cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Positive and Negative Emotion Prospectively Predict Trajectories of Resilience and Distress Among High-Exposure Police Officers

Responses to both potentially traumatic events and other significant life stressors have been shown to conform to discrete patterns of response such as resilience, anticipatory stress, initial distress with gradual recovery, and chronic distress. The etiology of these trajectories is still unclear. Individual differences in levels of negative and positive emotion are believed to play a role in determining risk and resilience following traumatic exposure. In the current investigation, we followed police officers prospectively from academy training through 48 months of active duty, assessing levels of distress every 12 months. Using latent class growth analysis, we identified 4 trajectories closely conforming to prototypical patterns. Furthermore, we found that lower levels of self-reported negative emotion during academy training prospectively predicted membership in the resilient trajectory compared with the more symptomatic trajectories following the initiation of active duty, whereas higher levels of positive emotion during academy training differentiated resilience from a trajectory that was equivalently low on distress during academy training but consistently grew in distress through 4 years of active duty. These findings emerging from a prospective longitudinal design provide evidence that resilience is predicted by both lower levels of negative emotion and higher levels of positive emotion prior to active duty stressor exposure.
COMMENTS ON “THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS,” AND A PROPOSAL TO REDUCE THE PRICE OF GOLD

IN THIS PAPER I shall first discuss some semantical and "institutional" aspects of "the discipline of the balance of payments," and then I shall proceed to some ideas of my own concerning the present balance-ofpayments situation of the United States. Three phrases are in use concerning the effects which movements in the balance of payments may have on the domestic monetary situation: "the balance-of-payments mechanism," "the rules of the game," and "the discipline of the balance of payments." I have noticed a tendency to use the three phrases interchangeably for the same notion, and I deplore this as a waste of words. To use different words for the same thing and have no words for other things is a wasteful allocation of linguistic resources. Each of the three phrases can have its own meaning. The balanceof-payments mechanism should refer to some automatic effects, not to policy decisions. After all, this is what mechanism means: it works "mechanically," not through discretion. The automatic effects in question are upon bank reserves, an inflow of gold or foreign exchange causing bank reserves to fall. This mechanism works even in the absence of a central bank if private banks -hold gold and foreign-exchange reserves. The rules of the gold-standard game refer to norms for central-bank policies. To abide by the rules is to abstain from policies of offsetting, and to pursue policies of reinforcing, the effects of the balance-of-payments mechanism. A central bank obeys the rules of the game if it expands credit and buys securities when gold and foreign exchange are received and if it contracts credit and sells securities when gold and foreign reserves are lost. Now it would not be unreasonable to use the word discipline for the exactitude with which the rules of the game are obeyed; but it is preferable to use it instead for the stern austerity with which a nation practices anti-inflationary or deflationary policies when a balance-ofpayments deficit has arisen or threatens to arise. Thus, while the rules of the game may prescribe expansionary or contractionary policies, as the case may be, I would use the term
Motor activity and the GABAA-receptor in the ventral pallidum/substantia innominata complex

Abstract The present study deals with the role of the γ-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptor in motor activity in the rostral part of the ventral pallidum/substantia innominata complex. Both the specific GABAA antagonist bicuculline ( 25–100 ng 0.5 μ l ) and the GABAA agonist muscimol ( 25 ng 0.5 μ l ) enhanced motor activity. It was moreover found that bicuculline (50–100 ng) dose-dependently attenuated the activity induced by muscimol (25 ng). Conversely, muscimol (25 ng) attenuated the biculline (25–50 ng) induced activity. These data thus show that both stimulation and blockade of GABAA receptors within the area under study enhance motor activity.
Using Group Work to Rebuild Family and Community Ties among Displaced African Men.

The number of refugees and asylum seekers admitted to the United States has grown, with significant numbers arriving from sub-Saharan Africa. Given this reality, it is important that mental health professionals are equipped to provide culturally relevant services. This article describes the development and implementation of a group treatment model for African male forced migrants in a large urban hospital. Therapeutic techniques that draw on African cultural traditions in order to rebuild lives, reduce symptoms, recreate familial and community connections, and support adjustment are discussed. Suggestions for future treatment and research to address African refugee mental health needs are highlighted.
1414 RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA (RLF) II – ASSOCIATION OF OXYGEN THERAPY

50 neonates with RLF identified between 1/75 and 12/79 were compared with a group of matched controls without RLF. There was a significantly greater number of hours of oxygen exposure in the RLF group over the control group. Analysis of duration of exposure to FiO2 above room air is presented. No significant association was found with duration of exposure to FiO2 > .5. RLF neonates were exposed to significantly longer periods of FiO2 less than .5 than controls. Increased duration of oxygen exposure at any FiO2 seems to influence RLF development more than the actual magnitude of the FiO2.
Accurate ultrasound of carotid intima-media layer by pixel compounding

