cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth and biochemical responses of Skeletonema costatum to petroleum contamination

Clonal populations of the diatom Skeletonema costatum isolated from Lake Pontchartrain (Louisiana, USA) near the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil release were exposed to uncontaminated f/2 medium or light slop oil emulsified (O-E; 25, 50, 75, 100 % of initial levels) in f/2 during short- (10 day) and long-term (21 day) incubations. During 10-day incubations, inhibition of logarithmic growth slopes occurred in the most severely contaminated populations (75, 100 % O-E f/2). Growth in oil-contaminated populations was reduced during 21-day incubations, and growth rates for all populations converged by ca. day 12. Additionally, total cell lipid contents for populations exposed to uncontaminated and contaminated media differed, and mean values for control populations were ca. 2-fold greater than populations maintained in 100 % O-E f/2 medium. Saturated and unsaturated cellular lipids in uncontaminated populations were greater than in petroleum-contaminated populations. Relative cellular fatty acids abundances and RuBisCO RNA transcript copy numbers, proxies for food storage and cellular stress, and mRNA transcript regulation influencing photosynthesis, respectively, were altered half-way through the long-term incubation; C16:0 and C16:1 fatty acids were greater and less, respectively, and RuBisCO transcript copy numbers were greater within severely contaminated populations (compared to uncontaminated populations). Yet, fatty acid abundances and RuBisCO copy numbers were equivalent among culture populations by the end of the incubation. Oil contaminants within the culture medium were measured; C6–C12 hydrocarbons and arsenic coincided with (initial) growth inhibition and (later) altered cell physiologies, respectively. Relationships among assessed parameters were deemed useful determinants for evaluating phytoplankton inhibition in response to petroleum contamination.
Raja Rao: An Introduction

Contemporary Indian Writers in English (CIWE) is a series that presents critical commentaries on some of the best-known names in the genre. With the high visibility of Indian writing in English in academic, critical, pedagogic and reader circles, there is a perceivable demand for lucid yet rigorous introductions to several of its authors and genres. Raja Rao, along with RK Narayan and Mulk Raj Anand, defined Indian writing in English in the early twentieth century. His works exhibit a deep engagement with psychology, mysticism, spiritualism and philosophy. His narratives become cultural as well as individual chronicles, and very often draw implicitly or explicitly upon various aspects  the freedom movement to Gandhi to myths  of an Indian ethos. Letizia Alternos detailed, incisive and eminently readable introduction is a rigourous examination of the diverse, and complex, Raja Rao canon, including some of his lesser known short-fiction.
Quantitative Approaches to Trade-Barrier Analysis

A point that must be addressed before any analyses can be undertaken is to define what constitutes a ‘nontariff barrier’. This problem is complicated by the fact that different definitions have previously been advanced. Robert Baldwin (1970), for example, suggests that a nontariff trade distortion is ‘any measure (public or private) that causes internationally traded goods and services, or resources devoted to the production of these goods and services, to be allocated in such a way as to reduce potential real world income’. Potential world income is defined as that level attainable if resources were allocated in the most economically efficient manner. Clearly difficulties exist for applications of this definition since it requires an estimate of ‘potential real world income’ or, at a minimum, knowledge of directional movements in income under alternative policy measures. While there may be agreement on the directional movement for removal of (say) a rigorously enforced quota there are measures whose effects may be more difficult to assess. For example, it may be difficult to determine if removal of some sanitary requirements for imports would increase or decrease income if the resulting trade expansion was accompanied by a decline in health standards and rising medical costs.
Misrepresenting A. Fisher v. U. Texas

In his Editorial “Einstein v. Roberts” (25 March, p. [1371][1]), University of Maryland Physics Professor S. J. Gates Jr. recounts two anecdotes. In one, an African-American student provides a key insight that allows a group of students to solve a math problem. In the other, Gates relates his
Custom Reconstruction of the Distal Part of the Humerus Using Compressive Osseointegration: A Report of Three Cases.

