cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Localized epiphyseal dysplasia in offspring of manganese-deficient rats.

Development of a characteristic localized dysplasia of the proximal tibial epiphysis, occurring in high incidence in offspring of manganese-deficient rats, was studied. Young of female rats, maintained from weaning on a diet deficient in manganese, were compared with those of females receiving the same diet with manganese supplementation. Epiphyses were studied histologically and in alizarin-stained specimens. In offspring of deficient females, the proximal tibial epiphyseal ossification center appeared at the normal time (10–12 days). Soon thereafter, abnormalities were observed; in particular, spicules of osseous and marrow tissue connecting the epiphysis to the metaphysis through the epiphyseal plate were seen. By 21 to 48 days of age, all of 19 deficient offspring showed marked abnormalities. In over 30%, the epiphysis seemed absent when viewed from the external aspect; when examined at the internal (split) surface, a tiny epiphysis was found recessed into a pocket-like depression in the metaphysis and partially fused with it. Even when “pocketing” was incomplete, the epiphysis was small, misshapen, poorly vascularized, fragmented, and showed rarefaction. Bony spicules frequently perforated the narrowed plate. Abnormalities of the cartilage were often seen. Offspring of deficient mothers transferred to the manganese-supplemented diet late in gestation also showed some defects of this epiphysis. Possible mechanisms related to the pathogenesis of this disorder are discussed, and a hypothesis is proposed.
Epidemiology of overuse injuries among high-school athletes in the united states

Objective To examine high school overuse injury rates and patterns by sex and sport. Study design High school athletes participating in the High School Reporting Information Online study were examined in a descriptive epidemiologic study. Overuse injury data for the 2006/2007-2011/2012 academic years collected via High School Reporting Information Online from a large national sample of US high schools where certified athletic trainers completed detailed injury reports were evaluated. Results From 2006/2007 to 2011/2012, a total of 2834 overuse injuries were reported during 18 889 141 athletic exposures (1.50 per 10 000 athletic exposures). Girls had greater rates of overuse injury (1.88) than boys (1.26) (rate ratio 1.50, 95% CI 1.39-1.61). The greatest rates were in girls' track and field (3.82) and girls' field hockey (2.93). Overuse injuries represented 7.7% of all injuries, ranging from a low of 1.4% of all boys' ice hockey injuries to a high of 55.7% of all boys' swimming and diving injuries. Overall, overuse injuries were evenly distributed across athletes in each year of high school (freshman, 25.6%; sophomore, 25.3%; junior, 24.9%; senior, 24.3%). However, there were distinct differences by sex. The most frequent site of injury was the lower leg (21.8%). Injuries most frequently resulted in time loss of less than 1 week (50.0%), with only 7.6% resulting in time loss greater than 3 weeks. Conclusions Overuse injury patterns differed by sex and sport. A better understanding of overuse injury patterns and criteria for return to play may help direct preventative measures and injury management.
Preexercise medium-chain triglyceride ingestion does not alter muscle glycogen use during exercise

This investigation determined whether ingestion of a tolerable amount of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT; ∼25 g) reduces the rate of muscle glycogen use during high-intensity exercise. On two occas...
A Complex of NuMA and Cytoplasmic Dynein Is Essential for Mitotic Spindle Assembly

NuMA is a nuclear protein during interphase but redistributes to the spindle poles early in mitosis. To investigate its role during spindle formation, we tested spindle assembly in frog egg extracts from which NuMA was immunodepleted. Immunodepletion revealed that NuMA forms a complex with cytoplasmic dynein and dynactin. The depleted extracts failed to assemble normal mitotic spindles, producing, instead, chromatin-associated irregular arrays of microtubules lacking characteristic spindle poles. A subdomain of the NuMA tail was shown to induce microtubule aster formation by mediating microtubule bundling. Our findings suggest that NuMA forms bifunctional complexes with cytoplasmic dynein and dynactin that can tether microtubules at the spindle poles and that are essential for mitotic spindle pole assembly and stabilization.
The RSC Chromatin Remodeling Complex Bears an Essential Fungal-Specific Protein Module With Broad Functional Roles

RSC is an essential and abundant ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we show that the RSC components Rsc7/Npl6 and Rsc14/Ldb7 interact physically and/or functionally with Rsc3, Rsc30, and Htl1 to form a module important for a broad range of RSC functions. A strain lacking Rsc7 fails to properly assemble RSC, which confers sensitivity to temperature and to agents that cause DNA damage, microtubule depolymerization, or cell wall stress (likely via transcriptional misregulation). Cells lacking Rsc14 display sensitivity to cell wall stress and are deficient in the assembly of Rsc3 and Rsc30. Interestingly, certain rsc7Δ and rsc14Δ phenotypes are suppressed by an increased dosage of Rsc3, an essential RSC member with roles in cell wall integrity and spindle checkpoint pathways. Thus, Rsc7 and Rsc14 have different roles in the module as well as sharing physical and functional connections to Rsc3. Using a genetic array of nonessential null mutations (SGA) we identified mutations that are sick/lethal in combination with the rsc7Δ mutation, which revealed connections to a surprisingly large number of chromatin remodeling complexes and cellular processes. Taken together, we define a protein module on the RSC complex with links to a broad spectrum of cellular functions.
Electric field distribution in a spiral inflector for cyclotron injection applications

