of the plant than they are in Rapateaceae. Simple and scalariform perforation plates occur in the inflorescence axes and leaves of nearly all species of Xyridaceae but only scalariform plates occur in these organs of Rapateaceae – infrequently vessels are lacking in stems and leaves, at least in early metaxylem. Vessels in roots and stems of Mono–tremeae are most specialized (simple and scalariform plates) among tribes of Rapateaceae, with those in Rapateeae intermediate, and those in Schoenocephalieae and Saxofridericieae most primitive (only scalariform perforation plates). Brief comments are made about vessels as possible indicators of relationships with other families.
The response times of priority classes under preemptive resume in M/G/m queues

Approximations are given for the mean response times of each priority level in a multiple-class multiserver M/G/m queue operating under preemptive resume scheduling. The results have been tested against simulations of systems with two and three priority classes and different numbers of servers.
The role of high-pressure experiments on determining super-Earth properties

Super-Earths are the newest class of extra-solar planets with a mass range between about 1–10M ⊕ . With their large masses, they experience very large internal pressures. The central pressure scales proportionately with mass, reaching values that require us to extend our understanding of rock and H2O behavior to such extreme conditions. Pressure also constrains the power law relationship between mass and radius of solid planets R∼M β . The value for the exponent is 0.262≤β≤0.274 as constrained by the different internal structure models for super-Earths, while it is 0.3 for planets between 5–50% the mass of Earth. Despite uncertainties in planetary composition, temperature structure and equation of state, the mass-radius relationship is robust, and thus, useful for inferring the expected signal in transit searches. In the next few years many super-Earths will be discovered and their masses and radii will be known with some uncertainty. Even without errors in both the data and structure models, a large number of compositions can fit the same average density. However, the follow-up observations with space telescopes will yield very precise radius measurements and even probe the atmospheres of super-Earths. This radius uncertainty will then be comparable to the current error derived from the equation of state used by the structure models. Thus, there is a need for accurate equations of state of solid planetary materials. Furthermore, information on the structure, such as the size and state of the core, crucially depends on the exact behavior of super-Earth materials (i.e. silicates, iron, iron alloy and ices) at high pressures and temperatures. In addition, information about the atmospheric composition of these planets may prove useful in constraining their interiors. Ultimately any inference on the structure of super-Earths, including information from atmospheres, depends on the precision of interior models, which in turn require accurate equations of state.
Applications of accelerator mass spectrometry in extraterrestrial materials

Abstract Accelerator mass spectrometry has made it possible to measure the concentrations of 26Al, 10Be, 14C, 36Cl, 41Ca, 59Ni, and 129I in a large number of extraterrestrial samples, mainly because of the small sample mass requirements of the technique. This brief review emphasizes recent (1990–1993) applications of AMS to extraterrestrial problems including the terrestrial ages of meteorites; the production rates of cosmogenic radionuclides; the non-linear effects of chemical composition on production rates; the history of solar cosmic rays; the exposure histories, both simple and complex, of meteorites; and the behavior of a large projectile (the Canyon Diablo iron meteorite) during impact.
Cell attachment to collagen: the ionic requirements.

Abstract This study is concerned with three aspects of the ionic requirements for cell attachment to collagen; namely (a) the divalent, (b) monovalent cation specificities and (c) pH optima for cell interaction with collagen. The divalent cation requirement for cell attachment to collagen can be sufficed by Ca2+, Mg2+ and certain transition group metals; whereas Ba2+, Sr2+, and polyamines are inactive. The pH optimum for cell attachment in this system occurs in the physiological range. The monovalent cation requirement for cell attachment to collagen is satisfied by isotonic NaCl, KCl, LiCl, NH4Cl, sucrose, and glucose. Pronounced inhibition of cell attachment occurs under both hypertonic and hypotonic conditions.
Wal-Mart’s Impact on Local Revenue and Expenditure Instruments in Ohio, 1988–2003

This research estimates fiscal impacts of Wal-Mart in Ohio from 1985 through 2003. Using a panel of counties, and accounting for spatial autocorrelation in an instrumental variable model I estimate impact of Wal-Mart and Super-Centers on selected revenues and transfer payments. Among the findings is that the presence of a Wal-Mart increases local commercial property tax assessments resulting in collection increases of between $350,000 and $1.3 million. There is also an 18–43% reduction in per capita EITC claims in a county. However, Medicaid expenditures experience growth which amount to roughly 16 additional cases attributable to a single Wal-Mart. The magnitude and statistical certainty of these findings, suggests that local fiscal intervention, either through incentives or a “Wal-Mart Tax” is unwarranted.
1,1'-Diethyl-2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5'-octamethylferrocenium tetracyanoethylenide, [Fe(C5EtMe4)2]+[TCNE]-, a charge-transfer salt magnetic solid with a novel structural motif

