cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The translation factor eIF5A and human cancer

The eukaryotic initiation factor eIF5A is a translation factor that, unusually, has been assigned functions in both initiation and elongation. Additionally, it is implicated in transcription, mRNA turnover and nucleocytoplasmic transport. Two eIF5A isoforms are generated from distinct but related genes. The major isoform, eIF5A1, is considered constitutive, is abundantly expressed in most cells, and is essential for cell proliferation. The second isoform, eIF5A2, is expressed in few normal tissues but is highly expressed in many cancers and has been designated a candidate oncogene. Elevated expression of either isoform carries unfavorable prognostic implications for several cancers, and both have been advanced as cancer biomarkers. The amino acid hypusine, a presumptively unique eIF5A post-translational modification, is required for most known eIF5A functions and it renders eIF5A susceptible to inhibitors of the modification pathway as therapeutic targets. eIF5A has been shown to regulate a number of gene products specifically, termed the eIF5A regulon, and its role in translating proline-rich sequences has recently been identified. A model is advanced that accommodates eIF5A in both the initiation and elongation phases of translation. We review here the biochemical functions of eIF5A, the relationship of its isoforms with human cancer, and evolving clinical applications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Translation and Cancer.
Beyond chemical accuracy in the heavy p-block: The first ionization potentials and electron affinities of Ga-Kr, In-Xe, and Tl-Rn.

A relativistic coupled-cluster version of the Feller-Peterson-Dixon composite method has been used to accurately calculate the first ionization potentials (IPs) and electron affinities (EAs) of the post-d, p-block elements Ga–Rn. Complete basis set extrapolations including outer-core correlation at the CCSD(T) level of theory were combined with contributions from higher order electron correlation up to CCSDTQ, quantum electrodynamic effects (Lamb shift), and spin-orbit (SO) coupling including the Gaunt contribution. Several methods for including SO were investigated, in which all involved the four-component (4c) Dirac-Coulomb (DC) Hamiltonian. The treatment of SO coupling was the contribution that limited the final accuracy of the present results. In the cases where 4c-DC-CCSD(T) could be reliably used for the SO contributions, the final composite IPs and EAs agreed with the available experimental values to within an unsigned average error of just 0.16 and 0.20 kcal/mol, respectively. In all cases, the final IPs and EAs were within 1 kcal/mol of the available experimental values, except for the EAs of the group 13 elements (Ga, In, and Tl), where the currently accepted experimental values appear to be too large by as much as 4 kcal/mol. The values predicted in this work, which have estimated uncertainties of ±0.5 kcal/mol, are 5.25 (Ga), 7.69 (In), and 7.39 (Tl) kcal/mol. For the EAs of Po and At, which do not have experimental values, the current calculations predict values of 34.2 and 55.8 kcal/mol with estimated uncertainties of ±0.6 and ±0.3 kcal/mol, respectively.A relativistic coupled-cluster version of the Feller-Peterson-Dixon composite method has been used to accurately calculate the first ionization potentials (IPs) and electron affinities (EAs) of the post-d, p-block elements Ga–Rn. Complete basis set extrapolations including outer-core correlation at the CCSD(T) level of theory were combined with contributions from higher order electron correlation up to CCSDTQ, quantum electrodynamic effects (Lamb shift), and spin-orbit (SO) coupling including the Gaunt contribution. Several methods for including SO were investigated, in which all involved the four-component (4c) Dirac-Coulomb (DC) Hamiltonian. The treatment of SO coupling was the contribution that limited the final accuracy of the present results. In the cases where 4c-DC-CCSD(T) could be reliably used for the SO contributions, the final composite IPs and EAs agreed with the available experimental values to within an unsigned average error of just 0.16 and 0.20 kcal/mol, respectively. In all cases, the fi...
Association of work-related and leisure-time physical activity with workplace food purchases, dietary quality, and health of hospital employees.

While leisure-time physical activity (PA) has been associated with reduced risk of cardiometabolic disease, less is known about the relationship between work-related PA and health. Work-related PA is often not a chosen behavior and may be associated with lower socioeconomic status and less control over job-related activities. This study examined whether high work-related PA and leisure-time PA reported by hospital employees were associated with healthier dietary intake and reductions in cardiometabolic risk. This was a cross-sectional analysis of 602 hospital employees who used workplace cafeterias and completed the baseline visit for a health promotion study in 2016–2018. Participants completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and clinical measures of weight, blood pressure, HbA1c, and lipids. Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores were calculated from two 24-h dietary recalls, and a Healthy Purchasing Score was calculated based on healthfulness of workplace food/beverage purchases. Regression analyses examined Healthy Purchasing Score, HEI, and obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes/prediabetes by quartile of work-related PA, leisure-time PA, and sedentary time. Participants’ mean age was 43.6 years (SD = 12.2), 79.4% were female, and 81.1% were white. In total, 30.3% had obesity, 20.6% had hypertension, 26.6% had prediabetes/diabetes, and 32.1% had hyperlipidemia. Median leisure-time PA was 12.0 (IQR: 3.3, 28.0) and median work-related PA was 14.0 (IQR: 0.0, 51.1) MET-hours/week. Higher leisure-time PA was associated with higher workplace Healthy Purchasing Score and HEI (p’s < 0.01) and lower prevalence of obesity, diabetes/prediabetes, and hyperlipidemia (p’s < 0.05). Work-related PA was not associated with Healthy Purchasing Score, HEI, or cardiometabolic risk factors. Increased sedentary time was associated with lower HEI (p = 0.02) but was not associated with the workplace Healthy Purchasing Score. Employees with high work-related PA did not have associated reductions in cardiometabolic risk or have healthier dietary intake as did employees reporting high leisure-time PA. Workplace wellness programs should promote leisure-time PA and healthy food choices for all employees, but programs may need to be customized and made more accessible to meet the unique needs of employees who are physically active at work. This trial was prospectively registered with clinicaltrials.gov (Identifier: NCT02660086) on January 21, 2016. The first participant was enrolled on September 16, 2016.
Edge Intelligence Assisted Gateway Defense in Cyber Security

