cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
D2Cyber: a design automation tool for dependable cybercars

Next generation of automobiles (also known as cybercars) will increasingly incorporate electronic control units (ECUs) to implement various safety-critical functions such as x-by-wire (e.g., steer-by-wire (SBW), brake-by-wire). ISO 26262 specifies automotive safety integrity levels (ASILs) to signify the criticality associated with a function. Meeting a design's ASIL requirements at a minimum additional cost is a major challenge in cybercar design. In this paper, we propose D2Cyber - a design automation tool for cybercars that facilitates designers in selecting dependable designs by providing built-in models, easy to specify inputs, and easy to interpret outputs. D2Cyber considers the effects of temperature, electronics quality grade, and design lifetime in cybercar's design space exploration for determining a cost-effective solution and also advises on the attainable ASIL from a given design. We elaborate Markov models that form the basis of D2Cyber using SBW as a case study. We further provide evaluation insights obtained from D2Cyber.
Double frequency narrow-band grazing incidence pulsed dye lasers

A double frequency operation of the recently introduced grazing angle dye laser is demonstrated. By using two mirrors to reflect different order of diffraction the laser oscillates at two different frequencies, independently tunable over the entire gain profile of the dye.
Oscillatory Momentum Transport Mechanisms in Transitional Complex Geometry Flows

This work reports direct numerical simulations of transitional flows in communicating channels. Above a critical Reynolds number, the flow becomes fluctuating and self-sustained with vortical motions temporally synchronized with channel traveling waves. The energy transfer mechanism between the mean and the fluctuating flow is investigated along with the distributions of oscillatory shear stress and transitional viscosity. The kinetic energy equation for the fluctuating velocity is solved from DNS data to evaluate the contributions of the production term, viscous dissipation, work of dynamic pressure and work of viscous shear stresses.
Neutron Quasielastic Scattering Study Of Hydrogen Diffusion In A Single Crystal Of Palladium.

The diffusion of hydrogen in a single crystal of palladium (Pd${\mathrm{H}}_{0.03}$) has been studied by quasielastic neutron scattering. The results provide the best evidence yet obtained for the applicability of a simple jump model of hydrogen diffusion in a metal and confirm the predominant occupation of octahedral sites in the Pd crystal, with a mean residence time at 623 K of 2.8 psec between jumps.
Vibration control experiments using piezoelectric transducers on a wind turbine blade

Vibration control on a CX-100 wind turbine blade using piezoelectric transducers and periodic structures is investigated through experimental tests. Local phase velocity dispersion curves are extracted using measurements from impulse tests on the blade skin. The Macro Fiber Composite (MFC) transducer is used in the experimental tests because of its advantages for integrating with composite structures. The transducers are connected to a passive resonant shunt circuit to attenuate vibrations at a tuned frequency. The theory of periodic structures and ultrasonic wave theory is considered with regard to the placement of the transducers on the structure. The resonant shunt circuit combined with the periodic placement shows a reduction in response at the targeted frequency.
Axial Heat Conduction in Parallel Flow Microchannel Heat Exchangers

This paper deals with the effect of axial heat conduction on the hot and cold fluid effectiveness of a balanced parallel flow microchannel heat exchanger. The ends of wall separating the fluids are subjected to Dirichlet boundary condition. This leads to heat transfer between the microscale heat exchanger and its surroundings and thereby leading to axial heat conduction through the wall separating the fluids. Three one dimensional energy equations were formulated, one for each of the fluids and one for the wall. These equations were solved using finite difference method. The effectiveness of the fluids depends on the NTU, axial heat conduction parameter, and the temperature of the ends of the wall separating the fluids. With decrease in temperature of the end wall at the inlet section of the fluids, while keeping the temperature of the other end wall constant, the effectiveness of the hot and cold fluid increased and decreased, respectively. When the temperature at the ends of the wall separating the heat exchanger is average of the inlet temperature of the fluids then there is no axial heat conduction through the heat exchanger. The effectiveness of a counter flow microchannel heat exchanger is better than that of a parallel flow microchannel heat exchanger subjected to similar operating conditions, i.e. axial heat conduction parameter and end wall temperatures.© 2009 ASME
Thapsigargin-induced Calcium Influx in the Absence of Detectable Tyrosine Phosphorylation in Human Platelets

