cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A clinical comparison of lidocaine and bupivacaine

The drug of choice for local anesthesia in most emergency departments is lidocaine. However, it wears off shortly after suturing is complete and patients may experience pain after closure of the wound. We conducted a study to determine the degree of anesthesia obtained during and after repair of lacerations using lidocaine 1% versus bupivacaine 0.25%, a long-acting local anesthetic. Lidocaine and bupivacaine were administered in a double-blind, randomized fashion to 104 patients. Each patient was asked to rate his pain on a 0 to 10 scale (0, no pain; 10, severe pain) prior to administration of the anesthetic. They then rated pain on an identical scale at 30 minutes, and one, two, three, four, five, six, 12, 18, and 24 hours after completion of suturing. The mean baseline pain was 2.96 for the lidocaine group and 3.07 for the bupivacaine group. This decreased to less than 1.0 in both groups 30 minutes after infiltration. It remained low for the bupivacaine group for the next five hours, but increased almost to preanesthesia levels by two hours in the lidocaine group. A three-way analysis of variance revealed a significant difference ( P P > .05) between the age of the patients, size of laceration, and amount of drug used. The study shows that patients do experience pain after a wound is sutured and the anesthetic has worn off. It also demonstrates that bupivacaine significantly reduces the pain a patient may experience after repair of a wound.
PHOTOOXIDATION AND SINGLET OXYGEN SENSITIZATION BY PROTOPORPHYRIN IX AND ITS PHOTOOXIDATION PRODUCTS

Protoporphyrin IX and its various ester derivatives have been previously shown to undergo self-sensitized photooxygenation to yield hydroxyaldehydes (photoprotoporphyrin) and mono- and diformyl deuteroporphyrin derivatives. In the present study the photoreactions of these products in the presence of oxygen have been investigated. All of the photooxidation products are themselves good sensitizers of singlet oxygen. In addition spin trapping experiments indicate these products can produce superoxide in low-to-moderate efficiency by an excited state electron transfer process. The photo-products themselves are somewhat more stable to photooxidation than protoporphyrin IX itself. The two monoformyl-monovinyl deuteroporphyrins have been found to undergo further photooxidation at the vinyl groups to yield primarily monoformyl hydroxyaldehydes in a reaction mainly involving singlet oxygen analogous to the initial reaction of protoporphyrin IX.
Spin ordering in the superconducting state

Abstract It is argued that the spin ordering in the so-called ferromagnetic superconductors is essentially the same as that in normal dilute magnetic alloys such as manganese in copper. The range of ordering of the localized spins is much smaller than the coherence length.
Working Knowledge, Cognitive Processing, and Attitudes: On the Determinants of Bias

This experiment demonstrated that attitude-relevant knowledge can enable biased or objective systematic processing of new information. Subjects having a high or low knowledge on AIDS risk prevention evaluated a series of scenarios estimating the likelihood of contracting AIDS from sexual behavior. Knowledgeable subjects who reported considerable fear of AIDS engaged in biased processing of the risk estimates. The intense affect apparently motivated these subjects to use their knowledge to bolster and defend their existing attitudes toward AIDS risk: They gave more favorable evaluations of risk estimates that supported their attitudes than estimates that opposed them. In contrast, knowledgeable subjects who reported only moderate AIDS fear did not appear motivated to assume a defensive stance and instead processed the AIDS risk estimates in a critical, objective manner regardless of the congruence with their own attitudes. Less knowledgeable subjects did not demonstrate either a biased or an objectively cr...
Application performance prediction in autonomic systems

An autonomic system is an intelligent system that is capable of self-configuration, self-healing, and self-management. Application performance prediction is a powerful tool that can be used in an autonomic system. Predicting application performance based on current or anticipated conditions provides fine-grained information that increases the chances that the autonomic manager makes correct decisions. In this paper, we report on the design and implementation of a system that can be used by an autonomic manager to predict the response times of transaction-oriented applications. Preliminary results suggest that our method leads to an average prediction error of less than 15% over a range of network and server loads.
Just How Public Is the Seattle Public Library?: Publicity, Posturing, and Politics in Public Design

When they voted to tax themselves to support the overhaul of their city's library system, Seattleites expected to play a leading role in deciding how those funds would be spent—particularly in the ...
Spontaneous frequency of a developmental mutant in Volvox

Abstract Two types of mutants, those resistant to the base analog 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and somatic regenerator (SR) mutants, have been analyzed in Volvox carteri. In somatic regenerator mutants, the somatic cells which are normally terminally differentiated dedifferentiate and regenerate gonidia [ Sessoms, A., and Huskey, R. J. (1973). Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 1335–1338 ; Starr, R. C. (1970). Develop. Biol. Suppl. 4, 59–100 ]. The SR phenotype allows recovery of SR mutations arising in somatic cells, since such somatic cells would regenerate gonidia and give rise to mutant clones. Mutants of any phenotype other than SR can only be recovered if the mutation first appears in a gonidium. Since the somatic cells are 100-fold more numerous than reproductive cells (gonidia), we have determined the spontaneous frequency of both somatic regenerator mutants and mutations to BrdU resistance in order to determine if the SR mutation exerts its effect in the gonidium or in the somatic cell. The two frequencies were found to be nearly identical, suggesting that the SR mutation must first appear in a gonidium in order to be expressed.
Test “reliability”: Its meaning and determination

