cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review: Santa Maria Antiqua tra Roma e Bisanzio, and Santa Maria Antiqua tra Roma e Bisanzio, by Maria Andaloro, Giulia Bordi, and Giuseppe Morganti

Santa Maria Antiqua tra Roma e Bisanzio , Santa Maria Antiqua, Rome, Italy. 17 March – 11 September, 2016. 8 December, 2016 – 19 March, 2017. Maria Andaloro, Giulia Bordi, and Giuseppe Morganti. Santa Maria Antiqua tra Roma e Bisanzio . Milan: Electa, 2016. 414 pages, ill. € 50. ISBN: 9788891807762 8891807761. In 2004 Leslie Brubaker made a rather somber joke about the church of Santa Maria Antiqua, saying that it had been the victim of “one hundred years of solitude,” an allusion the fact that, since the discovery of the church in 1900 by Giacomo Boni, its walls had been all but shut to the public.1 Recently, however, the church was the site of a major exhibition, thus ending that long period of isolation. Visitors were finally able to experience and study the medieval paintings, many of which were beautifully explained through a series of videos projected on the walls. The church has a history of hiding, even though it is in a very public and prominent part of Rome—along the northwestern slope of the Palatine Hill, in the southwestern zone of the Roman Forum. The church was first constructed at the end of the fifth century C.E. At least five popes were involved in decorating the church,2 often superimposing the frescoes from their campaign directly on top of previous ones. One famous example of this superimposition is the “palimpsest wall,” with its seven layers of paintings ( Fig. 1 ).3 The painting and repainting might have continued, but in 847 an earthquake destroyed so much of the church that it was abandoned. Ultimately covered by a Baroque church in 1617, the remains of Santa Maria Antiqua were all but forgotten. Scholars knew of the church from descriptions in the Liber Pontificalis , but it remained undiscovered until Boni's turn-of-the-century excavations. Fig. 1. Palimpsest Wall, Santa Maria Antiqua, Rome, Italy. Photo by Annie Labatt. Much research and conservation has been underway behind those closed doors since the discovery by Boni. However, the frescoes painted between the sixth to the ninth centuries were relatively unknown, which is ironic since hordes of visitors …
Challenges and Opportunities in Reading Instruction for Children with Limited Speech.

The ability to read has implications for communication development for individuals who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems. Access to print for generative language provides a flexible system in which an individual can create novel messages and interact with his or her family, friends, and peers. Several challenges in reading instruction inherently exist for individuals who have limitations in speech ability. Reading instruction is becoming increasingly more accessible with current advances in technology; however, several challenges remain regarding the creation of accessible learning environments, assessment tools, and reading intervention strategies for children with limited speech. The current article provides an overview of the role of the speech-language pathologist in reading instruction and particularly addresses children’s need for more experience with instruction in phonological awareness and decoding, an area that has presented the greatest challenge in access to reading instruction for individuals who use AAC. Several considerations are presented to increase access to instruction with directions for future research highlighted.
The Growth of Health Spending in the USA: 1776 to 2026

This review utilizes a number of historical and contemporary sources to trace the growth of national health expenditures in the United States from 1776 to 2026, supporting four empirical generalizations: 1) Peak rates of growth occurred during the decade 1960-1970 as the modern national health system took shape. This surge in spending was fostered by large public investments in workforce training, buildings, equipment and research and began prior to the implementation of Medicare and Medicaid. 2) Growth was significantly more rapid from 1975-1995 than from 1995-2015 for reasons that are not fully clear. 3) The health share of GDP was almost constant near 4% from 1930-1955 despite major advances in technology, organization and financing. 4) There are lags between macroeconomic fluctuations and corresponding changes in health expenditure. Examination of annual data can estimate business cycle lags on the order of 3 to 6 years with confidence. However, there may also be low-frequency lags over multiple decades that cannot yet be clearly delineated with the available data. Modern medical care in 2015 is still recognizably close in form to the 1970 version, much more so than medical practice in 1970 was to that in 1930 or 1945. Highly organized and regulated, with academic medical centers at the core, there is “almost” universal insurance coverage for more than 80% of the population that subsidizes a safety net for the remainder. This patchwork of public and private insurance has cracked and frayed as the health share of GDP expanded toward 20% of GDP making the current system appear unsustainable and portending major revisions within the next twenty years. Issues regarding measurement of national health expenditures, market definition, temporal dynamics, and decomposition are discussed. Appendices provide information on data sources and modeling.
Azaadamantyl nitroxide spin label: complexation with β-cyclodextrin and electron spin relaxation

