cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Erratum to “Impact of Interface Roughness Scattering on the Performance of GaAs/Al $_{\mathrm {\mathbf {x}}}$ Ga $_{\mathrm {\mathbf {1-x}}}$ As Terahertz Quantum Cascade Lasers”

In our original work [1] , Table II of page 2300208–4 should be replaced by the following:
Surgical Resection and Cellular Proliferation Index Predict Prognosis for Patients with Papillary Glioneuronal Tumor: Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis

Background Although the World Health Organization classifies papillary glioneuronal tumor (PGNT) as a grade I tumor, several malignant cases have been reported. In this study, we examined the clinical and prognostic characteristics of PGNT. Methods PubMed, Embase, and institutional databases were queried for patient-level reports of PGNT, resulting in identification of 138 cases. Descriptive and Kaplan–Meier survival analyses were conducted. The threshold of significance was 0.05. Results The mean age at presentation was 26.9 ± 16.3 years, and the incidence was higher in males (1.42:1). Tumors with a high Ki-67 index (≥5) were more likely to exhibit perilesional edema and ring enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging, trending toward significance (P = 0.114 and 0.113, respectively). Compared with tumors with a low Ki-67 index ( Conclusions PGNT is a benign tumor of young adults, but can present atypically as high grade. Male sex, low cellular proliferation, and maximal surgical resection are positive prognostic indicators for PGNT.
Progress in High-Voltage Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Sodium-Ion Batteries

Room-temperature rechargeable sodium-ion batteries are considered as a promising alternative technology for grid and other storage applications due to their competitive cost benefit and sustainable resource supply, triumphing other battery systems on the market. To facilitate the practical realization of the sodium-ion technology, the energy density of sodium-ion batteries needs to be boosted to the level of current commercial Li-ion batteries. An effective approach would be to elevate the operating voltage of the battery, which requires the use of electrochemically stable cathode materials with high voltage versus Na+/Na. This review summarizes the recent progress with the emerging high-voltage cathode materials for room-temperature sodium-ion batteries, which include layered transitional-metal oxides, Na-rich materials, and polyanion compounds. The key challenges and corresponding strategies for these materials are also discussed, with an emphasis placed on the intrinsic structural properties, Na storage electrochemistry, and the voltage variation tendency with respect to the redox reactions. The insights presented in this article can serve as a guide for improving the energy densities of room-temperature Na-ion batteries.
Malcev-Admissible Algebras of Low Dimension

In this chapter, we construct some flexible Malcev-admissible algebras of low dimension over an algebraically closed field F of characteristic 0. Under some restrictions, we classify all flexible Malcev-admissible algebras A of dimension ≤ 8 over F, when A− is not solvable. Since the case of dimension ≤ 4 has been determined in Theorem 4.9, we begin with dimension 5. Specifically, we determine completely the case of dimension 5. For dimension 6, we put the restriction that the radical R of A− is nilpotent, when R is not a direct summand of A−. For dimensions 7 and 8, we assume that either the radical R is abelian, or A− has a Levi factor sl(2) ⊕ sl(2) or C− 0.
Non-native language exposure promotes children’s willingness to accept labels in two languages

ABSTRACTBilingualism has been associated with a range of cognitive and language-related advantages, including the recognition that words can have different labels across languages. However, most previous research has failed to consider heterogeneity in the linguistic environments of children categorized as monolingual. Our study assessed the influence of non-native language experience on children’s acceptance of labels in 2 languages. In a continuous measure of language exposure, parents reported the number of hours during which their children heard non-English languages from different sources. English-speaking 5-year-olds (N = 73) were presented with novel labels in English and Spanish for unfamiliar objects and were asked to endorse either or both labels. Children with greater exposure to non-English languages were more likely than less-exposed children to endorse both the English and Spanish labels. The findings suggest that monolingual children’s willingness to learn non-native vocabulary can be enhan...
Iliac Artery Endofibrosis in Athletes: A Case Series:

IntroductionEndofibrosis of the external iliac arteries (IE) occurs in some high-performance athletes, particularly female cyclists, and causes leg pain on extreme exertion. Establishing the diagno...
Application of Fixator-Norator Pairs in Analog Circuit Design

