cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of parathion toxicity to quail by heat and cold exposure

Effects of ambient temperature on the acute oral toxicity of parathion were investigated in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) maintained at thermoneutral temperature (26°C) or exposed to elevated (37°C) or reduced (4°C) temperatures commonly encountered by free-ranging wild birds. Based upon estimates of the median lethal dosage, there was up to a twofold enhancement of parathion toxicity in birds chronically exposed to heat or cold. Twenty-four hours after administration of a low dosage (4 mg/kg body wt, po), there was markedly greater cholinesterase inhibition in surviving heat-exposed quail compared with those reared at 26°C (e.g., brain acetylcholinesterase depression of 42% versus 12%). There were no differences in hepatic activities of parathion oxidase, paraoxonase, or paraoxon deethylase which could account for greater toxicity to chronically heat-exposed birds. In contrast, 4 mg parathion/kg wt elicited less plasma cholinesterase inhibition in cold-exposed quail compared to thermoneutral controls (e.g., <10% versus 48% depression after 24 hr). Increased liver weight and a doubling of paraoxonase activity may have been associated with greater tolerance to sublethal doses of parathion in chronically cold-exposed quail. These findings, together with limited field observations, indicate that the hazard associated with anticholinesterase exposure of wild birds is substantially influenced by environmental temperature.
Fear reduction in rats through avoidance blocking.

Abstract Rats trained to avoid an electric shock in an alley were divided into two groups depending on their behavior during 25 min of response blocking. Subjects demonstrating exploratory behavior while blocked were put in one group, while subjects demonstrating agitation, freezing or grooming were placed in another. Fear measures, when subsequently exposed to the CS. were taken on experimental subjects and compared to controls. The results confirmed the hypothesis that response blocking can lead to fear reduction and that the fear reduction is related to the behavior of the subject during blocking.
Asymptotic filtering and entropy rate of a hidden Markov process in the rare transitions regime

Recent work by Ordentlich and Weissman put forth a new approach for bounding the entropy rate of a hidden Markov process via the construction of a related Markov process. We use this approach to study the behavior of the filtering error probability and the entropy rate of a hidden Markov process in the rare transitions regime. In this paper, we restrict our attention to the case of a two state Markov chain that is corrupted by a binary symmetric channel. Using this approach we recover the results on the optimal filtering error probability of Khasminskii and Zeitouni. In addition, this approach sheds light on the terms that appear in the expression for the optimal filtering error probability. We then use this approach to obtain tight estimates of the entropy rate of the process in the rare transitions regime. This leads to tight estimates on the capacity of the Gilbert-Elliot channel in the rare transitions regime
Performance evaluation of WDM ring network

Output power, crosstalk, amplified spontaneous emission noise, and bit-error-rates at two different bit rates of a ring network with multiple add-drop nodes are calculated. The results demonstrate the levels of impairments and consequent bit-error-rates.
Distinct profiles of oxidative stress-related and matrix proteins in adult bone and soft tissue osteosarcoma and desmoid tumors: A proteomics study

Osteosarcomas rarely occur in older adults. Proteomics has not been reported to date in osteosarcoma occurring in the older adult population. This proteomic investigation was conducted to identify differentially expressed proteins in osteosarcoma occurring in various backgrounds from older adults. Desmoid tumors, known to recur locally but not metastasize, were also analyzed. Protein digests isolated from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue specimen representing 14 primary osteosarcomas of soft tissue and bone and 18 desmoid tumors were analyzed by high-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for protein identification and relative quantification by spectral counting. Elevated abundance levels of several proteins including heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), elastin microfibril interface-located protein 1, and clusterin were identified in osteosarcoma with slight differences in proteomic profiles. Desmoids had an abundance of collagen II and periostin only. The findings were confirmed by immunohistochemical staining for HSP90 and clusterin in the experimental samples and additionally in 16 posttherapy conventional osteosarcomas in tissue microarrays constructed from heterogeneous sarcomas and benign lesions. All osteosarcomas were positive for HSP90 and clusterin to a variable extent. One case of well-differentiated parosteal osteosarcoma was negative. Thirty of 75 other high-grade sarcomas including cases of chondrosarcoma were positive for HSP90. Low-grade and benign lesions and scars and 18 desmoid tumors had little or no expression of these proteins. HSP90 and clusterin represent candidate markers of aggressiveness in osteosarcoma occurring in older adults and may be indicative of drug resistance.
Differential Expression of HIF-1α in Skin and Mucosal Wounds