AbstractAn iodoacetamide azaadamantyl spin label was studied in fluid solution and in 9:1 trehalose:sucrose glass. In 9:1 toluene:CH2Cl2 solution at 293 K, the isotropic nitrogen hyperfine coupling is 19.2 G, T1 is 0.37 µs and T2 is 0.30–0.35 µs. Between about 80 and 150 K 1/Tm in 9:1 trehalose:sucrose is approximately independent of temperature demonstrating that the absence of methyl groups decreases 1/Tm relative to that which is observed in spin labels with methyl groups on the alpha carbons. Spin lattice relaxation rates between about 80 and 293 K in 9:1 trehalose:sucrose are similar to those observed for other nitroxide spin labels, consistent with the expectation that relaxation is dominated by Raman and local mode processes. Although complexation of the azaadamantyl spin label with β-cyclodextrin slows tumbling in aqueous solution by about a factor of 10, it has little impact on 1/T1 or 1/Tm in 9:1 trehalose:sucrose between 80 and 293 K.
Aspects of the Economics of Organization with Application to Corporate Governance

Abstract This chapter provides a critical review and survey of aspects of formal and informal contracting particularly relevant to the study of corporate governance. Two types of modeling, hidden-information agency and informal (relational) contracting that are perhaps under-utilized in governance research are covered, as well as the more commonly used hidden-action agency model. The strengths and weaknesses of these models, their sometimes contradictory predictions, and their relation to empirical work are all touched upon.
Teaching (and Learning) Introductory Chemistry Courses in Context: A 40-Year Reflection

When instructors teach chemistry using real-world contexts, they weave connections between chemistry and the large public issues of our world. They also weave connections between chemistry and the smaller – but equally significant – personal issues in the lives of their students. Teaching and learning chemistry in real world contexts is not new; rather, it is a well-established practice backed by research on how people learn. What has one college chemistry instructor (and her students) learned over the past 40 years? The answer to this question is multi-dimensional, involving teaching philosophy, learning outcomes, changing contexts, changing content, and bringing the content and the contexts together. In answering this question, this paper employs air quality and plastics as examples of two real-world contexts that can engage students in learning chemistry through the “big questions” in our world today.
Epilogue: In an October of Another Year

Constructing Catalan Identity does not promote Catalanism. Its aim is to show how things are, not how things should be. Nevertheless, by ending with a look at the present crisis in Spain, it recognizes that the Catalan people have achieved, again, a moral victory. Recent attempts by Catalans to express their wishes in a plebiscite have been squelched by a nation-state that shows less interest in democratic values than in autocratic defense of a legal apparatus that subverts freedoms. This epilogue considers what the future may hold.
Can We Change Our Mind About Caring for Others? The Neuroscience of Systematic Compassion Training

Abstract There is a growing body of compelling empirical evidence for the efficacy of short- and long-term systematic compassion training. This chapter reviews the current scientific literature on the neurobiological correlates and putative consequences of these interventions. Despite much excellent work being done, research in this complex area of study is still very much in the nascent stage of development. There are many complex issues related to comparing findings across labs, across specific studies, as well as when comparing specific types of compassion training. Therefore, we will review and attempt to integrate specific neurobiological research findings from expert meditators practicing compassion in the context of Tibetan Buddhism, as well as findings from secularized and shorter term training programs (e.g., Cognitively-Based Compassion Training [CBCT], Compassion Cultivation Training [CCT], and Project for Empathy and Compassion Education [PEACE]). Additionally, a series of brain maps provide graphical summaries of these complex neurobiological findings. But, we will also pay particular attention to important issues regarding interpretation of data from this research, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) methodological and analytical questions, interpretation of neuroplasticity data, causal inference from data, and interpretation of gender differences.
mHealth solutions for early interventions after trauma: improvements and considerations for assessment and intervention throughout the acute post-trauma period

Interventions administered shortly after a traumatic event have the potential to prevent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related mental health conditions. A key challenge in delivering such interventions is understanding how PTSD symptoms develop in the acute post-trauma period, defined as the first 30 days after a trauma. Mobile devices have the potential to transform the way symptoms are assessed and how treatment is delivered in that they can capture the dynamic and nuanced nature of symptom progression after trauma. Symptoms can be assessed through active strategies that require user input, such as self-report, or through passive strategies, such as location information. Adaptive mobile interventions can be tailored to target PTSD symptoms as they appear and ultimately prevent more chronic courses of illness. Considerations for how such mobile strategies should be implemented are discussed.
Real-Time monitoring of ECG and GSR signals during computer-based training

The potential of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) to influence learning may be greatly enhanced by the tutor's ability to accurately assess the student's state in real-time and then use this state as a basis to provide timely feedback or alter the instructional content. In order to maximize the ITS' potential to influence learning, the physiological state of students needs to be captured and assessed. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) data has been shown to be correlated to physiological state data, but the development of real-time processing and analysis of this data in an educational context has been limited. This article describes an experiment where nineteen participants interacted with the Cultural Meeting Trainer (CMT), a web-based cultural negotiation trainer. Metrics of mean, standard deviation, and signal energy were collected from the GSR datastream while instantaneous and average heart rate were collected from the ECG datastream using a windowing technique around important interactions. Our analysis assesses these measures across three interaction scenarios. The findings of this experiment influence the appropriateness of instructional intervention, and drive the development of real-time assessment for education.
A promotora de salud model for addressing cardiovascular disease risk factors in the US-Mexico border region.

