cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Young children's use of temporal and spatial order information in short-term memory

Abstract Encoding and retrieval of temporal and spatial order information was investigated in the free recall and probed recognition performance of 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-year-olds. In both tasks, three line drawings of familiar objects were presented successively in different spatial locations, so that temporal order was not confounded with spatial order. Subjects of all ages revealed an organization for the stimulus display based on the temporal sequence of presentation. With increasing age, subjects began recall more often with the first item so as to take advantage of this sequential organization. In the probed recognition task, subjects were asked questions requiring the use of temporal or spatial order information. Performance by the older subjects indicated that information about temporal and spatial order could be simultaneously encoded. The results are discussed in terms of a context theory derived from Estes's hierarchical association model.
VECT: an automatic visual Perl programming tool for nonprogrammers.

Modern high-throughput biological research produces enormous amount of data that must be processed by computers, but many biologists dealing with these data are not professional programmers. Despit...
Informational power: A means for increased control in channels of distribution

Informational power has received little empirical treatment in the distribution literature, possibly because the conceptual work on the topic is disjointed. This article clarifies the concept of informational power and differentiates it from others with which it is often confused. Channel member control through informational power is explained and its possible effects on a distribution relationship are discussed, Hypothesized links between informational power, control, cooperation, and satisfaction are tested in a lab study. The findings indicate that a channel member's control over another's strategy increases with its informational power source.
Improved alternatives to price multiple and earnings growth ratios used by bottom-up investors

To reduce large files of data into manageable subsets of stocks marked for further review, bottom-up investors utilize spreadsheet software to sort key financial ratios calculated for all equities contained within. Flaws associated with the commonly used price-to-earnings (PE), price-to-book (PB) and expected earnings growth (EG) ratios result in stocks incorrectly included in and excluded from the filtered subsamples. To eliminate these problems, two newly created and two existing ratios are proposed. Of these, the earnings growth yield (EGY) ratio provides the greatest improvement relative to its mainstream competitor. Specifically, EGY is superior to EG in proportionality, numerical interpretation and accuracy of bottom-up stock rankings. Value Line Investment Survey stock screener data is examined to exemplify the magnitude of EG’s interpretation and ranking irregularities, both of which are avoided by the EGY ratio.
A preliminary evaluation of HathiTrust metadata: assessing the sufficiency of legacy records

Print-based libraries use metadata (specifically MARC catalog records) for both bibliographic control and to support discovery through online public access catalogs. Depending on its accuracy, completeness, and detail, metadata can afford an aerial view of a collection's topical strengths, scope of coverage, and item-to-item relationships, but the view offered is in part a function of metadata design. Most MARC records were created to support management of large print collections and optimized to meet the requirements of library online public access catalogs. How well do pre-existing MARC records serve the discovery needs of scholars using a large-scale digital library hosting collections of retrospectively digitized books and serials? This paper reports on an ongoing assessment of the utility of the MARC-based metadata underlying the HathiTrust Digital Library and explores the implications for advanced computational access to texts in the HathiTrust. We consider here the utility of metadata to scholars creating worksets for analysis, examining three user scenarios, which were gleaned from an ongoing user-requirements study done for the HathiTrust Research Center: (1) using metadata fields in combination for corpus characterization and discovery; (2) relying on metadata to identify resources of interest; and (3) using bibliographies of known items to seed research worksets. Our goal is to better understand the need for metadata remediation and augmentation and assess the scope of additional work required.
Membrane thinning due to antimicrobial peptide binding: an atomic force microscopy study of MSI-78 in lipid bilayers.

The interaction of an antimicrobial peptide, MSI-78, with phospholipid bilayers has been investigated using atomic force microscopy, circular dichroism, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Binding of amphipathic peptide helices with their helical axis parallel to the membrane surface leads to membrane thinning. Atomic force microscopy of supported 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) bilayers in the presence of MSI-78 provides images of the membrane thinning process at a high spatial resolution. This data reveals that the membrane thickness is not reduced uniformly over the entire bilayer area. Instead, peptide binding leads to the formation of distinct domains where the bilayer thickness is reduced by 1.1 ± 0.2 nm. The data is interpreted using a previously published geometric model for the structure of the peptide-lipid domains. In this model, the peptides reside at the hydrophilic-hydrophobic boundary in the lipid headgroup region, which leads to an increased distance between lipid headgroups. This picture is consistent with concentration-dependent 31P and 2H NMR spectra of MSI-78 in mechanically aligned DMPC bilayers. Furthermore, 2H NMR experiments on DMPC-d54 multilamellar vesicles indicate that the acyl chains of DMPC are highly disordered in the presence of the peptide as is to be expected for the proposed structure of the peptide-lipid assembly.
Quest for Diversification: Should U.S. Investors Venture into European ETFs?