Despite accelerated epithelial closure, oral mucosal wounds exhibit lower levels of VEGF and a more refined angiogenic response than do skin wounds. The specific differences in angiogenesis suggest that skin and oral mucosal wounds may experience dissimilar levels of hypoxia and HIF-1α. Using a model of comparable wounds on murine dorsal skin and tongue, we determined levels of hypoxia and HIF-1α. Skin wounds were found to be significantly more hypoxic and had higher levels of HIF-1α than mucosal wounds. Furthermore, under stressed conditions, skin wounds, but not mucosal wounds, exhibited a further elevation of HIF-1α beyond that of non-stressed levels. To determine if manipulation of oxygen levels might equalize the repair response of each tissue, we exposed mice to hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT) following wounding. HBOT did not significantly change HIF-1α or VEGF expression in either skin or mucosal wounds, nor did it alter wound bed vascularity. These studies suggest that skin wounds have higher levels of hypoxia than do mucosal wounds, along with a differential expression of HIF-1α. Interestingly, modulation of oxygen by HBOT does not ameliorate this difference. These results suggest that differential responses to hypoxia may underlie the distinctive wound-healing phenotypes seen in skin and oral mucosa.
Rule-based XML Mediation for Data Validation and Privacy Anonymization

XML mediation for data validation and privacy anonymization of very large complicated XML messages defined in some industry-specific specifications such as HL7 is becoming increasingly important in SOA because a lot of applications depend on various kinds of hard-coded data validation and privacy anonymization functions, which makes it difficult to keep consistency of the functions among the applications in SOA when the schema of the XML messages in the specifications is updated. This paper proposes a uniform rule-based approach to realize the functions as an XML mediation separated from the applications, which makes it easy to maintain consistency of the functions even when they are updated in accord with the changes to the specifications. Therefore, application developers can readily utilize the mediation with many applications in SOA without additional modification to the applications. Our approach allows the developers to define a set of rules that consist of two components: 1) constraint conditions in a conceptual data notation in the XML message, and 2) actions performed only when the conditions are satisfied. In order to make the rules independent from both the implementation-specific data representation and the industry-specific knowledge, we automatically transform the rules into the implementation-specific data representation using two more factors; one is the data mappings from the data notation in the rules to the concrete data representation in the implementation, and the other is the implied data relationships hidden in the rules. It is very important to take into consideration a general way to import the implied knowledge because it often depends on the industry-specific data structure and it is usually given outside of the mediation system.
Lung toxicity and biodistribution of Cd/Se-ZnS quantum dots with different surface functional groups after pulmonary exposure in rats.

Background The potential use of quantum dots (QD) in biomedical applications, as well as in other systems that take advantage of their unique physiochemical properties, has led to concern regarding their toxicity, potential systemic distribution, and biopersistence. In addition, little is known about workplace exposure to QD in research, manufacturing, or medical settings. The goal of the present study was to assess pulmonary toxicity, clearance, and biodistribution of QD with different functional groups in rats after pulmonary exposure.
Effect of nicotinamide on methionine metabolism in rat liver.

To test the response to increased utilization of methyl groups, we administered large dosages of nic- otinamide to rats fed an adequate diet that contained lim ited amounts of methionine and choline. During the 4 d after the injection, we observed several significant effects on the hepatic concentrations of the enzymes and metab olites of methionine metabolism. Methionine and S-ad- enosylmethionine remained at control levels; the concen trations of S-adenosylhomocysteine exceeded the control values from 4 to 16 h; and the levels of serine and betaine were lower after 16 h. Treatment with nicotinamide resulted in higher hepatic levels of methionine adenosyltransferase (after 4 h) and cystathionine synthase (after 16 h). These data indicate that increases in both homocysteine meth- ylation and S-adenosylmethionine synthesis may be com ponents of the response to excessive methyl group con sumption. An increased synthesis of cystathionine would provide for the removal of S-adenosylhomocysteine (and homocysteine) derived from the adenosylmethionine-de- pendent methylation of nicotinamide. J. Nutr. 118:829â€" 833, 1988.
Diagnostic and Public Health Dilemma of Lactose-Fermenting Salmonella Enterica Serotype Typhimurium in Cattle in the Northeastern United States

The presence of lactose-fermenting Salmonella strains in clinical case materials presented to microbiology laboratories presents problems in detection and identification. Failure to detect these strains also presents a public health problem. The laboratory methods used in detecting lactose-fermenting Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium from six outbreaks of salmonellosis in veal calves are described. Each outbreak was caused by a multiply-resistant and lactose-fermenting strain of S. enterica serotype Typhimurium. The use of Levine eosin-methylene blue agar in combination with screening of suspect colonies for C8 esterase enzyme and inoculation of colonies into sulfide-indole-motility medium for hydrogen sulfide production was particularly effective for their detection. A hypothesis for the creation of lactose-fermenting salmonellae in the environment is presented. It is proposed that the environment and husbandry practices of veal-raising barns provide a unique niche in which lactose-fermenting salmonellae may arise.
Silica-replaced fossils through the Phanerozoic

