cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nucleophilic substitution in organomercury halides by a free radical chain process

Abstract Primary and secondary alkylmercury halides react with the salts of secondary nitroalkanes to afford tertiary nitroalkanes, mercury, metal, and halide ion. The reaction is light initiated and is strongly inhibited by radical scavengers. Cyclized products resulted from the reaction of 1-chloromercury-5-hexene establishing the 5-hexene-1-yl radical as an intermediate. A chain mechanism involving radical ions is proposed to account for these substitution reactions. Aryl???nd 1-alkenylmercury halides are either unreactive towards nitronate ions or are reductively symmetrized to the bis[organo]mercury compounds and mercury metal. Alkyl mercurials are unreactive towards nucleophiles other than nitronate ions or, in the case of benzylmercury chloride, may be reduced to bibenzyl.
Smoke and fire over e-cigarettes

In advance of a critical Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) held in October 2014, two groups of scientists and public health experts launched a global battle royal over electronic cigarettes—devices that heat liquid nicotine but involve no tobacco.
Lake and watershed neutralization strategies

The Experimental Watershed Liming Study (EWLS) evaluated the application of CaCO3, to a forested watershed to mitigate the acidification of surface water. During October 1989, 6.9 Mg CaCC3/ha was applied by helicopter to two subcatchments of about 50% (102.5 ha) of the Woods Lake watershed area. The EWLS team investigated the response to treatment of soils (chemistry and microbial processes), vegetation, wetland, stream and lake waters, and phytoplankton and fish, and applied the Integrated Lake Watershed Acidification (ILWAS) model in predicting a watershed treatment duration of up to 50 years. Observations showed a gradual change in pH, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) and Ca2+ in the water column; direct lake additions of CaCO3 (three different times) were characterized by abrupt changes following base addition and subsequent rapid reacidification. Moreover, the watershed treatment eliminated the snowmelt acidification of the near-shore region of the lake observed during direct lake treatments. Positive ANC water in the tributary and near-shore area improved conditions for fish reproduction and for a viable fish population. Budgets for 12-month periods before and after the watershed treatment showed that the lake shifted from a source of ANC to a sink due to retention of elevated inputs of Ca2+ from the watershed CaCO3 application.
Intestinal adaptation is enhanced by epidermal growth factor independent of increased ileal epidermal growth factor receptor expression

Abstract Background/Purpose: Intestinal adaptation after massive small bowel resection (SBR) is augmented by epidermal growth factor (EGF) via an unknown mechanism. We recently have observed that EGF increases the expression of EGF receptor mRNA and protein content in the remnant ileum after SBR. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the magnitude of EGF-induced receptor expression correlates with intestinal adaptation. Methods: A 50% proximal SBR or sham operation (bowel transection with reanastomosis) was performed on male ICR mice. Animals from each group were then selected randomly to receive either human recombinant EGF (150 μg/kg/d) or saline by twice daily intraperitoneal injections. The remnant ileum was harvested at 1 week, and parameters of adaptation measured as changes in proteint content. Ileal EGF receptor mRNA was quantitated using a ribonuclease protection assay. Changes in the expression ileal EGF receptor protein were determined by Western blot after immunoprecipitation. Comparisons of mean values between groups was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a P value of less than .05 was considered significant. Values are presented as mean ± SEM. Results: EGF was mitogenic, to the ileum after sham operation as monitored by increases in ileal protein content (2.21 ± 0.002 mg/cm Sham v 2.97 ± 0.25 mg/cm Sham + EGF; P P Conclusions: Changes in ileal EGF receptor expression are not mandatory for adaptation to occur. EGF upregulates the expression of mRNA and protein for its own intestinal receptor in vivo. Because EGF-induced receptor expression was comparable after both SBR and Sham opertion, the beneficial effect of EGF during adaptation is likely caused by other factors in addition to increased receptor expression.
The infrared and Raman spectra of (CF3)2CCO, (CF3)2CNN and (CF3)2CNH

Abstract The infrared and Raman spectra of (CF3)2CCO, (CF3)2CNN, and (CF3)2C NH are reported and assigned. C2v symmetry is satisfactory for the first two substances. The torsions could not be located. Our data, when compared with that for hexafluoroacetone, indicate that there is no need to assume Cs symmetry for the latter as concluded by Berney; C2v is equally satisfactory.
The human thyrotropin (TSH) receptor in a TSH binding inhibition assay for TSH receptor autoantibodies

Seven years after the molecular cloning of the human TSH receptor (TSHR), the porcine TSHR remains in general use in the TSH binding inhibition (TBI) assay for autoantibodies to the TSHR. We compared porcine and recombinant human TSHR in two types of TBI assays: one using intact Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the recombinant human TSHR on their surface, and the other using soluble receptors extracted from these cells with detergent. In the intact cell TBI assay, monolayers expressing large numbers of TSHR were less effective than cells expressing few receptors. These findings are consistent with the very low concentration of TSHR autoantibodies in serum. Binding of[ 125I]human TSH was about 5-fold lower than that of[ 125I]bovine TSH to the intact cells. Nevertheless, TBI values with the two ligands were similar for most sera. However, a few sera produced greater inhibition of human than of bovine TSH binding. In the solubilized human TSHR TBI assay, in contrast to the intact cell TBI assay, cells ...
Thermomechanical finite element analysis of slider–disk impact in magnetic storage thin film disks