Reconstruction of the elbow with extensive humeral bone loss presents substantial challenges. Options include the use of allografts with standard elbow prostheses, modular devices, and custom implants1-4. Failure of allograft incorporation as well as implant failure can complicate attempts at such reconstruction. Prestressed osseointegration implants (Compress; Biomet, Warsaw, Indiana) have been successfully used to reconstruct massive segments of bone loss in the lower extremity5. To our knowledge, the use of such techniques in the upper extremity is limited to a single case report6. We describe three patients who underwent elbow arthroplasty for humeral reconstruction and who were managed with a Compress implant (Fig. 1). We received the approval of our Institutional Review Board for this case report. Fig. 1 This schematic shows the elements of the custom fabricated implants used in our three patients. The anchor plug is secured with five bicortical pins after bone preparation. The spindle, with its bone ingrowth surface, was inserted and tensioned. A force of 400 lb was chosen for all three implants, based on the manufacturer’s recommendation for a cortical thickness of 2.5 to 3.9 mm20. The humeral body and components of the distal part of the humerus were then sequentially impacted in place. A second humeral body component was used in Case 1 because of the extensive length that was required. Case 1. A sixty-five-year-old woman had incurred a comminuted fracture of the distal part of the humerus seven years prior to presentation. Previous treatment had included open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) as well as subsequent total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) with triceps reconstruction (Table I). Two years after the TEA, the pain had returned. View this table: TABLE I History of Elbow Surgery and Year of Surgery On presentation to us, pain on the visual analog score (VAS) …
Integrating Extension, Teaching, and Research for Stormwater Management Education

Stormwater management is a concern for communities in the United States, particularly those with populations over 10,000 because of mandates to reduce runoff volumes and associated pollutants. An extension Stormwater and Greenspace Work Group was organized at the University of Nebraska– Lincoln (UNL) in 2006 to develop educational programs addressing municipal stormwater runoff using green infrastructure and other best management practices. A USDA-NIFA integrated grant was received in 2009 which greatly expanded the audience and scope of programming to include extension, education, and research components. Extension programming was targeted at design and green industry professionals, MS4 stormwater program managers, municipal officials, Master Gardeners, and homeowners. Extension activities included: meeting presentations; all-day rain garden workshops/installations; green infrastructure tours; rain barrel construction workshops; web-based resources; interactive rain garden models; youth activities; and publications. Academic programs in landscape architecture and landscape horticulture expanded curriculum in green infrastructure, low impact development, and stormwater best management practice design and construction. Efforts have culminated in new course lectures as well as studio design projects that conceptually addressed real-world clients and stormwater management projects. Project research studies evaluated in-situ rain garden hydrologic and plant growth attributes, homeowner perspectives on rain garden installation programs, and current regional bioretention design standards. The strong integration of extension, teaching, and research, which can often be a significant challenge, is a primary key to the success of UNL stormwater management programming. The resulting synergy has helped communities and individuals more effectively manage stormwater quantity and quality while building a knowledge-base that will support future initiatives and programs.
Cerebral Blood Flow Measurement with Positron Emission Tomography

Measurement of cerebral blood flow (CBF) has provided much valuable information about normal physiology and disease-induced pathophysiology. A variety of techniques currently are available to measure quantitative regional CBF in the living human brain. Among these, positron emission tomography (PET) has both distinct advantages and disadvantages. PET can provide accurate quantitative regional measurements of CBF with excellent reproducibility, but spatial resolution is somewhat limited. The real advantage of PET over other techniques, however, stems from its capacity to provide measurements of metabolism as well. This combination has been especially useful for the study of ischemia, providing new insights into the role of ischemia in various disease states.
TestEX: A Search Tool for Finding and Retrieving Example Unit Tests from Open Source Projects

Software testing as a means of early fault detection is increasingly practiced and integrated into software development activities. Despite its importance, many junior developers lack sufficient testing education and expertise. When faced with a task they are unfamiliar with, developers often use online resources to find code for adaptation or reference. Code search engines and repository mining tools have been created to assist developers, particularly less experienced ones, with finding solutions to common coding problems. However, many of these search engines lack the capability to facilitate test case searches. This has prevented developers from taking advantage of the massive analytical knowledge embodied in test cases written by other developers. In this paper we introduce TestEX, a web-based test case search engine designed to make finding useful test cases easier for developers. The strength of TestEX is the combination of three unique strategies for providing developers with useful and relevant test cases: (i) test-case identification within source code, (ii) test case categorization, and (iii) semantic mapping to the concern being searched via TestEX. Through the paper we present TestEX's Architecture, features and potential use cases. Furthermore, we report a study which was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of our test case search engine. Tool: http://juno.main.ad.rit.edu:8081/TestEX/.
Hepatitis C infection presenting with rheumatic manifestations: a mimic of rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective. To describe the clinical features of a group of patients presenting with rheumatic manifestations who were subsequently determined to have hepatitis C infection. Methods. A case study of 19 consecutive patients referred to private practitioners in Tacoma and Federal Way, Washington, because of polyarthritis, polyarthralgia, or positive rheumatoid factor (RF) who were subsequently found to have hepatitis C. Patients were tested for hepatitis C when they met the following screening criteria : abnormal liver biochemical studies or history of transfusion, jaundice, or hepatitis. Results. Risk factors for hepatitis C infection were present in 14 patients, including transfusions (8) or intravenous drug use (6). Eight patients gave a history of previous jaundice or hepatitis predating their articular complaints by intervals ranging from 3 mos to 23 yrs. Liver biochemical tests were normal in 6 patients. Serologic evidence of hepatitis B or human T lymphotrophic virus type II was present in 3 of 19 and 2 of 14 patients, respectively. Carpal tunnel syndrome (8 patients), palmar tenosynovitis (7 patients), fibromyalgia (6 patients), and nonerosive, nonprogressive arthritis typified the articular manifestations. Fifteen patients fulfilled diagnostic criteria for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Three patients had small vessel skin vasculitis. The arthritis responded well to treatment with low dose prednisone and hydroxychloroquine. Conclusion. Hepatitis C infection can present with rheumatic manifestations indistinguishable from RA. The predominant clinical findings include palmar tenosynovitis, small joint synovitis, and carpal tunnel syndrome. Risk factors such as transfusions and IV drug abuse or a history of hepatitis or jaundice should be included in the history of present illness of any patient with acute or chronic polyarthritis or unexplained positive RE In such patients, gammaglutamyl aminotransferase, serologic studies for hepatitis C, and other tests appropriate for chronic liver disease should be performed.
Rheumatoid arthritis: Review of searches for an infectious cause. part I@@@Rheumatoide Arthritis: Forschungsübersicht zur Infektions-Ätiologie