Advanced persistent threat, network intrusions and anomalies, and invasions of location and data privacy are constantly violating edge networks, disturbing guaranteed services, and further destroying critical end devices and cyberinfrastructure. Edge gateway defense against malicious cyber threats and privacy leakage for a multitude of connected physical devices remains a significant problem. Edge computing empowered network intelligence will become a practical solution to tackle this challenge by building gateway-focused protection mechanisms, dynamically extending the edge network, and establishing a flexible and intelligent platform to perform rapid responses with the cloud and wide area network. In this article, we present the research in edge intelligence assisted gateway defense in cyber security. Specifically, we first provide the overview of edge computing, and then discuss the motivations of developing and deploying a robust and effective edge intelligence. We also present the details of edge intelligence assisted gateway defense, including major cyber threats and defense mechanisms at gateways. We further offer detailed descriptions of the emerging data-driven approaches for gateway defense. Finally, we perform an experimental study, and we demonstrate that robust edge intelligence achieves high detection accuracy and effective computational performance.
The Effect of Enhanced Milieu Teaching on Vocabulary Acquisition for Korean American Children With Down Syndrome

Children with Down syndrome (DS) often exhibit delays in cognitive and linguistic development. In response to the increasing number of culturally and linguistically diverse populations with disabil...
Are pilot experiments random? Social connections and policy expansion in China

Abstract This paper provides new evidence of how political regimes and social connections determine participation in pilot experiments. Using data from China’s national pilot experiments of New Rural Pension Scheme (NRPS), we show that county-level characteristics and political regime have explanation power in the early stage of county pilot decision. Local party secretaries connected to Central Committee (CC) members, a political body that comprises the top leaders of the Communist Party, are discouraged to enroll. In contrast, counties that are send-down movement destinations of CC members during Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) are more likely to enroll. We also find that counties with lower cost, higher benefits, and more government revenue are more likely to enroll. Local government leaders may face trade-off between economic performance and social welfare, and connected officials have more incentives to allocate resources in economic growth rather than social welfare. These findings are characterized by a theoretical model that describes how connections change local leaders’ allocation of government resources under a multitask problem.
The Ketogenic Diet: Breath Acetone Sensing Technology

The ketogenic diet, while originally thought to treat epilepsy in children, is now used for weight loss due to increasing evidence indicating that fat is burned more rapidly when there is a low carbohydrate intake. This low carbohydrate intake can lead to elevated ketone levels in the blood and breath. Breath and blood ketones can be measured to gauge the level of ketosis and allow for adjustment of the diet to meet the user's needs. Blood ketone levels have been historically used, but now breath acetone sensors are becoming more common due to less invasiveness and convenience. New technologies are being researched in the area of acetone sensors to capitalize on the rising popularity of the diet. Current breath acetone sensors come in the form of handheld breathalyzer devices. Technologies in development mostly consist of semiconductor metal oxides in different physio-chemical formations. These current devices and future technologies are investigated here with regard to utility and efficacy. Technologies currently in development do not have extensive testing of the selectivity of the sensors including the many compounds present in human breath. While some sensors have undergone human testing, the sample sizes are very small, and the testing was not extensive. Data regarding current devices is lacking and more research needs to be done to effectively evaluate current devices if they are to have a place as medical devices. Future technologies are very promising but are still in early development stages.
Patient Experience and Unplanned Patient Contact After Implementation of an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Protocol for Laparoscopic Hysterectomy

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol on patient experience after discharge from laparoscopic hysterectomy. Materia...
“I’ve Never Told Anyone”: A Qualitative Analysis of Interviews With College Women Who Experienced Sexual Assault and Remained Silent:

The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the decision made by some college women who are raped to tell no one. In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 college women between the ...
Whale Shark Aggregations in the Northern Gulf of Mexico

