cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The History and Revival of the Corporate Purpose Clause

The corporate purpose debate is experiencing a renaissance. The contours of the modern debate are relatively well developed and typically focus on whether corporations should pursue shareholder value maximization or broader social aims. A related subject that has received much less scholarly attention, however, is the formal legal mechanism by which a corporation expresses its purpose—the purpose clause of the corporate charter. This Article examines corporate purpose through the evolution of corporate charters. Starting with historic examples ranging from the Dutch East India Company to early American corporations and their modern 21st century parallels, the discussion illuminates how corporate purpose has been expressed within the charter in a changing series of practices. Examining this evolution reveals that throughout history, the sovereign state has firmly held the reins on the legal statement of corporate purpose by determining it as a matter of special grant or by requiring its articulation in the constitutional document establishing the corporation. Early corporate charters included provisions for self-governance and purpose that served as a coordinating mechanism for long-term ventures and associations, often serving public and private interests. Over the nineteenth century, as state legislatures looked to solve their corruption problem and powerful business players pressed for greater operational freedom, the purpose clause of the corporate charter lost its specificity, and awareness of its public-tinged character diminished. Corporations increasingly relied on private documents and intangible, branded personas to create corporate identity, capture philosophies of corporate mission, and express social-minded aims. Throughout this long history, however, and despite waning attention paid to corporate purpose clauses at times, they have remained an important reflection of the public-private collaboration at the heart of the corporate enterprise. Further, the longstanding requirement of stating a purpose in the corporate charter has laid the groundwork for a contemporary revival in understanding its relevance to the corporate law doctrine of good faith, and its utility as a mechanism for creating and coordinating commitments for the benefit corporation. The purpose clause has enduring relevance even as new practices and understandings of corporate purpose have emerged in business and law.
Japan Joins Hague Abduction Convention: England Returns Child

Japan implemented the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction on April 1, 2014. This article explores the implementation in light of a recent abduction case, In re R (A Child), in which a British court ordered the return of a Japanese child from the United Kingdom, in acknowledging a breach of the father’s custody rights. Now that Japan has implemented the Hague Convention, the article suggests that other countries may be more willing to return children to Japan.
Acute stroke presentations during the course of the COVID-19 pandemic

Background: Decline in presentations of acute stroke during the early period of COVID-19 pandemic have been reported. We aimed to investigate the stroke presentations during the subsequent months as the pandemic evolved into a second wave. Methods: Data was obtained from a health system with 19 emergency departments (EDs) in northeast Ohio in the United States. Baseline period from January 1 to February 29, 2020, was compared with the individual months during COVID-19 period from March through July. Variables included were numbers of daily stroke alerts across the EDs, thrombolysis, thrombectomy, time to presentation, stroke severity, time from door-to-needle in thrombolysis, and door-to puncture in thrombectomy. The time periods were compared using nonparametric statistics and Poisson regression with month, weekend, and daily COVID cases as independent variables. Results: A total of 2264 stroke alerts from EDs were analyzed between January 1 to July 31, 2020. Total daily stroke alerts decreased from a median of 10 (interquartile range [IQR]:10-13) in January and February to 9 (IQR:6-11, p=0.001) in March, 8(IQR:7-10, p=0.0001) in April, 10 (IQR:8-11, p=0.04) in May, and returned similar to baseline in June (12, IQR:10-13, p=0.5) and July (13, IQR:11-14,p=0.1). In Poisson regression, stroke alert numbers showed no significant association with daily COVID-19 counts, but significant association with months, with rate ratios of 0.74 (95%CI 0.64-0.85) for March, 0.71 (95%CI 0.61-0.82) for April, and 0.86 (95%CI 0.75-0.98) for May, but not with June and July. Time to presentation and stroke severity were unchanged throughout the study period. Thrombolysis volume decreased in March and May but thrombectomy volume was unchanged. Conclusion: We observed a decrease in stroke presentations across emergency departments by about 30% during the early period of COVID-19 pandemic, followed by return to baseline frequency despite a second wave of COVID-19 cases.
Landscape Analysis of Oncology Mobile Health Applications

PURPOSEMore than 325,000 mobile health (mhealth) applications (apps) have been developed. We sought to describe the state of oncology-specific apps and to highlight areas of strength and opportunit...
A Comparative Analysis of Sector Diversification in Australia, India, and China

ABSTRACT Over time, research has looked at different aspects of international diversification; such as emerging and frontier markets, use of time-varying framework and more recently at sector diversification within the emerging market and/ or developed markets. The diminishing benefit from international diversification led investors to seek new diversification sources especially in the emerging markets that have low integration. The idea of sector diversification, although not directly related to international diversification, has gained renewed attention with the decline in benefits of international diversification (Gupta and Basu, 2011). Our study aims to test the benefits of sector diversification in the Asia-Pacific area using the stock indices in Australia, India, and China. The results from the study suggest that the sector diversification benefits all three markets. It also suggests that the sector diversification is not affected by political background or economic structure.
Polymer Dynamics and Relaxation