Bisher hat sich aus der Masse von angesammelten Befunden kein spezifisches Muster ergeben, das als allgemein gultige Hypothese der Atiologie der Rheumatoiden Arthritis dienen konnte. Eine Anzahl immunologischer Anomalien wurde beschrieben, ohne das ein immunologischer Schlusseldefekt hatte erkannt werden konnen, der die verschiedenen Anteile der Immunantwort zu einem passenden Muster zusammenfugen konnte. Die Moglichkeit eines anhaltenden, von einer Infektion ausgehenden Antigen-Stimulus kann weder bestatigt noch widerlegt werden. Falls ein Virus beteiligt ist, durfte es wahrscheinlicher ein „slow virus“ sein als eine allgemein bekannte Form, doch ist bisher kein ernsthafter Vertreter dieses Typs in Aussicht. Trotz der Tatsache, das Mykoplasmen zweifellos bei anderen Species arthritogen wirken, ist ihre Rolle als atiologisches Agens der Rheumatoiden Arthritis nicht belegt worden. Die Vorstellung, das das Peptidoglykan der Bakterienzellwand einen Dauerstimulus darstellen konnte, hat viel fur sich, aber bei dem jetzigen Stand der Dinge ist es nicht moglich, das Peptidoglykan als einen gesicherten atiologischen Faktor anzuerkennen. Diese Vermutung wird jedoch zweifellos viel Anregung fur weitere Forschungen bringen.
Bayesian Model Averaging Across Model Spaces via Compact Encoding

Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) is well known for im proving predictive accuracy by averaging inferences over all models in the model space. However, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling, as the standard implementation for BMA, encounters difficulties in even relatively simple model spaces . We introduce a minimum message length (MML) coupl ed MCMC methodology, which not only addresses these difficu lties but has additional benefits. The MML principl e discretizes the model space and associates a probability mass with each rThis allows efficient sampling and jumping b etween model spaces of different complexity. We illustrate the methodology with a mixture component model example (clustering ) and show that our approach produces more interpretable results when cto Green’s popular reverse jump sampling ac ross model subspaces technique. The MML principle mathematically embodies Occam’s razor since more complicated model s take more information to describe. We find that BMA predictio n based on sampling across multiple sub-spaces of d ifferent complexity makes much improved predictions compared to the sin gle best (shortest) model.
Structural vulnerability and resilience to currency crisis: Foreign currency debt versus export

Abstract Is there any factor that is not analyzed in the literature but is important for preventing currency crises? I argue that exports are an important factor to prevent currency crises that has not been frequently analyzed in the existing theoretical literature. Using the third generation model of currency crises, I derive a simple and intuitive formula that captures an economy’s structural vulnerability characterized by the elasticity of exports and repayments for foreign currency denominated debt. I graphically show that the possibility of currency crisis equilibrium depends on this structural vulnerability and also analyze how this vulnerability impacts the effectiveness of monetary policy response.
Reports of adverse health effects related to synthetic cannabinoid use in New York State

Background/Objectives We assessed synthetic cannabinoid (SC) outbreaks from 2011–2012 and 2015. Methods The National Poison Data System was utilized to collect reports of SC adverse effects in New York State from 2011–2012 and 2015 (N = 713). Results Cases from 2015 were more likely to be admitted to intensive care units and had different symptoms than those in 2011–2012. We identified two new SC structural classes from 2015 samples. Discussion/Conclusions The 2015 outbreak was associated with more severe SC-related illnesses than in 2011–2012. Scientific Significance New SC compounds may pose a different or more severe risk than those previously identified. (Am J Addict 2017;XX:1–4)
Doomed to drown? Sediment dynamics in the human-controlled floodplains of the active Bengal Delta