A systematic survey of 1863 papers on macrobenthic assemblages reveals that an average of 21% of published Paleozoic papers concern silicified fossils, but that average drops to just 4% for post-Paleozoic papers. During the Paleozoic, silicified fossil occurrences do not significantly correlate with the amount of shelf chert, outcrop area, time, duration of geologic intervals, or carbonate rock volume. This substantial drop in numbers of silicified fossils coincides temporally with increased importance of aragonite faunas following the end-Permian extinctions. However, qualitative measurements of secular changes in abundance and diversity of siliceous sponges are consistent not only with the post-Paleozoic decline in fossil silicification, but also with fluctuations in the amount of silicified fossils throughout the Paleozoic. The facies distribution of silicified fossils in the Permian of West Texas also suggests that the distribution of silicified fossils may reflect the occurrence of siliceous sponges. The decline in silicified fossils after the Permian may be related to a concomitant rise in offshore bedded chert deposition and movement of the locus of biogenic silica formation from nearshore to offshore regions beginning in the Triassic, rather than with the expansion of diatoms in the Cretaceous.
Exploring the Multicultural Competence of Leadership Educators

Research examining multicultural competence among higher education professionals responsible for leadership education demonstrated significant correlations with racial identity and multicultural education and experiences. The Multicultural Competence in Student Affairs-Preliminary 2 (MCSA-P2) scale was used to measure multicultural competence. Variances in multicultural competence scores were significant in relation to racial identity and select multicultural education and experience measures, above and beyond controlled for demographic variables.
A master-slave scheme to tune gain of transconductance amplifiers with high accuracy

A simple technique to make the gain of transconductance amplifiers temperature insensitive and to tune them with high precision over a wide adjustment range is described. The technique uses a master-slave approach. It can be used to implement constant bandwidth instrumentation amplifiers. Experimental results using commercial operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) are presented showing that the proposed technique allows gain control over almost three decades with absolute accuracy better than 0.1%. Considerations for a fully integrated implementation are discussed. >
Improved k-nearest neighbor classification

k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) classi"cation is a well-known decision rule that is widely used in pattern classi"cation. However, the traditional implementation of this method is computationally expensive. In this paper we develop two e5ective techniques, namely, template condensing and preprocessing, to signi"cantly speed up k-NN classi"cation while maintaining the level of accuracy. Our template condensing technique aims at “sparsifying” dense homogeneous clusters of prototypes of any single class. This is implemented by iteratively eliminating patterns which exhibit high attractive capacities. Our preprocessing technique "lters a large portion of prototypes which are unlikely to match against the unknown pattern. This again accelerates the classi"cation procedure considerably, especially in cases where the dimensionality of the feature space is high. One of our case studies shows that the incorporation of these two techniques to k-NN rule achieves a seven-fold speed-up without sacri"cing accuracy. ? 2002 Pattern Recognition Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Opioid controls: regulate to educate.

Successful marketing of “designer” opioids (new formulations to either extend activity or speed onset) contributed appreciably to the vast increases in opioid prescribing for pain that occurred in the United States in the 1980s and 1990s [1]. Some in the medical community were persuaded that because the new formulations could produce a steady state, thus avoiding peak concentrations, they were less likely to cause addiction and could be used safely and effectively for long-term treatment of chronic pain [2]. Extending opioids to patients with chronic pain had clear advantages in terms of the market: chronic pain is commonplace, and it lasts forever. Regulations that require clinicians to be registered and monitored when prescribing controlled substances had countered misuse of prescription opioids fairly effectively throughout most of the 20th century. But with the recent precipitous rise in opioid prescribing, prescription opioid misuse increased in parallel [3]. Prescription opioid abuse, misuse, overdose, and death rates have all proliferated, often spreading from the individuals receiving treatment, to those around them [4]. Prescription opioids freely available in the community led to more misuse. Prescription opioid misuse is now seen by the regulatory authorities as a societal problem of enormous proportions and one that needs urgent intervention. Since immediate action is warranted, it has been decided that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) should act under authority already in place given to it by the 2007 FDA Amendments Act. Under this authority, the FDA will require drug companies to develop, use, and continuously evaluate new Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS). Previous REMS had focused on informing prescribers …
The 2007 ESPEN Sir David Cuthbertson Lecture: amino acids between and within organs. The glutamate-glutamine-citrulline-arginine pathway.