Recently Fixator-Norator Pairs (FNP) have been shown to be very powerful tools in designing analog circuits for multiple specs. These specs are separated into different areas of the design, and for each area a specific design methodology is introduced in this chapter. The areas mainly consist of designing for circuit biasing, gains, input and output impedances, active loads and current mirrors in ICs, and frequency responses and bandwidth for amplifiers. Very similar to a nullor, it is shown that the role of the fixator in an FNP is to provide a fixed and stable response to a circuit variable as specified by the design criteria. The norator, on the other hand, acts as a place holder for one or more circuit components that are needed to provide the requirements in the circuit to respond to spec, being held constant by the fixator. In designing for frequency and bandwidth, specifically, the mission is harder because of the complexity of the situation. It is shown that a model circuit helps in this case to provide the frequency response needed for the design. Since a model circuit is only for simulation purposes, it can be constructed from ideal components such as controlled sources, and it can be even built quite modular. As shown, the FNP methodology works for both linear and nonlinear circuits. However, for nonlinear circuits we need to keep the biasing situation unchanged during the AC design process. The circuit biasing may change when feedbacks are added to the original amplifier circuit, if not protected. In case needed, coupling capacitors are added to protect the circuit biasing. There are sections in the chapter, where each covers a separate feature and application of FNP in analog circuit design. Examples have also been worked out in rather details to show the role and significance of FNP in each application.
Encoding of Spatially Coupled LDGM Codes for Lossy Source Compression

It has been shown that a class of spatially coupled low-density generator-matrix (SC-LDGM) code ensembles displays distortion saturation for the lossy binary symmetric source coding problem with the belief propagation guided decimation (BPGD) algorithm, i.e., the BPGD distortion approaches the optimal expected distortion of the underlying ensemble asymptotically in code length. We investigate the distortion performance of a practical class of protograph-based SC-LDGM code ensembles and demonstrate distortion saturation numerically. Moreover, taking advantage of the convolutional structure of the SC-LDGM codes, we propose an efficient windowed encoding (WE) algorithm with two decimation techniques for lowering the WE complexity that maintain distortion performance close to the rate-distortion bound.
Conjunctival penetration of insulin and peptide drugs in the albino rabbit.

An in vitro model was used to evaluate the conjunctival penetration of three peptides, [D-ala2]metenkephalinamide (YAGFM, MW 647), substance P (MW 1348), and insulin (MW 5778), in comparison with two nonpeptides, atenolol (MW 266) and timolol (MW 433). All three peptides were hydrolyzed to varying extents during penetration across the conjunctiva. The permeability coefficient for intact YAGFM and insulin was 4.5 ± 0.3 and 4.6 ± 0.7 µm sec−1, respectively. These values were about two to five times lower than those for atenolol and timolol. No permeability coefficient could be calculated for substance P, since its transconjunctival flux never reached steady state. The conjunctival penetration of YAGFM and insulin was improved by about two and three times, respectively, with the addition of 1% Na glycocholate. Increasing the Na glycocholate concentration was more effective than changing the type of bile salt in improving the conjunctival penetration of insulin. The maximum factor of improvement was 12, as the Na glycocholate concentration was raised to 4%. The way in which Na deoxycholate, glycocholate, and taurocholate affected the conjunctival penetration of atenolol, timolol, and insulin suggests that these three bile salts improved mainly the transcellular penetration of the compounds studied.
Scattering techniques for structural analysis of biomaterials

Abstract: Biomaterials often exhibit structures at multiple length scales that influence the chemical, physical, mechanical and biological properties of a material. This chapter discusses techniques used to determine these structures: light scattering for the determination of particle sizes ~ 0.1 μm; wide-angle X-ray scattering for analyzing the molecular structure, crystallinity and morphology in the solid state ( ~1 nm); small-angle X-ray scattering for obtaining structural information at mesoscale (10 nm) to determine lamellar structure and phase behavior in the solid state, and size and aggregation behavior of particles in solution; and small-angle neutron scattering using molecules labeled with deuterium for the analysis of single chain dimensions, polymer mixtures and solvent diffusion in the solid state.
A Game Theory-Based Effective Network Management in SDN Networks

Knowing the rapid growth of traffic in the mobile network, connected devices and the variety of services and applications run in recent years, the current network architecture no longer supports this increase in traffic. In this sense, we benefit from many technologies such as Software Defined Networking (SDN), Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) and new tools like Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) to propose a new architecture where we add a new intelligent entity that facilitates the management and efficient allocation of network resources. But, the placement of this node can present a problem. In this article, we formulate this problem using the Game Theory. First, we begin by presenting the technologies and tools used in this work. In the second place, we present the architecture model and do a modeling to find the optimal placement of Smart Node in the network. Then we propose a scenario to prove the usefulness of the proposed model.
Dosimetric evaluation of an atlas-based synthetic CT generation approach for MR-only radiotherapy of pelvis anatomy