Oblique impact of a slider with a rotating disk in a hard disk drive was analyzed using the finite element method. A three dimensional, thermomechanical, impact model was developed to study the mechanical and thermal response during the impact of a spherical slider corner with a rotating disk. The model was validated by comparing the finite element results with analytical solutions for a homogeneous glass substrate disk. Impact penetration, stress and incurred flash temperature were obtained for various normal impact velocities. The effects of material layers on the disk were also investigated by introducing layers with different material properties and thicknesses. It was found that for a rounded slider corner and a critical normal impact velocity of 0.03 m/s studied in this work, the layers have insignificant effects on the mechanical response and small but predictable effects on the flash temperature.
Detection of electronic mines, timers, and fuses through electromagnetic interference signatures and stimulated emissions

Electromagnetic emissions from electronics associated with explosives - mines, timers, and fuses - have been experimentally observed. The emissions fall into two categories, those resulting from the natural functioning of the electronics themselves - an electromagnetic interference (EMI) signature, and stimulated emissions resulting from RF irradiation of the electronics and re-radiation by the circuit. In order to develop suitable detection modalities for these processes, an understanding of the basic physics of the radiation process is essential. The basic physics of radiation and stimulation of electronic circuits are being studied, and electromagnetic interference characterization and measurement procedures are being developed. Finite- difference time-domain modeling is being applied to gain insight into radiation processes and levels so that the feasibility of detection of these signatures can be evaluated, and detection systems developed.
The decay of 172Lu and the rotational bands of 172Yb

Abstract The γ-ray spectra accompanying the electron capture decay of 172 Lu to levels in 172 Yb has been studied using Ge(Li) detectors. They-ray intensities reported here were used in conjunction with the available conversion electron intensity data to compute internal conversion coefficients. Of the 128 transitions observed, 97 have been placed in a decay scheme consisting of 28 levels. Multipolarity possibilities were determined for 86 transitions. Log ft values, reduced transition probability ratios and inertial parameters were computed and used to identify rotational bands at 1172 keV ( K = 3), 1466 keV ( K = 2), 1609 keV ( K = 2), 1662 keV ( K = 3), 2073 keV ( K = 4) and 2174 keV ( K = 3). These bands and the ground state band contain 23 of the proposed levels. The five remaining levels at 1640, 1706, 2181, 2213 and 2343 keV were classified only according to spin-parity possibilities. The reduced B ( E 2) transition probability ratios and the band mixing parameters for transitions between levels of the K = 2 bands and the ground state rotational band were computed and compared to theoretical predictions.
Intramolecular C-Alkylation Using a Vinyl Thioether. The Regiospecific Synthesis of Methyl 3-Methyl-9-Oxobicyclo [3, 3, 1] Non-2-ene 1-Carboxylate

Abstract As a model for the total synthesis of the unusual Lycopodium alkaloid selagine (I) 1,2 we required a convenient and regiospecific route to methyl 3-methyl-9-oxobicyclo [3, 3, 1] non-2-ene 1-carboxylate (II). Whereas the corresponding 3-ene (III) is readily accessible by conventional Michael addition of 2-carbomethoxycyclohexanone enolate to methacrolein followed by aldol cyclization and dehydration,3 construction of the desired 2-ene would require the inverse regiochemistry in the Michaelaldol sequence.
Bird guilds as indicators of ecological condition in the central appalachians

We developed an index of biotic integrity based on bird communities in the central Appalachians. As one component of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program's (EPA-EMAP) Mid-Atlantic High- lands Assessment (MAHA), the index is intended to indicate landscape-scale stressors to upland environments in the central Appalachians. The Bird Community Index (BCI) ranks bird communities according to the proportional representation of 16 behavioral and phys- iological response guilds. We developed the index from 34 sites in central Pennsylvania that represented a gradient of human disturbance from near pristine to degraded. Upon satisfactory demonstration that the BCI could discriminate between categories of biotic integrity identified from the human disturbance gradient, we applied it to an independent, probability-based sample of 126 sites across the MAHA area. Our assessment indicates that 16% of the area is in ''excellent'' condition, 27% is in ''good'' condition, 36% is in ''fair'' condition, and 21% is in ''poor'' condition. Sites in poor condition were dominated by either urban or agricultural bird communities, but these communities could not be numerically distinguished from each other by BCI score. Forested sites in good and excellent condition supported different bird communities and ground-level vegetation attributes but could not be separated by land cover composition alone. In general, the shift from medium to poor ecological condition defined by bird communities coincided with a shift in land cover composition from forested to nonforested.
Council-Based Approaches to Reforming the Health Care Response to Domestic Violence: Promising Findings and Cautionary Tales