Abstract 1,1′-Diethyl-2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-octamethylferrocene has been utilized as a one-electron donor in the synthesis of a tetracyanoethylene charge-transfer salt, [Fe(C5EtMe4)2]+[TCNE]−. Structural characterization shows that it adopts an arrangement of anions and cations completely different from the usual π stacking seen in analogous decamethylferrocenium compounds. The TCNE radical sits along side of the ferrocene, nearly perpendicular to the planes of the C5 rings. The nearly square geometry of the TCNE anion creates disorder over two orientations. [Fe(C5EtMe4)2]+[TCNE]− is a simple paramagnet exhibiting neither long-range magnetic order nor slow paramagnetic relaxation to the lowest measured temperatures (ca. 1.8 K) as determined by both ac and dc magnetic susceptibility and Mossbauer spectroscopy (ca. 1.3 K).
Pericardial cellular response during the post-myocardial infarction syndrome

Abstract A case of post-myorcardial infarction syndrome is reported in which fluid was aspirated months after the onset of acute myocardial infarction. The fluid was suppurative, composed almost exclusively of neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It is suggested that this response might be characteristic of this syndrome and that previous reports of a serosanguineous reaction might be due to contamination with blood from epicardial extension of the acute myocardial infarction.
Moderation of morbidity following tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy: a study of awareness under anesthesia.

Sixty-seven children between the ages 3 and 10, undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups. Therapeutic suggestions recited in English (n = 31), French (n = 19), or continuous white noise (n = 18) were repetitively administered by means of earphones in a double blind design. Randomization to the English condition was associated with a more favorable outcome with respect to all parameters evaluated by physicians and nurses. However, statistical significance could not be demonstrated. Should this observed favorable outcome be legitimate, cortical interpretation of language context was inferred as recovery was not influenced by randomization into the French or white noise conditions. Preoperative behavior, as defined by preoperative upset and cooperation scores, may be predictive of postoperative convalescence. The favorable outcome imparted by the English condition appeared most significant with respect to those patients at highest risk for poor convalescence i.e. poor status preoperative patients.
Magnetic characteristics of some ternary intermetallic compounds containing lanthanides

Abstract Magnetic characteristics are given for the five ternary systems Ln x Ln′ 1− x Co 5 with the combinations Gd and Nd, Dy and Pr, Dy and Nd, Gd and Dy, and Gd and Ho, and for the ternary Dy (Co x Ni 1− x ) 5 . Curie temperatures ( T c ) of the LnLn′Co ternaries range from 912 to 1008°K. Replacement of Co by Ni in DyCo 5 decreases T c to 63°K in DyCoNi 4 . Magnetization-temperature and the magnitude of saturation moment indicate the LnLn′Co ternaries to be ferrimagnets; the LnCo (or Ln′Co) coupling is ferromagnetic when Ln = Pr or Nd and anti-ferromagnetic when Ln = Gd, Dy, or Ho. The magnetic behavior of the DyCoNi ternaries indicates that they are also ferrimagnetic. Ni in these ternaries unlike Ni in DyNi 5 is magnetic. The moments indicate a nickel moment ranging from 0.16 to 0.49 μ β per atom and with Dy coupled antiparallel to Ni and Co.
Dealing with Discomfort Managing TMD Patients: Initial Therapy Is the Key

Some basic principles of pain control allow practitioners to initiate pain-relieving treatment for their TMD patients.
Three decades of high-resolution coastal sea surface temperatures reveal more than warming

A detailed assessment of near-shore temperature changes is needed for improved forecasts of the consequences of coastal warming. Here, changes in coastal sea surface temperature are estimated, showing that although 71% of the world's coastlines are warming, the rates of change have varied spatially.
Childhood Asthma, Public Housing, and Environmental Control: Differences Between Families Renting with Section 8 Vouchers and Those Living in the Projects

Hazardous environments (both indoor and outdoor) play a role in explaining asthma disparities between poor and affluent children. Through a focus on Phoenix (Arizona) case, this article examines the historical development of subsidized housing and the contemporary role that it plays in protecting poor children with asthma from environmental triggers. Through in-depth interviews with parents, the ways in which living in subsidized housing influences control over the environment and by extension children's asthma are explored. Experiences of families living in public housing apartment complexes and those renting homes with Section 8 vouchers are compared. It is found that the choices offered to Section 8 families allow them more control over their environment, which allows them to create better microenvironments in which to manage asthma.
Practical considerations for reviving the CPR/DNR conversation.

Bishop and colleagues (2010) present a major problem in the U.S. health care system: the prevalence of patients who, despite poor prognoses, are by default full code status when admitted. We agree ...
Antibacterial Activity of a Variety of Viruses

IT has been previously noted that growth of a number of bacterial species is inhibited in vitro by herpes simplex virus propagated in a variety of antibiotic-free cell lines1. 0.1 ml. of such tissue culture fluid, applied to 1 cm2 of sterile thick filter paper, placed on a Petri plate surface-seeded with 0.2 ml. of a standardized inoculum of a 6-h bacterial culture on a medium containing equal parts of mixed 1 per cent trypticase in 2 per cent agar and monkey kidney B medium Melnick, was found to produce a distinct inhibitory zone around the virus-impregnated filter square with bacterial strains belonging to a number of different species after 16–18 h incubation at 37° C, providing sufficient concentration of virus is present. Allantoic fluid derived from 9-day-old chick embryos the chorioallantoic membranes of which had been infected with 2 herpes simplex virus strains failed to suppress the bacterial growth. Control tissue culture fluid, not inoculated with virus, was similarly ineffective in this regard.