Summary In daily practice, the plasma concentration of amino acids is usually viewed as a parameter of production. However, both a high production and/or a reduced disposal capacity can result in an increased plasma concentration. In this presentation, I will discuss my research on interorgan relationships of the amino acids glutamate, glutamine, citrulline and arginine to explain the regulation of the plasma arginine level. The reduced glutamine disposal during liver failure is related to enhanced plasma glutamine level without any change in muscle and gut production or consumption rate. In contrast during sepsis, a small reduction in plasma glutamine is related to a substantially enhanced organ glutamate and glutamine production or consumption rate. These observations are a good example that plasma levels are directly related to production or consumption rates. Because glutamine breakdown in the gut produces citrulline, there is a good relation between the amount of metabolically active gut tissue and gut and whole body citrulline production. Arginine is produces from citrulline in the kidney and a reduced gut glutamine to citrulline conversion during sepsis explains the reduced de novo arginine production that is related to the reduced plasma arginine level. The interorgan route between muscle, gut, liver and kidney of the amino acids glutamate, glutamine, citrulline and arginine is a very good example of how complicated the regulation of plasma amino acid levels can be. However, in-depth research is necessary and will give us important clues to new nutritional strategies.
The Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP) radar

The soil moisture active/passive (SMAP) mission is a NASA mission identified by the NRC ldquodecadal surveyrdquo to measure both soil moisture and freeze/thaw state from space. The mission will use both active radar and passive radiometer instruments at L-band. In order to achieve a wide swath at sufficiently high resolution for both active and passive channels, an instrument architecture that uses a large rotating reflector is employed. The active radar will further utilize SAR processing in order to obtain the sub-footprint resolution necessary for the geophysical retrievals. The SMAP radar has a unique geometry where the antenna footprint is continuously rotated about nadir in a conical fashion, as opposed to the more common side-looking SAR design. In support of the design of the SMAP radar, a point target simulator has been constructed and used to validate the SMAP radar design parameters.
Senior Centers: Characteristics of Participants and Nonparticipants

This article examines the sociodemographic characteristics of senior center participants and nonparticipants, identifies differences between the two cohorts, and highlights their rationale for participation or nonparticipation. Few studies have attempted to delineate the demographic and choice predictors of senior center participation in the last 10 years. A population of 1,283 older adults residing in northwest Indiana was surveyed for this study. Bivariate analysis of study data found significant differences between participants and nonparticipants, and yielded valuable information about the changing needs and expectations of community-dwelling older adults. Implications of the study findings are relevant for the continued sustainability and relevance of senior centers nationwide. The results provide the framework for recommendations to senior centers with respect to both policy and practice.
The effectiveness of court-ordered punishment: fines versus no punishment

This study evaluates the effectiveness of various court-ordered punishment dispositions for a small city over a twelve-year period. Subjects receiving "no punishment" had a lower probability of future crime than did those receiving fines (p< .01). Repeaters and nonrepeaters did not differ on type of crime, seriousness of crime, or on amount of fine paid at first offense. The results are discussed from the viewpoint of the research literature on response suppression.
Obstructive jaundice resulting from adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater in an 11-year-old boy

Adenocarcinoma of ampulla of Vater causing obstructive jaundice in an 11-year-old boy is reported. He first underwent pylorus-preserving duodenectomy, which later necessitated classical Whipple operation because of the microscopical evidence of the disease beyond surgical margins. This child is the youngest case of adenocarcinoma of ampulla of Vater in the English-language literature.
THE RECEPTOR POTENTIAL OF THE TASTE CELL OF THE RAT.

The electrical responses of the taste cell of the rat to chemical stimuli were studied by means of microelectrode techniques. Although large positive potential changes in the taste cell were usually elicited by taste stimuli, the response was a small negative potential change with respect to surrounding tissues if the microelectrode was thrust deeply into the taste bud. Both FeCl3 and cocaine produced a positive change in the steady potential. If this new potential is larger than a certain equilibrium potential, reversal of the polarity of the potential change caused by a taste stimulus is observed. Gamma-aminobutyric acid and acetylcholine had no effect on the receptor steady potential nor on the receptor responses elicited by taste stimuli.
Redshift-space distortions, pairwise velocities and nonlinearities

We derive the exact relationship, including all nonlinearities, between real-space and redshift-space two-point statistics through the pairwise velocity distribution function. We show using numerical simulations that the pairwise velocity probability distribution function is strongly non-Gaussian at all scales and explain why this is so. We caution that a commonly used ansatz to model the redshift-space power spectrum gives rise to an unphysical distribution of pairwise velocities, and show that it is in general impossible to derive the distribution from measurements of redshift-space clustering. Methods that claim to do this obtain instead something else, whose properties we derive. We provide a general derivation of the large-scale limit of the redshift-space power spectrum and show that it differs from the Kaiser formula by terms that depend on Gaussian and non-Gaussian contributions to the velocity dispersion of large-scale flows. We also show that the large-scale evolution of velocity fields is not well described by linear theory and discuss how this impacts the redshift-space power spectrum. Finally, we stress that using the monopole of the redshift-space power as an indicator of the real-space power spectrum shape can lead to systematic effects in the determination of cosmological parameters; nevertheless a simple procedure is able tomore » recover the large-scale real-space power spectrum rather well.« less
Inclusive, Democratic Family-Professional Partnerships: (Re)Conceptualizing Culture and Language in Teacher Preparation.