Preface Part I. Methodology: 1. Mechanical relaxation 2. Dielectric relaxation 3. NMR spectroscopy 4. Dynamic neutron scattering 5. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of amorphous polymers Part II. Amorphous Polymers: 6. The primary transition region 7. Secondary (subglass) relaxations 8. The transition from melt to glass and its molecular basis Part III. Complex Systems: 9. Semi-crystalline polymers 10. Miscible polymer blends Appendix 1. The Rouse Model Appendix 2. Site models for localized relaxation Index.
Interpretability, Complexity, and Modular Structure of Fuzzy Systems

Zadeh’s original motivation for fuzzy logic and the Fuzzy Rule-Based System (FRBS) was linguistic and hence possessed highly interpretable components. But as the complexity of a typical FRBS increases, it often becomes more like an uninterpretable neural network, and the Principle of Incompatibility predicts a degradation in interpretability for the same accuracy. This is particularly true of the so-called Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK), or simply the Sugeno, approximator. We argue that imposing additional structure on the TSK system can significantly improve the tradeoff inherent in the Principle of Incompatibility. A promising structure was proposed recently in which the membership functions are local and sufficiently differentiable, and the consequent polynomials are rule-centered. This structure leads to the general interpretation that the consequent polynomials are Taylor series expansions. On this interpretation, a foundation for an algebra and a calculus of FRBSs can be built. We will illustrate these aspects of the proposed structure and discuss issues of modularity, functionality, and scalability of FRBSs.
Hidden Markov model for quantifying clinician expertise in flexible instrument manipulation

Clinicians are trained to manipulate a colonoscope while minimizing the force exerted on the colon walls to reduce the danger of luminal perforation and discomfort to the patient. Here, we classify the expertise of the clinician performing colonoscopy using a Hidden Markov Model. Seven models are trained corresponding to the performance of the expert in the entire colon, ascending, transverse and descending colon and three gestures corresponding to roll and two angulations of the distal end of the scope. Experimental results in a colon model (CM-1, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) are shown to compare the performance of the four groups of users - first year, second year and third year GI residents and expert physicians.
Diagnosing Drama: Grey's Anatomy, Blind Casting, and the Politics of Representation

N FEBRUARY 5, 2006 NEARLY THIRTY-EIGHT MILLION VIEWERS CHOSE TO forego post-Super Bowl celebrations in favor of tuning in to a much-hyped episode of ABC’s hit medical melodrama Grey’s Anatomy. The episode thus constitutes ‘‘the best scripted-series performance since the series finale of Friends’’ in 2004 and ‘‘the best performance of an ABC show since an episode of Home Improvement in 1994’’ (‘‘Grey’s Scores Big’’). Grey’s Anatomy and its multiracial ensemble stand in marked contrast to the all-white casts of both aforementioned shows, a fact that has not been lost on media observers. When civil rights groups issued their annual ‘‘diversity report cards’’ for 2006, ABC garnered the highest overall grade of the four major networks (an A-), thanks in part to shows like Grey’s Anatomy, Lost, and Ugly Betty (‘‘Grey’s Leads Charge’’). Its diverse cast and the production practices through which it was assembled have been the major focus of the media attention conferred upon Grey’s, second only to stories concerning the colossal audiences it routinely snags. 1 The show’s creator, Shonda Rhimes (currently the only African American woman ‘‘showrunner’’ in network television), gives the credit for her show’s diversity to her ‘‘race-blind’’ casting methods. In her Time Magazine profile of the writer and producer, Jeanne McDowell notes that ‘‘[Rhimes’] script for the pilot had no physical descriptions [of its characters] other than gender,’’ a statement repeated in almost all of the popular press coverage the show receives. 2 As Rhimes herself affirmed in an interview with Oprah Winfrey, ‘‘We really read every color actor for every single part. And . . . I was lucky because the
HEAT SHOCK IMPAIRS THE INTERACTION OF CAP-BINDING PROTEIN COMPLEX WITH 5' MRNA CAP

Cell-free protein synthesizing systems prepared from heat-shocked Ehrlich cells retain the inhibition of translation that is seen at the cellular level. Recently, we showed that a highly purified cap-binding protein complex composed of the p220 and p28 subunits of eukaryotic initiation factor 4F, in a 1:1 molar ratio, restores protein synthesis in these cell-free translation systems (Lamphear, B.J., and Panniers, R. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 5333-5336). Here we have estimated the amount of cap-binding complex in cell extracts that can restore protein synthesis in heat-shocked cells. We find reduced restoring activity in heat-shocked cell extracts. Further, less cap-binding complex can be purified by 7-methyl-guanosine triphosphate Sepharose affinity chromatography from heat-shocked cell extracts, and we conclude that heat shock impairs the binding of complex to 5' mRNA cap. We have ruled out proteolysis and competitive inhibitors as mediators of this impairment. However we cannot distinguish between two possible explanations: (i) reduced association of p220 with p28 or (ii) a non-competitive inhibitor blocks complex binding to cap. We have also examined the affect of heat shock on the phosphorylation state of two forms of p28, p220.p28 complex and p28 free of p220. Both forms have reduced levels of phosphorylation during heat shock. The significance of these changes is discussed.
Are corrupt acts contagious?: Evidence from the United States