The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (Bengal) Delta in Bangladesh has been described as a delta in peril of catastrophic coastal flooding because sediment deposition on delta plain surfaces is insufficient to offset rates of subsidence and sea level rise. Widespread armoring of the delta by coastal embankments meant to protect crops from flooding has limited natural floodplain deposition, and in the tidally dominated delta, dikes lead to rapid compaction and lowered land surface levels. This renders the deltaic floodplains susceptible to flooding by sea level rise and storm surges capable of breaching poorly maintained embankments. However, natural physical processes are spatially variable across the delta front and therefore the impact of dikes on sediment dispersal and morphology should reflect these variations. We present the first ever reported sedimentation rates from the densely populated and human-controlled floodplains of the central lower Bengal Delta. We combine direct sedimentation measurements and short-lived radionuclides to show that transport processes and lateral sedimentation are highly variable across the delta. Overall aggradation rates average 2.3 ± 9 cm y–1, which is more than double the estimated average rate of local sea level rise; 83% of sampled sites contained sediment tagged with detectable 7 Be, indicating flood-pulse sourced sediments are widely delivered to the delta plain, including embanked areas. A numerical model is then used to demonstrate lateral accretion patterns arising from 50 years of sedimentation delivered through smaller order channels. Dominant modes of transport are reflected in the sediment routing and aggradation across the lower delta plain, though embankments are major controls on sediment dynamics throughout the delta. This challenges the assumption that the Bengal Delta is doomed to drown; rather it signifies that effective preparation for climate change requires consideration of how infrastructure and spatially variable physical dynamics influence sediment dispersal on seasonal and decadal time scales.
Enhancing Memory Consolidation through Slow Oscillation and Spindle Synchronization.

Declines in sleep quality and cognitive function, particularly the formation and retention of hippocampal-dependent memories, are hallmarks of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). These events might be related: converging evidence suggests that sleep plays an active role in
The association between anterior nares and nasopharyngeal microbiota in infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis

The airway microbiome is a subject of great interest for the study of respiratory disease. Anterior nare samples are more accessible than samples from deeper within the nasopharynx. However, the correlation between the microbiota found in the anterior nares and the microbiota found within the nasopharynx is unknown. We assessed the anterior nares and nasopharyngeal microbiota to determine (1) the relation of the microbiota from these two upper airway sites and (2) if associations were maintained between the microbiota from these two sites and two bronchiolitis severity outcomes. Among 815 infants hospitalized at 17 US centers for bronchiolitis with optimal 16S rRNA gene sequence reads from both nasal swab and nasopharyngeal aspirate samples, there were strong intra-individual correlations in the microbial communities between the two sample types, especially relating to Haemophilus and Moraxella genera. By contrast, we found a high abundance of Staphylococcus genus in the nasal swabs—a pattern not found in the nasopharyngeal samples and not informative when predicting the dominant nasopharyngeal genera. While these disparities may have been due to sample processing differences (i.e., nasal swabs were mailed at ambient temperature to emulate processing of future parent collected swabs while nasopharyngeal aspirates were mailed on dry ice), a previously reported association between Haemophilus-dominant nasopharyngeal microbiota and the increased severity of bronchiolitis was replicated utilizing the nasal swab microbiota and the same outcome measures: intensive care use (adjusted OR 6.43; 95% CI 2.25–20.51; P < 0.001) and hospital length-of-stay (adjusted OR 4.31; 95% CI, 1.73–11.11; P = 0.002). Additionally, Moraxella-dominant nasopharyngeal microbiota was previously identified as protective against intensive care use, a result that was replicated when analyzing the nasal swab microbiota (adjusted OR 0.30; 95% CI, 0.11–0.64; P = 0.01). While the microbiota of the anterior nares and the nasopharynx are distinct, there is considerable overlap between the bacterial community compositions from these two anatomic sites. Despite processing differences between the samples, these results indicate that microbiota severity associations from the nasopharynx are recapitulated in the anterior nares, suggesting that nasal swab samples not only are effective sample types, but also can be used to detect microbial risk markers.
Mechanisms of lava flow emplacement during an effusive eruption of Sinabung Volcano (Sumatra, Indonesia)

Abstract The ongoing effusive phase of the eruption of Sinabung Volcano (Sumatra, Indonesia) began in late December 2013, and has produced a 2.9 km long andesitic lava flow with two active secondary summit lobes, frequent pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) (with ≤5 km runout distance), and associated plumes up to 5 km in height. Large intermediate to silicic composition lava flows of the type documented here are common at volcanoes around the world, but they are infrequently observed while active. This eruption provides a special opportunity to observe and study the mechanisms of emplacement and growth of an active andesitic lava flow. We use visible and thermal satellite images to document the flow and describe the dominant processes driving emplacement of the lava over the course of the eruption. Effusion and flow advance rates were at their highest in January–March 2014. A decrease in flow advance rate in late March 2014 from 20 to 70 m d−1 to
Strikes during the Early Soviet Period, 1922 to 1932: From Working-class Militancy to Working-Class Passivity?