The results of numerical studies of the electric field distributions in a spiral inflector, designed for axial injection system of H/sup -/, D/sup -/ and He/sup ++/ beams into the Oak Ridge Isochronous Cyclotron (ORIC), are presented in this report. Discrepancies are found between the electric fields obtained from numerical computations and those derived from theoretical field distributions within the inflector. Fringe fields at the entrance to the inflector, in combination with the field discrepancies, lead to significant deviations in particle trajectories from those derived from analytical expressions for fields within such devices. A method is described for shaping the electrode surfaces of the spiral inflector that is effective in compensating for fringe fields at the entrance to the inflector and a simple solution is introduced that eliminates the seemingly unavoidable shift in the central beam path. As a consequence of these studies, we arrive at a design for a spiral inflector that operates at a low voltage with greatly improved optical properties in which the paths of injected particles are precisely known.
Arthroscopic Management of Rotator Cuff Disease

Rotator cuff disease (stage 2 impingement, partial-thickness tears, complete cuff tears, and irreparable tears) is as yet only partially understood, and the role of arthroscopy in its management is still under debate. Stage 2 impingement can be managed satisfactorily with arthroscopic techniques. Arthroscopy allows a complete inspection of the glenohumeral joint, enabling the surgeon to diagnose and treat coexisting intra-articular lesions. A thorough bursectomy, coracoacromial ligament resection, and acromioplasty can be performed without the need for deltoid detachment. Arthroscopic technique appears to offer advantages over open technique in the management of partial-thickness tears by allowing accurate inspection of the articular surface of the rotator cuff. The depth and size of the tear can be determined precisely, allowing an appropriate selection of debridement, decompression, and/or tendon repair. The management of complete tears is currently under investigation, with some advocating complete arthroscopic repair and some preferring arthroscopic acromioplasty and "mini-open" repair; there are merits to both approaches. The arthroscopic management of irreparable tears appears to offer the advantages of an open decompression with decreased morbidity. However, the surgeon's ability to accurately determine reparability may be less precise with arthroscopy.
Multi-source Information Gain for Random Forest: An Application to CT Image Prediction from MRI Data

Random forest has been widely recognized as one of the most powerful learning-based predictors in literature, with a broad range of applications in medical imaging. Notable efforts have been focused on enhancing the algorithm in multiple facets. In this paper, we present an original concept of multi-source information gain that escapes from the conventional notion inherent to random forest. We propose the idea of characterizing information gain in the training process by utilizing multiple beneficial sources of information, instead of the sole governing of prediction targets as conventionally known. We suggest the use of location and input image patches as the secondary sources of information for guiding the splitting process in random forest, and experiment on the challenging task of predicting CT images from MRI data. The experimentation is thoroughly analyzed in two datasets, i.e., human brain and prostate, with its performance further validated with the integration of auto-context model. Results prove that the multi-source information gain concept effectively helps better guide the training process with consistent improvement in prediction accuracy.
Person Perception and Jurors’ Reactions to Defendants

Interest in the relationship of the social sciences to the legal field has a fairly long history (Marston, 1924; Munsterberg, 1908; Osborne, 1937, Wigmore, 1909). However, prior to the mid-1960s experimental research concerning the influence of extralegal variables on the social perceptions and verdict decisions of jurors was virtually nonexistent. Generally, extralegal variables are those that should have no bearing on a defendant’s judged guilt or innocence, but which, in fact, can influence that judgment (e.g., race, age, and socioeconomic status). Nagel (1969) pointed out this deficiency and called for a quantitative testing of hypotheses concerning our legal processes.
How ethnicity matters in Russian elections: ethnic minorities and support for the United Russia party

This paper explores the relationship between ethnicity and electoral support for the dominant party in the 2003, 2007, and 2011 Russian legislative elections by leveraging a new and unique data-set comprised of electoral results and demographic data at the smallest administrative unit in Russia for which there is available data, the level of the raion. The empirical evidence provided in a series of multilevel models, spatial statistics, and mapping techniques demonstrates that the relationship is positive and robust, but also moderated in unexpected ways by various regional contextual characteristics; namely, location in the Caucasus, the level of economic development, and dependence on natural resources. These findings have important implications for the study of dominant party authoritarian regimes. Dominant parties are often viewed as monolithic entities with the power to determine electoral outcomes nearly universally, as they turn their monopoly on state resources toward partisan ends and demonstrate...
Significance of the neurohypophysis in regulation of fluid balance in the frog.

