cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Using a Web-Based Individualized Education Program Decision-Making Tutorial

This study explored the effects of a web-based decision support system (Tutorial) for writing standards-based Individualized Education Programs (IEPs). A total of 35 teachers and 154 students participated across two academic years. Participants were assigned to one of three intervention groups based on level of Tutorial access: Full, Partial, or Comparison. Direct effects of the intervention on procedural and substantive elements of IEPs revealed that, although all groups had initial IEPs of similar quality, the Full Intervention group’s post-Tutorial IEPs had a significantly higher proportion of substantive items rated as adequate than did the IEPs of other groups. The intervention’s indirect effects were examined using student scores on the State Reading Assessment. The Full Intervention group demonstrated a higher rate of reading score gain than the other two groups during the academic year in which the IEP prepared with access to the Tutorial was implemented. Implications for educational practices and...
Copper‐Catalyzed Domino Cycloaddition/C ? N Coupling/Cyclization/(C ? H Arylation): An Efficient Three‐Component Synthesis of Nitrogen Polyheterocycles

A cat of all trades: A single copper catalyst promoted up to three reaction steps with separate catalytic cycles in a domino sequence (azide-alkyne cycloaddition/Goldberg amidation/Camps cyclization/(CH arylation)) for the rapid construction of complex heterocycles from three simple components under mild conditions. Facile cleavage of the triazole ring enables further elaboration of the condensation products.
Imaging the Haro 6-10 Infrared Companion.

We present an infrared imaging study of the low-mass pre-main-sequence binary system Haro 6-10. This system is one of a handful in which the optically visible primary has the characteristics of a normal T Tauri star, while the secondary is a so-called "infrared companion" (IRC), a strongly extincted object that emits most of its luminosity in the infrared. A speckle holographic technique was used to produce nearly diffraction-limited images on three nights over a 1 yr period starting in late 1997. The images show that the IRC is obscured and surrounded by a compact, irregular, and variable nebula. This structure is in striking contrast to the well-ordered edge-on disk associated with HK Tauri B, the extincted companion to another T Tauri star of similar age. A new, resolved intensity peak was found 0".4 southwest of the IRC. We suggest that it may represent light scattered by a clump of dusty material illuminated by starlight escaping along an outflow-carved cavity in the IRC envelope. The primary star became fainter and the companion became more extended during the observing period.
High-power radar studies of the ionosphere

Some 50 years ago, the first experiments were conducted that provided unequivocal evidence for the existence of an electrically charged region in the upper atmosphere capable of reflecting radio waves. In the last 25 years, there has been an explosive growth in our knowledge of the properties of the upper atmosphere arising from in situ measurements made with rockets and satellites.
The gene therapy journey for hemophilia: are we there yet?

Since the isolation and characterization of thegenes for FVIII and FIX some 30 years ago, a longstanding goal of the field has been development of successful gene therapy for the hemophilias. In a landmark study published in 2011, Nathwani et al demonstrated successful conversion of severe hemophilia B to mild or moderate disease in 6 adult males who underwent intravenous infusion of an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector expressing factor IX. These 6 subjects have now exhibited expression of FIX at levels ranging from 1% to 6% of normal for periods of 2 years. This review discusses obstacles that were overcome to reach this goal and the next steps in clinical investigation. Safety issues that will need to be addressed before more widespread use of this approach are discussed. Efforts to extend AAV-mediated gene therapy to hemophilia A, and alternate approaches that may be useful for persons with severe liver disease, who may not be candidates for gene transfer to liver, are also discussed.
Novel synthesis of enamines by iridium-catalyzed dehydrogenation of tertiary amines

A novel route to enamines is reported, the dehydrogenation of tertiary amines catalyzed by a “pincer-ligated” iridium catalyst.
An efficient chiral moderator prepared from inexpensive (+)-3-carene: synthesis of the HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor DPC 963

The beta-amino alcohol 4 beta-morpholinocaran-3 alpha-ol is prepared by addition of morpholine to alpha-3,4-epoxycarane utilizing anhydrous magnesium bromide as Lewis acid promoter. The enantiopure amino alcohol is uniquely effective as a chiral moderator for the addition of lithium cyclopropylacetylide to an unprotected N-acylketimine. This reaction provides an efficient route to the second generation NNRTI drug candidate DPC 963.
The Partition Function of 2D String Theory

We derive a compact and explicit expression for the generating functional of all correlation functions of tachyon operators in 2D string theory. This expression makes manifest relations of the c = 1 system to KP flow and W 1+∞ constraints. Moreover we derive a Kontsevich-Penner integral representation of this generating functional.
A direction set based algorithm for adaptive filtering