This article investigates strike activity in the early Soviet Union period. Using monthly OGPU (political police) reports to Stalin, the essay provides statistical evidence on the frequency, participants, and resolution of workers' strike activity. It argues that rather than repression, workers and state reached a 'compromise' during the New Economic Policy era that was later undermined by Stalin's draconian measures against the working class during rapid industrialization. It shows workers unrest during this later period and explains why some workers fought back while the overwhelming majority did not.
Resolving evolutionary changes in parasite life cycle complexity: Molecular phylogeny of the trematode genus Alloglossidium indicates more than one origin of precociousness.

Abstract The evolutionary causes and consequences of changes in complex life cycles are of central importance in parasitology. However, data remain limited because in part, knowledge on phylogenetic relationships among species that differ in life cycle patterns remains scarce. We present a molecular phylogeny of the trematode genus Alloglossidium, which contains several species that display precocious (a.k.a., progenetic) life cycles (i.e., maturation in what is typically regarded as an intermediate host). The molecular phylogeny contrasts with previous morphological and life-history based phylogenetic hypotheses. In particular, a precocious life cycle wherein leeches are used as final hosts evolved early in the history of the genus. Among the remaining species, which are a separate clade, a three-host life cycle using ictalurid catfishes is ancestral. Furthermore, there are at least two additional independent evolutionary events that lead to a precocious life cycle where a catfish host is lost and a crustacean is used as a final host. We conclude with a discussion on how existing hypotheses on the evolution of precociousness, and parasite life cycle complexity in general, may or may not relate to the patterns observed in genus Alloglossidium.
Maintaining Stability in the Face of Adversity: Self-Care Practices of Human Trafficking Survivor-Trainers in India

Within the human rights organization, Kolkata Sanved, survivors of human trafficking used dance/movement therapy (DMT) based techniques to empower other survivors, fulfilling the dual role of survivor and provider. This transcendental phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of self-care for human trafficking survivors in Kolkata, India, working with other survivors. Semi-structured interviews were the primary mode of data collection. Artistic methods were included to engage participants in movement to further reflect on their experiences of self-care. To analyze the interviews, Moustakas’ (Phenomenological research methods, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, 1994) modification of the van Kaam method of analysis of phenomenological data was implemented. Findings revealed common self-care practices among the participants that contributed to their stability. Self-care practices minimized participants’ re-traumatization when working with other survivors. This study further suggested the use of DMT and body-based practices for self-care within community-based organizations employing peer-provider models.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and the Kidney

Lupus nephritis (LN) is an immune complex glomerulonephritis that affects about half of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Patients who develop LN in the setting of SLE have a worse prognosis overall and can develop chronic or end-stage kidney disease. Effective therapies have been developed to treat LN, and while outcomes are better than in the past, complete remissions are still difficult to achieve, and the immunosuppressive therapies commonly used are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Consequently the LN community is actively working to develop more effective, less toxic novel LN therapies. These new therapeutics are being designed based on an increasing knowledge of the pathogenesis of SLE, and in particular LN, and are guided by the types of kidney injuries seen in LN. This chapter reviews the diagnosis and management of LN as currently practiced and the targets of future management strategies based on the pathogenesis and pathology of LN.
The Reciprocity Principle and Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Understanding the Significance of Indigenous Protest on the Presumpscot River

In this article we tell the story of a Wabanaki sagamore who travelled from the Presumpscot River (in present-day Maine, United States) to Boston in 1739 to protest the damming of the river that he “belongs to,” and on which his people depended for sustenance. In this account of the first documented dam protest in New England, we explore the notion of belonging and the social and ecological reciprocity embedded in that concept. Working with multiple disciplinary approaches, combining history and ecology within an Indigenous studies framework, we demonstrate that the reciprocal relationships and associated responsibilities between indigenous peoples and their environments are the very foundation of indigenous traditional ecological knowledge (ITEK). We show the complicated process through which Wabanaki communities sought to bring English settlers into this worldview and the conflicts that arose when colonists failed to engage in social and ecological reciprocity. Finally, we consider the implications of this local example within a contemporary, global context, drawing attention to the recently adopted United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. In telling this story, we hope to learn from the past and look to a future where reciprocal and responsible relationships between and amongst communities and our environments are realized.
Documented Pain Diagnoses in Adults Prescribed Opioids: Results From the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 2006-2015.