Background: The Northern Gulf of Mexico Whale Shark Research Program was initiated in 2003 to increase our knowledge of whale shark occurrence and distribution within the region. A primary goal was to obtain sightings data from “citizen scientists” to guide directed research. Whale sharks are typically solitary animals, but are known to aggregate in areas of high prey abundance. Methods: Whale shark sightings data reported from 2003 to present were compiled. Aggregations were defined as more than one whale shark, and large aggregations were defined as 10 or more sharks, observed at a specific location at the same time. Efforts were made to encounter aggregations to determine size and sex assemblage of the sharks, and to collect plankton samples to identify potential prey. Results: To date we have over 600 whale shark sightings reports and four research encounters of large aggregations. Whale shark aggregations represented 31% of reported sightings, 25% of which were large aggregations between 10-150 individuals. All of the reported large aggregations occurred during summer, almost exclusively along the continental shelf edge, with 41% occurring at Ewing Bank. Three out of the four scientific encounters occurred at Ewing Bank (2009, 2010, 2013). Aggregations were dominated by immature males that were primarily feeding on Euthynnus alletteratus eggs. Conclusions: The use of sightings data provided by “citizen scientists” has proven to be an inexpensive and effective technique for identifying whale shark aggregation locations in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Aggregation assemblages appear to consist of largely juvenile males that were feeding on tuna eggs. Similar to other regions, it is unknown if whale sharks in the northern Gulf of Mexico primarily consist of juveniles or if juveniles simply dominate these large feeding aggregations.
Rescue of CD8+ T cell vaccine memory following sublethal γ irradiation

Sublethal γ irradiation eliminates CD8+ T cell mediated memory responses. In this work, we explored how these memory responses could be rescued in the aftermath of such exposure. We utilized two models of CD8+ T cell mediated immunity: a mouse model of Listeria monocytogenes (LM) infection in which CD8+ T cells specific for LM expressed antigens (Listeriolysin O, LLO) can be tracked, and a murine skin graft model in which CD8+ T cells mediate rejection across a MHC class I (D(d)) disparity. In the LM immunized mice, LL0 specific CD8+ T memory cells were lost on irradiation, preserved with rapid revaccination with an attenuated strain 1-3 days post-irradiation (PI), and these mice survived a subsequent wild type LM challenge. A genetic "signature of rescue" identified a group of immune-associated mRNA maintained or upregulated following irradiation and rescue. A number of these factors, including IL-36γ, dectin-2 (Clec4n), and mir101c are upregulated rapidly after exposure of mice to sublethal γ radiation alone and are sustained by early, but not later rescue. Such factors will be evaluated as potential therapeutics to replace individual vaccines for global rescue of CD8+ T memory cell responses following sublethal γ irradiation. The skin allograft model mirrored that of the LM model in that the accelerated D(d) skin allograft rejection response was lost in mice exposed to sublethal γ radiation, but infusion of allogeneic D(d) expressing bone marrow cells 1-4 days PI preserved the CD8+ T memory mediated accelerated rejection response, further suggesting that innate immune responses may not always be essential to rescue of CD8+ memory T cells following γ irradiation.
Growth rate characteristics of Warthin's tumours of the parotid gland

The aim of this study was to evaluate growth characteristics of parotid gland Warthin's tumours. The medical records of 134 patients who had a cytological or histopathological diagnosis of Warthin's tumour between 1997 and 2013, at a single tertiary care centre, were reviewed retrospectively. Thirteen of these patients underwent observation with 30 serial computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scans of the head and neck, with 24 Warthin's lesions identified. The mean length of time between scans was 882 days, and mean initial and final sizes per lesion were 3.9 cm(3) and 5.6 cm(3), respectively. Average growth of these lesions was 8% per year (95% confidence interval -27% to 43%; range -148% to 460%; median -8%), and was highly variable (standard deviation 96%). Age over 75 years was associated with slower growth (P=0.03), but gender, smoking status, multifocality, bilaterality versus unilaterality, and initial size did not correlate with the growth rate. Warthin's tumours appear to have an approximate average doubling time of 9 years, but can have a wide range of growth rates, with many cases showing a reduction in size. Either conservative management or surgical resection could be supported by these data, depending on the current size of the tumour, appearance, symptoms, and the age, health, and wishes of the patient.
Criteria for approximation by harmonic functions

In [1], P. R. Ahern gives “geometric” conditions which ensure that every continuous function on $K$, harmonic in the interior of $\mathrm{K}$, can be approximated uniformly on $K$ by functions harmonic in a neighborhood of $K$. Here we observe that Ahern's conditions can be sharpened to yield necessary and sufficient conditions for such approximation to obtain. The proof depends on a simple characterization of stable boundary points, which facilitates the evaluation of certain logarithmic potentials.
Nuclear localization of GDF5

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA 3732 Growth and differentiation factors (GDFs) are members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-s) superfamily, and are involved in embryonic skeletal development and adult tissue homeostasis. Growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF5, also known as cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein-1 (CDMP1) and bone morphogenetic protein-14 (BMP14)) plays an integral role in promoting osteogenesis and chondrogenesis and is involved in cellular proliferation. GDF5 has been traditionally categorized as an extracellular signaling protein that functions through a SMAD-dependent signaling pathway. Recent work in our laboratory, however, has demonstrated that two other members of the TGF-s superfamily, Bmp2 and Bmp4, exist as nuclear variants as well as conventional secreted growth factors. We examined GDF5 to see if it can also localize to the nucleus. Immunohistochemical staining with an antibody against GDF5 revealed that endogenous GDF5 is localized to the nuclei of both 10T1/2 mesenchymal cells and BALB/3T3 fibroblasts. Nuclear localization of GDF5 was dependent on a bipartite nuclear localization signal that overlaps the site at which GDF5 is cleaved to release the propeptide, suggesting that the nuclear variant of GDF5, like Bmp2 and Bmp4, is an uncleaved proprotein.
Laser treatment of recurrent vulvar angiokeratoma associated with noonan syndrome