The intima-media thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery is an important biomarker for the clinical prognosis and diagnosis of atherosclerosis and stroke. This paper presents a new approach, pixel compounding, to enhance the resolution of the intima-media vascular layers in ultrasound B-scan images and provide increased image resolution for a more precise measurement. First, homomorphic transformation is used to estimate the lumped point spread function (PSF) of the images, then, the images are deblurred with the estimated PSF, and finally, a non-homogeneous anisotropic diffusion algorithm is used to further enhance the resolution of the image. The homogeneous part of the algorithm is used to suppress speckle while enhancing the coherent structures, specifically the edges; the non-homogeneous part (likelihood estimator) progressively adds the details from succeeding frames in the image sequence for an optimal and sub-pixel resolved image. Phantom studies have shown 300% improvement on Peak Distance Standard Deviation and nearly 100% improvement on Average Half Peak Width, indicating significant resolution enhancement.
Review of Marc A. Rodwin, Conflicts of Interest and the Future of Medicine: The United States, France and Japan

Health policy scholars often struggle with the question of what we can hope to learn from doing comparative research. As the editors of a recent book on comparative studies in health policy2 point ...
Characterization of conditions for the activation of endogenous guinea pig retrovirus in cultured cells by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine.

Human endogenous retroviral sequences recently have been shown to be associated with breast cancer and some leukemias. These retroviral sequences have similarities to an endogenous retrovirus expressed in guinea pigs. The conditions for activation of this guinea pig retrovirus (GPRV) in cultured guinea pig embryo (GPE) cells using 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was investigated. These studies employed the reverse transcriptase activity (RT) assay and electron microscopy (EM), in conjunction with Northern blot analysis that utilized a 2.6 kb GPRV-specific cDNA probe. Contrary to published studies, dexamethasone at concentrations ranging from 10−8 to 10−5 M appeared to play a minimal role in enhancing the production of GPRV. Following a 6 hr incubation with BrdU, GPRV mRNA was present in cultured GPE cells. Extracellular virion release was also observed by EM 12 hr later, although RT activity was not detected. All three methods detected viral expression at 48 hr after the addition of the drug. Additionally, after 6 hr exposure to BrdU, detectable RT and mRNA levels were maintained through 44 days after the removal of BrdU in a stationary culture condition and through 31 days in cultures that were subcultured weekly in media not containing BrdU. Low levels of extracellular viruses were detected in these cultures by electron microscopy through 49 days. Therefore, after only a 6 hr exposure to BrdU was extracellular GPRV detected 12 hr after drug removal and virus production continued for up to 49 days. This study provides information about an animal endogenous retroviral system that may be used as a model for the study of human endogenous retroviruses.
Reanalysis of Halstead's biological intelligence factor matrix.

Summary.-A recent study by Russell did not duplicate Halstead's factors of biological intelligence. As an approach to understanding this finding, Halstead's original correlation matrix was subjected to the same orthogonal principal components analysis used in Russell's study as well as an orthogonal and an oblique factor analysis using communalities. All of Halstead's factors appeared in these analyses. The failure to duplicate Halstead's work was evidently not due to use of different facroring methods. In 3 second analysis which reduced the number of Halstead's variables to the number used by Russell; one of Halstead's factors (P) did not appear. This factor represented tests measuring the vis~~al threshold, and so it appears to be primarily a perceptual factor. A fairly recent study by Russell (1971) attempted to duplicate Halstead's (1947) biological intelligence factors. Of the factors isolated in Russell's study, only one was similar to Halstead's factors. Consequently, it appeared that Halstead's factors might nor represent the basic elements in biological intelligence. A more recent study by Russell ( 1972), using a different patient population, did duplicate Halstead's factors, but this only intensified the problem of determining the nature of the elements in biological intelligence, since both lateralization of brain damage and the sensitivity of the individual tests to brain pathology appeared to affect the factor structure. The problem now is to isolate other influences on the biological intelligence factors apart from the effect of lateralization and sensitivity to brain damage. There were several differences between Russell's and Halstead's studies which needed to be examined. These differences included variance in the type brain damage Ss suffered. Halstead's Ss were patients recovering from closed head trauma while Ss in Russell's studies had suffered a wide variety of chronic brain damage (Russell, 1971) or acute lateralized damage (Russell, 1972). Another difference was related to the particular tests. Neither of Russell's studies attempted to duplicate those tests in Halstead's battery, which are not strongly related to brain damage. Also, subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test were substituted for the Henrnon-Nelson and Carl Hollow-Square IQ tests. Finally, Russell's analysis was an orthogonal principal components analysis while Thurstone's oblique common-factor analysis was used by Halstead. These differences, while rather substantial, sho~ild not have obscured Halstead's biological factors if they had indeed been elementary (Russell, 1971).
Rapid activation of the sympathetic nervous system following coronary artery occlusion: relationship to infarct size, site, and haemodynamic impact