Family–professional partnerships are vital to the provision of appropriate and effective special education services for young children. Despite the recognized need, teacher educators in early child...
Sensor cooperation in human environments through motivational gradients

The urban environment of the early 21st century contains a large number of consumer devices under private and organizational ownership. Many of these devices contain sensors as well as communication devices. However, most of these sensors are only used for purposes internal to the device. By interconnecting these sensors we can obtain a network which can serve important societal goals. The technological challenges of interconnecting these sensors are relatively minor. The main problem is the human aspect: why would the owners of the sensors offer their readings for public use? In fact, privacy considerations might advise the exact opposite. Such networks will not be accepted unless every owner is motivated to allow the participation of its devices. In this paper we describe an architecture which enables such a system by the formal model of motivational gradients. The original source of motivational gradients are always humans or organizations; however, nodes acting as autonomous agents can negotiate motivational microgradients based on the original macrogradient introduced by humans. We evaluate the networking and computer-human interaction aspects of the proposed architecture.
Phaclofen-insensitive presynaptic inhibitory action of (+/-)-baclofen in neonatal rat motoneurones in vitro.

1. Intracellular recordings were made from antidromically identified motoneurones in transverse spinal cord slices from neonatal (12-16 day) rats. 2. Superfusion of (+/-)-baclofen (0.5-50 microM) reduced the excitatory postsynaptic potentials (e.p.s.ps) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (i.p.s.ps) evoked by dorsal root or dorsal root entry zone stimulation in a concentration-dependent manner; the calculated EC50 was 2.4 microM. Baclofen in comparable concentrations also reversibly eliminated spontaneously occurring e.p.s.ps and i.p.s.ps. 3. (-)-Baclofen was more effective as compared to baclofen in reducing the synaptic responses, whereas (+)-baclofen at concentrations as high as 50 microM was ineffective. 4. Baclofen (less than 5 microM) attenuated the synaptic responses without causing a significant change of passive membrane properties and depolarizations induced by exogenously applied glutamate. In addition to synaptic depression, baclofen (greater than 5 microM) caused a hyperpolarization associated with decreased membrane resistance in some of the motoneurones; the glutamate responses were also attenuated. 5. Baclofen reversibly depressed the spike after-hyperpolarization of the motoneurones. 6. GABA (1-10 mM) depressed synaptic transmission and depolarized or hyperpolarized motoneurones. While potentiated by the uptake inhibitor nipecotic acid, the synaptic depressant effect of GABA was not antagonized by bicuculline. 7. The synaptic depressant effect of baclofen was neither blocked by GABAA antagonists bicuculline and picrotoxin (10-50 microM) nor by the GABAB antagonist phaclofen (0.1-1 mM). 8. It is suggested that baclofen depresses excitatory and inhibitory transmission in rat motoneurones by primarily a presynaptic mechanism in reducing the liberation of chemical transmitters from nerve endings via a phaclofen-insensitive GABAB receptor.
Human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells demonstrate short-lived persistence after implantation in both an immunocompetent and an immunocompromised murine model.

Mesenchymal cells are emerging as a promising cell platform for regenerative therapies. However, the fate of cells after transplantation in many different disease settings and tissue beds remains unclear. In this study, human adipose-derived stromal/stem (ASCs) cells were fluorescently labeled with a membrane dye and injected into both immunocompetent and immunocompromised mouse strains. Cells were injected either as single cell suspensions, or as self-assembling spheroids. In parallel, cells were purposefully devitalized prior to injection and then implanted in the opposite side in a randomized fashion. These ‘control’ groups were included to determine whether the fluorescent membrane dye would remain localized at the injection site despite the use of nonviable cells. Cell implants and the surrounding tissues were harvested on days 3, 10 and 21 after in vivo delivery and evaluated in a blinded manner. Injection sites were analyzed by fluorescent microscopy, and human cell numbers were quantified using PCR detection of a human-specific endogenous retrovirus (ERV-3). Host response was evaluated by immunofluorescent staining of macrophages. ERV-3 quantification showed that 95% of the human cells that were viable when they were injected were undetectable at the three-week time-point. Although fluorescent signal persisted for the entire study period, further analysis revealed that much of this signal was located within host macrophages. These results suggest that human ASCs survive for less than three weeks after injection into even immunocompromised mice, and call into question the notion that human ASCs are immuno-privileged and capable of surviving for extended periods in xenogeneic and/or allogeneic models.
Tertiary contacts control switching of the SAM-I riboswitch