The recent explosion of country- and region-specific exchange-traded funds (ETFs) has given rise to some basic questions on how to select the right ETF for a specific purpose. ETFs gained tremendous popularity with individual investors and money managers due to their ability to provide investors with diversification at a very low cost of ownership. But just as mutual funds reached a saturation point, have ETFs also reached this point where few, if any, additional ETFs are providing diversification benefits? The question to be answered in the study is whether European ETFs with higher diversification benefits require a cost of ownership premium relative to other ETFs. Using a sample of European country-specific ETFs and continental Europe ETFs, the author finds that ETFs with high expense ratios and high turnover provided a positive and significant diversification benefit to investors. European ETFs with higher fees and turnover experienced lower levels of return correlation with the SPY over the last five years. Unfortunately, those higher expense ratios and turnover levels were not significant in explaining ETF performance, leaving investors with the difficult question, Where do European ETFs fit for an investor seeking diversification?
Kinetics of the degradation of isoamyl nitrite in ampuls I. Nature of reaction products and influence of temperature, oxygen, alcohol, water, and acid on the overall rate

Results of a kinetics study on the rate of degradation of both laboratory and commercial lots of isoamyl nitrite in sealed ampuls are presented. The reaction appears to be autocatalytic with an effective heat of activation of 20 kcal./mole. Commercial ampuls containing roughly O.33 ml. of the ester explode on developing from 7–12 ml. of by-product gases. Mass spectrometric and gas chromatographic analyses show that these consist largely of nitrogen, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and traces of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. Results obtained suggest that the first three gases are produced by a secondary reaction between nitric oxide and aldehyde. The liquid products appear to be a mixture consisting of at least twelve components including carboxylic ester, carboxylic acid, isoamyl alcohol, aldehyde, and isoamyl nitrate. The influences of water, acid, alcohol, oxygen, and certain additives on the overall degradative rate are also given.
Gas phase equilibria in the system Ga-As-Zn.

Optical absorption method to determine arsenic and zinc vapor pressure along liquidus lines in Ga- As-Zn ternary phase diagrams at various temperatures
Asymptotic Mean Squared Error Performance of Diagonally Loaded Capon-MVDR Processor

The asymptotic local mean squared error (MSE) performance of the Capon algorithm, a.k.a the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) spectral estimator, has been studied extensively by several authors. Stoica et al. [21], Vaidyanathan and Buckley [23], and Hawkes and Nehorai [11] have exploited Taylor’s theorem and complex gradient methods to provide accurate prediction of the Capon algorithm signal parameter estimate MSE performance. These predictions are valid (i) above the estimation threshold signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and (ii) provided a sufficient number of training samples is available for covariance estimation. The goal of this present analysis is to extend these results to the case in which the sample covariance matrix is diagonally loaded, as is often done in practice for regularization, stabilizing matrix inversion, and white noise gain control [7]. Recent advances in the theory of random matrices with large dimensions facilitate simple calculation of the required moments of the eigenvalues of several modified complex Wishart matrices including the inverse of the diagonally loaded case [14, 16]. This initial work focuses on the MSE prediction of angle estimates derived for the canonical case of single and multiple planewave signals in white noise.
Benign Biliary Tumors

This chapter discusses and illustrates benign biliary lesions, which include ciliated hepatic foregut cysts, biliary adenofibromas, solitary bile duct cysts, bile duct adenomas, and peribiliary cysts. Some of these bile duct lesions are congenital, while most are acquired conditions. These lesions can mimic other benign and malignant tumors and their diagnosis and differential is discussed.
Role of ozone in SOA formation from alkane photooxidation

Abstract. Long-chain alkanes, which can be categorized as intermediate volatility organic compounds, are an important source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Mechanisms for the gas-phase OH-initiated oxidation of long-chain alkanes have been well documented; particle-phase chemistry, however, has received less attention. The δ-hydroxycarbonyl, which is generated from the isomerization of alkoxy radicals, can undergo heterogeneous cyclization and dehydration to form substituted dihydrofuran. Due to the presence of C=C bonds, the substituted dihydrofuran is predicted to be highly reactive with OH, and even more so with O3 and NO3, thereby opening a reaction pathway that is not usually accessible to alkanes. This work focuses on the role of substituted dihydrofuran formation and its subsequent reaction with OH, and more importantly ozone, in SOA formation from the photooxidation of long-chain alkanes. Experiments were carried out in the Caltech Environmental Chamber using dodecane as a representative alkane to investigate the difference in aerosol composition generated from "OH-oxidation-dominating" vs. "ozonolysis-dominating" environments. A detailed mechanism incorporating the specific gas-phase photochemistry, together with the heterogeneous formation of substituted dihydrofuran and its subsequent gas-phase OH/O3 oxidation, is used to evaluate the importance of this reaction channel in dodecane SOA formation. We conclude that (1) the formation of δ-hydroxycarbonyl and its subsequent heterogeneous conversion to substituted dihydrofuran is significant in the presence of NOx; (2) the ozonolysis of substituted dihydrofuran dominates over the OH-initiated oxidation under conditions prevalent in urban and rural air; and (3) a spectrum of highly oxygenated products with carboxylic acid, ester, and ether functional groups are produced from the substituted dihydrofuran chemistry, thereby affecting the average oxidation state of the SOA.
Structure–based design and characterization of exocyclic peptidomimetics that inhibit TNFα binding to its receptor