A new algorithm is developed for adaptive filtering applications. This algorithm is based on a direction set method and has a computational complexity of O(N) for each update of the system. The method exploits the structure of the objective function and maintains a set of near-conjugate directions with respect to the Hessian. This algorithm has a rapid rate of convergence that is comparable with that of the well-known RLS method. The performance of the algorithm is illustrated with adaptive filtering applications.
Detecting Electron Motion in Atoms and Molecules

The detection of spatial and temporal electronic motion by scattering of subfemtosecond pulses of 10 keV electrons from coherent superpositions of electronic states of both H and ${T}_{2}^{+}$ is investigated. For the H atom, we predict changes in the diffraction images that reflect the time-dependent effective radius of the electronic charge density. For an aligned ${T}_{2}^{+}$ molecule, the diffraction image changes reflect the time-dependent localization or delocalization of the electronic charge density.
Appropriating economic rents from resources: an integrative property rights and resource-based approach

Resource-based theory focuses on how economic value is created and sustained, providing the theoretical underpinnings for explaining and predicting sustainable competitive advantage. An implicit assumption of resource-based theory is that the firm's property rights to such resources are secure. However, where property rights to potentially value-creating resources are not fully secure, as in business contexts where multiple parties are jointly participating in creating economic value, potentially value-creating combinations of resources may not be realised. Similar difficulties may arise within the firm, where multiple stakeholders that supply factor inputs are jointly producing economic value. To address these theoretical issues, we map out a property rights theory of the firm that is grounded in resource-based theory on economic rents. We emphasise how firms create economic rents (ex ante) as well as how firms appropriate or capture economic rents (ex post).
Evolutionary justifications for non-Bayesian beliefs

This paper suggests that the evolutionarily optimal belief of an agent’s intrinsic reproductive ability is systematically different from the posterior belief obtained by the perfect Bayesian updating. In particular, the optimal belief depends on how risk-averse the agent is. Although the perfect Bayesian updating remains evolutionarily optimal for a risk-neutral agent, it is not for any other. Specifically, the belief is always positively biased for a risk-averse agent, and the more risk-averse an agent is, the more positively biased the optimally updated belief is. Such biased beliefs align with experimental findings and also offer an alternative explanation to the empirical puzzle that people across the population appear overconfident by consistently overestimating their personal hereditary traits.
SUPERMASSIVE SEEDS FOR SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES

Recent observations of quasars powered by supermassive black holes (SMBHs) out to z & 7 constrain both the initial seed masses and the growth of the most massive black holes (BHs) in the early universe. Here we elucidate the implications of the radiative feedback from early generations of stars and from BH accretion for popular models for the formation and growth of seed BHs. We show that by properly accounting for (1) the limited role of mergers in growing seed BHs as inferred from cosmological simulations of early star formation and radiative feedback, (2) the sub-Eddington accretion rates of BHs expected at the earliest times, and (3) the large radiative efficiencies ǫ of the most massive BHs inferred from observations of active galactic nuclei at high redshift (ǫ & 0.1), we are led to the conclusion that the initial BH seeds may have been as massive as & 10 5 M⊙. This presents a strong challenge to the Population III seed model, which calls for seed masses of ∼ 100 M⊙ and, even with constant Eddington-limited accretion, requires ǫ . 0.09 to explain the highest-z SMBHs
Radiocracy rulz! Microradio as electronic activism

This article explores the cultural dynamics of the microradio movement in the USA. Viewed in the wider context of political economy and participatory democracy, I argue that the microradio movement is an expression of the felt need of local populations to reconnect with the civic and cultural life of their communities. Furthermore, I contend that the unique features of the medium - its ubiquity, low-cost and low-tech credentials - make microradio particularly well suited to meet the needs of diverse urban neighborhoods and underserved rural communities alike. The article concludes that, in its efforts to reinvent radio as a vehicle of participatory democracy and a resource for community development, the microradio movement not only demonstrates the medium's significance to our understanding of community, democracy and citizenship, but underscores the role media activism plays as an agent of progressive social change
Cloud computing — Issues, research and implementations

ldquoCloudrdquo computing - a relatively recent term, builds on decades of research in virtualization, distributed computing, utility computing, and more recently networking, web and software services. It implies a service oriented architecture, reduced information technology overhead for the end-user, great flexibility, reduced total cost of ownership, on-demand services and many other things. This paper discusses the concept of ldquocloudrdquo computing, issues it tries to address, related research topics, and a ldquocloudrdquo implementation available today.
Rippled-beam free-electron laser

We describe a new microwave generation mechanism involving a scalloping annular electron beam. The beam interacts with the axial electric field of a TM/sub 02/ mode in a smooth circular waveguide through the axial free-electron laser interaction, in which the beam ripple period is synchronous with the phase slippage of the RF mode relative to the electron beam. Due to nonlinearities in the orbit equation, the interaction can be made autoresonant, where the phase and amplitude of the gain is independent of the beam energy.
Migratory Insertion of Alkenes into Metal–Oxygen and Metal–Nitrogen Bonds

