cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minimum Spanning Tree Based Clustering Algorithms

The minimum spanning tree clustering algorithm is known to be capable of detecting clusters with irregular boundaries. In this paper, we propose two minimum spanning tree based clustering algorithms. The first algorithm produces a k-partition of a set of points for any given k. The algorithm constructs a minimum spanning tree of the point set and removes edges that satisfy a predefined criterion. The process is repeated until k clusters are produced. The second algorithm partitions a point set into a group of clusters by maximizing the overall standard deviation reduction, without a given k value. We present our experimental results comparing our proposed algorithms to k-means and EM. We also apply our algorithms to image color clustering and compare our algorithms to the standard minimum spanning tree clustering algorithm.
Intracellular localization of N-formyl chemotactic receptor and Mg2+ dependent ATPase in human granulocytes

Abstract Human granulocytes were disrupted by nitrogen cavitation and the lysates fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation at 83 000 × g for 20 min (rate zonal) or 3.5 h (isopycnic). The distribution of marker enzymes allowed the identification of the following subcellular components: plasma membrane, Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, azurophil granules, specific granules, mitochondria and cytosol. Examination of the gradient fractions by electron microscopy confirmed the biochemical marker analysis. The protocol permitted isolation of vesicles highly enriched in either plasma membrane or Golgi (galactosyl transferase) activities. Absolute plasma membrane yields of 40–60% were achieved with a 20–70-fold increase in specific activity of surface marker over the cells. Plasma membrane sedimented to an average density of 1.14 g·cm−3. Galactosyl transferase activity was bimodal in distribution. The denser peak cosedimanted with specific granules (g9 = 1.19). The lighter peak sedimented to unique position at an average density of 1.11, was enriched 18-fold over the low speed supernatant, and contained structures resembling Golgi. N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe binding and Mg2+ -ATPase activities cosedimented with the plasma membrane as well as specific granule and/or high density galactosyl transferase fractions. These findings suggest that Mg2+ -ATPase and N-formyl chemotactic peptide receptor activities may be localized in an internal pool of membranes as well as in the plasma membrane and that Golgi may have been a contaminant of previous granulocyte plasma membrane or specific granule preparations.
What to Do About Adolescent Psychopathy? Commentary on Dawson et al.

Dawson et al. tackle the controversial issue of assessing psychopathic personality disorder in children and adolescents. They use two case studies assessed with the CAPP and the PCL:YV to suggest that 1) symptoms of psychopathy look different in youth than in adults, and 2) the CAPP may be a better assessment tool for youth than the PCL:YV. They also suggest youth psychopathy researchers conduct studies using the CAPP and PCL:YV together to examine more distinctive features of psychopathy in youth. I agree with the authors’ conclusions in part. The CAPP is a very promising tool for the assessment of psychopathic personality. I would add several caveats, however, including the limited evidence for the CAPP's construct validity (currently) and unanswered questions about its developmental appropriateness. The potential advantages to research with the CAPP may include 1) aiding our understanding of developmental changes in symptoms, and 2) further exploration of the variants of psychopathy. However, until the...
Suppression of MMP-9 Expression in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (BMVEC) Using a Gold Nanorod (GNR)-siRNA Nanoplex

Inhibition of Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity using delivery of short interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules to brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) that constitute the BBB may have a significant impact on reducing the BBB permeability. Gold nano rods (GNRs) can electrostatically bind with MMP-9 siRNA to form a nanoplex and the uptake of this nanoplex by BMVEC cells can result in suppression of MMP-9 expression. The current study explores if this GNR-MMP-9 siRNA nanoplex gene silencing modulates the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins in the BMVEC. The endothelial TJ's of the BBB play a critical role in controlling cellular traffic into the central nervous system. We hypothesize that silencing of the MMP-9 gene expression in BMVEC will increase the expression of TJ proteins thereby decrease endothelial permeability. Our results showed a significant increase in the gene and protein expression of TJ proteins: ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin-5 in BMVEC cells that were transfected with the GNRs-siRNA-MMP-9 nanoplex suggesting that BBB disruption, which results from loss of TJ function due to MMP-9 activation during neuroinflammation can be prevented by silencing MMP-9 expression.
Ultrafast Study of the Photodissociation and Recombination of Aqueous O3

The photodissociation of the strongly solvated radical O3- (generating O2 and O-) has been studied in aqueous solution by femtosecond pump−probe spectroscopy. The near-UV absorption band of O3- exhibits a prompt bleach due to photolysis (390 nm excitation), which is followed by a partial recovery (3.5 ps) that is assigned to delayed geminate recombination. The transient spectrum of O3- shows no evidence of excess vibrational energy content, indicating that vibrational relaxation of O3- occurs on a faster time scale than the recombination process (3.5 ps). This overall picture is in strong contrast to the standard prototype for solution recombination reactions, i.e. the widely investigated photodissociation of I2 in nonpolar solvents. For I2, photodissociation and prompt recombination (∼0.3 ps) lead to hot I2 molecules that relax on the tens of picoseconds time scale. The extremely fast vibrational relaxation and the slow recombination of O3- in water apparently stem from strong solute−solvent interactions...
High-magnesium primary magmas from Haleakala Volcano, east Maui, Hawaii: petrography, nickel, and major-element constraints