Councils are commonly formed to address social issues including intimate partner violence (IPV). Research suggests that councils may be well positioned to achieve proximal outcomes, but that their success may depend on contextual factors. The current study compared providers and health care settings at two points in time to explore the degree to which the Health Care Council achieved proximal outcomes in the health care response to IPV, including: (a) providers’ reported capacity to screen for IPV, (b) providers’ beliefs about IPV as a health care issue and about the IPV screening process, (c) providers’ screening behaviors and (d) organizational policies and protocols to encourage screening. This study, while preliminary, provides support for council-based efforts to stimulate change in the health care response to IPV and also highlights the central role that organizational environment plays in shaping desired outcomes.
High Angular Resolution Determination of Extinction in the Orion Nebula

The optical appearance of the Orion Nebula is significantly altered by the presence of interstellar extinction. Since Orion is high above the Galactic plane and is nearby, most of this extinction is due to material immediately in front of the associated star cluster. This extinction fundamentally alters the optical appearance of the Orion Nebula. We have quantitatively determined the extinction correction by comparing the surface brightness of the nebula at a resolution of about 17 in the radio continuum and the Hα emission line. The results compare well with new determinations made from Hα and Hβ line ratios. Extinction-corrected optical images are generated and discussed. The most important extinction feature, the dark bay that obscures the east side of the nebula, has a mass of about 3 M⊙ and possesses numerous small knots of material in addition to a feature that appears to be a shock. We also find that the thin main emitting layer on the front of the parent Orion molecular cloud is marked by numerous walls and plateaus. Only one such structure had been previously known, the one that produces a bright bar across the southeast portion of the nebula. The sharpest structure is associated with the complex of molecular outflow and infrared sources near the region called Orion-S and is likely to be the result of uncollimated outflow from an imbedded young star.
Spatial equilibrium and price transmission between Southern African maize markets connected by informal trade

Policies regulating the international grain trade in Southern Africa (SA) are motivated by uncertainty regarding private sector performance and, in turn, private sector performance is generally constrained by the policy environment. We study spatial price transmission between SA maize markets where trade is dominated by informal product flows. This provides an opportunity to study private sector market performance in a largely unregulated market environment. Contrary to some existing evidence on the performance of SA grain markets connected by formal trade, we find that informally trading markets work quite well. Long-run price equilibrium is consistent with competitive trade, price transmission is rapid, and potential trade constraints have no disruptive impact on long-run relationships. Nevertheless, we do find evidence of occasionally high transfer costs that may impede informal trade flows. The conclusion is that a policy focus on encouraging informal trade and lowering informal trade costs would lead to improved market performance.
Growth rates, survivorship, and sex ratios of Juniperus virginiana on the New Jersey Piedmont from 1963 to 2000

QUINN, J. A. (Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1582) and S. J. Meiners (Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL 61920-3099). Growth rates, survivorship, and sex ratios of Juniperus virginiana on the New Jersey Piedmont from 1963 to 2000. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 131: 187-194. 2004.-Studies of the growth, survival, and sex ratios of dioecious species have been predominantly short-term. This research investigated growth rates, survivorship, and sex ratios among cohorts of Juniperus virginiana L. from 1963 through 2000. Males (M) and females (F) in six old-fields of different ages on the New Jersey Piedmont were analyzed, starting with the initial data on height and sex expression collected by John Small on labeled recruits from 1963 through 1976. These plants were relocated and censused during the summer and fall of 2000. No changes in sex expression were recorded between 1976 and 2000. The overall sex ratio was almost 1:1 (333 M, 332 F); only one of the fields showed a significant departure from 1:1. Males grew slightly, but significantly, faster in height than females, but relative growth rates dropped by approximately 50% for both males and females once they became reproductive. Female trees were on average 23 cm taller (and older) than males at first reproduction. Heights in those males and females surviving to 2000 were not significantly different. There was no effect of an individual's sex on its likelihood of dying, but plants that became established later were shorter, often non-reproductive, and had an increased risk of mortality. These long-term results strongly support genetically-determined sex ratios and a lack of major differences between males and females in growth rates and survival, which had been suggested by single-year studies elsewhere in the species' range.
Parallelization of Bresenham's line and circle algorithms

Parallel algorithm for line and circle drawing that are based on J.E. Bresenham's line and circle algorithms (see Commun. ACM, vol.20, no.2, p.100-6 (1977)) are presented. The new algorithms are applicable on raster scan CRTs, incremental pen plotters, and certain types of printers. The line algorithm approaches a perfect speedup of P as the line length approaches infinity, and the circle algorithm approaches a speedup greater than 0.9P as the circle radius approaches infinity. It is assumed that the algorithm are run in a multiple-instruction-multiple-data (MIMD) environment, that the raster memory is shared, and that the processors are dedicated and assigned to the task (of line or circle drawing). >
Kinematic characterization of standing reach: comparison of younger vs. older subjects