Summary1. The hormone content of the frog neurohypophysis is depleted by dehydration of the animal. 2. Normal and hypophy-sectomized frogs become dehydrated at the same rate. Normal frogs, however, regain the body water lost by dehydration more rapidly than do hypophysectomized frogs. 3. These observations suggest that the neurohypophysis plays a physiologically significant role in the regulation of the water balance of the frog.
Single Collector Attachment Efficiency of Colloid Capture by a Cylindrical Collector in Laminar Overland Flow

Little research has been conducted to investigate the fate and transport of colloids in shallow overland flow through dense vegetation under unfavorable chemical conditions. In this work, the single collector attachment efficiency (α) of colloid capture by a simulated plant stem (i.e., cylindrical collector) in laminar overland flow was measured directly in laboratory flow chamber experiments. Fluorescent microspheres of two sizes were used as experimental colloids. The colloid suspensions flowed toward a glass cylindrical rod installed in a small size flow channel at different laminar flow rates. Different solution ionic strengths (IS) were used in the experiments to simulate unfavorable attachment conditions. Our results showed that α increased with IS and decreased with flow velocity. Existing theoretical and empirical models of colloid attachment efficiency for porous media were used to simulate the experimental measurements in α and found to fall short in matching the experimental data. A new dimensionless (regression) equation was proposed that predicts the α of colloid capture by a cylindrical collector in laminar overland flow with reasonable accuracy. In addition, the equation was also effective in predicting the attachment efficiency of colloid deposition in porous media.
Clinical, Molecular, and Immune Analysis of Dabrafenib-Trametinib Combination Treatment for BRAF Inhibitor-Refractory Metastatic Melanoma: A Phase 2 Clinical Trial.

Importance Combined treatment with dabrafenib and trametinib (CombiDT) achieves clinical responses in only about 15% of patients with BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi)-refractory metastatic melanoma in contrast to the higher response rate observed in BRAFi-naive patients. Identifying correlates of response and mechanisms of resistance in this population will facilitate clinical management and rational therapeutic development. Objective To determine correlates of benefit from CombiDT therapy in patients with BRAFi-refractory metastatic melanoma. Design, Setting, and Participants Single-center, single-arm, open-label phase 2 trial of CombiDT treatment in patients with BRAF V600 metastatic melanoma resistant to BRAFi monotherapy conducted between September 2012 and October 2014 at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Key eligibility criteria for participants included BRAF V600 metastatic melanoma, prior BRAFi monotherapy, measurable disease (RECIST 1.1), and tumor accessible for biopsy. Interventions Patients were treated with dabrafenib (150 mg, twice daily) and trametinib (2 mg/d) continuously until disease progression or intolerance. All participants underwent a mandatory baseline biopsy, and optional biopsy specimens were obtained on treatment and at disease progression. Whole-exome sequencing, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis for BRAF splicing, RNA sequencing, and immunohistochemical analysis were performed on tumor samples, and blood was analyzed for levels of circulating BRAF V600. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary end point was overall response rate (ORR). Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were secondary clinical end points. Results A total of 28 patients were screened, and 23 enrolled. Among evaluable patients, the confirmed ORR was 10%; disease control rate (DCR) was 45%, and median PFS was 13 weeks. Clinical benefit was associated with duration of prior BRAFi therapy greater than 6 months (DCR, 73% vs 11% for ≤6 months; P = .02) and decrease in circulating BRAF V600 at day 8 of cycle 1 (DCR, 75% vs 18% for no decrease; P = .02) but not with pretreatment mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway mutations or activation. Biopsy specimens obtained during treatment demonstrated that CombiDT therapy failed to achieve significant MAPK pathway inhibition or immune infiltration in most patients. Conclusions and Relevance The baseline presence of MAPK pathway alterations was not associated with benefit from CombiDT in patients with BRAFi-refractory metastatic melanoma. Failure to inhibit the MAPK pathway provides a likely explanation for the limited clinical benefit of CombiDT in this setting. Circulating BRAF V600 is a promising early biomarker of clinical response. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01619774.
Stage of egg production regulates protein turnover and lysine partitioning for broiler breeders

Among the regulators of protein turnover, amino acids play a critical role. Lysine, leucine and isoleucine were found to alter protein synthesis, degradation and its regulation (Yoshizawa, 2004; Nakashima et al., 2005; Tesseraud et al., 2008). Furthermore, Tesseraud et al. (2000) reported that differences in the fractional degradation rates (FDR) between fast-growing and slow-growing birds are observed in young birds but not older ones, suggesting a possible age effect.
The management of bulky mediastinal Hodgkin's disease.

Patients with Hodgkin’s disease who have a large mediastinal mass require special staging and treatment considerations. The majority may be treated best with combined modality therapy; however, selected patients may be treated with irradiation alone. Careful attention to treatment detail and close follow-up evaluation is essential for their optimal management.
Technisches Wissen als Handlungsanleitung — Ein Paradigma für Eine Wissenschaftstheorie Technischen Wissens?

