cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
N2 transfer and critical pressures in tissue compartments

Transfer mechanisms and critical pressures are essential elements in decompression calculations and staged procedures. By coupling a multi-tissue transfer model to fitted critical pressures, decompression data can synthesized for rapid numerical implementation in air diving applications and procedures. Parametric fits to the critical N"2 pressures used to construct the U.S. Navy air tables are generated for the six tissue compartments (5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 120 min) at sea level, with both linear and constant pressure ratio extrapolations to altitude conveniently effected with the barometer equation. The macroscopic model used to transfer inert N"2 in tissues is described and functional forms of the fit equations are motivated. Accurate (single parameter) exponential representations for mantle pressures, and the well-known Cross altitude factors, are also generated. Fitted critical tensions vary inversely as the approximate fourth root of the tissue half-life and increase linearly with depth. Air mantle pressures decrease exponentially with altitude and inverse temperature. Using bounce dive constraints, a set of bulk (single tissue) decay coefficients, which increase logarithmically with depth, are extracted from a Royal Navy (depth-dependent) decompression criteria and contrasted with corresponding multi-tissue decay parameters. Bends statistics and a decompression titration experiment, which predicts decreasing critical ratios at depth, are discussed. Overlapping predictions of the multi-tissue and bulk models, and correlations with experiment are identified.
Climbing activity in the hispid cotton rat,Sigmodon hispidus, and the eastern meadow vole,microtus pennsylvanicus

Our data indicate that cotton rats,Sigmodon hispidus, and meadow voles,Microtus pennsylvanicus, climb and take advantage of food items available above ground level. We captured cotton rats and meadow voles above ground using snap traps attached to honeysuckle,Lonicera japonica. In laboratory observations, cotton rats climbed to heights near 1 m, and food consumption and weight change showed no significant difference between groups that had to climb for food and those that did not have to climb.
Rearrangement of 1-Noradamantyl and 1-Adamantylcarbene to Bridgehead Alkenes: Lifetimes of Two Bridgehead Carbenes in Solution

B3LYP density functional calculations with the 6-31G* basis set predict that 3-noradamantylcarbene 7 rearranges to adamantene 9 and protoadmant-3-ene 10 over barriers of 0.35 and 7.84 kcal/mol, respectively, after zero-point energy correction. The same level of theory predicts that 1-adamantylcarbene 8 rearranges to homoadamantene 11 over a barrier of 6.06 kcal/mol after zero-point energy correction. To test these predictions, the photochemistry of 3-noradamantyldiazirine 5 and 1-adamantyldiazirine 6 was studied. Photolysis of 5 and 6 in cyclohexane produces the known dimers of the strained alkenes. 1-Adamantylcarbene 8 can be trapped in solution with cyclohexane and piperidine. 1-Adamantylcarbene 8 can be trapped with pyridine to form an ylide upon laser flash photolysis (LFP) of 6. 3-Noradamantylcarbene 7 cannot be intercepted with pyridine in LFP experiments. 3-Noradamantylcarbene 7 is not trapped with cyclohexane and is trapped with piperidine in only miniscule yield. The data indicates that 1-adamant...
Meaning making coping, making sense, and post-traumatic growth following the 9/11 terrorist attacks

According to the meaning making model, traumatic events disrupt global meaning systems, and meaning making coping helps restore congruency between global meaning and appraisals of traumatic events. We examined the contextual and coping predictors of two specific meanings made: having made sense and perceiving post-traumatic growth in a nationally representative sample of 1004 adults approximately six weeks after the September 11th terrorist attacks in the United States. Although the two meanings made were positively correlated, they had very different predictors: having made sense was primarily predicted by some aspects of meaning focused coping as well as other typically adaptive coping (e.g., active coping), but perceived growth was predicted by nearly all types of coping. Further, having made sense was related to less distress, but perceived growth was related to more distress. These results suggest that having made sense is a product of meaning focused and active coping and appears adaptive, while pos...
Empirically modeling polymer collapse in a poor solvent via a non-equilibrium, granular chain experiment

We present a new empirical method for investigating the collapse of a semi-flexible, homogeneous polymer-like structure in a poor solvent. A stainless steel chain in a thin film of water that is vertically oscillated plays the role of the polymer in our model system. As the system is shaken, the chain collapses into a steady-state compact configuration. Collapse is largely dominated by the surface tension of the water; however other factors also contribute in a one-to-one correspondence with real homopolymers. This system may be tailored to investigate the physics of polymer folding in a fundamental manner. We use the normalized radius of gyration to compare collapse dynamics between experiments of different chain lengths. Free energy minimizing behavior is observed as the polymer passes through both “on-pathway” and “off-pathway” intermediate states. At all chain lengths, nucleation (formation of pearls) dominates the early stage of collapse dynamics. If the ends of the chain remain within the radius of gyration, collapse occurs quickly. However, when the ends of the chain stray far outside the radius of gyration, nucleation is impeded and collapse progresses more slowly.
Real time simulation of nonlinear tissue response in virtual surgery using the point collocation-based method of finite spheres