The insertion of an unsaturated ligand into a MC or MH bond proceeds through migratory insertion, a fundamental organometallic reaction. Recent literature documents evidence of the migratory insertion of alkenes into an MO and MN bonds for alkene alkoxylation and alkene amination reactions, respectively. Herein we provide an overview of the literature and a perspective on how these recent experiments relate to classic experiments on CO and CN bond formation with alkene complexes of the late transition metals.
Comparative genomics of cyclin-dependent kinases suggest co-evolution of the RNAP II C-terminal domain and CTD-directed CDKs

We identify 101 cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) family members from animals, plants, yeasts and three protists with complete genome sequences. Comparative analyses suggest that cell-cycle CDKs are present in all organisms sampled in this study. In contrast, no clear orthologs of transcription-related CDKs are detected in the most putatively ancestral eukaryotes, Trypanosoma or Giardia. Kinases involved in C- terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II phosphorylation, CDK7, CDK8 and CDK9, all are recovered as well-supported and distinct orthologous families. Significantly, clear orthologs of CDK7 and CDK8 are restricted to those organisms belonging to groups in which the RNAP II CTD is strongly conserved suggesting co-evolution of the CTD and these CTD-directed CDKs. Alternatively, extensive CTD phosphorylation may occur in only a subset of eukaryotes and, when present, this interaction results in greater stabilizing selection on both CTD and CDK sequences. Overall, our results suggest that transcription-related kinases originated after cell-cycle related CDKs.
Single-molecule FRET studies of HIV TAR-DNA hairpin unfolding dynamics.

We directly measure the dynamics of the HIV trans-activation response (TAR)–DNA hairpin with multiple loops using single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) methods. Multiple FRET states are identified that correspond to intermediate melting states of the hairpin. The stability of each intermediate state is calculated from the smFRET data. The results indicate that hairpin unfolding obeys a “fraying and peeling” mechanism, and evidence for the collapse of the ends of the hairpin during folding is observed. These results suggest a possible biological function for hairpin loops serving as additional fraying centers to increase unfolding rates in otherwise stable systems. The experimental and analytical approaches developed in this article provide useful tools for studying the mechanism of multistate DNA hairpin dynamics and of other general systems with multiple parallel pathways of chemical reactions.
Simulating Noisy Channel Interaction

We show that T rounds of interaction over the binary symmetric channel BSC1/2--e with feedback can be simulated with O(e2T) rounds of interaction over a noiseless channel. We also introduce a more general "energy cost" model of interaction over a noisy channel. We show energy cost to be equivalent to external information complexity, which implies that our simulation results are unlikely to carry over to energy complexity. Our main technical innovation is a self-reduction from simulating a noisy channel to simulating a slightly-less-noisy channel, which may have other applications in the area of interactive compression.
Compton scattering sequence reconstruction algorithm for the liquid xenon gamma-ray imaging telescope (LXeGRIT)

The Liquid Xenon Gamma-Ray Imaging Telescope (LXeGRIT) is a balloon born experiment sensitive to (gamma) -rays in the energy band of 0.2 - 20 MeV. The main detector is a time projection chamber filled with high purity liquid xenon (LXeTPC), in which the three-dimensional location and energy deposit of individual (gamma) -ray interactions are accurately measured in one homogeneous volume. To determine the (gamma) - ray initial direction (Compton imaging), as well as to reject background, the correct sequence of interactions has to be determined. Here we report the development and optimization of an algorithm to reconstruct the Compton scattering sequence and show its performance on Monte Carlo events and LXeGRIT data.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Electro - mechanical Contributions to Low Frequency Dielectric Responses of Biological Cells in Colloidal Suspension

We investigate electro-mechanical contributions to the low frequency dielectric response of biological cells in colloidal suspension. Prior simulations of biological cells in colloidal suspension yield maximum dielectric constant values about 3 10 in magnitude as the frequency of applied electric fields drops below the kHz range. Experimentally measured relative dielectric values in yeast cells, on the other hand, have maximal values up to 7 10 - 8 10 . We consider both electrical and mechanical energy stored in cellular suspension and show that low frequency mechanical contributions can give rise to dielectric constant values of this magnitude.
Near rationality and competitive equilibria in networked systems