The concept of test reliability is examined in terms of general, group, and specific factors among the items, and the stability of scores in these factors from trial to trial. Four essentially different definitions of reliability are distinguished, which may be called the hypothetical self-correlation, the coefficient of equivalence, the coefficient of stability, and the coefficient of stability and equivalence. The possibility of estimating each of these coefficients is discussed. The coefficients are not interchangeable and have different values in corrections for attentuation, standard errors of measurement, and other practical applications.
From purification of large amounts of phospho-compounds (nucleotides) to enrichment of phospho-peptides using anion-exchanging resin

Through years of practice, mass spectrometry has proven to be one of the most reliable and sensitive methods for the localization of protein phosphorylation sites. Among numerous innovative methods, affinity enrichment such as immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography followed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis appears to be the most widely chosen procedure. Here, I report a method that was originally designed for purification of large amounts of nucleotides using anion-exchanging resin but has shown the promise of enriching phosphorylated peptides. Mixtures composed of uridine monophosphate, uridine diphosphate, uridine triphosphate, and their nonphosphate compound-uridine were bottom-line separated on an anion-exchanging solid-phase extraction (SPE) column by four steps of elution with a gradient of salt concentration and pH values. The miniature form of this SPE column showed significant separation (or enrichment) of the tryptic phospho-peptides from non-phospho-peptides of the standard protein beta-casein with two steps of elution (100mM NaCl and 5% NH(4)OH). Furthermore, after utilization of this anion-exchanging-column enrichment followed by LC/MS/MS analysis on a quadrupole-tine of flight instrument, a new phosphorylation site (S191) in bovine chromogranin A was identified.
Dynamics of laser-irradiated planar targets measured by x-ray spectroscopy

The dynamics of planar plastic targets seeded with small amounts of sulfur as a diagnostic tracer is studied spectroscopically. The time-dependent x-ray emission of the hydrogenic and heliumlike sulfur is used to provide a measure of the plasma parameters. The experiment, which is designed to provide optically thin x-ray lines with small transverse gradients, is analyzed by the coupling of a kinetics model to a hydrodynamics simulation. The results of the analysis show that the time histories of the x-ray line intensities can be used as a plasma diagnostic to constrain the modeling. Intensity ratios between ionization stages cannot be accurately modeled even including time-dependent ionization effects. This disagreement appears to be due to detailed assumptions concerning electron distributions and transport.
‘Becoming a waste land where nothing can survive’: resisting state-corporate environmental crime in a ‘forgotten’ place

Environmental justice advocates have made visible the practice of disproportionately siting hazardous waste facilities in low-income communities of color throughout the USA. Typically, state-corporate actors decide where to place these environmentally undesirable projects, with an eye toward the bottom line rather than the health and safety of particular community members. Through an analysis of secondary data and archival materials, ranging from public hearings to court documents and newspaper accounts, a case study of state-corporate environmental crime and how one rural, historically African American town in Arizona organized to resist the siting of a fourth landfill in their community is explored. Theoretical concepts advanced by Ruth Wilson Gilmore, such as ‘forgotten places’, are put into conversation with the literature on state-corporate crime. An examination of the relationship between environmental inequality, state-corporate crime, and people’s capacity for resistance is presented.
Mediation of male mouse urine marking and aggression by the vomeronasal organ

The effects of vomeronasal organ removal (VNX) on male mouse urine marking and aggressive behaviors were investigated. In three different stimulus conditions VNX male marking rates were about half that of sham-operated males. Aggressive behavior was tested by pairing males with male-urine-swabbed castrate males. Only 1 of the 12 VNX males displayed normal levels of fighting behavior and 6 did not initiate any fights during the aggression tests. These results indicate that normal male aggressive and urine marking behaviors are dependent on the presence of an intact vomeronasal system for their expression.
A Game-Theoretic Approach to Graph Clustering

The last decade has witnessed an explosion in the modeling of complex systems. Predominantly, graphs are used to represent these systems. The problem of detecting overlapping clusters in graphs is of utmost importance. We present a novel definition of overlapping clusters. A noncooperative game is proposed such that the equilibrium conditions of the game correspond to the clusters in the graph. Several properties of the game are analyzed and exploited to show the existence of a pure Nash equilibrium NE and compute it effectively. We present two algorithms to compute NE and prove their convergence. Empirically, the running times of both algorithms are nearly linear in the number of edges. Also, one of the algorithms can be readily parallelized, making it scalable. Finally, our approach is compared with existing overlapping cluster detection algorithms and validated on several artificial and real data sets.
A generalized spline framework for mixed mode signal processing