Abstract For any given volcanic field the compositions of primary melts provide important constraints on models of magmatic processes and volcanic eruptions. In this paper, based on petrography, olivine and bulk rock compositions, two tholeiitic picrites (samples C122 and C123) from Haleakala Volcano, east Maui are evaluated as possible primary melts. Sample C122 (bulk rock MgO = 16.6%) has a high apparent Mg-Fe exchange coefficient, KD, between olivine phenocrysts and bulk rock (0.6). However, major-elements and Ni mass-balance calculations show that the olivines in C122 are in equilibrium with the residual melt (matrix) after closed-system equilibrium fractionation of 25 wt.% olivine. Therefore, the Mg/Fe ratio, Ca content, and Ni content of C122 are consistent with the hypothesis that the bulk composition of C122 is close to a primary melt formed by partial melting of a mantle containing olivine with composition around Fo89 to Fo91. The uniform composition and small size (mostly 0.2–0.3 mm) of the olivine, and the glass patches in the matrix suggest fast ascent, and rapid cooling at shallow depth for C122. On the contrary, sample C123, which has an apparent KD (between the most mafic olivine megacrysts and the bulk rock) close to the equilibrium value (0.27), the multiple planar subgrain boundaries in most of the olivine crystals indicate that it may not be a primary melt unless the deformed olivines are generated at magmatic condition as phenocrysts. If the deformed subgrain boundary texture in olivine could indeed be generated at magmatic condition, then the wide compositional range of olivine crystals in C123 (Fo74 to Fo91) suggests multi-stage crystallization over a wide range of cooling temperatures. The compositions of the two picrites, and a differentiated basalt which does not contain xenocrysts suggest that the Haleakala tholeiites are derived from primary melts with at least 16–17 wt.% MgO. Lavas with such high MgO content are rare in Haleakala and other Hawaiian volcanoes; therefore, most Hawaiian tholeiites must have undergone extensive fractionation histories.
An Enduring Recession

What if the jobs market remains weak for the rest of the decade? Unthinkable? No, not at all, argues the author. And where will the pressure come from to create political programs directed at jobs?
Familial occurrence of abnormalities of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol

In families, well-known monogenic high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) disorders characterized by extreme HDL-C levels on both ends of the continuum occur in multiple HDL pathways and can confer increased risk for atherosclerotic disease. Polygenic HDL-C variants have been more difficult to identify. In many family and twin studies in different populations, HDL-C levels have been shown to be highly heritable, explaining, on average, between 40% and 60% of between-individual variation. This review of abnormal HDL in families addresses known monogenic HDL disorders and HDL-C heritability in the general population, and presents novel data on the heritability of HDL-C in families with a history of premature coronary artery disease. We conclude that levels of HDL-C and HDL abnormalities are largely under genetic control and environmental and behavioral factors alone have only a modest impact. While rare, monogenic disorders offer considerable insight into the genetics of HDL regulation. Moderate to high heritability estimates across different family populations suggest that future genetic studies will be successful in identifying HDL genetic trait loci and that translational studies will ultimately lead to therapies that optimize the cardiovascular protective benefits of HDL.
Making the Transition from Conventional to Sustainable Agriculture: Gender, Social Movement Participation, and Quality of Life on the Family Farm1

This qualitative study of a non-random sample of six farm couples in southeastern Minnesota was shaped by a question originally posed by the participating couples: Is quality of life changing in the same ways for women and men as a consequence of the transition to sustainable farming systems? Historically, the family farm has been treated in research and policy debates as a single unit, with little analysis applied to the multiplicity of interests and roles within the family. Some organizations of the sustainable agriculture movement have followed suit and largely ignored women's roles on the farm, despite their importance to farm operations. The social construct of gender has implications for how farmers in this study define quality of life which, in turn, affects participation in the sustainable agriculture movement. Much of what men emphasize in describing quality of life reflects the values the sustainable agriculture movement itself espouses. For their wives, descriptions of quality of life are largely entwined with their highly elastic gendered roles and responsibilities on the farm, in the household, in paid and unpaid work in the community, and much less with their involvement in the movement. Because women's different and important contributions to the farm and family are not institutionally recognized and addressed by the sustainable agriculture movement, the movement's goals, vision, and activities are gender-specific, dominated by men's participation and contributions.
Targets and lags in a two-equation model of US stabilization

Abstract A simple model of activist macroeconomic policy derives a reaction function by assuming that rational governments have performance objectives, but are constrained by the Phillips curve. Although not formally modeled, governments apply a variety of instruments to influence inflation and output, in addition to monetary policy these include fiscal policy, bailouts and exchange rates. Our econometric results are generally consistent with US economic history. One qualification is that governments appear more likely to target growth rates than output gaps. Another inference is that inflation expectations are more likely to be backward than forward looking; a variety of rational expectation models fit the data less well than do simple inertial expectations. We also find that annual data series are more appropriate than quarterly ones for studying these issues.
A Chemorheological Equation of State for the Stress Relaxation of Elastomers

A chemorheological equation of state for the stress relaxation of elastomers has been derived. This equation of state provides a general relationship between stress ratio and aging time.
On practical algorithms for accelerated matrix multiplication

Abstract We present several bilinear algorithms for the acceleration of multiplication of n X n matrices that are superior to both the classical and Strassen's algorithm for moderate n (starting with n = 20). The Bini-Lotti result on the weak stability of bilinear algorithms applies to these algorithms. We present them in two equivalent versions, bilinear and trilinear. We also apply one of these algorithms over finite fields (or rings) of constants. Surprisingly, this enables us to decrease the bilinear complexity of n X n matrix multiplication (for 20 ⩽ n ⩽ 1020) below the current record upper bound for the same computation over the infinite fields of complex, real, or rational numbers.
High shear rate viscometry

We investigate the use of two distinct and complementary approaches in measuring the viscometric properties of low viscosity complex fluids at high shear rates up to 80,000 s−1. Firstly, we adapt commercial controlled-stress and controlled-rate rheometers to access elevated shear rates by using parallel-plate fixtures with very small gap settings (down to 30 μm). The resulting apparent viscosities are gap dependent and systematically in error, but the data can be corrected—at least for Newtonian fluids—via a simple linear gap correction originally presented by Connelly and Greener, J. Rheol, 29(2):209–226, 1985). Secondly, we use a microfabricated rheometer-on-a-chip to measure the steady flow curve in rectangular microchannels. The Weissenberg–Rabinowitsch–Mooney analysis is used to convert measurements of the pressure-drop/flow-rate relationship into the true wall-shear rate and the corresponding rate-dependent viscosity. Microchannel measurements are presented for a range of Newtonian calibration oils, a weakly shear-thinning dilute solution of poly(ethylene oxide), a strongly shear-thinning concentrated solution of xanthan gum, and a wormlike micelle solution that exhibits shear banding at a critical stress. Excellent agreement between the two approaches is obtained for the Newtonian calibration oils, and the relative benefits of each technique are compared and contrasted by considering the physical processes and instrumental limitations that bound the operating spaces for each device.
Effect of HVDC component enhancement on the overall system reliability performance

This paper examines several HVDC transmission system component enhancement schemes as they affect the overall system availability using a system model based on a practical system and actual system outage data. A frequency and duration approach is used in modeling the system components such as valve-groups, converter transformers, smoothing reactors, pole, and bipole controls, transmission lines, and the overall system model developed. This model is used to compare the impact on the overall system availability of different methods of HVDC converter enhancement. These methods include the addition of spare converter transformers, spare smoothing reactors, replacement of valves, and increase of converter rating. Finally the costs of typical enhancements are compared with the benefits arising with the improved availability using a cost-benefit analysis. >
Applications of protein engineering to members of the old yellow enzyme family.

Abstract In the 20 years since Massey's initial report in 1995, interest in using alkene reductases to prepare chiral intermediates for synthesis has grown rapidly. While native alkene reductases often show very high stereoselectivities toward favorable substrates, these enzymes have somewhat size-restricted active sites that limit their substrate ranges to small alkenes. In addition, most alkene reductases have the same stereoselectivities, which makes it difficult to access the “other” product enantiomers. Protein engineering strategies have been used to address both of these issues and good progress has been made in several cases. This review summarizes published examples through late 2014 and focuses on studies of six enzymes: Saccharomyces pastorianus OYE 1, tomato OPR1, Zymomonas mobilis NCR, Enterobacter cloacae PB2 PETN reductase, Bacillus subtilis YqjM and Pichia stipitis OYE 2.6.
Phase separation in glasses

Abstract The detection, acceptance and further investigation of glass-glass phase separation was closely connected with the development of methods making detection possible, such as electron microscope technique pioneered and exploited by Werner Vogel, to whom this paper is dedicated on the occasion of his 65th birthday. Structures are not always found in agreement with rules derived from thermodynamic principles, and also depend on thermal history, as well as mode of preparation. The phenomenon is exemplified in many glass-forming systems. Among more recent applications are the control of crystallization by preceding phase separation as in glass-ceramics and semiconductor-doped glasses for non-linear optics.
A 3-D Integration Strategy in VLSI

Nearly two decades of work in fabricating active devices in small grain LPCVD polysilicon by various workers has shown that the material is generally suitable for junction diodes and MOSFETs [1–10]. Recently, there has been a considerable activity in the domain of beam recrystallization of polysilicon. One of the goals of this effort is 3-D integration for VLSI. These recrystallization techniques require several years of industrywide effort before they become acceptable tools in IC manufacturing. However, there exists a great demand today, especially in large memories, for an SOI MOSFET that can be integrated in existing bulk silicon based technologies. Fortunately, acceptable MOSFETs can be manufactured in small grain poly-silicon without resorting to beam recrystallization [11–13]. One consistent problem with small grain polysilicon MOSFETs has been a high threshold voltage, which makes these devices unacceptable for standard IC applications that require 5V operation. It has been shown that this characteristic can be remedied by proper device design [11–13]. In particular, thin gate insulator, accumulation mode behaviour, and some form of grain boundary passivation, used alone or in a combination, are effective means of reducing threshold voltage. The other problem of the polysilicon devices has been high leakage current. This is a result of defects in polysilicon. It has been shown that grain boundary hydrogenation drastically reduces the leakage current by passivating these defects [11–13]. As a result, it is possible to manufacture MOSFETs, in small grain LPCVD polysilicon, with on to off current ratio of seven orders of magnitude. With improved device design, it has been possible to build short channel p-channel and n-channel MOSFETs with arbitrary threshold voltage and leakage current of the order of 1 pA/μm channel width. The channel mobility is about 10 cm 2 /V sec. The on to off current ratio is about seven orders of magnitude. Despite the low mobility, these devices are useful for a variety of high density memory applications. Since no nonstandard materials, tools and processes are required in the fabrication of these devices, manufacturable 3-D integration processes are presently possible with such devices. Besides permitting useful products today, this strategy allows construction of a design and manu-facturing infrastructure that will facilitate infusion of future 3-D concepts in bulk silicon technologies. We have used p-channel devices built in small grain LPCVD polysilicon to develop a 2 μm stacked CMOS process. We have fabricated 64K static RAMs with this process. The cell size is 307 sq.μm and chip size is 55000 sq. mils. The access time is 120 ns. This provides a demonstration of our strategy.
The phospholipid composition of human serum lipoprotein fractions separated by electrophoresis on agarose gel. Demonstration of a fraction with high lysolecithin content.

Abstract Electrophoresis on agarose gel was used for the isolation of the major serum lipoprotein fractions of fasting normal subjects. This method is both simpler and gentler than prolonged ultracentrifugation at increased serum densities, the method generally employed for this purpose. The phospholipid compositions of the lipoprotein fractions obtained with this procedure, nevertheless, were similar to those observed in the lipoprotein fractions prepared by ultracentrifugation despite the more drastic nature of the latter procedure. The pre-α-lipoprotein fiaction obtained by electrophoresis on agarose gel was similar to the fraction of D>1.21 obtained with the ultracentrifugation technique both with regard to content and composition of phospholipid, lysolecithin being a major component. This finding suggests that the lysolecithin-rich lipoprotein of the D>1.21 fraction is not an artifact of the ultracentrifugation method.
Size-dependent susceptibility of longfin inshore squid (Loligo pealeii) to attack and capture by two predators

Abstract Cephalopods are primary prey to a wide range of predators in marine food-webs, yet a basic understanding of the mechanisms controlling predation risk and demand on their populations is lacking. Feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate how relative prey size and behavior mediate the susceptibility of squid to predation. Attack and capture of longfin inshore squid ( Loligo pealeii ) were quantified using two predators: bluefish ( Pomatomus saltatrix ) a pelagic, cruising predator, and summer flounder ( Paralichthys dentatus ) a benthic, ambush forager. Predator selectivity, prey susceptibility, and prey profitability were estimated as a function of relative prey size from predator–prey interactions during behavioral trials. Patterns in attack rates suggested that size-selection on squid was constrained by passive processes rather than active choice for both predators. The susceptibility of squid to predation by bluefish was strongly dependent on relative prey size; however, flounder were equally efficient at capturing all sizes of squid offered. Handling times increased exponentially with relative prey size and were the primary constraint on selectivity and profitability in flounder. Prey profitability was a dome-shaped function of relative squid size in both predators. Overall, the relative size and values at which profitability was maximized were higher in bluefish indicating they were the more efficient predator of squid. Squid succumbed to greater time-dependent mortality rates than Atlantic silversides ( Menidia menidia ) and mummichogs ( Fundulus sp .) suggesting that when equal amounts of squid and fish are available in the environment, squid will be selectively ingested by bluefish and flounder. In addition to the influence of relative prey size, predator foraging behaviors and size-dependent encounter rates were thought to be important factors affecting selection on squid in the northwest Atlantic ecosystem.
Impact of Process and Energy Efficiency in Mineral Processing on Abatement of Carbon Emissions