A growing body of literature in networked systems research relies on game theory and mechanism design to model and address the potential lack of cooperation between self-interested users. Most game-theoretic models applied to system research only describe competitive equilibria in terms of pure Nash equilibria, that is, a situation where the strategy of each user is deterministic, and is her best response to the strategies of all the other users. However, the assumptions necessary for a pure Nash equilibrium to hold may be too stringent for practical systems. Using three case studies on network formation, computer security, and TCP congestion control, we outline the limits of game-theoretic models relying on Nash equilibria, and we argue that considering competitive equilibria of a more general form helps in assessing the accuracy of a game theoretic model, and can even help in reconciling predictions from game-theoretic models with empirically observed behavior.
The prime spectrum and primitive ideal space of a graph C*-algebra

We describe primitive and prime ideals in the C*-algebra C*(E) of a graph E satisfying Condition (K), together with the topologies on each of these spaces. In particular, we find that primitive ideals correspond to the set of maximal tails disjoint union the set of finite-return vertices, and that prime ideals correspond to the set of clusters of maximal tails disjoint union the set of finite-return vertices.
Work and consumption in an era of unbalanced technological advance

Keynes’s “Grandchildren” essay famously predicted both a rapid increase in productivity and a sharp shrinkage of the workweek – to 15 h – over the century from 1930. Keynes was right (so far) about output per capita, but wrong about the workweek. The key reason is that he failed to allow for changing distribution. With widening inequality, median income (and therefore the income of most families) has risen, and is now rising, much more slowly than he anticipated. The failure of the workweek to shrink as he predicted follows. Other factors, including habit formation, socially induced consumption preferences, and network effects are part of the story too. Combining the analysis of Keynes, Meade and Galbraith suggests a way forward for economic policy under the prevailing circumstances.
Why States Act through Formal International Organizations

States use formal international organizations (IOs) to manage both their everyday interactions and more dramatic episodes, including international conflicts. Yet, contemporary international theory does not explain the existence or form of IOs. This article addresses the question of why states use formal organizations by investigating the functions IOs perform and the properties that enable them to perform those functions. Starting with a rational-institutionalist perspective that sees IOs as enabling states to achieve their ends, the authors examine power and distributive questions and the role of IOs in creating norms and understanding. Centralization and independence are identified as the key properties of formal organizations, and their importance is illustrated with a wide array of examples. IOs as community representatives further allow states to create and implement community values and enforce international commitments.
Privacy-preserving distributed mining of association rules on horizontally partitioned data

Data mining can extract important knowledge from large data collections ut sometimes these collections are split among various parties. Privacy concerns may prevent the parties from directly sharing the data and some types of information about the data. We address secure mining of association rules over horizontally partitioned data. The methods incorporate cryptographic techniques to minimize the information shared, while adding little overhead to the mining task.
Segmenting images corrupted by correlated noise

Image segmentation is fundamental to many image analysis problems. It aims to partition a digital image into a set of nonoverlapping homogeneous regions. The main contribution of this paper is the development of a new segmentation procedure which is designed to segment images corrupted by correlated noise. This new segmentation procedure is based on Rissanen's minimum description length (MDL) principle and consists of two components: 1) an MDL-based criterion in which the "best" segmentation is defined as its minimizer; and 2) a merging algorithm which attempts to locate this minimizer. The performance of this procedure is illustrated via a simulation study, with promising results.
Defeating Passive Eavesdropping with Quantum Illumination

Quantum illumination permits Alice and Bob to communicate at 50 Mbit/s over 50 km of low-loss fiber with error probability less than 10-6while the optimum passive eavesdropper's error probability must exceed 0.28.
Healing of Canine Tendon in Zones Subjected to Different Mechanical Forces

The effect of external force environment on the healing of a partial thickness injury to canine flexor tendon was studied. A 50% laceration was made in either the fibrocartilaginous (compressive) zone or in the tendinous (tensile) zone of canine flexor digitorum profundus tendons. After three or six weeks, the tendons were harvested. An optical method for determining zone-specific material properties showed that, in response to injury, the structural stiffness decreased in the tensile zone of the tendon but increased in the compressive zone. The mechanical properties and failure mechanism of canine tendon and their changes in response to injury vary according to tendon zone, and differences in the healing process in mechanically specialised zones of the flexor tendon are discussed.
Calibration validation for the GEOS 3 altimeter

The absolute bias calibration for the GEOS-3 intensive mode altimeter was measured using two satellite passes whose groundtracks were within 1 km of the Bermuda laser station. The Bermuda laser tracked on the two passes, and was supported by two other NASA lasers on one pass and by the NASA Spacecraft Tracking and Data Network on the other pass. For each pass, the altimeter data around Bermuda was smoothed and extrapolated to the point closest to overhead at the laser site. After correcting for tide heights and sea state effects, the two passes give calibration biases which are in agreement to within 26 cm and have a weighted mean of -5.69 + or - 0.16m for correcting altimeter measurements to the center-of-mass of the spacecraft (i.e., including the antenna tracking point correction). It was found impossible to reconcile the two calibration passes, as well as a set of altimeter crossovers in the middle of the GEOS-3 calibration area, without allowing for a data time tag error. On the bias of a selected set of four crossovers, and an assessment of probable sources of timing error, it was concluded that one interpulse period (10.24 msec) should be added to the data time tags.
Optimal multigrid convergence by elliptic/hyperbolic splitting

