cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of angiogenesis in the treatment of non‐small cell lung cancer

Angiogenesis and its role in the growth and development of metastases has become a topic of increasing importance. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in angiogenesis, growth of the primary tumor, and development of metastases. In addition, elevated expression in tissue samples is a negative prognostic feature. For these reasons, VEGF is a worthy target for novel therapies. Recent clinical trials have shown that the anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody bevacizumab adds to the effect of chemotherapy in the metastatic setting. Hypertension and proteinuria are, as expected, commonly seen in this patient population, but the unexpected toxicity of life-threatening hemoptysis has also been observed. This makes careful patient selection especially important for this class of drugs. Our understanding of the VEGF pathway is increasing, as are the number of available targeted agents. In addition to the monoclonal antibody, bevacizumab, VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, multitargeted kinase inhibitors, and combination VEGF and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition, are all being evaluated in NSCLC. Small phase I and II trials have suggested modest benefit when used alone; however, we now know that the anti-angiogenic therapies work best in combination with chemotherapy. The results of ongoing trials using these agents in combination with standard therapy will provide more insight into their potential benefit. As it is known that small tumors require angiogenesis to grow and metastasize, the use of anti-angiogenic therapies in the adjuvant setting may provide even greater benefit, and increase the potential cure rate in this population of patients. The results of well-designed phase III trials will be required to truly understand how to best use this class of targeted therapies in resectable and metastatic NSCLC.
Case–Based Reasoning for Assessing Intelligent Transportation Systems Benefits

Current transport planning modeling tools have critical limitations with respect to assessing the benefits of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) deployment. In this paper, a novel framework for developing modeling tools for quantifying ITS deployments benefits is presented. The approach is based on use of case-based reasoning, an artificial intelligence paradigm, to capture and organize the insights gained from running a dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) model. To demonstrate the feasibility of the approach, this study develops a prototype system to evaluate benefits of diverting traffic away from incident locations using variable message signs. A real-world network from the Hartford (Connecticut) area is used in developing the system. Performance of the prototype is evaluated by comparing its predictions to those obtained using a detailed DTA model. The prototype system is shown to yield solutions comparable to those obtained from the DTA model, demonstrating the feasibility of the approach.
Studies on the inhibition of insulin release, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis by somatostatin in the rat islets of langerhans and isolated hepatocytes.

Abstract The effect of somatostatin on insulin release, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis was studied in isolated islets of Langerhans and hepatocytes. Addition of somatostatin (0.2 μg – 100 μg) to isolated islets of Langerhans inhibited insulin release from 30 to 90 percent. Studies with isolated hepatocytes showed that somatostatin inhibited both glucagon-stimulated glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis by 40–50 percent, whereas it had no effect on epinephrine-stimulated glycogenolysis.
Nesprin-1α contributes to the targeting of mAKAP to the cardiac myocyte nuclear envelope

Abstract Muscle A-kinase anchoring protein (mAKAP) is a scaffold protein found principally at the nuclear envelope of striated myocytes. mAKAP maintains a complex consisting of multiple signal transduction molecules including the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, the ryanodine receptor calcium release channel, phosphodiesterase type 4D3, and protein phosphatase 2A. By an unknown mechanism, a domain containing spectrin repeats is responsible for targeting mAKAP to the nuclear envelope. We now demonstrate that the integral membrane protein nesprin-1α serves as a receptor for mAKAP on the nuclear envelope in cardiac myocytes. Nesprin-1α is inserted into the nuclear envelope by a conserved, C-terminal, klarsicht-related transmembrane domain and forms homodimers by the binding of an amino-terminal spectrin repeat domain. Through the direct binding of the nesprin-1α amino-terminal dimerization domain to the third mAKAP spectrin repeat, nesprin-1α targets mAKAP to the nuclear envelope. In turn, overexpression of these spectrin repeat domains in myocytes can displace mAKAP from nesprin-1α.
Heteroscedastic Ensemble Postprocessing

AbstractEnsemble variances provide a prediction of the flow-dependent error variance of the ensemble mean or, possibly, a high-resolution forecast. However, small ensemble size, unaccounted for model error, and imperfections in ensemble generation schemes cause the predictions of error variance to be imperfect. In previous work, the authors developed an analytic approximation to the posterior distribution of true error variances, given an imperfect ensemble prediction, based on parameters recovered from long archives of innovation and ensemble variance pairs. This paper shows how heteroscedastic postprocessing enables climatological information to be blended with ensemble forecast information when information about the distribution of true error variances given an ensemble sample variance is available. A hierarchy of postprocessing methods are described, each graded on the amount of information about the posterior distribution of error variances used in the postprocessing. These homoscedastic methods are ...
Magnetic field rotation at high solar latitudes.