Abstract This paper adds to the literature by shedding new light on the causes of corruption. Specifically, we provide evidence on the extent to which corruption might be contagious. In other words, what is the extent to which a demonstration effect is at play at inducing corrupt acts? Using state-level U.S. data over the 1995–2004 period, the results show that the effect of neighboring corruption is positive and statistically significant in all cases, implying that corruption does appear to be contagious. Specifically, a 10% increase in corruption in neighboring states appears to increase corruption in a state by about 4–11%. Of the different types of government activity, the size of defense and non-defense federal sectors in a state seem to have opposite effects on corruption, with the former contributing to corruption and the latter serving as a deterrent. The size of the state and local governments does not seem to be relevant. Of the variables controlling for detection and punishment of corrupt individuals, greater corrections employment reduces corruption, while greater judicial employment seems to increase corruption. Changes in the police force do not seem to have a statistically significant impact. These findings generally hold when we control for the disproportionate effects of the Washington, DC area and when a pooled data set is estimated. Contagion effects are also found for other crimes. Policy implications are discussed.
A flow visualization study of an anatomic coronary artery anastomosis model with an implant

Flow Streamlining Devices is a new tool in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG).They aim in: a) Performing a sutureless anastomosis to reduce thrombosis at the veno-arterial junction, and b) Providing a hemodynamically efficient scaffolding to reduce secondary flow disturbances. Thrombosis and flow disturbances are factors that have been reported as contributing factors to the development of intimal hyperplasia (IH) and failure of the graft. By reducing thrombosis and flow disturbances, it is expected that IH will be inhibited and the lifetime of the graft extended. To evaluate the hemodynamic benefits of such an implant, two models were designed and fabricated. One simulated the geometry of the conventional anastomosis without an implant, and the other simulated an anastomosis with a flow streamlining implant. Identical flow conditions relevant to a coronary anastomosis were imposed on both models and flow visualization was performed with dye injection and a digital camera. Results showed reduction of disturbances in the presence of the implant. This reduction seems to be favorable to hemodynamic streamlining which may create conditions that may inhibit the initialization of IH. However, the compliance and geometric mismatch between the anastomosis and the implant created a disturbance at the rigid compliant wall interface, which should be eliminated prior to clinical applications.
Are children with asthma overconfident that they are using their inhalers correctly

AbstractObjective: The objectives of this study were to quantify the extent to which children with asthma are overconfident that they are using their inhalers correctly and determine whether demographic and clinical characteristics are associated with children being overconfident. Methods: Children (n = 91) ages 7–17 with persistent asthma were recruited at two pediatric practices in North Carolina and demonstrated their inhaler technique for metered dose inhalers during an office visit. Children were dichotomized into two groups based on how confident they were that they were using their inhalers correctly: “completely confident” or “not completely confident”. The mean number of inhaler steps (out of 8) children performed incorrectly was examined. We applied linear regression models for children in the “completely confident” group to determine whether demographic and clinical factors predicted their overconfidence, defined as the number of inhaler steps performed incorrectly. Results: Children were prima...
Exploiting parallelism in the implementation of AGNA, a persistent programming system

A design for AGNA, a persistent object system that utilizes parallelism in a fundamental way to enhance performance, is presented. The underlying thesis is that fine-grained parallelism is essential for achieving scalable performance on parallel multiple instruction/multiple data (MIMD) machines. This, in turn, implies a data-driven model of computation for efficiency. The complete design based on these principles starts with a declarative source language because such languages reveal the most fine-grained parallelism. It is described how transactions are compiled into an abstract, fine-grained parallel machine called P-RISC. The P-RISC virtual heap is implemented in the memory and disk of a parallel machine in such a way that paging is overlapped with useful computation. The current implementation status is described, some preliminary performance results are reported and the approach presented is compared to several recent parallel database system projects. >
Pesticide exposure and hepatocellular carcinoma risk: A case-control study using a geographic information system (GIS) to link SEER-Medicare and California pesticide data.