We describe a multigrid method for solving the steady Euler equations that is optimal in the sense of requiring O(N) operations till convergence, where N is the number of unknowns. The method relies on an elliptic/hyperbolic decomposition achieved by local preconditioning. The splitting allows the embedded advection equations to be treated with streamwise semicoarsening rather than full coarsening, which would not be effective. A simple 2-D numerical computation is presented as proof of concept. A convergence study indicates the split method has complexity O(N) over a wide range of grid spacings and Mach numbers, while the use of full coarsening for all equations makes the complexity deteriorate to almost O(N1.5).
Condom use and the risk of genital human papillomavirus infection in young women.

BACKGROUND To evaluate whether the use of male condoms reduces the risk of male-to-female transmission of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, longitudinal studies explicitly designed to evaluate the temporal relationship between condom use and HPV infection are needed. METHODS We followed 82 female university students who reported their first intercourse with a male partner either during the study period or within two weeks before enrollment. Cervical and vulvovaginal samples for HPV DNA testing and Papanicolaou testing were collected at gynecologic examinations every four months. Every two weeks, women used electronic diaries to record information about their daily sexual behavior. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to evaluate risk factors for HPV infection. RESULTS The incidence of genital HPV infection was 37.8 per 100 patient-years at risk among women whose partners used condoms for all instances of intercourse during the eight months before testing, as compared with 89.3 per 100 patient-years at risk in women whose partners used condoms less than 5 percent of the time (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.3; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.1 to 0.6, adjusted for the number of new partners and the number of previous partners of the male partner). Similar associations were observed when the analysis was restricted to high-risk and low-risk types of HPV and HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18. In women reporting 100 percent condom use by their partners, no cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions were detected in 32 patient-years at risk, whereas 14 incident lesions were detected during 97 patient-years at risk among women whose partners did not use condoms or used them less consistently. CONCLUSIONS Among newly sexually active women, consistent condom use by their partners appears to reduce the risk of cervical and vulvovaginal HPV infection.
The Rise of Free Trade in Western Europe, 1820–1875

The textbook theory of tariffs, and their converse, the movement to freer trade, has more elements than we need for the nineteenth century, but also lacks some. In the usual comparative statics, a tariff may be said to have ten effects: on price, trade, production (the protective effect), consumption, revenue, terms of trade, internal income distribution, monopoly, employment and the balance of payments.
Modeling and Analysis of Loading Effect in Leakage of Nano-Scaled Bulk-CMOS Logic Circuits

In nanometer scaled CMOS devices significant increase in the subthreshold, the gate and the reverse biased junction band-to-band-tunneling (BTBT) leakage, results in the large increase of total leakage power in a logic circuit. Leakage components interact with each other in device level (through device geometry, doping profile) and also in the circuit level (through node voltages). Due to the circuit level interaction of the different leakage components, the leakage of a logic gate strongly depends on the circuit topology i.e. number and nature of the other logic gates connected to its input and output. In this paper, for the first time, we have analyzed loading effect on leakage and proposed a method to accurately estimate the total leakage in a logic circuit, from its logic level description considering the impact of loading and transistor stacking.
Thrust Imbalance of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Motors

In earlier papers, the authors presented a theoretical Monte Carlo analysis of thrust imbalance for the pair of large solid rocket motors (SRM's) firing in parallel during the launch of the Space Shuttle. The present paper gives further evidence of the validity of the analysis. Test results from the Space Shuttle program and comparisons of these with the Monte Carlo analysis are presented. The test results are examined in three phases: 1) pairs of SRM's selected from static tests of the four developmental motors, 2) pairs of SRM's selected from static tests of the three quality assurance motors, and 3) the first flight-test results. Possible inaccuracies in evaluation of thrust imbalance due to flight-test instrumentation are discussed. General agreement of theory and test results is shown which supports the present Monte Carlo prediction of thrust imbalance for future Space Shuttle SRM pairs.
Bi-relative algebraic K -theory and topological cyclic homology