Introduction In 2002, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute partnered with the Health Resources and Services Administration's (HRSA's) Bureau of Primary Health Care and Office of Rural Health Policy to address cardiovascular health in the US-Mexico border region. From 2003 through 2005, the 2 agencies agreed to conduct an intervention program using Salud para su Corazon with promotores de salud (community health workers) in high-risk Hispanic communities served by community health centers (CHCs) in the border region to reduce risk factors and improve health behaviors. Methods Promotores de salud from each CHC delivered lessons from the curriculum Your Heart, Your Life. Four centers implemented a 1-group pretest-posttest study design. Educational sessions were delivered for 2 to 3 months. To test Salud para su Corazon-HRSA health objectives, the CHCs conducted the program and assessed behavioral and clinical outcomes at baseline, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after the intervention. A 2-sample paired t test and analyses of variance were used to evaluate differences from baseline to postintervention. Results Changes in heart-healthy behaviors were observed, as they have been in previous Salud para su Corazon studies, lending credibility to the effectiveness of a promotores de salud program in a clinical setting. Positive changes were also observed in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, triglyceride level, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure, weight, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Conclusion Results suggest that integrating promotores de salud into clinical practices is a promising strategy for culturally competent and effective service delivery. Promotores de salud build coalitions and partnerships in the community. The Salud para su Corazon-HRSA initiative was successful in helping to develop an infrastructure to support a promotores de salud workforce in the US-Mexico border region.
Quality improvement and safety curriculum for hematology/oncology fellows at Columbia University.

247Background: It is imperative to provide Hem/Onc fellows with experiential training in quality improvement (QI) and patient safety methodology. Our objective was to design a curriculum that would...
Variations in Hook of Hamate Morphology: A Cadaveric Analysis.

Purpose The hook of the hamate is an anatomical structure that separates the ulnar border of the carpal tunnel from Guyon’s canal and serves as a landmark for surgeons. The hook of the hamate is also subject to fracture from injury. We hypothesize that there are variations in the hook of the hamate in the general population. Methods One thousand pairs of hamates (2,000 hamates) from the Hamann-Todd Collection at the Cleveland Natural History Museum were analyzed. The height of the hook of the hamate and the total height of the hamate bone were measured using digital calipers. The hook height ratio was defined as the hook height divided by the total height of the hamate. Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired Student’s t test to determine differences in sex and race. Results The mean hook height was 9.8 ± 1.4 mm (range, 2.5–15.9 mm), whereas the mean hook height ratio was 0.42 ± 0.04 (range, 0.15–0.56). There was a 3.1% (62/2,000) incidence of abnormally small hooks, which we classified as hypoplastic and aplastic. Of the hypoplastic hooks, 55% (24/44) were bilateral, whereas 44% (8/18) of the aplastic hooks were bilateral. The incidence of variation in size in the hook of the hamate was highest in white females (9.3%) and lowest in black males (1.4%). Conclusions Abnormalities in hook of hamate anatomy are common in the general population, especially in white females. Clinical relevance Knowledge of anatomic variation in the hook of the hamate may provide additional insight into surgeons’ palpation of bony anatomy, interpretation of imaging studies, and use of the hook as a landmark during surgery.
Be Friends and Help the World: The Contributions of Pope Francis to Interreligious and Secular Relations

Describing himself as a sinner whom the Lord has looked upon, Pope Francis views mercy as the preeminent place of encounter for all humans. While earlier popes had made statements on interreligious relations and also on ecology, Pope Francis has placed a new emphasis on the intrinsic relation between caring for the earth and developing better relations with other religious traditions and all persons of goodwill. This is arguably his most dramatic contribution to developing relations with other religious traditions and with secular leaders.
Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in the Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection in Patients With and Without Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Tertiary Care Center's Experience.