Abstract Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of primary liver cancer, is associated with low survival. U.S. studies examining self-reported pesticide exposure in relation to HCC have demonstrated inconclusive results. We aimed to clarify the association between pesticide exposure and HCC by implementing a novel data linkage between Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare and California Pesticide Use Report (PUR) data using a geographic information system (GIS). Methods Controls were frequency-matched to HCC cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2009 in California by year, age, race, sex, and duration of residence in California. Potential confounders were extracted from Medicare claims. From 1974 to 2008, pounds (1 pound represents 0.45 kg) of applied organophosphate, organochlorine, and carbamate pesticides provided in PURs were aggregated to the ZIP Code level using area weighting in a GIS. ZIP Code exposure estimates were linked to subjects using Medicare-provided ZIP Codes to calculate pesticide exposure. Agricultural residents were defined as living in ZIP Codes with a majority area intersecting agricultural land cover according to the 1992, 2001, and 2006 National Land Cover Database (NLCD) rasters. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the association between pesticide exposure and HCC. Results Among California residents of agriculturally intensive areas, previous annual ZIP Code-level exposure to over 14.53 kg/km 2 of organochlorine pesticides (75 th percentile among controls) was associated with an increased risk of HCC after adjusting for liver disease and diabetes (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17, 2.99; p =0.0085). ZIP Code-level organochlorines were significantly associated with an increased risk of HCC among males (adjusted OR 2.76, 95% CI 1.58, 4.82; p =0.0004), but not associated with HCC among females (adjusted OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.35, 1.93; p =0.6600) (interaction p =0.0075). Conclusions This is the first epidemiologic study to use GIS-based exposure estimates to study pesticide exposure and HCC. Our results suggest that organochlorine pesticides are associated with an increase in HCC risk among males but not females.
Assessment of bone remodeling in the temporomandibular joint by serial uptake measurement of technetium 99m-labeled methylene diphosphonate with a cadmium telluride probe.

Abstract Regional uptake of technetium 99m-labeled methylene diphosphonate was measured serially over time to follow the healing course of surgically generated lesions, induced unilaterally in the condyles of beagles. A small portable cadmium telluride probe was used for radiation detection, with and without a gold collimator attached. Radioactivity was measured at six periarticular sites on both the operated and the contralateral control sides and expressed as a ratio with respect to a reference site over the sagittal suture. The use of a collimator was crucial to separate the activity associated with bone mineralization in the condylar head from that arising in the adjoining bones. The uptake in the condylar region increased 2 weeks after surgery and remained at a constant level above the presurgery baseline (p
Long-time correlation effects on displacement distributions

The distribution of displacements in a fluid of hard disks is found by molecular dynamics to be non-Gaussian in the long-time limit, as surmised from the moments of the distribution that yield divergent diffusion and Burnett coefficients. On the other hand, for the Lorentz gas of hard disks, the distribution of displacements is Gaussian in the long-time limit and the diffusion coefficient exists, though the autocorrelation functions have power law tails, which lead to divergent Burnett coefficients.
Exchange history as found in the Johns Hopkins University library correspondence

Abstract Many of the exchange correspondence files at the Milton S. Eisenhower Library of The Johns Hopkins University (JHU) begin with letters setting up exchange agreements, and some date back to the 1880s. This paper presents observations made during an examination of the JHU exchange files. It describes correspondence formats, cites recurring library problems, summarizes efforts to maintain exchanges during wartime, and lists trends discovered. Examination of other archival exchange records would be useful in order to determine how many of these observations are universal.
Modeling of key reaction pathways: Zeolite catalyzed alkylation processes

Abstract A six lump kinetic model that considers the key reactions for the zeolite catalyzed alkylation process is presented. The influence of different reactions and rate limiting steps on reactor performance is examined by coupling an appropriate reactor model that accounts for different back-mixing on reactor scale, with a zeolite particle model which accounts for the diffusion inside the zeolite pore, the alkylation reaction, and zeolite deactivation. Model predictions are compared with experimental results and lead to conclusions that hydride transfer and oligomerization reactions are the key kinetic steps affecting the overall performance of zeolite catalyzed alkylation processes. It is suggested that higher alkylate yield and longer zeolite activity are achieved by increasing the intrinsic hydride transfer rate and the ratio of feed isobutane to n-butene (P/O) concentration. For a given P/O feed ratio, achieving close to plug flow for isobutane and high back-mixing for n-butene further enhances local P/O ratio and yield. Furthermore, optimal zeolite catalyst design should consider the egg shell type of Bronsted acid site distribution and a lower silicon to alumina (Si/Al) ratio.
Quantitative reappraisal of general expressions for multivalent protein binding in subunit-exchange chromatography

Quantitative expressions have been derived for bivalent equilibria with immobilized ligand systems and for the equilibria for an immobilized protein whose self-association is modified by binding with a soluble ligand, as analyzed by affinity chromatography. These general expressions have been applied in a reexamination of multivalency in the affinity chromatography of antibodies, as reported by Eilat and Chaiken (Biochemistry 18 (1979) 790) and also to studies of neurophysin-peptide hormone interactions using glass matrices reported by Swaisgood and Chaiken (Biochemistry 25 (1986) 4148).
Modifications of cell behavior and enzyme induction by zwitterionic buffers