Background : Vulvar angiokeratoma is often confused with other, more common perineal lesions. Chronically elevated venous pressures may contribute to this rare disorder. Laser treatment may lend palliation for several years. Case : A woman with the characteristic cardiac abnormalities of Noonan syndrome initially responded to Argon laser treatment of vulvar angiokeratoma. Excessive recurrent disease was treated satisfactorily with the Nd:YAG laser. Conclusion : Recurrent vulvar angiokeratoma in Noonan syndrome supports the premise that increased persistent central venous pressure may be involved in the disease process.
Welfare and capitalism in postwar Japan

This book explains how postwar Japan managed to achieve a highly egalitarian form of capitalism despite meager social spending. Estevez-Abe develops an institutional, rational-choice model to solve this puzzle. She shows how Japan's electoral system generated incentives that led political actors to protect various groups that lost out in market competition. She explains how Japan's postwar welfare state relied upon various alternatives to orthodox social spending programs. The initial postwar success of Japan's political economy has given way to periods of crisis and reform. This book follows this story up to the present day. Estevez-Abe shows how the current electoral system renders obsolete the old form of social protection. She argues that institutionally Japan now resembles Britain and predicts that Japan's welfare system will also come to resemble Britain's. Japan thus faces a more market-oriented society and less equality.
[20] Subcellular distribution and posttranslational modifications of GTP-binding proteins in insulin-secreting cells

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the isolation of subcellular fractions from islets and pure β cells, identifies low molecular mass GTP-binding proteins (GBPs) in normal islets and pure β cells, and presents assessment of posttranslational modifications of low molecular mass GBPs in normal rat islets and pure β cells. These studies, along with recent data from other laboratories, provide evidence to suggest that both low molecular mass GBPs (for example, CDC42) and γ subunits of trimeric GBPs, undergo posttranslational modifications at their C-terminal cysteine residues. They further demonstrate that prevention of these modifications with relatively selective inhibitors, such as Iovastatin or AFC, results in altered subcellular distribution of these proteins. Concomitantly, these pharmacologic probes reduce nutrient-induced insulin secretion from normal rat islets. Thus, these studies provide a strong rationale for the formulation that GBPs play a pivotal role(s) in the normal function of the β cell.
Mass balance evaluation of monitoring well purging: Part II. Field tests at a gasoline contamination site

Abstract The mass balance model simulations in Part I indicated that contaminant concentration data from typical ground water monitoring wells are inherently biased by mixing and averaging effects. This paper presents the results of field purging studies conducted at a site of subsurface gasoline contamination to test the mass balance purging model and to verify composite averaging effects. Samples collected from wells with different screen lengths, and from multi-level sampling pipes within both the aquifer and the sand pack of two wells provided data that confirmed mass balance inferences. The concentrations of aromatic contaminants and other water quality parameters in the monitoring wells depended on: (1) the well screen length; (2) the water levels achieved in the well during purging (as well as the volume of water purged); (3) when the well was sampled during water level recovery (as opposed to sampling method); (4) sand pack characteristics; and (5) vertical concentration variations in the ground water. The study also revealed that post-purging well concentrations underestimated ground water contamination by orders of magnitude due to composite averaging. These results indicate that typical monitoring wells provide only qualitative contaminant information, irrespective of how the wells are purged. Consequently, contaminant data collected from typical monitoring wells may only have limited value with respect to delineating, modeling and remediating contaminant plumes. As predicted by the mass balance model simulations in Part I and verified by this field study, water samples must be collected at discrete depths to quantitatively delineate ground water contamination.
Spatial and temporal distribution of Trichodesmium blooms in the world's oceans

[1] Nitrogen fixing organisms, such as the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium, directly affect the oceanic nutrient inventory through the addition of new nitrogen to the ocean ecosystem and therefore have an important role in the strength and functioning of the biological carbon pump. Nonetheless, little is known about the distribution of Trichodesmium beyond limited shipboard observations. Even less is known about the occurrence and characteristics of very intense, transient blooms of this organism that have been observed historically throughout the world oceans. A new method for discriminating the occurrence of blooms from satellite ocean color data is used here to make the first global maps of Trichodesmium bloom occurrence and to examine their spatial and temporal distribution. As expected, Trichodesmium blooms are rare, occurring 30%. Many of the retrieved patterns are consistent with previously reported blooms, though differences exist. A strong seasonal cycle is observed in the Indian Ocean, probably related to monsoonal forcing, with weaker seasonal changes elsewhere. Estimated global nitrogen fixation rates by Trichodesmium blooms is ∼42 Tg N yr−1 which is biogeochemically significant on regional and global scales. Further, an estimate of the rate of Trichodesmium nitrogen fixation under nonbloom conditions is an additional ∼20 Tg N yr−1 suggesting that Trichodesmium is likely the dominant organism in the global ocean new nitrogen budget.
Stable carbon isotopes of HCO3− in oil-field waters—implications for the origin of CO2