Tyrosine phosphorylation is a potential mechanism for mediating store-operated calcium (SOC) influx in platelets and other nonexcitable cells. Thapsigargin induces calcium-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation and SOC influx in platelets. We prevented thapsigargin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation by buffering cytosolic calcium rise with the calcium chelator 1,2-bis-(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid-acetomethoxyester (BAPTA-AM). Calcium influx, induced by thapsigargin and measured by 45Ca2+ accumulation, persisted in BAPTA-loaded platelets in the absence of tyrosine phosphorylation. This calcium influx was blocked by the SOC influx inhibitor SKF-96365. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been used to demonstrate a role for tyrosine phosphorylation in SOC influx. We compared the effects of four tyrosine kinase inhibitors genistein, methyl-2,5-dihydroxycinnamate (erbstatin analog), tyrphostin A47, and lavendustin A, on thapsigargin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation in control platelets and on thapsigargin-induced SOC influx into BAPTA-loaded platelets in absence of tyrosine phosphorylation. Tyrphostin A47 prevented all measurable tyrosine phosphorylation in control platelets, but did not decrease calcium influx into BAPTA-loaded platelets. Genistein and the erbstatin analog were poor inhibitors of tyrosine phosphorylation but decreased SOC influx into BAPTA-loaded platelets to 55.8 ± 3% and 51.9 ± 7.5% of control, respectively. Lavendustin A did not decrease tyrosine phosphorylation or calcium influx. Thus, thapsigargin-induced SOC influx can occur without detectable tyrosine phosphorylation and the inhibition of SOC influx by tyrosine kinase inhibitors does not correlate with their ability to prevent tyrosine phosphorylation.
Detection and capture of single circulating melanoma cells using photoacoustic flowmetry

Photoacoustic flowmetry has been used to detect single circulating melanoma cells in vitro. Circulating melanoma cells are those cells that travel in the blood and lymph systems to create secondary tumors and are the hallmark of metastasis. This technique involves taking blood samples from patients, separating the white blood and melanoma cells from whole blood and irradiating them with a pulsed laser in a flowmetry set up. Rapid, visible wavelength laser pulses on the order of 5 ns can induce photoacoustic waves in melanoma cells due to their melanin content, while surrounding white blood cells remain acoustically passive. We have developed a system that identifies rare melanoma cells and captures them in 50 microliter volumes using suction applied near the photoacoustic detection chamber. The 50 microliter sample is then diluted and the experiment is repeated using the new sample until only a melanoma cell remains. We have tested this system on dyed microspheres ranging in size from 300 to 500 microns. Capture of circulating melanoma cells may provide the opportunity to study metastatic cells for basic understanding of the spread of cancer and to optimize patient specific therapies.
Ar+ laser-excited fluorescence of C2 and CN produced in a flame

Fluorescence from C2 and CN has been produced in a CH4/N2O/N2 flame situated within the lasing cavity of an Ar+ laser using several prism-selected laser lines. These transitions have been identified, and fluorescence intensity profiles through the reaction zone of the flame have been obtained. Using the Raman-Stokes Q-branch signal from N2, a temperature profile has also been obtained. These fluorescence profiles have been converted to accurate relative concentration profiles. A rough estimate of absolute concentrations has also been obtained.
Palynological and AVHRR observations of modern vegetational gradients in eastern North America

Both fossil pollen records and satellite-based instruments are remote sensors of Earth's vegetation with complementary properties. Satellites supply spatially continuous and highly resolved images for the past several decades, whereas pollen records include local and regional signals of vegetation composition, spanning millennia. Together, pollen and satellite-based observations measure vegetation change across a broad range of temporal scales. Here, we compare pollen percentages of needleleaved and broadleaved plant taxa to AVHRR estimates of percent tree cover, for two regions in eastern North America with well-defined physiognomic gradients. The linear fit between the pollen percentages and percent tree cover is strongest for search window half-widths of 25–75 km and unweighted or inverse-distance weightings, consistent with previous taxon-based studies of regional pollen source area and transport. Variance not explained by the linear model arises primarily from differential properties of the AVHRR and...
RT-based administrative models for community cyber security information sharing

We develop a series of formal administrative models for recently proposed informal requirements for community cyber security information sharing [9]. Traditional enterprise-oriented administrative models are not suitable for the highly dynamic and distributed nature of this multi-organization application domain. Hence, new administrative models with robust intuitive grounding and rigorous mathematical foundations are required. We show that the role-based trust management (RT) framework [5], [7] is suitable in large measure to address the informal scenarios of [9], with one essential extension to enable self-assignment of users to selected roles. Applications of extended forms of RT, as well as its limitations, are also considered.
Differentially Expressed RNA from Public Microarray Data Identifies Serum Protein Biomarkers for Cross-Organ Transplant Rejection and Other Conditions

Serum proteins are routinely used to diagnose diseases, but are hard to find due to low sensitivity in screening the serum proteome. Public repositories of microarray data, such as the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), contain RNA expression profiles for more than 16,000 biological conditions, covering more than 30% of United States mortality. We hypothesized that genes coding for serum- and urine-detectable proteins, and showing differential expression of RNA in disease-damaged tissues would make ideal diagnostic protein biomarkers for those diseases. We showed that predicted protein biomarkers are significantly enriched for known diagnostic protein biomarkers in 22 diseases, with enrichment significantly higher in diseases for which at least three datasets are available. We then used this strategy to search for new biomarkers indicating acute rejection (AR) across different types of transplanted solid organs. We integrated three biopsy-based microarray studies of AR from pediatric renal, adult renal and adult cardiac transplantation and identified 45 genes upregulated in all three. From this set, we chose 10 proteins for serum ELISA assays in 39 renal transplant patients, and discovered three that were significantly higher in AR. Interestingly, all three proteins were also significantly higher during AR in the 63 cardiac transplant recipients studied. Our best marker, serum PECAM1, identified renal AR with 89% sensitivity and 75% specificity, and also showed increased expression in AR by immunohistochemistry in renal, hepatic and cardiac transplant biopsies. Our results demonstrate that integrating gene expression microarray measurements from disease samples and even publicly-available data sets can be a powerful, fast, and cost-effective strategy for the discovery of new diagnostic serum protein biomarkers.
Beta amyloid oligomers and fibrils stimulate differential activation of primary microglia.