Exocyclic small peptidomimetics corresponding to three critical binding sites of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor(l) have been designed based on atomic features deduced from the crystal structures of TNFα and the TNFβ/TNF-receptor(l) complex and a model of an anti-TNFα monoclonal antibody. TNFα antagonistic activities were evaluated by binding assays using soluble receptor or intact receptor on cells as well as an apoptosis/cytotoxicity assay. The most critical interaction site for rational design of peptidomimetics was localized to the Ioop1/domain3 of the TNF-receptor. The best antagonist showed 5 μM inhibition in the binding assay. Biologically, the mimetics inhibited TNFα-mediated apoptosis.
Climate impacts of energy technologies depend on emissions timing

There has been a rapid growth in the use of natural gas and biofuels. This study evaluates energy technologies against climate targets and shows that the impact of technologies that result in the emission of both methane and carbon dioxide depends on their time of use. The changes in climate impacts over time are large, with several technologies that are widely considered mitigation options becoming unfavourable within two decades.
Philosophy of Science: What are the Key Journals in the Field?

By means of a citation analysis I aim to determine which scholarly journals are most important in the sub-field of philosophy of science. My analysis shows that the six most important journals in the sub-field are Philosophy of Science, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, Journal of Philosophy, Synthese, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, and Erkenntnis. Given the data presented in this study, there is little evidence that there is such a field as the history and philosophy of science (HPS). Rather, philosophy of science is most properly conceived of as a sub-field of philosophy.
Noncontingent Reinforcement: An Inappropriate Description Of Time-Based Schedules That Reduce Behavior.

Several articles published recently in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis demonstrate that fixed-time (FT) schedules can be used to reduce troublesome behaviors (for a review of these and related articles, see Tucker, Sigafoos, & Bushell, 1998). In the first article in this series, Vollmer, Iwata, Zarcone, Smith, and Mazaleski (1993) demonstrated through functional analysis that the self-injurious behavior of 3 women was maintained by attention. Subsequently, they reduced the self-injurious behavior of those women by delivering attention under an FT schedule. They referred to the FT schedule as a noncontingent reinforcement procedure, and the name unfortunately has stuck. For example, in the most recent article in the series, Carr, Bailey, Ecot, Lucker, and Weil (1998) indicate that ‘‘In a noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) procedure, the reinforcer responsible for maintaining a problem behavior is delivered on a fixed-time (FT) or variable-time schedule’’ (p. 313). It is standard practice in behavior analysis to define reinforcement functionally, that is, as an operation or process in which the occurrence of a behavior is followed by a change in the environment (reinforcer) and as a result such behavior subsequently increases in rate, or is otherwise strengthened (e.g., Catania, 1991; Chance, 1998; Miltenberger, 1997). Operations that have other effects characteristically are not referred to as reinforcement. If this convention is followed, delivery of attention under an FT schedule did not constitute reinforcement in
Epidermal growth factor‐network signaling mediates luteinizing hormone regulation of BNP and CNP and their receptor NPR2 during porcine oocyte meiotic resumption

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) network, induced by luteinizing hormone (LH), plays an essential role during the regulation of oocyte maturation, cumulus expansion, and ovulation. Binding of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) to natriuretic receptor 2 (NPR2) generates cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), a key inhibitor that sustains porcine oocyte meiotic arrest. This correlation suggests that LH interacts with natriuretic-peptide signaling, possibly via the EGF network, to promote porcine meiotic resumption. In testing this hypothesis, we found that the majority of porcine oocytes remain arrested in the germinal-vesicle stage after 44 hr of co-culturing cumulus-oocyte complexes with 10(7) granulosa cells, which secreted active BNP and CNP; these natriuretic peptides associate with NPR2 on cumulus cells, thereby inhibiting porcine oocyte maturation. This inhibitory effect of BNP and CNP was relieved by EGF-like growth factors, whose expression naturally increases in granulosa cells 18 hr after human chorionic gonadotropin injection. LH and the EGF-like peptide amphiregulin (AREG) decreased BNP and CNP production in granulosa cells and down-regulated NPR2 expression in cumulus cells, which together decreased oocyte cGMP to levels that permit meiotic resumption. The effects of AREG on the gene expression of natriuretic-peptide signaling components and on oocyte maturation were completely blocked by the EGF receptor kinase inhibitor AG1478; the effect of LH, however, was only partially reversed by AG1478. Based on these results, LH regulates natriuretic-peptide signaling, although other pathways also cooperate with the EGF network to induce porcine oocyte maturation.
Social media picture posting and souvenir purchasing behavior: Some initial findings

Abstract Almost one-half of pleasure travelers post travel pictures on social networking sites ( Lo, McKercher, Lo, Cheung, & Law, 2011 ). Hence, this research explores whether travelers who post pictures on a social media site(s) of their trip otherwise known as ‘trip picture posters’ (TPPs) have different souvenir purchasing behaviors than those who do not engage in trip picture posting (non-TPPs). Findings indicate that TPPs are more apt to use souvenirs as gifts and souvenirs as evidence than non-TPPs. Further TPPs are more prone to purchase local and regional specialty items than non-TPPs. From a theory-building perspective, this study is one of the initial attempts to cross-pollinate the research streams of souvenir purchase behavior and social media usage. From a practical lens, these findings suggest that TPPs should be targeted with specific souvenir promotions.
Hepatocyte handling of immunoglobulin A in the rat: the role of microtubules.

Plasma-derived dimeric immunoglobulin A is transported through liver parenchymal cells into bile, in association with its glycoprotein receptor secretory component, by a vesicular transport system. This study was designed to determine the effects of colchicine, a microtubule-disrupting agent, and thus the role of microtubules on the uptake, intracellular transport, and subsequent biliary secretion of dimeric immunoglobulin A. In vivo studies in rats showed that colchicine treatment reduced the amount of intraportally injected 125I-dimeric immunoglobulin A that appeared in the bile. It was also found that although the livers in colchicine-treated animals could sequester and internalize immunoglobulin A, it was not readily secreted into bile. In vitro studies using peroxiduse-labeled antisecretory component and 125I-dimeric immunoglobulin A autoradiography were both used to determine the site of this block in immunoglobulin A secretion. These studies demonstrate that colchicine disruption of microtubules (a) has little initial effect on the binding and internalization of dimeric immunoglobulin A; (b) has a major effect on the translocation of immunoglobulin A-containing vesicles within the hepatocyte, and (c) most likely prevents the translocation of newly synthesized secretory component to the plasma membrane.
Routing impact in highly dynamic mesh networks of RF and FSO links

Applications such as situational awareness are becoming more prevalent in highly dynamic tactical mesh networks and are placing high demand on existing RF network capacity. These applications require high aggregate data capacity but have some flexibility in packet by packet latency. Combined Radio Frequency and Free Space Optical communication within a heavily scintillated atmospheric path behaves as an RF link augmented by an optical link. Such link scenarios are found in near-earth paths within a network where high link availability is required but the aggregate data rate, although high, is flexible and has a dynamic range much wider than seen in traditional terrestrial networks.
Studies on the Biology of the Periodontium of Marmosets: IX. Effect of Parathyroid Hormone on the Alveolar Bone of Marmosets Pretreated with Fluoridated and Nonfluoridated Drinking Water

The alveolar bone of the marmoset is exceedingly vulnerable to the resorption induced by excessive amounts of parathyroid hormone. Inclusion of 50 ppm fluoride in the drinking water of the marmosets for five months resulted in a histologically measurable degree of protection against the bone-destroying proclivity of the hormone.
DNA Methylation in Anal Intraepithelial Lesions and Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia is associated with human papillomavirus infection and may progress to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which is increasing in immunocompromised patients. We hypothesize that anal intraepithelial neoplasia is associated with abnormal DNA methylation and that detection of these events may be used to improve screening programs. Experimental Design: Seventy-six patients were identified who underwent anal cytology screening and subsequent biopsy at our institution between 1999 and 2004. The specimens from these patients included 184 anal biopsies [normal, n = 57; low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), n = 74; high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), n = 41; and invasive SCC, n = 12] and 37 residual liquid-based anal cytology specimens (normal, n = 11; LSIL, n = 12; HSIL, n = 14). The methylation status of the following genes was determined for each biopsy and cytology sample using real-time methylation-specific PCR: HIC1, RASSF1, RARB, CDKN2A, p14, TP73, APC, MLH1, MGMT, DAPK1 , and IGSF4 . Results: Methylation-specific PCR analysis of biopsy samples revealed that DNA methylation was more common in SCC and HSIL than LSIL and normal mucosa. Specifically, methylation of IGSF4 and DAPK1 was prevalent in SCC (75% and 75% of cases, respectively) and HSIL (59% and 71%, respectively) but was absent in LSIL and normal biopsy samples. Methylation profiles of cytologic samples were similar to those found in the biopsy samples. Conclusions: Aberrant DNA methylation is a frequent event in anal HSIL and SCC. Methylation of IGSF4 and DAPK1 is specific for HSIL and SCC, and may serve as a useful molecular biomarker.
Renal transplantation following previous heart, liver, and lung transplantation: An 8-year single-center experience