Purpose To investigate the potential of an atlas-based approach in generation of synthetic CT for pelvis anatomy. Methods Twenty-three matched pairs of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were selected from a pool of prostate cancer patients. All MR scans were preprocessed to reduce scanner- and patient-induced intensity inhomogeneities and to standardize their intensity histograms. Ten (training dataset) of 23 pairs were then utilized to construct the coregistered CT-MR atlas. The synthetic CT for a new patient is generated by appropriately weighting the deformed atlas of CT-MR onto the new patient MRI. The training dataset was used as an atlas to generate the synthetic CT for the rest of the patients (test dataset). The mean absolute error (MAE) between the deformed planning CT and synthetic CT was computed over the entire CT image, bone, fat, and muscle tissues. The original treatment plans were also recomputed on the new synthetic CTs and dose-volume histogram metrics were compared. The results were compared with a commercially available synthetic CT Software (MRCAT) that is routinely used in our clinic. Results MAE errors (±SD) between the deformed planning CT and our proposed synthetic CTs in the test dataset were 47 ± 5, 116 ± 12, 36 ± 6, and 47 ± 5 HU for the entire image, bone, fat, and muscle tissues respectively. The MAEs were 65 ± 5, 172 ± 9, 43 ± 7, and 42 ± 4 HU for the corresponding tissues in MRCAT CT. The dosimetric comparison showed consistent results for all plans using our synthetic CT, deformed planning CT and MRCAT CT. Conclusion We investigated the potential of a multiatlas approach to generate synthetic CT images for the pelvis. Our results demonstrate excellent results in terms of HU value assignment compared to the original CT and dosimetric consistency.
Early Pueblo Period Population Aggregation and Dispersal in the Petrified Forest Region, East-Central Arizona

The Western Puerco region of east-central Arizona figured prominently in foundational studies of the Early Pueblo period (AD 650–950) yet remains on the periphery of recent research. This article p...
Association between completing secondary education and adulthood outcomes in Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania and Uganda

Abstract In this paper we examine descriptively the relationships between completed secondary education and social, informational, and economic adulthood outcomes of 15–24 year old males and females in Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania and Uganda. We find that completing secondary education is associated with higher media access and somewhat better health related knowledge. However we also find that completing secondary education is not necessarily associated with a greater sense of agency within the family, disapproval of domestic violence against women and preference for female children. Importantly we find that those with completed secondary education are not necessarily more likely to be employed than those without. Against the backdrop where secondary education completion is increasingly recognized and promoted as an important educational benchmark for youth, our analysis raises questions both about the “promise” and the “relevance” of secondary education as it is currently delivered in many low-income countries.
Development and Validation of the Black Community Activism Orientation Scale

In this article, we describe the development and validation of a measure of orientation toward activism in and for the Black community—the Black Community Activism Orientation Scale (BCAOS)—in a sa...
Development of Intelligence

At this date in psychological science, there should be no doubt that intelligence is what Binet thought it to be: a multivariate affair. From a multitude of factor-analytic investigations, intelligence has been demonstrated to be multidimensional. Through such studies of individual differences, a great number of distinguishable intellectual functions have been delineated, as described by their positions in the writer’s structure-of-intellect (SI) model (Guilford, 1967; Guilford & Hoepfner, 1971).
Influence of CO2 injection on the poromechanical response of Berea sandstone

Abstract Subsurface reservoirs are targeted formations for geologic carbon dioxide (CO2) storage. Even if proper management of injection pressures minimizes the risks of induced seismicity, high pressure CO2 can interact with brine-saturated host rock and cause microstructural changes that lead to alterations in poromechanical properties of the rock. The effect is well pronounced in carbonate-rich rock, but observations on silica-rich reservoirs are ambiguous. In this study, we report a broad range of experiments performed on Berea sandstone, consisting mainly of quartz (∼90%), in three different states: pristine, thermally damaged, and thermally damaged then treated with liquid CO2. Drained and undrained poromechanical tests, ultrasonic velocity measurements, acoustic emission (AE), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and petrographic analyses are conducted. The tests reveal that thermal damage alone does not significantly affect poromechanical properties. However, CO2 injection does affect strength (10–15 % decrease), permeability (up to 100% increase), porosity (10% increase), and elastic creep rate (more than twice); corresponding microstructural changes were observed from XRD test results. At the same time, the poroelastic moduli measured in triaxial compression experiments and load-induced fracture processes, as interpreted through acoustic emission data collected in uniaxial compression tests, were affected insignificantly. These experimental observations provide better understanding of the mechanical behavior of low-carbonate reservoir rocks that are subjected to high pressure CO2 injection.
Diagnosis and management of severe congenital factor XIII deficiency in the Emergency Department: lessons from a "model" family.