Background Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) carries a large burden on the national public health with its high morbidity and mortality rates. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are generally at higher risk of infection, recurrence and complications. Therefore, the need for more reliable and safe therapy is necessary. Our study aims to evaluate long-term fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) outcomes in the general population compared to patients with IBD. Methods A single center long-term follow-up study was conducted to evaluate the outcomes of FMT in patients with and without IBD. Prior to FMT data including demographics, prior treatment of CDI and severity of symptoms were gathered via chart review. Post FMT, all patients were surveyed after 2 days, 30 days and > 1 year to assess clinical and laboratory response. Our study outcomes included primary cure rate (negative CDI testing > 1 year after single FMT), and secondary cure rate (negative CDI testing > 1 year after repeat FMT or after an additional course of antibiotic with or without repeat FMT). Results Seventy-eight patients with recurrent or refractory CDI and subsequent FMT treatment were included. Mean age was 57 years, and 69% were females and twenty-one (27%) had IBD. Primary cure rate was achieved in 77% of the cases while secondary cure rate reached 100% at the end of the study. IBD patients were younger with an average age of 47 years, and had more complains of abdominal pain (71%), and required escalation of therapy in 50% of patients. Conclusions FMT was effective in the eradication of CDI in patients with and without IBD, but with no significant symptoms improvement in patients with IBD. Future randomized control studies are needed to examine the long-term progression of IBD and quality of life in patients treated with FMT compared to standard therapy of antibiotics for recurrent CDI.
If Theranos' Tests Had Actually Worked

The contrasts could not be starker. One is a world-renowned scientist with graduate degrees from Johns Hopkins and Caltech, an august record of scientific and academic achievement recognized by countless international accolades and awards, and who, importantly, invented DNA and protein synthesizers and sequencers that started the genomic and proteomic revolutions. The other is a college dropout with a scant history of any meaningful scientific contributions and who has been indicted for hoodwinking investors and patients into believing that the next-generation, Apple-inspired, point-of-care laboratory instruments she claimed to have invented were anything more than repurposed and unreliable glue dispensers. Despite these contrasts, though, both of these individuals seem to have gravitated towards the same push to convince the public and the medical establishment that the road to health is paved with laboratory test results. Specifically, not just a few laboratory test results, but LOTS of laboratory test results, the more the better, and ideally performed on people when they are healthy, in an effort to preserve wellness and fend off one's future demise. The 2 individuals described above, of course, are Lee Hood and Elizabeth Holmes; Lee Hood is the one who is the scientist. Hood's inventions of the first sequencers and synthesizers precedes Holmes' birth, and his conception of the term …
Perfect Zero-Knowledge Sharing Schemes over any Finite Abelian Group

A secret sharing (threshold) scheme is an algorithm in which a distributor creates shares of a secret such that a minimum number of shares are needed to regenerate the secret. We propose a new homomorphic perfect secret sharing scheme over any finite Abelian group for which the group operation and inverses are computable in polynomial time. We introduce the concept of zero-knowledge sharing scheme to prove that the distributor does not reveal anything. A stronger condition than not revealing anything about the secret.
Extending sparse text with induced domain-specific lexicons and embeddings: A case study on predicting donations

Abstract This paper addresses the problem of expanding sparse textual content to increase the accuracy of data-driven prediction tasks. We evaluate the use of word embeddings and lexicons within the context of a donation prediction task, where we classify potential donors as either likely or unlikely to donate. We perform several comparative experiments and analyses, and show that our methods to automatically enhance sparse textual data significantly improve the predictive performance on this task.
Student voice across contexts: Fostering student agency in today’s schools

Student voice is a concept and a set of approaches that position students alongside credentialed educators as critics and creators of educational practice. Student voice and student agency are clos...
Single-Frequency Fast Dielectric Characterization of Concealed Body-Worn Explosive Threats

The efficiency and effectiveness of airport security can be improved through fast and high-fidelity detection of concealed threat objects. If detected objects can be accurately characterized, the number of false alarms will be reduced, whereas terrorist threats can be more quickly noticed and apprehended. This article aims to accurately characterize the physical properties of weak dielectric objects (such as explosive threats) covering a conductive plane (such as the human body) using a single-frequency millimeter-wave (mm-wave) radar system with a Fresnel aperture. While the conventional synthetic aperture radar (SAR) method requires data over a broad bandwidth, our proposed method works even at a single frequency and is particularly suitable for focused-beam CW mm-wave sensing systems. This method is validated with experimental data.
Maternal emotion coaching styles in the context of maternal depressive symptoms: Associations with preschoolers' emotion regulation.

