cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Affordable manufacturing and test operations at KSC to support the orion flight test program

This paper describes how the NASA Orion program is delivering the flight test spacecraft using affordable and flexible manufacturing and test operations in an evolving and changing development environment. The Orion program successfully completed the Exploration Flight Test 1 (EFT-1) in 2014 and is currently developing the spacecraft to meet the test objectives of an orbital mission to the moon and return to earth in 2018 called Exploration Mission 1 (EM-1). These flight test spacecraft are evolving in design maturity and complexity requiring significant changes in the build and test operations for each vehicle. Meeting these challenging objectives affordably is enabled by utilizing the flexibility of the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout (O&C) Facility based on lean operational concepts and innovative production and test approaches by the Orion team at the Kennedy Space Center. The first flight test vehicle, EFT-1, was built and tested in 27 months as the first Orion spacecraft manufactured and tested using the O&C facility. To meet this schedule challenge, additional assembly of electrical harnesses, Multi-Layered Insulation (MLI) blankets, and Thermal Protection System (TPS) tile bonding were added to the floor operations to improve the integration of these systems into the spacecraft. Flexible and portable ground support equipment was developed for use in the O&C facility as well as for other locations across the country reducing program costs. Additional vehicle testing was added to the test operations for structural static and dynamic testing avoiding transportation cost and time to transport the spacecraft to dedicated test facilities. The second flight test vehicle processed in the O&C is the EM-1, which will have additional flight systems installed to fly to the moon and return. Producibility design improvements have been incorporated to improve vehicle layouts for space allocations, improve structural designs, improve heat shield and back shell configurations, and improve the clean room operations using a reconfigurable weld station for tube welding. Additional systems environmental testing has been added to the O&C operations to include low cost portable acoustics and thermal chamber test capabilities. As the Orion program evolves with flight rate changes, launch vehicle changes, test operations maturity, and design changes to the vehicle, the flexibility of the manufacturing and test operations accommodates these impacts with minimum cost and schedule impacts to the flight test program.
The significance of stilbene phytoalexins in the Plasmopara viticola-grapevine interaction

Abstract Among 17 Vitis spp. tested for Plasmopara viticola resistance, cultivars were selected that allowed no sporulation, limited sporulation, or heavy sporulation of the parasite. With the exception of one group of Vitis spp. which exhibited resistance despite an inability to synthesize high concentrations of stilbene phytoalexins, resistance was positively correlated with the capacity for the synthesis of resveratrol and e-viniferin following induction by UV irradiation. The necrotic reaction of plant tissue after inoculation was correlated with phytoalexin accumulation rather than with reproduction of Plasmopara viticola . The phytoalexin response of the host was dependent on inoculum density. In three selected Vitis species where the resistance was correlated with phytoalexin production, increased inoculum densities resulted in characteristic stilbene synthesis for each cultivar. The resistant Vitis species, i.e. cultivar, cv. Castor accumulated five times the maximum resveratrol concentration of the susceptible “Riesling” and maintained these high levels during pathogenesis whereas the resveratrol concentration in cv. Riesling decreased. The intermediate Vitis rupestris 6544 accumulated resveratrol concentrations comparable to those of cv. Castor in the first few hours following inoculation, but then the levels declined considerably. Associated with the time of fungal sporulation was an increase in resveratrol concentration. e-Viniferin was not detected during pathogenesis of Plasmopara viticola in the three Vitis spp. Reproduction of Plasmopara viticola was directly related to inoculum density. Increasing the number of applied sporangia resulted in more rapid colonization of plant tissue, as well as in earlier sporulation in cv. Riesling, and caused a loss of resistance in V. rupestris 6544 and cv. Castor. Resveratrol was stable in water and sporangia suspensions where it inhibited germination by 75% at 60 mg ml −1 . e-Viniferin at the same concentration degraded in water but more rapidly in sporangia suspensions and was half as fungitoxic as resveratol. The results suggest that reservatrol is more important for the regulation of the Plasmopara viticola -grapevine interaction than e-viniferin.
Increasing tacrolimus time-in-therapeutic range is associated with superior one-year outcomes in lung transplant recipients.

Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) are the backbone of traditional immunosuppressive regimens for lung transplant recipients (LTR). The CNIs are both narrow therapeutic index drugs with significant interpatient and intrapatient variability that require therapeutic drug monitoring to ensure safety and effectiveness. We hypothesized that tacrolimus time-in-therapeutic range (TTR) affects acute and chronic rejection rates in LTRs. This was a single-center, observational, cross-sectional study of 292 adult LTRs. Subjects who received tacrolimus posttransplant for the first year were included. TTR was calculated at 1 year using protocol goal ranges (12-15 mg/mL months 0-6; 10-12 mg/mL for months 7-12). The primary outcome was acute cellular rejection (ACR) burden at 1 year. Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD), mortality, and infection rate were assessed as secondary outcomes at 1 year. Primary and secondary outcomes were assessed using logistic regression. Increasing TTR by 10% was associated with a significantly lower likelihood of high-burden ACR at 1 year on univariable (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.40-0.54, P < .001) and multivariable (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.47-0.86, P = .003) assessment, controlling for age and induction agent. Increasing TTR by 10% was also associated with lower rates of CLAD (P < .001) and mortality (P < .001) at 1 year. Prospective studies confirming these findings appear warranted.
A new genus of Caribbean Odontiinae with palaeotropical affinities (Lepidoptera: Crambidae).

Suinoorda maccabei gen. et sp. nov. is described from the Bahama Islands and Cuba. Cladistic analysis of the Eurrhypini (39 terminals, 48 characters) tests the phylogenetic relationships of the species and confirms that it is the earliest-diverging member of an otherwise Palaeotropical clade characterized by a modified plectrum of the eurrhypine genitalic stridulatory apparatus. The new species is not closely related to other Neotropical Eurrhypini with similar but plesiomorphic or convergent maculation. The nomenclatural status of other Eurrhypini is revised. Clupeosoma orientalale (Viette) comb. nov. and Clupeosoma vohilavale (Marion & Viette) comb. nov. are transferred from Autocharis Swinhoe, Noordodes magnificalis (Rothschild), comb. nov. is transferred from Noorda Walker, and Hyalinarcha hyalinalis (Hampson), comb. nov. is transferred from Boeotarcha Meyrick. Metrea Grote is synonymized with Cliniodes Guenee, syn. nov., and the synonymy of Basonga Moschler with Cliniodes is reinstated. Missing data for female genitalia and larval feeding habit are predicted with a simple method. Additional key words: Stridulation, seed feeding, frontal structure, diagnosis, missing data
The physiology of aging

Aging is accompanied by expected, gradual, and progressive changes in organs and systems. Peak function occurs in most organs in the second and third decade of life followed by gradual decline. Most manifestations are subtle and seldom affect daily function. As a result of age-related changes, there is a decline in homeostatic reserves. During periods of increased demand or stress induced by illness, the older adult may experience the reserves to be inadequate for the situation. In particular, physiological changes are expected over time and need to be distinguished from pathological changes resulting from disease. Chronological and biological aging do not necessarily match; aging is highly variable and individualized. Successful aging is the result of several factors including genetics, prevention and management of illness, lifestyle, and environmental factors.
Mechanisms of renal allograft rejection

The immune response to donor antigens leads to the rejection of transplanted organs. The earliest event in this response is the activation of the innate immune system. Innate activation culminates in the migration of antigen presenting cells to the recipient’s secondary lymphoid tissues where they trigger the adaptive immune response. The principal events of this response are the activation of T and B lymphocytes, which generate effector cells that inflict immediate damage. Adaptive immunity also produces long-lived memory lymphocytes that cause either acute or chronic rejection. Here, we will summarize the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the innate and adaptive responses that lead to graft rejection.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Based Visual Analytics Framework for Highway Project Performance Evaluation

Advances in data and information technologies have resulted in the availability of different types of useful data and easy accessibility. However, much of the data is not fully leveraged to gain insights for decision making due to the labor-intensive and time-consuming process of data collection and the unstructured format of data, which imposes challenges for data analytics. This paper discusses a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) based visual analytics framework for highway project performance evaluation in terms of cost and productivity. The study employs web data extraction techniques and database technologies to automatically extract data of interest from different web data sources to develop databases that contain structured data for data analytics. To merge the data from distinct sources, natural language processing techniques are also used to deal with the inconsistency of data terminology and word choices. In addition, the use of GIS technologies allows for the visualization and analysis of data collected from different locations. A case study was undertaken, which implemented part of the framework for unit price visualization, estimation, and evaluation of highway projects.
Toward a Sustainable Economy: A System Dynamics Model of Entrepreneurship and Regional Wealth

This study builds on theoretical and empirical research from the entrepreneurship, regional economics and economic development literature from the last two decades to offer a system dynamics model ...
Evaluating an Advance Care Planning Curriculum: a Lecture, a Game, a Patient, and an Essay

