cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pubic Hair Removal and Sexual Behavior: Findings from a Prospective Daily Diary Study of Sexually Active Women in the United States

ABSTRACT Introduction Pubic hair removal is prevalent among women in the United States. However, most studies related to pubic hair removal are based on cross‐sectional surveys and retrospective recall. Aim The purpose of this research was to, in a prospective event‐level daily diary study, assess demographic, affective, relational, situational, and behavioral factors related to women's pubic hair removal. Method Data collection occurred as part of a 5‐week prospective, Internet‐based daily diary study. Main Outcome Measures Age; Affective predictors (positive mood, negative mood, feeling interested in sex, feeling in love); Relational predictors (partner support, partner negativity, partner type, partner gender); Situational predictors (any vaginal symptoms, use of any vaginal hygiene products; having applied any creams to the genitals); Behavioral variables (penile–vaginal sex, penile–anal sex, had finger inserted into vagina, had clitoris stimulated with fingers, inserted toy into vagina, used vibrator on clitoris, inserted finger into anus, inserted toy into anus, duration of penetration, intensity of penetration). Results A total of 2,453 women ages 18 to 68 (mean age 32.69) completed the study, contributing 49,287 total diaries (mean per person 24.5; standard deviation 10.3, median 30); 15.2% of all days (N = 7,362) involved pubic hair waxing or shaving, with the vast majority of hair removal days involving shaving (N = 7,302; 99%). Pubic hair removal was significantly associated with younger age, a greater interest in sex, vaginal fingering, finger–clitoral stimulation, having a casual sex partner, using vaginal hygiene products, and applying cream to the genitals. Hair removal was marginally associated with longer duration of vaginal penetration. Conclusions These findings provide greater insight into the factors associated with women's pubic hair removal and their sexual experiences on a day‐to‐day level. Clinical and educational implications are discussed. Herbenick D, Hensel D, Smith NK, Schick V, Reece M, Sanders SA, and Fortenberry JD. Pubic hair removal and sexual behavior: Findings from a prospective daily diary study of sexually active women in the United States. J Sex Med 2013;10:678–685.
Mobile Sensor Network Control Using Mutual Information Methods and Particle Filters

This paper develops a set of methods enabling an information-theoretic distributed control architecture to facilitate search by a mobile sensor network. Given a particular configuration of sensors, this technique exploits the structure of the probability distributions of the target state and of the sensor measurements to control the mobile sensors such that future observations minimize the expected future uncertainty of the target state. The mutual information between the sensors and the target state is computed using a particle filter representation of the posterior probability distribution, making it possible to directly use nonlinear and non-Gaussian target state and sensor models. To make the approach scalable to increasing network sizes, single-node and pairwise-node approximations to the mutual information are derived for general probability density models, with analytically bounded error. The pairwise-node approximation is proven to be a more accurate objective function than the single-node approximation. The mobile sensors are cooperatively controlled using a distributed optimization, yielding coordinated motion of the network. These methods are explored for various sensing modalities, including bearings-only sensing, range-only sensing, and magnetic field sensing, all with potential for search and rescue applications. For each sensing modality, the behavior of this non-parametric method is compared and contrasted with the results of linearized methods, and simulations are performed of a target search using the dynamics of actual vehicles. Monte Carlo results demonstrate that as network size increases, the sensors more quickly localize the target, and the pairwise-node approximation provides superior performance to the single-node approximation. The proposed methods are shown to produce similar results to linearized methods in particular scenarios, yet they capture effects in more general scenarios that are not possible with linearized methods.
Educational Measurement and Knowledge of Other Minds.

This article addresses the capacity of high stakes tests to measure the most significant kinds of learning. It begins by examining a set of philosophical arguments pertaining to construct validity and alleged conceptual obstacles to attributing specific knowledge and skills to learners. The arguments invoke philosophical doctrines of holism and radical interpretation and the theory of situated learning, and they are found to be unsound. The article goes on to examine the difficulties involved in combining adequate validity and reliability in one test. The literature on test item formats is brought to bear on the potential validity of multiple-choice items, and the rater reliability of constructed-response items is addressed through discussion of the methods used by the Educational Testing Service (USA) and a summary report of alternative methods developed by the author and others in cooperation with the California Golden State Examination.
Trichloroethene Reductive Dehalogenase from Dehalococcoides ethenogenes: Sequence of tceA and Substrate Range Characterization

