cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dissipation of Narrow-Banded Surface Water Waves

Our overall objective is to find mathematical models that describe accurately how waves in nature propagate and evolve. One process that affects evolution is dissipation (Segur et al., J Fluid Mech 539:229–271, 2005), so in this paper we explore several models in the literature that incorporate various dissipative physical mechanisms. In particular, we seek theoretical models that (1) agree with measured dissipation rates in laboratory and field experiments, and (2) have the mathematical properties required to be of use in weakly nonlinear models of the evolution of waves with narrow-banded spectra, as they propagate over long distances on deep water.
Bulls show no preference for a heifer in estrus in preference tests.

The objective of this experiment was to determine whether sexually experienced bulls would demonstrate a preference (using primarily olfaction) between a heifer in estrus and a heifer in diestrus (luteal phase) when physical contact was denied. In Exp. 1, a heifer in estrus and a heifer in diestrus (n = 18 pairs) were individually enclosed in opposite ends of a pen. During each period (n = 18), three bulls were individually introduced into the pen and allowed 5 min to demonstrate preference between the heifer in estrus and the heifer in diestrus. The total time that a bull spent within 2.5 m of either heifer was used to evaluate his preference. The total time that bulls spent adjacent to the heifer in estrus was not greater (P greater than .05) than the total time that bulls spent adjacent to the heifer in diestrus. In Exp. 2, five bulls were used and were evaluated using the same method as in Exp. 1. In addition, the number of flehmen reactions were recorded for each bull. Six heifers were ovariectomized and each heifer was induced into estrus with one of three doses of estradiol 17 beta (5, 10, and 20 mg) over the 5-wk treatment period. Estradiol 17 beta-treated heifers were always paired with a non-estradiol-treated (control) heifer. The goal of Exp. 2 was to determine whether heifers treated with pharmacological doses of estradiol 17 beta would be preferentially selected from non-estradiol-treated (control) heifers by bulls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
There is more to front teeth than looks alone: diagnosis and treatment planning.

Abstract When treating high-risk parafunctional cases, patient compliance and understanding of the disease is paramount in the success and longevity of the restorations. Controlling the patient's expectations for augmenting the length and blocking out the dark color was accomplished (Figure 15 through Figure 18).
Media coverage of "wise" interventions can reduce concern for the disadvantaged.

Recent articulation of the "wise" approach to psychological intervention has drawn attention to the way small, seemingly trivial social psychological interventions can exert powerful, long-term effects. These interventions have been used to address such wide-ranging social issues as the racial achievement gap, environmental conservation, and the promotion of safer sex. Although there certainly are good reasons to seek easier as opposed to harder solutions to social problems, we examine a potentially undesirable effect that can result from common media portrayals of wise interventions. By emphasizing the ease with which interventions help address complex social problems, media reports might decrease sympathy for the individuals assisted by such efforts. Three studies provide evidence for this, showing that media coverage of wise interventions designed to address academic and health disparities increased endorsement of the view that the disadvantaged can solve their problems on their own, and the tendency to blame such individuals for their circumstances. Effects were strongest for interventions targeted at members of a historically disadvantaged group (African Americans as opposed to college students) and when the coverage was read by conservatives as opposed to liberals. Attempts to undermine this effect by introducing cautious language had mixed success. (PsycINFO Database Record(c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Meristems take their cues from organ primordia

Stem cell regulation is critical to the development of all multicellular organisms; in plants, stem cell niches reside in meristems. Two newly identified plant genes establish a novel signaling feedback from the incipient leaf primordia back to the meristem that is required to regulate stem cell proliferation.
The impact of corporate reputation on brand attitude and purchase intention

The purpose of this study is to explore the influences of the negative corporate CEO and corporate social responsibility reputations on the changes in consumers’ brand attitudes and purchase intentions. To perform this study purpose, we proposed the relationships between brand awareness and perceived quality and initial brand attitude and purchase intention by relying on the hierarchy of effects model; then we assessed the changes in brand attitude and purchase intention after providing information on negative corporate reputation. Multiple regression analysis and paired samples T-tests were conducted to test the hypothesized relationships using a convenience sample of 212 respondents. The empirical results support significant effects of brand awareness and perceived quality on brand attitude and purchase intention. Furthermore, respondents’ brand attitudes and purchase intentions are reduced after they are being provided with the information on negative corporate reputation. This result confirms that negative corporate reputation significantly aggravates consumers’ attitudes and purchase intention. However, the type of reputation is not a decisive factor for consumers’ cognitive processes. The results imply that marketing managers need to manage a negative reputation carefully because negative corporate reputation aggravates consumers’ cognitive process However, consumers are not influenced by specific type of negative information, thus a company can mitigate the negative impact of their negative reputation by another type of positive reputation.
Web Screen Reading Automation Assistance Using Semantic Abstraction