Measurements of the rotation rate of polar magnetic features during 1974–76 lead to a significantly slower rotation rate than that found earlier for polar faculae in 1951–54. Similarly, the rotation rate of these features is slower than the Doppler-determined rate at polar latitudes or the rotation rate of polar filaments. It is suggested that the strong latitude rotation gradient in the subsurface magnetic flux tubes which is implied by these results may presage a very active solar maximum for cycle 21.
Abstract 4542: Towards the identification of PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) inhibitors.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC During tumorgenesis cancer cells must tolerate cellular stresses such as DNA damage, hypoxia, and oxidative stress. In order to adapt to and overcome such stresses, tumor cells remodel transcriptional and translational programs by activating pro-survival signaling pathways. PERK (PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase) is one of the key components of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Many studies report that the UPR is activated in a variety of tumor types. Previous studies demonstrated that cells with a compromised PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 signaling pathway are sensitive to hypoxic stress in vitro and form tumors that grow more slowly in vivo. Together, these data suggest a substantial role for PERK and the UPR in tumor cell survival and adaptation to stress. Thus, selective inhibitors of PERK activity may be useful therapeutic candidates for the treatment of cancer. Using a high-throughput screening (HTS) approach a number of lead compounds were identified with demonstrated ability to inhibit PERK kinase autophosphorylation and activity in cells. Using a publically available structure of Apo PERK a PERK-ATP complex structure was generated by means of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Evidence is presented to support the notion that the simulation-generated structure represents a useful model for computer-aided lead optimization. Citation Format: Jihyun Park, Qiantao Wang, Pengyu Ren, Kevin N. Dalby. Towards the identification of PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) inhibitors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4542. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4542
Relationship Between Cow Behavior Patterns and Management Systems to Reduce Stress

Abstract Behavior studies with dairy cattle have shown at least three definite social hierarchies. These are dominance, leadership, and entrance order into the milking parlor. Furthermore, social standing plays an important role in the activity and performance of individual cows. Unquestionably, social behavior puts certain cows under stress. Knowledge of animal behavior can provide insights into developing management systems that can overcome at least part of these stresses. Continued research is needed on cattle behavior, and increased emphasis is needed on applied research to modify management. However, management changes to reduce stress should not introduce new and even more serious stresses.
Irradiation as a quarantine treatment

Abstract Poor consumer acceptance and large fixed costs have limited the use of irradiation to increase food safety and mitigate pest risks. We discuss these challenges to irradiation’s use as quarantine treatment and the growth of some irradiated fresh fruits imports since 2006. Lower regulatory barriers, changes to labeling requirements, and the curtailment of other quarantine treatments may de-stigmatize irradiation on the demand side while scale economies may reduce costs on the supply side.
The milk fat globule membrane.

Abstract The milk fat globule is essentially an oil droplet enclosed in plasma membrane from the lactating cell. Envelopment in this membrane is the mechanism by which milk fat globules are expelled from the cell. This remarkable secretory process provides the membranologist with a unique source of plasma membrane; one that is oriented on an inert (glyceride) core with the same exterior exposure it had on the cell; also one that can be obtained in substantial quantity and purity by relatively mild manipulations. The literature on the milk fat globule membrane is reviewed in the following areas: membrane isolation, preparation, composition (lipid, protein, enzymes), stability including the presence and nature of membrane material in the skim milk phase, and “sidedness” from the standpoint of lipid and protein distributions in the exterior and inner surfaces. The emerging evidence in this latter area agrees closely with findings on limiting membranes from other types of cells; i.e. glycoproteins, 5′ nucleotidase, sphingolipids, and phosphatidylcholine are concentrated in the outer (exposed) surface, while the amino lipids (phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine) are on the interior side of the membrane. How unstable the milk fat globule membrane is and the origin and identity of an interesting array of membrane material in skim milk are matters requiring further research. The latter material includes a variety of membranous vesicles, sloughed microvilli and on occasions membrane enclosed viruses. While there are yet many gaps in the knowledge of the globule membrane, research interest in it has been strong because of its importance in properties of milk and milk products. The value of this research interest is now further fortified by basic considerations in cytology, biochemistry and the relevance of mammary cell membranes to the breast cancer problem.
The structure and transcription of four linked rabbit β-like globin genes

Abstract Rabbit chromosomal DNA contains a cluster of four linked β-like globin genes arranged in the orientation 5′-β4-(8 kb)-β3-(5 kb)-β2-(7 kb)-β1–3′. Determination of the nucleotide sequence of gene β1 confirms that this gene corresponds to the second type of two common co-dominant alleles encoding the adult β-globin chain. With the exception of two nucleotide substitutions in the large intervening sequence (intron), the intron and flanking sequences are identical with the nucleotide sequence of the first type determined by Weissmann et al. (1979). A 14S polyadenylated transcript containing large intron sequences (possibly a mRNA precursor) is detected in the bone marrow cells of anemic rabbits. Gene β2 has limited sequence homology to adult and embryonic β-globin probes and lacks a detectable mRNA transcript in the erythropoietic tissues examined. It contains at least one intervening sequence analogous to the large intron in gene β1. Genes β3 and β4 both contain an intron of 0.8 kb. Partial DNA sequence analysis indicates that the large intron in β4 is located between codons for amino acids lysine and leucine in an analogous position to that of the large intron in β1. In addition, a second smaller intron interrupts the 5′ coding sequences of gene β4. Both genes β3 and β4 are transcribed in embryonic globin-producing cells. Their DNA sequence homology is limited, however, to a segment of approximately 0.2 kb located on the 5′ side of the large intron.
The role of impulsivity in the relationship between anxiety and suicidal ideation.