Abstract The δ 13 C values of dissolved HCO 3 − in 75 water samples from 15 oil and gas fields (San Joaquin Valley, Calif., and the Houston-Galveston and Corpus Christi areas of Texas) were determined to study the sources of CO 2 of the dissolved species and carbonate cements that modify the porosity and permeability of many petroleum reservoir rocks. The reservoir rocks are sandstones which range in age from Eocene through Miocene. The δ 13 C values of total HCO 3 − indicate that the carbon in the dissolved carbonate species and carbonate cements is mainly of organic origin. The range of δ 13 C values for the HCO 3 − of these waters is −20–28 per mil relative to PDB. This wide range of δ 13 C values is explained by three mechanisms. Microbiological degradation of organic matter appears to be the dominant process controlling the extremely low and high δ 13 C values of HCO 3 − in the shallow production zones where the subsurface temperatures are less than 80°C. The extremely low δ 13 C values ( 4 2− are more than 25 mg/l and probably result from the degradation of organic acid anions by sulfate-reducing bacteria ( SO 4 2− + CH 3 COO − → 2 HCO 3 − + HS − ). The high δ 13 C values probably result from the degradation of these anions by methanogenic bacteria ( CH 3 COO − + H 2 O ai HCO 3 − + CH 4 ). Thermal decarboxylation of short-chain aliphatic acid anions (principally acetate) to produce CO 2 and CH 4 is probably the major source of CO 2 for production zones with subsurface temperatures greater than 80°C. The δ 13 C values of HCO 3 − for waters from zones with temperatures greater than 100°C result from isotopic equilibration between CO 2 and CH 4 . At these high temperatures, δ 13 C values of HCO 3 − decrease with increasing temperatures and decreasing concentrations of these acid anions.
NMR and ESR studies of interactions among divalent cations, phytic acid, and N-acetyl-amino acids

Ion-selective electrode potentiometry, 13C and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron spin resonance (ESR) techniques have been utilized to study the independent and mutual interactions of divalent cations (zinc, copper, and calcium ions), phytic acid, and N-acetylhistidine or N-acetylglutamate. In pH 7.00 copper phytate and calcium phytate solutions (1 mM divalent cation, 10 mM phytate), the preferential phytate binding sites for calcium and copper(II) ions appear to be the P5 phosphate group, or between the P5 phosphate group and the P4 or P6 phosphate groups, with the phytate molecule in the 5 equatorial/1 axial conformation. An insoluble zinc phytate complex with a 4:1 zinc ion:phytate molar ratio slowly precipitated from the pH 7.00 zinc phytate solution (1 mM zinc ions, 10 mM phytate). Soluble ternary complexes involving phytate, N-acetylhistidine, and calcium, copper(II), or zinc ions may exist at pH 7.00. There was no evidence of ternary phytate-divalent cation-N-acetylglutamate complexes existing at pH 7.00.
Visual pigment analogs from isomers of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroretinal. The importance of the trimethylcyclohexyl ring

Abstract Three of the five isomers of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroretinal were found to form pigment analogs when incubated with cattle opsin. Failure of dehydrocitral to form a similar pigment indicates the importance of the six-membered ring in pigment formation.
Intraspecific variation in thermotolerance and morphology of the invasive European green crab, Carcinus maenas, on the west coast of North America

Abstract For marine ectotherms, environmental temperature plays an important role in helping to determine biogeographical distribu tions. Understanding the impacts that temperature can have on organismal function can lead to insights into the nature of adaptive variation in thermotolerance. This approach has been widely used to understand the spatial distribution of related species within the context of evolutionary time scales. Here, we measured the upper lethal thermal threshold of the invasive European green crab, Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus, 1758), sampled from two populations from the southern and northern limits of its recipient range on the west coast of North America: Sea Drift Lagoon, Stinson Beach, California (CA), and Pipestem Inlet, Vancouver Island, British Columbia (BC). These two populations differ in their natural thermal regimes; sea surface temperatures near the southern, CA population range from ~ 23 °C to ~ 11 °C while temperatures near the northern population in BC range from ~ 14 °C to ~ 6 °C during summer and winter, respectively. We demonstrate that after laboratory acclimation to 6 °C or 23 °C, the CA group had a significantly higher mean critical thermal maximum (CTmax) than its northern counterpart, in both acclimation groups. After acclimation to 6 °C, the CA group displayed a mean CTmax of 34.7 °C whereas the mean CTmax of the BC group was 31.7 °C. In the 23 °C acclimation groups, mean CTmax was 36.2 °C in the CA population and 35.5 °C in the BC one. To establish whether these differences in whole-organism thermotolerance were manifested at the molecular scale, levels of the inducible stress protein, heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), were quantified in the chelae of the crabs used in the CTmax assay, at each individual's time-of-death. In the 6 °C acclimation comparison, the CA population had significantly greater Hsp70 levels than the BC population. No difference in Hsp70 levels was observed between the 23 °C acclimation groups. In a separate experiment, collection site-specific differences were found in the thermal threshold for induction of Hsp70 in isolated chelae tissue. The two populations also differed morphologically. Significant differences in carapace widths (CW) were measured for adult male and female green crabs from the two populations, sampled during 2008–2009. Observable divergences in both morphology and in physiological responses to heat stress have occurred within the relatively recent time span (~ 20 years) of the invasion of the European green crab on the west coast of North America and it is possible that a large, northern cold-water phenotype may have already arisen.
A multicomponent x-ray survival curve for mouse lymphosarcoma cells irradiated in vivo.