Objective. To characterize typical spinal motions that occur during standing reach and to describe differences in spinal motions and center of pressure displacements during reach between younger and older healthy adults. Design. Exploratory, cross sectional investigation utilizing video motion and biomechanics force platform analysis. Background. Standing reach provides a means for assessing both arm function and balance control in the context of a common functional activity. The interaction between age-related declines in spinal mobility and the spinal motion occurring during reach is poorly understood. The characterization of spinal motions during task performance for healthy subjects of different age groups is an important first step for understanding the relationship between impairments and physical performance in disabled populations. Methods. Thirty-four subjects ages 20–36 and 33 subjects ages 60–76 participated. Video motion and force plate analysis were used to characterize spinal motion and center of pressure displacements during the functional reach test for younger and older subjects. Results. Spinal motion during standing reach was characterized by forward trunk flexion, lateral trunk flexion, thoracolumbar rotation, and lower body rotation. Younger and older subjects differed (P=0.05) in the amount of forward trunk flexion and thoracolumbar rotation which occurred but not lower body rotation. Younger subjects displaced their center of pressure further forward (P=0.0001) and through a greater percentage of their initial base of support (P=0.0001) than older subjects. Conclusion. This study provides the first multiplanar characterization of spinal motion used during standing reach. Significant differences for a number of variables existed between younger and older subjects. Relevance The characterization of standing reach provides a basis from which clinicians can make decisions regarding their interventions for persons with postural control deficits identified during reaching activities.
RELIABILITY IS NOT VALIDITY AND VALIDITY IS NOT RELIABILITY

Interrater correlations do provide an index of reliability of job performance ratings. We show that the arguments presented by Murphy and DeShon (2000) lead to the radical conclusion that traditional measurement models–both classical theory and generalizability theory models–can be used neither with job performance ratings nor with other measures used in I-O and other areas of psychology and the social sciences. We show that this untenable conclusion is based on confusion of validity issues and questions with reliability issues and questions. It is also based on the incorrect belief that classical measurement models are capable of addressing only random response measurement error and cannot address other forms of measurement error. We also show that the solution Murphy and DeShon offer to the problem of measurement error in ratings, as they define this problem, cannot work. Properly understood, the position taken by Murphy and DeShon leaves us with the nihilistic conclusion that no appropriate measurement models are possible in psychological research, thus making meaningful research impossible.
Nietzsche's Critique of Pure Altruism—Developing an Argument from Human, All Too Human

AbstractNietzsche often appears, especially in his writings from the middle period, to endorse psychological egoism, namely the claim that all actions are motivated by, and are for the sake of, the agent’s own self-interest. I argue that Nietzsche’s position in Human, All Too Human (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986) should not be so understood. Rather, he is claiming, more weakly and more plausibly, that no action is entirely unegoistic, entirely free of egoistic motivations. Thus some actions might be motivated both by egoistic and unegoistic motives, on his view. Nietzsche’s argument may, in other words, be understood to be directed specifically against Schopenhauer’s portrayal of moral motivation, as pure, entirely unalloyed altruism, to show that this sort of action is impossible, not to rule out the possibility of any altruistic motive whatsoever. In light of Schopenahuer’s moral psychology, to which Nietzsche to some extent adhered at that time, I develop a concept of motivation and recon...
Embryogeny of Phaseolus: the Role of the Suspensor

Summary Label 14 C-sucrose is administered to the developing embryos via the base of the excised pod, through the endosperm cavity of the seeds, and directly to the excised embryos. The results indicate that the suspensor is the uptake site during early stages of embryo development. When labeled solution is introduced into the endosperm cavity at the late heart stage of embryo development, radioactivity appears in the suspensor and the suspensor end of the embryo-proper. This labeling pattern is unexpected. One might have expected the cotyledonary half of the embryoproper to be more heavily labeled since it is nearer to the endosperm — the source of radioactivity. The uptake of 14 C-sucrose by the suspensor at the late heart stage is sensitive to dinitrophenol whereas the total radioactivity in the embryo-proper increases gradually with time and the uptake of 14 C-sucrose is not inhibited by the presence of dinitrophenol. The uptake pattern is changed at the mid-maturation stage. It appears that the cotyledons become the major uptake site for the maturing embryo. The results are discussed in relation to the current hypotheses of suspensor function.
Cells of different sizes in the ventral nuclei project to different layers of the somatic cortex in the cat.