In the context of mixed-mode signal processing applications, a system-level framework is presented for best approximation of "analog (continuous-time) functions" by "digital (discrete-time) functions" based on dynamic source models. Specifically, let x(t), a/spl les/t/spl les/b, denote the input to an analog filter F, and y(t), a/spl les/t/spl les/b the corresponding output of F. We assume that the input x belongs to a class C of signals generated by a linear dynamical system, characterized by an m/sup th/ order linear differential operator L(D), D=d/dt, driven by inputs of bounded energy. On this basis, we obtain the best discrete-time approximation F* to the analog filter F by interpolating the samples x(t/sub 1/),...,x(t/sub n/) of x(t) by a generalized L-spline S(t) (corresponding to the differential operator L(D)), and then convolving S(t) with the impulse response of the analog filter F. This provides the optimal mapping F* (in min-max error sense) of the samples x(t/sub 1/),...,x(t/sub n/) into the best approximation y*(t/sub 1/),...,y*(t/sub a/) of the samples y(t/sub 1/),...,y(t/sub n/) of F.
A new genus of flea beetles from the Greater Antilles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

The new genus Normaltica and two new species (N. obrieni from Puerto Rico and N. iviei from the Dominican Republic) are described and illustrated. A key and illustrations of these taxa are provided. Morphological consequences of wing reduction are discussed. Variability of N. obrieni is illustrated and discussed.
Can We Still Defend Globalisation After the Current Crisis

It is now generally agreed that globalisation along the dimensions of trade and equity inflows creates prosperity and, in turn, helps rather than hinders the achievement of 'social' agendas such as reduced child labor, reduction of poverty and greater pay equity for women. But the financial sector, and its cross-border globalisation, represents the soft underbelly of globalisation. This has been underlined dramatically by the current crisis since 2008. However, the common critique that the financial sector corrupts moral value is not compelling.
A Study in Hadoop Streaming with Matlab for NMR Data Processing

Applying Cloud computing techniques for analyzing large data sets has shown promise in many data-driven scientific applications. Our approach presented here is to use Cloud computing for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)data analysis which normally consists of large amounts of data. Biologists often use third party or commercial software for ease of use. Enabling the capability to use this kind of software in a Cloud will be highly advantageous in many ways. Scripting languages especially designed for clouds may not have the flexibility biologists need for their purposes. Although this is true, they are familiar with special software packages that allow them to write complex calculations with minimum effort, but are often not compatible with a Cloud environment. Therefore, biologists who are trying to perform analysis on NMR data, acquire many advantages due to our proposed solution. Our solution gives them the flexibility to Cloud-enable their familiar software and it also enables them to perform calculations on a significant amount of data that was not previously possible. Our study is also applicable to any other environment in need of similar flexibility. We are currently in the initial stage of developing a framework for NMR data analysis.
Linear Antenna Array Synthesis Using Taguchi's Method: A Novel Optimization Technique in Electromagnetics

We describe a new global electromagnetic optimization technique using Taguchi's method and apply it to linear antenna array design. Taguchi's method was developed on the basis of the orthogonal array (OA) concept, which offers systematic and efficient characteristics. This paper illustrates the implementation procedure of Taguchi's method in electromagnetic optimization problems. The optimization procedure is then used to design two linear antenna arrays with specific array factor requirements. Obtained results show that the desired null controlled pattern and sector beam pattern are successfully achieved. Compared to traditional optimization techniques, Taguchi's method is easy to implement and efficient to reach the optimum solutions
Phospholipase D Mediates Nutrient Input to Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1)

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a critical sensor of nutritional sufficiency. Although much is known about the regulation of mTOR in response to growth factors, much less is known about the regulation of mTOR in response to nutrients. Amino acids have no impact on the signals that regulate Rheb, a GTPase required for the activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1). Phospholipase D (PLD) generates a metabolite, phosphatidic acid, that facilitates association between mTOR and the mTORC1 co-factor Raptor. We report here that elevated PLD activity in human cancer cells is dependent on both amino acids and glucose and that amino acid- and glucose-induced increases in mTORC1 activity are dependent on PLD. Amino acid- and glucose-induced PLD and mTORC1 activity were also dependent on the GTPases RalA and ARF6 and the type III phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase hVps34. Thus, a key stimulatory event for mTORC1 activation in response to nutrients is the generation of phosphatidic acid by PLD.
MMPI profiles of depressed adolescents with and without conduct disorder

This study examined whether adolescents with depression would produce significantly different MMPI profiles from adolescents with depression and conduct disorder. Twenty-four adolescents who met DSM-III-R criteria for major depression or dysthymia were included in the study. Nine of these 24 subjects also met DSM-III-R criteria for Conduct Disorder. Results indicated that depressed only adolescents had significantly higher elevations on scales 2 and 0 while those with depression and conduct disorder had significantly higher elevations on scales F and 9. These findings suggest that the presence of conduct disorder in depressed adolescents may lead to a veiling of their affective symptoms, thus potentially causing clinicians to underdiagnose depression in such cases.
Focus Issue—Signals Along a Road to the Mind?