Summary Monodisperse cultures of chick neural retina cells showed a reduction in cell spreading and an increase in cell-cell binding in response to the zwitterionic buffers, MOPS, HEPES, or MES, added to the medium. This effect was observed over a wide pH range, and it appeared to be specific for these buffers. Related buffers, PIPES, TES, and Tricine, did not elicit this behavior. Correlated with the behavioral modifications by the first group of buffers was an enhancement of glutamine synthetase induction in the cells. Low pH and high buffer concentration each could enhance glutamine synthetase induction independently; when acting together, their effects on enzyme induction were greater than the sum of their separate effects.
Novel slot spiral antenna designs for dual-band/multiband operation

New applications for wireless communications are typically accompanied by a need for antennas that integrate several frequencies and functionalities under a single aperture. Different requirements for pattern, gain, and polarization at each operating frequency further complicate the design of such antennas. Novel slot spiral antenna designs for dual-band/multiband operation are introduced. Typically excited to operate in the first mode, the proposed two-arm slot spiral is redesigned to operate efficiently in the second mode and in a hybrid first/second mode for better functionality. Several key features are introduced to achieve requirements for impedance matching, pattern, and gain suitable for a specific automotive dual-band DAB/SDARS (digital audio broadcasting/satellite digital audio radio services) antenna system. Among these features are new feeding systems, a suitable mix of spiral growth rates, and a low-loss spiral arm termination. The design is accomplished using full-wave finite-element boundary integral simulations and is verified with measurements.
Links Among Attachment-Related Cognitions and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms

We assessed the role of self-evaluative and support-seeking processes as mediators of the relation between maternal representations and depressive symptoms in a sample of 168 young adolescents. Representations of mother as unavailable, unresponsive, and unsupportive were associated with depressive symptoms measured by semistructured interview and self-report. Moderation tests revealed that the association between maternal representations and depressive symptoms varied as a function of stress level for self-reported symptoms only. Subsequent mediation analyses for higher and lower stress groups showed that support seeking functioned as a mediator in the higher, but not lower, stress group. When depressive symptoms were assessed via interview, results with the full sample indicated that self-worth contingencies mediated the association between maternal representations and symptoms. Findings are discussed in terms of the identification of proximal targets for intervention.
Expression of functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat urinary bladder epithelial cells

Although nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in both the central and peripheral nervous systems play a prominent role in the control of urinary bladder function, little is known regarding expression ...
The family and childhood psychosomatic disorders

Abstract A major recent advance in the understanding of the maintenance of psychosomatic disorders has been the development of a theoretical model utilizing the concepts of General Systems Theory. The model directly addresses the impact of contextual factors upon an individual's physiologic and emotional functioning. Familial and extrafamilial influences appear to be related to psychosomatic symptoms in a circular feedback fashion. Research carried out at the Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic has identified characteristic dysfunctional patterns of family interaction in families with a psychosomatic member. These include enmeshment, overprotectiveness, rigidity, lack of effective conflict resolution, and involvement of the affected child in marital conflict. Structural Family Therapy, systemically based family treatment incorporating goal directed interventions in family interaction, has been applied to the treatment of psychosomatic disorders in children, adolescents, and young adults with highly successful results. Therapeutic techniques are specifically designed and implemented to transform dysfunctional patterns of family interaction and provide family members with methods of effectively responding to psychosomatic symptoms while encouraging developmentally appropriate function for family members and improved overall family function. Of major importance in this work is the establishment of a collaborative medical-psychiatric team providing integrated and consistent treatment.
THE NATURE OF THE GAMMA BAND IN ERBIUM AND DYSPROSIUM

Abstract The angular distribution of 50 MeV alpha particles corresponding to the gamma band levels of 166Er has been calculated in terms of a phenomenological model including a hexadecapole vibration.
Mandibular asymmetry associated with congenital muscular torticollis

An unusual case involving an adult patient with marked facial and mandibular asymmetry secondary to congenital muscular torticollis is presented. The etiology and pathology of congenital muscular torticollis are reviewed. A team approach was used to correct this deformity. Procedures included a transcranial total orbital osteotomy, open distal myectomy of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and a mandibular horizontal osteotomy.
Differentiation of a mouse neuroblastoma variant cell line whose ornithine decar☐ylase gene has been amplified