NEARLY all investigations hitherto reported of the survival of animal cell populations exposed to single doses of ionizing radiations have yielded data which have been fitted by curves of the same general shape: a shoulder of varying size (which may be absent) followed by a region of exponential decrease. Only a single exponential component has been found even in those investigations in which survival was studied to fairly low levels (less than 10−3), irrespective of whether survival was measured by colony formation in vitro1–5, or in vivo by tumour induction6,7. These results have been obtained despite the fact: (a) that a given cell strain may be heterogeneous with respect to innate sensitivity8; (b) that cells may undergo marked fluctuations in radiation sensitivity during the division cycle9; (c) that inhomogeneities in degree of oxygenation might exist, particularly in a tumour cell population in situ10. It may be presumed, therefore, that one or more of the following has been pertinent in each study: (1) A particular population may be homogeneous with respect to inherent sensitivity, degree of oxygenation, and presence of protective agents or other modifiers of radiation response. (2) The overall sensitivity of cell populations heterogeneous with respect to radiation response may, under certain conditions, exhibit relatively simple survival kinetics9,11,12. (3) A less-sensitive cell type may be present in amounts too small to be detected unless many decades of inactivation are effected13. (4) The precision of cell survival measurements, particularly those carried out in vivo, is limited.
Two-tone rate suppression in auditory-nerve fibers: dependence on suppressor frequency and level.

Abstract The growth of two-tone rate suppression with suppressor level was studied for auditory-nerve fibers in anesthetized cats. The level of a tone at the characteristic frequency (CF) was adjusted by an adaptive procedure (PEST) so that, when presented with a suppressor tone, the CF tone would produce a criterion discharge rate. Suppression (in dB) was defined as the CF-tone level that met criterion in the presence of a suppressor minus the level that met criterion in quiet. The growth of suppression with suppressor level was well characterized by a straight line whose slope (in dB-excitor/dB-suppressor) varied with suppressor frequency by as much as a factor of 10 in the same fiber. These slope differences were systematically related to the position of the suppressor frequency relative to the fiber CF: for below-CF suppressors, slopes ranged from 1 to 3 dB/dB, while, for above-CF suppressors, they were between 0.15 and 0.7 dB/dB. Slopes decreased rapidly with increasing suppressor frequency near the CF, but, for frequencies well below the CF, the slope reached a maximum that increased gradually with CF. These results resemble psychophysical data on the growth of masking and psychophysical suppression and pose difficulties for existing models of two-tone suppression.
New Year Message from the Editor-in-Chief

This issue marks the first issue of the 62nd year of IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering . We areworking hard to keep improving the impact and quality of TBME. In 2015, we will continue to promote creativity and innovation and welcome contributions of excellent science that integrates engineering, medicine, and biology. TBME has been ranked in the top 7 among more than 170 biomedical engineering journals according to the H-index. Based on the most recent IEEE Submission-to-ePublication Report, TBME was ranked in the top 20% among 123 IEEE publications. In the last 12 months, TBME received 2066 submissions from 66 countries. For regular papers, the average time from submission to first decision was 30 days. The overall acceptance rate was 20.32%. In 2014, the TBME website continued to provide exciting feature stories, interesting Research Highlights, useful conference information, guidelines, and tools. It attracted 35 447 viewers from 142 countries and had 152 226 page views. To increase the journal's awareness, TBMEMonthly Research Highlights has been distributed broadly to the biomedical engineering community. TBME was one of the first journals devoted to biomedical engineering. To celebrate the journal's 60th anniversary, TBME invited 20 leading research groups to contribute to the 60th Anniversary Special Issue (Volume 61, Issue 5). This special issue reviewed the state of the art and trends in biomedical engineering research and outlined the role that TBME has played in Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TBME.2014.2371131 advancing the field over the past 60 years. In the first 6 months, the total downloads for this special issue reached 14 589. Average downloads for each article numbered 729
Photogeneration of dinuclear metal carbonyls containing a metal-metal triple bond