A screen reader's sequential press-and-listen interface makes for an unsatisfactory and often times painful web-browsing experience for blind people. To help alleviate this situation, we introduce Web Screen Reading Automation Assistant (SRAA) for automating users' screen-reading actions (e.g., finding price of an item) on demand, thereby letting them focus on what they want to do rather than on how to get it done. The key idea is to elevate the interaction from operating on (syntactic) HTML elements, as is done now, to operating on web entities (which are semantically meaningful collections of related HTML elements, e.g., search results, menus, widgets, etc.). SRAA realizes this idea of semantic abstraction by constructing a Web Entity Model (WEM), which is a collection of web entities of the underlying webpage, using an extensive generic library of custom-designed descriptions of commonly occurring web entities across websites. The WEM brings blind users closer to how sighted people perceive and operate on web entities, and together with a natural-language user interface, SRAA relieves users from having to press numerous shortcuts to operate on low-level HTML elements - the principal source of tedium and frustration. This paper describes the design and implementation of SRAA. Evaluation with 18 blind subjects demonstrates its usability and effectiveness.
Exploring Evolving Role(s) of Literacy in Secondary Preservice Teachers' Work: A Comparative Case Study.

ABSTRACTWhile literacy courses are common in preservice teacher education programs, many secondary teacher candidates struggle to the see the relevance of literacy to their professional work. By exploring literacy in relation to personal, professional, and disciplinary identities, teacher candidates may better be able to embrace literacy integration as an important part of their larger professional work. This study examines how two teachers, Emma (art) and Lisa (physical education/dance), evolve in their understanding and implementation of literacy during a one-semester secondary literacy course. Given opportunities to engage with literacy through reflection on their personal experiences and within discipline-rich professional contexts through lesson planning, these two teachers demonstrate subtle but important shifts in both literacy use and perspective toward the role of literacy in their future professional practice.
Kinetic-scale flux rope reconnection in periodic and line-tied geometries

The collisionless reconnection of two parallel flux ropes driven by both the coalescence and kink instabilities is examined using fully kinetic simulations in periodic and line-tied geometries. The three-dimensional reconnection rate is computed from the maximum of the quasi-potential, Ξ ≡ − ∫ E · d l , where the integral of the electric field is taken along the magnetic field lines across the system. In periodic simulations in which the kink mode is nearly suppressed, reconnection is driven by the coalescence instability, and the peak rate is within 3%–8% of comparable 2D simulations. When a strong kink growth is observed, the peak reconnection rate drops by 10%–25%, and there is a larger drop for lower guide field. With line-tied boundary conditions, the kink instability plays a key role in allowing the flux ropes to interact and partially reconnect. In this limit, the field lines with maximum quasi-potential are associated with a quasi-separatrix layer, and the electric field along these special field ...
Salivary glands regenerate after radiation injury through SOX2‐mediated secretory cell replacement

Salivary gland acinar cells are routinely destroyed during radiation treatment for head and neck cancer that results in a lifetime of hyposalivation and co-morbidities. A potential regenerative strategy for replacing injured tissue is the reactivation of endogenous stem cells by targeted therapeutics. However, the identity of these cells, whether they are capable of regenerating the tissue, and the mechanisms by which they are regulated are unknown. Using in vivo and ex vivo models, in combination with genetic lineage tracing and human tissue, we discover a SOX2+ stem cell population essential to acinar cell maintenance that is capable of replenishing acini after radiation. Furthermore, we show that acinar cell replacement is nerve dependent and that addition of a muscarinic mimetic is sufficient to drive regeneration. Moreover, we show that SOX2 is diminished in irradiated human salivary gland, along with parasympathetic nerves, suggesting that tissue degeneration is due to loss of progenitors and their regulators. Thus, we establish a new paradigm that salivary glands can regenerate after genotoxic shock and do so through a SOX2 nerve-dependent mechanism.
Dynamic state estimation based synchronous generator model calibration using PMU data

A method for synchronous generator parameter estimation by dynamic state estimation is presented using PMU data. A three phase physically based two-axis generator model with two damper windings is utilized for the dynamic state estimation. Eleven independent parameters are estimated: ten self and mutual inductances of the various windings and the inertia constant. These parameters can be either used for the three phase physically based model or be converted to the usual dq0 synchronous generator model. The proposed method requires time domain three phase sampled data for better estimation accuracy. In the paper, the PMU phasor data with disturbance provided by NERC was converted to three phase sampled data first and then they were fed into the dynamic state estimation. The comparison between the calibrated parameters and the actual parameters provided by NERC is shown to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method. The accuracy of the proposed method can be greatly improved if the three phase sampled value data are provided at the generator three phase terminals, the exciter and the governor.
Synaptic Mitochondria are More Susceptible to Traumatic Brain Injury-induced Oxidative Damage and Respiratory Dysfunction than Non-synaptic Mitochondria.