Abstract Cells in the ventral group of the cat's thalamus were labeled after small injections of horseradish peroxidase restricted to one or a few layers of cortical areas 4, 3a, 3b, or 1. Only small cells were labeled after injections of layers I and II. Much larger cells were labeled by injections involving layers III and IV.
The effect of a superimposed strain field on frictional texture measurements

Abstract In this communication we propose an interpretation of friction-induced sub-surface texture results obtained by Krause et al. [1]. The variation of X-ray texture measurements with depth in single phase metals was found to increase sharply, peaking at a small depth from the surface then decaying slowly into the sample. However, TEM studies showed a continuous and exponential decrease in grain rotation with depth [2]. We argue that the X-ray texture results reflect an experimental artifact originating from the superposition of the sub-surface residual stresses with grain rotation to give the observed peak in the X-ray texture measurements.
THE EFFECTS OF LOW PRESSURE ON HEMOPOIESIS IN THE ADRENALECTOMIZED RAT

IN VIEW of the steadily increasing emphasis being placed on the adrenal gland as a regulator of many phases of body metabolism, a detailed correlation of the peripheral blood changes to the bone marrow cytology in the adrenal insufficient animal, with and without replacement therapy, was made in an effort to determine the mechanisms underlying the influence of adrenal cortical principles upon the blood elements (Gordon and Piliero, 1950; Piliero, Landau and Gordon, 1950; Gordon, Piliero and Landau, 1951). A more sensitive technique has been utilized for determining a possible relation of the adrenal to hemopoiesis through subjecting adrenalectomized and sham operated controls to an erythropoietic stress, namely lowered barometric pressures. The results of one phase of this study will be described in the present paper. materials and methods Young adult female rats of a hardy, closely inbred strain and weighing 160–200 gm. were employed.
Country-of-Origin Labeling Prior to and at the Point of Purchase: An Exploration of the Information Environment in Baltimore City Grocery Stores

The country-of-origin labeling (COOL) law requires United States grocers to indicate the origin and procurement method (farm-raised or wild-caught) for seafood. This study explored the presentation of COOL on fresh, frozen, packaged, and unpackaged seafood in Baltimore City grocery stores. Eight stores were visited bi-monthly to photograph seafood labels, and circulars were collected weekly from fourteen stores over three months. Ninety-six percent of products were labeled correctly. Forty-eight percent of advertisements included COOL. While in-store labels did not highlight COOL, advertising featured references to domestic and wild-caught seafood, signaling to customers that these are high-value product qualities.
Finance capital markets and corporate decision-making processes: The case of W. T. Grant Company's bankruptcy

The effect of capital markets on corporate decision making has been a focus of scholarly attention for more than a century. The existing literature has remained sparse, however, in detailed analyses of the processes and effects of organized finance capital markets on managerial discretion. The case of W. T. Grant Company's bankruptcy illustrates the mechanisms by which the banking community's organized control of the finance capital markets posed a constraining influence on the firm's decision-making processes. This influence extended to the decision to throw the company into involuntary bankruptcy. The case also illustrates finance capital to be both a unique resource (having no alternatives) and a special relationship that, unlike material capital supplier relationships, has long-term consequences for the borrowing firm.
Axial vector current and coupling of the quark in the instanton model

We compute the axial vector current, form factor, and coupling for quarks in the instanton liquid model with two light flavors. Non-local current corrections are derived, as required by the effective 't Hooft interaction. We obtain a pion-mediated axial form factor and an axial coupling which, when simply applied in the non-relativistic limit for constituent quarks, matches the experimental value to within a few percent, both in and out of the chiral limit.
Emotion regulation and metastatic breast cancer

Abstract For many years, researchers and clinicians have speculated that poor emotion regulation or the lack of emotional expression predicts earlier death from cancer. A number of empirical articles have supported this contention, but confusion among researchers about emotion regulation constructs has made it difficult to replicate studies and to target interventions toward specific change in behavior or emotional processing. Recently, a number of researchers have developed more specific self-report instruments, have conducted studies designed to estimate the separability of various aspects of emotion regulation, and have begun to understand the relationship between self-report of emotions and behavioral observation of expression. This increasing clarity will allow more specific tests of associations with physiological functioning and survival. It will also allow greater specificity in targeting interventions.
The Communication Attitude Test : a concordancy investigation of stuttering and nonstuttering children and their parents

Abstract This study was designed to determine if the view of parents, as to their children's attitudes toward speech, was consistent with that of their offspring. Toward this end, a Dutch version of the Communicative Attitude Test (CAT-D) was administered to 55 Belgian grade school stutterers and nonstutterers and each of their parents. For both groups, the correlations between the children's CAT-D score and those of either their mother or their father was low, ranging from + .28 to + .34, though statistically significant. Statistical analysis also revealed that the parents of the children who stuttered viewed their offsprings' attitude toward speech as significantly more negative than their children did. The parents of the nonstutterers, on the other hand, felt that their child's speech-associated belief system was more positive than their children reported. Taken together, the data suggest that, with respect to the communication attitude of children as measured by the CAT-D, parents do not appear to be worthy surrogate informants. In this regard, there is reason to believe that the reports of parents cannot be used to adequately predict the speech-associated attitude of their children.
Factors affecting the adsorption of 2,4-D and methyl parathion in soils and sediments