Abstract Differentiation of mouse neuroblastoma cells has been shown to be accompanied by changes in polyamine metabolism and a decrease in polyamine content. We have previously shown that α-difluoromethyl ornithine, a suicide inhibitor of ornithine decar☐ylase (ODC, EC 4.1.1.17) and suboptimal concentrations of dibutyryl cAMP (0.1 to 0.2 mM) are effective in inducing the differentiation of mouse Neuro-2a (N2a) neuroblastoma cells. Exogenously added putrescine or spermidine can block the action of DFMO and dibutyryl cAMP, suggesting that polyamines may play a regulatory role in neuroblastoma differentiation. We have now isolated from N2a cells a clonal variant line, DF-40, whose ODC gene has been amplified by 40-fold. The DF-40 cells overproduced the ODC enzyme and contained very high levels of putrescine, spermidine and spermine. Treatment of DF-40 cells with dibutyryl cAMP or DFMO/dibutyryl cAMP led to a more than 80% reduction in polyamine content. Such a decrease did not cause the DF-40 cells to differentiate. Polyamine content in the treated DF-40 cells was still comparable or higher than that in the undifferentiated N2a cells. In contrast, serum-deprivation induced full differentiation of DF-40 cells. Levels of polyamine in the differentiated DF-40 cells, however, were also found to be comparable to that in the undifferentiated N2a cells. Exogenously added polyamines could not block the differentiation of DF-40 cells induced by serum-deprivation, suggesting that the action of polyamines in regulating neuroblastoma differentiation may depend on the presence of serum factors.
Regional myocardial metabolism and electrolyte balance during acute ischemia in dogs.

The relationships among regional (ischemic and non-ischemic) myocardial extracellular (coronary venous) potassium concentration, potassium-sodium concentration ratio, acid-base balance, and metabolism of glucose and lactate were evaluated in 14 anesthetized dogs in which ischemia was produced by transitory left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion. Coronary blood samples were obtained from the specific regions by using coronary arterial and venous catheters placed directly into the vessel supplying (or draining) that region. During ischemia, in coronary venous blood sampled from the ischemic area, pH decreased, and PCO2, base deficit, potassium concentration, and the potassium-sodium ratio increased. In LAD venous blood samples obtained during LAD occlusion, the percentage change in potassium concentration was inversely related to the percentage change in PCO2 (r = −0.634, P 0.05). During ischemia, arteriovenous O2 content difference in the LAD region increased from 8.54 ± 0.73 vol % to 10.71 ± 0.73 vol %; lactate extraction became negative (indicating net production), values decreasing from 27.76 ± 4.49% to −138.10 ± 16.81 % (P < 0.05); and glucose extraction increased from 14.57 ± 2.88% to 19.01 ± 6.06% (0.05 < P < 0.1). These observations indicate that efflux of potassium from the myocardium during ischemia is linked to tissue hypoxia, increased glucose extraction, lactate production, and extracellular acidosis. A further contributor to potassium release, failure of the normal membrane-bound, energy-requiring ion pump, cannot be excluded by these data. With the model used in this study, blood can be sampled from discrete regions of the heart, which enables the study of interactions between pharmacologic agents, such as anesthetics, and the metabolic abnormalities produced by acute ischemia.
Control of the growth of ordered C60 films by chemical modification of Pt(111) surfaces

Abstract The chemisorption of C 60 on Pt(111) results in strong bonding of the adsorbed molecules to the surface and immobile adsorbates, that lead to the growth of disordered C 60 films. We show that the Pt(111) surface can be chemically modified in a controlled manner, in order to grow ordered C 60 films. Modification of the Pt(111) surface was accomplished by pre-adsorbing oxygen adatoms, hydrogen adatoms, a graphite adlayer and an ordered C 60 adlayer. Growth of C 60 films on these modified surfaces was studied by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and UV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). Chemical modification of the surface inhibited charge transfer to the C 60 molecule in all cases, leading to weaker bonding and greater adsorbate mobility on the surface that contributed to the growth of ordered C 60 films. The ordering of the film can be expressed quantitatively as the intensity ratio of the dipole active T 1u (1) mode to the non-dipole active H g (4) mode as determined by vibrational spectroscopy using HREELS. C 60 films grown on the graphite adlayer on Pt(111) were highly ordered because of the weak physisorption interactions between the adsorbate and surface. The degree of ordering upon modification of the Pt(111) surface in this study compares well to that of previous studies using different methods.
Detection of QTL in rainbow trout affecting survival when challenged with Flavobacterium psychrophilum.