Science and Science9s STKE tackle the intriguing questions of how the brain gives rise to thoughts, emotions, and behavior--questions so challenging and so complex that they must be addressed on many different levels before a coherent image of the whole can begin to emerge. Studies at the subcellular, cellular, neuronal network, and behavioral levels all add critical elements to our emerging vision of brain function. Science9s STKE highlights the cellular and molecular processes that may underlie synaptic plasticity and signaling pathways that contribute to higher neural function, such as learning, memory, and behavior.
Pretreatment readiness for change in male alcohol dependent subjects: predictors of one-year follow-up status.

Objective: The objective of this study was to test a model using pretreatment readiness for change scores (Contemplation, Determination and Action) to predict 1-year alcohol use and recovery activities (AA affiliation and having a sponsor). Methods: Subjects were 125 middle-aged, mostly white, high school educated, mostly unemployed, male patients who met DSM-III-R criteria for alcohol dependence. The patients participated in a 21-day, Minnesota model, inpatient treatment program. Pretreatment readiness for change was assessed using a modified version of the Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (SOCRATES). The prediction model also included four pretreatment variables: DSM-III-R criteria, alcohol consumption, AA affiliation and presence of a sponsor. Logistic regression procedures were used to test the model. Results: High Action scores (and not having a sponsor at pretreatment) were predictive of no reported alcohol use at any time during the 1-year posttreatment period. High Determin...
"Picture within a picture" visual hallucinations

Formed visual hallucinations are commonly associated with seizures, drug ingestion, and psychiatric disorders, or they can occur as release phenomena in the setting of visual loss. [1] Although a picture within a picture is a desirable feature in many new televisions, we report a patient who developed this unusual release hallucination within a visual field defect. ### Case report. A 51-year-old woman complained of seeing "a picture within a picture - like the new kind of television sets" in her lower left visual field. She described a rectangular scene with a red …
Eulerian-Lagrangian Numerical Scheme for Simulating Advection, Dispersion, and Transient Storage in Streams and a Comparison of Numerical Methods

Past applications of one-dimensional advection, dispersion, and transient storage zone models have almost exclusively relied on a central differencing, Eulerian numerical approximation to the nonconservative form of the fundamental equation. However, there are scenarios where this approach generates unacceptable error. A new numerical scheme for this type of modeling is presented here that is based on tracking Lagrangian control volumes across a fixed (Eulerian) grid. Numerical tests are used to provide a direct comparison of the new scheme versus nonconservative Eulerian numerical methods, in terms of both accuracy and mass conservation. Key characteristics of systems for which the Lagrangian scheme performs better than the Eulerian scheme include: nonuniform flow fields, steep gradient plume fronts, and pulse and steady point source loadings in advection-dominated systems. A new analytical derivation is presented that provides insight into the loss of mass conservation in the nonconservative Eulerian sc...
What roles do regulatory T cells play in the control of the adaptive immune response

The immune system, like many systems responsive to specific stimuli, requires feedback regulation. The key regulatory element determining antigen-specific responsiveness is the effector T helper. As the response tends to overshoot, a feedback control of the magnitude of the response is critical to avoid immunopathology. This is the proposed role of the effector T suppressor (Ts). The reasons for this interpretation of the data are discussed as are the reasons that the competing postulate is ruled out, namely that Ts function in determining the self-non-self-discrimination. The regulatory T cell family consists of two lineages, T helpers and Ts. Differentiated derivatives of the T helper lineage drive the expression and amplification of specific classes of defensive effector cells. Ts feedback to limit the magnitude of the process so that debilitating immunopathology is acceptably infrequent.
Bonding porcelain teeth to acrylic resin denture bases

To eliminate metal pins and diatoric design as retaining features for porcelain teeth, a silane coupling agent was used to bond porcelain teeth to acrylic denture bases. The bonding strengthens the denture and aids oral hygiene and esthetics.
Fabrication of high quality factor RF-solenoids using via structures

High quality factor inductors are key components in RF-circuits. Fabrication of on-chip coils is costly and suffers from low Q-factor. Design, simulation, and fabrication of novel off-chip solenoid inductors with high quality factor are reported. Minimum feature size of standard PCB fabrication has been used to make embedded solenoids in Duroid substrate with 2.2 relative permittivity. A solenoid turn included two imbedded copper via of 125 µm radius and two surface conductors of 250 µm wide to shape a rectangular coil. Different pitch sizes, conductor lengths, solenoid heights, and numbers of turns were simulated and fabricated. The maximum quality factor was 160 for a 500 µm pitch size and 1 mm conductor length in a substrate of 380 µm thick. In addition to the very high Q-factor, the inductor benefits from facilitated design and ease of fabrication. Analytical design has been investigated by a lumped circuit model and electromagnetic simulation. The result of S-parameter measurements was in close agreement with the designed circuit. The micro-solenoids had a higher quality factor compared to all other counterparts.
Sex-Segregated Work in the System of Professions: The Development and Stratification of Nursing

Assessing an occupation's prospects for gaining full professional status requires an understanding of the complex forces contributing to or working against such a possibility. My goal in this article is to broaden our understanding of how jurisdictional disputes are resolved in the system of professions. Occupations employing similar tactics experience different outcomes as the result of existing social divisions. This is particularly evident with female-dominated or sex-segregated occupations, such as nursing, and is important given the impending changes in the delivery of health care. Proposed changes may work to further weaken the medical profession's dominance. But without a change in gender ideology, nursing will continue to be seen as caring work suitable only for women and may not present nurses an opportunity to finally gain full professional status.
Making the List: Database Matching and Verification Processes for Voter Registration

This report was the first comprehensive summary of important new voter registrationprocedures effective in most states at the beginning of 2006.Federal law requires that states create and maintain statewide databases to serve as the central source of voter registration information. Citizens’ ability to get on the rolls – and thus their ability to vote and have their votes counted – now depend on the policies and procedures governing the use of these databases in the voter registration process. The new statewide databases, and their role in the voter registration process, are poorly understood, but extremely consequential.This report, issued just as the state databases begin to come online, presented the firstcomprehensive catalog of the widely varying state database practices governing how (andin some cases, whether) individuals seeking to register will be placed on the voter rolls. The report covers each state’s extant and anticipated voter registration process as of early 2006, from the application form up through Election Day – including the intake of registration forms, the manner in which information from the forms may be matched to other government lists, the consequences of the match process, and any opportunity to correct errors. In addition to state-by-state summaries, the report includes policy recommendations regarding the registration process, based on state practice and comparative research from other fields.
Cutting Reactive Foils Without Igniting Them (A Femtosecond Laser Machining Approach)

Ni/Al nanostructured multilayer foils were machined with femtosecond pulse-length laser irradiation at various fluences. Scanning electron microscopy, back-scattered electron detection, and atomic force microscopy were used to characterize the resulting laser modified regions. We show that material removal at the micron scale is possible with no ignition of a self-propagation reaction emanating from the irradiated areas, a danger minimized by the fact that the extremely short time duration of the pulse produces negligible heat dissipation into the multilayer system. Nevertheless, initial AFM and BSE results give indication that multilayers may be intermixing and reacting locally in areas smaller than the laser beam diameter, though the exact ignition mechanism is still to be determined.
Sulfur Diffusion In Polycrystalline Thin-Film CdTe Solar Cells

X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence measurements have been used to characterize the diffusion of S into CdTe during post growth annealing of CdTe solar cells. For anneals at 410°C in the presence of CdCl2, evidence that both a CdTe1 xSx phase and nearly-pure CdTe are present near the back contact is observed. The ternary phase becomes more prominent and the S concentration increases with depth reaching roughly 4-5% near the CdS interface. Much less diffusion is observed at 350°C while for a 460°C anneal, CdTe1-xSx with a S concentration near 5% is found throughout the layer. The presence of CdC12 during the anneal enhances the interdiffusion.
A New Genus in the Protomycetaceae

A new genus in the Taphrinales has been described and assigned the name Mixia. Because of the similarity of the mycelium and the fruiting structure, this organism has been tentatively placed in the...
Survival and Reproduction of Ostracods as Affected by Pesticides and Temperature

Toxicities of DDT, chlorpyrifos, and fenthion to Cyprinotus incongruens Ramdohr and Chlamydotheca arcuata Sars were evaluated in laboratory cultures. For the 1st species, the series from most to least toxic was chlorpyrifos, fenthion, DDT; and for the 2nd species, it was chlorpyrifos, DDT, and fenthion. Data for 24 h were inadequate to predict field effects because mortalities in test plates increased each day, even at concentrations where no 24-h mortalities were recorded. Temperature stress which would be likely to occur in early spring and in late summer (5 and 35°C) increased insecticide toxicities at a given concentration; lowest mortalities occurred at intermediate temperatures (15 and 25°C). There is some tendency towards induction of egg-laying in these 2 species by toxic doses of the insecticides; the effect is even more pronounced in Cypridopsis vidua O. F. Muller. At all intermediate doses, some fraction of the eggs hatched and matured, which could be a mechanism for reestablishment of populations, but at the highest DDT doses (5.0 ppm) 0 eggs hatched.
Stabilizing graphene-based organometallic sandwich structures through defect engineering

In this theoretical work, we propose a chemical route to creating stable benzene-transition metal-graphene sandwich structures. The binding energy of the transition metal to graphene is enhanced through adsorption at appropriate defects, immobilizing the metal onto the graphene web. Capping the metal with a benzene ring further stabilizes the structure. The stability and the magnetic properties of these composite structures vary for different defects such as vacancies and nitrogen substitutionals in graphene. The proposed complexes have high cohesive energies and are either metallic or are small-band-gap semiconductors. Several of the proposed structures also have large spin polarization energies that make them suitable for use as nanomagnets in ambient conditions. This work also sheds light on the experimental results in the field where the sandwich structures may have been successfully created. We show that defect engineering is a viable option for creating designer, graphene-based structures that may play an important role in fields as diverse as spintronics, nanoelectronics, hydrogen storage, and catalysis.
Analysis of the monitoring results of food-borne pathogens in Putuo district, Shanghai in 2012

Objective To investigate the contamination of food-borne pathogens in fresh food in Putuo district of Shanghai, and to improve capabilities for controlling and early warning of food-borne disease. Methods Five kinds of food-borne pathogens were detected according to the Food microbiological examination(GB4789-2010) and the requirement of Project GFN. Results A total of 210 samples were collected from 5 sorts of fresh food in 2012, and the pathogens detection rates of contamination involved predominately were 71.43%, 64.29% and 61.90% in raw poultry, meat and beef. The pathogens detection rates of contamination were 46.43% and 21.43% in aquatic product and eggs. Five kinds of pathogens were found in 129 pieces of food samples(61.43%). A total of 184 strains of food-borne pathogens were isolated, including 62 strains of Salmonella(29.52%), 8 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus(3.81%), 23 strains of Staphylococcus aureus(10.95%), 71 strains of Listeria monocytogenes(33.81%), 20 strains of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis(9.51%). Conclusion The situation of fresh food contamination with food-borne pathogens is serious in the super market of Putuo district, Shanghai. It is necessary to strengthen supervision on fresh food in order to prevent the outbreak of food-borne disease
Integration of cultural awareness into psychotherapy

Culture pervades psychotherapy regardless of whether the psychotherapy is intracultural or obviously cross-cultural. This paper looks toward an integration of cultural awareness and appreciation of...
Toward Simple Representative Mathematical Models of Naturalistic Decision Making Through Fast-and-Frugal Heuristics

Naturalistic decision making (NDM) describes how people make decisions with time pressure and other complexities in familiar and meaningful environments. The complexities of NDM, although essential...
Behavioral Intervention for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Older Adults

Behavioral interventions are an accepted treatment option for older adults with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS): urinary incontinence (UI) and overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms of urgency, frequency and nocturia. These interventions improve symptoms through identification of lifestyle habits and changing a person’s behavior, environment or activity that are contributing factors or triggers. Interventions such as bladder training and pelvic floor muscle rehabilitation attempt to decrease incontinence and OAB symptoms through increasing awareness of the function and co-ordination of the pelvic floor muscle so as to gain muscle identification, control and strength and to decrease bladder overactivity. These interventions are often referred to as conservative treatments and involve learning new skills through extensive one-on-one patient instruction on techniques for preventing urine loss, urgency, and other symptomatology. This chapter outlines behavioral treatment that can be prescribed in older adults, including lifestyle or self-care practices, scheduled toileting programs, bladder training and pelvic floor muscle rehabilitation.
How Novices Read Source Code in Introductory Courses on Programming: An Eye-Tracking Experiment

We present an empirical study using eye tracking equipment to understand how novices read source code in the context of two introductory programming classes. Our main goal is to begin to understand how novices read source code and to determine if we see any improvement in program comprehension as the course progresses. The results indicate that novices put in more effort and had more difficulty reading source code as they progress through the course. However, they are able to partially comprehend code at a later point in the course. The relationship between fixation counts and durations is linear but shows more clusters later in the course, indicating groups of students that learned at the same pace. The results also show that we did not see any significant shift in learning indicated by the eye tracking metrics during the course, indicating that there might be more than one course that needs to be taken over the course of a few years to realize the significance of the shift. We call for more studies over a student's undergraduate years to further learn about this shift.
Pregnancy-associated deaths in Virginia due to homicides, suicides, and accidental overdoses compared with natural causes

This research is a case study of 309 pregnancy-associated deaths that occurred in Virginia from 1999-2005. Pregnancy-associated deaths due to homicide, suicide, or accidental overdose were compared with natural deaths. Violent deaths accounted for almost 30% of the cases. Homicides accounted for 13% of all the deaths in the sample, larger than any single natural cause of death. Homicide was the leading manner of death for Black women and was 4.5 times the rate of White decedents. Recommendations include expanding maternal death surveillance, committing to ending violence against women, and promoting universal screenings for domestic or interpersonal violence.
A high order MOL transport approach for Vlasov simulation with WENO methodology

We will present a high order implicit the Method of lines Transpose (MOLT) method for linear advection equations, which will be further applied to the (Vlasov-Poisson) VP system for plasma simulations. The scheme couples a WENO methodology and diagonally implicit strong-stability-preserving Runge-Kutta method in the MOLT framework, in order to attain high order accuracy in smooth region and avoid oscillation near the discontinuities with large time step evolution. Further, the scheme is able to efficiently deal with general boundary conditions, as a advantage over the popular semi-Lagrangian schemes. A simple high order positivity-preserving (PP)-limiter is developed and analyzed to ensure the desirable PP property for numerical solutions. The algorithm is extended to multi-dimensional problems and the VP system via dimensional splitting. A collection of numerical tests demonstrate good performance of the proposed scheme in resolving complex solutions' structures. Future work consists of extending the scheme to high-dimensional VP simulations.
Management of traumatic blunt IVC injury.

Introduction Injuries to the inferior vena cava (IVC) secondary to blunt trauma are rare and occurs in less than 1% of all blunt trauma patients. Mortality rates for IVC injuries reported in the literature range from 34% to 70%. Inferior vena cava (IVC) pseudoaneurysms resulting from these injuries are also rare clinical entities with an uncertain natural history due to limited follow-up information.
Revisiting the global surface energy budgets with maximum-entropy-production model of surface heat fluxes

The maximum-entropy-production (MEP) model of surface heat fluxes, based on contemporary non-equilibrium thermodynamics, information theory, and atmospheric turbulence theory, is used to re-estimate the global surface heat fluxes. The MEP model predicted surface fluxes automatically balance the surface energy budgets at all time and space scales without the explicit use of near-surface temperature and moisture gradient, wind speed and surface roughness data. The new MEP-based global annual mean fluxes over the land surface, using input data of surface radiation, temperature data from National Aeronautics and Space Administration–Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (NASA CERES) supplemented by surface specific humidity data from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), agree closely with previous estimates. The new estimate of ocean evaporation, not using the MERRA reanalysis data as model inputs, is lower than previous estimates, while the new estimate of ocean sensible heat flux is higher than previously reported. The MEP model also produces the first global map of ocean surface heat flux that is not available from existing global reanalysis products.
Applicability of modified burst test data to reactivity initiated accident

Abstract A comprehensive irradiated cladding mechanical property dataset was generated by a recently developed modified burst test (MBT) under reactivity initiated accident (RIA) loading conditions [1,2]. The test data contains a wide range of test conditions that could bridge the gap between fast transient test reactor data (short pulse and/or low temperature) and prototypical commercial reactor conditions. This paper documents an evaluation performed to demonstrate the applicability of the MBT data to fuel cladding performance under RIA conditions. The current effort includes a comparison of calculated fuel cladding failure/burst strain for tests conducted at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency's (JAEA) Nuclear Safety Research Reactor (NSRR) to the MBT dataset, and an evaluation of potential mechanisms on how some NSRR tests survived beyond the cladding loading capacity. A simple shell model, coupled with temperature output from the Falcon fuel performance code, was used to calculate the fuel pellet thermal expansion of NSRR tests at the point of failure. The calculated fuel pellet thermal expansion correlates well directly with the MBT data at similar loading conditions. A 3-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis (FEA) model was used to evaluate fuel movement potential during a RIA. The evaluation indicates fuel relocation into the pellet chamfer and later into the dish is possible once a temperature threshold is reached before cladding failure and thus could significantly increase the fuel rod energy absorption capacity in a RIA event.
An empirical examination of product counterfeiting crime impacting the U.S. military

Counterfeit parts in the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) supply chain threaten national security by compromising critical military operations and placing the lives of military service members at risk. With the goal of illustrating the nature of the risk as it relates to types of counterfeit parts, how they entered the supply chain, and were identified and processed through the criminal justice system, we assemble and analyze open-source information on criminal schemes involving counterfeits in the DOD supply chain. We utilize the Product Counterfeiting Database (PCD) to capture every indicted scheme linked to the DOD and describe characteristics of the schemes, offenders, and victims. These data provide empirical insights into the counterfeiting of parts and equipment in the DOD supply chain. We conclude with an overview of key issues to consider when weighing opportunities for product counterfeiting as well as implications for policy and practice.
Pediatric Glaucoma: IOP, Axial Length, and Surgery Indications

If possible, it is best to measure intraocular pressure (IOP) in a cooperative, alert and wakeful child. Many different variables can affect IOP measurement in the pediatric age group. These include cooperation (if measuring IOP in the clinic), anesthetic agents and the mode of airway securement (if measuring IOP during examination under anesthesia (EUA)), the tonometer being used, central corneal thickness (CCT), and corneal hysteresis. The great variability and interplay between these factors make it difficult to know if one is truly obtaining an accurate measure of the IOP. This uncertainty is why clinical experience can be vital and why other findings – the optic nerve exam, corneal diameter, and axial length – should be weighed more heavily over IOP when making judgments as to whether a child’s glaucoma is stable or progressing. The following paragraphs provide evidence-based facts as to how these variables may affect IOP, in order to help you interpret IOP readings in children.
Linear Differential Operators