Technisches Wissen ist vor allem eins: praktisch. Es will in technischen Handlungen benutzt werden und dieser Aspekt praktischer Nutzbarkeit durchdringt alle Formen technischen Wissens. Beim Wissen, das zum Gebrauch benotigt wird, ist das unmittelbar klar. Aber auch fur das Wissen, das zum Bau, zur Entwicklung oder zur technikwissenschaftlichen Rekonstruktion von Technologien gehort, steht Praktikabilitat im Vordergrund. Es ist Wissen aus einem Gebrauch von Technik fur einen (weiteren) Gebrauch von Technik. Es ist also ein Wissen, das Handlungen anleiten soll.
Prescription Drugs: Implications for the Chronic Pain Patient

Addiction is a neurobehavioral syndrome characterized by the repeated use or compulsive seeking of mood-altering substances despite the adverse psychological, physical, or social consequences associated with doing so. It is not limited to illicit substances and many prescription medications used today have the potential to cause tolerance, physical dependence, and result in withdrawal when the agent is removed. Misuse of prescription drugs has been defined by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) as “any intentional use of a medication with intoxicating properties outside of a physician’s prescription for a bona fide medical condition.” There are significant issues specific to the chronic pain patient.
Multiple imputation with non-additively related variables: Joint-modeling and approximations.

This paper investigates multiple imputation methods for regression models with interacting continuous and binary predictors when continuous variable may be missing. Usual implementations for parametric multiple imputation assume a multivariate normal structure for the variables, which is not satisfied for a binary variable nor its interaction with a continuous variable. To accommodate interactions, missing covariates are multiply imputed from conditional distribution in a manner consistent with the joint model. Alternative imputation methods under multivariate normal assumptions are also considered as candidate approximations and evaluated in a simulation study. The results suggest that the joint modeling procedure performs generally well across a wide range of scenarios and so do the approximation methods that incorporate interactions in the model appropriately by stratification. It is critical to include interactions in the imputation model as failure to do so may result in low coverage and bias. We app...
Using the Bayes Factors to Evaluate Person Fit in the Item Response Theory

ABSTRACTIn this article, we propose using the Bayes factors (BF) to evaluate person fit in item response theory models under the framework of Bayesian evaluation of an informative diagnostic hypothesis. We first discuss the theoretical foundation for this application and how to analyze person fit using BF. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, we further use it to evaluate person fit in simulated and empirical data, and compare the results with those of HT and the infit and outfit statistics. We found that overall BF performed as well as HT statistics and better than the infit and outfit statistics when detecting aberrant responses. Given the BF flexibility in handling data set with a small number of examinees, we suggest that BF can be used as person fit statistics, especially in computerized adaptive tests.
Can Data Driven Learning address L2 writers' habitual errors with English linking adverbials?

Abstract Previous studies in second language (L2) writing emphasize the importance of cohesiveness to fluent academic writing, yet L2 writers tend to over-use and misuse linking adverbials (LAs), including both subordinating conjunctions (because) and transition words (however), which reduces the cohesion and readability of their texts. This study explores how Data Driven Learning (DDL) affects students' ability to use LAs correctly within their persuasive essays. Twelve participants, under instructor guidance, accessed a website with links to the Michigan Corpus of Upper Level Student Papers (MICUSP), a list of keywords, and instructional materials. After finding Key Words in Context (KWICs) in MICUSP, students induced the rule for each keyword. Students' pretest essays produced ample documentation of misuse of LAs, echoing previous research. Pretest and posttest essays provided data for measuring improvement in accuracy of students’ use of LAs. Posttest essay results indicate a change in correct use of LAs by the treatment group, from pretest (87.7% correct) to posttest (91.4%). Comparing the treatment and control groups, the mean percentage of correctly used LAs in the posttest essays was 88% for the comparison group and 91% for the treatment group. Discussion includes a comparison to previous research and suggestions for instructors and researchers.
Energy Requirements for Agaricus Bisporus Production in Bed Culture

Abstract Lomax, K. M. and N. E. Collins. 1986. Energy requirements for Aguaricus bisporous production in bed culture. Energy costs for mushroom production are a function of fuel for heating and electricity for cooling. Fuel oil requirements ranged from 0. 1 liters in summer to 2. 6 1 in winter per square meter of bed area per crop. Electrical energy use ranged from 0. 4 kilo Watt hours in winter to 37. 6 kWh in summer per square meter per crop. Microbial heat, spawn run heat, and fruification heat were described mathematically for a production system model.
How to Apply Response Surface Methodology

(1991). How to Apply Response Surface Methodology. Journal of Quality Technology: Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 370-371.
Current and Future Trends in Long-Term Care

The long-term care industry first developed in response to the need for efficiency and economy of scale for those needing health care beyond the acute care setting and those providing the care. Long-term care facilities began as poor houses and religious care homes in response to the need for care of the elderly and infirm. Following the addition of Medicare and Medicaid as payer sources, the long-term care industry exploded. Anyone could start a nursing home if they had the money and the building to house the patients. Nursing homes were first developed to replicate the acute care setting and were often attached to the acute care setting with physicians as the administrators. As for-profit entities entered the long-term care arena, the nursing home became freestanding and without the medical connection to a specific hospital or physician group. The development of assisted living facilities provided another avenue to break into the long-term care market and make an even greater profit than was realized in the nursing home setting. With the majority of assisted living facilities only private-pay, the profit margins grew, creating an environment of growth and expansion.
Positioning-Related Neuromonitoring Change During Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion.