Abstract Background The purpose of the present study was to examine the degree to which trait and cognitive (looming cognitive style) measures of anxiety are associated with suicidal ideation (SI), as well as whether trait and cognitive (time misperception) measures of impulsivity moderate the association between these variables. Methods The sample included 100 undergraduate students (72% female) who completed the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Looming Maladaptive Style Questionnaire, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Time Paradigm Version 1.0 Task, Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation, and the Brief Symptom Inventory. Results Trait anxiety and looming cognitive style were found to be positively associated with SI. Further, both trait impulsivity and time misperception moderated the association between these variables and SI, but in a different manner. Consistent with study hypotheses, among those high in trait anxiety, greater overestimation of time was associated with a higher likelihood of SI. Contrary to study hypotheses, among those low in trait anxiety, high trait impulsivity was associated with a greater likelihood of SI. The same pattern of results was found when looming cognitive style served as the independent variable. Limitations The use of a cross-sectional design limits the ability to determine the temporal relationship of the study variables. Further, the sample included predominantly Caucasian undergraduates and thus study results may not generalize to other populations. Conclusions Clinically, results suggest that high trait anxiety, looming cognitive style, time misperception, and trait impulsivity may be important risk factors for SI among college students and thus should be assessed when students present for treatment. Treatments that focus on problem solving, cognitive restructuring, and affect regulation strategies may help decrease anxiety and impulsivity, which in turn may help reduce the likelihood of suicidal thoughts.
Undiagnosed patients with cystic fibrosis.

Abstract The missing cystics, the undiagnosed patients who have inherited cystic fibrosis (CF), have been the subject of many a question. That they exist is not to be doubted, for patients diagnosed in their 30s have been missing for 30 or more years, and even a patient diagnosed at age 1 has been missing a year. The important questions about the missing cystics are of two kinds: demographic—how many?, age distributions?, death rate?, survival rate?, proportion of all CF patients?; and clinical—does treatment alter the course of CF?, does early diagnosis make any difference?, can the diagnosis be made before the clinical syndrome is obvious?, can CF be diagnosed by screening? In this paper we will use the age at diagnosis of all new patients reported to the United States CF Patient Registry for 11 consecutive years to answer the demographic questions. Since treatment does alter the course of cystic fibrosis [1, 2], since early diagnosis improves prognosis [3], since CF can be diagnosed before the full clinical picture develops [4] and since a high risk of CF can be determined by screening tests [5], we will use our analysis to suggest a strategy for changing the answers to both the clinical and the demographic questions.
Internucleotide movements during formation of 16 S rRNA-rRNA photocrosslinks and their connection to the 30 S subunit conformational dynamics.

UV light-induced RNA photocrosslinks are formed at a limited number of specific sites in the Escherichia coli and in other eubacterial 16 S rRNAs. To determine if unusually favorable internucleotide geometries could explain the restricted crosslinking patterns, parameters describing the internucleotide geometries were calculated from the Thermus thermophilus 30 S subunit X-ray structure and compared to crosslinking frequencies. Significant structural adjustments between the nucleotide pairs usually are needed for crosslinking. Correlations between the crosslinking frequencies and the geometrical parameters indicate that nucleotide pairs closer to the orientation needed for photoreaction have higher crosslinking frequencies. These data are consistent with transient conformational changes during crosslink formation in which the arrangements needed for photochemical reaction are attained during the electronic excitation times. The average structural rearrangement for UVA-4-thiouridine (s 4 U)-induced crosslinking is larger than that for UVB or UVC-induced crosslinking; this is associated with the longer excitation time for s 4 U and is also consistent with transient conformational changes. The geometrical parameters do not completely predict the crosslinking frequencies, implicating other aspects of the tertiary structure or conformational flexibility in determining the frequencies and the locations of the crosslinking sites. The majority of the UVB/C and UVA-s 4 U-induced crosslinks are located in four regions in the 30 S subunit, within or at the ends of RNA helix 34, in the tRNA P-site, in the distal end of helix 28 and in the helix 19/helix 27 region. These regions are implicated in different aspects of tRNA accommodation, translocation and in the termination reaction. These results show that photocrosslinking is an indicator for sites where there is internucleotide conformational flexibility and these sites are largely restricted to parts of the 30 S subunit associated with ribosome function.
Nonverifiable research publications among applicants to an academic trauma and surgical critical care fellowship program.