Abstract Background. Long-term follow-up of heart, liver, and lung transplantation has led to an increased recognition of secondary end-stage renal failure (ESRF) in transplant recipients. This study examines our center's experience with renal transplantation following previous solid organ transplantation. Methods. From January 1, 1992, to September 30, 1999, our center performed 18 renal transplants in previous solid organ recipients. During the same period, 815 total renal transplants were performed. One- and 3-year graft and patient survival, recipient demographics, donor type, and reason for transplantation were compared between these groups. Results. Of the 18 recipients, 7 had prior heart transplants, 4 had prior liver transplants, and 7 had prior lung transplants. Cyclosporine toxicity contributed to renal failure in 17 (94.4%) of the patients—either as a sole factor (11 patients) or in combination with hypertension, renal artery stenosis, or tacrolimus toxicity (6 patients). Kaplan-Meier 1- and 3-year patient survival was 82.9% and 73.7%, compared with 95.5% and 90.7% in all renal transplant recipients. No surviving patient has suffered renal allograft loss. Mean current creatinine level is 1.4 mg/dL. Conclusions. Renal transplantation is an excellent therapy for ESRF following prior solid organ transplantation. One and 3-year patient and graft survival demonstrate the utility of renal transplantation in this patient population. (Surgery 2001;130:457-62.)
Transfer Ribonucleic Acids in the Developing Brain: The Effect of the Convulsant Methionine Sulfoximine on tRNA Function

Effects of the convulsant L-methionine-dl-sulfoximine (MSO) on brain transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNAs) were discovered through a comparative biochemical analysis of tRNAs from control and MSO-treated (150 mg/kg, single dose) 3-day old rats. The study of the in vitro formation of aminoacyl-tRNA, the key intermediate in translation, coupled with benzoylated-DEAE cellulose (BCD) chromatography of control and MSO-tRNAs, revealed a relationship between the molecular structure of tRNA, as affected by MSO, and its function in amino acid acceptance. Post-charging of tRNA following BDC chromatography revealed 3 tRNAphe and 3 tRNAlys isoacceptors in control brains. The administration of MSO resulted in a significant alteration of the mobility of all 6 isoacceptors on BDC and in a marked reduction of their aminoacylating capacity when compared to control molecules. The MSO-elicited impairment of aminoacyl-tRNA formation was studied using both liver (heterologous) and brain (homologous) aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase preparations. Acceptance of lysine and phenylalanine by MSOtRNA was uniformly lower than acceptance by control tRNA and was reflected by a drop in the Vmax values for the two amino acids. Different optima for[K+] and [CTP] were also found when phenylalanine acceptance by control and MSO-tRNA was compared.
Revisiting the Supply-Side Equity Risk Premium

There is an ongoing debate regarding whether the observed historical equity risk premium is too high to serve as a benchmark for forward-looking equity risk premium. To obtain estimates of forward-looking equity risk premium, a number of models have been proposed that link equity returns to the production of the real economy – the supply-side equity risk premium models. The supply-side models do not take into account any expected growth in the price-to-earnings (“P/E”) ratio because the models assume that the growth in the multiple is not related to actual economic activity. We show that the measures of supply-side equity risk premium that ignore growth in the P/E ratio are likely to be biased downward. This is because a part of the evolution in the P/E multiple can be associated with changes in technological innovation in the economy. Using patent grants as a proxy for technological innovation, we find that a non-trivial fraction of P/E ratio growth can be attributed to the growth of technology innovation, which we posit contributes towards the generation of returns. We also investigate the extent to which the P/E ratio is mean reverting and find that the actual process is consistent with our finding of a relationship between changes in P/E and technological evolution. Our findings suggest that the supply-side equity risk premium should be used with caution as it eliminates a non-trivial portion of returns that seem related to the “supply-side” of the economy.
Regulation of Blood Pressure, Appetite, and Glucose by CNS Melanocortin System in Hyperandrogenemic Female SHR.

BACKGROUND Hyperandrogenemia in females may be associated with sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation and increased blood pressure (BP). However the importance of hyperandrogenemia in causing hypertension in females and the mechanisms involved are still unclear. We tested whether chronic hyperandrogenemia exacerbates hypertension in young female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and whether endogenous melanocortin-3/4 receptor (MC3/4R) activation contributes to the elevated BP. METHODS Cardiovascular and metabolic effects of chronic MC3/4R antagonism were assessed in female SHR treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT, beginning at 5 weeks of age) and placebo-treated female SHR. BP and heart rate (HR) were measured by telemetry and an intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannula was placed in the lateral ventricle for infusions. After control measurements, the MC3/4R antagonist (SHU-9119) was infused for 10 days (1 nmol/hour, ICV, at 15 weeks of age) followed by a 5-day recovery period. RESULTS MC3/4R antagonism increased food intake and body weight in DHT-treated SHR (14±1 to 35±1g/day and 244±3 to 298±8g) and controls (14±1 to 34±2g/day and 207±4 to 269±8g). Compared to untreated SHR, DHT-treated SHR had similar BP but lower HR (146±3 vs. 142±4mm Hg and 316±2 vs. 363±4 bpm). Chronic SHU-9119 infusion reduced BP and HR in DHT-treated SHR (-12±2mm Hg and -14±4 bpm) and control female SHR (-19±2mm Hg and -21±6 bpm). CONCLUSION These results indicate that hyperandrogenemia does not exacerbate hypertension in female SHR. MC3/4R antagonism reduces BP and HR despite marked increases in food intake and body weight in hyperandrogenemic and control female SHR.
Hämodynamische Folgen einer saluretischen Langzeittherapie der Hypertonie