Beta amyloid (Aβ) peptides are the major constituents of the senile plaques present in Alzheimer's diseased brain. Pathogenesis has been associated with the aggregated form of the peptide as these fibrils are the conformation readily found in the plaques. However, recent studies have shown that the nonaggregated, soluble assemblies of Aβ have the potential to stimulate neuronal dysfunction and may play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Soluble, synthetic Aβ1–42 oligomers were prepared producing mainly dimer-trimer conformations as assessed by SDS-PAGE. Similar analysis demonstrated fibril preparations to produce large insoluble aggregates unable to migrate out of the stacking portion of the gels. These peptide preparations were used to stimulate primary murine microglia and cortical neuron cultures. Microglia were analyzed for changes in signaling response and secretory phenotype via Western analysis and ELISA. Viability was examined by quantifying lactate dehydrogenase release from the cultures. Aβ oligomers and fibrils were used to stimulate microglia for comparison. Both the oligomers and fibrils stimulated proinflammatory activation of primary microglia but the specific conformation of the peptide determined the activation profile. Oligomers stimulated increased levels of active, phosphorylated Lyn and Syk kinase as well as p38 MAP kinase compared to fibrils. Moreover, oligomers stimulated a differential secretory profile for interleukin 6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and keratinocyte chemoattractant when compared to fibrils. Finally, soluble oligomers stimulated death of cultured cortical neurons that was exacerbated by the presence of microglia. These data suggest that fibrils and oligomers stimulate unique signaling responses in microglia leading to discrete secretory changes and effects on neuron survival. This suggests that inflammation changes during disease may be the consequence of unique peptide-stimulated events and each conformation may represent an individual anti-inflammatory therapeutic target.
PMSM Vector Control and Initial Magnetic Pole Position Detect Method Based on DSP

The magnitude and the direction of stator magnetic pole were controlled continuously to swing the PMSM in a small range in the start up process. The rotor magnetic pole position is identified by a DSP TMS320LF2407A according to the readout of incremental encoder, using a pole position search algorithm, thereafter efficient vecsor control is implemented. The search algorithm is given in detail as while as the program flow chart. Simulation and experiment are made to verify this method, and the results are shown in this paper.
The Combination of Text Classifiers Using Reliability Indicators

The intuition that different text classifiers behave in qualitatively different ways has long motivated attempts to build a better metaclassifier via some combination of classifiers. We introduce a probabilistic method for combining classifiers that considers the context-sensitive reliabilities of contributing classifiers. The method harnesses reliability indicators—variables that provide signals about the performance of classifiers in different situations. We provide background, present procedures for building metaclassifiers that take into consideration both reliability indicators and classifier outputs, and review a set of comparative studies undertaken to evaluate the methodology.
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF ECONOMIES OF SCOPE: THE CASE OF AIR CARRIERS

Recently, theoretical economics has recognized something which the business person has known for a long time, that is “the world of single product firms with U‐shaped average cost curves is simply not the world of reality.” Key to this newly emerging multiproduct framework is the concept of economies of scope.
Biological properties of syncytium-forming (“foamy”) viruses

Abstract Syncytium-forming viruses from bovine, feline, and simian species grew to highest titers in dividing cell cultures from a variety of species and had similar cytopathic effects. Both intranuclear and cytoplasmic antigens were detected by immunofluo-rescence. An 8-day plaque assay was developed, and the growth cycle of simian “foamy” virus type 3 was determined; there was a relatively prolonged latent period of 26 hr. Even with optimal conditions, virus yields were low and did not exceed 10 plaque-forming units/cell per 24 hr. Like other viruses with an RNA-directed DNA polymerase, the formation of infectious simian “foamy” type 3 was markedly inhibited by low concentrations (10 μg/ml) of the thymidine analog, BrdU; similarly “foamy” virus infectivity was also extremely resistant to inactivation by ultraviolet light, suggesting another shared biological feature of viruses with a reverse transcriptase.
Lineage divergence of a freshwater snail clade associated with post-Tethys marine basin development