Background The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and predictors of nonverifiable research publications among applicants to a trauma and surgical critical care fellowship program. Study Design All complete applications submitted to our trauma and surgical critical care fellowship program were prospectively collected for 4 application cycles (2009 to 2012). All publications listed by applicants were tabulated and underwent verification using MEDLINE and direct journal search with verification by a team of professional health sciences librarians. Demographics and academic criteria were compared between applicants with nonverifiable and verifiable publications. Results A total of 100 applicants reported 301 publications. Of those, 20 applicants (20%) listed 32 papers (11%) that could not be verified. These applicants comprised 30% of those with 1 or more peer-reviewed publications. There were no significant differences in sex (male, 55% nonverifiable vs 60% verifiable, p=0.684) or age (34.3 ± 6.6 years vs 34.2 ± 5.0 years, p=0.963). There were no differences with regard to citizenship status (foreign medical graduates, 20% nonverifiable vs 28% verifiable, p=0.495). Applicants with nonverified publications were less likely to be in the military (0% vs 14%, p=0.079), more likely to have presented their work at surgical meetings (80% vs 58%, p=0.064), and to be individuals with 3 or more peer-reviewed publications (55% vs 25%, p=0.009). Conclusions In this analysis of academic integrity, one-fifth of all applicants applying to a trauma and surgical critical care fellowship program and 30% of those with 1 or more peer-reviewed publications had nonverifiable publications listed in their curricula vitae. These applicants were less likely to be in the military, more likely to have presented their work at surgical meetings and to have 3 or more peer-reviewed publications.
Molecular self-assembly of conjugated polyions: a new process for fabricating multilayer thin film heterostructures

Abstract Heterostructure multilayer thin films comprised of electroactive polymers such as poly(thiophene acetic acid), sulfonated polyaniline, poly(pyridinium acetylene) and a poly(p-phenylene vinylene) precursor have been sucessfully fabricated via a process based on the spontaneous self-assembly of conjugated polyions on to a substrate. The process involves the alternate dipping of a substrate into a dilute solution of a polycation followed by dipping into a dilute solution of a polyanion, with one or both of the polyions being a conjugated polymer. This process can be repeated as many times as desired to build multilayer thin films of conducting polymers in which each layer deposited is only 5–20A in thickness. Since it is a molecular level deposition process, it is possible to build heterostructure thin films with complex molecular architectures and thickness that are controllable at the molecular level.
Public policies and motorcycle safety

Numerous studies have examined the effectiveness of alcohol and traffic policies in reducing automobile crashes and fatalities, but only a few have analyzed the impact of state-specific policies on motorcycle safety. Given the growing popularity and inherent safety risks of motorcycle riding, this study provides a comprehensive investigation of both fatal and non-fatal injuries. State-level longitudinal data from 1990 to 2005 are analyzed to determine how various alcohol and traffic policies impact motorcycle safety and whether there are differential effects by type of injury. The results consistently show that universal helmet laws have the most significant effect on both non-fatal and fatal injuries. Mandatory rider education programs and speed limits on rural interstates significantly impact non-fatal injuries.
Using input-space bisection and backpropagation as a method to emulate complex numerical simulations for design decision making

This paper advocates integrating two decades-old tools, namely, input-space bisection and backpropagation, in support of design decision making. Either technique independently could offer some improvements in efficiency and reduced computational costs; however, taken in concert their effects could be greatly amplified. Traditional design decisions have often relied too heavily upon expensive, time-consuming HPC runs. This paper demonstrates from three disparate cases that a carefully chosen input space serving as training instances for a backpropagation algorithm can often perform within acceptable error bounds for the test cases, while providing a much quicker response to decision makers. First, we introduce the problem domain, stressing the inadequacies and the inefficiencies of using too highly resolved parameter variations in batch HPC runs. We then provide a step-by-step overview of our surrogate model approach. We describe the similarities of the requirements for running both numerical solvers and artificial neural networks. Our method entails using an input-space bisection to reduce (in both the spatial and temporal domains) the output of the numerical solver, the results of which will serve as training cases for the backpropagation algorithm. The technique is demonstrated in three test cases, two of which are built to predict behavior at a fixed point in time, while the other, more ambitiously, tackles contaminant trace in hydraulic flow over multiple time-steps. Finally, we summarize some of the benefits this approach offers and outline directions for future research.
DIETARY INFLUENCES ON APHID POLYMORPHISM