In this chapter, we consider only linear systems of partial differential equations, and use the notation and terminology introduced in Chapter IX. In general, if D: e → ℱ is a linear differential operator, where E, F are vector bundles over the manifold X, and if f is a section of F, the inhomogeneous equation $$ Du = f $$ is not solvable for a section u of E unless f satisfies a requisite compatibility condition. Indeed, certain conditions must be imposed on the formal power series expansion j∞(f)(x) of f at x ∈ X in order that it may be written as j∞(Du)(x), for some section u of E. Under certain regularity assumptions on D, they can be expressed in terms of a differential operator P: ℱ → B of finite order, where B is a vector bundle over X. This operator is called the compatibility condition for D and is obtained by repeatedly differentiating the equation. We then obtain a complex of differential operators $$ \varepsilon \mathop{ \to }\limits^D F\mathop{ \to }\limits^P B $$ which is exact at the formal power series level: the formal power series expansion j∞(f)(x) of f at x can be written in the form j ∞ (Du)(x), for some section u of E, if and only if Pf vanishes to infinite order at x. For example, the inhomogeneous equation du — f, where u is a real-valued function and f is a 1-form on X, is not solvable for u unless df = 0.
Analgesia and sedation during mechanical ventilation in paediatrics

In paediatric intensive care units (PICU) critically ill children experience various stimuli perceived as disturbing, frightening and dangerous. Maintaining a good level of comfort while preserving safety is a main part of the care in mechanically ventilated patients and the use of sedatives and analgesics is recommended in these circumstances [1, 2].
Atrial fibrillation pearls and perils of management.

Abstract Atrial fibrillation, a common arrhythmia, is responsible for considerable cardiovascular morbidity. Its management demands more than antiarrhythmic therapy alone, but must address the causes and consequences of the arrhythmia. Although remediable causes are infrequently found, a thorough search for associated heart disease or its risk factors results in better-informed patient management. Controlling the ventricular response and protecting from thromboembolic complications are important initial goals of therapy and may include the administration of aspirin in younger, low-risk patients. Older patients and those with risk factors for systemic embolism are not adequately protected from stroke complications by aspirin therapy alone. It remains controversial whether all high-risk patients should receive warfarin and at what intensity. Whether and how sinus rhythm should be restored and maintained poses the greatest therapeutic controversy for atrial fibrillation. The mortal risk of antiarrhythmic therapy is substantially greater in patients with evidence of heart failure. In such persons, the risks and benefits of maintaining normal sinus rhythm with antiarrhythmic medications should be weighted carefully. A definitive cure for atrial fibrillation remains elusive, but promising surgical and catheter ablation therapies are being developed.
Highly SimplifiedUltrashort Pulse Measurement

A thick nonlinear crystal can replace the usual thin crystal and spectrometer, and a Fresnel biprism can replace the beam splitter and delay line in a FROGdevice, yielding a remarkably simple single-shot ultrashort-pulse intensity-a nd-phase measurement device with no sensitive alignment parameters and significantly greater sensitivity.
CYTOCHROME OXIDASE COMPOUND B AS A PEROXIDASE

SUMMARY The direct reaction of Compound B (believed to be a peroxy cytochrome oxidase) with reduced cytochrome c as an electron donor has suggested that Compound B has generalized peroxidatic properties and would react with other electron donors than cytochrome c . An analysis of the various donors usually used to reduce the oxidase shows that NADH and phenazine methosulfate (PMS) can reduce Compound B under conditions where no detectable cytochrome a has been oxidized (−60°). The reaction appears to be of the second order with respect to PMS concentration, and has a second order velocity constant of ∼103 M−1 × sec−1 at −60°. The results suggest commonalities of cytochrome oxidase Compound B and Compound I of the peroxidases.
Molecular Diagnosis and Genetic Testing

The capability to assay for the status of individual genes or proteins in patient blood or tissues has grown exponentially over the last two decades. Molecular diagnostics has had a particularly important impact on the practice of neurology, both due to the keen interest of the practicing neurologist and the fact that many of the first identified disease genes have been for inherited neurological conditions. With the dramatically expanding knowledge of the primary biochemical defect for hundreds of disorders comes the anticipation that pathophysiological cascades can be slowed or halted, or primary biochemical deficiencies replaced. While this hope has yet to be realized, molecular human genetics has transformed the way in which the inherited and noninherited neurological diseases are researched, and experimental therapeutics are pursued. Finally, molecular diagnostics can provide a definitive diagnosis to a patient (both symptomatic and presymptomatic) while also permitting the genetic counseling of the patient’s family.