The complex evolutionary history of the Eurasian gastropod lineage Theodoxus reflects the evolution of marine basins following the breakup of the Tethys Sea. Today, this clade inhabits the lakes, rivers, streams, and estuaries of Europe, southwestern Asia, and North Africa. Here we present the first phylogenetic hypothesis for this clade. Based upon extensive geographic and taxonomic sampling, portions of the mitochondrial genes for cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16S rRNA were sequenced and analysed using maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony methods. Results from bootstrap analyses, Bayesian analysis, and sensitivity analyses lend support to six deep phylogenetic subdivisions within Theodoxus. These major clades are geographically associated with the major post-Tethyan marine basins. Estimates of divergence times using a penalized likelihood approach indicate that divergence of these major lineages occurred during the Miocene, simultaneous with the breakup of the Mediterranean and Paratethys Seas. The resulting major subclades later diversified during the Pliocene, primarily within geographic regions associated with the eastern and western Mediterranean Sea, the Pannonian Basin, and the Black Sea, thus producing the extant species assemblages. Finally, these phylogenetic results imply that much of the current taxonomy is flawed, therefore we offer recommendations for revising the classification of Theodoxus species based on phylogenetic systematics.
Role of AT1 receptors and NAD(P)H oxidase in diabetes-aggravated ischemic brain injury

The objective of the present study was to examine the role of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1-R) in the diabetes-aggravated oxidative stress and brain injury observed in a rat model of comb...
The problem of deducing the climate from the governing equations

The climate of a system is identified with the set of long-term statistical properties. Methods of deducing the climate from the equations which govern the system are enumerated. These methods are illustrated by choosing a first-order quadratic difference equation in one variable as a governing equation. The equation contains a single parameter. Particular attention is given to the climatic mean of the single variable. Analytic methods yield the climate in some cases where the system varies periodically, but generally fail when the system varies nonperiodically. Numerical integration yields a value of the climatic mean for any individual value of the parameter. Additional analytic reasoning is needed to determine the nature of the climatic mean as a function of the parameter. The progression from steady-state to periodic to nonperiodic behavior, as the parameter increases, is compared to the progression from steady-state to periodic to irregular flow in the rotating-basin experiments, as the rate of rotation increases. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1964.tb00136.x
Formation Damage Induced by Chemical Treatments: Case Histories

This study discusses formation damage mechanisms that were caused by commonly used chemical treatments. The chemicals used in. these treatments included a scale inhibitor a biocide-corrosion inhibitor an in situ gelled acid, a full-strength mud acid, and a mutual solvent. These treatments were designed to remove a known form of formation damage. However, they created new forms of formation damage, which resulted in a significant decline in the performance of the treated wells. Case histories that illustrate the initial and new formation damage mechanisms are explained in detail. Laboratory and field studies that were performed to identify these mechanisms are discussed. Moreover this paper highlights the remedial actions and field application that resulted in restoring the performance of various wells without affecting the integrity of the formation (both carbonate and sandstone). Finally, recommendations are given to minimize formation damage due to various chemical treatments.
Generation of Optical Spatiotemporal Solitons

We report the experimental formation of optical spatiotemporal solitons. Intense femtosecond-duration pulses experience a saturable self-focusing nonlinearity due to the cascading of quadratic nonlinear processes. Strong coupling of the interacting fundamental and harmonic waves produces solitons that overcome diffraction in one spatial dimension as well as group-velocity dispersion to reach constant beam size and pulse duration, both compressed with respect to the input values. Spatiotemporal solitons are observed both with nearly zero and with large group-velocity mismatch between fundamental and harmonic pulses.
Creativity of Chinese and American Cultures: A Synthetic Analysis.

The article integrates the seven papers of the two special issues with a special focus on discussing the differences in people's beliefs about creativity between the Chinese and American cultures: How it is conceived, evaluated, and nurtured. It uses three metaphors to capture major differences in these aspects, and highlights areas with profound cultural variations in conceptions and creative education for future research.
Signaling in response to hypoxia and normoxia in the intervertebral disc

Adele L. BoskeyDisc disease is a major cause of disability, with 300,000 individuals per year undergoing discectomyprocedures in the US (1). Low back pain has beenassociated with degeneration of the disc, and in partic-ular with loss of proteoglycan (aggrecan) production inthe center of the disc (2). Not everyone with back painundergoes a discectomy; thus, the incidence of discproblems is likely to be much higher than the 300,000per year. With this high incidence, it is amazing that fewstudies (16 indexed in PubMed [3–18] at the time ofwriting) have addressed how molecular signals are con-veyed to the center of the disc, the nucleus. In fact, mostof the molecular studies on the nucleus pulposus arefocused either on the initial development of the disc (6)or on how drugs act on the diseased disc (8), rather thanon the innate properties of the healthy disc or the abilityof the nucleus to respond to changes in its environment.The functions of the intervertebral discs, whichseparate the vertebrae, include load bearing and permit-ting mobility of what otherwise would be a rigid spine(19). The intervertebral disc consists of an outer ring oflamellar collagen fibrils (the annulus) surrounding thegel-like nucleus pulposus. These structures are cappedby cartilaginous end plates. The blood supply to the discis only to the end plates. The 3 tissue types (end plates,annulus, and nucleus) work together, but have distinctfunctions. The nucleus not only has mechanical(swelling/compressive) properties, but also provides nu-trition for the tissue. In healthy spines the nucleuspulposus maintains a fixed volume while undergoingdeformation. With disease, the hydration of the nucleusis lost, and the disc loses its compressive properties andalso loses height, which affects adjacent ligamentousstructures, and these events result in back pain (20).The nucleus is a highly avascular tissue with noindependent blood supply; in fact, it is considered themost avascular structure in the body (21). It also has alower cellularity than articular cartilage (21). In thepresence of low oxygen tension, low pH, and low levelsof glucose, most energy for the nucleus pulposus isderived from anaerobic glycolysis rather than from oxi-dativephosphorylation(22);thus,itisnotsurprisingthathypoxia-inducible factors (HIF-1 , HIF-2 ) are ex-pressed in this tissue (23–25). HIF-1 is also expressedin articular (26,27) and growth plate (28) cartilages.However, as discussed in the article by Agrawal et al inthis issue of
Semi-automated screening of biomedical citations for systematic reviews