Polymorphism in aphids is the general rule. The occurrence and succession of their different morphs in nature has been related to numerous factors. Whereas some of these factors may already influence the morph of the generation exposed to them, others express themselves only in subsequent generations. Major, and sometimes exclusive, importance has been attached to environmental temperature and daylength acting directly on the aphids to induce the production of sexual morphs, and to interactions between aphids in the development of winged individuals or in the production of alate progeny. Although various physiological conditions of the hostplants of aphids have for decades been implicated in the development of winged populations, unequivocal evidence that host-plants do play a role in morph determination has not until recently been obtained. Evidence that dietary factors are indeed involved is currently being obtained by using chemically defined artificial diets. Although non-dietary factors may largely determine which of several genetically possible morphs predominantly express themselves, it is now quite clear from the studies to be reported that dietary factors can have a modifying and sometimes even a dominant effect on the processes affecting the morphological expression of aphids. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG EINFLUSSE DER DIAT AUF DEN POLYMORPHISMUS DER BLATTLAUSE Polymorphismus ist bei den Aphiden die Regel. Das Auftreten und die Aufeinanderfolge ihrer verschiedenen Morphen in der Natur ist auf zahlreiche Faktoren bezogen worden. Wahrend einige dieser Faktoren bereits die Morphen der Generation zu beeinflussen vermogen, die ihnen ausgesetzt ist, kommen andere erst in den folgenden Generationen zum Ausdruck. Uberwiegende und manchmal ausschliesliche Bedeutung wurde der Umgebungstemperatur und der Tageslange zugemessen, die direkt auf die Induktion der Erzeugung von Sexualformen wirken, sowie den Wechselwirkungen zwischen Blattlausen bei der Entwicklung geflugelter Individuen oder bei der Produktion einer geflugelten Nachkommenschaft. Obwohl verschiedene physiologische Zustande der Wirtspflanzen der Blattlause seit Jahrzehnten mit der Entwicklung geflugelter Populationen in Zusammenhang gebracht worden sind, wurde ein unumstoslicher Nachweis, das Wirtspflanzen tatsachlich eine Rolle bei der Morphendetermination spielen, bis vor kurzem nicht erbracht. Nachweise, das Nahrungsfaktoren tatsachlich mitspielen, wurden fortlaufend bei der Benutzung chemisch definierter kunstlicher Diaten erhalten. Obwohl Nicht-Nahrungsfaktoren weitgehend bestimmen konnen, welche der verschiedenen genetisch moglichen Morphen vorwiegend zur Verwirklichung kommen, so geht doch aus den hier vorliegenden Untersuchungen nunmehr vollig klar hervor, das Nahrungsfaktoren eine modifizierende, manchmal sogar eine beherrschende Wirkung auf die Prozesse ausuben konnen, welche die morphologische Ausbildung der Blattlause beeinflussen.
Effect of Aluminum Nitride Buffer Layer Temperature on Gallium Nitride Grown by OMVPE

Gallium nitride layers were grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy on AlN buffer layers deposited in the range of 450-650°C. The GaN growth conditions were kept constant so that changes in film properties were due only to changes in the buffer layer growth temperature. A monotonie improvement in relative crystallinity as measured by double-crystal X-ray diffraction corresponded with a decrease in buffer layer growth temperature. Improvements in GaN electron transport at 300 and 77 K were also observed with decreasing AlN buffer layer temperature. Photoluminescence spectra for the lowest temperatures studied were dominated by sharp excitonic emission, with some broadening of the exciton linewidth observed as the buffer layer growth temperature was increased. The full width at half maximum of the excitonic emission was 2.7 meV for GaN grown on a 450°C buffer layer. These results indicate that minimizing AlN buffer layer temperature results in improvements in GaN film quality.
Implementation and initial assessment of the design that matters program at MIT and other universities

This paper describes how design that matters has worked with engineering capstone design courses at MIT, Worcester Polytechnic Institute and the University of Cambridge, allowing successive student teams from different universities and engineering disciplines to collaborate on real-world projects for underserved communities in such areas as clean water, medical devices, renewable energy and access to education. We give a short list of projects students have worked on, and we point to some initial indicators of program effectiveness, including survey results and community implementations. We conclude with an overview of lessons learned.
Carotid duplex velocity criteria revisited for the diagnosis of carotid in-stent restenosis.

Carotid percutaneous transluminal angioplasty/stenting has become an accepted treatment modality for carotid artery stenosis in high-risk patients. There has been an ongoing debate regarding which duplex ultrasound (DUS) criteria to use to determine the rate of in-stent restenosis. This prospective study revisits DUS criteria for determining the rate of in-stent restenosis. In analyzing a subset of 12 patients (pilot study) who had both completion carotid angiography and DUS within 30 days, 10 patients with normal post-stenting carotid angiography ( or = 30% residual stenosis had internal carotid artery (ICA) PSVs of > 155 cm/s. Eighty-three patients who underwent carotid stenting as part of clinical trials were analyzed. All patients underwent post-stenting carotid DUS that was done at 1 month and every 6 months thereafter. PSVs and end-diastolic velocities of the ICA and common carotid artery were recorded. Patients with PSVs of the ICA of > 140 cm/s underwent carotid computed tomographic (CT) angiography. The perioperative stroke rate was 1.2%. When the old DUS velocity criteria for nonstented carotid arteries were applied, 54% of patients had > or = 30% restenosis (PSV of > 120 cm/s), but when our new proposed DUS velocity criteria for stented arteries were applied (PSV of > 155 cm/s), 33% had > or = 30% restenosis at a mean follow-up of 18 months (p = .007). The mean PSVs for patients with normal stented carotid arteries based on CT angiography, were 122 cm/s versus 243 cm/s for > or = 30% restenosis and 113 cm/s versus 230 cm/s for > or = 30% restenosis based on our new criteria. The mean PSVs of in-stent restenosis of 30 to 155 cm/s was optimal for detecting > or = 30% in-stent restenosis, with a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 90%, a positive predictive value of 74%, and a negative predictive value of 100%. The currently used carotid DUS velocity criteria overestimated the incidence of in-stent restenosis. We propose new velocity criteria for the ICA PSV of > 155 cm/s to define > or = 30% in-stent restenosis.
Thymoma mimicking lymphoblastic lymphoma: A pitfall in fine‐needle aspiration biopsy interpretation