It is well-known that algebraic K-theory preserves products of rings. However, in general, algebraic K-theory does not preserve fiber products of rings, and one defines bi-relative algebraic K-theory so as to measure the deviation. It was proved recently by Cortinas [6] that, rationally, bi-relative algebraic K-theory and bi-relative negative cyclic homology agree. In this paper, we show that, with finite coefficients, bi-relative algebraic K-theory and bi-relative topological cyclic homology agree. As an application, we show that for a possibly singular curve over a perfect field k of positive characteristic p, the cyclotomic trace map induces an isomorphism of the p-adic algebraic K-groups and the p-adic topological cyclic homology groups in non-negative degrees. As a further application, we show that the difference between the p-adic K-groups of the integral group ring of a finite group and the p-adic K-groups of a maximal Z-order in the rational group algebra can be expressed entirely in terms of topological cyclic homology. Let F be a functor that to a unital associative ring A associates a symmetric spectrum F (A). If I ⊂ A is a two-sided ideal, the relative term F (A, I) is defined to be the homotopy fiber of the map F (A) → F (A/I) induced from the canonical projection. If further f : A → B is a ring homomorphism such that f : I → f(I) is an isomorphism onto a two-sided ideal of B, there is an induced map F (A, I)→ F (B, f(I)), and the bi-relative term F (A,B, I) is defined to be the homotopy fiber of this map. Then there is a distinguished triangle in the stable homotopy category
Quantized UWB Transmitted Reference Systems

Digital implementation of ultra-wideband receivers requires analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) at an extremely high speed, thereby limiting the available bit resolution. Herein, the effect of low bit resolution quantization on the performance of UWB transmitted reference receivers is investigated. It is verified that the gain of the automatic-gain-control (AGC) has a significant effect on the achievable performance. Because of the considerable performance loss of conventional transmitted reference receivers in the presence of a low resolution ADC a new family of receiver structures optimized and tailored to quantized observations is presented. In particular, the generalized- likelihood ratio test (GLRT) based on the quantized samples is derived and shown to provide modest performance gains relative to the infinite resolution GLRT rule employed on the quantized received signal suggesting that conventional receiver structures can also be employed in the presence of a low resolution ADC. Results reveal that four bits of resolution in combination with an optimal choice for the AGC gain are sufficient to closely approach the performance of an infinite resolution receiver.
THE GASSNER REPRESENTATION FOR STRING LINKS

The Gassner representation of the pure braid group to $GL_n(Z[Z^n])$ can be extended to give a representation of the concordance group of $n$-strand string links to $GL_n(F)$, where $F$ is the field of quotients of $\zz[\zz^n]$, $ F = Q(t_1,...,t_n)$; this was first observed by Le Dimet. Here we present simple new perspectives on its definition, its computation, and its applications to obtain both general results and interesting family of examples.
The Sidelining of Top IT Executives in the Governance of Outsourcing: Antecedents, Power Struggles, and Consequences

This study attempts to highlight the paradoxical aspects of top management power contests within customer firms that outsource information technology (IT) work. Intraorganizational power theory forms the overarching theoretical basis for this study. The focus is on the antecedents and consequences of the relative power of business executives (Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Chief Operating Officer) versus IT executives (Chief Information Officer, Head of IT) in the governance of IT outsourcing. Evidence from a field survey supports the existence of a paradox. When a firm's financial performance has been poor and the firm did not have a sizeable IT workforce, the business executives give themselves greater power and sideline the IT executives. Paradoxically, rather than leading to positive consequences, such power play weakens outsourcing performance. Outsourcing performance is best when power is solely with the IT executives group, a close second best when power is divided between the two groups (joint decision making), and worst when it is solely with the business executives group. Overall, when it comes to the outsourcing of IT work, business executives might find reasons to justify increasing their own power and reducing the power of IT executives, even though this can ultimately be detrimental to outsourcing performance. These findings lend credence to case studies and practitioner articles that have reported such occurrences.
Transition Metal Complexes of Germanium, Tin and Lead

1 Introduction 2 Organogermanium Transition Metal Complexes 3 Organotin Transition Metal Complexes 4 Organolead Transition Metal Complexes Keywords: organogermanium transition metal complexes; transition metal anions and germyl halide synthesis; Group 10 and 11 transition metal germanium complexes; elimination reactions using germyl hydrides; anionic germyl metal carbonyl complexes; oxidative addition of germyl-germanes, -silanes and -halides; transition metal Pb(II) complexes; organolead transition metal complexes
Crystalline Oxides on Silicon

This review outlines developments in the growth of crystalline oxides on the ubiquitous silicon semiconductor platform. The overall goal of this endeavor is the integration of multifunctional complex oxides with advanced semiconductor technology. Oxide epitaxy in materials systems achieved through conventional deposition techniques is described first, followed by a description of the science and technology of using atomic layer-by-layer deposition with molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) to systematically construct the oxide-silicon interface. An interdisciplinary approach involving MBE, advanced real-space structural characterization, and first-principles theory has led to a detailed understanding of the process by which the interface between crystalline oxides and silicon forms, the resulting structure of the interface, and the link between structure and functionality. Potential applications in electronics and photonics are also discussed.
Time Series Evidence of Unemployment Flows: The Sample Period Matters

Worker flows to and from unemployment occur at all stages of the U.S. business cycle. The flows' dynamics affect the dynamics of the unemployment rate. This article studies the dynamics of unemployment flows and the unemployment rate and explores and documents changes over time. Rigorous diagnostic tests are used to investigate the structural stability of projectional relationships involving flows and the unemployment rate.
Chemical synthesis of CD52 glycopeptides containing the acid-labile fucosyl linkage.