Twenty-nine percent of opioid prescriptions in the US between 2006 and 2015 were written without an accompanying pain diagnosis.
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomers Trans-10, Cis-12 and Cis-9, Trans-11 Prevent Collagen-Induced Arthritis in a Direct Comparison

Mixed-isomer conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and the individual isomers, trans-10, cis-12 (CLAt10c12) and cis-9, trans-11 (CLAc9t11), decrease severity of collagen-induced arthritis (CA) when consumed after disease onset. Few studies have been conducted exploring the role of CLA in the prevention of autoimmune diseases. These studies suggest that isomer-specific effects may be occurring; however, a direct comparison of CLAt10c12 and CLAc9t11 has yet to be conducted. A study to compare the ability of CLAt10c12 and CLAc9t11 to prevent CA and assess their effects on early inflammation was performed. DBA/1 mice were fed a semipurified diet containing 6% corn oil (CO), 5.5% CO and 0.5% CLAt10c12, or 5.5% CO and 0.5% CLAc9t11 (n = 27 per diet) starting three weeks before CA primary immunization. Effects on disease incidence and severity, anticollagen antibodies, plasma and paw cytokines, and hepatic fatty acids were measured. Arthritis incidence was reduced by a minimum of 34% in mice fed either CLA isomer compared to those fed CO diet (p = 0.06). In mice that did develop arthritis (n = 9-12 mice per treatment), CLAt10c12 reduced arthritic severity to a greater extent than CLAc9t11 and CO (p = 0.03). CLA isomer treatment attenuated the increased hepatic arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n-6) observed with arthritis at one-week postonset (p = 0.03), while no differences in anticollagen antibodies or cytokines were observed between dietary treatments. These results suggest that CLA isomers may be effective at preventing specific immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, in part, through modulation of the ARA cascade.
Exchange Governance: The Role of Legal and Nonlegal Approaches across the Exchange Process:

Marketing's emphasis of exchange relationships versus transactions has prompted interest in approaches for regulating the conduct of participants in these associations. Because growing scholarship ...
Working with Intention and in Tension: Evolving as a Scholar-Activist

In this chapter, I recount the pathways I followed in developing a line of LGBTQ research and my identity as a queer researcher. I study higher education, specifically college students, and do so in ways that connect to my professional background as a university administrator. Here I trace the parallel pathways of becoming an LGBTQ activist and focusing my research on LGBTQ topics, in the process coming to terms with the ways that I was socialized to follow rules, not draw attention to myself, and not cause trouble. I describe how I came to understand myself as a scholar who works intentionally to create a more socially just version of higher education while also being in tension with the idea that higher education is itself inherently unjust.
Pituitary Surgery: Nursing Implications

Pituitary surgery is performed to address a variety of pathologies. Surgical technique will vary based upon surgeon preference, tumor location, and any involvement of surrounding structures. Nursing care of the patient undergoing pituitary surgery is founded in a comprehensive understanding of pituitary physiology and pathophysiology. Expert knowledge of the pituitary gland, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, underlying pathology, and surgical risks allows for early identification and intervention of postoperative complications. It is important to be aware of hospital specific protocols regarding the routine care of patients undergoing pituitary surgery, as they may vary from institution to institution. Comprehensive, broad based knowledge empowers the nurse to provide diligent, comprehensive care and identify potentially life-threatening complications promptly.
The Causal Situationist Account of Constitutive Relevance

An epistemic account of constitutive relevance lists the criteria by which scientists can identify the components of mechanisms in empirical practice. Three prominent claims from Craver (Explaining the brain: mechanisms and the mosaic unity of neuroscience, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007) form a promising basis for an account. First, constitutive relevance is established by means of interlevel experiments. Second, interlevel experiments are executions of interventions. Third, there is no interlevel causation between a mechanism and its components. Currently, no account on offer respects all three claims. I offer my causal situationist account of constitutive relevance that respects the claims. By situating a part of a mechanism on the causal chain between the mechanism’s input and output, components can be identified with interventions, without the interventions suggesting interlevel causation. The causal situationist account is the only account on offer so far that clearly fits within Craver’s (2007) framework.
English Language Learners and School Belonging: Implications for School Counselor Practice:

Using an evidence-based framework in a mixed-method study, we examined the needs of English Language Learners (ELLs) in a middle school in the eastern United States and identified strategic interve...
Augmented Reality in Sport Marketing: Uses and Directions