Background Intraoperative neuromonitoring (ION) signal changes during spine surgery may portend a potentially catastrophic neurologic injury that, if identified and addressed expediently, may allow the surgeon to take correction actively and prevent permanent neurologic injury. Case Description We report a case of transient loss in somatosensory evoked potentials signals during anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) C4-7, which was mainly attributed to shoulder traction using a special device. The signal loss returned immediately after the release of should traction. Conclusions The use of multimodality ION is recommended for ACDF with shoulder traction to prevent postoperative neurologic deficit associated with a position-related injury. Baseline ION should be established before positioning.
Stability and Stiffness of Cellular Cofferdams

PAST EXPERIENCES WITH CELLULAR COFFERDAMS ARE DISCUSSED, PARTICULARLY THE DEFLECTION OF THE CREST OF COFFERDAMS, AND THE PERMEABILITY OF THE SHEET-PILE ENCLOSURES. CURRENT METHODS FOR DESIGNING CELLULAR COFFERDAMS ON ROCK, SAND, AND CLAY FOUNDATIONS ARE REVIEWED. THIS SURVEY SHOWS THAT THEORIES ON WHICH THE DESIGN OF THESE COFFERDAMS IS USUALLY BASED GIVE THE DESIGNER AN ADEQUATE CONCEPTION OF THE FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE STABILITY OF COFFERDAMS. DISCUSSION IS LIMITED TO CELLULAR COFFERDAMS WHOSE CELLS ARE FILLED WITH SAND OR SAND AND GRAVEL. THE TRADITIONAL ASSUMPTION THAT A CELLULAR COFFERDAM CAN BE REGARDED AS A GRAVITY WALL LEADS TO ERRONEOUS CONCLUSIONS REGARDING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SOIL PRESSURE ON THE BASE OF THE DAM. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE LOCK FRICTION IN THE CROSS-WALLS ADDS MATERIALLY TO THE STABILITY OF THE COFFERDAM, AND IT REDUCES VERY CONSIDERABLY THE DEFLECTION OF THE CREST. THE REQUIRED DEPTH OF PENETRATION OF THE SHEET-PILES OF COFFERDAMS IS DETERMINED BY THE CONDITION THAT THE BEARING CAPACITY OF THE SHEET- PILES PER UNIT OF WIDTH SHOULD BE EQUAL AT LEAST TO 1.5 TIMES THE SHEARING FORCE WHICH ACTS PER UNIT OF WIDTH BETWEEN THE FILL AND THE LENGTH ROWS OF SHEET-PILES AT MAXIMUM OVERTURNING MOMENT. CELLULAR COFFERDAMS ON A SAND FOUNDATION REQUIRE, IN ADDITION TO ADEQUATE SHEET-PILE PENETRATION, A PROTECTION AGAINST THE FORMATION OF BOILS. THE PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS OF CELLULAR COFFERDAMS ON STIFF CLAY CAN BE DETERMINED BY MEANS OF SEMI-EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS THAT ARE PROPOSED FOR THE DESIGN OF CELLULAR COFFERDAMS ON A ROCK FOUNDATION. THE DEGREE OF STABILITY OF THE COFFERDAM IS PRACTICALLY INDEPENDENT OF THE STRENGTH OF THE FILL IN THE CELLS. THE SHEARING RESISTANCE ON VERTICAL SECTIONS THROUGH THE FILL IN THE CELLS AND THE LOCK FRICTION CAN ONLY BE ESTIMATED. THEREFORE, THE PRINCIPAL SOURCES FOR INCREASED KNOWLEDGE ON CELLULAR COFFERDAMS ARE ACCURATE FIELD OBSERVATIONS.
Dairy Foods and Cardiovascular Diseases

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to be the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in United States and have been associated with an increase of low-grade inflammation in the development of atherosclerosis and blood clot formation. Inflammation starts with the local deposition of the cholesterol plaque and further oxidation of the low-density lipid and cholesterol-rich low-density lipoprotein (LDL-cholesterol), which exacerbate the mobilization of immune cells, adhesion molecules, macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells to the vascular endothelium, causing endothelial dysfunction and disruption releasing fibrinogen, blood clots formation, and thrombosis. This localized inflammation leads to a systemic inflammatory response, allowing the production of inflammatory biomarkers, C-reactive proteins (CRP), interleukins IL-1, IL-2, IK-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), through the activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). The role of foods and nutrients in the prevention and reduction of inflammation is presented in this chapter. Nutrients, such as dietary fiber, fat-soluble vitamins A, D, and E, as well as water-soluble vitamins C, niacin, folate, vitamin B6, and B12, confer anti-inflammatory properties that can prevent or reduce the development of atherosclerosis and thrombus. Minerals such as selenium, calcium, and magnesium are related with antioxidants properties and maintenance of the vascular health. Consumption of foods containing phytochemicals, such as resveratrol, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, has positive effects reducing inflammation and preserving vascular health. Adiposity also increases inflammation and promotes atherosclerosis, and therefore, weight maintenance by following a healthy diet and exercise offers benefits in the prevention and treatment of CVD and reducing the risk factors. These factors – sedentary life, high consumption of saturated fats and sodium, high cholesterol and high blood pressure, alcohol and smoking – are causative of CVDs. A balanced diet that provides adequate calories relevant to age, height, weight, gender, and rich in fruits and vegetables, nuts, dairy products, and regular physical activity will help to reduce inflammation in CVD.
Hyperleukocytosis and leukostasis: common features of childhood chronic myelogenous leukemia