Mineral processing industry is facing tough challenges regarding abatement of carbon emissions, the use of water and energy. Mine activities requires bulk material handling, mineral ore transportation with haul trucks and machinery with important use of diesel fuel that produce direct emissions while plant operations have an intensive use of electrical energy with important indirect emissions. Based on available secondary information and own authors' experience regarding copper mining, this work summarizes an estimation for the impact of process and energy efficiency in mineral processing on abatement of carbon emissions, with results suggesting sustainability of industrial facilities may be strongly affected. A course of action is proposed combining improvements on energy efficiency, process control and renewable energy use, highlighting the role of power electronics, control technology and electrical power processing in mining equipment for mines, concentrators, refineries and co-generation when applicable.
Local sensitivity of density bounded priors

Abstract Local sensitivity for certain density bounded class of priors are considered. We give an exact form of the local sensitivity of the posterior mean and the posterior median, and also investigate the behavior of these local sensitivity measures for varying values of data in a specific example.
CLUE: System trace analytics for cloud service performance diagnosis

In this paper, we present CLUE, a system event analytics tool for black-box performance diagnosis in production Cloud Computing systems. CLUE provides an unified and extensible means of profiling service transactional behaviors, and builds structured data called event sketches. CLUE further offers a set of analytic tools for summarizing and analyzing event sketches by integrating data mining and statistical analysis. CLUE has been developed in NEC as an internal tool and applied in diagnosing a diverse set of real performance problems for multi-tiered IT applications running on multi-core servers of major platforms including Linux (Redhat, Fedora), Unix (HP-UX), and Windows (Windows Server 2008). We demonstrated the evaluation of our framework on real-world IT systems, and showed how it can enable visibility and effective diagnosis of service system performance problems.
Distributed allocation of the capacity of a single-facility using cooperative interaction via coupling agents

This paper considers the problem associated with the allocation of the finite capacity of a single facility among different business organizations under partial information sharing. In distributed allocation, the decision authorities and system information are dispersed amid organizations and a facility, i.e. no organization requires explicit access to system-wide information in order to allocate effectively the capacity of the shared facility. The lack of explicit information access is compensated by the careful exchange of information among organizations via the shared facility; i.e. cooperative interaction. The facility resolves conflicting interests among organizations on capacity usage and directs locally optimized solutions to a globally optimized solution. The distributed decision making problems associated with each organization and the facility are formulated as linear programs. The proposed cooperative algorithm is tested under two levels of information sharing: when the capacity information of ...
Toward a Humanistic Approach to Child Custody Mediation: A Delicate Balance

In this article, the authors briefly describe the origins of divorce mediation and review several recognized models of practice. We highlight the lack of a universally accepted model of mediation in the scientific literature and how this creates confusion for practical application of these models for use in various contexts, such as the private sector or government setting. The importance of practitioners employing the use of a clearly articulated model of mediation based upon a coherent theoretical underpinning is presented. The model proposes that the context of the mediation should prescribe the model of mediation used. A humanistic phenomenological model of mediation is presented for use in at-court mediation milieus.
Using a human cognition model in the creation of collaborative knowledge visualizations

This paper explores the basis and usefulness of a predictive model for the architecture of data and knowledge visualizations based on human higher-cognition, including human tendencies in reasoning heuristics and cognitive biases. The strengths and weakness of would-be human and computer collaborators are explored, and a model framework is outlined and discussed.
Mechanistic and pharmacodynamic studies of a 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 derivative in prostate cancer cells

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)), the biologically active form of vitamin D has strong antiproliferative effects in cancer cells. But it is highly toxic at therapeutic doses. We have observed that 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-3-bromoacetate (25-OH-D(3)-3-BE), a derivative of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3), the pro-hormonal form of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) has strong growth-inhibitory and proapoptotic properties in hormone-sensitive and hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells. In the present investigation we demonstrate that the antiproliferative effect of 25-OH-D(3)-3-BE is predominantly mediated by VDR in ALVA-31 prostate cancer cells. In other mechanistic studies we show that the proapoptotic property of 25-OH-D(3)-3-BE is related to the inhibition of phosphorylation of Akt, a pro-survival protein. Furthermore, we carried out cellular uptake and serum stability studies of 25-OH-D(3)-3-BE to demonstrate potential therapeutic applicability of 25-OH-D(3)-3-BE in hormone-sensitive and hormone-insensitive prostate cancer.
Effects of collection interval on quality of throughfall samples in two Northern hardwood stands