The augmented reality (AR) market is expected to grow to $60.55 billion by 2023 and there are currently an estimated 4.2 billion AR-capable devices in the hands of consumers. Experts believe that sport is a high-value market for AR as it is uniquely positioned to utilize AR in multiple marketing contexts (Haber, 2019). The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the rate at which sport organizations are utilizing AR as they attempt to reach fans and consumers that are limited or restricted from attending events in person. This article introduces augmented reality to sport managers and practitioners and defines AR, detailing how it can be used by citing examples of how it has been used in sport marketing to this point. Specifically, the paper discusses the three most common classifications of AR for marketing and their role in sport: advertising/promotion, product management, and customer service. The types of AR delivery systems (e.g., HMD, projector-based, smartphone, broadcast AR) are also discussed to clarify that AR is a grouping of technologies and not just one hardware platform. Sport and non-sport examples of AR implementations of the different classifications and delivery systems are provided in this text. Three recommendations are provided for AR development and implementation, namely that sport AR activations should be a complement to the sport product, focus on visual appeal, and strive for immersion. These recommendations are grounded in academic research and intended to assist practitioners planning to implement AR as part of their marketing strategy.
Smoking cessation and shared decision-making practices about lung cancer screening among primary care providers.

OBJECTIVE We describe primary care providers' current practice patterns related to smoking cessation counseling and lung cancer screening (LCS). METHODS Family, internal medicine, and pulmonary medicine providers from two medical centers were asked to complete an electronic survey to report their practice patterns. RESULTS Of 52 participating providers, most reported initiating three major components of a smoking cessation intervention often or very often: advise to quit (50, 96%), assess willingness to quit (47, 90%), and assist with counseling or pharmacotherapy (49, 94%). However, other components were less commonly initiated such as arranging follow-ups (only 11 providers indicated recommending them often or very often, 21%) and less than half of providers reported that they often or very often recommend cessation counseling or pharmacotherapy of any type (except varenicline), though family medicine providers were more likely to recommend pharmacotherapy compared to the other specialists (p < 0.01). The majority of providers (47, 92%) reported that they engage in informed/shared decision-making about LCS, although only about one-third (17, 33%) indicated using a patient decision aid. Pulmonary medicine providers were more likely to use decision aids than providers from internal or family medicine (p < 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Within the context of LCS, primary care providers report often having conversations about smoking cessation with their patients who smoke, have no clear preference for type of treatment, and rarely use follow-up calls or visits pertaining to quitting smoking. While many providers report engaging in shared decision-making about LCS, few use a decision aid for this conversation.
Obesity Protects Against Operation in Pediatric Penetrating Trauma to the Torso.

Abstract Background Studies in the adult population are conflicting regarding whether obesity is protective in penetrating trauma. In the pediatric population, data on obesity and penetrating trauma are limited. We sought to determine if there is a different rate of operation or of survival in pediatric and adolescent patients with obesity. Methods We queried the National Trauma Data Bank research data set from 2013 to 2016 for all patients aged 2-18 who sustained traumatic penetrating injuries to the thorax and abdomen. The cohort was divided into body mass index percentiles for gender and age using Center for Disease Control definitions. Outcomes included overall survival, whether or not an operative procedure was performed, and hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay. Results We analyzed 9611 patients with penetrating trauma, of which 4285 had an operative intervention. When adjusted for other variables (age, gender, race, ICU length of stay, hospital length of stay, and Injury Severity Score), children of every body mass index percentile had similar survival. Healthy weight patients were more likely to get an operation than patients in the obese category. Length of hospital stay was similar between groups, but the ICU length of stay was longer in the overweight and obese groups compared with healthy weight and underweight groups. Conclusions Children and adolescents with obesity are less likely to undergo operation after penetrating thoracoabdominal trauma. Further study is needed to determine the reason for this difference.
Approximating the Markov Chain of the Curie-Weiss Model

In this paper, we quantify some known approximation to the Curie-Weiss model via applying the Stein method to the Markov chain whose stationary distribution coincides with Curie-Weiss model.
Abstract TP347: Obstructive Sleep Apnea Frequency in Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a treatable condition and well-established risk factor for ischemic stroke, but the prevalence in ICH is unknown. We aim to characterize the frequency...
Towards Observability for Machine Learning Pipelines

Software organizations are increasingly incorporating machine learning (ML) into their product offerings, driving a need for new data management tools. Many of these tools facilitate the initial development and deployment of ML applications, contributing to a crowded landscape of disconnected solutions targeted at different stages, or components, of the ML lifecycle. A lack of end-to-end ML pipeline visibility makes it hard to address any issues that may arise after a production deployment, such as unexpected output values or lower-quality predictions. In this paper, we propose a system that wraps around existing tools in the ML development stack and offers end-to-end observability. We introduce our prototype and our vision for mltrace, a platform-agnostic system that provides observability to ML practitioners by (1) executing predefined tests and monitoring ML-specific metrics at component runtime, (2) tracking end-to-end data flow, and (3) allowing users to ask arbitrary post-hoc questions about pipeline health.
Changes in Eustachian Tube Mucosa in Mice After Short-Term Tobacco and E-cigarette Smoke Exposure.