Abstract The point collocation-based method of finite spheres (PCMFS) was introduced as a meshfree technique for real time simulation of surgical processes. While real time graphical rendering requires an update rate of about 30 Hz, a much higher update rate of 1 kHz is necessary for smooth haptic (touch) feedback. The requirement of real time performance is crucial to these simulations and is highly demanding in terms of computational efficiency. In this paper we extend the PCMFS technique to tissue deformations that are geometrically nonlinear. The technique is based on a novel combination of multiresolution approach coupled with a fast reanalysis scheme in which the response predicted by an underlying linear PCMFS model is enhanced in the local neighborhood of the surgical tool-tip by a nonlinear model. We present performance comparisons of PCMFS with traditional finite element models.
SIMS analysis of low temperature ohmic contacts to GaAs

Abstract Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is one of the most powerful techniques for the indepth characterization of materials. Inspite of the tremendous analytical potential of SIMS, one must be cognizant of artifacts induced by the ion beam. Such ion beam induced effects become even more important when one attempts to extract quantitative information from the depth profile. Of current interest is the ability to make good ohmic contacts to GaAs (i.e. AuGe/GaAs) with subsequent characterization of the interfacial structure. This study examines the ability of SIMS to accurately determine such structures in lieu of beam induced artifacts such as cascade mixing, preferential sputtering, and radiation-enhanced diffusion.
Work hours, sleep patterns and fatigue among merchant marine personnel

SUMMARY A field study of work and sleep patterns among commercial merchant marine personnel is reported. Data collected over a 10-30-d period from 141 subjects aboard eight ships included information concerning work-rest schedules, sleep timing, alertness on the job and critical fatigue. The data indicate that watchstanders on the 4-on, 8-off schedule show considerable disruption in their sleep. The average sleep duration for all mariners is 6.6 h; watchstanders obtain their sleep in fragmented periods that are frequently less than 5 h in duration. Analysis of critical fatigue shows an incidence of 1-24% across personnel and measures. Of particular concern are the watchstanders on the 04.00-08.00 schedule, who sleep less than 4 h per 24-h period 22% of the time. Potential countermeasures, including changes in scheduling and staffing are proposed.
Penny capitalism: Efficient but poor or inefficient and (less than) second best?

Abstract A re-examination of Sol Tax's classic research from Guatemala reveals that the data actually portray a real world example of the theory of second-best, early empirical evidence of an inverse relation between farm size and the labor/land and output/land ratios, and case in which concentrated resource ownership in a setting of information and monitoring problems combined with missing or imperfect asset markets generates a Pareto inefficient outcome. The contemporary revelance of this finding is that it contributes to an understanding not only of persistent allocative inefficiency in Guatemalan agriculture but also of the relative failure of the Green Revolution in Latin America as compared with Asia.
Health contract in the classroom.

Abstract A health contract is a technique used by health professionals to help clients achieve a health goal. This article describes a course, “Changing Health Behaviors,” in which a health contract strategy is taught and practiced with older adults. The health contract can also be included as a smaller educational component within a gerontology course that covers risk factors such as sedentary behavior or nutritional deficiency, counseling or health education techniques, or program development. Gerontology students who complete a degree or certificate program may enter a variety of venues in which a health contract can be a useful tool with older clients.
Kinematic Determinants of Anterior Knee Pain in Cerebral Palsy: A Case-Control Study

Abstract Sheehan FT, Babushkina A, Alter KE. Kinematic determinants of anterior knee pain in cerebral palsy: a case-control study. Objective To quantify the role patellofemoral and tibiofemoral kinematics may play in development of anterior knee pain (AKP) in individuals with cerebral palsy (CP). Design Case-control. Setting Clinical research center. Participants Knees from individuals with diagnosed CP (n=20) and control knees (n=40) were evaluated. Controls were matched for sex and age based on the group average. Matching by height and weight was a secondary priority. Subjects in the control cohort were asymptomatic with no history of lower leg abnormalities, surgery, or major injury. Only individuals who were physically capable of sustaining slow, cyclic knee flexion-extension for 2.5 minutes and had no contraindications to magnetic resonance imaging were enrolled. Both groups were samples of convenience. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Three-dimensional patellofemoral and tibiofemoral joint kinematics, acquired during active leg extension, under volitional control. Results Participants with CP and AKP (n=8) demonstrated significantly greater patellofemoral extension, valgus rotation, and superior and posterior displacement relative to controls and to the subgroup of participants with CP and no AKP (n=12). Patellofemoral extension discriminated AKP in individuals with CP with 100% accuracy. Conclusions In quantifying the 3-dimensional, in vivo knee joint kinematics during a volitional extension task, kinematic markers that discriminate AKP in individuals with CP were identified. This provides an ability to predict which individuals with CP are most likely to develop AKP and could enable aggressive conservative treatment, aimed at reducing patella alta and excessive patellofemoral extension, to be prescribed before considering surgical options. The current findings will likely lead to improved clinical diagnostics and interventions for individuals with CP, with the ultimate goal of helping maintain, if not improve, functional mobility throughout the lifespan.
Dynamics of a single particle during char gasification