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in mitochondrial dysfunction and induction of lipid peroxidation (LP). Lipid peroxidation-derived neurotoxic aldehydes such as 4-HNE and acrolein bind to mitochondrial proteins, inducing additional oxidative damage and further exacerbating mitochondrial dysfunction and LP. Mitochondria are heterogeneous, consisting of both synaptic and non-synaptic populations. Synaptic mitochondria are reported to be more vulnerable to injury; however, this is the first study to characterize the temporal profile of synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria following TBI, including investigation of respiratory dysfunction and oxidative damage to mitochondrial proteins between 3 and 120 h following injury. These results indicate that synaptic mitochondria are indeed the more vulnerable population, showing both more rapid and severe impairments than non-synaptic mitochondria. By 24 h, synaptic respiration is significantly impaired compared to synaptic sham, whereas non-synaptic respiration does not decline significantly until 48 h. Decreases in respiration are associated with increases in oxidative damage to synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondrial proteins at 48 h and 72 h, respectively. These results indicate that the therapeutic window for mitochondria-targeted pharmacological neuroprotectants to prevent respiratory dysfunction is shorter for the more vulnerable synaptic mitochondria than for the non-synaptic population.
The Gastrointestinal Tract and the Liver in Pregnancy: Normal Functions and Diseases

The gastrointestinal tract undergoes dramatic modifications during pregnancy. Heartburn, nausea, abdominal cramps, and altered bowel habits are the most common gastrointestinal symptoms of pregnant women. However, it may be a challenge to distinguish among functional symptoms and the onset of diseases that require immediate medical attention. The differential diagnosis must include diseases specific to pregnancy as hyperemesis gravidarum, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, and preeclampsia.
Discussion of “Why are Earnings Kinky? An Examination of the Earnings Management Explanation”

The Dechow et al. paper (2003, this issue) on the distribution of earnings raises an important question: why are earnings kinky? They conduct a number of tests of the earnings management explanation and do not find supportive evidence. They also provide evidence that a number of factors influence the magnitude of the discontinuity in earnings, suggesting that it is a poor proxy for the extent of earnings management. This discussion addresses the contribution of their study, the power of their tests and the implications for future research.
Importing Laboratory Data

You have just completed a patient history and physical exam. You determine that the patient needs laboratory tests to rule out secondary hypertension. You pull out and fill out paper requisition forms for basic blood work. You send the patient to the laboratory phlebotomist servicing the practice with a requisition for a basic seven-test chemistry profile (CHEM7) and a complete blood count (CBC). The patient goes home with filled-out request form and instructions for a 24-hour urine collection for metanephrine and is asked to return when he has completed the collection. You receive the results for the CHEM7 and CBC next morning. The patient returns to the laboratory satellite one week later with the 24-hour urine, but leaves the request forms at home. The phlebotomist calls your office for instructions on how to handle the urine jug while the patient is waiting. After 15 minutes with an angry patient, the phlebotomist receives a copy of the requisition faxed by your office. The metanephrine is ordered and results arrive two days later. You hunt down the laboratory results received a week earlier from the stack of paper on your desk and compare them with the metanephrine results.
Radial and brachial access

The radial artery approach is becoming an increasingly common access site for diagnostic and interventional coronary procedures. In the USA, the radial approach is used in <5 % of cases. Worldwide, radial artery access is utilized in ∼20 % of procedures (29 % if the USA is excluded)
Imaging the Steps of Metastasis at the Macro and Cellular Level with Fluorescent Proteins in Real Time

In 2008, the Nobel Prize for chemistry was awarded for discovery and modification of green fluorescent protein (GFP) [1]. The Nobel announcement cited two uses of GFP (Nobel background), one of which was the use of GFP to track cancer cells in vivo, which was pioneered in our laboratory [2–6
Residential building codes do save energy: evidence from hourly smart-meter data

In 1978, California adopted building codes designed to reduce the energy used for temperature control. Using a rich dataset of hourly electricity consumption for 158, 112 houses in Sacramento, we e...
Precision Medicine in Internal Medicine

Medicine has long sought to match diagnostic and treatment approaches to the particular needs and risks of individual patients. The decreasing cost and increasing ease of genetic sequencing have propelled the rise of precision medicine. Precision medicine aims to use genetic and other information to provide care tailored to the individual patient, with the goal of improving clinical outcomes and minimizing unnecessary diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Although developments in genetic sequencing have the potential to transform clinical care, there are important limitations, including uncertainty in the clinical interpretation of many genetic variants and concerns about privacy, discrimination, and cost. To help clinicians understand the basics of genetic sequencing and how to apply it in clinical practice, Annals of Internal Medicine is launching a new "Precision Medicine" series. This introduction provides a general overview of clinical sequencing, with a focus on germline variation. Subsequent articles will use a case-based format to provide concise summaries of specific clinical precision medicine scenarios that are relevant to the practice of internal medicine. These cases will highlight specific clinical indications; interpretation of genetic test results; and ethical, legal, cost, and privacy issues related to genetic testing. The goal is to provide practical information on the appropriate application and interpretation of genomics in routine clinical practice.
Human genes influence the interaction between Streptococcus mutans and host caries susceptibility: a genome-wide association study in children with primary dentition.