The chemical stability of weekly and biweekly throughfall collection intervals were compared at two northern hardwood stands in the Great Lakes region. Throughfall concentrations of Cl⁻, NO⁻₃, SO²⁻₄, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺ were not significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected by the increased collection time, where as throughfall concentrations of NH⁺₄ and H⁺ collected biweekly were significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) than concentrations of these ions in weekly samples. The 1-wk increase in collection interval at one stand decreased concentrations of NH⁺₄ and increased concentrations of H⁺ 88 and 131%, respectively. The chemical instability of these ions appeared to be related to biological assimilation and/or nitrification of NH⁺₄. Stability of these ions decreased with increasing concentrations of inorganic N in the throughfall. These changes in concentrations of NH⁺₄ and H⁺ may introduce sampling bias when estimating throughfall fluxes or concentrations of these ions from biweekly collections. The decreased stability of these ions with increased concentrations of inorganic N should be an important consideration when selecting sampling intervals for stands that receive differing deposition levels of atmospheric N or have different canopy retention rates of N. This study was supported by funds provided by the Quality Assurance Coop. and the Eastern Hardwood Res. Coop. within the joint USEPA/USDA-FS Forest Response Program. This paper has not been subject to USEPA, USDA-FS peer review and should not be construed to represent the policies of these agencies.
α7 Integrin expression is negatively regulated by δEF1 during skeletal myogenesis

Alpha7 integrin levels increase dramatically as myoblasts differentiate to myotubes. A negative regulatory element with putative sites for deltaEF1 is present in the alpha7 proximal promoter region. To define the role of deltaEF1 in regulating alpha7 integrin expression, we overexpressed deltaEF1 in C2C12 myoblasts. This resulted in a major down-regulation of alpha7 protein expression. Promoter assays revealed that C2C12 myoblasts transfected with deltaEF1 showed a decrease in activity of the 2.8-kb alpha7 promoter fragment, indicating regulation of alpha7 integrin at the transcriptional level. We have identified two E-box-like sites for deltaEF1 in the negative regulatory region. Mutation of these sites enhanced alpha7 promoter activity, indicating that these sites function in repression. MYOD, an activator of alpha7 integrin transcription, can compete with deltaEF1 for binding at these sites in gel shift assay. By using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated a reciprocal binding of deltaEF1 and MYOD to this regulatory element depending on the stage of differentiation: deltaEF1 is preferentially bound in myoblasts to this region, whereas MYOD is bound in myotubes. The N-terminal region of deltaEF1 is necessary for alpha7 repression, and this region also binds the co-activator p300/CBP. Importantly, we found that the p300/CBP co-activator can overcome repression by deltaEF1, suggesting that deltaEF1 can titrate limiting amounts of this co-activator. These findings suggest that deltaEF1 has a role in suppressing integrin expression in myoblasts by displacing MYOD and competing for p300/CBP co-activator.
Incorporation of 5-iodouracil labelled with iodine-131 into the deoxyribonucleic acid of human leukaemic leucocytes following in vivo administration of 5-iododeoxyuridine labelled with iodine-131.

THE extensive introduction under cell culture conditions of 5-bromodeoxyuridine and 5-iododeoxyuridine into the deoxyribonucleic acid of a cell strain derived from a human tumour was recently reported1,2. Prusoff et al. and Mathias and Fischer3–6 have recently reported in vitro and in vivo animal studies with 5-iododeoxyuridine. In vivo studies in this laboratory have been oriented towards possible uses of labelled 5-iododeoxyuridine in the investigation of nucleic acid metabolism of human leukaemic leucocytes as well as other tissues in which cell proliferation is extensive.
The NOAA GOES x-ray calibration program

NOAA's Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) monitor the solar X-ray activity that enable the NWS Space Environment Center to perform operational specification and forecast of the space environment. The disk-integrated solar X-ray flux has been recorded for more than two decades by the GOES X-ray Sensor (XRS). Since 2003, GOES Solar X-ray Imager (SXI) has provided real-time images of the Sun and lower corona. On 2004 October 15, a sounding rocket launched from White Sands Missile Range marked an important milestone in the first-ever attempt at on-orbit response calibration of GOES X-ray instrumentation. This paper provides an overview of this effort, which includes participation of NOAA, NASA, University of Alaska, and University of Colorado. In addition, results of initial data reduction and analysis for the XRS, SXI, and the sounding rocket are presented.
Tests of the discrete symmetries C,P, and T in one-photon transitions of positronium

We examine one-photon transitions in positronium (Ps) as possible tests of the discrete symmetries of C (charge-conjugation) and/or P (parity) and/or T (time-reversal) invariance. We discuss two general classes of experiment. The first class consists of direct searches for transitions forbidden by a given symmetry. The second class is composed of experiments that search for an asymmetry in the rate of an allowed transition upon reversal of an externally controllable vector quantity, such as an applied magnetic field B or rf photon spin S/sub ..gamma../. For a given symmetry, we compare limits on symmetry-violating mixings, which can reasonably be expected from these Ps experiments, with limits placed by existing atomic experiments. We conclude from this analysis, that the most promising experiments in Ps are those that search for C violation with no P violation.
Household welfare and forest dependence in Southern Malawi

This paper examines the role forests play in alleviating poverty in rural Malawi. Data from three villages in southern Malawi indicate high levels of forest dependence. Gini decomposition shows that access to forest income reduced measured income inequality at the study sites. Tobit analysis of the determinants of reliance on low-return and high-return forest activities indicates that asset-poor households are more reliant on forest activities compared with the better off; reliance on high-return activities is conditioned also by availability of adult male labor and location. Taken together, the study's findings suggest that forests prevent poverty by supplementing income, and may also help to improve the living standards of households that are able to enter into high-return forest occupations. Policy implications are discussed.
Photophosphorylation Associated with Photosystem II: III. Characterization of Uncoupling, Energy Transfer Inhibition, and Proton Uptake Reactions Associated with Photosystem II Cyclic Photophosphorylation.