Riboswitches are non-coding RNAs that control gene expression by sensing small molecules through changes in secondary structure. While secondary structure and ligand interactions are thought to control switching, the exact mechanism of control is unknown. Using a novel two-piece assay that competes the anti-terminator against the aptamer, we directly monitor the process of switching. We find that the stabilization of key tertiary contacts controls both aptamer domain collapse and the switching of the SAM-I riboswitch from the aptamer to the expression platform conformation. Our experiments demonstrate that SAM binding induces structural alterations that indirectly stabilize the aptamer domain, preventing switching toward the expression platform conformer. These results, combined with a variety of structural probing experiments performed in this study, show that the collapse and stabilization of the aptamer domain are cooperative, relying on the sum of key tertiary contacts and the bimodal stability of the kink-turn motif for function. Here, ligand binding serves to shift the equilibrium of aptamer domain structures from a more open toward a more stable collapsed form by stabilizing tertiary interactions. Our data show that the thermodynamic landscape for riboswitch operation is finely balanced to allow large conformational rearrangements to be controlled by small molecule interactions.
A Molar Equilibrium Theory of Learned Performance

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the learned performance dominated by a concern with the effects of associative variables. There has been little concern with the functional role of learned behavior in promoting survival in the fact of environmental challenges. The functionalist tradition provides a regulatory basis for learned behavior by identifying substances, states, and set points important for survival. The empirical approach identified reinforcers, but provided an incomplete description of the conditions surrounding their operation. Premack's alternative to the empirical approach, the probability differential hypothesis, is based on an important but incomplete analysis of the regulatory bases of reinforcement. The present molar equilibrium approach stems from Premack's work and employs paired baseline procedures to establish the set points of behavior. A more complex equilibrium theory considers: (1) the relative importance of the direction and amount of deviation of responding from baselines, (2) the effects of associative variables, (3) complex equilibria involving other responses inside and outside the session, and (4) the molecular and interactive determinants of response change. Behavior under schedules is result of complex adjustments to conditions of disequilibrium imposed by the schedule. .
Dynamics of Dirac strings and monopolelike excitations in chiral magnets under a current drive

Skyrmion lines in metallic chiral magnets carry an emergent magnetic field experienced by the conduction electrons. The inflow and outflow of this field across a closed surface is not necessarily equal, thus it allows for the existence of emergent monopoles. One example is a segment of skyrmion line inside a crystal, where a monopole and antimonopole pair is connected by the emergent magnetic flux line. This is a realization of Dirac stringlike excitations. Here we study the dynamics of monopoles in chiral magnets under an electric current. We show that in the process of creation of skyrmion lines, skyrmion line segments are first created via the proliferation of monopoles and antimonopoles. Then these line segments join and span the whole system through the annihilation of monopoles. The skyrmion lines are destroyed via the proliferation of monopoles and antimonopoles at high currents, resulting in a chiral liquid phase. We also propose to create the monopoles in a controlled way by applying an inhomogeneous current to a crystal. Remarkably, an electric field component in the magnetic field direction proportional to the current squared in the low current region is induced by the motion of distorted skyrmion lines, in addition to the Hall and longitudinal voltage. The existence of monopoles can be inferred from transport or imaging measurements.
Does child temperament modify the overweight risk associated with parent feeding behaviors and child eating behaviors?: An exploratory study

Abstract Background Child temperament is a measure of an individual's behavioral tendencies. The primary objective of this study was to examine whether child temperament modified the overweight risk associated with parent feeding behaviors and child eating behaviors. Methods A sample of predominantly African American, Midwest families (N = 120) recruited from four metropolitan primary care clinics participated in this cross-sectional, mixed methods study. Parents reported on feeding practices, child eating behaviors, and child temperament. Results Difficult temperament was not statistically related to parent feeding practices or child eating behaviors (p > 0.05). Tests of interaction indicated that the risk of child overweight differed by difficult temperament and easy temperament for two child eating behaviors (emotional eating and food fussiness, p Conclusions Tailoring parent-level interventions to child temperament or promoting environments that trigger less reactive individual responses may be effective in lowering risk of child overweight.
Acaulospora Bireticulata Inside Oribatid Mites

(1982). Acaulospora Bireticulata Inside Oribatid Mites. Mycologia: Vol. 74, No. 5, pp. 859-861.
Costs and beliefs: understanding individual- and neighborhood-level correlates of medication nonadherence among Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes.