Abstract The adsorption of methyl parathion and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) by 19 soil and sediment materials differing widely in their physical and chemical properties was investigated using a batch equilibration technique. Organic matter was the most important single factor affecting adsorption of methyl parathion and 2,4-D. Soil pH and cation exchange capacity were also reasonably well associated with 2,4-D adsorption whereas cation exchange capacity contributed significantly for methyl parathion. Data are presented which indicate that in soil and sediment materials where the organic matter content in less than 1 %, oxalate extractable Mn and Ca were associated with the adsorption of these synthetic organics. Additional work should be done in low organic matter soil materials to better quantify the relationship between adsorption and soil geochemical properties.
Overcoming obstacles to implementation: addressing political, institutional and behavioral problems in earthquake hazard mitigation policies

This project is aimed at bridging the three planes, from basic research, through enabling processes, to engineered systems. At the basic research plane, we have been working to improve our collective understanding about obstacles to implementing mitigation practices, owner decision processes (in connection with other MCEER projects), and public policy processes. At the level of enabling processes, we have been seeking to develop an understanding of how obstacles to greater mitigation can be overcome by improved policy design and processes. At the engineered systems plane, our work is intended to result in practical guidelines for devising policies and programs with appropriate motivation and incentives for implementing policies and programs once adopted. This phase of the research has been aimed, first, at a thorough, multidisciplinary review of the literature concerning obstacles to implementation. Second, the research has focused on advancing the state of the art by developing means for integrating the insights offered by diverse perspectives on the implementation process from the several social, behavioral, and decision sciences. The research establishes a basis for testing our understanding of these processes in the case of hospital retrofit decisions.
Popillia japonica: Intraspecific Competition Among Grubs

Japanese beetle grubs of the three larval instars were reared at varying densities, and their survival rates were compared. Although, 1st-instar grubs survived better at higher densities, 2nd and 3rd instars had lower survival in crowded conditions. An analysis of the weight of grubs reared at various densities suggests that competition occurred which caused higher mortality among smaller individuals.
Peripheral odontogenic fibroma: a clinicopathologic study of 151 cases and review of the literature with special emphasis on recurrence.

Objective The peripheral odontogenic fibroma (POdF) is a rare benign neoplasm of odontogenic origin with limited data on recurrence. The purpose of this study was to define the clinical and histopathologic spectrum of POdF and to investigate its recurrence rate and variables associated with its recurrence. Study design A total of 151 cases of POdF were accepted for this study, which documented clinical, histopathologic, and follow-up data. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression was used to investigate the association of categorical variables and recurrence. Results POdF should be considered a mixed odontogenic tumor because it is composed of active odontogenic epithelial and ectomesenchymal components. Of the 58 cases with follow-up, 29 recurred. Budding of the basal cell layer of the surface squamous epithelium was associated with higher recurrence (P = .0186); 27 cases with recurrence which exhibited this feature. The presence of calcification in direct apposition to epithelial rests was associated with lower recurrence (P = .0076); 13 cases that did not recur exhibited this feature. Conclusions POdF has a 50% recurrence rate. Budding of the surface epithelium and calcification in apposition to odontogenic epithelial rests are histologic predictors of recurrence.
Quantifying the geometry, displacements, and subresolution deformation in thrust-ramp anticlines with growth and erosion: From models to seismic-reflection profile

A B S T R A C T We quantify the evolution of thrust-ramp anticlines exhibiting growth and/or erosion using the area-depthstrain (ADS) method. We illustrate, validate, and explore the limitations of the ADS method for a series of kinematic models and experimental sand (analog) models. We then apply the method to a seismically imaged thrust-ramp anticline from the deep-water Niger Delta. The ADS method allows determination of the boundary displacements, displacement rates, and layer-parallel strains using the excess areas (areas of marker beds above their regional level) of multiple horizons. The kinematic and experimental models demonstrate that excess areas for pre-deformation units lie on a straight line on an area-depth graph, the inverse slope of which is the boundary displacement and the intercept is the elevation of the basal detachment. For growth strata, the line connecting an area-depth value to the value representing the basal detachment gives the displacement after deposition of that horizon. For partially eroded markers, the calculated displacements are less than the actual displacements; however, originally planar unconformities yield the displacements that accrued after the formation of the unconformities. The experimental sand models show substantial layer-parallel shortening in the anticlines, displacements on the main thrust ramp that are only half the displacement on the basal detachment, and small tectonic dilations. The seismic example is an area-balanced ramp anticline with clearly defined pre-deformation and growth sequences. Fault separation at the center of the ramp in the pre-deformation interval is approximately equal to the total boundary displacement but decreases both upward and downward. The layer-parallel strains have the opposite pattern, with the lowest values at the center of the ramp and increasing values both upward and downward.
Properties Influencing the Relative Binding Affinity of Pteroate Derivatives and Drug Conjugates Thereof to the Folate Receptor

Purpose Using in vitro competition assays, determine salient chemical features of pteroates and pteroate-drug conjugates which afford high affinity to the folate receptor.
The asymmetric n-player gambler's ruin problem with equal initial fortunes