Plasma factor XIII (FXIII) is a pro-enzyme (composed of 2α2β subunits), activated to XIIIa by calcium and thrombin in the final step of the coagulation cascade. FXIII stabilises the clot during the process of haemostasis by catalysing the cross-linking of fibrin, platelet membrane and matrix proteins. Moreover, FXIII prevents premature clot degradation by the fibrinolytic system. FXIII also plays an important role in wound healing and tissue repair1. Congenital FXIII deficiency is a rare genetic bleeding disorder that is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner with a frequency of one case per 2–3 million individuals in the human population. The genes involved in FXIII production are located on different chromosomes, namely subunit A on 6p25-p24 and subunit B on 1q31-q32.1. Genetic analyses have revealed that in most cases congenital FXIII deficiency is associated with deficiency of subunit A located on chromosome 6, while in a minority of cases it is found associated with deficiency of subunit B located on chromosome 12. Affected subjects often have a positive history for consanguinity. Although rare, congenital FXIII deficiency is an important disorder because of the severity of its bleeding manifestations. In particular, the incidence of intracranial haemorrhage is 20–30%, which is significantly higher than that in any other bleeding disorder3. The clinical manifestations of congenital FXIII deficiency include a lifelong bleeding diathesis, in particular subcutaneous bleeding (57%), delayed umbilical cord bleeding (56%), muscle haematoma (49%), haemorrhage after surgery (40%), intracerebral bleeding (34%), and a high risk of miscarriage. Delayed bleeding (i.e., 12–36 hours) after trauma or surgery is pathognomonic of factor XIII deficiency2,4. Differently from all other congenital haemostatic protein deficiencies, in congenital FXIII deficiency typical coagulation screening tests and platelet function tests are absolutely normal; specific FXIII assays must, therefore, be performed2. Indeed, factor XIII deficiency should be considered in patients with recurrent delayed bleeds and a normal coagulation profile.
Quantifying Genetic and Environmental Influence on Gray Matter Microstructure Using Diffusion MRI.

Early neuroimaging work in twin studies focused on studying genetic and environmental influence on gray matter macrostructure. However, it is also important to understand how gray matter microstructure is influenced by genes and environment to facilitate future investigations of their influence in mental disorders. Advanced diffusion MRI (dMRI) measures allow more accurate assessment of gray matter microstructure compared with conventional diffusion tensor measures. To understand genetic and environmental influence on gray matter, we used diffusion and structural MRI data from a large twin and sibling study (N = 840) and computed advanced dMRI measures including return to origin probability (RTOP), which is heavily weighted toward intracellular and intra-axonal restricted spaces, and mean squared displacement (MSD), more heavily weighted to diffusion in extracellular space and large cell bodies in gray matter. We show that while macrostructural features like brain volume are mainly genetically influenced, RTOP and MSD can together tap into both genetic and environmental influence on microstructure.
Parkinson’s Disease Classification using Pitch Synchronous Speech Segments and Fine Gaussian Kernels based SVM

Researchers have been using signal processing based methods to assess speech from Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and identify the contrasting features in comparison to speech from healthy controls (HC). The methodologies follow conventional approach of segmenting speech over a fixed window (≈25ms to 30ms) followed by feature extraction and classification. The proposed methodology uses MFCCs extracted from pitch synchronous and fixed window (25ms) based speech segments for classification using fine Gaussian support vector machines (SVM). Three word utterances with three different vowel sounds are used for this analysis. Clustering experiments are aimed at identifying two clusters and class labels (PD/HC) are assigned based on number of participants from the respective class in the cluster. The features are divided into 9 groups based on the vowel content to evaluate the effect of different vowel sounds. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used for dimensionality reduction along with a 10-fold cross-validation. From the results, we observed that pitch synchronous segmentation yields better classification performance compared to fixed window based segmentation. The results of this analysis support our hypothesis that pitch synchronous segmentation is better suited for PD classification using connected speech.Clinical Relevance— The automatic speech analysis framework used in this analysis establishes the greater efficiency of pitch synchronous segmentation over the traditional methods.
Gonadotropins, Gonadal Steroids, SHBG, and Related Labs

This chapter discusses the interpretation of gonadotropins, gonadal steroids, and other related labs that are used in the assessment of pubertal disorders, atypical genitalia, hyperandrogenism, and hypopituitarism. Understanding the physiology of these hormones during infancy, childhood, and puberty is critical to appropriate interpretation of laboratory results, as is the use of age- and sex-specific reference ranges. Additionally, appreciation of assay limitations, particularly in the case of immunoassays for testosterone, is critical to an appropriate evaluation.
Intrarenal B cells integrate in situ innate and adaptive immunity in human renal allograft rejection

Abstract In human allograft rejection, intrarenal B cell infiltrates identify those with a poor prognosis. However, how intrarenal B cells contribute to rejection is not known. Single cell RNA-sequencing of intrarenal class-switched B cells revealed a unique innate cell transcriptional state resembling murine peritoneal B1 cells (Bin cells). Comparison to the transcriptome of whole renal allograft rejecting tissue revealed that Bin cells existed within a complex autocrine and paracrine network of signaling axes. The immunoglobulins expressed by Bin cells did not bind donor specific antigens nor were they enriched for reactivity to ubiquitously expressed self-antigens. Rather, Bin cells frequently expressed antibodies reactive with renal expressed antigens. Furthermore, local antigens could drive Bin cell proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells expressing self-reactive antibodies. By contributing to local innate immune networks, and expressing antibodies reactive with renal expressed antigens, Bin cells are predicted to amplify local inflammation and tissue destruction.
Human Factors in Perioperative Care