Curricula on advance care planning are commonly absent or inadequate in the majority of medical schools. This study assessed an advance care planning mini-curriculum involving a lecture, an end-of-life conversation game, a patient encounter during which students facilitated completion of an advance directive, and a subsequent reflective essay. This convergent, mixed methods study used a pre-post, longitudinal design. Confidence having end-of-life conversations was assessed at three timepoints. A linear mixed effects model compared mean confidence at the three timepoints. Focus groups and open-ended questionnaires (analyzed using content analysis) explored student perceptions of the curricula. Sixty-nine of 149 students completed the questionnaires; 18 students participated in the focus groups. Confidence scores increased by 10.3 points (+ 4.2 post-lecture/game; + 6.1 post-patient assignment/essay; p < 0.001 for all timepoints). Students felt the game (1) was a good “starting point” for learning to initiate end-of-life conversations; (2) fostered internal and external reflections about advance care planning; and (3) allowed exploration of the complexities of end-of-life discussions. Qualitative exploration suggested that high-level learning—interpreted through the lens of Bloom’s taxonomy—occurred. Mixed methods data suggest that the advance care planning mini-curriculum effectively increased student confidence having end-of-life conversations. Qualitative analyses revealed student learning covering all of tiers of Bloom’s taxonomy.
“We Were Fucking Tourists, in the End”: Punk, Tourism, and Gentrification

This chapter traces the history of punk tourism, looking at the role of underground music in understanding how tourism has changed through modern history. Punk also provides a valuable reference when understanding the impacts of gentrification on the urban landscapes of DC and Paris.
Analysis of Hurricane Matthew 2016 Data to Estimate Airline Passengers Disruption

Disruptions in airline operations are not uncommon and can interrupt smooth and efficient passenger transportation, especially during extreme weather conditions and hurricanes. Airline operations can be severely affected and/or halted for the duration of these phenomena. In order to develop tools to implement proper recovery actions for different stakeholders during a disruption present in an air transportation system, prior hurricane data analysis is crucial. This work focuses on analyzing a large set of airline data during Hurricane Matthew in 2016 to obtain meaningful insights regarding the affected airports and airlines. Our analysis also predicts the number of affected airline passengers during the hurricane. The results of our study show that Orlando International Airport (MCO) and Southwest Airlines were the most affected airport and airline, respectively. Our findings further reveal that certain airline passengers were affected before and after the day of the hurricane.
MicroRNAs in the Blood-Brain Barrier in Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury

Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury is a leading cause of acute mortality and chronic disability in newborns. Current evidence shows that cerebral microvascular response and compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity occur rapidly and could primarily be responsible for the brain injury observed in many infants with HI brain injury. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a type of highly conserved non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which consist of 21-25 nucleotides in length and usually lead to suppression of target gene expression. Growing evidence has revealed that brainenriched miRNAs act as versatile regulators of BBB dysfunctions in various neurological disorders including neonatal HI brain injury. In the present review, we summarize the current findings regarding the role of miRNAs in BBB impairment after hypoxia/ischemia brain injury. Specifically, we focus on the recent progress of miRNAs in the pathologies of neonatal HI brain injury. These findings can not only deepen our understanding of the role of miRNAs in BBB impairment in HI brain injury, but also provide insight into the development of new therapeutic strategies for preservation of BBB integrity under pathological conditions.
Obesity and cancer

Abstract Excessive body fat contributes to over 100,500 yearly cases of cancer as well as 14%–20% of all cancer deaths in the United States, according to the World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research. This report estimates percentages of cancer cases linked to obesity for specific cancers and was based on the review of over 7000 publications. Excess body fat is estimated to be related to more than 33,000 postmenopausal breast cancers; 20,700 endometrial cancers; 13,900 kidney cancers; 13,200 colorectal cancers; 11,900 pancreatic cancers; 5800 esophageal cancers; and 2000 gallbladder cancers, every year, in the United States. Not all subgroups are equally affected. Obese men, for example, have a higher risk for colon cancer than obese women. Obesity increases risks for breast cancer in postmenopausal women, but not in those before menopause. This is believed to be due to adipose tissue being the primary source of estrogen following menopause.
The Frequency of Mediastinal Injury in Acute Posterior Sternoclavicular Dislocations: A Multicenter Study