Formulas for the expected ruin time and the individual ruin probabilities are found for the asymmetric n-player gambler's ruin problem with equal initial fortunes of n+r dollars, for r a fixed non-negative integer, and n>=max(r,2); these are evaluated in several cases. Asymptotic results are obtained for the expected time to ruin for the asymmetric game, and for the individual ruin probabilities for the symmetric game. We also prove that the ruin time and which player is ruined are dependent events in the case where the players each start with n+2 dollars and n>=3. This differs from the asymmetric 2-player game with equal initial fortunes, as well as from the n-player game with n>=3 and equal initial fortunes less than or equal to n+1 dollars, in which the analogous events have been shown to be independent.
Effects of septal and hypothalamic lesions on shivering.

Abstract Shivering and heat loss in the cold were determined in cats several weeks or months after bilateral destruction of various septal and hypothalamic regions. Septal lesions had no effect on either parameter. The tremor was abolished or markedly reduced with lesions in the dorsomedial region of the posterior hypothalamus, but postural, pilomotor, and behavioral responses to cooling persisted. Lesions of the dorsolateral region of the posterior hypothalamus increased heat loss despite the presence of shivering, huddling, and piloerection. These results confirmed our previous electrical stimulation data that the primary region controlling the efferent (motor) aspect of shivering is the dorsomedial region of the posterior hypothalamus and additionally indirectly suggested that the dorsolateral region of the posterior hypothalamus is implicated in cold-induced cutaneous vasoconstriction.
From Columbus to Columbia

Abstract On the eve of Christopher Columbus's historic voyage to the New World, the international community of remote sensing and mapping sciences is poised to lead a new, environmentally conscious world into the 21st century. Developments in remote sensing and GIS technology during the past 25 years have paved the way for a modern round of earth exploration that could well equal in lasting importance the geographic achievement of Columbus, 500 years ago. Human experience has evolved from land-lubbing to sea-faring, air-faring and now space-faring so that in future all four modes will be used to enhacce our understanding of earth systems. Columbus “dead reckoned” his place into history by sailing the southern arm of the Atlantic Gyre westward to the Bahamas. For reasons beyond his knowledge, he was “lost” almost from the moment he departed; and to this day, his landfall is placed at several islands between Grand Turk at latitude 21.5°N and San Salvador at 24°N. His headings, nautical speeds, and drift are all subjects of controversy. Today, with global positioning systems, scientists and entrepreneurs can triangulate with considerable accuracy almost any point on the earth's surface, day or night; and, with a fourth satellite, can determine elevation. The same satellite constellation can monitor the speeds and headings of land, sea, and air transportation carriers for the benefit of all international commerce - a knowledge that would have been the envy of Spain's Admiral of the Ocean Seas throughout his search for spices, souls, and gold. We can only imagine what he and his captains might have given for a nightly satellite weather report, let alone images by which to navigate.
Coding of Odors by a Receptor Repertoire

Summary We provide a systematic analysis of how odor quality, quantity, and duration are encoded by the odorant receptor repertoire of the Drosophila antenna. We test the receptors with a panel of over 100 odors and find that strong responses are sparse, with response density dependent on chemical class. Individual receptors range along a continuum from narrowly tuned to broadly tuned. Broadly tuned receptors are most sensitive to structurally similar odorants. Strikingly, inhibitory responses are widespread among receptors. The temporal dynamics of the receptor repertoire provide a rich representation of odor quality, quantity, and duration. Receptors with similar odor sensitivity often map to widely dispersed glomeruli in the antennal lobe. We construct a multidimensional "odor space" based on the responses of each individual receptor and find that the positions of odors depend on their chemical class, concentration, and molecular complexity. The space provides a basis for predicting behavioral responses to odors.
Near-lossless compression of digital terrain elevation data

In critical applications of image compression that are sensitive to information loss, lossless compression techniques are usually employed. The compression ratios obtained from lossless techniques are low. Hence we need different schemes that give quantitative guarantees about the type and amount of distortion incurred, viz. near-lossless compression methods. In this paper, we explore hybrid techniques for near-lossless image compression based on error bound per pixel and apply them to Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED). We develop multi-stage quantization methods and other hybrid schemes using SPIHT as an embedded lossy coder. The methods developed are scalable with a control on maximum allowable deviation per pixel in the reconstruction. We compare the results obtained by these methods with JPEG-LS, the standard for lossless and near-lossless compression. Results show that these methods usually perform better than JPEG-LS in terms of compression performance and have additional features useful for progressive transmission.
Supramolecular filaments containing a fixed 41% paclitaxel loading

We report here the self-assembly of a rationally designed paclitaxel drug amphiphile into well-defined supramolecular filaments that possess a fixed 41% paclitaxel loading. These filaments can exert effective cytotoxicity against a number of cell lines comparable to that of free paclitaxel.
Effect of γ34.5 Deletions on Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus Activity in Brain Tumors