An der antihypertensiven Wirkung der Thiaziddiuretica sind neben anderen Mechanismen eine Abnahme des Plasmavolumens (PV) und moglicherweise des Herzzeitvolumens (CI) beteiligt. Aus alteren Befunden hat man geschlossen, das PV [1] und CI [1, 7] nur vorubergehend abnehmen und sich nach Wochen wieder normalisieren. Dagegen wurde in den letzten Jahren mehrfach eine anhaltende Reduktion des PV auch unter Langzeittherapie festgestellt [2, 3, 6]. Im Anschlus an den tierexperimentellen Nachweis einer engen Parallelitat zwischen Volumenanderungen und Anderungen des CI in der ersten Phase der Thiazidwirkung [4] sollten diese Faktoren und ihre Beziehung zur antihypertensiven Wirkung einer Langzeittherapie mit Thiaziden untersucht werden.
From the Perspective of Marxism in China:Analysis the Economic Theory of CHEN Yun

CHEN Yun as an important member of the central leadership,Who has contributed to china' economic development greatly.It's economic theory rich the Marx' Materialist dialectics,develop the economic theory of Marx,implement the mass viewpoint and line of Materialism.From the perspective of Marxism in china,comprehensively analysis the economic theory of CHEN Yun which has great theoretical and practical significance.
Behavioral and neurophysiological effects of CNS expression of cytokines in transgenic mice.

Numerous studies have documented the altered expression of various cytokines or their genes in the brain in a variety of central nervous system (CNS) pathologic states such as multiple sclerosis (MS), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) encephalopathy, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, scrapie (spongiform encephalopathy), other infectious diseases and trauma. Whether the presence of cytokines in these neuropathologic states represents a primary or secondary event and the extent to which these factors may contribute to the development and progression of clinicopathologic alterations in these disorders remains largely unknown. We have focused on these issues by utilizing a transgenic approach to direct the constitutive expression of a variety of cytokines to astrocytes in the intact CNS of mice.1–4 Transgenic expression of cytokines in the CNS of mice allows not only the investigation of complex cellular responses at a localized level in the intact brain, but also more closely recapitulates the expression of these mediators as found in pathogenetic states.
Prediction of retention at historically black college/university using artificial neural networks

Identification of students at risk is crucial part of early intervention strategies that can lead to improvement of first year retention rates and increase of students' success at a historically black college or university. We investigate the application of multilayer perceptron to provide prediction of students' retention based on attributes available at the students' enrollment and after the first semester. The accurate classification is possible when a proper number of hidden nodes is selected, using a set of variables that include students' major, the amount of unmet financial needs, father's and mother's education level, the results of standardized tests (SAT) and students' success at high school. The classification accuracy significantly increases after the first semester data (number of credit hours passed and GPA) become available.
Story generation with crowdsourced plot graphs

Story generation is the problem of automatically selecting a sequence of events that meet a set of criteria and can be told as a story. Story generation is knowledge-intensive; traditional story generators rely on a priori defined domain models about fictional worlds, including characters, places, and actions that can be performed. Manually authoring the domain models is costly and thus not scalable. We present a novel class of story generation system that can generate stories in an unknown domain. Our system (a) automatically learns a domain model by crowdsourcing a corpus of narrative examples and (b) generates stories by sampling from the space defined by the domain model. A large-scale evaluation shows that stories generated by our system for a previously unknown topic are comparable in quality to simple stories authored by untrained humans.
Emphasizing Bloom's Affective Domain to Reduce Pharmacy Students' Stigmatizing Attitudes

Objective. To create a learning environment using Bloom's affective domain as a framework that would reduce third-year pharmacy students' stigmatizing attitudes toward patients with mental illness. Design. Prior to the start of the module, students were asked to complete the 27-question Attribution Questionnaire Short Form (AQ-27). The teaching approach and in-class activities were designed to allow students' to experience the major categories within Bloom's affective domain. The module used patient cases, interactive-learning activities, and reflective discussions to augment pharmacological and therapeutic knowledge with a humanistic understanding of mental illness. Students were asked to retake the AQ-27 after completing the module. Assessment. Paired responses on the AQ-27 were reported for 74 of 104 students, which represents a response rate of 71.2%. Students' scores changed significantly on nine of the 27 questions. Students' attitudes pre- to post-module revealed a significant increase in the help construct, while there was a significant decrease in the dangerousness and fear constructs. Conclusion. Designing and implementing a course along the continuum of Bloom's affective domain resulted in appropriate changes in students' attitudes toward patients with mental illness.
Air quality study in the coastal city of Crotone (Southern Italy) hosting a small-size harbor

Particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), n-alkanes, and gaseous pollutants were collected from the harbor and the urban area of Crotone (Southern Italy) in October 2015. The atmospheric concentrations of organic substances associated to PM10 were determined daily, while gaseous pollutants (BTEX, O3, SO2, NOx, NO2, and NH3) were monitored on monthly basis by means of diffusive sampling. Total PAHs reached, on the average, 1.56 ± 0.72, 0.33 ± 0.14, and 0.59 ± 0.37 ng/m3 at the urban monitoring stations (Fiore, Fermi) and at the harbor, respectively. The percent distribution and diagnostic concentration ratios of PAHs were similar at Fermi and harbor, whereas differences were found through comparison with Fiore site. Biogenic n-alkanes (n-C29, and n-C31) were the most abundant components, indicating the important impact of terrestrial higher plants in all sites. On the other hand, n-C23-n-C25 homologs originated from incomplete combustion of fossil fuel were not negligible (CPI2.5 = 2.4) in harbor, confirming the role of anthropogenic sources there. Inside the harbor, SO2 concentrations ranged from 5.6 to 14.8 μg/m3 showing the maximum value within the old part of the harbor (touristic port). A statistical significant difference between the harbor and the surroundings was indeed observed for this pollutant, which is a specific marker of ship emissions. The other gaseous species monitored did not exhibit the same distribution, with exception of NH3 and benzene, whose concentration values ranged from 2.8 to 6.9 μg/m3 and 0.3 to 1.4 μg/m3, respectively, and peaked at the same harbor site. Similarities were found in NOx, NO2, and O3 concentration distributions, showing high values in the New Port area.
Ultrasonic flaw detection based on temporal and spectral signals applied to neural network

Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) uses high frequency acoustic waves to evaluate materials, and often signal processing is required to detect echoes from defects in the presence of micro-structure scattering noise. Scattering noise is known as the clutter. The clutter interferes with the flaw signal and cannot be completely separated from it by using conventional signal processing methods such as subband filtering. In this paper, a Neural Network (NN) is used for ultrasonic flaw echo detection using two different methods to design and train the networks. The first method is based on pattern recognition in time domain. The second algorithm is a combination of the Split Spectrum Processing (SSP) and NN. Eight frequency components are extracted from the original signal to train the NN. Both algorithms have reliable accuracy for target echo detection. The feasibility of using machine learning algorithms for material characterization and signal analysis is also discussed.
Insect-Pathogen Relationships

The insects, the most abundant and diverse animal group on earth, are associated with a tremendous number of microorganisms. As with other eukaryotic systems, the symbiotic associations among different insects and microbes may be classified as mutualistic, commensalistic, saprophytic, or parasitic. Mutualistic relationships provide benefit to both the host insect and the microbe. In fact, some of the best-studied models of animal-microbe mutualism involve insects (Schwenamber and Gassner, 1989). The mutualistic microbes, the endosymbionts(endocytobionts), the exocellular tissue-associated symbionts, and the ectosymbionts, are often associated with insects which possess specialized feeding habits. For example, virtually all of the plant-sucking Homopterans and many of the cellulose-feeding and blood-feeding insects harbor endosymbionts (Table 1-1). Various termites utilize exocellular tissue-associated symbionts to assist in the processing of ingested cellulose. The mushroom farmers, leaf-cutting ants, macrotermites, ambrosia beetles, and siricid wasps consume ectosymbionts as a major component of their diet. Nutrient supplementation is the function commonly affiliated with these insect-microbe interactions. However, these microbes may play a key role in the development, speciation, and sex determination of host insects. For example, the endosymbiotic Wolbachia, commonly found in many insects, are believed to play a key role in speciation (see Chapter 6). The endosymbionts exist within specialized cells, mycetocytes, or the tissues, mycetomes, and are intimately associated with various host tissues. These associations are common and are found in ∼ 10% of insect species. The majority of endosymbionts are characterized as gram negative pleomorphic bacteria. Genetic analysis suggests that these primitive organisms may be linked to eukaryotic organelles (mitochondria). Treatment of insects with heat shock, antibiotics, or lysozyme may produce symbiont-free aposymbionts which have been useful in deciphering the contributions made by these microbes. For example, aposymbiotic aphids lacking the nutrients provided by the microbes fail to reproduce.
Trigatron Spark Gaps

The trigatron spark gap was first described by Craggs et al., (1946). Since that time, the device has found wide application as a demand triggered, high voltage switch. In separate applications, trigatrons have been used to switch voltages ranging between several kV (Craggs et al., 1946, Wilkinson, 1946) and several MV (Broadbent, 1957; Broadbent and Shlash, 1963, Markins, 1971).
Effect of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on Lymphocyte Populations in Mice

The effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on the immune system remains a relatively unexplored area of research. In humans, children diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) have been reported to be immune-deficient with respect to both T-and B-lymphocytes (1,2). Given that factors such as protein malnutrition (3) or zinc deficiency (4) can have profound effects on the developing immune system, and the known association of alcoholism with poor nutrition, it is important to use animal models in which nutrition as well as other variables can be controlled. The mouse has been used as a model of prenatal alcohol exposure by teratologists for a number of years (5,6). Furthermore, mice are well-characterized immunologically. We have therefore used a mouse model of prenatal ethanol exposure, in which pregnant C57BL/6 mice are fed a complete liquid diet containing ethanol.
Good and Evil