Lymphocyte-rich thymoma often contains lymphoblasts, and lymphoblastic lymphoma often infiltrates the thymus gland. Although these two neoplasms are clinically distinct in most cases, their cytologic features may be similar on biopsy. We describe a fine-needle aspiration biopsy of a thymoma in a 50-yr-old man to increase awareness of this pitfall in cytologic interpretation. Diagn Cytopathol 1996;14:165–171. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Automotive disk brake squeal: an overview

Squeal simulation and analysis methods have been significantly advanced. Evaluation and testing technologies have been noticeably improved, and reduction remedies and prevention measures have become more mature. Brakes have become much quieter. However, the recurring occurrence of disk brake squeal indicates that there are still many challenges ahead, and brake squeal is still an elusive quality issue. This overview provides a summary of some recent and current developments and discusses remaining challenges along with future technologies. In addition, it emphasises the real-world counter-measures for squeal reduction, elimination and prevention.
Potential Industrial Applications of Magnetohydrodynamics

Magnetohydrodynamic power generation has been presented as limited in application to large generating stations but offering the promise of reduced power cost to be achieved through heat rate improvement. The potential for industrial application will be broadened if generators can be made attractive in smaller ratings, if generating cost can be reduced, and if the generator can be made lighter and more compact. The scaling considerations which make large output more favorable will be reviewed and the possibility of devising attractive MHD generators in smaller ratings will be explored. Improved heat rate is achieved by the combination of an open-cycle regenerative MHD generator with a waste heat steam cycle; however, cost studies of such combined cycles have shown that high capital costs may prevent the expected improvement in the cost of power generated. This cost is decreased by extracting a larger portion of available heat in the MHD converter relative to that extracted in the steam cycle. The effect on power cost of increasing generator inlet temperature without a corresponding increase in exit temperature will be examined. MHD generator size affects power cost both through wall heat loss and as a consequence of magnet capital cost. The effect of magnetic field strength upon generator power density and cost will be discussed and the potential benefit of the superconducting electromagnet will be established.
Multiscan-based test compression and hardware decompression using LZ77

In this paper we present a new test data compression technique and an associated decompression scheme for testing VLSI chips. Our method is based on our novel use of the much utilized, in software, LZW, particularly LZ77 algorithm. We adapt LZ77 to accommodate bit strings rather than character sets. Moreover, we exploit the large presence of don't cares in the uncompressed test sets that we generated using commercial ATPG tools. Our decompression scheme makes effective use of the on chip boundary scan during decompression and then feeding the internal multiple scan chains for testing. The hardware overhead cost for this scheme is minimal. Experimental results are provided.
Feeding difficulties in the first days of life: findings on upper gastrointestinal series and the role of the videofluoroscopic swallowing study.

Background. Feeding difficulties in the newborn period are a common indication for an upper gastrointestinal (UGI) series.
U-PACE INSTRUCTION: IMPROVING STUDENT SUCCESS BY INTEGRATING CONTENT MASTERY AND AMPLIFIED ASSISTANCE

U-Pace, an instructional intervention, has potential for widespread implementation because student behavior recorded in any learning management system is used by U-Pace instructors to tailor coaching of student learning based on students’ strengths and motivations. U-Pace utilizes an online learning environment to integrate content mastery with Amplified Assistance (instructor-initiated, individually tailored feedback on concepts not yet mastered and constructive support that every student receives via email weekly or more often as needed). Evaluation findings for U-Pace instruction revealed that compared to conventional, face-to-face instruction, U-Pace instruction was associated with greater academic success for all students and reductions in the achievement gap for “disadvantaged” students. Additionally, “disadvantaged” U-Pace students showed improvements in the rate of content mastery and intrinsic motivation. Consistent with these indicators of improvement in self-regulated learning skills, U-Pace students reported greater improvements in their time management and study skills, greater control over their learning and a greater sense of achievement than conventionally-taught students. The convergence of findings from student reports, performance measures recorded within the learning management system, and objectively determined grades suggests U-Pace instruction holds promise for higher education.
Signal generation in reflective terahertz time-domain spectroscopy: application for trace explosives detection