In order to define the temporal and quantitative relationship between the plasma concentrations of catecholamines and the extent and location of myocardial infarction, conscious dogs underwent left anterior descending or circumflex coronary occlusion with continuous haemodynamic monitoring. Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations were measured by the serial isotope derivative method and infarction size by the creatine kinase depletion method. Rapid increases in plasma catecholamines were seen within 1 min of coronary occlusion. Within the first hour profound elevations of plasma adrenaline (10 fold) and noradrenaline (3 fold) occurred, with peak adrenaline and noradrenaline levels correlated to infarction size determined 24 h later in anterior (r =0.71; r =0.83) and posterior (r =0.89, r =0.78) infarctions. Cardiac output and mean systemic arterial blood pressure were inversely related to adrenaline (r =0.88, r =0.73) and noradrenaline (r =0.94, r =0.73) and deterioration in haemodynamics was always noted simultaneously with or preceding increases in plasma catecholamine concentrations. There were no significant differences in plasma catecholamines dependent on location of infarction. Thus, coronary occlusion in the conscious dog results in immediate haemodynamic deterioration and activation of the sympathetic nervous system, with a strong correlation between the two suggesting that activation of the sympathetic nervous system by haemodynamic reflexes may be of importance in the conscious canine model. The degree of autonomic activation within the first hour after occlusion appears to be related to the ultimate size of infarction, possibly because of the relationship between impairment of ventricular performance and infarct size.
Service-oriented design for broadband wireless networks - [Message from the Editor-in-Chief]

The paper gives an introduction to the collection of articles in this publication that includes: security in a service-oriented vehicular networks; multipath routing for multiple description video communications over wireless mesh networks; using P2P overlays to provide QoS in service-oriented wireless networks; network-coding-based scheduling and routing schemes for service-oriented wireless mesh; quality-driven decision engine for live video transmission under service-oriented architecture; dynamic composition of services for end-to-end information transport; topology control for service-oriented wireless mesh networks; and downlink scheduling for multimedia multicast/broadcast over mobile WiMAX.
Developing understanding while writing essays in history

Abstract Using the textbase-situation model of discourse processing and assuming a distinction of learning (recall of text contents) and understanding (relating different parts of text contents or text to non-text contents), it was found that individuals reading text contents from a number of sources who wrote an argumentative essay about the contents and then rated content elements for importance developed a better understanding of the contents than individuals writing a narrative essay and making importance ratings either before or after writing.
Natural intersectional hybridization in perityle (Compositae)

A small number of supposed F1 hybrids was discovered in an isolated sympatric population ofP. parryi (n = 17) andP. rupestris var.albiflora (n = 17) in the Chisos Mts. of Texas. Although the parental species are morphologically quite distinct, being assigned to separate taxonomic sections ofPerityle, their hybrids displayed relatively high fertility. Origin of the presumed natural hybrids was documented by the production of artificial hybrids betweenP. parryi andP. rupestris var.albiflora. Fertility data based on pollen stainability were accumulated for the available natural hybrids, and for artificial hybrids through F3 and backcross generations. A brief discussion of biosystematic implications is included.
Analysis of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Replicon Particles Packaged in Different Coats

Background The Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus replicon system was used to produce virus-like replicon particles (VRP) packaged with a number of different VEE-derived glycoprotein (GP) coats. The GP coat is believed to be responsible for the cellular tropism noted for VRP and it is possible that different VEE GP coats may have different affinities for cells. We examined VRP packaged in four different VEE GP coats for their ability to infect cells in vitro and to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses in vivo. Methodology/Principal Findings The VRP preparations were characterized to determine both infectious units (IU) and genome equivalents (GE) prior to in vivo analysis. VRP packaged with different VEE GP coats demonstrated widely varying GE/IU ratios based on Vero cell infectivity. BALB/c mice were immunized with the different VRP based on equal GE titers and the humoral and cellular responses to the expressed HIV gag gene measured. The magnitude of the immune responses measured in mice revealed small but significant differences between different GP coats when immunization was based on GE titers. Conclusions/Significance We suggest that care should be taken when alternative coat proteins are used to package vector-based systems as the titers determined by cell culture infection may not represent accurate particle numbers and in turn may not accurately represent actual in vivo dose.
Meteors on the Moon