Systematic reviews address a specific clinical question by unbiasedly assessing and analyzing the pertinent literature. Citation screening is a time-consuming and critical step in systematic reviews. Typically, reviewers must evaluate thousands of citations to identify articles eligible for a given review. We explore the application of machine learning techniques to semi-automate citation screening, thereby reducing the reviewers' workload. We present a novel online classification strategy for citation screening to automatically discriminate "relevant" from "irrelevant" citations. We use an ensemble of Support Vector Machines (SVMs) built over different feature-spaces (e.g., abstract and title text), and trained interactively by the reviewer(s). Semi-automating the citation screening process is difficult because any such strategy must identify all citations eligible for the systematic review. This requirement is made harder still due to class imbalance; there are far fewer "relevant" than "irrelevant" citations for any given systematic review. To address these challenges we employ a custom active-learning strategy developed specifically for imbalanced datasets. Further, we introduce a novel undersampling technique. We provide experimental results over three real-world systematic review datasets, and demonstrate that our algorithm is able to reduce the number of citations that must be screened manually by nearly half in two of these, and by around 40% in the third, without excluding any of the citations eligible for the systematic review. We have developed a semi-automated citation screening algorithm for systematic reviews that has the potential to substantially reduce the number of citations reviewers have to manually screen, without compromising the quality and comprehensiveness of the review.
Vegetation Nutrient Dynamics Associated with Sedimentation in Headwater Riparian Forests

Sedimentation associated with flooding has long been considered a nutrient subsidy, making floodplain forests some of the most productive forests on earth. Little is known, however, regarding how sediment deposits from upland erosion may affect nutrient processes within riparian forests. Consequently, we studied the impacts of sedimentation on vegetation nutrient dynamics in riparian forests at Ft. Benning, GA. We measured the concentration and content of N, C, and P in foliar litterfall and fine roots, internal recycling rates, and nutrient use efficiencies in 17 riparian forests along a gradient of sedimentation rates. Plots with the highest sedimentation rates (highly disturbed and moderately disturbed) had higher nutrient use efficiencies (N and P use efficiencies), suggesting that these nutrients may be limited in these forest systems. Litterfall and root nutrient contents also decreased in highly impacted plots, indicating a decline in nutrient turnover. Internal N recycling also appears to be more efficient in highly disturbed plots, which also suggests a deficiency. The results of this study indicate that increased rates of sandy, primarily inorganic sediment may impact vegetation nutrient dynamics in headwater riparian forests.
Regional assessment of Helicoverpa zea populations on cotton and non-cotton crop hosts

Selection pressure on bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), by cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.) (Malvaceae), that produces one or more Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) proteins is reduced by plantings of non-Bt refuge cotton that produce non-selected individuals. However, the contributions of non-Bt, non-cotton crop hosts to the overall effective refuge for H. zea on Bt cotton have not been estimated. A 2-year, season-long study was conducted in five US cotton-producing states to assess the spatial and temporal population dynamics and host use of H. zea. Helicoverpa zea larval estimates in commercial crop fields demonstrated that non-cotton crop hosts, such as maize, Zea mays L. (Poaceae), grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (Poaceae), peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. (Fabaceae), and soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill (Fabaceae), collectively support much larger larval populations than cotton throughout the season. Larval populations were almost entirely restricted to maize in the middle part of the season (June and portions of July), and were observed in non-cotton crop hosts more frequently and typically in larger numbers than in cotton during the period when production would be expected in cotton (July and August). Numbers of H. zea larvae produced in replicated strip trials containing various crop hosts paralleled production estimates from commercial fields. In contrast, the number of H. zea adults captured in pheromone traps at interfaces of fields of Bt cotton and various crop hosts rarely varied among interfaces, except in instances where maize was highly attractive. With the exception of this early season influence of maize, moth numbers were not related to local larval production. These data demonstrate that H. zea adults move extensively from their natal host origins. Therefore, non-cotton crop hosts, and even relatively distant hosts, contribute significantly to effective refuge for H. zea on Bt cotton. The results presented here demonstrate that substantial natural refuge is present for Bt-resistance management of H. zea throughout the mid-South and Southeast portions of the US cotton belt.
A genetic algorithm for the longest common subsequence problem