A number of uncouplers and energy transfer inhibitors suppress photosystem II cyclic photophosphorylation catalyzed by either a proton/electron or electron donor. Valinomycin and 2,4-dinitrophenol also inhibit photosystem II cyclic photophosphorylation, but these compounds appear to act as electron transport inhibitors rather than as uncouplers. Only when valinomycin, KCl, and 2,4-dinitrophenol were added simultaneously to phosphorylation reaction mixtures was substantial uncoupling observed. Photosystem II noncyclic and cyclic electron transport reactions generate positive absorbance changes at 518 nm. Uncoupling and energy transfer inhibition diminished the magnitude of these absorbance changes. Photosystem II cyclic electron transport catalyzed by either p-phenylenediamine or N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine stimulated proton uptake in KCN-Hg-NH2OH-inhibited spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloroplasts. Illumination with 640 nm light produced an extent of proton uptake approximately 3-fold greater than did 700 nm illumination, indicating that photosystem II-catalyzed electron transport was responsible for proton uptake. Electron transport inhibitors, uncouplers, and energy transfer inhibitors produced inhibitions of photosystem II-dependent proton uptake consistent with the effects of these compounds on ATP synthesis by the photosystem II cycle. These results are interpreted as indicating that endogenous proton-translocating components of the thylakoid membrane participate in coupling of ATP synthesis to photosystem II cyclic electron transport.
Polarization limits in K-Rb spin-exchange mixtures

We present measurements of the optical absorption of K vapor at 795 nm due to the presence of high-pressure He gas. The results set a limit on the polarization attainable in hybrid spin-exchange optical pumping of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$.
Thermal infrared-imaging spectrometry with room-temperature optics

Conventional approaches to spectroscopy at thermal infrared (IR) wavelengths have involved either cooling of the spectrometer to reduce background radiation in the waveband of interest, or the provision for a cold optical chopper, or both. These methods always required rigorous baffling, and often, relay optics to preclude the viewing of warm surrounds by the detectors, leading to increased cost, complexity, mass and power. A technique has been devised wherein energy at only the wavelength to be measured is imaged onto a detector column. This can provide radiance signal-to-(background) noise ratios > 300 when viewing the Earth in emitted thermal infrared while allowing the optics and the spectrometer to remain at local ambient temperature. Shuttering or chopping of the optical signal is not required with this scheme. A newly developed variable spectral filter is placed in proximity to the detector array to accomplish the necessary background radiation rejection. The theory leading to the development of this filter is described, and a discussion of the application to real optics/detector combinations is provided. A `proof-of-concept' instrument, the Thermal InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer has been built to demonstrate the practibility of the concepts described above. This unit and plans for developmental testing along with proposed areas of improvement are discussed.
THEMIS VIS and IR observations of a high‐altitude Martian dust devil

[1] The Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) imaged a Martian dust devil in both visible and thermal-infrared wavelengths on January 30, 2004. We believe this is the first documented infrared observation of an extraterrestrial dust devil, and the highest to be directly observed at more than 16 kilometers above the equatorial geoid of Mars. This dust devil measured over 700 meters in height and 375 meters across, and the strongest infrared signature was given by atmospheric dust absorption in the 9-micron range (THEMIS IR band 5). In addition to having formed in the extremely low-pressure environment of about 1 millibar, this dust devil is of particular interest because it was observed at 16:06 local time. This is an unusually late time of day to find dust devils on Mars, during a period when rapid surface cooling typically reduces the boundary-layer turbulence necessary to form these convective vortices. Understanding the mechanisms for dust-devil formation under such extreme circumstances will help to constrain theories of atmospheric dynamics, and of dust lifting and transport mechanisms on Mars.
Emotional intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation of predictive validity and nomological net

Abstract This study used meta-analytic techniques to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and performance outcomes. A total of 69 independent studies were located that reported correlations between EI and performance or other variables such as general mental ability (GMA) and the Big Five factors of personality. Results indicated that, across criteria, EI had an operational validity of .23 (k=59, N=9522). Various moderating influences such as the EI measure used, dimensions of EI, scoring method and criterion were evaluated. EI correlated .22 with general mental ability (k=19, N=4158) and .23 (Agreeableness and Openness to Experience; k=14, N=3306) to .34 (Extraversion; k=19, N=3718) with the Big Five factors of personality. Results of various subgroup analyses are presented and implications and future directions are provided.
Moving Beyond the Intensive Behavior Treatment Versus Eclectic Dichotomy: Evidence-Based and Individualized Programs for Learners With ASD