THE reported failure of Prof. Goddard to obtain pecuniary support for his project to discharge a giant rocket at the moon leads me to ask a question which astronomers may answer. Why is it that no observer has ever reported the descent of a meteor upon the surface of our satellite? It seems reasonable to suppose that meteoric falls must occur there as upon the surface of the earth. According to the accepted estimate, the earth receives about 20,000,000 meteorites per diem. If that holds good, mutatis mutandis for the moon, our luminary must receive about 2,000,000 in twenty-four hours. The great majority of these would necessarily be invisible. One-half of the number would fall on her averted face. Of the remainder more would fall during sunlight than during the hours of darkness. Of those that fell during hours of darkness the greater number would be concealed by terrestrial cloud. Of those that were not so concealed one-half would fall on the illuminated part of the moon's disc, and, perhaps, be rendered invisible by the lunar brightness. It is easy to see that large abatements must therefore be made from the number of falls if we wish to estimate the probability of making a successful observation. This consideration has a bearing, by the way, on the reasonableness of expecting to be able to witness the arrival of Prof. Goddard's projected rocket if the aim were good and a hit secured; but that is by the way.
A geospatial narrative framework: breathing new data into historical manuscripts

This project has developed a novel framework for online multimedia editions of geospatial narratives with specific support for translated texts. The framework user interface presents textually and geospatially synchronized multi-lingual manuscripts with audio-narration augmented by maps and images all linked with geo-tagging metadata. The initial test-bed for this framework is built upon the recently completed Italian critical edition and the first English translation of Lorenzo di Filippo Strozzi's "Pistola fatta per la peste", a 1522 walking tour of Renaissance Florence during a plague outbreak.
Ideals Generated by Quadrics Exhibiting Double Exponential Degrees

Abstract We modify the example of Mayr and Meyer to give an example of a polynomial ideal generated by quadrics which exhibits double exponential growth for the ideal membership problem. We also show that the homogenization of this example gives a set of elements which has a minimal syzygy of double exponential degree.
The role of interactions in determining cell fate of two identified motoneurons in the embryonic zebrafish.

Abstract The role of cellular interactions in determining the fates of two identified motoneurons in the embryonic zebrafish was investigated by transplanting individual motoneurons from labeled donor embryos to unlabeled hosts. The results suggest that although these cells normally adopt different fates, they form an equivalence group in which one fate is primary and the other is secondary. Both cells are able to adopt the primary fate. A cell that has adopted the secondary fate can be induced to switch to the primary fate by ablating the cell that has adopted the primary fate, even many hours after axogenesis. Although interactions between the two cells appear to regulate which cell adopts the secondary fate, these interactions seem to be independent of neuromscular activity.
Linearized gravitation theory in macroscopic media

Abstract The refraction of gravitational waves is discussed by developing a macroscopic theory of gravitation along the lines of classical electromagnetism. It is shown that the linearized Bianchi identities may be expressed in a form which is suggestive of Maxwell's equations with magnetic monopoles. The medium is then assumed to be corpuscular in structure and it is shown how, on performing an averaging process on the field quantities, the Bianchi identities must be modified by the inclusion of polarization terms resulting from the induction of quadrupole moments on the individual “molecules”. A model of a medium whose molecules are harmonic oscillators is discussed and constitutive equations are derived. Gravitational waves are demonstrated to slow down in such a medium.
A phylogenetic analysis and systematic revision of the cryptobranch dorids (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Anthobranchia)

The phylogenetic relationships of the cryptobranch dorids are studied based on morphological characters of species belonging to all previously described genera. The phylogenetic hypothesis supports the cryptobranch dorids as a monophyletic group. There are two major clades within the Cryptobranchia: the radula-less dorids (Porostomata), and the radula-bearing dorids (Labiostomata new taxon). Labiostomata consists of those taxa sharing a more recent common ancestor with Actinocyclus than with Mandelia, and includes several monophyletic groups: Actinocyclidae, Chromodorididae, Dorididae and Discodorididae. The traditional group Phanerobranchia is probably paraphyletic. The new classification proposed for the Cryptobranchia addresses concepts of phylogenetic nomenclature, but is in accordance with the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. The following genera of cryptobranch dorids are regarded as valid: Doris Linnaeus, 1758, Asteronotus Ehrenberg, 1831, Atagema J. E. Gray, 1850, Jorunna Bergh, 1876, Discodoris Bergh, 1877, Platydoris Bergh, 1877, Thordisa Bergh, 1877, Diaulula Bergh, 1878, Aldisa Bergh, 1878, Rostanga Bergh, 1879, Aphelodoris Bergh, 1879, Halgerda Bergh, 1880, Peltodoris Bergh, 1880, Hoplodoris Bergh, 1880, Paradoris Bergh, 1884, Baptodoris Bergh, 1884, Geitodoris Bergh, 1891, Gargamella Bergh, 1894, Alloiodoris Bergh, 1904, Sclerodoris Eliot, 1904, Otinodoris White, 1948, Taringa Er. Marcus, 1955 , Sebadoris Er. Marcus & Ev. Marcus, 1960, Conualevia Collier & Farmer, 1964, Thorybopus Bouchet, 1977, Goslineria Valdes, 2001, Pharodoris Valdes, 2001, Nophodoris Valdes & Gosliner, 2001. Several genera previously considered as valid are here regarded as synonyms of other names: Doridigitata d’Orbigny, 1839, Doriopsis Pease, 1860, Staurodoris Bergh, 1878, Fracassa Bergh, 1878, Archidoris Bergh, 1878, Anoplodoris Fischer, 1883, Etidoris Ihering, 1886, Phialodoris Bergh, 1889, Montereina MacFarland, 1905, Ctenodoris Eliot, 1907, Carryodoris Vayssiere, 1919, Austrodoris Odhner, 1926, Guyonia Risbec, 1928, Erythrodoris Pruvot-Fol, 1933, Neodoris Baba, 1938, Siraius Er. Marcus, 1955, Tayuva Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967, Nuvuca Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967, Doriorbis Kay & Young, 1969, Pupsikus Er. Marcus & Ev. Marcus, 1970, Percunas Ev. Marcus, 1970, Verrillia Ortea & Ballesteros, 1981 . The genera Artachaea Bergh, 1882, Carminodoris Bergh, 1889 and Homoiodoris Bergh, 1882 have been poorly described and no type material is known to exist. They are regarded as incertae sedis until more material becomes available. The genus names Xenodoris Odhner in Franc, 1968 and Cryptodoris Ostergaard, 1950 are unavailable within the meaning of the Code. Hexabranchus Ehrenberg, 1831 is not a cryptobranch dorid, as suggested by other authors, because of the lack of a retractile gill. Other nomenclatural and taxonomic problems are discussed, and several type species, neotypes and lectotypes are selected. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 136, 535−636.
A probabilistic proof of Thurston's conjecture on circle packings