This study examined the interplay between maternal depressive symptoms and emotion coaching in predicting preschoolers' emotion regulation skills. Participants included 126 preschoolers and their mothers, assessed at two time points, when children were 3 (T1) and 4 (T2). Mothers' coaching of sadness and anger was observationally assessed in a laboratory task at T1 under two categories, high and low elaborative styles of emotion coaching. Mothers also reported their depressive symptoms at T1. Children's emotion regulation was observed in laboratory tasks eliciting sadness and anger at T1 and T2. Path analyses revealed three-way interactions among maternal depressive symptoms, low elaborative emotion coaching, and high elaborative emotion coaching in predicting preschoolers' emotion regulation in both sadness- and anger-eliciting tasks 1 year later. Maternal low elaborative emotion coaching of sadness reduced children's focus on distress in the sadness-eliciting task only when mothers showed high depressive symptoms and used little high elaborative emotion coaching. In contrast, maternal low elaborative emotion coaching of sadness and anger predicted maladaptive child emotion regulation in both sadness- and anger-eliciting tasks, respectively, when mothers were depressed or used greater high elaborative emotion coaching. Findings highlight the importance of considering different types of maternal emotion coaching language styles in the context of maternal depression and have implications for intervention efforts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Pathologic Fibrinolysis is More Common in a Rural Trauma Setting.

IntroductionFibrinolysis (lysis) has been extensively studied in trauma patients. Many studies on the distribution of lysis phenotype have been conducted in setting with short prehospital time. Thi...
Effects of Ventilation System for Windbreaker on Temperature and Sweat Control

This study explored and developed windbreaker designs that can effectively control body temperature and evaporate sweat using strategically placed ventilation systems on the garment. Two prototypes, prototype with overarm ventilation from the wrist to the neck opening, and prototype with underarm ventilation from the wrist to the torso hem along the side seams, were developed for a wear test. Based on the temperature and sweat evaporation testing results, it is concluded that overarm ventilation is the most effective in temperature control yet is the least effective in sweat control whereas underarm ventilation is the least effective in temperature control yet is the most effective in sweat control. It indicates that overarm ventilation enables body temperature to cool down, both during and after physical exercise, while underarm ventilation helps evaporate sweat quickly. This study results may help designers to consider effective ventilation systems for optimal temperature and sweat control effects.
Social Determinants in Machine Learning Cardiovascular Disease Prediction Models: A Systematic Review

Introduction Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, and cardiovascular disease burden is increasing in low-resource settings and for lower socioeconomic groups. Machine learning algorithms are being developed rapidly and incorporated into clinical practice for cardiovascular disease prediction and treatment decisions. Significant opportunities for reducing death and disability from cardiovascular disease worldwide lie with accounting for the social determinants of cardiovascular outcomes. This study reviews how social determinants of health are being included in machine learning algorithms to inform best practices for the development of algorithms that account for social determinants. Methods A systematic review using 5 databases was conducted in 2020. English language articles from any location published from inception to April 10, 2020, which reported on the use of machine learning for cardiovascular disease prediction that incorporated social determinants of health, were included. Results Most studies that compared machine learning algorithms and regression showed increased performance of machine learning, and most studies that compared performance with or without social determinants of health showed increased performance with them. The most frequently included social determinants of health variables were gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, occupation, and income. Studies were largely from North America, Europe, and China, limiting the diversity of the included populations and variance in social determinants of health. Discussion Given their flexibility, machine learning approaches may provide an opportunity to incorporate the complex nature of social determinants of health. The limited variety of sources and data in the reviewed studies emphasize that there is an opportunity to include more social determinants of health variables, especially environmental ones, that are known to impact cardiovascular disease risk and that recording such data in electronic databases will enable their use.
Temporal filters in response to presynaptic spike trains: Interplay of cellular, synaptic and short-term plasticity time scales

Temporal filters, the ability of postsynaptic neurons to preferentially select certain presynaptic input patterns, have been shown to be associated with the notion of information filtering and coding of sensory inputs. Their properties can be dynamically characterized as the transient responses to periodic presynaptic inputs. Short-term plasticity (STP) has been proposed to be an important player in the generation of temporal filters, but the response of postsynaptic neurons to presynaptic inputs depends on a collection of time scales in addition to STP9s, which conspire to create temporal filters: the postsynaptic time scales generated by the cellular intrinsic currents and the presynaptic time scales captured by the ISI distribution patterns. The mechanisms by which these time scales and the processes giving rise to them interact to produce temporal filters in response to presynaptic input spike trains are not well understood. We carry out a systematic modeling and computational analysis to understand how the postsynaptic low-, high- and band-pass temporal filters are generated in response to periodic presynaptic spike trains in the presence STP, and how the dynamic properties of these filters depend on the interplay of a hierarchy of processes: arrival of the presynaptic spikes, the activation of STP and its effect on the synaptic connection efficacy, and the response of the postsynaptic cell. The time scales associated with each of these processes operate at the short-term, single-event level (they are activated at the arrival of each presynaptic spike) and collectively produce the long-term time scales that determine the shape and properties of the filters. We develop a series of mathematical tools to address these issues for a relatively simple model where depression and facilitation interact only at the level of the synaptic efficacy change as time progresses and we extend our results and tools to account for more complex models that involve interactions at the STP level and multiple STP time scales. We use these tools to understand the mechanisms of generation of temporal filters in the postsynaptic cells in terms of the properties and dynamics of the interacting building blocks.
Poor-quality employment and health: How a welfare regime typology with a gender lens Illuminates a different work-health relationship for men and women