Background Acute posterior sternoclavicular dislocations (APSCD) are rare injuries that historically have prompted concern for injury to the great vessels and other mediastinal structures from initial trauma or subsequent treatment, resulting in the recommendation that a thoracic or vascular surgeon be present or available during operative treatment. The objectives of the study were to characterize the demographic, clinical, and radiographic characteristics of a large series of APSCDs in skeletally immature patients and to describe the rate and nature of any vascular or mediastinal complications that occurred during treatment. Methods Following Institutional Review Board approval, records of consecutive patients under 25 years of age treated for APSCD were collected from each of 6 participating centers. Only acute injuries (sustained fewer than 10 days before presentation) were included. Patient demographics, injury mechanism, associated mediastinal injuries, and need for thoracic/vascular surgery were recorded. Mediastinal structures injured or compressed by mass effect were specifically characterized by review of preoperative computed tomography imaging. Results Review identified 125 patients with a mean age of 14.7 years; 88% were male. APSCD most commonly resulted from a sporting injury (74%) followed by falls from standing height (10%) and high-energy motor vehicle trauma (10%). The most common finding on cross-sectional imaging was compression without laceration of the ipsilateral brachiocephalic vein (50%). Eleven patients had successful closed reduction, and 114 (90%) had open reduction and internal fixation, with 25 failed or unstable closed reductions preceding open treatment. There were no vascular or mediastinal injuries during reduction or fixation that required intervention. Conclusions In this multicenter series of 125 APSCDs no injuries to the great vessels/mediastinal structures requiring intervention were identified. Although more than half of patients had evidence of extrinsic vascular compression at the time of injury, careful open reduction of acute injuries can be safely performed. Although vascular injuries following APSCD seem to be quite rare, vascular complications can be catastrophic. Treating providers should consider these data and their own institutional resources to maximize patient safety during the treatment of APSCD. Level of evidence Level III-therapeutic case control study.
Fast Compressive Large-Scale Matrix-Matrix Multiplication Using Product Codes

Matrix-matrix multiplication and its derivatives are fundamental linear-algebraic primitives at the core of many modern optimization and machine learning algorithms. We design a new and novel framework for speeding up large-scale matrix-matrix multiplication when the output matrix is known to be sparse, as is true in many applications of interest. Our solution is based on a novel use of product codes which have been studied in the communications literature. In particular, when multiplying two matrices of sizes n × d and d n where the output matrix is (exactly) K-sparse with support× uniformly distributed, our algorithm requires max(O(dK), O(dn)) computations. We also extend our framework to handle the approximately-sparse setting where the output matrix has K-entries that are significantly larger than the rest. In this case, the computational complexity is max(O(dK log2(n)), O(dn log2(n))). We corroborate our findings with numerical simulations that validate our claims.
Between What Is and What Is Possible: Theorizing the Role of Institutional Interstitially in State-Led School Turnaround

State-led school turnaround in the United States has raised important questions about state efficacy and capacity for school improvement and institutional change. State intervention conventionally ...
Transjugular Renal Biopsy Bleeding Risk and Diagnostic Yield: A Systematic Review

This study aimed to better define the safety and efficacy of transjugular renal biopsy (TJRB) based on published studies. Seventeen published articles were included (1,321 biopsies). Complications were classified as major if they resulted in blood transfusion or additional invasive procedures. All other bleeding complications were considered minor. Diagnostic tissue was obtained in 1,193 procedures (90.3%). The total incidence of bleeding complications among 15 articles with complete data was 202 of 892 procedures (22.6%): 162 (18.2%) minor and 40 (4.5 %) major. These results show that TJRB is a feasible procedure for obtaining renal tissue for diagnosis and that most complications are self-limiting.
Unveiling oxidation mechanism of bulk ZrS2

Transition metal dichalcogenides have shown great potential for next-generation electronic and optoelectronic devices. However, native oxidation remains a major issue in achieving their long-term stability, especially for Zr-containing materials such as ZrS2. Here, we develop a first principles-informed reactive forcefield for Zr/O/S to study oxidation dynamics of ZrS2. Simulation results reveal anisotropic oxidation rates between (210) and (001) surfaces. The oxidation rate is highly dependent on the initial adsorption of oxygen molecules on the surface. Simulation results also provide reaction mechanism for native oxide formation with atomistic details.
Evaluating the informativeness of the Besag-York-Mollié CAR model.

Abstract The use of the conditional autoregressive framework proposed by Besag, York, and Mollie (1991; BYM) is ubiquitous in Bayesian disease mapping and spatial epidemiology. While it is understood that Bayesian inference is based on a combination of the information contained in the data and the information contributed by the model, quantifying the contribution of the model relative to the information in the data is often non-trivial. Here, we provide a measure of the contribution of the BYM framework by first considering the simple Poisson-gamma setting in which quantifying the prior’s contribution is quite clear. We then propose a relationship between gamma and lognormal priors that we then extend to cover the framework proposed by BYM. Following a brief simulation study in which we illustrate the accuracy of our lognormal approximation of the gamma prior, we analyze a dataset comprised of county-level heart disease-related death data across the United States. In addition to demonstrating the potential for the BYM framework to correspond to a highly informative prior specification, we also illustrate the sensitivity of death rate estimates to changes in the informativeness of the BYM framework.
How Did the Gold Standard Really Work? A Comparison of the Price-Specie-Flow Mechanism and the Monetary Approach to the Balance of Payments

The price-specie-flow mechanism (PSFM) is a theory of the adjustment of the balance of trade and gold flows in response to deviations in relative price levels across countries under a gold standard. The PSFM is central to quantity-theoretic discussions of economic fluctuations under a gold standard as well as analysis of whether central banks followed "the rules of the game" of the gold standard. The PSFM is often the standard working assumption when it comes to gold standard adjustment. However, at least since Adam Smith there has been an alternative to the PSFM that has come to be known as the monetary approach to the balance of payments. The distinction between the PSFM and the monetary approach have important implications for both quantity-theoretic explanations of economic fluctuations as well as the interpretation of the so-called "rules of the game." In this paper, we outline and test the empirical predictions of each theory to determine which is more accurate. The evidence is mixed, but largely favors the monetary approach to the balance of payments.
Creating an inexpensive yet effective downdraft table for a gross anatomy laboratory: Proof-of-concept.