The ICP34.5 protein of herpes simplex virus (HSV) is involved in many aspects of viral pathogenesis; promoting neurovirulence, inhibiting interferon-induced shutoff of protein synthesis, interacting with PCNA and TBK1, inhibiting dendritic cell (DC) maturation, and binding to Beclin 1 to interfere with autophagy. Because of its key role in neuropathogenicity, the γ34.5 gene is deleted in all oncolytic HSVs (oHSVs) currently in clinical trial for treating malignant gliomas. Unfortunately, deletion of γ34.5 attenuates virus replication in cancer cells, especially human glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). To develop new oHSVs for use in the brain and that replicate in GSCs, we explored the effect of deleting the γ34.5 Beclin 1 binding domain (BBD). To ensure cancer selectivity and safety, we inactivated the ICP6 gene (UL39, large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase), constructing ICP6 mutants with different γ34.5 genotypes: Δ68HR-6, intact γ34.5; Δ68H-6, γ34.5 BBD deleted; and 1716-6, γ34.5 deleted. Multimutated Δ68H-6 exhibited minimal neuropathogenicity in HSV-1-susceptible mice, as opposed to Δ68H and Δ68HR-6. It replicated well in human glioma cell lines and GSCs, effectively killing cells in vitro and prolonging survival of mice bearing orthotopic brain tumors. In contrast, 1716 and 1716-6 barely replicated in GSCs. Infection of glioma cells with Δ68H-6 and 1716-6 induced autophagy and increased phosphorylation of eIF2α, while inhibition of autophagy, by Beclin 1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown or pharmacological inhibition, had no effect on virus replication or phosphorylated eIF2α (p-eIF2α) levels. Thus, Δ68H-6 represents a new oHSV vector that is safe and effective against a variety of brain tumor models.
An Exact Three-Dimensional Field Theory for a Class of Cyclic H-Plane Waveguide Junction

The device analyzed consists of g waveguides meeting in a cavity with a central metal disk. A conducting boundary such as this occurs in practical waveguide-junction circulators and the technique developed here may find application in circulator field theory. A special case of the geometry considered here is the "tuning screw" which arises when g = 2. The method of analysis is by representing the fields by mode summation, in the usual way, and then matching to the metal surfaces and across various imaginary internal boundaries. The device is assumed Iossless. The agreement between experimental and theoretical results is very good, thus indicating the method is valid and has been formulated correctly.
One-class classification for spontaneous facial expression analysis

In this paper, we explore one-class classification application in recognizing emotional and nonemotional facial expressions occurred in a realistic human conversation setting - adult attachment interview (AAI). Although emotional facial expressions are defined in terms of facial action units in the psychological study, non-emotional facial expressions have not distinct description. It is difficult and expensive to model non-emotional facial expressions. Thus, we treat this facial expression recognition as a one-class classification problem which is to describe target objects (i.e. emotional facial expressions) and distinguish them from outliers (i. e. non-emotional ones). We first apply Kernel whitening to map the emotional data in a kernel subspace with unit variances in all directions. Then, we use support vector data description (SVDD) for the classification which is to directly fit a boundary with minimal volume around the target data. We present our preliminary experiments on the AAI data, and compare Kernel whitening SVDD with PCA+SVDD and PCA+Gaussian methods.
Iron isotope fractionation during microbial dissimilatory iron oxide reduction in simulated Archaean seawater

The largest Fe isotope excursion yet measured in marine sedimentary rocks occurs in shales, carbonates, and banded iron formations of Neoarchaean and Paleoproterozoic age. The results of field and laboratory studies suggest a potential role for microbial dissimilatory iron reduction (DIR) in producing this excursion. However, most experimental studies of Fe isotope fractionation during DIR have been conducted in simple geochemical systems, using pure Fe(III) oxide substrates that are not direct analogues to phases likely to have been present in Precambrian marine environments. In this study, Fe isotope fractionation was investigated during microbial reduction of an amorphous Fe(III) oxide-silica coprecipitate in anoxic, high-silica, low-sulphate artificial Archaean seawater at 30 °C to determine if such conditions alter the extent of reduction or isotopic fractionations relative to those observed in simple systems. The Fe(III)-Si coprecipitate was highly reducible (c. 80% reduction) in the presence of excess acetate. The coprecipitate did not undergo phase conversion (e.g. to green rust, magnetite or siderite) during reduction. Iron isotope fractionations suggest that rapid and near-complete isotope exchange took place among all Fe(II) and Fe(III) components, in contrast to previous work on goethite and hematite, where exchange was limited to the outer few atom layers of the substrate. Large quantities of low-δ(56)Fe Fe(II) (aqueous and solid phase) were produced during reduction of the Fe(III)-Si coprecipitate. These findings shed new light on DIR as a mechanism for producing Fe isotope variations observed in Neoarchaean and Paleoproterozoic marine sedimentary rocks.