A genetic algorithm for the longest common subsequence problem encodes candidate sequences as binary strings that indicate subsequences of the shortest or first string. Its fitness function penalizes sequences not found in all the strings. In tests on 84 sets of three strings, a dynamic programming algorithm returns optimum solutions quickly on smaller instances and increasingly slowly on larger instances. Repeated trials of the GA always identify optimum subsequences, and it runs in reasonable times even on the largest instances.
HLAMP--a conjugate of hippuryllysine and AMP which contains a phosphoamide bond--stimulates chemotaxis in Dictyostelium discoideum.

Abstract A conjugate of hippuryllysine (HP) and adenylic acid was synthesized and purified. The structure of the conjugate, hippuryllysyl(N-η-5′-phospho)adenosine (HLAMP) was established using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance, UV spectroscopy, acid/base lability, and enzyme digestion with AMP deaminase, alkaline phosphatase, 5′ wime-nucleotidase, and a phosphoamidase activity recently identified in Dictyostelium discoideum. The results indicate that HLAMP contains a phosphoamide bond between the phosphate of AMP and the × amino group of HL. Employing a micro-droplet assay to assess chemotactic activity, HLAMP was found to be a potent chemoattractant of 7-h developing amoebae of D. discoideum. Other conjugates, including lysine-AMP (LAMP), tuftsin-AMP (TAMP) and avidin-AMP (AVAMP), as well as the degradation products of HLAMP (HL, AMP, and lysine) exhibited no chemotactic activity. The molecular structure of HLAMP is compared to that of other known chemoattractants of the cellular slime molds, and possible chemotactic receptors for HLAMP are considered.
The effect of grain size on the superconducting transition temperature of transition metals

Abstract A systematic study of the effect of reducing grain size on La and Mo has been made. The results indicate that existing strong-coupling theory is not applicable to the transition metal unless the particle-size dependence of the coupling constant can be related to changes in the density of states and as well as to lattice softening. T c measurements were made for granular superconductors formed by cosputtering La and Mo with quartz and with appropriate elements. In all cases T c of bcc Mo was enhanced to values between 5.7 and 8 K and the T c of α-La was decreased with diminished grain size.
The role of affect in narrative structure

Abstract Within the field of Artificial Intelligence, research on knowledge-based text analysis has shown how natural language processing depends on common-sense reasoning, plausible inference, and massive amounts of domain knowledge for even the simplest of children's stories. Working within this framework, we have identified a level of memory representation for narratives based on plot units. Plot units organise knowledge about emotional responses to stereotypical situations and human interactions. We claim that plot units capture the underlying structure of a narrative more effectively than analyses based on goal states or planning strategies. In this paper we describe the plot unit approach to text analysis, demonstrate a plot unit analysis for a short narrative, and discuss the relative merits of plot units vs. story grammars.
Radiation therapy for clinically node-positive prostate adenocarcinoma is correlated with improved overall and prostate cancer-specific survival

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effect of radiation therapy on prostate cancer-specific and overall survival with node-positive cancer in a retrospective Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) population based study. Methods and Materials: The survival of subjects with cT1-T4,cN1,M0 prostate adenocarcinoma diagnosed between 1988 and 2006 were compared with univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Results: A total of 1100 subjects, with a median age of 69 years and median follow-up time of 90 months, were identified. The 10-year cancer-specific survival for men who had no definitive therapy was 50.3% and for those who had radiation therapy 62.7%. This was significantly different favoring radiation therapy (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.54 to 0.82, P ≤ .01). On multivariate analysis evaluating age, histologic grade, T stage, year of diagnosis, marital status, SEER registry and radiation therapy, radiation therapy (HR = 0.67, 95% CI=0.54 to 0.84, P ≤ .01), year of diagnosis (HR = 0.96, 95% CI=0.93 to 0.99, P = .01), and low and intermediate grade disease were correlated with improved CSS. The number needed to treat to prevent 1 prostate cancer-specific death at 10 years was 8 persons. A cause of death analysis revealed non-prostate cancer deaths were not statistically different in the comparison groups. Conclusions: Radiation therapy is correlated with a clinically significant reduction in all cause and prostate cancer-specific death.
II. Historicizing Attachment Theory: Binding the Ties that Bind

I will show that the use of attachment theory as both a descriptive and an explanatory language of reproduction and child care as nurturance and relatedness, reveals how time and place both contextualize and problematize our thinking about women. In the case of attachment theory, feminists must ask a number of questions. Does the language of attachment theory carry with it implicit social class divisions? If so, what role might class divisions play in how attachment theory is used? In particular, does attachment theory serve to marginalize particular groups of women and/or divide women against each other? Finally, even if it has a history of misogyny, is attachment theory’s present application in any way helpful in understanding the problems and issues of motherhood and child care?
Regulation of epithelial electrolyte transport by metabolites of arachidonic acid