Summary The expense of creating exhaust ventilation in a gross anatomy laboratory can be an impediment to gross anatomical education, especially in locations with little availability of funds (e.g., developing countries). Thus, the need for inexpensive yet effective exhaust ventilation is important for gross anatomical education. This study details the creation of a downdraft ventilation table that cost less than 200 USD to build, was built with commonly available materials (i.e., lumber, tarps, rebar, corrugated steel, staples, and screws), was built by one person with little difficulty in a matter of hours, was relatively light weight (75.2 kg fully-assembled), and was easy to transport. Further, the table was structurally sound and handled a load of at least 331 kg without damage. The table was affixed to a simple local exhaust ventilation system that cost ∼300 USD and generated an exhaust flow of 3099 m3/h from the table. The table was capable of removing all airborne formaldehyde (0.00 ppm) despite a pool of 100% formalin placed 20.3 cm above the table. Furthermore, the height of the table could easily be adapted for handicapped accessibility and for individuals who are shorter or taller than average. The downdraft system also has applications beyond the gross anatomy laboratory (e.g., exhaust ventilation for embalming, manufacturing, and clinical/surgical aerosol-generating procedures). This report represents a proof-of-concept: a downdraft table that costs less than 200 USD can be built easily and paired effectively with an inexpensive local exhaust ventilation system at a total expense of approximately 500 USD. This report marks an improvement in gross anatomy laboratory safety and accessibility.
Schopenhauer, Arthur 1788–1860

Arthur Schopenhauer was born in Danzig (today Gdansk, Poland) on February 22, 1788. Both his parents were descendants of wealthy German families, active in trade. Their business was moved to Hamburg, and Arthur’s father died soon after. His mother, an author of books, moved in 1805 to Weimar where she continued her writing career and hosted a literary salon which attracted also J. W. von Goethe.
Black-Start and Service Restoration in Resilient Distribution Systems with Dynamic Microgrids

The resilience of distribution systems has been challenged by power outages caused by natural disasters, which calls for novel solutions to system restoration. However, the existing black-start (BS) techniques are mainly developed at the transmission level. This problem can be resolved by adopting dynamic microgrids (MGs), i.e., MGs with dynamic and adjustable boundaries nested in the distribution systems. This paper proposes a restoration procedure that adopts self-organizing inverters as BS units and achieves distribution system restoration in the context of dynamic MGs. The proposed restoration procedure is structured as a two-stage approach, and designed to restore a complete blackout distribution system to the state where the system is ready for seamless main grid reconnection. A framework of dynamic MGs operation is developed which improves the self-healing capability of off-grid distribution systems with automatic sectionalization and flexible reconfiguration. A sequence of actions during restoration is defined, along with distributed controllers designed with considerations of practical operating challenges. The proposed restoration procedure is validated on a 34-bus system using real-time hardware-in-the-loop simulation.
3D MRI of the Spine

Three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging of the spine is now clinically feasible due to technological advancements. Its advantages over two-dimensional imaging include higher in-plane spatial resolution and the ability for reformation in any plane that enables time savings in image acquisition and aids more accurate interpretation. Multispectral 3D techniques for imaging around metal are sometimes useful for evaluating anatomy adjacent to spinal fixation hardware. 3D gradient-recalled echo sequences, including ultrashort or zero time to echo sequences, can provide osseous detail similar to conventional computed tomography.
Deaf and Hard-of-hearing Users Evaluating Designs for Highlighting Key Words in Educational Lecture Videos

There are style guidelines for authors who highlight important words in static text, e.g., bolded words in student textbooks, yet little research has investigated highlighting in dynamic texts, e.g., captions during educational videos for Deaf or Hard of Hearing (DHH) users. In our experimental study, DHH participants subjectively compared design parameters for caption highlighting, including: decoration (underlining vs. italicizing vs. boldfacing), granularity (sentence level vs. word level), and whether to highlight only the first occurrence of a repeating keyword. In partial contrast to recommendations in prior research, which had not been based on experimental studies with DHH users, we found that DHH participants preferred boldface, word-level highlighting in captions. Our empirical results provide guidance for the design of keyword highlighting during captioned videos for DHH users, especially in educational video genres.
A Brouwer Domain Invariance Approach to Boundary Behavior of Nyquist Maps for Uncertain Systems