Perioperative medicine adheres to the concept of “The Right Patient at the Right Time in the Right Place.” Human factors are intimately involved in perioperative medicine and impact preoperative evaluation, intraoperative management, and postoperative recovery and play a significant role in patient safety and outcomes. Communication is key to safe patient care, and the use of intraoperative and handoff communication tools decreases miscommunication events and fosters a culture encouraging team members to voice concern. By recognizing potential errors, practicing effective communication, and utilizing available cognitive aids/tools, perioperative medicine can reduce adverse events.
Battling the Excremental Self: Western Civilization and Its Decomposition in Jonathan Franzen’s The Corrections

With analysis of Franzen’s The Corrections, this chapter explores the logic of literary toiletry that points toward white masculine subjects’ battles with their excremental selves as they recognize bodily waste as enemy to the ordered and functional subjects required by families and civil society. Using scenes of scatological humor as starting points, the chapter shows how white middle-class characters understand their bodies as problems, their excreta as signs of failure to distinguish themselves from organic matter. As Franzen’s Alfred Lambert struggles with incontinence during the onset of Parkinson’s Disease, he reveals that association with excreta signals a kind of social death; still, the explosive excremental movements of his body place a constant pressure on him to overcome the decomposing matter of the self and thus he continually returns to a phobic cleansing of personal waste. This inability to accept his excremental nature fuels violent rhetoric toward the body, populations deemed other, and the world. Thus, scatological satire allows Franzen to put pressure on a subjectivity that cannot stand the possibility—the inevitability—of dissolution, decay, and death offered by the body and the external world. By beginning with the individual body, this novel explores subjects who seek to transcend the organic matter of self, and, when failing this transcendence, turn with rhetorical violence to eliminate the organic threat, but also shows how this battle against the excremental self extends outward in aggression toward worldly others. Using key Freudian texts, Brown’s Life Against Death, and Bersani’s The Freudian Body in analysis of the novel, the chapter moves toward a larger argument about civilization and its discontents, civilization and its decomposition. By combining psychoanalytic theory and literary analysis, the chapter shows how a phobic bodily schema extends out into civilization’s attack against all potential decomposing forces and how daily battles against the excremental self are representative of the wider battle against death supplied by the external ecosystems of which communities are a part and other beings—human or otherwise—that might cause white masculine subjects’ fertile erosion. In sum, the chapter argues that fictional representations of the negation of individual decomposition represented through fictional systems of sanitary engineering allow Franzen to come to terms with civilization’s negation of death that allows for the abnegation of human connectivity to planetary ecology and other beings.
Abstract S09-02: Outcomes by race for cancer patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection

Purpose: Disparities in COVID-19 outcomes have been widely reported, with disproportionate negative impacts on the African American (AA) population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of race on COVID-19 outcomes for cancer patients hospitalized in a large Michigan health care system. Methods: A cohort of hospitalized, laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive patients was identified through the Henry Ford Health System Institutional COVID prospective patient registry between March 1st–May 2020. Those with a diagnosis of cancer were identified using our institutional tumor registry and electronic health record (EHR). Patient self-reported race/ethnicity data were extracted from the system’s centralized EHR, as were other demographic and clinical covariates. Racial differences in cumulative incidence of mortality and hospital discharge were tested. To further evaluate the effect of race on the mortality, Fine-Gray competing-risks model was performed with discharge alive as a competing event. A P Results: Out of the 204 COVID+ cancer patients hospitalized in our health care system, 69.6% were AA (N=142). AA patients were slightly younger than non-AA patients (70.35 v. 74.58, p=0.023). No difference in mean BMI was detected (30.33 AA v. 29.87 non-AA, p = 0.68). A smaller proportion of AA patients had active cancer (36.6% v. 40.3%, p = 0.73). Outcomes were generally inferior in the AA cohort, although these differences were not statistically significant. The rate of ICU admission was 41.5% in AA and 37.1% in non-AA (p=0.659). 34.5% of AA patients required intubation compared to 25.8% of non-AA patients (p=0.288). In our model, older age was the only variable that significantly increased the risk of death (standard hazard ratio SHR 1.05, p = 0.002). The risk of death was higher for AA patients (SHR 1.92, p=0.068) and males (SHR 1.62, p = 0.078) but did not meet statistical significance. Discussion: COVID-19 outcomes were worse in the AA cancer population, but these differences did not meet statistical significance. Inferior outcomes for AA cancer patients were seen despite younger age and a smaller proportion of patients with active cancer. Our analysis focused on hospitalized patients, which would tend to select patients with similar disease severity. Notably, AA patients were significantly over-represented in our cohort (70% of hospitalizations compared to 14% of Michigan population). Our results suggest that racial disparities in outcomes for cancer patients with a SARS-CoV-2 infection may exist, but further study of larger, less selected populations is needed. Citation Format: Steven S. Chang, Clara Hwang, Mohamed A. Elshaikh, Amy Tang, Christine M. Neslund-Dudas, Albert M. Levin, Laila M. Poisson, Benjamin A. Rybicki. Outcomes by race for cancer patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Meeting: COVID-19 and Cancer; 2020 Jul 20-22. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(18_Suppl):Abstract nr S09-02.
Do You Know What Your Scribe Did Last Spring? The Impact of COVID-19 on Medical Scribe Workflow.