Abstract Intestine (both small and large) secretes chloride in response to prostaglandins and agents, such as bradykinin, that increase prostaglandin synthesis. The colon, but not the small intestine, can also be stimulated to secrete chloride by certain lipoxygenase products, such as 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid and 5-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid, but not by leukotrienes. Intestine generates these compounds and leukotriene B 4 (but not C, D, and E) and their synthesis is increased by melittin, calcium ionophore A23187, and bradykinin.
Determination of Sugars in Yogurt and Microbiological Media by High Performance Liquid Chromatography During Processing and Subsequent Storage

Abstract An HPLC procedure was developed to separate and quantitate lactose, glucose, and galactose in low fat plain yogurt and lactose containing microbiological media. During initial heat treatment lactose in yogurt mix decreased from 7.12 to 6.6%; during incubation lactose decreased from 6.6 to 4.84% in 5h incubation. Galactose was .88% after incubation and pH was 4.55. After 50 d of storage, pH was 4.27, lactose content 3.70, and galactose content 1.04%. Glucose remained at trace levels throughout the study. Autoclaved lactose containing microbiological media were also evaluated using this system. A compound having the same retention time as lactulose was observed in autoclaved media.
LANDSCAPE EFFECTS ON BREEDING SONGBIRD ABUNDANCE IN MANAGED FORESTS

We examined the relationship between songbird relative abundance and local and landscape-scale habitat variables in two predominately mid- to late-successional man- aged National Forests in the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA. We used partial- regression analysis to remove correlations between habitat variables measured at different spatial scales (local habitat and square landscape regions with sides of 0.5, 1, and 2 km) and between landscape composition (proportion of different land cover types) and pattern (spatial arrangement of land cover) variables. To account for spatial autocorrelation, we used autoregressive models that incorporated information on bird abundance in the spatial neighborhood surrounding each sample point. Most species, especially Neotropical mi- grants, were significantly correlated with at least one landscape variable. These correlations included both composition and pattern variables at 0.5-2 km scales. However, landscape effects explained only a small amount of the variation in bird abundance that could not be explained by local habitat. Our results are consistent with other studies of songbird abun- dance in large managed forests that have found weak or moderate landscape effects. These studies suggest that songbird abundance in forested landscapes will primarily reflect the quantity of different habitats in the landscape rather than the spatial arrangement of those habitats. Although some studies have suggested consolidating clearcuts in large managed forests to reduce edge and landscape heterogeneity, much of the current evidence does not support this management recommendation. An important future challenge in avian con- servation is to better understand how the importance of landscape effects varies in relation to (1) the amount of suitable habitat in the landscape, and (2) land use patterns at broader spatial scales.
Physicochemical properties of carbovir, a potential anti-HIV agent.

(±)-Carbovir [(±)-9-[4α-(hydroxymethyl)-cyclopent-2-ene-1α-yl]guanine; NSC 614846] is a novel carbocyclic nucleoside analogue which has been shown to be a potent and selective inhibitor of HIV in vitro. As part of an effort to develop a parenteral formulation for subsequent clinical and toxicological evaluation of this compound, the aqueous solution stability of carbovir as a function of pH and temperature and various physicochemical properties of carbovir including its pKa, solubility versus pH and solvent composition, and octanol–water partition coefficient have been examined. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry indicated that carbovir has pKa values of 3.15 and 9.68, respectively, at 25 °C and 0.01 ionic strength. The aqueous solubility of carbovir over the pH range 7–10.5 was consistent with that expected of a weak acid with a pKa of 9.65 and an intrinsic solubility of 1.24 mg/mL. Due to the limited solubility of carbovir at physiological pH, methods for solubilizing carbovir in aqueous solution were explored, including propylene glycol–water cosolvents and complexation with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. As expected for carbovir, a semipolar compound with an octanol–water partition coefficient of 0.29, propylene glycol:water cosolvents were not highly effective in enhancing solubility. Complex formation between carbovir and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin was found to be more effective, with a K1:1 of 105 M−1 for the complexation. The pH profiles generated at 50, 70, and 90 °C were accounted for by acid-catalyzed degradation at low pH leading to the formation of guanine and a neutral degradation pathway which dominates above pH 4. Prototype lyophilized formulations containing (after reconstitution) 10 mg/mL of carbovir at a pH of 10.6 were developed and evaluated.
Effects of exercise and isoproterenol during atrial fibrillation in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