The boundary preserving properties of a fixed frequency Nyquist mapping from a compact, convex region of uncertainty inR" onto the Horowitz template are investigated via a topological approach. In the casen=2, the boundary preserving properties of the Nyquist mapping and its inverse are shown to be corollaries of the Brouwer domain invariance and the Caratheodory conformal invariance of the boundary. The casen>2 is derived from the casen=2 by taking many two-dimensional slices through the domain. Finally, the edge test results are examined in the light of the Brouwer domain invariance.
Logical Support in a Time-Varying Model

Techniques using logical dependencies as a means of monitoring the justifications of beliefs in a database have proved to be a valuable tool for automatic deduction and planning. A new technique for determining logical support dynamically within existing structure eliminates the need for declaring dependencies in clause form. Procedural specialists define the behavior of logical connectives and allow domain axioms to be expressed in a declarative form. The system uses dependency relationships in the world model to determine the consequences of actions and assumptions. The use of context layers in addition to dependencies remedies certain difficulties encoutered in previous modelling schemes, resulting in improved model accuracy following a state change.
Setting up Businesses in France and the USA:: A Cross Cultural Analysis

This article offers a cross-cultural analysis of the entrepreneurial environment in France and the USA. A principal observation is made: the United States has experienced a greater level of entrepreneurship in the recent and not so recent past than France. The author attempts to discover the aspects which are common to both models and those aspects specific to one or the other. Three main categories are suggested: economic, socio-cultural, and political. Contrary to accepted French political opinion, the author finds that the entrepreneurial gap is not linked to the problems inherent in the legal systems relating to business creation. The real causes are situated in the relative weakness of French economic growth, financial difficulties faced by small businesses, and differing perceptions of the entrepreneurial environment.
Provider-agency fit in addiction services organizations: implications for evidence-based practice implementation

Background Addiction services organizations have been slow to adopt and implement evidence-based practices (EBPs) for substance abuse and dependence. This is due in part to poor worker morale and organizational climates that are not conducive to successful learning and integration of these practices [1]. Person-organization fit theory suggests that alignment, or fit, between providerand agency-level characteristics involving the implementation of EBPs may influence provider morale and organizational learning climate and, thus, implementation success [2]. The current study hypothesized that discrepancies, or lack of fit, between providerand agency-level contextual factors would negatively predict provider morale and organizational learning climate, outcomes shown to be associated with successful EBP implementation.
HIV: Small Molecule Approaches

The human immunodeficiency retrovirus (HIV), recognized widely as the causative agent of AIDS, was discovered over 25 years ago and is one of the most highly studied viruses of all time. In the 1980s through the mid 1990s, only a few treatment options were available and contracting this virus usually resulted in death. Since the introduction in the mid-1990s of HAART (Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy), the disease has become manageable for many people who can tolerate the new drugs (1, 2). This review article will describe the way that the virus works and will highlight the many points of intervention and the small molecules that have been developed to stop the virus from replicating.
A high-resolution integrated hydrology-hydrodynamic model of the Barataria Basin system

The Barataria Basin, a bar-built estuarine system located directly west of the Mississippi Delta, has been experiencing a significant land loss, especially since the leveeing of the Mississippi River for flood control purposes in early 20th century. Recent efforts to alleviate the land loss problem include the construction of man-made freshwater diversion structure in order to divert river water as well as its associated suspended sediments from the Mississippi River into the Barataria Basin. In order to implement an ecologically friendly management plan of those diversions, a careful examination of the anticipated salinity alterations resulting from the operation of the diversions is required. A high-resolution (O(100m)), integrated hydrology-hydrodynamic model of the Barataria Basin has been developed to simulate the local hydrological cycle over the surrounding drainage basin and hydrodynamics within the basin. The integrated model is forced by observed tides coming from the Gulf of Mexico, local wind, rainfall and evaporation over the model domain, salinity and temperature estimated at the open boundary located offshore of the mouth of the bay. Estimated local precipitation and evaporation over the model domain provide hydrological forcing of the hydrological model, that in turn simulates local runoff into the hydrodynamic model. A novel feature of the hydrodynamic model is its use of a very accurate advection scheme, thus, enabling accurate simulation of salinity variations in response to changes in various hydrological forcing functions. A flood event that took place during the tropical storm Allison in June 2001 resulted in significant sea-level changes especially in the upstream region of the basin. The integrated model appears to be able to capture a significant portion of the observed sea-level variations during the flood. Significant effects on water level and salinity are observed in the multiply connected channels through the marsh in the vicinity of operating diversion structure and in the open waters downstream.
Design of an enhanced FOD inspection system for the aircraft assembly process