Glycopeptide 1 with the fucosylated trisaccharide, β-d-GlcNAc(1→4)[α-l-Fuc(1→6)]-β-d-GlcNAc, linked to the Asn of CD52 peptide was prepared by two methods, both of which used the free glycosyl Asn 12 and glycotripeptide 21 as key intermediates. Thus, after the trisaccharide was prepared and linked to Asn, the carbohydrate moiety was deprotected to give 12. From 12, 21 was constructed in homogeneous NMP solutions by elongating the peptide chain alone the N-terminus. Though the glycopeptides were easily soluble in NMP, they were barely soluble in diethyl ether, because of the free trisaccharide. Consequently, addition of diethyl ether to the reaction mixtures could precipitate the glycopeptides, and the products were conveniently isolated and purified in the solid form. The coupling of 21 with a free nonapeptide 24 in NMP afforded 1. 1 was also prepared by solid-phase synthesis, using the acid-sensitive 2-chlorotrityl resin. In this case, 21 was attached to the nonapeptide on the resin, and the resulting gl...
Cancellation of specular and diffuse jammer multipath using a hybrid adaptive array

An ideal two-element array that uses bandwidth partitioning in both the main an auxiliary channels, with an Mth-order, adaptive finite impulse response (FIR) filter in each subband of the auxiliary is considered. The ability of this system to cancel specular, moderately diffuse, and diffuse multipath and to perform tradeoffs to determine what combination of bandwidth partitioning and filter order achieves a specified jammer cancellation level with the fewest computations is analyzed. It is demonstrated that specular or diffuse jammer multipath can be canceled to a desired level by using an adaptive array that combines bandwidth partitioning with tapped delay lines. It is found that using three to five taps per subband requires the fewest computations per sample. >
Regulation And The Rise In Asset‐Based Mutual Fund Management Fees

In this article I explain why asset-based fees are common for mutual fund management companies and why the average fee has increased recently. I argue that Securities and Exchange Commission fee regulations make alternative fee types illegal or unattractive. Management companies can maintain higher fees because regulations and brand-name capital partly insulate them from competition and because investors cannot easily distinguish between performance-oriented and marketing-oriented fund companies. Index funds and unit investment trusts may offer competition to mutual funds in the future because they are designed to minimize management fees.
Inference in ordered response games with complete information

We study econometric models of complete information games with ordered action spaces, such as the number of store fronts operated in a market by a rm, or the daily number of ights on a city-pair oered by an airline. The model generalizes single agent models such as ordered probit and logit to a simultaneous model of ordered response. We characterize identied sets for model parameters under mild shape restrictions on agents’ payo functions, such as concavity and index restrictions. We then propose a novel inference method for a parametric version of our model based on a test statistic that embeds conditional moment inequalities implied by equilibrium behavior. Using maximal inequalities for U-processes, we show that an asymptotically valid condence set is attained by employing an easy to compute xed critical value, namely the appropriate quantile of a chi-square random variable. We apply our method to study capacity decisions measured as the number of stores operated by Lowe’s and Home Depot in geographic markets. We additionally demonstrate how our condence sets for model parameters can be used to perform inference on other quantities of economic interest, such as the probability that any given outcome is an equilibrium and the propensity with which any particular outcome is selected when it is one of multiple equilibria.
Thermodynamic control of stereochemistry in the synthesis of 1-oxaquinolizidine skeletal portions of xestospongin A

Synthesis and stereochemical studies of the title heterobicycles (5a-d and 6b-d)-- model systems for probing control of xestospongin A-like stereochemistry—are described.
Statistical Characterization Of Intermittent Faults In Digital Systems

SmMARY In this paper, the problem of characterizing the stochastic behavior of intermittent faults is considered. Three analytical models for intermittent faults in digital systems are discussed. First model assumes that the intermittent faults can be modeled as a renewal process. The second model is a finite-state Narkovmodel. Finally, in the third model the fault-free interval between two intermittent faults is considered and the intermittent fault process is characterized in terms of these fault-free i ntervals. It is expected that these models will find a pplication in the prediction of performance of detection procedures for intermittent faults.
Product types and supplier roles in product development: an exploratory analysis