Abstract In the growing literature on employment quality and health, poor quality of employment is generally associated with poor health. However, this association may not be uniform for men and women if unpaid caregiving labor is taken into consideration. How paid and unpaid labor is performed varies across societies because of differences in both state support for families and labor market penalties for women. Applying a gender lens to a welfare regime typology, we investigated the relationship between poor-quality employment and poor health for men and women. For each of five welfare regime types, we hypothesized if men or women would be more strongly affected by poor-quality employment based on the regime's family support policies and labor practices. Our analysis of 18 countries using the 2015 European and American Working Conditions Surveys data largely supported our hypotheses. In countries that support traditional gender roles with high state expenditure and have labor markets that penalize women, the association between poor-quality employment and health was stronger for men. The association was stronger for women in countries that rely on women to provide unpaid caregiving without substantial state support. In countries with apparently gender-neutral expectations for both paid work and unpaid caregiving work, no difference was found between men and women in the association of poor-quality employment with poor health. We discuss the importance of institutional perspectives to understand work as a gendered experience that impacts health. We suggest more comprehensive welfare regime typologies that recognize women both as caregivers and workers. Expanding the scope of research on work and health to include this integrated view of life could make a stride toward gender health equity.
Using a Swap Instruction to Coalesce Loads and Stores

A swap instruction, which exchanges a value in memory with a value of a register, is available on many architectures. The primary application of a swap instruction has been for process synchronization. As an experiment we wished to see how often a swap instruction can be used to coalesce loads and stores to improve the performance of a variety of applications. The results show that both the number of accesses to the memory system (data cache) and the number of executed instructions are reduced.
Methods to evaluate host tree suitability to the asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis.

Two procedures were evaluated for assessing tree susceptibility to Anaplophora glabripennis. In the first procedure, adult beetles were caged with a section of sugar maple, northern red oak, white oak, honeylocust, eastern cottonwood, sycamore or tulip poplar wood Results showed that females laid viable eggs on sugar maple, red oak, white oak and honcylocust. Oviposition did not occur on cottonwood, sycamore, or tulip poplar, Eighty-seven percent of the first instar larvae survived in white oak, followed by sugar maple (82%), honeylocust (50%), and red oak (39%). In the second procedure, first instar larvae were manually inserted into potted sugar maple, green ash, and red oak trees and allowed to feed for 60 or 90 days. Significantly more larvae survived for 90 days within the red oak (67%) compared to green ash (17%). Larvae recovered from red oak weighed significantly more than larvae from sugar maple or green ash. Larval survival was positively related to height of insertion. The results indicate: 1) controlled laboratory and greenhouse-based procedures can be used to assess tree suitability to A. glabripennis and 2) A. glabripennis will oviposit and larvae can develop in northern red oak for up to 90 days, suggesting that this species may be a potential host.
A Conceptual Framework of Persuasive Architecture of Tourism Websites: Propositions and Implications

This paper proposes a conceptual framework describing the persuasive architecture of tourism websites. The components included in this framework are organization, consumers, and industry that are in continuous communication with each-other. The organization uses a set of persuasive features to persuade consumers to purchase or remain on the site. Acting as catalysts in the persuasion process, the consumers and the industry contribute to the effectiveness of the website features. This study outlines four propositions for website design that destination marketing organizations can use to increase the persuasiveness of their websites.
Sigma Factors in Gene Expression