Foreign object debris is any object alien to an aircraft assembly component, examples include screws, fasteners, bottle caps, tools, and trash. Currently, visual inspection techniques are used to detect FOD. These methods, relying on line-of-sight, are time consuming (5- 10% shift time), costly ($13B direct costs annually) and subject to errors (i.e. 50% FOD remains undetected after inspection). Analysis of production data shows that a typical fighter jet production line with 26 assembly stations will experience one FOD event on average every 5.46 hours. An enhanced FOD detection system (FODXSYS) proposed combines X-ray imaging technology with differential imaging software. This system aims to improve efficiency and decrease production costs. A discrete event simulator [FODSIM] was developed to estimate the effect of FOD on aircraft production time, cost, and quality. There are 26 assembly processes modeled station-by-station. Historical FOD data was used to derive an inter-arrival time of FOD occurrences [Exponential (λ=0.0102 hours)],), and FOD rework times [Exponential (λ=9.51 hours)]. Analysis of FODSIM output indicates a savings of $8M; 5 years post implementation, and $18M after 10 years. A break-even analysis shows that an initial investment of $2M for 5 X-ray machines requires 5.5 years to reach a break-even point.
On the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses several formulations of the foundations of quantum mechanics and some of the mathematical problems arising from them. Most of the mathematicians dealing with the foundations of quantum mechanics have concerned themselves mainly with Hilbert space problems; one point they have brought out is the distinction between pure and mixed states. This chapter confines its attention to the pure states. The three formulations discussed in detail in the chapter are the Hilbert space formulation with unitary transition operators, the matrix-transition-probability -amplitude formulation, and the phase-space formulation. Each of these formulations is adequate for quantum mechanics. In Hilbert space formulation, the problem is usually specified by specification of the Hamiltonian and then solved by means of the Schrodinger equation. The phase-space formulation is formally much closer to stochastic processes than the other two approaches, but the important differences among them are apparent.
The Role of Related Party Transactions in Fraudulent Financial Reporting

Motivated by mixed findings in the auditing literature about the importance of related party transactions as red flags indicating potential fraud, this study examines 83 SEC enforcement actions involving both fraud and related party transactions. In addition to comparing the characteristics of firms in this sample with firms examined in other fraud studies, we describe generally how each type of related party transaction might potentially be used to misstate financial reports and then document the types of related party transactions actually occurring in these fraud cases. Overall, the most frequent type of transactions in the enforcement actions were loans to related parties, payments to company officers for services that were either unapproved or non-existent, and sales of goods or services to related entities in which the existence of the relationship was not disclosed. Misappropriation of the company's assets are most often related to transactions where the cash flow is outward, while instances of misstatement of financial reports are more often related to transactions where the cash flow is expected to be inward. Generally, related party transactions are not necessary as mechanisms for fraud, and their presence need not indicate fraudulent financial reporting. An implication is that it is important for the auditing profession to understand the benign nature of most related party transactions, the differentiating features between benign and fraudulent transactions, and the importance of evaluating a company's related party transactions in light of its broader corporate governance structure.
Genome-wide DNA hypomethylation and RNA:DNA hybrid accumulation in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome

Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS) is a severe childhood inflammatory disorder that shows clinical and genetic overlap with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). AGS is thought to arise from the accumulation of incompletely metabolized endogenous nucleic acid species owing to mutations in nucleic acid-degrading enzymes TREX1 (AGS1), RNase H2 (AGS2, 3 and 4), and SAMHD1 (AGS5). However, the identity and source of such immunogenic nucleic acid species remain undefined. Using genome-wide approaches, we show that fibroblasts from AGS patients with AGS1-5 mutations are burdened by excessive loads of RNA:DNA hybrids. Using MethylC-seq, we show that AGS fibroblasts display pronounced and global loss of DNA methylation and demonstrate that AGS-specific RNA:DNA hybrids often occur within DNA hypomethylated regions. Altogether, our data suggest that RNA:DNA hybrids may represent a common immunogenic form of nucleic acids in AGS and provide the first evidence of epigenetic perturbations in AGS, furthering the links between AGS and SLE.
On Geometry and Transformation in Map-Like Information Visualization