Streptococcus mutans is a well-known cause of dental caries, due to its acidogenicity, aciduricity, and ability to synthesize exopolysaccharides in dental plaques. Intriguingly, not all children who carry S. mutans manifest caries, even with similar characteristics in oral hygiene, diet, and other environmental factors. This phenomenon suggests that host susceptibility potentially plays a role in the development of dental caries; however, the association between host genetics, S. mutans, and dental caries remains unclear. Therefore, this study examined the influence of host gene-by-S. mutans interaction on dental caries. Genome-wide association analyses were conducted in 709 US children (<13 years old), using the dbGap database acquired from the center for oral health research in appalachia (COHRA) and the Iowa Head Start programmes (GEIRS). A generalized estimating equation was used to examine the gene-by-S. mutans interaction effects on the outcomes (decayed and missing/filled primary teeth due to caries). Sequentially, the COHRA and GEIRS data were used to identify potential interactions and replicate the findings. Three loci at the genes interleukin 32 (IL32), galactokinase 2 (GALK2), and CUGBP, Elav-like family member 4 (CELF4) were linked to S. mutans carriage, and there was a severity of caries at a suggestive significance level among COHRA children (P < 9 × 10−5), and at a nominal significance level among GEIRS children (P = 0.047–0.001). The genetic risk score that combined the three loci also significantly interacted with S. mutans (P < 0.000 1). Functional analyses indicated that the identified genes are involved in the host immune response, galactose carbohydrate metabolism, and food-rewarding system, which could potentially be used to identify children at high risk for caries and to develop personalized caries prevention strategies.
Lung Nodule: Imaging Features and Evaluation in the Age of Machine Learning

With the unprecedented increase in chest CT studies, especially due to implementation of lung cancer screening, evaluation of lung nodules by radiologists can be exhausting and time-consuming. Machine learning promises to be a useful tool for detection and characterization of nodules. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the recent literature pertaining to machine learning in lung nodule detection and evaluation. There has been a recent surge of publications pertaining to machine learning and its applications in chest imaging. Many studies have shown promising results for automatic detection and characterization of lung nodules. Other studies have shown combined performance of a radiologist and computer-assisted detection (CAD) out performed a single radiologist, CAD alone, and double readers. Although these recent advances heighten expectations, it is important for developers and users to be mindful of challenges such as training, validation, independent testing, and proper user training. Computer-aided technology can help radiologists in evaluating lung nodules especially with the large number of scans performed. Recent advances in machine learning are replacing traditional methods and could significantly change the way radiology is practiced.
Evaluating the Impact of a New Smartphone Texting Tool on Patient Care in Obstetrics, an Emergent Healthcare Setting.

Background Hospitals across the country are investing millions of dollars to adopt new Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-compliant secure text messaging systems. However, in nearly all cases, these implementations are occurring without evaluation of their impact on patient care. Objective To evaluate perceived impact on patient care and workflow of new text messaging system implemented in obstetrics at Yale-New Haven Hospital and to inform guidelines for future implementations in emergent settings. Methods A new HIPAA-compliant texting system was implemented in obstetrics in 2016. Before implementation of the new system, residents and nurses were surveyed on perceived effect of communication system (pagers with text receiving, service mobile phones, personal cell phones) on clinical workflow and patient care using 5-point Likert scale and open-ended questions. Following roll-out (1 and 6 months), both teams were surveyed with same questions. Results were compared using Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test (0–1 months and then 0–6 months). Open-ended question results were qualitatively compared for recurrent unifying themes. Results In both nursing and resident domains, 1 month after implementation, the new communication system was perceived to significantly improve efficiency and patient care across all metrics. After 6 months, this effect decayed in nearly all categories (including efficiency, real-time communication, and knowledge of covering provider). The exception was nurse's knowledge of which resident to contact and resident's timely evaluation of patient, for which we observed sustained improvements. System shortcomings identified included interrupted connection (i.e., dropped calls), dysfunctional and inaccurate alert system, and unclear identification of the covering provider. Conclusion A new text-messaging–based communication system may improve efficiency and patient care in emergent settings, but system shortcomings can substantially erode potential benefits over time. We recommend implementers evaluate new systems for a set of specific functional requirements to increase probability of sustained improvement and decrease risk of poor patient outcomes.
Evaluating the Impact of a Call Triage Assistant on Resident Efficiency, Errors, and Stress.