Objectives To evaluate histologic changes in middle ear and eustachian tube (ET) mucosa of mice after exposure to tobacco or electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) smoke. To determine whether there were any mitigating effects of middle ear application of anti-IL-13 or the epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist AG1478 on noted changes within ET mucosa. Study design Controlled animal study. Methods Fifty BALB/cJ mice were randomly assigned to one of five groups: A control group with no smoke exposure, two groups exposed to tobacco smoke, and two groups exposed to e-cigarette vapor. Within the exposed groups after 4 weeks of exposure, one ear was infiltrated with a saline hydrogel and the other ear with hydrogel of either Anti-IL-13 or AG1478. After four more weeks of exposure, the animals were euthanized and the ETs were evaluated for mucosal changes. Results Compared to control animals with no smoke exposure, there were significant decreases in the numbers of goblet cells within the ET mucosa of mice exposed to tobacco smoke and e-cigarette vapor. No significant differences in cilia, mucin, or squamous metaplasia were noted. Neither anti-IL-13 nor AG178 significantly altered goblet cell count in the ET mucosa of mice exposed to tobacco smoke; however, both agents significantly increased goblet cells within the ET mucosa of mice exposed to e-cigarette vapor. Conclusion Short-term tobacco smoke and e-cigarette vapor significantly decrease goblet cell count in mouse ET mucosa. Middle ear application of both anti-IL-13 and AG1478 resulted in an increase in goblet cell count among mice exposed to e-cigarette vapor, but not to tobacco smoke. Level of evidence NA Laryngoscope, 2021.
A Critical Analysis of the Polygraph

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the empirical literature and arguments used to support the claims that polygraph tests have greater than 90 percent accuracy, that their techniques are based on sound scientific principles, and that scientists agree with these claims. Polygraphy is the evaluation of physiologic reactions that purportedly occur in response to the emotions of fear or conflict or are in some other way associated with lying. The polygraph measures a number of subtle and involuntary changes in physiological functions such as heart rate, skin resistance, and blood pressure. Polygraph examinations have played an important role in many settings. These settings include criminal investigations of suspects accused of theft, rape, murder, or lesser crimes. In examining the validity of polygraphic methods, it is necessary to consider separately the validity that can be achieved in detecting deception strictly on the basis of the polygraph charts.
Mediterranean Diet and Prostate Cancer Risk and Mortality in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study

Background Prostate cancer (PCa) mortality rates are lower in the Mediterranean countries compared with northern Europe. Although specific components of the Mediterranean diet (Med-Diet) may influence PCa risk, few studies have assessed the traditional Med-Diet pattern with the risk of incident advanced or lethal PCa or with disease progression among men diagnosed with nonmetastatic PCa.
Three modifications of the principle of the minque

Nonnegative estimators for the variance components of a linear model are obtained by ignoring the condition for unbiasedness in the principle of the MINQUE. An estimator is derived when the priori weights are proportional to the variance components. The ordinary sample variance is shown to be the nonnegative MINQUE. Efficiencies of the three estimators are examined for some special cases of the model.
Stochastic forcing of Pleistocene ice sheets: Implications for the origin of millennial‐scale climate oscillations

‘‘natural climate variability’’ with small (0.5W/m 2 ) stochastic changes in insolation and examine the response in terms of ice volume change in an ensemble of coupled energy balance/ice sheet model runs. The total change in ice mass is comparable to a third of the volume of the current Greenland ice sheet, with meltwater discharge potentially sufficient to trigger Dansgaard-Oeschger type events. In general, the Eurasian ice sheet is more sensitive to perturbations than the North American ice sheet. The distribution and occurrence of spectral peaks in the 1–9 kyr band is also comparable to the record of millennial oscillations over the last 500,000 years in a subpolar North Atlantic core. Our results suggest that considerable caution is necessary in interpreting the physical significance of sub-Milankovitch spectral peaks in paleo time series. INDEX TERMS: 4215 Oceanography: General: Climate and interannual variability (3309); 4227 Oceanography: General: Diurnal, seasonal, and annual cycles; 3309 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Climatology (1620); 4267 Oceanography: General: Paleoceanography; KEYWORDS: Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles, stochastic, ice sheets, millennial variability Citation: Hyde, W. T., and T. J. Crowley, Stochastic forcing of Pleistocene ice sheets: Implications for the origin of millennial-scale climate oscillations, Paleoceanography, 17(4), 1067, doi:10.1029/2001PA000669, 2002.