The photogeneration of the complexes [(η5C5H5)M(CO)2]2 (M = Cr, Mo, W) and [(η5-C(in5)(CH3)5)M(CO)2]2 (M = Cr, Mo) is reported. These species are formulated as metal-metal triple bonded complexes which can be generated from the corresponding [(η5-C5H5)M(CO)3]2 and [(η5-C5(CH3)5M(CO)3]2 metal-metal single bonded complexes by either irradiation at 25° or by heating. All of the triple bonded complexes take up CO at 25° to generate the single bonded complexes, but the Cr complexes require high CO pressure, while the Mo and W species take up CO at or below one atmosphere with half-times of less than a minute. The complexes [(η5-C5H5M(CO)2]2 (M = Mo, W) react with a variety of acetylenes at 25° C to yield complexes having a M2C2 “tetrahedrane-like” core. The mechanism of the formation of the triple bonded complexes from the single bonded complexes is proposed to tint involve cleavage of the metal-metal single bond to generate 17-electron intermediates of the formula (η5-C5H5)M(CO)3 or (η5-C5(CH3)5M(CO)3. These species are coordinatively labile and lose CO dissociatively yielding 15-electron intermediates which dimerize to give the triple bonded complexes.
Detecting and analysing patterns in Supply Chain behaviour

Using outputs of a supply chain system dynamics model, neural networks' pattern recognition capabilities and eigen value analysis are utilised to detect and analyse behavioural changes in the supply chain and predict their impact in the short- and long-term horizons on performances. Neural networks are used to detect changes in the supply chain behaviour at a very early stage of their occurrence so that an enterprise would have enough time to respond and counteract any unwanted situations. Then, the principles of stability and controllability are used to apply and make modifications to the information and material flows to avoid undesirable behaviours.
Metal-ion adsorption on carboxyl-bearing self-assembled monolayers covalently bound to magnetic nanoparticles.

Hematite nanoparticles have been functionalized with a self-assembled monolayer of undecanoic acid (UA) by covalent attachment via siloxane groups. The number density of carboxylic/carboxylate groups on the surface was determined by titration, yielding values on the order of 1014 UA molecules/cm2 and thus consistent with a closed-packed monolayer. The ability of these functionalized particles to adsorb Cd2+ in the ppm range was demonstrated using in situ anodic stripping voltammetry.
Gas-phase reactions of halogenated radical carbene anions with sulfur and oxygen containing species

Abstract The reactivities of mono- and dihalocarbene anions (CHCl − , CHBr − , CF 2 − , CCl 2 − , and CBrCl − ) were studied using a tandem flowing afterglow-selected ion flow tube instrument. Reaction rate constants and product branching ratios are reported for the reactions of these carbene anions with six neutral reagents (CS 2 , COS, CO 2 , O 2 , CO, and N 2 O). These anions were found to demonstrate diverse chemistry as illustrated by formation of multiple product ions and by the observed reaction trends. The reactions of CHCl − and CHBr − occur with similar efficiencies and reactivity patterns. Substitution of a Cl atom for an H atom to form CCl 2 − and CBrCl − decreases the rate constants; these two anions react with similar efficiencies and reactivity trends. The CF 2 − anion displays remarkably different reactivity; these differences are discussed in terms of its lower electron binding energy and the effect of the electronegative fluorine substituents. The results presented here are compared to the reactivity of the CH 2 − anion, which has previously been reported.
Optimal filtering for correlated noise

The theory of linear filtering with white noise corrupting the observations was given in [l] by Kalman and Bucy, with the generalization to the correlated noise case noted as an outstanding problem. The purpose of this study is to delineate the theory of filtering for a class of correlated noise problems; this is made easier since we show that the covariance matrix of the optimal filtering error is the solution of a matrix Riccati equation so that asymptotic behavior of the correlated noise filter follows from results of [I]. Bryson and Johansen in [2] provided an approach to this problem, but their work suffers from two major defects: their filter was not shown to be optimal, and they “augmented” the state. State augmentation consists of defining a new state-the state of the signal process and the state noise process combined. Here we shall prove that our filter is optimal. The concepts of controllability and observability will also be defined for the correlated noise in such a way that all of the results of [l] carry over to the correlated noise case. This study is motivated by earlier work of the author in [3]. Our methods of proof of optimality of the filter carries over to general case, where statistical and dynamical correlation must be included between the signal and noise processes, which is treated in [4].
Smoking and bladder cancer risk in Blacks and Whites in the United States

A population-based case-control study of bladder cancer (2,982 cases and 5,782 controls) conducted in 10 areas of the United States examined the effect of smoking as a risk factor among Blacks and Whites, after adjustment for occupation and other potential confounders. Although the overall risk for smoking was slightly higher in Blacks than Whites (relative risk = 2.7 and 2.2, respectively), this difference was not statistically significant. Estimation of risk by dose and currency of exposure revealed no consistent racial disparities in smoking-related risks. Race-specific, attributable risk estimates indicated that nearly half of bladder cancers among both Blacks and Whites could have been prevented by elimination of smoking.
Microinjection of arginine-vasopressin into the periaqueductal gray stimulates flank marking in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)