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a call triage assistant, who answered telephone calls to the main reading room during the busiest hours of weekend call, would impact resident workflow efficiency, diagnostic errors, and stress level. Methods The call triage assistant answered all telephone calls to the main reading room from 12 pm to 7 pm on 6 weekend days over a 3-month period. We compared report turnaround times and resident discrepancy rates on these days with control days, when the same residents were on call without the assistant. We also surveyed residents to determine whether the assistants relieved anxiety associated with the call shift. Results We recorded 168 telephone calls over the study period. We found the majority of telephone calls could be handled by the assistant without disturbing the on-call resident, resulting in a 71% reduction in interruptions. The mean turnaround time for studies read on the days the assistant was on duty was 44.3 min, compared with 75.2 min on the control days (P Conclusions A call triage assistant effectively improved workflow efficiency and reduced resident stress on call. Resident error rates were unaffected by the presence of the assistant.
Synthesis, Characterization, NMR Spectroscopic, and X-Ray Crystallographic Studies of New Titanium(IV) Schiff Base Salen Complexes: Formation of Intriguing Titanium(IV) Species

Abstract The H2salen ligand 1 was used as a precursor ligand to produce a series of new complexes, [Ti(salen)(OPh-m-CH3)2] 2 (where salen = N,N’-ethylenebis(salicylideneiminate) dianion and −OPh-m-CH3 = 3-methylphenolato), [Ti(salen)(OPh-p-NO2)2] 3 (where −OPh-p-NO2 = 4-nitrophenolato), [Ti(salen)(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenolate)2] 4, Ti(salen)(OPh)2] 5a (where −OPh = phenolato), [Ti(salen)(OPh-o-F)2] 6a (where −OPh-o-F = 2-fluorophenolato), [Ti(salen)(OPh-p-CH3)2] 7a (where −OPh-p-CH3 = 4-methylphenolato), [Ti(salen)(OPh-o-CH3)2] 8 (where −OPh-o-CH3 = 2-methylphenolato), [Ti(salen)(OPh-m-F)2] 9 (where −OPh-m-F = 3-fluorophenolato), and [Ti(salen)(OPh-p-F)2] 10 (where −OPh-p-F = 4-fluorophenolato). The ligand and the complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, 1H, 19F, and 49Ti NMR spectroscopies, and X-ray crystallography. All the complexes, as synthesized, were consistent as mononuclear titanium(IV) complexes, but complexes 5b, 6b, and 7b after being characterized by X-ray crystallography were found to be binuclear in nature. 49Ti NMR spectroscopic studies proved that this is the very first report of 49Ti NMR spectra of titanium(IV) complexes with Schiff bases as ligands in deuterated chloroform.
More Than Just Penny Capitalists: The Range of Female Entrepreneurship in Mid-Nineteenth-Century US Cities

Relying primarily on credit records, this chapter describes the wide range of female entrepreneurship in over 30 locations across the United States between 1840 and 1885, proving that women owned and managed businesses far larger than the expected microenterprises. Using records linkage with the census, city directories and newspaper articles, Susan Lewis demonstrates that in addition to businesswomen described as ‘worth 00’ or ‘just making a living’, were those characterised as ‘making money’, ‘the best in her line’, ‘good for all she will buy’ and even as capitalists. These proprietors include milliners and dressmakers, grocers, plus bakers and confectioners, owners of breweries and saloons, hotels and boarding houses, dealers in dry and fancy goods, trimmings, hair goods, newspapers, books, pianos and wallpaper.
Neurological Manifestations in Patients with Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis: A Retrospective Database Study Based at a Major Multidisciplinary Amyloidosis Center (2888)

Objective: To describe the prevalence of neurological manifestations in patients with a wide variety of genetic mutations of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (hATTR) at a major multidisciplinary amyloidosis center. Background: hATTR amyloidosis is a clinically heterogeneous disease with various neurological, cardiac and other manifestations. Better characterization of neurological findings is critical for earlier diagnosis in an era when several therapies for amyloidosis are becoming commercially available. Design/Methods: A retrospective chart review of all consecutive patients evaluated at a single United States Amyloidosis Center between January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2018 was performed. Variables coded included genetic mutation, neurological symptom manifestations (e.g. symptoms attributable to large fiber polyneuropathy, small fiber neuropathy or dysautonomia), physical examination findings (e.g. distal weakness, dissociative sensory loss, macroglossia), prior neurophysiological testing, relevant spinal imaging and others. Results: The most common genetic mutations in the 92 patients in the study included V122I (36), T60A (20), V30M (12), L58H (5), F64L (3), Y114C (3), S77Y (2). Eleven other mutations had a prevalence of one. The prevalence of symptoms and signs of large fiber neuropathy were 66% and 75% respectively. The prevalence of symptoms and signs of small fiber neuropathy were 36% and 65% respectively. Cervical and lumbar stenosis or radiculopathy were present in 11% and 18% of patients respectively. Symptoms attributed to dysautonomia were found in 47%, symptoms of CTS in 73%, unexplained dysphagia in 11% and macroglossia in 3%. Conclusions: hATTR amyloidosis is a multiorgan disease with various neurological manifestations. Although clinical presentations are heterogeneous, an understanding of neurological symptomatology may prompt earlier diagnosis and help clinicians predict clinical course based on genetic mutation. Disclosure: Dr. Bhadola has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kaku has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lau has nothing to disclose.
Bronchoscopic Cryobiopsy and Forceps Biopsy for the Diagnostic Evaluation of Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease in Clinical Practice.