Manufacturers today often strive toward early supplier involvement in product development. Yet the research literature offers limited guidance on this issue to manufacturing companies and suppliers, and often assumes a "one-size-fits-all" approach. In this paper, we empirically examine whether suppliers for different sourced products play distinctly different roles in product development, by analyzing survey data on a wide range of sourced automotive products. We use cluster analysis to identify four different groupings of sourced products, based on differences along three dimensions: the nature of the sourced products, their cost structures, and the nature of the original equipment manufacturer (OEM)-supplier interaction in product development. We further test the usefulness of our scheme via a set of validating variables that include both key decisions and output performance measures in the OEM-supplier interaction process. We identify critical systems as highly differentiating, high cost, highly complex systems, for which OEMs provide information to their suppliers largely through performance specifications, and involve suppliers early in product development. In contrast, hidden components are less differentiating low-cost simple components that are defined primarily via physical specifications, whose suppliers are involved later in product development. Invisible subassemblies are nondifferentiating, moderately costly, moderately complex systems whose suppliers are provided information via a mix of performance specifications and detailed physical dimensions. Finally, simple differentiators are highly differentiating, moderately costly, simple assemblies or components. We discuss the implications of our study for managing differential supplier roles in product development.
Improved Approximation Algorithms for Projection Games

The projection games (aka Label Cover) problem is of great importance to the field of approximation algorithms, since most of the NP-hardness of approximation results we know today are reductions from Label Cover. In this paper we design several approximation algorithms for projection games: (1) A polynomial-time approximation algorithm that improves on the previous best approximation by Charikar et al. (Algorithmica 61(1):190---206, 2011). (2) A sub-exponential time algorithm with much tighter approximation for the case of smooth projection games. (3) A polynomial-time approximation scheme (PTAS) for projection games on planar graphs and a tight running time lower bound for such approximation schemes. The conference version of this paper had only the PTAS but not the running time lower bound.
Scattering for the cubic Klein–Gordon equation in two space dimensions

We consider both the defocusing and focusing cubic nonlinear Klein--Gordon equations $$ u_{tt} - \Delta u + u \pm u^3 =0 $$ in two space dimensions for real-valued initial data $u(0)\in H^1_x$ and $u_t(0)\in L^2_x$. We show that in the defocusing case, solutions are global and have finite global $L^4_{t,x}$ spacetime bounds. In the focusing case, we characterize the dichotomy between this behaviour and blowup for initial data with energy less than that of the ground state. These results rely on analogous statements for the two-dimensional cubic nonlinear Schrodinger equation, which are known in the defocusing case and for spherically-symmetric initial data in the focusing case. Thus, our results are mostly unconditional. It was previously shown by Nakanishi that spacetime bounds for Klein--Gordon equations imply the same for nonlinear Schrodinger equations.
A Review of Mood Disorders Among Juvenile Offenders

OBJECTIVES: This article provides an overview of what is known about the prevalence, diagnosis, and effective treatment of mood disorders among youths, particularly among juvenile offenders, and discusses the unique problems that arise for the delivery of treatment services. The relationship between mood disorders and disruptive or delinquent behaviors as well as the particular importance of proper diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders in this population are discussed. METHODS: A search was conducted of the MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases for articles that had been published since 1980 on mood disorders in the juvenile offender population as well as articles on adolescent mood disorders. RESULTS: The studies on the prevalence of mood disorders among juvenile offenders varied significantly in the methodology used and in the rates of prevalence found, although all studies showed that this population had high rates of mood disorders. The identification and effective treatment of mood disorders is critical...
Fibers of multi-way contingency tables given conditionals: relation to marginals, cell bounds and Markov bases

A fiber of a contingency table is the space of all realizations of the table under a given set of constraints such as marginal totals. Understanding the geometry of this space is a key problem in algebraic statistics, important for conducting exact conditional inference, calculating cell bounds, imputing missing cell values, and assessing the risk of disclosure of sensitive information. Motivated by disclosure problems, in this paper we study the space of all possible tables for a given sample size and set of observed conditional frequencies. We show that this space can be decomposed according to different possible marginals, which, in turn, are encoded by the solution set of a linear Diophantine equation. Our decomposition has two important consequences: (1) we derive new cell bounds, some including connections to directed acyclic graphs, and (2) we describe a structure for the Markov bases for the given space that leads to a simplified calculation of Markov bases in this particular setting.
Spin glasses and Stein's method

We introduce some applications of Stein’s method in the high temperature analysis of spin glasses. Stein’s method allows the direct analysis of the Gibbs measure without having to eate a cavity. Another advantage is that it gives limit theorems with total variation error bounds, although the bounds can be suboptimal. A surprising byproduct of our analysis is a relatively transparent explanation of the Thouless–Anderson–Palmer system of equations. Along the way, we develop Stein’s method for mixtures of two Gaussian densities.