Sigma (σ) factors control the promoter selectivity of bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP). On binding to RNAP, σ factors allow efficient promoter recognition and transcription initiation. Bacterial promoters are typically comprised of two hexameric deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences located approximately 10 and 35 bases upstream of the transcription start site (the −10 and −35 element, respectively). All bacteria contain a primary σ factor that is responsible for transcription of housekeeping genes necessary for growth and survival. In addition, many bacteria encode multiple alternative σ factors. The level and activity of the alternative σ factors are highly regulated and can vary depending on environmental or developmental signals. The synthesis of alternative σ factors allows the coordinated activation of discrete sets of genes through the recognition of distinct promoter sequences and thereby contributes to stress responses, motility, endospore formation and numerous other adaptive responses. Key Concepts: σ Factors are necessary for promoter recognition by RNA polymerase and efficient transcription initiation. Transcription initiation is a highly regulated, multistep process. σ Factors can be grouped into two families on the basis of their similarity to the housekeeping σ factor, σ70, or the nitrogen-responsive σ factor, σ54. Members of the σ70 family generally contain four conserved domains (regions 1–4). Most bacteria encode multiple alternative σ factors that direct transcription of genes in response to environmental cues and developmental transitions. Alternative σ70 family proteins often lack region 1 and sometimes region 3 (minimally containing conserved regions 2 and 4). σ Factor activity can be regulated at many levels, such as through sequestration by anti-σ factors or by protolytic activation. Keywords: sigma; RNA polymerase; transcription; promoter; regulation
110-kilodalton recombinant protein which is immunoreactive with sera from humans, dogs, and horses with Lyme borreliosis.

EcoRI-digested DNA from Borrelia burgdorferi was ligated into the dephosphorylated vector pWR590 and transformed into Escherichia coli DH5 alpha. When the gene library was screened, 20 clones reacted with pooled dog sera with high titers (immunofluorescent antibody titer, greater than or equal to 1,280) to this spirochete. One clone expressed a 110-kDa antigen that reacted strongly with the high-titered pooled sera from dogs with Lyme borreliosis and serum from goats immunized with B. burgdorferi. The 110-kDa protein was serum from goats immunized with B. burgdorferi. The 110-kDa protein was expressed with and without isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactosidase, indicating the protein is not a fusion protein with beta-galactosidase. Monospecific antisera to the 110-kDa antigen recognized a 75-kDa Borrelia protein. Of the sera that reacted with B. burgdorferi by immunoblotting; 57, 100, and 83% of human, dog, and horse serum samples, respectively, reacted with the 110-kDa protein. Sera from individuals that tested negative with a B. burgdorferi lysate with immunoblotting showed no reaction with the 110-kDa protein. The 110-kDa antigen appears to be useful for the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. Images
The Role of Oxidized Cholesterol in Diabetes-Induced Lysosomal Dysfunction in the Brain.

Abnormalities in lysosomal function have been reported in diabetes, aging, and age-related degenerative diseases. These lysosomal abnormalities are an early manifestation of neurodegenerative diseases and often precede the onset of clinical symptoms such as learning and memory deficits; however, the mechanism underlying lysosomal dysfunction is not known. In the current study, we investigated the mechanism underlying lysosomal dysfunction in the cortex and hippocampi, key structures involved in learning and memory, of a type 2 diabetes (T2D) mouse model, the leptin receptor deficient db/db mouse. We demonstrate for the first time that diabetes leads to destabilization of lysosomes as well as alterations in the protein expression, activity, and/or trafficking of two lysosomal enzymes, hexosaminidase A and cathepsin D, in the hippocampus of db/db mice. Pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione (TZD) commonly used in the treatment of diabetes due to its ability to improve insulin sensitivity and reverse hyperglycemia, was ineffective in reversing the diabetes-induced changes on lysosomal enzymes. Our previous work revealed that pioglitazone does not reverse hypercholesterolemia; thus, we investigated whether cholesterol plays a role in diabetes-induced lysosomal changes. In vitro, cholesterol promoted the destabilization of lysosomes, suggesting that lysosomal-related changes associated with diabetes are due to elevated levels of cholesterol. Since lysosome dysfunction precedes neurodegeneration, cognitive deficits, and Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology, our results may provide a potential mechanism that links diabetes with complications of the central nervous system.
Influence of workload on error recovery in random access memories

A system's ability to recover quickly from transient errors is particularly important for systems that operate in hostile environments where bursts of high-frequency errors are likely. Evaluation of this ability poses a number of problems, including appropriate modeling of both the error-arrival process and the system's workload. These two problems are addressed in the context of a specific evaluation study, where the system in question is a self-exercising, self-checking (SE/SC) memory design. Evaluation is based on a stochastic activity network model of the total system (memory, workload, and error environment) where, for comparison, both the SE/SC memory and a 'standard' memory are modeled in this fashion. The system workload is parameterized and its effect on recovery is evaluated for different choices of parameter values. The central measure of interest is the memory's ability to recover from bursts of transient errors. It is found that coverage is indeed workload dependent, where this dependence is particularly severe in the case of a standard memory. The results also show that, for the SE/SC design, coverage is less sensitive to workload, and in all cases, exceeds that of a standard memory. >
Theoretical calculations, far-infrared spectra and the potential energy surfaces of four cyclic silanes