Objective To assess the contribution and safety of bronchoscopic cryobiopsy vs traditional forceps biopsy used in clinical practice for diagnosing diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD). Patients and Methods We identified 271 patients who underwent bronchoscopic biopsy for DPLD at Mayo Clinic, MN (June 1, 2013, through September 30, 2017). Medical records were reviewed including prebiopsy clinical and radiographic impressions. Diagnostic yield was assessed in terms of a specific histologic pattern resulting in a diagnosis when combined with the clinical-radiologic context. Clinical utility was defined as a biopsy result deemed useful in patient management. Results The cohort included 120 cryobiopsy and 151 forceps biopsy cases with mean age 61±14 years and 143 (53%) men. Diagnostic yield (55% vs 41%; odds ratio [OR], 1.73; 95% CI, 1.07 to 2.83; P=.026) and clinical utility (60% vs 40%; OR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.36 to 3.63; P=.001) were higher for the cryobiopsy group, and the association remained after control for prebiopsy clinical impressions (OR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.22 to 4.08; P=.010 and OR, 3.23; 95% CI, 1.76 to 6.10; P<.001, respectively). However, pneumothorax (5.4% vs 0.7%; P=.022) and serious bleeding (7.1% vs 0%; P=.001) rates were higher for the cryobiopsy group. Thirty-day mortality was 1.6% in the cryobiopsy group vs 0% for the forceps biopsy group (P=.20). Conclusion Bronchoscopic cryobiopsy revealed higher diagnostic yield and clinical utility than did forceps biopsy. However, procedure-related complications were higher in the cryobiopsy group. The choice of bronchoscopic biopsy procedure for patients with DPLD depends on the clinicalradiologic context.
Follicular T Cells are Clonally and Transcriptionally Distinct in B Cell-Driven Autoimmune Disease

Pathogenic autoantibodies contribute to tissue damage and clinical decline in autoimmune disease. Follicular T cells are central regulators of germinal centers, although their role in epitope spreading towards autoantigens remains unclear. We performed single cell RNA and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing of follicular T cells in autoantibody-mediated disease, allowing for analyses of paired transcriptomes and unbiased TCRαβ repertoires at single cell resolution. A minority of clonotypes were preferentially shared amongst autoimmune follicular T cells, and clonotypic expansion was associated with differential gene signatures in autoimmune disease. Antigen prediction using algorithmic and machine learning approaches revealed convergence towards shared specificities between non-autoimmune and autoimmune follicular T cells. However, differential autoimmune transcriptional signatures were preserved even amongst follicular T cells with shared predicted specificities. These results demonstrate that follicular T cells are phenotypically distinct in B cell-driven autoimmune disease, providing potential therapeutic targets to modulate autoreactive epitope spreading.
Machine Learning in Wavelet Domain for Electromagnetic Emission Based Malware Analysis

This paper presents a signal processing and machine learning (ML) based methodology to leverage Electromagnetic (EM) emissions from an embedded device to remotely detect a malicious application running on the device and classify the application into a malware family. We develop Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) based feature extraction followed by Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF) based ML models to detect a malware. We further propose methods to learn characteristic behavior of different malwares from EM traces to reveal similarities to known malware families and improve efficiency of malware analysis. We propose to use Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) based feature extraction from spectrograms of EM side-channel traces and perform ML on the extracted features to learn fine-grained patterns of malware families. The experimental demonstration on Open-Q 820 development platform demonstrate $0.99~F_{1}~score$ in detecting malware and $0.88~F_{1}~score$ in uniquely classifying malwares among 8 malware family evaluated using Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Random Forest (RF) Machine Learning(ML) models. We also demonstrate capability of proposed framework in identifying new unknown applications with 0.99 recall and unknown malware family with 0.87 recall.
Uncertainty Characteristics Curves: A Systematic Assessment of Prediction Intervals.

Accurate quantification of model uncertainty has long been recognized as a fundamental requirement for trusted AI. In regression tasks, uncertainty is typically quantified using prediction intervals calibrated to a specific operating point, making evaluation and comparison across different studies difficult. Our work leverages: (1) the concept of operating characteristics curves and (2) the notion of a gain over a simple reference, to derive a novel operating point agnostic assessment methodology for prediction intervals. The paper describes the corresponding algorithm, provides a theoretical analysis, and demonstrates its utility in multiple scenarios. We argue that the proposed method addresses the current need for comprehensive assessment of prediction intervals and thus represents a valuable addition to the uncertainty quantification toolbox.
Response to Valle and Zorello Laporta: Clarifying the Use of Instrumental Variable Methods to Understand the Effects of Environmental Change on Infectious Disease Transmission

Identifying the effects of environmental change on the transmission of vectorborne and zoonotic diseases is of fundamental importance in the face of rapid global change. Causal inference approaches, including instrumental variable (IV) estimation, hold promise in disentangling plausibly causal relationships from observational data in these complex systems. Valle and Zorello Laporta recently critiqued the application of such approaches in our recent study of the effects of deforestation on malaria transmission in the Brazilian Amazon on the grounds that key statistical assumptions were not met. Here, we respond to this critique by 1) deriving the IV estimator to clarify the assumptions that Valle and Zorello Laporta conflate and misrepresent in their critique, 2) discussing these key assumptions as they relate to our original study and how our original approach reasonably satisfies the assumptions, and 3) presenting model results using alternative instrumental variables that can be argued more strongly satisfy key assumptions, illustrating that our results and original conclusion-that deforestation drives malaria transmission-remain unchanged.
Testing and assessment in translation and interpreting studies : a call for dialogue between research and practice