In different works, and in different contexts of the same work, Spinoza has made differing statements about the nature of good and evil, creating an appearance at times of inconsistency and at least of confusion. But once again this is only appearance, for the differing accounts are not incompatible and each statement can be given its appropriate place in his system so that they can be seen to cohere. I shall begin by listing and explaining these apparently diverse accounts and shall then show how they fit together in a comprehensive grasp of Spinoza’s total system.
Virtual Reality and the Syrian Refugee Camps: Humanitarian Communication and the Politics of Empathy

In recent years, virtual reality (VR) has gained traction in humanitarian communication through its utopian promises of copresence, experiential immediacy, and transcendence. I analyze three communication texts that engage with the Syrian refugee crisis. Two were made using immersive technology, and one is a traditional documentary. The article argues that VR brings new techniques of experiential immediacy to the practice of humanitarian communication, but it also uses meaning-making codes in the simulations of other peoples and spaces. Therefore, VR remains subject to the operations of dominant ideologies. Comparing these artifacts, the article demonstrates that although immersive technologies foreground the primacy of nonmediation, ignoring the structures of representation defangs the political possibilities of humanitarian communication.
Superior isolation of antigen-specific brain infiltrating T cells using manual homogenization technique

Effective recovery of activated brain infiltrating lymphocytes is critical for research investigations involving murine neuroimmunological disease models. To optimize lymphocyte recovery, we compared isolation methods using brains harvested from 7 day Theiler’s virus infected mice. Brains were processed using either a mechanical dounce based approach or were enzymatically digested using type IV collagenase. The resulting cell suspensions from these two techniques were transferred to a Percoll gradient, centrifuged, and lymphocytes were recovered. Flow cytometric analysis of CD45 hi cells showed greater percentage of CD44 hi CD62 lo activated lymphocytes using dounce method. Also, a 3-fold greater recovery of activated virus specific CD8 T cells for the immunodominant virus epitopes D b : VP2 121-130 and K b : OVA 257-264 was achieved through mechanical dounce homogenization approach as compared to collagenase digest. Greater percentage of viable cells was also achieved with the dounce homogenization. We therefore conclude that manual homogenization is a superior approach to isolate activated T cells from the mouse brain.
Nonlinear programing techniques in the design of airplane stability augmentation systems

Nonlinear digital programming techniques for airplane stability augmentation systems design
Editorial on expanded indications for robotic surgery in stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer.

The authors present their operative technique of a three-arm robot assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with N2 disease using the da Vinci S system. They utilize 3 small robotic incisions and a utility incision. Cheng et al . have a large experience with this technique, having performed over 1,000 lung resections since 2009. This is a modification of the original description put forth by Park et al . for a robotic assisted lobectomy, which utilized 2 small incisions and a utility incision (1), and a variation of the four-arm technique described by Veronesi et al . (2). Here, the authors state that their technique has the benefit of minimizing the use of unnecessary arms and instruments, use of only 4 incisions (instead of 5 with the four arm technique as has become more common recently), and no need for undocking of the arms to remove specimens.
Kinome screen of ferroptosis reveals a novel role of ATM in regulating iron metabolism

Ferroptosis is a specialized iron-dependent cell death that is associated with lethal lipid peroxidation. Modulation of ferroptosis may have therapeutic potential since it has been implicated in various human diseases as well as potential antitumor activities. However, much remains unknown about the underlying mechanisms and genetic determinants of ferroptosis. Given the critical role of kinases in most biological processes and the availability of various kinase inhibitors, we sought to systemically identify kinases essential for ferroptosis. We performed a forward genetic-based kinome screen against ferroptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells triggered by cystine deprivation. This screen identified 34 essential kinases involved in TNFα and NF-kB signaling. Unexpectedly, the DNA damage response serine/threonine kinase ATM (mutated in Ataxia-Telangiectasia) was found to be essential for ferroptosis. The pharmacological or genetic inhibition of ATM consistently rescued multiple cancer cells from ferroptosis triggered by cystine deprivation or erastin. Instead of the canonical DNA damage pathways, ATM inhibition rescued ferroptosis by increasing the expression of iron regulators involved in iron storage (ferritin heavy and light chain, FTH1 and FTL) and export (ferroportin, FPN1). The coordinated changes of these iron regulators during ATM inhibition resulted in a lowering of labile iron and prevented the iron-dependent ferroptosis. Furthermore, we found that ATM inhibition enhanced the nuclear translocation of metal-regulatory transcription factor 1 (MTF1), responsible for regulating expression of Ferritin/FPN1 and ferroptosis protection. Genetic depletion of MTF-1 abolished the regulation of iron-regulatory elements by ATM and resensitized the cells to ferroptosis. Together, we have identified an unexpected ATM-MTF1-Ferritin/FPN1 regulatory axis as novel determinants of ferroptosis through regulating labile iron levels.