A number of visualization techniques have been put forward that implement a map metaphor to display abstract, non-georeferenced information. This paper refers to these as map-like information visualizations that are distinguished from other information visualization approaches in a number of ways. It interprets some of the principles underlying these techniques within a framework informed by geographic information science (GIScience). Recent geographic efforts in this research area have linked ideas about the nature of geographic information to cognitive schemata proposed by cognitive linguists. This paper draws on the arguments that have emerged from those efforts regarding the nature and usefulness of geographic metaphors. It proposes to discuss particular projection techniques, like multidimensional scaling or self-organizing maps, with reference to the geometric primitives they employ. These primitives will drive the choice of geometric and symbolic transformations that are necessary to achieve a particular visualization. Designers of map-like visualizations are thus challenged to seriously consider the implications of particular computational techniques and the consequences of symbolization choices.
General Method for Predicting Capture Zone Widths for PV-Powered Pump-and-Treat Systems Using PVWATTS and Basic Hydrogeologic Data

AbstractPump and treat (P&T) is one of the most commonly used technologies to remove and/or contain contaminated groundwater. An appropriate delineation of capture zones is necessary to design an effective P&T system. The study presented in this paper focuses on developing a feasibility level methodology to estimate capture zone widths for photovoltaic (PV)-powered P&T systems without energy storage throughout the continental United States as a function of daily average solar insolation data, transmissivity, and hydraulic gradient. Maps depicting predicted capture zone widths for specified transmissivity values and a hydraulic gradient are developed. The applicability of the developed methodology is illustrated with two actual sites where groundwater remediation has taken place. The methodology presented in this study can be used to assess the feasibility of PV-powered P&T systems without energy storage, in terms of capture zone width, anywhere within the continental United States. Detailed capture zone a...
Use of Lead Isotopes to Identify Sources of Metal and Metalloid Contaminants in Atmospheric Aerosol from Mining Operations

Mining operations are a potential source of metal and metalloid contamination by atmospheric particulate generated from smelting activities, as well as from erosion of mine tailings. In this work, we show how lead isotopes can be used for source apportionment of metal and metalloid contaminants from the site of an active copper mine. Analysis of atmospheric aerosol shows two distinct isotopic signatures: one prevalent in fine particles (<1μm aerodynamic diameter) while the other corresponds to coarse particles as well as particles in all size ranges from a nearby urban environment. The lead isotopic ratios found in the fine particles are equal to those of the mine that provides the ore to the smelter. Topsoil samples at the mining site show concentrations of Pb and As decreasing with distance from the smelter. Isotopic ratios for the sample closest to the smelter (650m) and from topsoil at all sample locations, extending to more than 1km from the smelter, were similar to those found in fine particles in atmospheric dust. The results validate the use of lead isotope signatures for source apportionment of metal and metalloid contaminants transported by atmospheric particulate.
Impact of cloud microphysical processes on hurricane intensity, part 1: Control run

The first part of the paper comprises of a control experiment and its forecasts validations with the observed. The PSU-NCAR mesoscale model MM5 was utilized at a horizontal resolution of 4 km using the data sets for hurricane Charley of 2004. The model configures some of the best available versions for physics and microphysical parameterizations schemes to produce forecasts which are close to the observed trend of hurricane Charley. The basic validations of the control run were carried out in terms of track, intensity (sea-level pressure and surface wind speed), storm propagation speed, precipitation and radar reflectivity with that of observed. The validations were necessary because this control experiment will be considered as a benchmark forecast for comparison with other microphysics sensitive experiments forecasts in the second part of this paper. In general, the control run forecasts closely comply with that of observed track and intensity of the hurricane Charley. We also note that control run manage to reproduce much of the important structural characteristics features of the hurricane as observed.
A Comparative Framework for Analyzing Urban Environmental Policy

Abstract Worldwide, for the first time the majority of people live in cities. This population concentration presents environmental policy challenges. To improve urban environmental policy making, researchers, policy makers and administrators must consider the many, interrelated issues of urban environmental policy. This paper presents a new framework designed to help analysts and others consider many facets of urban environmental policy. The framework is unusual in focusing attention on the policy system within a structure that combines emphasis on the natural and built systems with the social and governmental systems. It is designed to be general enough to allow comparative and cross-national use.
Ambiguous Loss and the Media Practices of Transnational Latina Teens: A Qualitative Study

Drawing on ethnographic data from a study with 17 working-class, transnational Latina teens, I examine the media practices they perform to cope with ambiguous loss. According to Pauline Boss (1993, 1999, 2006), ambiguous loss refers to a distinct type of loss that defies closure, such as the feelings of the family of a missing person. My findings suggest that Latina teens use media to recreate cultural spaces, bridge gaps between the familiar and the foreign, and sustain a sense of historical continuity. I argue that many of the teens' media practices are rituals of both bereavement and reincarnation; as such, media practices may be essential not only to successfully cope with ambiguous loss but also to develop resiliency and to construct transnational subjectivities.
The Impact of the Pennsylvania Sentencing Guidelines on Sex Differences in Sentencing

Although it has been argued that sentencing guidelines reduce the favorable treatment afforded female offenders, only one study has directly theoretically assessed the impact of guidelines on sente...