In 1985 William Thurston conjectured that one could use circle packings to approximate conformal mappings. This was confirmed by Burt Rodin and Dennis Sullivan with a proof which relied on the hexagonal nature of the packings involved. This paper provides a probabilistic proof which accomodates more general combinatorics by analysing the dynamics of invididual circle packings. One can use reversible Markov processes to model the movement of curvature and hyperbolic area among the circles of a packing as it undergoes adjustement, much as one can use them to model the movement of current in an electrical circuit. Each circle packing has a Markov process intimately coupled to its geometry; the crucial local rigidity of the packing then appears as a a Harnack inequality for discrete harmonic functions of the process.
Catenins: Keeping Cells from Getting Their Signals Crossed

Adherens junctions have been traditionally viewed as building blocks of tissue architecture. The foundations for this view began to change with the discovery that a central component of AJs, β-catenin, can also function as a transcriptional cofactor in Wnt signaling. In recent years, conventional views have similarly been shaken about the other two major AJ catenins, α-catenin and p120-catenin. Catenins have emerged as molecular sensors that integrate cell-cell junctions and cytoskeletal dynamics with signaling pathways that govern morphogenesis, tissue homeostasis, and even intercellular communication between different cell types within a tissue. These findings reveal novel aspects of AJ function in normal tissues and offer insights into how changes in AJs and their associated proteins and cytoskeletal dynamics impact wound-repair and cancer.
Caspase-3 status is a determinant of the differential responses to genistein between MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Abstract Genistein, a soy isoflavone with anti-tumor properties, has both estrogenic and non-estrogenic activities. Genistein sensitive/estrogen receptor negative (ER-) MDA-MB-231 cells and genistein resistant/ER + MCF-7 cells are frequently cited as examples of differential responses to genistein due to different ER status. Other factors that may affect genistein response, however, are largely unknown. Based on our finding that MCF-7 is caspase-3 deficient, we examined whether caspase-3 status plays a role in the differential responses between the two cell lines. We demonstrate that reconstitution of caspase-3 significantly sensitizes MCF-7 cells to genistein. Specific knockdown of caspase-3 in MDA-MB-231 cells renders the cells resistant to genistein. We also found that caspases-4 and -10 were downregulated in MCF-7 cells. Reconstitution of caspase-10 in MCF-7 cells, however, resulted in little sensitization. Moreover, we show that caspase-3 downregulation is very common in breast cancer cell lines and tumor tissues. Taken together, our data indicate that caspase-3 is a critical determinant of cellular response to genistein, which may have important implications in studying soy/genistein-mediated anti-tumor activities.
Why do people tag?: motivations for photo tagging