Professionals serving students with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in inclusive classroom settings face the challenge of selecting and successfully implementing evidence-based intervention strategies. Many propose that Intensive Behavioral Treatment (IBT) is the most efficacious approach for learners with ASD. Evidence for this approach is often established by comparing the IBT model to a condition described as "eclectic". In this paper, authors examine the IBT vs. eclectic literature, acknowledge the potential efficacy of the IBT model with preschool-aged children, suggest concerns about efficacy studies that have compared IBT and eclectic programs, point out that most of the studies were restricted in the age range of their participants, and note that few were implemented in inclusive settings. The authors propose that a technical eclectic approach can be beneficial for children and youth with ASD if it is conceptually grounded, incorporates evidence-based focused intervention practices, and is well implemented. A detailed example of such a technical eclectic program model is provided and the practicality of such an approach in inclusive settings for children and youth with ASD and their families is discussed.
Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide adsorption on polycrystalline iridium electrodes : A combined Raman and infrared spectroscopic study

The adsorption of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide on polycrystalline iridium in aqueous 0.1 M HClO4 was probed by in-situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and infrared reflection−absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) with the primary objective of probing the molecular and dissociative chemisorption of the former adsorbate in this electrochemical environment. The latter adsorbate was examined partly as a means of characterizing the microscopic nature of the iridium electrode, given the well-documented sensitivity of the CO intramolecular vibration to the surface structure. The SERS vibrational technique was harnessed by utilizing ultrathin iridium films electrodeposited on a gold substrate. The availability of this method enables vibrational features associated with surface-adsorbate as well as intramolecular bonds to be scrutinized, facilitating detection of adsorbed NO fragments. Saturation adsorption of CO yields a single C−O stretching (νCO) band at ca. 2040−2070 cm-1 in both the Raman and infrared...
Secure Dissemination of XML Content Using Structure-based Routing

The paper proposes an approach to content dissemination that exploits the structural properties of XML Document Object Model in order to provide efficient dissemination by at the same time assuring content integrity and confidentiality. Our approach is based on the notion of encrypted post-order numbers that support the integrity and confidentiality requirements of XML content as well as facilitate efficient identification, extraction and distribution of selected content portions. By using such notion, we develop a structure-based routing scheme that prevents information leaks in XML-data dissemination and assures that content is delivered to users according to the access control policies, that is, policies specifying which users can receive which portions of the contents. Our proposed dissemination approach further enhances such structure-based, policy-based routing by combining it with multicast in order to provide high efficiency in terms of bandwidth usage and speed of data delivery, thereby enhancing scalability.
Unravelling the molecular basis for symbiotic signal transduction in legumes.

Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, legumes develop a nitrogen-ﬁxing symbiosis with soil bacteria known as rhizobia, a symbiosiswhich culminates from an exchange of molecular signals betweenthe two organisms. Legumes secrete an array of ﬂavonoid andisoﬂavonoid compounds from their roots, which activate theexpression of bacterial nodulation ( nod ) genes. Nod genes encodeproteins involved in the synthesis and secretion of Nod factors, β -1,4-linked N -acetylglucosamine tetramers or pentamers harbouringvarious substituents along their backbone. The nature of thesesubstituents varies with bacterial species and confers the oftenhigh level of host speciﬁcity observed in these interactions.Compatible legumes recognize rhizobial Nod factors and initiatea series of responses to facilitate bacterial infection and noduledevelopment. Actively growing root hairs from compatible hostsreorientate their growth in the direction of Nod factor perception,express ‘early nodulin’ genes ( ENOD ) and trigger oscillations inintracellular calcium concentrations originating from the nucleustermed ‘calcium spiking’. Concurrent with these events, corticalcells re-enter the cell cycle, giving rise to the primordium of a novelorgan, termed the ‘nodule’ (Fig. 1). Responding root hairs curlaround the bacteria, which subsequently traverse a plant-derived,tubular infection thread through the epidermis to the nodulemeristem (Fig. 2). It is within the dividing cells that rhizobia arereleased from the infection thread into the plant cell cytoplasm asmembrane-bound droplets or ‘symbiosomes’. These organelles andthe plant cells that house them are factories where atmosphericnitrogen is converted to ammonia with energy supplied by hostphotosynthates.Based on the nature of the responses and the range of Nodfactor structures that elicit them, the molecular and cellular eventspreceding nodule development have been modelled as twodistinct pathways, namely ‘signalling’ and ‘entry’ (Ardourel et al .,1994). Signalling events occur in response to low concentrationsof Nod factors and are not contingent on a speciﬁc Nod factorstructure. A concentration of 10