Syrian hamsters can communicate using a distinctive form of scent marking called flank marking. Vasopressin-sensitive neurons within the medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic continuum (MPOA-AH) play a critical role in the control of this form of olfactory communication. Extrahypothalamic regions may also mediate hamster flank marking. Since the MPOA-AH and the periaqueductal gray (PAG) are reciprocally connected, the present study investigated whether PAG neurons are involved n the control of flank marking. The first study found that microinjection of vasopressin, but not oxytocin or saline, into the PAG induced high levels of flank marking in male (n = 8) and female (n = 5) hamsters (P < 0.01). The second study demonstrated that microinjection of vasopressin into the PAG stimulated flank marking in a dose-dependent manner in both male (n = 7) and female (n = 11) hamsters (P < 0.01). These data suggest that vasopressin-responsive neurons within the periaqueductal gray participate in the control of hamster flank marking.
Iron and heme contents of the extracellular hemoglobins and chlorocruorins of annelids

1. A survey of the literature on the extracellular hemoglobins and chlorocruorins of over 30 species of annelids, covering the last 30 years, shows that the range of iron content is 0.211-0.265 wt.% (mean = 0.228 +/- 0.013, N = 28) and the range of the heme content is 1.83-3.64 wt.% (mean = 2.60 +/- 0.38, N = 29). 2. There is relatively little scatter in the values of the experimental iron contents and only one of the 28 values is clearly outside the standard deviation range. 3. The values of heme contents are much more scattered, with seven values, clearly outside the standard deviation limits. 4. The aberrant cases are discussed and it is noted that the mean heme content of 2.60 wt.% corresponds to an iron content of 0.236 wt.% in excellent agreement with the mean iron content of 0.228 wt.%. 5. This result suggests strongly that experimental values of iron and heme contents outside the ranges of 0.211-0.243 and 2.3-2.7 wt.%, respectively, corresponding to a minimum molecular mass outside the range 23,000-26,000, should be regarded with caution.
The Effect of a Supplemental Book-Sharing Intervention for Developmentally Delayed Toddlers Who Were Prenatally Exposed to Cocaine

This study examined the impact of a supplemental summer literacy program and the mediating effects of the home literacy environment on the language and literacy outcomes of a group of children (n = 47) who were developmentally delayed due to gestational cocaine exposure and corresponding high risk environmental factors. Participating children were exposed to an intensive book-reading intervention during the summer months over a 3-year period. Results indicated that literacy scores, as measured on the Book Reading Inventory (BRI) did improve for the children over the 3-year period; however, language scores as measured on the Reynell Developmental Language Scales (RDLS) had varying rate of change over time. Receptive language was significantly impacted by other variables such as attendance and race/ethnicity. Expressive language was significantly affected by other variables such as gestational age and attendance. Results also indicated that language outcomes for young children who were exposed to a literacy program were higher than those who did not participate; however, only receptive language yielded significance at the p < .05 level. Activities in the home that support literacy and learning as measured on the Stony Brook Family Reading Survey (SBFRS) do indeed impact language and literacy outcomes for these children.
Environmental change and oyster colonization within the Hudson River estuary linked to Holocene climate

Geophysical mapping and sampling data provide a record of changing environmental and faunal conditions within the Hudson River estuary during the mid- to late Holocene. On the shallow, broad marginal flats of the mesohaline Hudson, fossil oyster beds (Crassostrea virginica) are found exposed on the river bottom and buried by sediment. The shallowest beds are well imaged in chirp sub-bottom and side-scan sonar data and form discrete flow-perpendicular bands, 0.6–1.0 km wide and up to 3 km long, which cover 30% of the river bottom. Radiocarbon-dated sediment cores indicate oysters thrived within two time periods from ~500–2,400 and ~5,600–6,100 cal. years b.p. Sediment and physical property data indicate a changing depositional regime consistent with the oyster chronology. Similar changes in oyster presence are found in local shell midden sites of the Lower Hudson Valley as well as elsewhere along the Atlantic coast, and may reflect climatic controls associated with warm–cool cycles during the Holocene. Oysters flourished during the mid-Holocene warm period, disappeared with the onset of cooler climate at 4,000–5,000 cal. years b.p., and returned during warmer conditions of the late Holocene. The most recent demise of oysters within the Hudson at 500–900 cal. years b.p. may have accompanied the Little Ice Age.
LRRTM2 Interacts with Neurexin1 and Regulates Excitatory Synapse Formation

Summary We identify the leucine-rich repeat transmembrane protein LRRTM2 as a key regulator of excitatory synapse development and function. LRRTM2 localizes to excitatory synapses in transfected hippocampal neurons, and shRNA-mediated knockdown of LRRTM2 leads to a decrease in excitatory synapses without affecting inhibitory synapses. LRRTM2 interacts with PSD-95 and regulates surface expression of AMPA receptors, and lentivirus-mediated knockdown of LRRTM2 in vivo decreases the strength of evoked excitatory synaptic currents. Structure-function studies indicate that LRRTM2 induces presynaptic differentiation via the extracellular LRR domain. We identify Neurexin1 as a receptor for LRRTM2 based on affinity chromatography. LRRTM2 binds to both Neurexin 1α and Neurexin 1β, and shRNA-mediated knockdown of Neurexin1 abrogates LRRTM2-induced presynaptic differentiation. These observations indicate that an LRRTM2-Neurexin1 interaction plays a critical role in regulating excitatory synapse development.