IntroductionTagging, or using keywords to add metadata to shared content, is gaining much popularity in recent years. Tags are used to annotate various types of content, including images, videos, bookmarks, and blogs, through web-based systems such as Flickr, YouTube, del.icio.us, and Technorati, respectively. The popularity of tagging is attributed, at least in part, to the benefits users gain from effective sharing and from organization of very large amounts of information.As tagging receives increasing attention in both research and business communities, studies have found that users vary substantially in their tag usage, and suggested several factors that motivate user tagging. However, to date no quantitative study has assessed the strength of the effects of each motivation on levels of tag usage. This is surprising, since user participation is critical to the sustainability of content sharing communities, and a collaborative tagging system cannot succeed without higher level of user contribution. In what follows, we address this gap, by studying the strength of relationships between several motivations and users' tagging levels on Flickr, a prominent Web 2.0 photo sharing community.Currently, there are more than 35 million Flickr users, who have so far uploaded more 3 billion photos. Each Flickr user can upload images and make them viewable by self, by designated friends and family, or by all Flickr users. Flickr users can annotate images with tags - unstructured textual labels; and usually images are tagged only by the user who uploaded them.8 These tags make the images searchable by the uploading user, as well as by others. In addition, each user can designate other users as "contacts," people whose photos the user follows (contacts are often reciprocal).To understand what underlies tagging, we need to find out what motivates sharing in online environments, and in particular, what motivates tagging. Furthermore, we need to measure the degree to which different motivations affect tagging activity. While some studies has identified individual-level motivations for tagging, other studies have looked solely at the social level, focusing on the social presence as a driver of tagging.
Identification of a chloroform-soluble membrane miniprotein in Escherichia coli and its homolog in Salmonella typhimurium

Two homologous 29 amino acid-long highly hydrophobic membrane miniproteins were identified in the Bligh–Dyer lipid extracts of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The amino acid sequences of the proteins were determined by collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry, in conjunction with a translating BLAST (tBLASTn) search, i.e., comparing the MS/MS-determined protein query sequence against the six-frame translations of the nucleotide sequences of the E. coli and S. typhimurium genomes. Further MS characterization revealed that both proteins retain the N-terminal initiating formyl-methionines. The methodologies described here may be amendable for detecting and characterizing small hydrophobic proteins in other organisms that are difficult to annotate or analyze by conventional methods.
ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS AND MISSION ORIENTATIONS OF TWO-YEAR COLLEGES

This study investigated the applicability of Cameron's (1978, 1983) nine dimensions of organizational effectiveness in a nationally representative sample of two-year colleges and examined differences in those dimensions for colleges that had decidedly different mission orientations. The results strongly support the applicability of these nine dimensions of organizational effectiveness in two-year colleges and indicate that the effectiveness of these institutions varies significantly depending on their mission orientation. From a global perspective, it appears that two-year colleges with tripartite and dual missions are the most and least effective, respectively, while those with a singular mission occupy a middle position. The implications of these findings for research on the effectiveness of two-year colleges and for initiatives to enhance the effectiveness of their management practices and institutional performance are discussed.
TWO DIMENSIONAL SPECKLE TRACKING ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY PREDICTS PRECLINICAL CARDIOTOXICITY IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS

Changes in two dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) may identify women at risk for cardiotoxicity during breast cancer treatment prior to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) changes. Cardiotoxicity is defined as a drop in LVEF to < 50% or an absolute decrease of 10% on a
Population Redistribution in Malawi Since 1964

Population redistribution in Malawi since 1964 is examined in terms of levels and intensities of spontaneous national regional and district redistribution. Geographic patterns of internal movement and interrelationships between internal migration and selected measures of modernization are also examined. The governments development-oriented strategies are considered to be responsible for these shifts i.e. the opening of commercial estates in the central and northern regions and in sparsely populated rural areas in the south and establishment of service centers or growth poles in unpopulated areas. The significance of this natural movement is that many African countries have experienced lopsided developed. Census data for 1966 1977 and 1987 were used primarily in the analysis; unpublished and published data from other government sources were also available. Factor analysis was used to define the trends and regression for defining the statistical relationships between variables. Population and land resources are described. Population distribution has evened out since 1966 as evidenced by the flattened Lorenz curve. Location quotients are also calculated to reflect the relative concentration of population. The patterns of internal migration are described. In-migration out-migration and net migration are explained in stepwise regressions by socioeconomic development measures converted into orthogonal factor dimensions through principal components analysis with varimax rotation. 9 regression models were generated and all were significant at the 5% level. In 1966 agriculture education (negative and positive signs) urbanization (positive signs) and density (negative sign) were significant in accounting for the variations in dependent variables. R2 values equaled .48-.97. The pattern for 1977 was similar with R2 values ranging from .49 to .82. The policy implications involve the population pressure on land resources in the south the longterm growth of population which is increasing at the fast rate of 3%/year and expected to consume land resources and competition between land uses.
Sexual Function and Diabetes

Abstract The author discusses ways in which techniques developed in the new field of sexual medicine may offer hope and comfort to diabetics with sexual problems. She also outlines diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for family physicians whose diabetic patients suffer from sexual dysfunction.
Sea Urchin Embryos Are Permeable to Actinomycin