The anaerobic bacterium Dehalococcoides ethenogenes is the only known organism that can completely dechlorinate tetrachloroethene or trichloroethene (TCE) to ethene via dehalorespiration. One of two corrinoid-containing enzymes responsible for this pathway, TCE reductive dehalogenase (TCE-RDase) catalyzes the dechlorination of TCE to ethene. TCE-RDase dehalogenated 1,2-dichloroethane and 1, 2-dibromoethane to ethene at rates of 7.5 and 30 micromol/min/mg, respectively, similar to the rates for TCE, cis-dichloroethene (DCE), and 1,1-DCE. A variety of other haloalkanes and haloalkenes containing three to five carbon atoms were dehalogenated at lower rates. The gene encoding TCE-RDase, tceA, was cloned and sequenced via an inverse PCR approach. Sequence comparisons of tceA to proteins in the public databases revealed weak sequence similarity confined to the C-terminal region, which contains the eight-iron ferredoxin cluster binding motif, (CXXCXXCXXXCP)(2). Direct N-terminal sequencing of the mature enzyme indicated that the first 42 amino acids constitute a signal sequence containing the twin-arginine motif, RRXFXK, associated with the Sec-independent membrane translocation system. This information coupled with membrane localization studies indicated that TCE-RDase is located on the exterior of the cytoplasmic membrane. Like the case for the two other RDases that have been cloned and sequenced, a small open reading frame, tceB, is proposed to be involved with membrane association of TCE-RDase and is predicted to be cotranscribed with tceA.
Vascular leiomyoma of the carotid sheath simulating a carotid body tumor

(Editorial Comment: The report of this extremely smooth and barely mobile without any audible rare lesion in an uncommon location serves to bruits. There were no other abnormal findings in introduce a review of vascular leiomyoma.) the remainder of the head and neck examination. Leiomyomas are benign tumors
Tissue-dependent cerebral energy metabolism in adolescents with bipolar disorder

Abstract Objectives To investigate tissue-dependent cerebral energy metabolism by measuring high energy phosphate levels in unmedicated adolescents diagnosed with bipolar I disorder. Methods Phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging data were acquired over the entire brain of 24 adolescents with bipolar I disorder and 19 demographically matched healthy comparison adolescents. Estimates of phosphocreatine (PCr) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP, determined from the γ-resonance) in homogeneous gray and white matter in the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum of each subject were obtained by extrapolation of linear regression analyses of metabolite concentrations vs. voxel gray matter fractions. Results Multivariate analyses of variance showed a significant effect of group on high energy phosphate concentrations in the right cerebrum ( p =0.0002) but not in the left ( p =0.17). Post-hoc testing in the right cerebrum revealed significantly reduced concentrations of PCr in gray matter and ATP in white matter in both manic ( p =0.002 and 0.0001, respectively) and euthymic ( p =0.004 and 0.002, respectively) bipolar I disorder subjects relative to healthy comparisons. Limitations The small sample sizes yield relatively low statistical power between manic and euthymic groups; cross-sectional observations limit the ability to determine if these findings are truly independent of mood state. Conclusions Our results suggest bioenergetic impairment – consistent with downregulation of creatine kinase – is an early pathophysiological feature of bipolar I disorder.
Climatology of the Low-Level Jet at the Southern Great Plains Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiments Site

A unique dataset obtained with combinations of minisodars and 915-MHz wind profilers at the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiments (ABLE) facility in Kansas was used to examine the detailed characteristics of the nocturnal low-level jet (LLJ). In contrast to instruments used in earlier studies, the ABLE instruments provide hourly, high-resolution vertical profiles of wind velocity from just above the surface to approximately 2 km above ground level (AGL). Furthermore, the 6-yr span of the dataset allowed the examination of interannual variability in jet properties with improved statistical reliability. It was found that LLJs occurred during 63% of the nighttime periods sampled. Although most of the observed jets were southerly, a substantial fraction (28%) was northerly. Wind maxima occurred most frequently at 200–400 m AGL, though some jets were found as low as 50 m, and the strongest jets tended to occur above 300 m. Comparison of LLJ heights at three locations within the ABLE domain and at one location outside the domain suggests that the jet is equipotential rather than terrain following. The occurrence of southerly LLJ varied annually in a way that suggests a connection between the tendency for jet formation and the large-scale circulation patterns associated with El Nino and La Nina, as well as with the Pacific decadal oscillation. Frequent and strong southerly jets that transport moisture downstream do not necessarily lead to more precipitation locally, however.
Retrograde amnesia following combined hippocampus-amygdala lesions in monkeys.

To assess the retrograde amnesia associated with medial temporal lesions, 8 cynomolgus monkeys were trained on object discrimination problems at different times prior to surgery. