cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHROMOSOME RELATIONSHIPS OF DIPLOID SPECIES OF GRINDELIA (COMPOSITAE) FROM COLORADO, NEW MEXICO, AND ADJACENT AREAS'

Previous studies of chromosome relationships of Grindelia species recognized three basic genomes designated Oxylepis, Hallii, and Havardii. Differences are based on different end arrangements of the chromosomes resulting from reciprocal translocations. This report will review and give additional information about the genomes and interrelationships of 17 species. All of the species are diploids (2n = 12) and show six bivalents at meiosis. Species in this study that have the Oxylepis genome are G. oxylepis var. eligulata, G. fastigiata, G. inornata, G. revoluta, and G. squarrosa. Species that have the Havardii genome included G. havardii, G. grandiflora, G. lanceolata, G. littoralis, and G. texana. The Hallii genome is present in G. camporum var. davyi and G. procera. Hybrids of species with the same genome have six bivalents at meiosis. Hybrids between species with the Oxylepis genome and those having the Havardii genome have four bivalents and one quadrivalent at meiosis. Likewise for Oxylepis x Hallii hybrids. A new genome is presented for G. subalpina which would explain the configurations of two bivalents and two quadrivalents observed in G. subalpina x G. havardii and G. subalpina x G. fastigiata hybrids. This is designated the Subalpina genome. Species tested but with genomes as yet undetermined are G. acutifolia, G. arizonica, G. nana, and G. scabra.
EDS: An Elastic Data-Service for Situational Applications

Developers of situational applications – applications created by a small group of users/developers to satisfy the specific needs of the group – require two things from their software stack. First, they require support for their rapidly changing designs; second, they require semantics that are close to their own domain of expertise. For example, developers of situational applications prefer to use scripting languages because the "duck typing" style of programming language allows them to ignore issues related to class inheritance or interface implementation. In comparison to strongly-typed languages, developers can begin programming more quickly, and can modify their program more rapidly in response to changing requirements. In this paper we explore whether middleware services can similarly provide developers of situational applications with these desired software characteristics. Specifically, we present EDS, an Extensible Data-Service designed to support applications whose design changes rapidly and with semantics that are closer to the domain expertise of situational application developers. We present the features of EDS, contrast it to other data services and APIs, and discuss the EDS implementation.
Substrate specificity of the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway

Unnatural analogues of sialic acid can be delivered to mammalian cell surfaces through the metabolic transformation of unnatural N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) derivatives. In previous studies, mannosamine analogues bearing simple N-acyl groups up to five carbon atoms in length were recognized as substrates by the biosynthetic machinery and transformed into cell surface sialoglycoconjugates [Keppler, O. T., et al. (2001) Glycobiology 11, 11R-18R]. Such structural alterations to cell surface glycans can be used to probe carbohydrate-dependent phenomena. This report describes our investigation into the extent of tolerance of the pathway toward additional structural alterations of the N-acyl substituent of ManNAc. A panel of analogues with ketone-containing N-acyl groups that varied in the length or steric bulk was chemically synthesized and tested for metabolic conversion to cell surface glycans. We found that extension of the N-acyl chain to six, seven, or eight carbon atoms dramatically reduced utilization by the biosynthetic machinery. Likewise, branching from the linear chain reduced metabolic conversion. Quantitation of metabolic intermediates suggested that cellular metabolism is limited by the phosphorylation of the N-acylmannosamines by ManNAc 6-kinase in the first step of the pathway. This was confirmed by enzymatic assay of the partially purified enzyme with unnatural substrates. Identification of ManNAc 6-kinase as a bottleneck for unnatural sialic acid biosynthesis provides a target for expanding the metabolic promiscuity of mammalian cells.
Talking lions and lion talk: Davidson on conceptual schemes

This essay is a reconstruction and defense of Davidson's argument against the intelligiblity of the notion of conceptual scheme. After presenting a brief clarification of Davidson's argument in ‘On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme’, I turn to reconstructing Davidson's argument. Unlike many commentators, and occasionally Davidson, who hold that the motive force of the argument is the Principle of Charity (or the denial of the Third Dogma), I argue that there is a further principle which underlies the argument. This principle I call the Strong Discrimination Principle.
Analysis of discontinuities in quantum waveguide structures

We have used the modal expansion of the wave function in the discontinuity region based on the superposition principle together with a mode‐matching technique to investigate the transmission characteristics of semiconductor quantum wire structures with discontinuities. Our calculations compare quite well with published results for the theoretical transmission coefficient and experimental conductance of a T‐stub and split‐gate geometry, respectively. We apply this technique to analyze the effect of right‐angle bends in narrow quantum wires which show strong resonant behavior due to the presence of discontinuities in this geometry.
Impact and utility of smell-driven performance tuning for end-user programmers

This paper proposes a technique, called Smell-driven performance tuning (SDPT), which semi-automatically assists end-user programmers with fixing performance problems in visual dataflow programming languages. A within-subjects laboratory experiment showed SDPT increased end-user programmers' success rate and decreased the time they required. Another study, based on using SDPT to analyze a corpus of example end-user programs, demonstrated that applying all available SDPT transformations achieved an execution time improvement of 42% and a memory usage improvement of 20%, comparable to improvements that expert programmers historically had manually achieved on the same programs. These results indicate that SDPT is an effective method for helping end-user programmers to fix performance problems. Smell-driven performance tuning (SDPT) helps programmers improve code performance.SDPT is targeted at end-user programmers working with dataflow languages.SDPT restructures programs' code based on the programmer's guidance.Empirical tests confirmed that SDPT substantially improves performance.In a user study, end-user programmers could more easily fix performance problems.
ATOMIC DATA AND SPECTRAL LINE INTENSITIES FOR Mg VI

Electron impact collision strengths, energyels, oscillator strengths, and spontaneous radiative decay rates are calculated for Mg VI. The configurations used are 2s{sup 2}2p{sup 3}, 2s2p{sup 4}, 2p{sup 5}, 2s{sup 2}2p{sup 2}3s, 2s{sup 2}2p{sup 2}3p, and 2s{sup 2}2p{sup 2}3d, giving rise to 72 fine-structure levels in intermediate coupling. Collision strengths are calculated at five incident energies, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 Ry. Excitation rate coefficients are calculated as a function of electron temperature by assuming a Maxwellian electron velocity distribution. Using the excitation rate coefficients and the radiative transition rates, statistical equilibrium equations for level populations are solved at electron densities covering the range of 10{sup 8}-10{sup 14} cm{sup -3} at an electron temperature of log T {sub e} (K) = 5.6, corresponding to maximum abundance of Mg VI. Relative and absolute spectral line intensities are calculated and compared with observations of a solar active region.
Strengths and limitations of the Liu and Jordan model to determine diffuse from global irradiance

Abstract The original Liu and Jordan relation to derive daily totals of diffuse from global irradiance does not apply in climatic regions largely different from the area for which it was developed. Elevation, and particularly snow cover (changes in the albedo of large portions of the terrain), shift the average curve. With corrections made according to these two parameters, the new curves allow determination of diffuse from global irradiance with much greater confidence.
SEARCH FOR A CORRELATION LENGTH IN A SIMULATION OF THE GLASS TRANSITION

We have looked for evidence of a correlation length in a molecular-dynamics simulation of the glass transition. We have studied the correlation functions of both the translational order of particle positions and the orientational order of nearest-neighbor bond angles, and have seen no indication of a diverging length scale. We also present data from the simulation, which extend recent laboratory measurements of the frequency-dependent specific heat and thermal conductivity.
Calculation of potential distributions produced by implanted electrodes in an man model by finite elements

The finite-element (FE) method is used to analyze and determine the potential distribution produced by implanted stimulating electrodes used in conjunction with an implanted defibrillator. These electrodes are used to deliver an energy shock to halt ventricular fibrillation during fatal arrhythmias in human beings. The FE solution was obtained by solving the Laplace equation using a Galerkin procedure. An infinite cylindrical model having three coaxial layers of tissue with two electrodes was used to show preliminary results of the FE model. An analytical procedure was developed and used to validate the FE results. The overall objective of this study is to develop a computer model for the study of defibrillation fields. This model can be used to estimate the potential distribution and potential gradients on the heart for various electrode sizes and configurations for a given shock strength. The most promising variation of these defibrillation-electrode configurations can be chosen for experimental testing in laboratory animals and possibly in human beings. >
Estimating the dynamic behavior of printed circuit boards

The dynamic behavior of printed circuit (PC) boards plays an important role in the reliability of a package. This paper is concerned with four issues that are important in estimating the dynamic response of PC boards, namely, limitations of estimates based on the first vibration mode, the importance of geometric nonlinearities, the influence of a component location on the modal mass distribution and the relative importance of errors in the mass and stiffness estimates of a board component. >
Adeno-associated virus vectors: potential applications for cancer gene therapy

Augmenting cancer treatment by protein and gene delivery continues to gain momentum based on success in animal models. The primary hurdle of fully exploiting the arsenal of molecular targets and therapeutic transgenes continues to be efficient delivery. Vectors based on adeno-associated virus (AAV) are of particular interest as they are capable of inducing transgene expression in a broad range of tissues for a relatively long time without stimulation of a cell-mediated immune response. Perhaps the most important attribute of AAV vectors is their safety profile in phase I clinical trials ranging from CF to Parkinson's disease. The utility of AAV vectors as a gene delivery agent in cancer therapy is showing promise in preclinical studies. In this review, we will focus on the basic biology of AAV as well as recent progress in the use of this vector in cancer gene therapy.
The X-ray crystal structure of 6-deoxy-α-l-sorbofuranose. Conformational analysis of ketohexofuranosides and their comparison with ribofuranosides and arabinofuranosides

Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of 6-deoxy- l -sorbose have been determined by the application of multisolution methods and refined to an R -index of 0.063 for 560 reflections, using three-dimensional intensity data collected on a Picker automatic diffractometer. The compound crystallizes in the space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 with unit-cell dimensions a = 18.470 (10), b = 7.636 (10), and c = 5.371 (8) A; Z = 4. The molecule occurs as the α-furanose form, which is also the preponderant tautomer in solution. The puckering of the furanoid ring is C-3′- exo -C-4′- endo ( 3 T 4 ) [equivalent to C-2′- exo -C-3′- endo ( 2 T 3 ) in the numbering for d -ribose], with P and τ m angles of -6.5 and 42.7° respectively. Conformational analysis of the known ketofuranosides shows that the 3 T 4 ( 2 T 3 in d -ribose numbering) puckering mode, which is typical of α-nucleosides, is favored, in contrast to the favored 3 T 2 or 2 T 3 puckering mode for the β- d -ribonucleosides and β- d -arabinonucleosides. The conformational differences among furanoid rings are mainly influenced by the configuration at the anomeric carbon atom. The favored orientation about the C-2′-C-1′ bond (O-5′-C-2′-C-1′-O-1′)of the ketofuranosidesis — gauche . All four hydroxyl groups are involved in donor-acceptor hydrogen bonding, and O-4′-8 appears to be involved in a bifurcated hydrogen bond to O-2′ and O-3′ of neighboring molecules.
Temporal variations in accommodation during steady-state conditions

The amplitude of the naturally occurring 2-Hz lens fluctuations at levels of accommodative response ranging from 1 to 4 D were measured in absolute terms (i.e., in diopters) and compared with the overall variability of accommodation (in the time domain) over the same range of accommodative output levels. The amplitude of the 2-Hz component was found to be positively correlated with the mean level of the accommodative response. It was as small as 0.02 D (mean to peak) when the mean response level was 1 D, and it was no larger than 0.1 D (mean to peak) when the mean response level was 4 D. Furthermore, the overall variability of accommodation (in the time domain) was also found to be positively correlated with the mean response level, having its minimum when the accommodative response level was least rather than at the resting focus of accommodation (when neurologic activity is Least). This suggests that the observed increase in accommodative noise with dc (response) level is more likely attributed to plant noise than to neurologic (controller) noise.
The African Superswell

Maps of residual bathymetry in the ocean basins around the African continent reveal a broad bathymetric swell in the southeastern Atlantic Ocean with an amplitude of about 500 m. We propose that this region of anomalously shallow bathymetry, together with the contiguous eastern and southern African plateaus, form a superswell which we refer to as the African superswell. The origin of the African superswell is uncertain. However, rifting and volcanism in eastern Africa, as well as heat flow measurements in southern Africa and the southeastern Atlantic Ocean, suggest that the superswell may be attributed, at least in part, to heating of the lithosphere.
Fusion Energy Production during Ion Injection into a Nonneutral Plasma

This paper reports on values of fusion energy multiplication [gt]1 which have been shown to be possible during energetic deuterium injection into high-electron-temperature (T[sub e] [gt] 3 keV), quasi-neutral tritium plasmas. The high-temperature requirement is eliminated when a nonneutral plasma is the beam's target. Fusion energy multiplication factors [gt]1 can be obtained in a low-temperature ([lt] 100 eV), nonneutral tritium plasma.
The timing of oviposition and ovulation in the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Synopsis An extensive series of experiments was performed to assess the common Coturnix quail as a laboratory bird for research on ovulation. The results indicate that the timing of the sequential events of ovulation, egg formation and lay in Coturnix is sufficiently constant to permit access to the physiological processes which determine ovulation and to provide convenient means for assessment of results. Special problems of method and limitations in the use of the quail are discussed. Differences in the timing of sequential ovulations in chickens and Coturnix are described. It is concluded that Coturnix will be a valuable subject for comparative studies on ovulation in birds.
H2 Suboptimal Estimation and Control for Nonnegative Dynamical Systems

Linear matrix inequalities provide a powerful design framework for linear control problems. In this paper, we use linear matrix inequalities to develop H2 (sub)optimal estimators and controllers for nonnegative dynamical systems. Specifically, we formulate a series of generalized eigenvalue problems subject to a set of linear matrix inequality constraints for designing H2 suboptimal estimators, static controllers, and dynamic controllers for nonnegative dynamical systems.
Effect of polysilicon gate type on the flatband voltage shift for ultrathin oxide-nitride gate stacks

In this work, we demonstrate that the magnitude of flatband voltage (V/sub FB/) shift for ultrathin (<2 nm) silicon dioxide-silicon nitride (ON) gate stacks in MOSFET's depends on the Fermi level position in the gate material. In addition, a fixed positive charge at the oxide-nitride interface was observed.
Amino acid digestibility and energy concentration of high-protein corn dried distillers grains and high-protein sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles for swine

A study was conducted to determine the AA digestibility and energy concentration of a spe- cialized high-protein corn distillers dried grains (HPC- DDG) product and a high-protein sorghum dried dis- tillers grains with solubles (HPS-DDGS) product. Six growing barrows (BW = 22.7 kg) were surgically fit- ted with T-cannulas at the terminal ileum and allotted randomly to 3 treatments in a crossover design with 3 periods. The treatment diets were 1) 67% HPC-DDG and 2) 50% HPS-DDGS as the sole protein sources, and 3) an N-free diet for determining basal endogenous AA loss. All diets contained 0.25% chromic oxide as an inert marker. Digesta and fecal samples were col- lected and analyzed for AA and energy concentrations. After chemical analysis, standardized and apparent il- eal digestible (SID and AID, respectively) AA and GE were determined for each coproduct. The DE, ME, and NE values for HPC-DDG and HPS-DDGS also were calculated. The chemical composition of HPC-DDG and HPS-DDGS on a DM basis was 40.8% CP, 5.4% fat, 22.9% ADF, 36.6% NDF, 0.04% Ca, and 0.42% P and 48.2% CP, 3.1% fat, 17.5% ADF, 20.4% NDF, 0.13% Ca, and 0.82% P, respectively. The DM content of HPC-DDG and HPS-DDGS was 89.50 and 91.88%, respectively. Analyzed AA content of HPC-DDG was greater than that of traditional corn DDGS. The Lys content of HPC-DDG was 1.36% (DM basis), resulting in a Lys-to-CP ratio of 3.2%. In HPS-DDGS, most AA were present in greater proportions than in HPC-DDG or conventional sorghum DDGS. The HPS-DDGS Lys content was 1.7% (DM basis), equivalent to a Lys-to- CP ratio of 3.5%. In HPC-DDG, the AID for Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp were 65.9 ± 1.7, 87.0 ± 1.9, 72.8 ± 3.4, and 76.2% ± 3.5, respectively, and SID values were 67.8 ± 1.7, 87.5 ± 1.9, 75.0 ± 3.5, and 78.6 ± 3.7%, respec- tively. For HPS-DDGS, the AID for Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp were 51.9 ± 5.3, 73.0 ± 3.1, 60.6 ± 5.3, and 71.7 ± 3.4%, respectively, and SID values were 53.7 ± 4.9, 73.8 ± 3.0, 63.0 ± 4.9, and 73.8 ± 3.0%, respectively. The GE, DE, and calculated ME and NE values were 5,293, 3,703 ± 121, 3,426 ± 121, and 2,131 ± 88 kcal/ kg of DM, respectively, for HPC-DDG and 5,108, 3,878, 3,549, and 2,256 kcal/kg of DM, respectively, for HPS- DDGS. Results indicate that both coproducts are well suited for use in swine diets and that actual AA digest- ibility values and calculated energy concentrations can now be used in swine diet formulation.
Seasonal Habitat Use of Brook Trout and Juvenile Atlantic Salmon in a Tributary of Lake Ontario

Abstract The seasonal habitat use of Salvelinus fontinalis (Brook Trout) and sub-yearling Salmo salar (Atlantic Salmon) was examined in Hart Brook, a tributary of Lake Ontario. Fish habitat use and available habitat were examined during summer and autumn. Interspecific differences in habitat use occurred as well as intraspecific seasonal differences. Overyearling Brook Trout were more selective in their habitat preferences than subyearling Brook Trout or juvenile Atlantic Salmon. Depth and the amount of cover were significantly different among the three fish groups. Salmon occupied faster and shallower water than either age group of trout. Atlantic Salmon were also associated with larger-sized substrate materials than either trout age group, and salmon occurred in habitats with less cover than trout. Overyearling Brook Trout occupied deeper water with more cover than subyearling trout. All three salmonid groups occupied areas with more cover in autumn compared to summer. In autumn, subyearling Brook Trout...
Global trends in exclusive breastfeeding

Infant and young child feeding is critical for child health and survival. Proportion of infants 0–5 months who are fed exclusively with breast milk is a common indicator used for monitoring and evaluating infant and young child feeding in a given country and region. Despite progress made since 1990, a previous review in 2006 of global and regional trends found improvement to be modest. The current study provides an update in global and regional trends in exclusive breastfeeding from 1995 to 2010, taking advantage of the wealth of data from recent household surveys. Using the global database of infant and young child feeding maintained by the United Nations Children’s Fund, the authors examined estimates from 440 household surveys in 140 countries over the period between 1995 and 2010 and calculated global and regional averages of the rate of exclusive breastfeeding among infants 0–5 months for the two time points to assess the trends. Trend data suggest the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among infants younger than six months in developing countries increased from 33% in 1995 to 39% in 2010. The prevalence increased in almost all regions in the developing world, with the biggest improvement seen in West and Central Africa. In spite of the well-recognized importance of exclusive breastfeeding, the practice is not widespread in the developing world and increase on the global level is still very modest with much room for improvement. Child nutrition programmes worldwide continue to require investments and commitments to improve infant feeding practices in order to have maximum impact on children’s lives.
Pituitary-Thyroid Axis in Neonatal and Adult Rats: Comparison of the Sexes

Systematic comparisons have been made of the development of the pituitary-thyroid axes of male and female rats, by measuring plasma thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) concentrations in neonates and adults. Observations were made in untreated groups as well as in rats treated with various regimens of exogenous T4, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, or TSH. All hormone determinations were by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Salient findings include the following: 1) In early neonatal life, untreated rats showed no significant sex difference in the plasma concentrations of either TSH or T4. 2) In adulthood, the plasma TSH of untreated males attained levels strikingly higher than those of neonates-the differences averaged 5-fold more. For females, the increase in plasma TSH during development was less marked, averaging slightly less than 2-fold more. Thus, untreated adults exhibited a clear sex difference in circulating TSH concentrations; the male TSH levels averaged 2.8-fold higher than those of females. 3) Plasma T4 concentrations also increased markedly during development. For both sexes, adult T4 levels were approximately 3-fold greater than the T4 levels in early neonatal life. Among untreated adults, the female T4 concentrations averaged 28% greater than those of males. 4) Plasma TSH and T4 concentrations exhibited only minor fluctuations, of borderline statistical significance, during the female estrous cycle. 5) A significant reduction in responsiveness to exogenous TRH was observed in adult male rats which had been treated with high doses of T4 in neonatal life, although the effect was not completely consistent. No significant reduction was observed in females which received the same treatment. We have concluded that major changes occur in the circulating hormone levels of the pituitary-thyroid axis of the rat between birth and adulthood, and that such changes are not identical for the two sexes.
Atriocaval laceration presenting as delayed pericardial tamponade.

DOI:€10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.03.022 J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;132:194-195 Allen L. Davies and Kathleen McNicholas Forrest O. Moore, John D. Berne, Gerard J. Fulda, Adam D. Fox, Glen H. Tinkoff,Atriocaval laceration presenting as delayed pericardial tamponade http://jtcs.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/132/1/194 located on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is
Morphometric changes in Asterionella formosa colonies under phosphate and silicate limitation1

Steady state ponulations of Asterionella formosa show a marked dependence of the number of cells per colony on growth rate under both phosphate and silicate limitation. At high steady state growth rates the cells per colony average 8. Under phosphate limitation, the number of cells per colony decreases with decreasing steady state growth rate in a linear manner to less than 2 cells colony−1 at very low growth rates. Under silicate limitation, the number of cells per colony increases with decreasing steady state growth rate in an approximately exponential manner to over 20 cells colony−1 at very low growth rates.
Track association for over-the-horizon radar with a statistical ionospheric model

Over-the-horizon (OTH) radar exploits the refractive nature of high-frequency radio-wave propagation through the ionosphere for the purpose of wide-area surveillance. In order to localize targets, however, multipath slant tracks from different ionospheric layers, but the same target must be combined. The process of track association is complicated both by uncertainty in downrange ionospheric conditions and by the fact that in multiple target cases, the associations of slant tracks to targets are unknown. This paper proposes a method for joint multiple target ground track estimation and slant track association, or mode linking, with uncertain ionospheric conditions where the slant-track-to-target assignments and slant tracks' ray mode paths are unknown. Maximum a posteriori (MAP) mode linking exploits the statistical dependence between slant tracks on different ray mode paths to provide accurate mode linking decisions and ray path assignments and, thus, accurate ground track estimates. The approach uses Markov modeling for the dependence between different ray path types as well as for the temporal correlation between mode linking hypotheses at different revisits to obtain consistent mode linking decisions. Monte Carlo simulation results suggest that MAP mode linking can potentially provide a significant improvement in ground track accuracy over conventional mode linking with higher probabilities of correct track associations and ray mode assignments. Results with real OTH radar slant track data of multiple slant tracks from multiple targets and validated against ground truth that support the simulation study are presented.
The use of Computer Aided Management of Emergency Operations (CAMEO) at the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR)

Computer Aided Management of Emergency Operations (CAMEO), which is a software package for personal computers designed to enhance emergency preparedness and response involving chemical fires or spills, is described. It was specifically designed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) has combined fire fighting and response together in CAMEO and adapted it for use at the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR). >
The cohesin acetyltransferase Eco1 coordinates rDNA replication and transcription

Eco1 is the acetyltransferase that establishes sister-chromatid cohesion during DNA replication. A budding yeast strain with an eco1 mutation that genocopies Roberts syndrome has reduced ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcription and a transcriptional signature of starvation. We show that deleting FOB1—a gene that encodes a replication fork-blocking protein specific for the rDNA region—rescues rRNA production and partially rescues transcription genome-wide. Further studies show that deletion of FOB1 corrects the genome-wide replication defects, nucleolar structure, and rDNA segregation that occur in the eco1 mutant. Our study highlights that the presence of cohesin at the rDNA locus has a central role in controlling global DNA replication and gene expression.
Community Policing: Reinventing the Wheel?

Community Policing (CP) has been a much used, overused and abused term. Many blindly adopt it, others blindly reject it. This brief article argues that a cogent policing strategy that deploys CP should start with the focus on the epidemiology of crime and the understanding of how crime is produced. There is no need to reinvent the wheel of policing strategies. Just drive it. Community Policing (CP) emerged in the mid-1980s as a new policing strategy. Unlike many public policies that are formulated by politicians (with at least some based on scientific data-driven proposals), CP - at least in the U.S. - emerged from a group of inspired police leaders, frustrated with the revolving-door impact of traditional reactive policing. These leaders were looking for more effective approaches to deal with soaring crime figures. U.S. policing was encouraged and influenced by policing advances made particularly in the U.K. and in Canada. The Clinton administration gave CP its public visibility with a commitment to add 100,000 officers across the U.S. (a target not reached; according to NIJ figures it fell short by 15 to 31 percent) and particularly committing to budgets in the form of federal grants for CP initiatives. The focus on homeland security following the September 11, 2001 atrocity, has essentially replaced CP as the prevalent public safety approach that was also backed up by generous budgets, grants, and a huge governmental administrative enterprise. Time and space preclude an in-depth delineation of the complexities of CP but suffice it to say that the strength of CP also carries with it its greatest weakness. Namely, it is a nebulous and sometimes misunderstood concept that is often in the eyes of the beholder. It relies on an "understanding" of what it is or what it should be but all too often it appears that there are many and different "understandings" ranging from the very tactical to the very strategic. It is perhaps less shocking to realize if we consider that laws vary significantly from state to state (not to mention country to country) and so do legal definitions of crime (and punishment). Thus, one might hear a police chief
Multiple robot force control with delayed force measurements

With the rapid progress of the robotic technology, it is becoming increasingly common to have multiple robots working together for material transport, cooperative assembly, etc. To ensure the proper handling of the load, especially if it is fragile or needs to be moved rapidly, the constraint force needs to be carefully managed. Tight force coordination is possible if all robots share their force information and the geometry is completely known. When this assumption does not hold, a common decentralized scheme is the leader/follower strategy, where the leader provides the position control for the load and the other robots comply based on the individual contact force measurement. We consider an intermediate scenario where the force information is shared among the robots, but the information is delayed. We showed that under integral force feedback, the closed loop stability is robust with respect to the force measurement delay. Furthermore, if the delays can be measured, the feedback gains may be scaled to ensure stability for arbitrary delays. Simulation and experimental results are included to demonstrate these results.
Primary and Secondary Infertility in Tanzania

The trend and predictors of infertility are not well known in sub-Saharan Africa. A nationally representative Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) was conducted in Tanzania in 1991/92 1996 and 1999 enabling a trend study of infertility. Logistic regression was used to determine the predictors of infertility. The prevalence of primary infertility was about 2.5% and secondary infertility was about 18%. There was no change between the 1991/92 1996 and 1999 TDHS. The risk of primary infertility was higher in the Dar es Salaam and Coast regions than in other regions and secondary infertility was higher in the Dar es Salaam region. The Dar es Salaam and Coast regions are known for also having elevated levels of HIV/AIDS. Because sexual practices and sexually transmitted diseases are strong predictors of pathological infertility and HIV infection in Africa we recommend that concerted efforts be made to integrate the prevention of new incidences of infertility with the HIV/AIDS campaigns. (authors)
Among 1,706 cases of abdominal wall reconstruction, what factors influence the occurrence of major operative complications?

Background Abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR) poses a substantial operative challenge, often in the setting of multiple failed attempts at repair in high-risk patients. Our aim was to assess risk factors for major operative morbidity after AWR using the American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) patient database. Methods A review of the ACS-NSQIP database of outcomes from 2005 to 2010 was performed to identify patients undergoing AWR utilizing Current Procedural Terminology codes for ventral hernia repair and a concomitant component separation. Independent variables included patient demographics, medical comorbidities, and operative considerations. Major operative complication (deep wound infection, graft or prosthetic loss, or unplanned return to the operating room within 30 days) was used as our dependent variable. Stepwise, multivariate logistic regression was performed to evaluate patient risk factors influencing the occurrence of major operative complications. Results We identified 1,706 patients with an average age of 55.9 ± 12.8 years with 30.1% undergoing concurrent intra-abdominal procedures and 57.1% undergoing mesh repair. Notable medical comorbidities included obesity (63.4%), smoking (24.9%), hypertension (53.1%), diabetes (19.9%), and anemia (22.6%). Average operative time was 211.7 ± 105.0 minutes. Regression analysis determined that prolonged operative time (odds ratio [OR], 2.7; P 2 (OR, 1.8; P = .009) were positively associated, whereas advanced age (OR, 0.5; P = .005) was negatively associated with the occurrence of major operative complications. Conclusion Greater operative times and overall patient health are important prognostic factors for individuals undergoing AWR. The increased physiologic stress of a greater operative duration on patients who often have multiple comorbidities seems to play a significant role in predicting negative outcomes after AWR.
Treatment and Prevention of Postherpetic Neuralgia

There have been 4 recent major advances in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) that are based on the results of randomized, controlled trials. These advances are the demonstrations that gabapentin, the lidocaine patch 5%, and opioid analgesics are efficacious in patients with PHN, and the report that nortriptyline and amitriptyline provide equivalent analgesic benefits for patients with PHN but that nortriptyline is better tolerated. The results of these clinical trials are briefly reviewed, and their implications for the treatment of patients with PHN are discussed. Despite these treatment advances, many patients remain refractory to current therapy, and the prevention of PHN has therefore become an important focus of current research. Research on administration of the varicella-zoster vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and on treatment of patients who have herpes zoster with combined antiviral and analgesic therapy to prevent PHN is discussed.
A novel low-cost tunable laser using a tunable liquid-crystal subwavelength resonant grating filter

A novel tunable external cavity laser based on liquid crystal subwavelength resonant grating filter is demonstrated with 7 nm tuning range and over 30 dB side mode suppression ratio. It also exhibits easy assembly, high output power, and good stability.
People Make the Difference

Abstract The Las Vegas meeting of the Rubber Division, ACS, provided attendees the opportunity to hear the interview of Mr. Arnold H. Smith, by Mr. Herbert A. Endres, recorded April 7, 1966. Mr. Smith, as Secretary-Treasurer of the Division from 1919 to 1928, and as Chairman in 1929, was the person most responsible for laying the foundation which supported the growth of the Division to its present status. The India Rubber Section was sanctioned by the American Chemical Society on December 30, 1909. The 28 chemists from the rubber industry who were the organizing members, had the objective of meeting together to solve mutual problems. The major problem for everyone in 1909 was the variable quality of the 36 varieties of wild rubber from the jungles of Central and South America and Africa. Para rubber from the Hevea Brasiliensis tree was considered to be the best type available, but there were at least 13 variations, identified by source of the Para rubber. Charles C. Goodrich, as first chairman of the Indi...
On the spider genus Weintrauboa (Araneae, Pimoidae), with a description of a new species from China and comments on its phylogenetic relationships

Weintrauboa yele new species (Pimoidae) is described and illustrated based on specimens collected in China. The taxonomic status and distribution of Weintrauboa insularis (Saito, 1935) new combination and of W. chikunii (Oi, 1979) are discussed and the former species is illustrated based on specimens from the Sakhalin islands. Parsimony analysis of morphological characters provides support for the monophyly of Weintrauboa and for its sister group relationship to the genus Putaoa Hormiga and Tu, 2008. Some comments on the phylogenetic placement of the recently erected family “Sinopimoidae” are provided.
Chapter 1: Solitons in Low Temperature Physics

Publisher Summary This chapter describes recent developments of soliton physics in low temperature condensed matter physics. The most important advance in the understanding of solitons recently been made in quasi one-dimensional systems, where a variety of theoretical works are available. A recent neutron scattering experiments have unveiled the existence of magnetic solitons in the quasi one-dimensional magnetic systems like CsCoCI, CsNiF, and TMMC. The quantum corrections to the classical theory account for some discrepancies between the classical theory and experiment. The topological soliton in polyacetylene, appears to correlate in a remarkable way magnetic and electronic properties of both undoped and doped polyacetylenes.
Mixed-Use Development: A Call for Research

Planned mixed-use developments have been growing in popularity in recent decades, first as urban redevelopment schemes and now as suburban development hubs. Despite being touted as more environment...
Chagas Cardiomyopathy in New Orleans and the Southeastern United States.

Background: Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, affects 6-7 million people worldwide annually, primarily in Central and South America, and >300,000 people in the United States. CD consists of acute and chronic stages. Hallmarks of acute CD include fever, myalgia, diaphoresis, hepatosplenomegaly, and myocarditis. Symptoms of chronic CD include pathologic involvement of the heart, esophagus, and colon. Myocardial involvement is identifiable by electrocardiogram and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showing inflammation and left ventricular wall functional abnormalities. Case Reports: We present two cases of CD identified in a single hospital in the Southeastern United States. Case 1 presents a patient with symptoms of anginal chest pain and associated shortness of breath with myocardial involvement suggestive of ischemic infarction but normal coronary arteries. Case 2 describes a patient with no physical symptoms and echocardiogram with ejection fraction of 50% with posterolateral and anterolateral wall hypokinesis but normal coronary arteries. Conclusion: With a growing number of immigrants from Central and South America in the United States, it is imperative for clinicians to include CD as part of the differential diagnosis for patients presenting with heart disease who have a history of exposure to T. cruzi endemic areas.
Media representations of hydraulic fracturing and agriculture: A New York case study

Abstract New York announced a ban on hydraulic fracturing in late 2014, making it the first state with significant natural gas resources to do so. Due to the prevalence of farmers as rural landowners and the economic importance of the agricultural sector in the state, farmers comprise an important stakeholder group who experience the ramifications of natural gas development. This study investigates the representation of agriculture within the context of hydraulic fracturing. Mainstream news media forms a site where groups on opposing ends of the hydraulic fracturing debate make, contest, and navigate claims regarding the risks and benefits of shale gas development. Using New York as a case study, this paper applies discourse analysis to three newspapers to analyze the portrayal of farmers as a significant stakeholder group within the hydraulic fracturing debate. This study identifies three primary themes within the representation of farmers and agriculture in this context: farmers as landowners, farmers struggling economically, and farmers as environmental stewards. These themes are situated within broader discourses of a “Not-In-My-Backyard” politics of risk and refusal. These themes are also framed by an urban/rural binary, which highlights certain ways of viewing agriculture in relation to hydraulic fracturing while obscuring others.
Factors affecting the concentration of combustible gases in the colon during colonoscopy.