Bacterial cold water disease (BCWD) causes significant economic loss in salmonid aquaculture. We previously detected genetic variation in survival following challenge with Flavobacterium psychrophilum (Fp), the causative agent of BCWD in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A family-based selection program to improve resistance was initiated in 2005 at the USDA National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture. Select crosses were made in 2007 and 2009 to evaluate family-based disease survival using Fp injection challenges. From each putative F2/BC1 family generated in 2009, 200–260 fish were challenged in 4–7 replicates per family. Whole genome QTL scans of three F2/BC1 families were conducted with about 270 informative microsatellite loci per family spaced at an average interval size of 6 cM throughout the rainbow trout genome. Markers on chromosomes containing QTL were further evaluated in three additional F2/BC1 families. The additional F2/BC1 families were sire or dam half-sibs (HS) of the initially genome scanned families. Overall, we identified nine major QTL on seven chromosomes that were significant or highly significant with moderate to large effects of at least 13 % of the total phenotypic variance. The largest effect QTL for BCWD resistance explaining up to 40 % of the phenotypic variance was detected on chromosome OMY8 in family 2009070 and in the combined dam HS family 2009069–070. The nine major QTL identified in this study are candidates for fine mapping to identify new markers that are tightly linked to disease resistance loci for using in marker assisted selection strategies.
Social support messages and the management of uncertainty in the experience of breast cancer: An application of problematic integration theory

This article synthesizes past studies of illness, stress, coping, and social support and offers a model of communicative support, based on problematic integration theory, that emphasizes two major dimensions of meaning in the breast cancer experience. The model suggests that supportive messages are designed to help the breast cancer patient manage both perceptions of the likelihood (e.g., uncertainty) of various illness experiences and evaluations of those experiences. Support messages are designed to facilitate coping by reducing, maintaining, or increasing the supportee's level of uncertainty; variations in message design are expected to be related to perceptions of the supportee's pre‐message uncertainty about and evaluation of the potential experience. These expectations were tested by asking breast cancer patients to formulate supportive messages in response to several hypothetical scenarios. The same patients were then asked to judge the likely junction of their messages. These judgments were assess...
Development of the Positron Facility at the Argonne National Laboratory’s 20 MeV Linac

We present an update on positron-facility development at Argonne National Laboratory. We will discuss advantages of using low energy electron accelerator, present our latest results on slow positron production simulations, and plans for further development of the facility. We have installed a new converter/moderator assembly that is appropriate for our electron energy and that allows increasing the yield about an order of magnitude. We have obtained a Penning trap and buncher from LLNL that we plan to install. We have simulated the relative yields of thermalized positrons as a function of incident positron energy on the moderator. We use these data to calculate positron yields that we compare with our experimental data as well as with available literature data. We will discuss the new design of the next generation positron front end utilizing reflection moderation geometry.
Conrad's Heart of Darkness and Dante's Inferno

(2004). Conrad's Heart of Darkness and Dante's Inferno. The Explicator: Vol. 62, No. 2, pp. 91-94.
Effects of Welfare Reform on Teenage Parents and Their Children

A key question in welfare policy concerns the potential that welfare-to-work programs have to develop in teenage parents the motivation and skills to provide financially for themselves and their children. The Teenage Parent Welfare Demonstration was a major experiment initiated in 1986 by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and evaluated by Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., to test the impact of a welfare-to-work program for teenage parents which anticipated many features of the federal Job Opportunities and Basic Skills training program later established in the Family Support Act of 1988. Teenage mothers entering the welfare system were randomly assigned to a regular services group or to an enhanced services group. Teen mothers in the enhanced services group faced mandatory school and work requirements enforced by financial sanctions and received support services such as case management, parenting workshops, child care assistance, and education and training opportunities. This article reviews the policy context in which the Teenage Parent Welfare Demonstration was designed and implemented, and describes how participation in the enhanced services group affected the teen mothers as adults and as parents. Results showed that, for the reasonable aggregate annual cost of $2,400 per participant, the program increased the 'teenagers' attendance at school and job training programs, and modestly increased the proportion who were employed to 48%, compared with 43% among those receiving regular welfare services. As the participants' earnings from employment increased, their welfare grants shrank. Because these changes offset each other, the program did not improve the economic well-being of the families, although fewer tax dollars were needed to support them. The program did not discourage further childbearing, however, or affect either the parenting behavior of the young women or the development of their children, although the mothers who were most engaged in self-sufficiency activities were more positive and supportive when playing with their children. The Teenage Parent Welfare Demonstration experience revealed that the problems faced by teenage parents vary widely, making tailored services necessary. The evaluation results suggest that supportive, mandatory welfare-to-work interventions need not harm parents or their children in the short term, and that their modest positive effects on the financial independence of the teenage mothers may yield long-term rewards.
Influence of Thermal Radiation on the Temperature Distribution in a Semi-Transparent Solid

The importance of radiation on the temperature distribution in a semi-transparent solid is reported. The first-order differential approximation of radiation is combined with conduction analysis to investigate the temperature profiles in a plane slab and a rectangular region. The coupled nonlinear partial differential equations are solved numerically by either a standard implicit or an implicit alternating direction method. Results obtained for opaque boundaries are in good agreement with exact formulations found in the literature. An extension to partially transparent boundaries is made and results presented
The Budgetary Control and Fiscal Impact of Government Contingent Liabilities