Abstract Theoretical computations have been carried out to calculate the potential energy functions for the out-of-plane vibrations of four cyclic silanes, and the results were compared to experimental functions determined from far-infrared data. The experimental and computed ring-puckering potential functions for 1-silacyclopent-3-ene, which are in excellent agreement, are quartic in nature with tiny barriers to planarity. Similarly, the calculated and experimental potential functions for 1,3-disilacyclopent-3-ene are nearly identical. For silacyclopentane and 1,3-disilacyclopentane the calculations predict ring-twisitng barriers of 2493 cm −1 (vs. 2110 cm −1 observed) and 1395 cm −1 , respectively. The conformational energies for the bent forms were calculated to be 1467 cm −1 (vs. 1509 cm −1 observed) for the former and 878 cm −1 for the latter relative to the energy of the twist minima. One-dimensional hindered pseudorotational potential energy functions were found to work well for predicting the observed far-infrared spectra for the bending (pseudorotational) vibration.
Comparative metabolism of Sr89 and Ca45 by bone grown in vitro.

SummaryAn in vitro culturing technic was used in comparing metabolism of calcium-45 and strontium-89 in bone. The results of a large number of determinations indicated: a) that at 2 hrs bone contained 1.08 times as much strontium-89 as calcium-45; b) when exposed to constant levels of Sr89 and Ca45, the Observed Ratiobone-medium equilibrated at 0.83 within 7 days; c) strontium-89 was released from bone at a ratio of about 1.2 times that of calcium-45; d) addition of carrier strontium markedly inhibited the long term deposition of calcium in bone but the discriminatory mechanisms were unaltered.
Families of spatio-temporal stationary covariance models

Abstract This paper provides simple methods for constructing new families of spatio-temporal stationary covariance models from purely spatial (or purely temporal) stationary covariance models. As the application of the methods developed, we introduce spatio-temporal stationary covariance models with the Gaussian and related spatial margins, and develop the Heine family and the Whittle–Matern family of spatio-temporal stationary covariance models.
Do Antireflux Operations Decrease the Rate of Reflux-Related Hospitalizations in Children?

OBJECTIVE. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is extremely common in the pediatric population, and antireflux procedures are performed with increasing frequency. The objective of this study was to determine whether pediatric antireflux procedures are associated with a decreased rate of reflux-related hospitalizations. METHODS. A study was conducted of pediatric patients who were undergoing antireflux procedures using data that were derived from the Washington State Comprehensive Hospital Abstract Reporting System and Vital Records. Patients were identified by a search of all records (1987-2001) for procedure codes that pertained to antireflux procedures in patients who were younger than 19 years. The number of hospitalizations for and rates of reflux-related events per patient-year before and after an antireflux procedure was calculated, and factors that were associated with higher antireflux procedure rates were examined. RESULTS. A total of 1142 patients underwent antireflux procedures. The rate of reflux-related events declined sharply with age both before and after an antireflux procedure. The cohort was divided into 3 groups on the basis of age at first antireflux procedure (<1 year, 1-3 years, or 4-19 years), and the calculations of incidence rate ratios before to after an antireflux procedure were done within the same age strata. Results suggest an overall benefit of antireflux procedures in young children. For antireflux procedures that were performed in children who were older than 4 years, the benefit is less clear. Developmental delay was significantly associated with higher rates of reflux-related events among patients who underwent an antireflux procedure after age 4. CONCLUSIONS. The rate of reflux-related events was lower after an antireflux operation for children who underwent an antireflux procedure before age 4. Older children, however, were hospitalized at equal rates before and after an antireflux procedure, and older children with developmental delay were hospitalized at greater rates after an antireflux procedure. These findings highlight the need to clarify the subjective and objective indications for antireflux procedures in infants and children.
Dissociating motivation from reward in human striatal activity

Neural activity in the striatum has consistently been shown to scale with the value of anticipated rewards. As a result, it is common across a number of neuroscientific subdiscliplines to associate activation in the striatum with anticipation of a rewarding outcome or a positive emotional state. However, most studies have failed to dissociate expected value from the motivation associated with seeking a reward. Although motivation generally scales positively with increases in potential reward, there are circumstances in which this linkage does not apply. The current study dissociates value-related activation from that induced by motivation alone by employing a task in which motivation increased as anticipated reward decreased. This design reverses the typical relationship between motivation and reward, allowing us to differentially investigate fMRI BOLD responses that scale with each. We report that activity scaled differently with value and motivation across the striatum. Specifically, responses in the caudate and putamen increased with motivation, whereas nucleus accumbens activity increased with expected reward. Consistent with this, self-report ratings indicated a positive association between caudate and putamen activity and arousal, whereas activity in the nucleus accumbens was more associated with liking. We conclude that there exist regional limits on inferring reward expectation from striatal activation.