Objective To understand the impact of the shift to virtual medicine induced by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had on the workflow of medical scribes. Design This is a prospective observational survey-based study. Setting This study was conducted at academic medical center in the United States. Participants Seventy-four scribes working in ambulatory practices within an academic medical center. Interventions All medical scribes received a survey assessing their workflow since beginning of COVID-19 restrictions. Primary and Secondary Outcomes To assess the current workflow of medical scribes since transition to virtual care. Secondary outcomes are to assess the equipment used and location of their new workflow. Results Fifty-seven scribes completed the survey. Overall 42% of scribes have transitioned to remote scribing with 97% serving as remote scribes for remote visits. This workflow is conducted at home and with personal equipment. Of those not working as scribes, 46% serve in preclinic support, with a wide range of EHR-related activities being reported. The remaining scribes have been either redeployed or furloughed. Conclusion The rapid transition to virtual care brought about by COVID-19 has resulted in a dramatic shift in scribe workflow with the adoption of a previously unreported workflow of remote scribing for virtual care. Additional work is now needed to ensure these new workflows are safe and effective and that scribes are trained to work in this new paradigm.
Mobile UX design: learning from the Flyover Country mobile app

Technology has transformed maps into interactive tools for exploring and understanding the world. In this article, we present the user experience (UX) design process for Flyover Country (http://fly...
Racial and ethnic disparities in posttraumatic psychopathology among postpartum women.

People of color in the United States disproportionately bear the burden of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Pregnant women of color are at particular risk, as perinatal PTSD is associated with adverse maternal and child health. However, PTSD is a heterogeneous disorder comprising discrete symptom dimensions. Adopting a dimensional understanding of PTSD could aid in identifying women at-risk for the consequences of posttraumatic psychopathology and guide treatment selection. In a large sample of Latina, Black, and non-Hispanic White postpartum women in the United States (N = 1663), we examined racial and ethnic differences in the factors of the dysphoric arousal model-a leading dimensional model of PTSD. This model is characterized by five symptom dimensions: re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, dysphoric arousal, and anxious arousal. Past-year trauma in this sample was common, afflicting nearly 70% of women. In unadjusted models, women of color exhibited more severe PTSD symptom levels across dimensions except for dysphoric arousal, with Black mothers particularly affected. In models adjusted for age, education, and poverty, Black women continued to report elevated symptoms of avoidance and, relative to Latina mothers, re-experiencing symptoms. In contrast, White women reported more dysphoric arousal symptoms relative to women of color. Illuminating differential patterns of symptom dimensions across racial and ethnic groups is critical to PTSD assessment and treatment and may shed light on disparities. Perinatal healthcare may be an important opportunity for posttraumatic symptom screening, and greater understanding of racial and ethnic variation in posttraumatic symptom dimensions can guide targeted intervention selection for perinatal women.
Great war modernism: artistic response in the context of war, 1914-1918: edited by Nanette Norris, Madison, NJ, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2016, xiii + 247 pp., $46.99 (paperback), ISBN: 978-1-6114-7803-7

Great War Modernism stands in a vexed relationship to two truisms. The first is that the First World War is in some way intertwined with the development of modernism. The second is that an edited c...
Effect of age, BMI, and gender on urinary risk factors in pediatric idiopathic stone formers.