Ten patients under 20 yr of age with the usual (adult) type of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) were seen at the University of Rochester Medical Center from 1970 to 1982. The mean white cell count in these 10 patients at presentation was 360,000/microliter, as compared to a mean of 137,000/microliter in 80 CML patients over 20 yr of age seen during the same time interval (p less than 0.02). Analyses of all 90 cases revealed a significant decrease in the average leukocyte count at presentation with increasing age. The childhood cases also had a significantly higher proportion of blood blasts, promyelocytes, and myelocytes than did the adult subjects (p less than 0.01). Signs of leukostasis were present in 12% of adult cases as compared to 60% of the 10 childhood cases, and in these 6 subjects, the mean white cell count was 510,000/microliter. In these 6 patients, leukapheresis and/or chemical therapy was initiated rapidly, and this was followed by complete resolution of the clinical signs of leukostasis. A review of the literature from 1960 to 1982 identified 61 childhood cases that were reported with the usual type of CML. In this group, the frequency of hyperleukocytosis and the distribution of white cell counts corresponded very closely to the 10 cases studied at the University of Rochester. Thus, the usual type of CML presenting in childhood differs from that of adults in that hyperleukocytosis, blood granulocyte immaturity, and leukostatic central nervous system, retinal, and respiratory signs are significantly more common and extreme and merit rapid cytoreductive treatment.
Nonsynonymous Synonyms: Correcting and Improving SNOMED CT®

SNOMED CT was created from a merger of SNOMED RT and United Kingdom's National Health Service's Clinical Terms Version 3. The resulting terminology has a plethora of synonymous terms. This paper discusses how a review synonyms in the Procedure section of SNOMED CT revealed some nonsynonmous synonyms, hypothesizes why errors in synonymy may have occurred, and explains the steps taken to resolve nonsynonymous concepts previously assigned to synonyms.
On Nature and Language

In On Nature and Language Noam Chomsky develops his thinking on the relation between language, mind and brain, integrating current research in linguistics into the burgeoning field of neuroscience. This 2002 volume begins with a lucid introduction by the editors Adriana Belletti and Luigi Rizzi. This is followed by some of Chomsky's writings on these themes, together with a penetrating interview in which Chomsky provides the clearest and most elegant introduction to current theory available. It should make his Minimalist Program accessible to all. The volume concludes with an essay on the role of intellectuals in society and government. Nature and Language is a significant landmark in the development of linguistic theory. It will be welcomed by students and researchers in theoretical linguistics, neurolinguistics, cognitive science and politics, as well as anyone interested in the development of Chomsky's thought.
Application of Reynolds-Stress Transport Models to Stern and Wake Flows

The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved to assess the importance of the turbulence model in the prediction of ship stern and wake flows. Solutions are obtained with a two- equation scalar turbulence model and a seven-equation Reynolds- stress tensor model, both of which resolve the flow up to the wall, holding invariant all aspects of the numerical method, including solution domain, initial and boundary conditions, and grid topology and density. Calculations are carried out for two tanker forms used as test cases at recent workshops, and solutions are compared with each other and with experimental data. The comparisons reveal that the Reynolds-stress model accurately predicts most of the experimentally observed flow features in the stern and near-wake regions whereas the two-equation model predicts only the overall qualitative trends. In particular, solutions with the Reynolds-stress model clarify the origin of the stern vortex.
Progressive collapse of 3D steel composite buildings under interior gravity column loss

Abstract This paper presents a novel analytical framework on the quasi-static robustness assessment of 3D steel and concrete composite gravity framed buildings subjected to an interior gravity column loss scenario. The analytical method takes into consideration the two most presumable collapse mechanisms which can be activated in such a case, denoted as the yielding-type and the stability collapse mode. The proposed framework is formulated upon a series of elastic analyses on appropriately selected and accordingly modified structural idealizations of the building, allowing the method implementation by any structural engineering software regardless of the user experience. The method is capable of estimating the damage propagation path within the structural system, assess the gravity connections failure load including the influence of a failed connection to the system response, account for the transition from the composite to the membrane action, assess the potential for column instabilities, determine the gradual system stiffness degradation as the gravity load increases and finally calculate the ultimate collapse load and the corresponding characteristic vertical displacement on the onset of collapse. The analytical method is applied on a 9-story prototype structure performing 9 interior gravity column removal scenarios along the same column row, and the numerical validation of the method demonstrates the excellent agreement among the analytical and numerical results.
Controls on nitrogen transformation rates on restored floodplains along the Cosumnes River, California.