The paper gives an overview on the different aspects in signal generation for reflective THz time domain spectroscopy. It is also demonstrated that the trace signature can be recovered even from a rough, inhomogeneous surface, and introduce models which can describe a number of substrate geometries. A thorough understanding of signal generation in THz time domain spectroscopy is the foundation for any application of this technology for trace explosives, or more general, chemical detection.
Sequential and Opposing Activities of Wnt and BMP Coordinate Zebrafish Bone Regeneration

Zebrafish fully regenerate lost bone, including after fin amputation, through a process mediated by dedifferentiated, lineage-restricted osteoblasts. Mechanisms controlling the osteoblast regenerative program from its initiation through reossification are poorly understood. We show that fin amputation induces a Wnt/β-catenin-dependent epithelial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT) of osteoblasts in order to generate proliferative Runx2(+) preosteoblasts. Localized Wnt/β-catenin signaling maintains this progenitor population toward the distal tip of the regenerative blastema. As they become proximally displaced, preosteoblasts upregulate sp7 and subsequently mature into re-epithelialized Runx2(-)/sp7(+) osteoblasts that extend preexisting bone. Autocrine bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling promotes osteoblast differentiation by activating sp7 expression and counters Wnt by inducing Dickkopf-related Wnt antagonists. As such, opposing activities of Wnt and BMP coordinate the simultaneous demand for growth and differentiation during bone regeneration. This hierarchical signaling network model provides a conceptual framework for understanding innate bone repair and regeneration mechanisms and rationally designing regenerative therapeutics.
Increasing Engineers' Role in Construction Safety: Opportunities and Barriers

A number of factors suggest engineering and construction professionals should discuss increasing designers’ role in construction safety. Design civil engineers could contribute to construction worker safety by performing five tasks differently than current custom and practice: reviewing their designs, creating design documents, assisting the owner in procuring construction, reviewing submittals, and inspecting work in progress. However, four sets of major barriers would prevent designers from increasing worker safety through these tasks: lack of safety expertise, lack of understanding of construction processes, typical contract terms, and professional fees. Potential ways for reducing these barriers are suggested. The United Kingdom regulations requiring engineers to design for safety are summarized, but it is concluded that similar legislation in the United States would not be appropriate.
Mountain Fen Distribution, Types and Restoration Priorities, San Juan Mountains, Colorado, USA

Mountain fens are vital ecosystems for habitat, biodiversity, water and carbon cycling, but there is little comprehensive information on their distribution, abundance or condition in any region of the western U.S. Our study objectives were to: 1) evaluate fen distribution, abundance and characteristics in the San Juan Mountains of Colorado, 2) quantify disturbances, and 3) prioritize restoration needs of fens. We mapped 624 fens in 37 watersheds and collected field data on 182 of these fens. We estimated that approximately 2,000 fens occur in the San Juan Mountains, primarily in the subalpine zone at an average elevation of 3,288 m. Fens ranged from 0.2 to 20.5 ha in size, peat thickness ranged between 0.40 to >4.00 m, and surface slope ranged from 0–21%. Groundwater pH ranged from 3.1–7.6 and Ca+2 from 1–341 mg/L, reflecting the diverse geochemistry of watershed parent materials. We identified 188 vascular and 63 bryophyte taxa, and classified the 309 sampled stands into 20 plant communities that formed along complex hydrogeomorphic and geochemical gradients. The majority of fens were in excellent condition; however 10% of our sampled fens had high to very high restoration potential due to impacts from roads, mining, and ditching.
Lawsone Derivatives II.: Sulfonium Mustard Precursors and 1-Naphthylisocyanate Complexes

An approach to synthesis of derivatives of 2-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone (lawsone) bearing the bis-β-chloroethylsulfonium group in a 3-alkyl side chain is described along with incidental formation of a related hemi sulfur mustard. In addition, the unexpected formation of what appear to be charge-transfer complexes of lawsone derivatives with 1-naphthylisocyanate is reported for the first time. The free 2-hydroxyl of lawsone appears to be essential for complexation, since in its absence insoluble complexes do not form. The presence of a 3-alkyl substituent also appears to be necessary since lawsone itself does not afford an insoluble complex.
Impact Of Asset Age/Fiscal Viability On Selected Measures Of Quality In Hospitals

Seventy-three New York hospitals were examined to determine if a relationship between age of assets, fiscal viability and quality of care existed. These factors were examined for 2002 for each of the hospitals selected. Several financial variables were used to construct a fiscal viability index; and a quality index was created from selected mortality outcomes and procedural measures that may be used to measure specific aspects of institutional care. The premise that age of assets and fiscal viability will influence quality is gleaned from the Donabedian Model in which he proposed three domains important to the quality of health care. Utilizing both the financial and quality of care indices, the following statistical models were prepared: Effect of asset age on fiscal viability index, Effect of asset age on individual fiscal viability measures, and Effect of asset age and fiscal viability index on quality index
The Representation of Curanderismo in Selected Mexican American Works

Curanderismo, a Mexican folk practice, is a prevalent subject in Mexican American literature. Because much of the presence of curanderismo in Mexican American literature is only explored in ethnogr...
Trace metal concentrations in Chirostoma sp. from Lake Chapala, Mexico: Elevated concentrations of mercury and public health implications