Author(s): Billimek, John; August, Kristin J | Abstract: ObjectiveHigh rates of medication nonadherence observed in disadvantaged populations are often attributed to socioeconomic factors. Little is known, however, about how a person's neighborhood environment may contribute to nonadherence beyond what can be explained by a lack of individual resources to pay for medications. This study considered the reasons patients reported for deviating from their medication regimens to understand how individual-level and neighborhood-level indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) may each influence adherence behavior.MethodCross-sectional data were collected between 2006 and 2011 from a sample of Mexican American patients with type 2 diabetes (N = 749) treated at university-affiliated clinics in Southern California. Measures included individual-level SES (years of education, health insurance type, and household income), neighborhood deprivation, and medication nonadherence (for reasons related to cost and reasons related to beliefs about medications). Neighborhood deprivation was assessed using the Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status Index (Dubowitz et al., 2011), a validated aggregate of census tract-level indicators linked to each participant's home address.ResultsRESULTS from multilevel logistic regression models revealed that individual-level SES was associated with nonadherence related to cost (annual household income l $20,000 vs. g $40,000, p = .001; Medicare vs. commercial health insurance, p l .001), whereas neighborhood deprivation was associated with nonadherence related to beliefs about medications (p = .011).ConclusionFindings from this study suggest that an individual's lack of resources may contribute to nonadherence related to cost, whereas elements of the broader social environment may promote nonadherence related to negative beliefs about medications.
Socio-economic status differences in mathematics accuracy, strategy use, and profiles in the early years of schooling

Prior research has shown that students from low socio-economic status (SES) families are at greater risk for mathematics education and achievement, and these factors in turn, may impact their long-term well-being. This paper investigates differences in mathematics achievement by SES, using clinical interview (CI). Students in Kindergarten to Grade 3 were studied using cross-sectional and longitudinal data to examine differences in mathematics accuracy, strategy use, and profiles. Results indicate minor differences in overall accuracy and in overall profile scores. At the subtest level, differences were found for accuracy for all grade levels. There were significant differences in mathematics performance by SES. In particular, larger differences by SES were found in mathematics accuracy than in sensible strategy use. For profile scores, significant differences were found by SES using cross sectional data; moreover, students’ profile scores differed by subtests and sections of the CI. Longitudinal data analysis indicated significant changes in students’ profile scores; however, there were no differences in profile scores by SES over time. Curricular and assessment implications are discussed, with directions for future research.
Effect of Selected Insecticides on Lepidopteran Larvae and Beneficial Arthropods in Alfalfa, 2014

Several insecticides were evaluated for control of lepidopteran larvae and their effect on beneficial arthropods in a commercial alfalfa field in Pecos County, TX. Plots, 10 × 40 ft., were arranged in an RCB design with four blocks and seven treatments. Pesticide applications were made using a CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 15 GPA @ 20 psi using Teejet TT11003 nozzles on a 4 ft boom with 19 in. spacing between the nozzles. All insecticide treatments, except PFR-97WG, were applied once. The PFR-97WG treatment …
Weak and Strong Polysaccharide Gels

Publisher Summary Studies at the Institute of Food Research (IFR) are currently concerned with trying to understand the molecular mechanisms by which polysaccharides associate to form weak or strong gels. The aim of such studies is to develop scientific, rather than empirical, methods for suggesting modifications to processes or for selecting new polysaccharides to optimize the use of food biopolymers. Investigations fall into three broad areas or themes. Firstly, there is an interest in the investigation of biopolymers that show potential as future food ingredients or additives. This chapter illustrates such studies by the work carried out at Norwich on gellan gum. Secondly, there is an interest in how individual polysaccharides behave when mixed with other biopolymers and co-solutes in complex multi-component mixtures. Mixed systems form more realistic models for foods. The chapter illustrates such studies by the work on starch and binary synergistic gelling polysaccharide blends. Thirdly, there is an interest in a relatively new area aimed at developing self-textured or naturally textured foods as an alternative to the use of additives. The chapter illustrates these studies by a discussion of the extracellular polysaccharides produced by Acetobacter and lactic acid bacteria.
Commentary: Challenging Ourselves to Advance Scholarship on Portrayals of Alcohol in the Media

(2013). Commentary: Challenging Ourselves to Advance Scholarship on Portrayals of Alcohol in the Media. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 36, Communication Yearbook 36, pp. 316-321.
Preparation and Use of Somatic Cell Count Samples (SCCS) for Comparison of Milk Somatic Cell Counting Methods.