Abstract Levee construction results in the systematic replumbing of river systems and reduces the frequency of floodplain inundation, which impacts nutrient delivery and transformations in floodplains. Floodplain restoration via levee removal affects downstream water quality by restoring soil microbial metabolic pathways such as denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA). Although these metabolisms are important for the nitrogen cycle, few studies have quantified the contribution of all three pathways to nitrate retention or loss in restored floodplains. The objectives of this study were to quantify the relevance of denitrification, anammox and DNRA to nitrogen retention, characterize the hydrologic conditions most favorable to each pathway, and estimate the potential for floodplain restoration to improve nitrogen cycling in the Cosumnes River watershed. To address these goals, we simulated flood conditions in soil mesocosms collected from two floodplains where levees were breached in 1997 and 2014 along the Lower Cosumnes River in the San Joaquin Basin of California. River water enriched with K15NO3 tracer was pumped into each mesocosm at a constant rate for a period of 3 months. Samples were collected from the surface water and soil pore water for measurements of NO3−, NO2−, and NH4+ concentrations, and δ15N of dissolved gases (N2 and N2O). To the best of our knowledge, this study reports the highest relative contribution to N2 production due to anammox for freshwater systems (41 to 84%) to date. High anammox rates were associated with heterogeneous grain size distribution across depth and high nitrification rates. We quantify the capacity of restored floodplain soils with distinct textural and chemical characteristics to retain or release nitrogen during large and small floods in a particular water year.
Motivation, Emotion, Cognition, and Communication: Definitions and Notes Toward a Grand Theory

Abstract I present specific definitions of motivation, emotion, and cognition in terms of primary motivational–emotional systems or primes; and develop a Developmental–Interactionist view of their interrelationships. I address the “hundred-year emotion war” about whether the concept “emotion” can be considered a unitary construct, arguing that a simple definition is inappropriate. First, neurochemical systems form the bases of subjectively experienced emotions (affects), while, at a different level of analysis, ecological selection pressures shape emotional displays. Second, different aspects of emotional responding (physiological arousal, display, and subjective affect) are differently accessible during development, and they therefore undergo different patterns of social learning (emotional education) with implications for emotional (in) competence. I then discuss the conceptualization and measurement of emotional communication, including evidence that unlike symbolic communication (e.g., language), spontaneous emotional communication is based on right-hemisphere mechanisms. I then address implications of the Developmental–Interactionist view for health implications of communicating emotion; the role of emotion in risky decision-making and the potential of Targeted Emotional Education Modules (TEEMs) for fostering emotional inoculation; the role of media communication in emotional education; and the communicative gene hypothesis as an alternative to the selfish gene theory in understanding empathy and altruism.
Culturally Responsive Data-Based Decision Making in High School Settings.

Engaging in culturally responsive practices is considered best practice in classroom instruction, particularly within diverse schools, however, when making data-based decisions, there is little gui...
Update on Eluxadoline for the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Diarrhea: Patient Selection and Perspectives

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain associated with changes in bowel habits. It is the most common GI problem seen by gastroenterologists. IBS is a heterogenous disorder encompassing a spectrum of underlying mechanisms and clinical presentations. The pathophysiology of diarrhea-predominant form of IBS (IBS-D) remains poorly understood, and current available therapeutic options for IBS-D are limited. Eluxadoline is a novel, locally acting mixed μ- and κ-opioid receptor agonist and δ-receptor antagonist approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of adults with IBS-D. Data from two phase III clinical trials showed that approximately 25-30% of the eluxadoline-treated patients achieved composite clinical response, defined by a reduction of abdominal pain and improvement in stool consistency. Patients who achieve composite response during the first month of therapy were significantly more likely to demonstrate sustained clinical response. The most common adverse events reported with eluxadoline use were constipation, nausea and abdominal pain. The risk of abuse, dependence, or withdrawal is low. Serious adverse events associated with eluxadoline include sphincter of Oddi spasm (SOS) and pancreatitis particularly in patients without a gallbladder. Development of pancreatitis is likely secondary to SOS, but it remains unclear why pancreatitis occurs so quickly after initial doses. This adverse event profile helps guide proper selection of IBS-D patients for eluxadoline use, with important contraindications including absence of a gallbladder, biliary duct obstruction or sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, alcoholism, history of pancreatitis, or structural diseases of the pancreas. With the recent clinical trials demonstrating its efficacy, eluxadoline provides an additional option to the few existing pharmacologic interventions available for IBS-D. In this review, we discuss the drug development, efficacy and safety of eluxadoline, as well as selection criteria for identifying appropriate candidates for this medication.
Intervention and assessment of earthquake knowledge at rural schools near the New Madrid seismic zone, USA

Possible recurrence of large earthquakes such as the 1811–1812 New Madrid sequence presents a significant hazard in the Central United States. The efficacy of earthquake educational interventions intended to mitigate the Central United States earthquake threat has not been assessed. We describe the assessment of an intervention consisting of earth science and earthquake content presentations, an earthquake simulation and preparedness video, discussions with questions and answers, and a safety drill. Elementary and middle school students in nine schools in rural Illinois were tested before and after the intervention to determine the effectiveness of the intervention. Data were collected using a 21-item, 3-construct questionnaire. Following factor analysis of the survey data, general linear mixed models were estimated to examine the effect of the intervention on student knowledge along three domains. Results indicated students’ knowledge increased significantly in local and general earthquake knowledge, as well as in general earthquake safety knowledge. Findings of this study provided evidence to improve earthquake outreach programs and to advance science teaching methods, especially in rural schools. Additionally, the assertion that interventions must be assessed was reinforced, and information gained will improve the assessment instrument and methodology.
Uncovering roles of Streptococcus gordonii SrtA-processed proteins in the biofilm lifestyle.