Summary Introduction The incidence of pediatric urolithiasis has been increasing over the years; however, the etiology of this increase is not well understood. Age, body mass index, and gender have been examined as possible risk factors for stone disease, but with inconsistent and variable associations. Objective We aim to investigate the urine chemistry factors, as assessed by 24-h urinary parameters, in pediatric stone formers at a large volume tertiary referral center in the highest areas in the United States, the Southeast, based on age, body mass index, and gender. Study design We retrospectively reviewed all pediatric stone formers who completed a 24-h study between 2005 and 2016. Patients were stratified by age (3–10 versus 11–18 years of age), overweight status (above versus below the 85th percentile for body mass index), and gender (male versus female) (Summary Figure). Statistical analysis included analysis of variance and logistic regression. Results 243 patients were included in our analysis. Patients in the first decade of life were found to have greater numbers of urinary risk factors than those in the second decade. Non-overweight patients were more likely to have hyperoxaluria and hyperuricosuria, while overweight patients were more likely to have hypocitraturia. Female patients were more likely to have higher hyperoxaluria, while male patients were more likely to have hypercalciuria. Discussion In contrast to prior publications, obesity is not linked to increased risk of urolithiasis with non-overweight individuals having a greater number of risk factors than the overweight cohort. Despite stone disease being more prevalent in adolescents, the greatest number of risk factors were present in the first decade of life. Lastly, female children had more urinary risk factors than males. Further understanding of the underlying causes of stone disease in various pediatric populations is warranted. Conclusion While more urinary risk factors were identified in younger, non-overweight, and female patients, there remains no consensus on the urinary risk factors for pediatric urolithiasis. Further study is needed to elucidate the risk factors and pathophysiology of pediatric stone disease.
Emotion dysregulation, help-seeking attitudes, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: A structural equation model.

Most college students have experienced an adverse event in their lifetime, yet help-seeking rates remain low. This study seeks to understand psychological factors that might contribute to delays in...
Colloid precipitation and interactions at a flowing solution-solution interface in confined geometries

Abstract The presence of colloids can profoundly alter the fluid dynamics and chemical environment of the systems in which they are present. Less studied are the effects of colloids localized by precipitation to a fluid boundary, and the evolution of the colloidal and fluid systems interacting under this condition. We report results on the precipitation of FeCl2 with Na2S, Na2CO3, Na2HPO4, and electroless reduction of HAuCl4 with NaBH4 to understand the interplay between precipitation and fluid dynamics at the solution-solution boundary of reactant streams in a microchannel. We find that colloids increase the effective viscosity of the solution-solution interface, and this alteration has profound impacts on the accretion and morphology of the produced material. Precipitation localized to a stable solution-solution boundary by channel geometry forms within the chemical and physical gradients ‘locked in’ by this sudden increase in viscosity, while it is shown that precipitation in more chaotic laminar regimes experience a relaxation of these gradients. In the case of a stable flow boundary, this produces a coherent material with dynamic structures such as large dendrites, while in each of the other geometries in this work colloids primarily collect by convective and diffusional transport.
Not of Place, But of Path: Nomads on the World Stage

As a state created by mobile herders, the organization of the Xiongnu polity has been a topic of controversy among historians and anthropologists alike. Questions arise about the nature of centralized authority and local autonomy, about political finance, and about integration and sustainability. In this chapter, I consider historical and archaeological evidence for Xiongnu organization at the local, regional, and macro-regional scales. I argue that Xiongnu statehood involved new state rituals and ideologies, a flexible balance between centralized and distributed authority, and approaches to mobility that supported pastoralism while at the same time empowering local and regional political leadership. These innovations formed the basis of a uniquely nomadic form of regional organization that I describe using the concept of spatial politics. These political practices not only served to stabilize the nomadic state, but also gave early impetus to eastern parts of the Silk Roads and consolidated the frontier between the two enduring centers of power in Inner Asia and China.
Posted prices exchange for display advertising contracts

We propose a new market design for display advertising contracts, based on posted prices. Our model and algorithmic framework address several major challenges: (i) the space of possible impression types is exponential in the number of attributes, which is typically large, therefore a complete price space cannot be maintained; (ii) advertisers are usually unable or reluctant to provide extensive demand (willingness-to-pay) functions, (iii) the levels of detail with which supply and demand are specified are often not identical.
Bringing clients back in: Homophily preferences and inequality on Wall Street

Using qualitative data from a cohort sample of 76 current or former Wall Street professionals, I argue that the perception that clients prefer homophily with their service providers shapes Wall Street careers and contributes to gender inequality. I also reveal how some women on Wall Street partially insulate themselves from biases against them by deliberately avoiding positions that are most dependent on client relationships. I hypothesize that the strength of client preferences for homophily in service providers in the Wall Street context is related to the high status of this service profession and its clients.
The Impact of Migration on Social Capital: Do Migrants Take Their Bowling Balls with Them?