Conventional fiscal accounting methodologies do not appropriately account for governments' noncash policies, such as their contingent liabilities. When these liabilities are called, budget costs can be large, as evidenced by the U.S. savings and loan crisis. In general, deficit measures may underestimate the macroeconomic impact of government policies, promoting the substitution of noncash for cash expenditure and increasing future financing requirements. This paper describes extended deficit measures to address the problem, but notes their limited practical value. Nonetheless, some alternative methods of valuing contingent liabilities are proposed to gauge fiscal impact and facilitate budgetary control.
ADSORPTION OF SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION: HYDROPHOBIC SUBSTRATES∗

ABSTRACT Isotherms for the adsorption of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, sodium POE (4) nonyl phenol sulfate, and POE (25) nonyl phenol, on the hydrophobic crystalline herbicides atrazine and cyanazine were determined. Anionic surfactants were measured at 5°, 25°, and 50° C; the nonionic surfactant at 25° C only. Low degrees of surface coverage were observed; in only one case (atra-zine/NaDBS) was monolayer coverage approached. On the other hand, adsorption was accompanied by a significant increase in negative zeta potential. Although DLVO calculations suggest that this adsorption should lead to stable aggregates, these are of such size that gravitational effects overpower the DLVO terms.
Childhood maltreatment and difficulties in emotion regulation: associations with sexual and relationship satisfaction among young adult women.

This study examined relations among childhood maltreatment, difficulties in emotion regulation, and sexual and relationship satisfaction among young adult women reporting current involvement in committed, romantic relationships. A sample of 192 women (ages 18–25) completed self-report questionnaires as part of an Internet-based survey. It was hypothesized that severity of childhood maltreatment and difficulties in emotion regulation would each independently and negatively predict (a) sexual satisfaction, (b) relationship intimacy, and (c) expression of affection within the context of the relationship. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that greater emotion regulation difficulties would moderate the effects of childhood maltreatment on these sexual and relationship variables (i.e., sexual satisfaction, relationship intimacy, and expression of affection). Findings suggest that difficulties in emotion regulation demonstrated an incremental effect with regard to sexual satisfaction, but not with intimacy and af...
Modeling of diffusion through polymeric membranes

Diffusion, coupled with rheology, of a simple fluid through a complex polymeric membrane is modeled using the Poisson and dissipation bracket formalism. A set of governing equations describing the time evolution of concentration, flux, and internal structure of the complex polymeric membrane is obtained. Two parameters, which characterize the importance of elasticity and mixing properties, appear in the governing equations. An extension of Fick’s second law is derived for the flux evolution. The model describes the diffusion process quantitatively quite well.
Fitness tradeoffs in the history and evolution of delegated mothering with special reference to wet-nursing, abandonment, and infanticide

Abstract Although thresholds for maternal investment may be set by evolved motivational processes, adjustments in parental investment are consciously calculated to achieve economic and cultural as well as biologically-based goals. Maternal decision-making is played out in specific demographic, ecological, and cultural contexts where maternal options are also constrained by the fitness tradeoffs concurrently being made by other (sometimes more powerful) individuals in the same population. In this reflective review, I examine retrenchments in maternal investment ranging from mild neglect to abandonment and infanticide within the framework of culturally imaginable, and ecologically or institutionally available options actually open to the mother.
Framing conservation on private lands: conserving oak in Oregon's Willamette Valley.

Conserving threatened habitats on private lands requires policies that advance the interests of landowners and natural resource professionals alike. Through qualitative analysis of individual and focus-group interviews, we compared how family forest owners and natural resource professionals frame conservation of threatened habitat: the oak woodlands and savanna in Oregon. Applying constructionism to the analysis and design of specific policies, we explored policy options to facilitate cooperation and avert conflict between these stakeholders. Informants displayed three primary frames in discussions of oak conservation: the human–nature relationship, the rights and obligations of property ownership, and the role of policy in social change. Their motivations to conserve oak and preferences for conservation policy stemmed from their differing uses of these frames. Conservation easements, habitat mitigation banking, and voluntary grass-roots initiatives were three types of policy that seemed to accommodate th...
Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Aldosteronism

Disorders of the adrenal cortex and medulla are often associated with hypertension, which can be cured surgically in many cases or may require specific and timely medical treatments. Therefore, knowledge of adrenal physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology is essential such that an appropriate diagnostic evaluation can be conducted efficiently. The most common hypertensive disorder of the adrenal cortex is primary aldosteronism. Aldosterone-producing adenoma is the most common form of primary aldosteronism and is most likely to be cured by unilateral adrenalectomy when aldosterone production is highly autonomous from renin-angiotensin, lateralizes to one adrenal gland, and is associated with overproduction of 18-hydroxycortiocosterone and C18-methyloxygenated metabolites of cortisol. Variants of adrenal hyperplasia that share these characteristics can also be cured by unilateral adrenalectomy.