Abstract The effects of exercise and isoproterenol on atrial fibrillation (AF) were studied in 17 patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) to assess the risk of developing a rapid ventricular response. Mean cycle length (R-R interval) and shortest R-R interval between both preexcited and nonpreexcited QRS complexes were recorded, as well as the percentage of preexcited complexes during control periods, during bicycle exercise, and during isoproterenol infusion. Exercise resulted in significantly shorter mean cycle length and the shortest R-R interval between nonpreexcited complexes. Exercise also resulted in a significantly lower percentage of preexcited complexes during AF, but had no effect on the R-R intervals between preexcited complexes. Isoproterenol had a variable effect on the percentage of preexcited QRS complexes, but resulted in significant shortening of mean cycle length and the shortest R-R interval between both normal and preexcited complexes. With isoproterenol, 12 of 17 patients had shortest preexcited R-R intervals ≤215 ms, compared with 6 of 17 in the control state. Isoproterenol infusion increased the rate of conduction over the accessory pathway during AF and allowed better assessment of the risk of excessively rapid rates occurring during AF. Exercise is not an adequate test for this purpose.
Dispatching of wind farms using battery energy storage

In this paper, a STATCOM interfaced battery energy storage system (BESS) is considered for smoothing intermittent power output of a large wind farm so that it can be dispatched. The main advantage of the system is that it can inject both real power (by charging/discharging the BESS) and the reactive power to the system. The paper investigates the main design issues related to BESS – the control method for BESS, BESS size and its performance requirements. Simulations based on an actual wind farm data show that the output of the wind farm can be smoothed with BESS to facilitate dispatching of the wind farm.
A Bayesian network-based approach for identifying regions of interest utilizing global image features

An image-understanding algorithm for identifying Regions-of-Interest (ROI) in digital images is proposed. Global and regional features that characterize relations between image segments are fused in a probabilistic framework to generate ROI for an arbitrary image. Features are introduced as maps for spatial position, weighted similarity, and weighted homogeneity for image regions. The proposed methodology includes modules for image segmentation, feature extraction, and probabilistic reasoning. It differs from prior art by using machine learning techniques to discover the optimum Bayesian Network structure and probabilistic inference. It also eliminates the necessity for semantic understanding at intermediate stages. Experimental results show a competitive performance in comparison with the state-of- the-art techniques with an accuracy rate of ~80% on a set of ~20,000 publicly available color images. Applications of the proposed algorithm include content-based image retrieval, image indexing, automatic image annotation, mobile phone imagery, and digital photo cropping.
Amine-Catalyzed B−O−C Bond Formation: Mechanistic Insights from Density Functional Theory and Second-Order Møller−Plesset Perturbation Theory

Boronic acids react with compounds containing 1,2- or 1,3-diols to form five- or six-membered cyclic boronate esters, respectively, although many factors that influence these reactions are not well...
Computer services and the development of rural areas: Trends in the Pacific Northwest in the 1990s

Abstract Some researchers hypothesize that the increasing use of computers and telecommunications will lead to a greater flexibility in the location of jobs, particularly in nonmetro counties. Others see the continued dominance of metro counties, especially in well-paid employment. This research examines change in employment in the service category of computer and data processing comparing this with the broader categories of business and producer services. Trends in metro and nonmetro counties of the Pacific Northwest in the 1990s are evaluated to see if inequality between county types in these industry categories widened or narrowed over time. Findings from this research indicate that while nonmetro counties did increase their share of overall employment, employment in producer, business and, notably, computer services remained highly concentrated in metro counties. Location quotients also show that computer service employment was increasingly over-represented in dominant metro economies. In addition, the inequality in estimated salaries between the two largest metro counties in the region and other county types increased substantially in the short time period under consideration.
Trocar-assisted selective laser photocoagulation of communicating vessels: A technique for the laser treatment of patients with twin–twin transfusion syndrome with inaccessible anterior placentas

Objective. To describe a new technique, trocar-assisted selective laser photocoagulation of communicating vessels (TA-SLPCV), for patients with twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) with inaccessible anterior placentas.Materials and methods. TA-SLPCV was performed through a single port in TTTS patients with an anterior placenta in whom the anastomoses were inaccessible with a standard technique (inaccessible anterior placentas). The anastomoses were first identified using a 25 or 70-degree rigid diagnostic endoscope. The anastomoses were then targeted with a zero-degree operating rigid endoscope by withdrawing it within the sheath a short distance and using the sheath to gently indent the placenta (trocar assistance). The technique was compared with patients with a posterior placenta treated with a standard technique. Surgeries were approved by the Institutional Review Boards and all patients signed informed consent.Results. Of 267 patients who met the criteria for the study, 143 (53.6%) had an anterior p...
Metacontrast with internal contours: More evidence for monotonic functions

Extent of metacontrast was examined as a function of introducing internal contours into the target, intercontour space between a target with contours and a mask with corresponding spokes, interstimulus intervals, and target detectability. Results showed that: (a) introducing internal contours made the targets more susceptible to metacontrast; (b) when targets are equated for detectability, there are no effects of internal contours; (c) introducing intercontour space produced less metacontrast; and (d) accuracy was a monotonic function of the delay of the mask.