Somatic cell count samples (SCCS) for use in comparison of milk somatic cell counting methods were prepared from the cell sediment deposited in a creamery milk separator. Bovine milk somatic cells were resuspended from the sediment, and serial cell dilutions were prepared in bronopol-preserved milk diluent. Over a 1-year period, sets of SCCS were prepared each month and sent to milk-testing laboratories in the U.S.A., Canada and Europe, and counted by the methods in use at those Laboratories: (a) direct microscopic somatic cell count (DMSCC), (b) Fossomatic counter and (c) Coulter counter. Cell counts were normalized to eliminate the effect of month to month variation in the cell content of the SCCS. Counts obtained by the three methods were similar, although Coulter counter results tended to be lower, and significantly lower (P< 0.05) in SCCS with cell counts greater than 700,000 cells/ml than those counts by the other two methods. The effect of shipping on SCCS stability was assessed for SCCS samples se...
Array analysis of seismic scattering

Abstract The use of high frequency arrays permits investigation of the spatial as well as the temporal character of the seismic wavefield in the frequency band 1-10 Hz. The authors have carried out investigations into seismic scattering at NORESS, FINESA, and ARCESS. Two principal methods have been used, frequency-wavenumber analysis of coda and coherency analysis of seismic phases. For regional seismograms, frequency-wavenumber analysis of Lg coda shows that Lg -to- Lg scattering dominates and that scattering is initially concentrated in the forward direction, changing to isotropic backscatter later in the coda. The P coda is more complex, although all cases studied show that energy is concentrated in the on-azimuth direction. However, different phase velocities are found for the three different cases studied, indicating that P coda is made up of several different contributions whose balance varies in different situations. In previous work, we have found that the decay of coherency with spatial separation scales as the wavelength for the Lg phase of regional events in the frequency band 1-10 Hz, declining to about 0.5 within one wavelength. Analysis of synthetic seismograms for realistic models of the area suggests that this loss of coherency is not due to dispersion, reaffirming a scattering interpretation. However, the decline in coherency is isotropic, seemingly contradicting the finding of forward scattering found in the frequency-wavenumber analysis. This may reflect a sensitivity of the coherency analysis to scattering within or very close to the array, while the frequency-wavenumber analysis favors scatterers at greater distance.
EFFECT OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY ON DEVELOPMENT OF INCIDENT CONDUCTION SYSTEM DISEASE IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS: THE LIFE STUDY

Background: Previous work has demonstrated that treatment of hypertensive patients with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril was associated with a reduced incidence of a composite conduction system disease endpoint and also left bundle branch block (LBBB) compared with either
Gene set enrichment analysis to evaluate expression of autoantigens in lung cancer

e22048 Background: There is a well-established association between certain autoimmune diseases and the development of specific malignancies. It has been demonstrated that myositis-specific autoantigens are expressed at higher levels in tumors associated with myositis compared to normal tissue, suggesting that immune responses to antigens expressed in nascent tumors may contribute to the autoimmune process. Whether this observation is a general feature of autoantigen expression in tumor tissue, and whether the relative expression of these antigens is enriched in relation to the rest of the tumor transcriptome is currently unknown. Methods: Tumor tissue from ten lung cancer biopsies (adenocarcinoma (4), carcinoid (4), and squamous cell carcinoma (2)) and normal lung from the same patients were obtained. Total RNA was extracted and hybridized to Illumina Sentrix BeadChips. Hiearchical clustering was used to visualize the expression levels of 146 known autoantigens. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was performed ...
Metabolic Reprogramming in Resting and Activated Immune Cells.

Immune cell activation and proliferation are closely linked to their metabolic programming. These activated cells share the ability with tumor cells and are capable to response to stimulations quickly and reprogram their metabolism to fight with invading pathogens. The corresponding changes in metabolism provide immune cells with energy and bio-precursors to match with necessity of immune functions. The major metabolic pathways utilized by immune cells for the purpose of protecting body from invading pathogens are glycolysis, glutaminolysis, fatty acid synthesis and oxidation, and mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation. These pathways play crucial roles in immune cell activation and differentiation. In this review, we describe how immune cells engage in certain metabolic processes according to their functional needs with a focus on T cells and macrophage cells.
Alternative Framing of Teacher Education: A Challenge for Teacher Education in an Age of Globalization

Much of the current discourse of teaching makes explicit reference to globalization. Whether framed as needing teaching to prepare students for a global economy or introduced in terms of how teaching can be improved by learning from the policies and practices of teaching elsewhere, “global” discourses powerfully shape how teaching is currently discussed. This is true in the global north as well as the global south. This is true in a country like the US—proud of its unique history and its often defiant and “exceptional” position—and in a larger regional entity like the EU. These arguments understandably have seeped their way into conversation about the purpose and practice of teacher education. Today new expectations of accountability, shared frequently across borders, and the international rise of market-driven notions about teacher quality and value are influential challenges to conventions of teacher education in many countries. In this chapter, while acknowledging the importance of these phenomena, I explore their consequences and an alternative way to envision how globalization might affect teacher education. In particular, I examine the marginalizing of voices of teacher educators in global discussions of teacher education and invite teacher educators to frame globalization’s imperatives in social and cultural rather than entirely economic terms.