When eggs and cleaving embryos of the sea urchin are exposed to [3H]actinomycin D, they become radioactive, and autoradiograms show that the radioactivity is inside the cells. At midcleavage, nuclei are more radioactive than cytoplasm. Extraction and chromatography of the intracellular labeled compounds identify them as actinomycin D and a water-soluable derivative. Conversion does not take place outside the cells. Treatment of embryos for 90 minutes with actinomycin D inhibits synthesis of RNA by more than 90 percent, leaving unaffected turnover of the pCpCpA terminals in transfer RNA. These data justify earlier interpretations of actinomycin experiments with embryos and justify use of the drug as a tool in the analysis of gene expression.
Almost Isometric Maps of the Hyperbolic Plane

of D, then d(Tp,Tq) = d(p,q) for all TeJi\ thus maps in Ji are hyperbolic isometrics. The Schwarz-Pick theorem asserts that if/:Z)->Z) is analytic then / decreases distances, . fl .t . „ d{Ap\M)^d{p,q), (1.1) or lnnnitesimally, i-W/OI 0. Following C. McMullen, we write M(c) for the set of analytic / : / ) -> / ) such that whenever B is a hyperbolic ball in D, diam (/(£)) ^ diam(5)-c, where diam denotes diameter in the hyperbolic metric. For example, n M(C) = jt, c>0 while f(z) = z eM(c) provided c is large. This paper gives three characterizations of the set M(c). The first characterization concerns nearly isometric behavior along certain geodesies, and the second is in terms of angular derivatives at boundary points. Each/eM(c) is a Blaschke product, and the third characterization is by the distribution of the zeros. We thank Curt McMullen for bringing M(c) to our attention and for the results of the next section.
Stereodependent bioactivation of R(+)-ethyl S-propyl methylphosphonothioate: is the S-oxide the active metabolite?

Abstract R (+)-Ethyl S -propyl methylphosphonothioate is bioactivated both in vivo and when perfused through isolated liver to give a product which is much more active as an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase than the parent compound. The bioactivation does not occur in hepatectomised animals. Acetylcholinesterase inhibited by the active metabolite is not reactivated by pyridine-2-aldoxime methanesulphonate (P2S), whereas enzyme inhibited by the parent compound and its S (−) enantiomer is reactivatable. Attempts to identify the active metabolite were unsuccessful and experiments to explore its stability were inconclusive. Extensive in vitro studies of the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by the enantiomers of ethyl S -propyl methylphosphonothioate and ethyl S -diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothioates and subsequent reactivation of the enzyme by P2S showed that (a) there are large differences between the rates of inhibition of the R and S enantiomers of both compounds, (b) reactivation profiles are critically dependent on reaction conditions, and (c) the reactivation profiles of the R and S enantiomers of the former compound are indistinguishable under all conditions whereas differences are observed under some conditions for the latter pair of enantiomers. The results are discussed in terms of the possibility that the S -oxide of R (+)-ethyl S -propyl methylphosphonothioate is the active metabolite and it is concluded that this is unlikely.
Adenocarcinorna of prostate presenting as brain metastasis

The diagnosis of brain metastasis from prostate carcinoma is rarely made antemortem, and has previously been reported only in patients with known extensive metastatic disease of long duration. A case of adenocarcinoma of the prostate presenting as a brain metastasis is described. Current concepts of metastatic spread of prostate carcinoma are reviewed.
Manipulation of azobenzene molecules on Au(111) using scanning tunneling microscopy

We have manipulated single azobenzene molecules using several different techniques with a variable-temperature scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Isolated azobenzene molecules were adsorbed and manipulated on the Au(111) surface at low temperature $(T=34\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})$. STM tip voltage pulses reversibly switched the azobenzene molecule between two stable orientational configurations. A sliding technique was used to move single azobenzene molecules between stable sites on the surface, enabling construction of molecular chains. Stable sites (i.e., molecular anchor points) were created on the Au(111) surface through STM tip voltage pulses.
Radiation damage and uranium concentration in zircon as assessed by Raman spectroscopy and neutron irradiation

Radiation damage of natural and synthetic zircon grains is evaluated by Raman spectroscopy to understand annealing and stability of fission tracks. Analyses focus on a suite of 338 Paleozoic detrital zircon grains from metamorphosed strata in the Hellenic forearc that were variably annealed by a Miocene thermal event, as well as a suite of 97 synthetic zircon grains. The Raman wavenumber shift of v 3 [Si0 4] reveals that radiation damage and damage distribution in this suite mainly depends on uranium concentration. In zircon with similar uranium concentration, the Raman wavenumber shift allows for the determination of radiation damage in different crystals, which is a function of effective accumulation time. Nine detrital zircons grains with moderate radiation damage were stepwise annealed at 1000 and 1400 °C, which resulted in progressive removal of radiation damage revealed in an increase of ν 3 [Si0 4] peak positions. For a partly reset sample that was brought to temperatures of ∼350 °C in a geologic setting (Hellenic forearc), we use the Raman measurements and uranium determination to estimate a Zircon Damage Discrimination Factor (Z RDD ), which is our attempt to estimate only radiation damage in single grains by accounting for affects of the uranium atom in the Raman wavenumber. This discrimination allows for a separation of zircon fission track (ZFT) ages of single ages based on grains that have a low track retention (high damage, fully reset grain), thus refining the age determination of cooling in a rock that shows variable resetting.
Chicken Oviductal Ecto-ATP-Diphosphohydrolase PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION

An ecto-ATP diphosphohydrolase (ATPDase) was purified to homogeneity from vesiculosomes shed from chicken oviduct. First, the ecto-ATPDase-enriched vesiculosomes were concentrated by filtration, differential centrifugation, and exclusion chromatography. Next, the nonionic detergent, Nonidet P-40, was used to extract the ecto-ATPDase from vesiculosomal membranes, and the solubilized enzyme was further purified by ion exchange (DEAE-Bio-Gel) and lentil-lectin-Sepharose 4B chromatography. In the final stage, immunoaffinity chromatography was utilized to obtain purified ecto-ATPDase. More than 25,000-fold purification was achieved. Specific activity of the purified enzyme was greater than 800 micronol/min/mg of protein with MgATP as the substrate, the highest ever reported for an ATPDase. The enzyme also hydrolyzed other nucleoside triphosphates in the presence of magnesium at similar rates and CaATP and MgADP at lower rates. The molecular mass of the purified glycoprotein was 80 kDa as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis. Based on its enzymatic properties, the relationship of the chicken oviduct ecto-ATPDase with other reported ATPDases and ecto-ATPases is discussed.
Learning from New Orleans: The Social Warrant of Hostile Privatism and Competitive Consumer Citizenship

“Rethinking American Culture” was a forum featuring the work of George Lipsitz in a dialogue between American Studies and anthropology about the ways in which “new forms of commercial patterns and practices, new movements of people and products, and new communications technologies are producing new ways of studying culture.” This dialogue addresses the struggles over the social warrants of U.S. culture in the 21st century and how historians and anthropologists might best describe and analyze such warrants and reconstitute these fields, both of which are under pressure in a present “moment of danger” made all the more visible by the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, Louisiana.
NMR Solution Structure of the Receptor Binding Domain of Human α2-Macroglobulin

Human alpha(2)-macroglobulin-proteinase complexes bind to their receptor, the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), through a discrete 138-residue C-terminal receptor binding domain (RBD), which also binds to the beta-amyloid peptide. We have used NMR spectroscopy on recombinantly expressed uniformly (13)C/(15)N-labeled human RBD to determine its three-dimensional structure in solution. Human RBD is a sandwich of two antiparallel beta-sheets, one four-strand and one five-strand, and also contains one alpha-helix of 2.5 turns and an additional 1-turn helical region. The principal alpha-helix contains two lysine residues on the outer face that are known to be essential for receptor binding. A calcium binding site (K(d) approximately 11 mM) is present in the loop region at one end of the beta-sandwich. Calcium binding principally affects this loop region and does not significantly perturb the stable core structure of the domain. The structure and NMR assignments will enable us to examine in solution specific binding of RBD to domains of the receptor and to beta-amyloid peptide.
ZEIN DEGRADATION IN THE ENDOSPERM OF MAIZE SEEDS DURING GERMINATION

The pattern and sequence of zein degradation in the endosperm of germinating maize seeds were investigated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and by immunostaining Western blots with a monoclonal antibody to a-zein and polyclonal antibodies to p3-, y-, and b-zeins. The results indicated: 1) the degradation of the predominant a-zein fraction (23.8 and 26.7 kD) started on the 5th day after germination (DAG) and continued gradually until the 10th DAG with a small amount remaining undegraded up to the 26th DAG; 2) f-zein (17 kD) began to be degraded on the 2d DAG, and the degradation of the 17 kD polypeptide was completed by the 7th DAG; 3) y-zeins (27 and 18 kD) were the first zeins to be degraded, and the degradations of y-zeinl (27 kD) and y-zein2 (18 kD) were complete by the 3rd and 4th DAG, respectively; and 4) the degradation of b-zein (10 kD) began on the 4th DAG and was complete by the 7th DAG. Based on these results, the following arrangement of zein polypeptides within the protein bodies is postulated, assuming that the proteolytic events start at the periphery and processed towards the core of the protein body: 1) -y-zeins are situated around the periphery of the protein bodies and are possibly a structural component of the protein body membrane or directly anchored in the membrane; 2) j-zein would be internal to ,y-zeins; and 3) a-zein and b-zein would be in the protein body core. This arrangement is largely consistent with published data on the immunocytochemical localization of zeins, and it indicates that the different classes of zein are not randomly organized within the matrix of the protein body. THE PROLAMIN of maize (Zea mays), zein, consists of a group of alcohol-soluble proteins, and it is the major storage protein in maize endosperm. During seed development, zein is deposited in distinct membrane-bound subcellular compartments called protein bodies