ABSTRACT Streptococcus gordonii is a commensal oral organism. Harmless in the oral cavity, S. gordonii is an opportunistic pathogen. S. gordonii adheres to body surfaces using surface adhesive proteins (adhesins), which are critical to subsequent formation of biofilm communities. As in most Gram-positive bacteria, S. gordonii surface proteins containing the C-terminal LPXTG motif cleavage sequence are processed by sortase A (SrtA) to become covalently attached to the cell wall. To characterize the functional diversity and redundancy in the family of SrtA-processed proteins, an S. gordonii DL1 markerless deletion mutant library was constructed of each of the 26 putative SrtA-processed proteins. Each library member was evaluated for growth in rich medium, biofilm formation on plastic, saliva and salivary fractions, cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), hemagglutination, and integration into an ex vivo plaque biofilm community. Library members were compared to the non-SrtA-processed adhesins AbpA and AbpB. While no major growth differences in rich medium were observed, many S. gordonii LPXTG/A proteins impacted biofilm formation on one or more of the substrates. Several mutants showed significant differences in hemagglutination, hydrophobicity, or fitness in the ex vivo plaque model. From the identification of redundant and unique functions in these in vitro and ex vivo systems, functional stratification among the LPXTG/A proteins is apparent. IMPORTANCES. gordonii interactions with its environment depend on the complement of cell wall proteins. A subset of these cell wall proteins requires processing by the enzyme sortase A (SrtA). The identification of SrtA-processed proteins and their functional characterization will help the community to better understand how S. gordonii engages with its surroundings, including other microbes, integrates into the plaque community, adheres to the tooth surface, and hematogenously disseminates to cause blood-borne infections. This study identified 26 putative SrtA-processed proteins through creation of a markerless deletion mutant library. The library was subject to functional screens that were chosen to better understand key aspects of S. gordonii physiology and pathogenesis.
Randomized Clinical Trial Examining the Impact of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Functioning in Middle-aged and Older Adults.

Purpose The gut microbiome has been linked to cognitive function and appears to worsen with aging. Probiotic supplementation has been found to improve the health of the gut microbiome. As such, it is possible that probiotic supplementation may protect the aging brain. The current study examined the cognitive benefits of probiotic supplementation (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG) in healthy middle-aged and older adults. Materials and Methods The study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Two hundred community-dwelling adults aged 52–75 were enrolled (mean age=64.3, SD=5.52). A three-month intervention involved daily consumption of probiotic or placebo. Independent sample t-tests, chi-squared tests, and repeated measure ANOVAs compared groups and examined changes over time. Primary outcome was change in NIH Toolbox Total Cognition Score from baseline to follow-up. Results A total of 145 participants were examined in primary analyses (probiotic=77, placebo=68) and excluded persons due to discontinuation, low adherence, missing data, or outlier values. Established criteria (ie ≥1 subtest t-scores ≤35; n=19, n=23) were used to operationally define cognitive impairment. Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed that persons with cognitive impairment who consumed probiotics exhibited a greater total cognition score improvement than persons with cognitive impairment in the placebo group and cognitively intact persons in probiotic or placebo groups. Conclusion Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG probiotic supplementation was associated with improved cognitive performance in middle-aged and older adults with cognitive impairment. Probiotic supplementation may be a novel method for protecting cognitive health in aging.
The relationship of sleep duration and quality to energy expenditure and physical activity in children.

Background Shorter sleep duration has been linked to the risk for obesity in children. The pathways linking sleep duration and quality to the risk of obesity are unclear, particularly the effect of sleep on energetics. Objective We investigated the relationship between sleep duration, quality and timing in children, to the basal metabolic rate (BMR), total energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity (PA). Methods Fifty nine children in two age-groups (5-11 and 12-18 years) underwent evaluation of body composition (DXA), BMR in a room calorimeter, free-living TEE by doubly labelled water method, sleep and PA (7-day Actiheart monitor) during school break. Results Sleep duration contributed to the variance in BMR (β = 0.11, P = .009) after adjusting for age-group, sex, lean and fat mass, but not to the variance in TEE. Late sleep timing was related to lower PA. In the younger age-group, children who met recommended sleep duration on ≥50% of the 7 days had higher light PA (P = .03) and lower sedentary time (P = .009). Conclusion Suboptimal sleep is associated with lower BMR, lower PA, and higher sedentary behaviours in young children. Prospective studies are needed to confirm if insufficient sleep duration or late sleep timing contribute to obesity risk by increasing sedentary behaviours and decreasing BMR.