Abstract The colonic concentrations of the combustible gases, H 2 and CH 4 , were well below hazardous levels in 60 consecutive patients at the time of colonoscopy. Independent analysis of the effect of a low residue liquid diet, a 12-hr fast, and bowel cleansing on the pulmonary excretion of these gases suggest that the low colonic concentrations encountered were largely the result of our patient preparation procedure. Both ingestion of the liquid diet and fasting decreased the pulmonary excretion of H 2 markedly but caused only a slight fall in CH 4 excretion. Thus H 2 , but not CH 4 , production appears to depend on the delivery to the colonic bacteria of exogenous fermentable substrate. Bulk removal of bacteria from the colon resulted in about a 10-fold reduction in the excretion of both gases. The results of these studies do not support the need for routine CO 2 insufflation prior to colonoscopic electrosurgical polypectomy.
How the Bush Administration's Warrantless Surveillance Program Took the Constitution on an Illegal, Unnecessary, and Unrepentant Joyride

On August 5, the Protect America Act of 2007 amended the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) to permit the federal government to conduct electronic surveillance that previously required court approval. This recent effort to temporarily "fix" FISA was carried out hurriedly and in a fog of secrecy, which made effective lawmaking impossible. Between now and when the new legislation "sunsets" 180 days after its enactment, FISA will be re-analyzed and debated as never before. This article was in press at the time the new legislation passed, and therefore does not attempt to critique the new law. Rather, the article directs its fire at the now-abandoned warrantless surveillance program launched by the Bush administration shortly after 9/11 and continued until January 2007. The first step in the current debate about FISA should be a much fuller disclosure of the nature of the secret warrantless surveillance program and of the Department of Justice analysis used to justify its claim to legality. This article dissects the assertions advanced to justify the program and advances the view that there needs to be a more vigorous debate about how to prevent expanded government surveillance from escaping oversight in the future. Given the illegality of the warrantless surveillance program and the tenacity with which the Administration has clung to its sweeping claim of Article II authority to violate FISA at will, Congress and the public must subject any proposed FISA amendments to an informed and skeptical analysis.
Thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella senftenberg, and enzymes with potential as time-temperature indicators in ground turkey thigh meat.

The USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service has proposed to amend cooking regulations to require that any thermal process used for poultry products be sufficient to cause a 7 D reduction in salmonellae. Several enzymes have been suggested as potential indicators of heat processing in poultry, yet no relationship between the inactivation rates of these enzymes and salmonellae had been determine. The thermal inactivation kinetics of endogenous muscle proteins. Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella senftenberg were compared in ground turkey thigh meat in thermal death time studies. Bacteria counts were determined and muscle extracts were assayed for residual enzyme activity or protein concentration D and zeta values were calculated using regression analysis. S. senftenberg had higher D values at all temperatures and was more heat resistant than E. coli. The zeta values of E. coli on Petrifilm Coliform Count plates and phenol red sorbitol agar plates were 6.0 and 5.7 degrees C, respectively. The zeta values of S. senftenberg were 5.6 and 5.4 degrees C on Petrifilm and agar, respectively. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was the most heat stable protein at 64 degrees C. LDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, triose phosphate isomerase (TPI), acid phosphatase, serum albumin, and immunoglobulin G had zeta values of 3.8,4.3,4.8,5.8,6.3,6.7, and 8.6 degrees C, respectively , in turkey containing 4.3% fat. The zeta values for TPI decreased to 5.4 degrees C in thigh meat containing 9.8% fat. Temperature function of TPI was most similar to that of S. senftenberg, suggesting it might function as an endogenous time-temperature integrator to monitor adequacy of processing when a performance standard based on this pathogen is implemented.
Improved prediction intervals in heteroscedastic mixed-effects models

Abstract Prediction intervals are developed for the best linear unbiased predictor under heteroscedastic mixed models using the generalized pivotal quantity approach. The superiority of the proposed intervals, over widely used REML based intervals, is established via a simulation study.
Negotiating Identities: Growing Up Female, Jewish and Mexican

AbstractThe prominent Sephardic-Mexican author Rosa Nissan explores her relationship to both her Sephardic Jewish identity as well as to her Mexican identity in the semi-autobiographical novels Novia que te vea (1992) and Hisho que te nazca (1996) via her protagonist Oshinica. Nissan redefines the Mexican literary canon by offering new perspectives about Mexican society and culture from a feminist Jewish perspective. The author also counters the greater Mexican hegemony by revealing a subculture of Mexican life and debunking the myth of a mestizo nation as a single and unified family. Nissan argues for a more inclusive identity by opening a space to experience both cultures, forging aspects of both the Jewish and the Mexican cultures into a singular one, thus affirming a pluralistic identity.