Abstract A transient one-dimensional diffusion and reaction model is developed to study the dynamics of a single char particle interacting with a multicomponent gaseous mixture. The model allows for changes in the particle size due to the disintegration of the solid structure at some critical conversion level. Simulations performed over a wide spectrum of parameters reveal the impact of relevant operating conditions such as, particle size, water content, ambient temperature and pressure on the gasification behavior. It is shown that for some conditions the char matrix collapses resulting in its fragmentation into smaller particles. The model also predicts that intraparticle pressure variations can result in a maximum increase in temperature of approximately 20%. The results show that the addition of catalyst leads to higher carbon conversion for both shrinking and nonshrinking particles.
The effects of magnesium and polyanions on oxidative phosphorylation in bacteria

Abstract The effects of Mg ++ and other bivalent cations on oxidative phosphorylation catalyzed by extracts from the bacterium Alcaligenes faccalis were studied. It was found that particles centrifuged from crude extracts were active in oxidative phosphorylation only when they were incubated before centrifugation with bivalent cations. It was further shown that this effect of Mg ++ was explained by its role in binding a heat-labile factor required for phosphorylation to the particles which alone catalyze the oxidation of DPNH without phosphorylation. As previously reported by one of us, a polynucleotide is also required for this binding. The specificity of the requirement for polynucleotide was also studied, and it was found that polynucleotides isolated from Alcaligenes faccalis and from E. coli were active, but RNA, DNA, and digests of these acids as well as unrelated polyanions were inactive in this system.
Expression of the Cydia pomonella granulovirus matrix metalloprotease enhances Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus virulence and can partially substitute for viral cathepsin

The Cydia pomonella granulovirus open reading frame 46 (CpGV-ORF46) contains predicted domains found in matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that degrade extracellular matrix proteins. We showed that CpGV-MMP was active in vitro. Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) expressing CpGV-ORF46 replicated similarly to a control virus lacking CpGV-ORF46 in cultured cells. The effects of AcMNPV expressing CpGV-MMP on virus infection in cultured cells and Trichoplusia ni larvae in the presence or absence of other viral degradative enzymes, cathepsin and chitinase, were evaluated. In the absence of cathepsin and chitinase or cathepsin alone, larval time of death was significantly delayed. This delay was compensated by the expression of CpGV-MMP. CpGV-MMP was also able to promote larvae melanization in the absence of cathepsin and chitinase. In addition, CpGV-MMP partially substituted for cathepsin in larvae liquefaction when chitinase, which is usually retained in the endoplasmic reticulum, was engineered to be secreted.
Therapeutic robocat for nursing home residents with dementia: Preliminary inquiry

Traditional pet therapy enhances individual well-being. However, there are situations where a substitute artificial companion (i.e., robotic pet) may serve as a better alternative because of insufficient available resources to care for a real pet, allergic responses to pets, or other difficulties. This pilot study, which compared the benefits of a robotic cat and a plush toy cat as interventions for elderly persons with dementia, was conducted at a special care unit of a large, not-for-profit nursing home. Various aspects of a person's engagement and affect were assessed through direct observations. Though not identical, similar trends were seen for the two cats. Interacting with the cats was linked with decreased agitation and increased pleasure and interest. The study is intended to pave the way for future research on robotherapy with nursing home residents.
On Safari in the File Format Jungle&#x2014;Why Can't You Visualize My Data?

Lots of glossy images and striking movies on the one side, lots of numbers and full hard disks on the other&#x2014;seems like a natural pair. So why can't visualization people "just visualize" some data?
Importance of Green Hotel Attributes to Business and Leisure Travelers

This study assessed the environmental attitudes of business and leisure travelers, their green behavior at home, and the level of importance they place on having different green attributes in a hotel. A sample of 571 business and leisure travelers completed an online survey. Correlation analysis and t tests were used to test for differences between the two groups. Results indicated that business and leisure travelers are very similar when rating the importance of specific green attributes. The study has practical implications for management in terms of advertising and marketing strategies targeted to specific segments that may desire green hotel attributes. This research also fills a gap in the literature about green hotel attributes and further extends the research relating to business and leisure travelers' psychographic characteristics, especially in relation to green attributes.
A three-tier assertion technique for SPICE verification of transistor level timing analysis

Static transistor level timing analysis has become a more and more accepted method for performance evaluation because of its reduced design cycle time when compared to the vector based timing analysis. These static timing analysis tools use transistor level delay modelling to identify timing-critical paths and estimate performance of the design. With increase in complexity of designs it becomes necessary to verify the timing-critical paths using SPICE-simulations. In order to perform accurate modelling for SPICE simulations, it becomes imperative to identify all the devices and the signal-states on the nodes, for a given input to output transition. The current techniques use greedy approaches for each input to output transition in a channel connected component. These techniques consider turning-on all transistors on the primary conducting path and turning-off remaining transistors on the side-paths. Thus, these techniques don't consider appropriate loading on the output node due to transistors on the side-paths and the fanout paths. These techniques also don't consider the input signal correlations. This paper presents a three-tier heuristics to determine side path assertions, such that it maximizes, as much as possible, the load at the output node, for a given set of input to output transitions. Also, a method to perform the fanout path assertions is presented. This technique has been used for SPICE-verification of the timing-critical paths of transistor level designs. The results have been compared using SPICE simulations of the same designs.
Cutaneous histopathology of lupus erythematosus

Abstract Lupus erythematosus (LE) is an autoimmune connective tissue disease whose precise aetiological basis is at present uncertain, in which the clinical presentations range from a skin rash unaccompanied by extracutaneous stigmata to one comprising progressive multisystem disease. Recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiological basis of LE bring hope for novel therapeutic approaches. Essential to a logical therapeutic strategy is accurate diagnosis and subclassification. With respect to the foregoing, a thorough knowledge of clinical manifestations and serology is essential. A skin biopsy for routine histology, as well as the application of direct immunofluorescence microscopy to lesional and/or non-lesional skin, can be a powerful adjunct both to diagnosis and subclassification. From a clinical standpoint, the disease may be classified into systemic (acute), subacute cutaneous and discoid (chronic) forms, all of which have specific correlative cutaneous histopathology which calls to mind a distinct set of histological mimics. There are other, less common, variants of LE, each with its own specific histological differential diagnoses. The cutaneous histopathology that correlates with the traditional forms of LE, along with certain of the novel subtypes, are the subject of this review.
The Radioresistance to Killing of A1–5 Cells Derives from Activation of the Chk1 Pathway

Checkpoints respond to DNA damage by arresting the cell cycle to provide time for facilitating repair. In mammalian cells, the G(2) checkpoint prevents the Cdc25C phosphatase from removing inhibitory phosphate groups from the mitosis-promoting kinase Cdc2. Both Chk1 and Chk2, the checkpoint kinases, can phosphorylate Cdc25C and inactivate its in vitro phosphatase activity. Therefore, both Chk1 and Chk2 are thought to regulate the activation of the G(2) checkpoint. Here we report that A1-5, a transformed rat embryo fibroblast cell line, shows much more radioresistance associated with a much stronger G(2) arrest response when compared with its counterpart, B4, although A1-5 and B4 cells have a similar capacity for nonhomologous end-joining DNA repair. These phenotypes of A1-5 cells are accompanied by a higher Chk1 expression and a higher phosphorylation of Cdc2. On the other hand, Chk2 expression increases slightly following radiation; however, it has no difference between A1-5 and B4 cells. Caffeine or UCN-01 abolishes the extreme radioresistance with the strong G(2) arrest and at the same time reduces the phosphorylation of Cdc2 in A1-5 cells. In addition, Chk1 but not Chk2 antisense oligonucleotide sensitizes A1-5 cells to radiation-induced killing and reduces the G(2) arrest of the cells. Taken together these results suggest that the Chk1/Cdc25C/Cdc2 pathway is the major player for the radioresistance with G(2) arrest in A1-5 cells.
Amino acid survival in large cometary impacts

— A significant fraction of the Earth's prebiotic volatile inventory may have been delivered by asteroidal and cometary impacts during the period of heavy bombardment. The realization that comets are particularly rich in organic material seemed to strengthen this suggestion. Previous modeling studies, however, indicated that most organics would be entirely destroyed in large comet and asteroid impacts. The availability of new kinetic parameters for the thermal degradation of amino acids in the solid phase made it possible to readdress this question. We present the results of new high-resolution hydrocode simulations of asteroid and comet impact coupled with recent experimental data for amino acid pyrolysis in the solid phase. Differences due to impact velocity as well as projectile material have been investigated. Effects of angle of impacts were also addressed. The results suggest that some amino acids would survive the shock heating of large (kilometer-radius) cometary impacts. At the time of the origins of life on Earth, the steady-state oceanic concentration of certain amino acids (like aspartic and glutamic acid) delivered by comets could have equaled or substantially exceeded concentrations due to Miller-Urey synthesis in a CO2-rich atmosphere. Furthermore, in the unlikely case of a grazing impact (impact angle ∼5° from the horizontal), an amount of some amino acids comparable to that due to the background steady-state production or delivery would be delivered to the early Earth.
Utero-ovarian relationships in the guinea pig.