1. Introduction. Testing and assessment in translation and interpreting studies: A call for dialogue between research and practice (by Angelelli, Claudia V.) 2. Part 1. The development of assessment instruments: Theoretical applications 3. Using a rubric to assess translation ability: Defining the construct (by Angelelli, Claudia V.) 4. Moving beyond words in assessing mediated interaction: Measuring interactional competence in healthcare settings (by Jacobson, Holly E.) 5. Part 2. The development of assessment instruments: Empirical approaches 6. The perks of norm-referenced translation evaluation (by Eyckmans, June) 7. Revisiting Carroll's scales (by Tiselius, Elisabet) 8. Meaning-oriented assessment of translations: SFL and its application to formative assessment (by Kim, Mira) 9. Assessing cohesion: Developing assessment tools on the basis of comparable corpora (by Baer, Brian James) 10. Assessing software localization: For a valid approach (by Dunne, Keiran J.) 11. Part 3. Professional certification: Lessons from case studies 12. The predictive validity of admission tests for interpreting courses in Europe: A case study (by Timarova, Sarka) 13. Getting it right from the start: Program admission testing of signed language interpreters (by Bontempo, Karen) 14. Standards as critical success factors in assessment: Certifying social interpreters in Flanders, Belgium (by Vermeiren, Hildegard) 15. Assessing ASL-English interpreters: The Canadian model of national certification (by Russell, Debra) 16. Author index 17. Subject index
Genome-Wide Copy Number Variations Using SNP Genotyping in a Mixed Breed Swine Population.

Copy number variations (CNVs) are increasingly understood to affect phenotypic variation. This study uses SNP genotyping of trios of mixed breed swine to add to the catalog of known genotypic variation in an important agricultural animal. PorcineSNP60 BeadChip genotypes were collected from 1802 pigs that combined to form 1621 trios. These trios were from the crosses of 50 boars with 525 sows producing 1621 piglets. The pigs were part of a population that was a mix of ¼ Duroc, ½ Landrace and ¼ Yorkshire breeds. Merging the overlapping CNVs that were observed in two or more individuals to form CNV regions (CNVRs) yielded 502 CNVRs across the autosomes. The CNVRs intersected genes, as defined by RefSeq, 84% of the time – 420 out of 502. The results of this study are compared and contrasted to other swine studies using similar and different methods of detecting CNVR. While progress is being made in this field, more work needs to be done to improve consistency and confidence in CNVR results.
Folding of Nascent Peptides on Ribosomes

This chapter reviews nascent peptides on Escherichia coli ribosomes and how the E. coli ribosome may contribute to the folding of nascent proteins. An open space, a tunnel, inside the 50S ribosomal subunit was first detected in the early analyses of crystalline arrays of Bacillus stearothermophilus ribosomes. The recognition of a tunnel through the 50S subunit led to the suggestion that this might be the path followed by the nascent peptide through the ribosome. However, recent results strongly favor the conclusion that the path of the nascent peptide is a tunnel rather than a channel on the surface of the large subunit. Noller and coworkers reported peptide bond formation by the RNA portion of the 50S ribosomal subunit. Proteins are synthesized vectorially from their N termini to their C termini on ribosomes. Nascent globin appears to constitute an exception to the principle that nascent proteins cannot fold into the native conformation. An accumulation of a heterogeneous band of relatively small peptides occurs during the synthesis of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) with coumarin-labeled initiator tRNA. Rhodanese enzymatic activity was determined after coupled transcription-translation in the absence of the factor and in its presence and in the presence of the activating fraction after it had been preincubated for 10 min at elevated temperatures.
RF bonding investigation: the effects of a space environment on coatings

Coatings are commonly used in the aerospace industry for corrosion control of metals. The impedance of these coatings can reduce the effectiveness of EMI filters. This paper documents the effects of a space environment on a variety of coatings applied to electrical bonding surfaces. Nickel plating, anodizing, and chemical conversion coatings of alodine and iridite are investigated. The test fixture is designed to simulate a feed-through filter in a metal chassis. The filter insertion loss is shown as a function of both frequency and coating.
Assessment of arterial stiffness using pulse wave velocity in tacrolimus users the first year post kidney transplantation: a prospective cohort study