Concentrations of six metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Hg) were determined in Chirostoma sp. obtained from three different locations around Lake Chapala, Mexico, in July, 1996. Concentrations of all metals were below trace metal action levels, where available, with the exception of mercury. Mercury concentrations ranged from 0.217 to 8.149 μg/g dry weight, with highest concentrations in fish seined from the most turbid, eastern end of the Lake near the outflow. Samples of fried fish obtained from a fish market did not have elevated concentrations relative to other samples. High consumption of Chirostoma sp. may result in exposure to mercury that exceeds US and International guidelines. The results of this study suggest the need to evaluate mercury concentrations in all edible fish species from Lake Chapala in order to accurately assess health risks to consumers.
TimeFrequency Analyses of the Electrogastrogram

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Electrogastrography Short-Time Fourier Transform and Spectrogram Exponential Distribution Adaptive Arms Modeling Performance Comparison Conclusions This chapter contains sections titled: Acknowledgments References
Book Review - History of Michigan Law

Michigan Bar Journal review of "The History of Michigan Law," a book by Paul Finkelman and Martin Hershock, published by Ohio University Press (2006). The review summarizes the coverage of the book's 12 chapters on different aspects of Michigan socio-legal history. 12 different authors (including the co-editors) contributed chapters to the book.
The Role of Improper Surgery in the Etiology of the Failed Back Syndrome

In the United States, approximately two thirds of all patients enrolled in chronic pain centers suffer from the failed back syndrome. Neurosurgeons perform 100,000 operations for lumbar disc disease every year, and orthopedic surgeons perhaps perform a similar number.6 It is estimated that between 20% and 40% of these operations are unsuccessful and result in the failed back syndrome. Dr. William Sweet, former Professor and Chairman of Neurosurgery at the Massachusetts General Hospital, has estimated that, in contrast, only approximately 10% of patients enrolled in European pain clinics suffer from the failed back syndrome.7 The reasons for this discrepancy are likely to be multiple, including, perhaps, Europeans’ greater stoicism and a less supportive acceptance of disability and non-productivity.
Polyether lonophores — Effect on Rumen Function in Feedlot Cattle

For the cattle industry to continue to produce excellent quality, competitively priced beef, the cost of production is of paramount economic importance. Thus, additives that can improve feed efficiency and/or rate of gain have merit.
Vibration Analysis of a Boat and Dock

A structure is designed to withstand the maximum force that will be applied. In this case a boat dock is examined as a spring system. This exercise uses a typical design for a lake side boat dock, tires for buoys, and an average fishing boat. Vibration analysis can predict when the highest forces will occur. A solution can be found to graph the motion of the dock. In addition to the analytical solution, the MATLAB program is used to visuahze the vibrations. With these tools the magnitude and timing of forces can be verified.
Thalamus plays a central role in ongoing cortical functioning

Several challenges to current views of thalamocortical processing are offered here. Glutamatergic pathways in thalamus and cortex are divided into two distinct classes: driver and modulator. We suggest that driver inputs are the main conduits of information and that modulator inputs modify how driver inputs are processed. Different driver sources reveal two types of thalamic relays: first order relays receive subcortical driver input (for example, retinal input to the lateral geniculate nucleus), whereas higher order relays (for example, pulvinar) receive driver input from layer 5 of cortex and participate in cortico-thalamo-cortical (or transthalamic) circuits. These transthalamic circuits represent an unappreciated aspect of cortical functioning, which I discuss here. Direct corticocortical connections are often paralleled by transthalamic ones. Furthermore, driver inputs to thalamus, both first and higher order, typically arrive via branching axons, and the transthalamic branch often innervates subcortical motor centers, leading to the suggestion that these inputs to thalamus serve as efference copies.
Effects of a Mnemonic PEG System on the Recall of Daily Tasks

30 undergraduates were given a list of 10 common daily tasks with the experimental group being provided a mnemonic peg system but not the control group. Subjects were asked after 24 hours to recall as many of the 10 daily tasks as possible. To establish baseline recall scores for both groups, the memory of 10 different daily tasks without the use of mnemonic devices was tested. There were no significant differences in baseline recall between the two groups; however, the posttest difference between the two groups after 24 hours was significant.
In vitro anaphylaxis in the sensitized mouse uterus.

Summary1. The Schultz-Dale technic for demonstrating anaphylaxis in vitro was used successfully on uteri from egg white sensitized mice. 2. The anaphylactic reaction persisted in the presence of either atropine or Benadryl, thus ruling out any major role for histamine or acetylcholine in mouse anaphylaxis. 3. The uterine mast cells were found to be morphologically unaffected by in vitro anaphylaxis. 4. Pertussis vaccine administered under varying conditions did not increase in vitro sensitivity to anaphylaxis. Immunization with egg white alone increased histamine sensitivity in vitro as much as did the pertussis vaccine.