An inverse relationship was observed in guinea pigs between the life span of the corpora lutea and the quantity of uterine tissue remaining following removal of various portions of the uterus at day 5 or 6 of the estrous cycle. There was no apparent relationship between the location of the remaining uterine segment and the persistence of the corpora lutea. Six of 8 completely hysterectomized animals exhibited estrus 63–98 days (average 83 days) following the preoperative estrus, whereas the other 2 animals had not shown estrus when sacrificed at 130 days. Histologic study showed that the corpora lutea and follicles of completely hysterectomized animals were similar to those observed in animals near the middle of gestation. Chemical destruction of the endometrium produced effects similar to those of hysterectomy. These data suggest a functional relationship between the endometrium and the life span of the corpora lutea. Unilateral ovariectomy at the time of partial hysterectomy shortened the life span of t...
Optimal allocation mechanisms with type-dependent negative externalities

I analyze optimal auction design in the presence of linear type-dependent negative externalities. I characterize the properties of the optimal mechanism when externalities are “strongly decreasing” and “increasing” in the agent’s valuation and I discuss its implementation with sealed-bid auctions. Interestingly, bidding strategies are not necessarily increasing in valuations, and the optimal mechanism can be implemented by setting a price ceiling instead of a reserve price.
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in human periodontal disease

Recent evidence implicates Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in the etiology of localized juvenile periodontitis. This paper reviews the morphological, biochemical and serological charcteristics of A. actinomycetemcomitans, evidence incriminating it as a periodontopathogen, its importance in human nonoral infections, and virulence factors which may be involved in the pathogenesis of A. actinomycetemcomitans infections. A. actinomycetemcomitans is a non-motile, gram-negative, capnophilic, fermentative coccobacillus which closely resembles several Haemophilus species but which does not require X or V growth factors. The organism has been categorized into 10 biotypes based on the variable fermentation of dextrin, maltose, mannitol, and xylose and into 3 serotypes on the basis of heat stable, cell surface antigens. A. actinomycetemcomitans' primary human ecologic niche is the oral cavity. It is found in dental plaque, in periodontal pockets, and buccal mucosa in up to 36% of the normal population. The organism can apparently seed from these sites to cause severe infections throughout the human body such as brain abscesses and endocarditis. There is a large body of evidence which implicates A. actinomycetemcomitans as an important micro-organism in the etiology of localized juvenile periodontitis including: (1) an increased prevalence of the organism in almost all localized juvenile periodontitis patients and their families compared to other patient groups; (2) the observation that localized juvenile periodontitis patients exhibit elevated antibody levels to A. actinomycetemcomitans in serum, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid; (3) the finding that localized juvenile periodontitis can be successfully treated by eliminating A. actinomycetemcomitans from periodontal pockets; (4) histopathologic investigations showing that A. actinomycetemcomitans invades the gingival connective tissue in localized juvenile periodontitis lesions; (5) the demonstration of several pathogenic products from A. actinomycetemcomitans including factors which may: (a) facilitate its adherence to mucosal surfaces such as capsular polysaccharides; (b) inhibit host defense mechanisms including leukotoxin, a polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis inhibiting factor, and a lymphocyte suppressing factor (c) cause tissue destruction such as lipopolysaccharide endotoxin, a bone resorption-inducing toxin, acid and alkaline phosphatases, collagenase, a fibroblast inhibiting factor and an epitheliotoxin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The computational requirements of mobile machines

For the last few years mobile (or nomadic) computing has generated tremendous interest in both the research and the industrial community. Mobility is seen as an area of great potential benefits, both in terms of products and research contributions, However, at this time, mobile systems are so novel that there is little practical experience regarding their use. This has led to much speculation regarding a number of system issues such as determining what the killer apps will be, the hardware architecture of the nomadic machines, deciding whether communication or computation will be their primary feature and so on. One of the issues yet to be resolved is that of the architecture of these machines. Will mobile machines be essentially a new type of portable computer (although perhaps smaller, less powerful, friendlier, and pencentric) or will we carry around with us the equivalent of an X-window terminal (i.e., simply a display device, with all computation being carried out at a non-mobile server)? Examples of the first approach are the Apple Newton and the EO computers formerly marketed by AT&T, while the second approach is being explored by a number of other researchers (e.g., the InfoPad project at U.C. Berkeley, or the Xerox PARC tabs). This paper briefly describes the research issues involved and outlines the pros and cons of either approach. We also explore in detail one particular aspect, namely, the performance implications of the choice of architecture in a distributed information system. The results are presented as a set of simulation-based studies.
Sub-Milliarcsecond Optical Astrometry and Binary Stars

Long-baseline optical interferometry has made it possible to measure the visual orbits of binary stars with major axes as small as 5 mas and errors of ≲ 100 μas. Interferometers now nearing completion will extend these values to a ≳ 500 μas and σ a ~ 10 μas. Observations of double-lined spectroscopic binaries with current interferometers have already yielded some mass estimates with precisions rivaling those from fitting the light curves of eclipsing double-lined systems. Luminosity estimates based on combined visual interferometric observations and velocity curves are often more precise than those from more indirect methods based on estimates of T eff . New interferometers now coming into operation will make it possible to measure fundamental parameters in dozens to hundreds of binary systems.
Mesocosm experiments quantify the effects of eutrophication on eelgrass, Zostera marina