Questions surrounding the impact of population migration on social capital is the focus of this study. Putnam observed that “for people as for plants, frequent repotting disrupts root systems. It takes time for a mobile individual to put down new roots.” However, because of a trending decrease in mobility over time, Putnam rules out migration as an explanation for the long-term decline in social capital that was the subject of his widely read 1995 book Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital. This study undertakes an empirical examination of the impact of migration on county-level social capital, which in tribute to Putnam one might view as an attempt to answer the question—do migrants take their bowling balls with them when they move? The potential for county-level migration of population to impact social capital levels at particular locations in space arises from the conventional argument that social capital promotes trust and cooperation among agents. This trust increases socially efficient collective action but requires investment in relationships and commitment of scarce resources to build social capital. It seems plausible that migration of population might have a negative impact on the stock of social capital by interfering with trust and cooperation among agents. However, it is also possible that migrants may take their social capital with them to new places of residence. In other words, the propensity to join social and civic organizations might reflect inherent traits of individuals who are willing to make commitments of their resources to building social capital in any community where they reside.
Elucidating the mechanism of nanocone and nanohole formation on Si by optical trap assisted nanopatterning

Using optical trap-assisted nanopatterning (OTAN), we are able to control the formation of nanocones and nanoholes in Silicon. The effects are described by integrating FDTD and heat transfer modeling to account for the nanoscale features.
Colonization and Recovery of Invertebrate Ecosystem Engineers during Prairie Restoration

Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and earthworms (Oligochaeta) are considered ecosystem engineers because they form biogenic structures in the soil that influence resource supply. The objectives of this study were to quantify recovery dynamics of these invertebrate groups across a chronosequence of restored prairies and elucidate whether changes in the abundance and biomass of ants and earthworms were related to key plant and ecosystem properties. We sampled ants and earthworms from cultivated fields, grasslands restored from 1 to 21 years, and native prairie. Ant abundance and biomass peaked between 5 and 8 years of restoration and abundance was 198 times greater than cultivated fields. Earthworm abundance increased linearly across the chronosequence and became representative of native prairie, but all earthworm populations were dominated by European species. Ant abundance and biomass were positively correlated with plant diversity and plant richness, whereas earthworm abundance biomass was only related to surface litter. These results demonstrate that earthworm abundance increases with time since cessation of cultivation and concomitant with prairie establishment, whereas the abundance and biomass of ants are more related to the structure of restored plant communities than time. The dominance of exotic earthworms in these restorations, coupled with their capacity to alter soil properties and processes may represent novel conditions for grassland development.
Bayesian Graphical Models and Networks

This article describes a class of graphical models known as directed acyclic graphical (DAG) models. These models have numerous uses including data analysis, modeling of causal relationships, and representing and reasoning about uncertainty in expert systems and decision analysis. In this article, we define the model class and describe its basic properties. In addition, we discuss how DAG models are used in expert systems and decision analysis, and describe methods for inferring the structure and distributions of DAG models from data.
The Challenge to Diversity in Legal Education

I would like to address the challenge of maintaining diversity in legal education. For a few law schools, including my own, recent decisions and legislation in this area have resulted in a struggle to maintain diversity without using race or ethnicity as criteria for admission. I do not offer here a paper on the constitutionality of affirmative action. Instead, I will speak in somewhat personal terms, because I believe that all of us must examine our own beliefs, feelings, and experiences about these matters before we can understand and communicate our views to each other. I was born in South Carolina in 1934 and, except for a brief stint in Texas, spent my childhood there. In South Carolina I lived in a segregated society and attended first grade in an all-white school. The churches where my father served as minister had no black members. My mother, a third-grade school teacher, had no black students in her class. My earliest impression of the black people who lived in my rural community was that they worked as servants, tenant farmers, or in other low-income jobs. Except for the black ministers who sometimes met with my father, I do not remember ever having seen a black man wearing a suit and tie. Although I did not realize it at the time, the South Carolina of my childhood also offered few options to white women. My mother had been a grammar school teacher when she and my father married. After taking a few years off following my birth, she resumed teaching when I was about three—a rare occurrence for white women with young children in those days. When my sixth grade Civics teacher suggested that I go to law school (after a class debate in which I successfully argued the negative of the question, “Resolved, The South Should Have Won the Civil War”), my mother did not encourage the idea. She told me in no uncertain terms that women could not support themselves in the practice of law and that I would be better off with a teacher’s credential. I graduated from high school in 1952 and left South Carolina, never to return. I entered college at SMU where, out of deference to my mother, I enrolled in elementary education courses, but soon changed my major to the more challenging subject of English Literature, with a minor in Philosophy. At SMU, for the first time, I had black and a few Asian and Mexican-American classmates. Brown v. Board of Education was decided in 1954 as I was finishing my 1
Primary production and biovolume of various phototrophic plankton size fractions in three southeastern United States reservoirs.

Abstract Plankton size classes of <3 μm consisting largely of unicellular cyanobacteria accounted for 15 to 40% of the total primary production and generally represented <5% of the total phototrophic plankton biovolume in three South Carolina reservoirs.