The leading cause of death in end stage renal disease is cardiovascular disease (CVD). Kidney transplantation is associated with improved survival over dialysis. We hypothesized that arterial stiffness, a marker of CVD, would improve in patients post kidney transplant, potentially explaining one mechanism of survival benefit from transplant. After obtaining Institutional Review Board approval and informed consent, we performed a longitudinal prospective cohort study of 66 newly transplanted adult kidney transplant recipients, using aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) to assess arterial stiffness over a 12 month period. All patients were assessed within one month of transplant (baseline) and 12 months post transplant. The primary outcome was change in PWV score at 12 months which we assessed using Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. Secondary analyses included correlation of predictors with PWV score at both time points. The median age of the cohort was 49.7 years at transplant, with 27 % Black and 27 % female. At baseline, 43 % had tobacco use, 30 % had a history of CVD, and 42 % had diabetes. Median baseline calcium was 9.1 mg/dL and median phosphorus was 5.1 mg/dL. Median PWV score was 9.25 and 8.97 m/s at baseline versus month 12, respectively, showing no significant change (median change of −0.07, p = 0.7). In multivariable regression, subjects with increased age at transplant (p = 0.008), diabetes (p = 0.002), and a higher baseline PWV score (p < 0.001) were at increased risk of having a high PWV score 12 months post transplant. Aortic arterial stiffness does not progress in the first year post kidney transplant. Increasing age, diabetes, and higher baseline PWV score identify patients at risk for increased arterial stiffness. Further research that assesses patients for greater than one year and includes a control dialysis group would be helpful in further understanding the change in arterial stiffness post transplantation.
A theory for non-smooth dynamic systems on the connectable domains

Abstract In this paper, a local theory of non-smooth dynamical systems on connectable and accessible sub-domains is developed. The properties for separation boundaries based on the characteristics of flows are determined, and the sliding dynamics on a specified separation boundary is introduced. The local singularity and transversality of a flow on the separation boundary from a domain into its adjacent domains are investigated, and the bouncing and tangency of the flows to the separation boundary for non-smooth dynamical systems are discussed as well. The sufficient and necessary conditions for the local singularity, transversality and bouncing of the flows are developed. These conditions are applicable for determining complicated dynamical behaviors of non-smooth dynamical systems.
Interactions between learning and decision making

This thesis revolves around learning and decision making and how these two processes interact with each other in surprising ways. To this end, we have studied the effects of machine learning on decision making and vice versa in a variety of theoretical contexts. On the way, we have also touched application areas such as power grid maintenance scheduling and professional car racing.
The Effect of Additives on the Behavior of Phase Sensitive In Situ Forming Implants

ABSTRACT Phase -sensitive in situ forming implants (ISFI) are a promising platform for the controlled release of therapeutic agents. The simple manufacturing, ease of placement, and diverse payload capacity make these implants an appealing delivery system for a wide range of applications. Tailoring the release profile is paramount for effective treatment of disease. In this study, three innovative formulation modifications were used to control drug release. Specifically, water, 1,1ʹ-dioctadecyl-3,3,3ʹ,3ʹ-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were incorporated into an ISFI solution containing the small molecular weight mock drug, sodium fluorescein. The effects of these additives on drug release, swelling, phase inversion, erosion, and implant microstructure were evaluated. Diagnostic ultrasound was used to monitor changes in swelling and phase inversion over time noninvasively. Water, DiI, and the combination of BSA/DiI functioned to reduce burst release 47.6%, 76.6%, and 59.0%, respectively. Incorporation of water into the casting solution also enhanced the release of drug during the diffusion period of release by 165.2% relative to the excipient free control. Incorporation of BSA into the polymer solution did not significantly alter the burst release ( p
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum)

We report on the development of nine polymorphic microsatellite loci in nurse shark ( Ginglymostoma cirratum ) using a combination of enriched and unenriched subgenomic libraries. Based on the small percentage of positive clones in the unenriched library (0.4%) it appears that microsatellites are very scarce in nurse shark genomes. Numbers of alleles at polymorphic loci ranged from two to 15; observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.17 to 0.90. We expect these loci to be useful for studies of breeding structure and paternity.
Motherhood and the Meaning of Sacrifice: Living in Defeat and Dying in Triumph

This memoir examines the life of the author’s mother in light of the sacrifices that she made for her family. It traces the mother’s own upbringing, describes her challenges as an immigrant, and evaluates the effects of her struggles on her children. The author contemplates her mother’s choice to live in defeat in the name of a better life for her daughters and speculates how the sense of defeat was transformed into triumph during her mother’s last days. Finally, the memoir questions, in general, the rationale behind sacrifice in motherhood: Are all motherly sacrifices beneficial? Under what conditions should mothers sacrifice for their children? What constitutes a good sacrifice?
ROLE OF UROLOGIST IN DIAGNOSIS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

This report presents 7 patients with confirmed cases of multiple sclerosis (MS) in whom the diagnosis of MS was first suspected by the urologist. Review of these 7 cases identifies three factors that increased the suspicion of MS at the time of urologic evaluation: a history of neurologic symptoms, abnormalities on a brief neurologic examination, and abnormal basic urodynamic evaluation. Urologists attuned to the possible diagnosis of MS in patients who present with symptoms of voiding dysfunction can facilitate the proper diagnosis with a basic office evaluation.