Outdoor mesocosm experiments were used to examine the response of eelgrass communities to excess nutrient loading and reduced light that simulated coastal eutrophication. A series of replicated manipulations conducted between 1988 and 1990 demonstrated the effects of reduced available light and increased loading of nitrogen plus phosphorus on habitats dominated by eelgrass Zostera marina L. Shade and nutrients each significantly affected eelgrass growth, morphology, density, and biomass. WC found no significant interactions between the effects of shade and the effects of nutrients on any plant characteristics except leaf length. The growth rate of individual eelgrass shoots was linearly related to light, increasing throughout the range of available light. Biomass and daily biomass increase, or areal growth, were also linearly related to light, but specific growth showed no response to light. Shoot density increased with the log of light. Excess nutrient loading was shown to significantly reduce eelgrass growth and bed structure through stimulation of various forms of algae that effectively competed with eelgrass for light. The absence of significant interactions between the effects of shade and nutrients on eelgrass density, growth, and biomass suggests that the negative effect of algae on eelgrass occurs primarily through the reduction of light (i.e. shading). The outcome of nutrient enrichment was a shift in plant dominance from eelgrass to three algal forms: phytoplankton, epiphytic algae, and macroalgae. We quantified the effects of eutrophication and demonstrated that increased nutrient loading results in less light for eelgrass and that eclgrass growth linearly decreases with reduced light.
Reading Acquisition Program for Spanish-Speakers

The goals of this study were to evaluate the impact of a supplemental preschool intervention on Spanish-speaking English language learners' (ELLs) phonological awareness (PA) and vocabulary skills ...
Physics-Based Inductance Extraction for Via Arrays in Parallel Planes for Power Distribution Network Design

A systematic approach for inductance extraction for via arrays between two parallel planes is presented. Both self and mutual inductance values are obtained based on a cavity model. The physics associated with the via inductances is analyzed, and a rigorous method is developed to derive an equivalent total inductance for multiple via arrays. Analytical equations for the equivalent total inductance are derived in closed forms for simple cases. The proposed method is corroborated with measurements, and application of the method for power distribution network designs is demonstrated.
Intramolekulare 1,3‐dipolare Cycloadditionsreaktionen

Nach dem allgemeinen Schema der intramolekularen 1,3-dipolaren Cycloadditionsreaktion lassen sich geeignet funktionalisierte 1,3-Dipole zu neuen anellierten Heterocyclen umsetzen. Derartige Reaktionen einiger 1,3-Dipole sind hier zusammengetragen; generelle Anwendungsmoglichkeiten und potentielle Analogien fur diese Reaktionen werden aufgezeigt. Dieser Aufsatz hat zwar das unmittelbare Ziel, veroffentlichte Arbeiten zu sichten und miteinander in Beziehung zu bringen, doch bleibt zu hoffen, das die Erorterung der ungelosten Probleme auch zu neuen Untersuchungen auf diesem fruchtbaren Gebiet anregen wird.
Itinerary-Based Access Control for Mobile Tasks in Scientific Workflows

Current scientific workflow models require datasets to be transferred from their source to the hosts where they can be processed. This seriously impedes data-intensive applications. In order to address this limitation, we propose a notion of mobile tasks that can move from their home hosts towards datasets and perform computation on the dataset side. Since a mobile task might migrate across various administrative domains and get executed at multiple hosts, it is critically important to ensure the security of a mobile- task-based workflow system. In this paper, we propose an itinerary-based access control model to ensure the secure migration of mobile tasks.
Modechart: a specification language for real-time systems

Present a specification language for real-time systems called Modechart. The semantics of Modechart is given in terms of real-time logic (RTL), which is especially amenable to reasoning about the absolute (real-time clock) timing of events. The semantics of Modechart has an important property that the translation of a Modechart specification into RTL formulas results in a hierarchical organization of the resulting RTL assertions. This gives us significant leverage in reasoning about properties of a system by allowing us to filter out assertions that concern lower levels of abstraction. Some results about desirable properties of Modechart specifications are given. A graphical implementation of Modechart has been completed. >
Effect of Therapeutic Horseback Riding on Posture in Children with Cerebral Palsy

The purpose of this study was to measure postural changes in children with spastic cerebral palsy after participation in a therapeutic horseback riding program. Eleven children with moderate to severe spastic cerebral palsy, aged 2 years 4 months to 9 years 6 months, were selected for this study and underwent postural assessments according to a repeated-measures design. Assessment of posture was performed by a panel of three pediatric physical therapists, using a postural assessment scale designed by the author. A composite score for each test interval was calculated for each child, and a median score was calculated for the entire group at each test interval. Data were analyzed using a Friedman test, assuming an alpha level of .05. A statistically significant difference was found between the three test intervals with significant improvement occurring during the period of therapeutic riding. Clinical improvements were also noted in muscle tone and balance as evidenced by improved functional skills. These results constitute the first objective measure supporting the efficacy of therapeutic horseback riding on posture in children with cerebral palsy.
The first case of CDK5RAP2-related primary microcephaly in a non-consanguineous patient identified by next generation sequencing

Primary autosomal recessive microcephaly (MCPH) is a genetically heterogeneous condition characterized by congenital microcephaly and intellectual disability. To date, 10 MCPH loci have been identified and due to the genetic heterogeneity of this condition, molecular testing for MCPH can be complicated. Our methods involved employing a next generation sequencing panel of MCPH-related genes allowing for the evaluation of multiple disease loci simultaneously. Next generation sequencing analysis of a 6 year old female with primary microcephaly identified novel compound heterozygous mutations (c.524_528del and c.4005-1G>A) in the CDK5RAP2 gene. A review of the published literature to date reveals that only three mutations have been previously reported in the CDK5RAP2 gene in the homozygous state in three Northern Pakistani and one Somali consanguineous MCPH families. Our patient represents the first non-consanguineous Caucasian individual to have been identified with CDK5RAP2-related MCPH. As only a handful of patients have been reported in the literature with CDK5RAP2-related MCPH, we anticipate the identification of individuals with CDK5RAP2 mutations from all ethnic backgrounds will continue. Our patient contributes to the ethnic and genotypic spectrum of CDK5RAP2-related MCPH and supports the occurrence of this genetic condition beyond that of consanguineous families of certain ethnic populations. Our results also highlight the utility of multi-gene sequencing panels to elucidate the etiology of genetically heterogeneous conditions.
A Complex Metacommunity Structure for Gastropods Along an Elevational Gradient

The metacommunity framework integrates species-specific responses to environmental gradients to detect emergent patterns of mesoscale organization. Abiotic characteristics (temperature, precipitation) and associated vegetation types change with elevation in a predictable fashion, providing opportunities to decouple effects of environmental gradients per se from those of biogeographical or historical origin. Moreover, expected structure is different if a metacommunity along an elevational gradient is molded by idiosyncratic responses to abiotic variables (expectation=Gleasonian structure) than if such a metacommunity is molded by strong habitat preferences or specializations (expectation=Clementsian structure). We evaluated metacommunity structure for 13 species of gastropod from 15 sites along an elevational transect in the Luquillo Experimental Forest of Puerto Rico. Analyses were conducted separately for the primary axis and for the secondary axis of correspondence extracted via reciprocal averaging. The metacommunity exhibited quasi-Clementsian structure along the primary axis, which represented a gradient of gastropod species specialization that was unassociated with elevation. The secondary axis represented environmental variation associated with elevation. Along this axis, the metacommunity exhibited Clementsian structure, with specialists characterizing each of three suites of sites that corresponded to three distinct forest types. These forest types are associated with low (tabonuco forest), mid- (palo colorado forest), or high (elfin forest) elevations. Thus, variation among sites in species composition reflected two independent processes: the first decoupled from elevational variation and its environmental correlates, and the second highly associated with environmental variation correlated with elevation.
One haploid parent contributes 100% of the gene pool for a widespread species in northwest North America.

The monoicous peatmoss Sphagnum subnitens has a tripartite distribution that includes disjunct population systems in Europe (including the Azores), northwestern North America and New Zealand. Regional genetic diversity was highest in European S. subnitens but in northwestern North America, a single microsatellite-based multilocus haploid genotype was detected across 16 sites ranging from Coos County, Oregon, to Kavalga Island in the Western Aleutians (a distance of some 4115 km). Two multilocus haploid genotypes were detected across 14 sites on South Island, New Zealand. The microsatellite-based regional genetic diversity detected in New Zealand and North American S. subnitens is the lowest reported for any Sphagnum. The low genetic diversity detected in both of these regions most likely resulted from a founder event associated with vegetative propagation and complete selfing, with one founding haploid plant in northwest North America and two in New Zealand. Thus, one plant appears to have contributed 100% of the gene pool for the population systems of S. subnitens occurring in northwest North America, and this is arguably the most genetically uniform group of plants having a widespread distribution yet detected. Although having a distribution spanning 12.5° of latitude and 56° of longitude, there was no evidence of any genetic diversification in S. subnitens in northwest North America. No genetic structure was detected among the three regions, and it appears that European plants of S. subnitens provided the source for New Zealand and northwest North American populations.
Dynamo action driven by convection: the influence of magnetic boundary conditions

We study the influence of different magnetic boundary conditions on the generation of magnetic fields by turbulent convection. It is found that the structure and strength of the generated field in the vicinity of the boundary is strongly dependent on the choice of boundary conditions. In the convective interior, however, the solutions remain largely insensitive to the boundary conditions. In all cases the overall efficiency of the dynamo process remains high with a steady state magnetic energy density between 12 and 25 per cent of the turbulent kinetic energy, and peak field values exceeding the equipartition level. These results support the idea that the solar granulation may constitute a dynamo source for magnetic fields in the quiet photosphere.
Weighing our measures: approach-appropriate modeling of body composition in juvenile Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus)

While many approaches to modeling body condition exist, ranging from arbitrary morphometric indices to sophisticated cone modeling, few approaches have attempted to develop a standardized, simplifi...
Wavelengths of the 3d 6 ( 5 D)4s a 6 D−3d 5 ( 6 S)4s4p y 6 P multiplet of Fe II (UV 8)

We investigate the wavenumber scale of Fe I and Fe II lines using new spectra recorded with Fourier transform spectroscopy and a reanalysis of archival spectra. We find that standards in Ar II, Mg I, Mg II, and Ge I give a consistent wavenumber calibration. We use the recalibrated spectra to derive accurate wavelengths for the a6D−y6P multiplet of Fe II (UV 8) using both directly measured lines and Ritz wavelengths. Lines from this multiplet are important for astronomical tests of the invariance of the fine-structure constant on a cosmological time scale. We recommend a wavelength of 1608.45081 Å with one standard deviation uncertainty of 0.00007 Å for the a6D9/2−y6P7/2 transition.
Middle Ordovician carrier shell Lytospira (Mollusca, Gastropoda) from Alaska

The euomphalacean gastropod Lytospira gerulus n. sp. is described from the Middle Ordovician of west-central Alaska. The species is among the oldest known carrier shell specimens, and also shows evidence of repaired shell breakage; the breakage may have been the result of unsuccessful predation attempts. The interior of the shell shows an unusual spiral groove and ridges that may have been associated with the animal's retractor muscle. This internal groove may be an overlooked feature of all species of Lytospira.
Factors That Impact Firm Value

The value of any company is derived from its cash flow and earnings, which are dependent upon the quantity of sales, sales price, and cost structure. The value of a drilling contractor is derived from the use of its fleet of rigs and the dayrates received, utilization, and operational cost in each region of the world in which it operates. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the primary factors that impact contractor value. Fleet size and value, age, and diversity, revenue, geographic and customer concentration, contract backlog, operating costs, operating margin, financial structure and business strategies are discussed.
The Bible Code

Were modern events such as the Holocaust, the moon landing, and the assassination of President John F. Kennedy prophesized in the time of Adam and Eve, Moses, and Noah? Proponents of the Bible Code (also known as the Torah Code) believe that the “Word of God” also reveals the hidden word of God. These are messages said to foretell modern events that were encoded thousands of years ago in the Old Testament. The Bible Code is alleged to be the “fingerprint of God”.
Anti-racism beyond empathy: Transformations in the knowing and governing of racial difference

This article applies Michel Foucault’s provocative treatment of racism to a critique of contemporary forms of White anti-racism. From Foucault’s reflections, it is possible to extrapolate two key functions: racism as a mode of knowledge aimed at destabilizing sovereign power, and racism as a mode of government aimed at establishing divisions within society. These functions are reproduced across the program of White anti-racism, which aims at the cultivation of empathy for racial minorities. Moreover, this article examines racism and anti-racism in terms of their functioning within the economy of a social/racial contract, in which anti-racism is understood as an obligation to return to the other that which racism has taken away. Alternative modes of White anti-racism are proposed that, drawing on Foucault’s notion of an ethics of the self, imagine alternative practices of White anti-racism beyond the terms of a moral economy of anti-racism.
Gold Nanoparticle–Polydimethylsiloxane Thin Films Enhance Thermoplasmonic Dissipation by Internal Reflection

Thermal relaxation dynamics of resonantly excited plasmons is important in optoelectronic, medical, and catalytic applications. This work shows introducing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) into thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films enhanced thermoplasmonic dissipation coincident with internal reflection of incident resonant irradiation. Measured thermal emission and dynamics of AuNP–PDMS thin films exceeded emission and dynamics attributable by finite element analysis to Mie absorption, Fourier heat conduction, Rayleigh convection, and Stefan–Boltzmann radiation. Refractive-index matching experiments and measured temperature profiles indicated AuNP-containing thin films internally reflected light and dissipated power transverse to the film surface. Enhanced thermoplasmonic dissipation from metal–polymer nanocomposite thin films could affect opto- and bioelectronic implementation of these systems.
AN UNDERWATER SURVEY SYSTEM FOR RADIONUCLIDE-TAGGED SEDIMENT TRACING

Survey equipment for use in tracing sediment tagged with radionuclides has been designed and field tested The system is unique in its ability to operate on the dry beach, m the surf, and in deep water, making it possible to synoptically examine the beach face, surf zone, and off-shore marine environment The ball-shaped radiation detector vehicle is towed behind an amphibious vessel Data are collected on punched tape at a rate of one set of data (position, radiation counts, time) every two seconds Gold-198 and xenon-133 have been used for tagging sand indigenous to the survey area under study Operational characteristics and detection sensitivity are discussed.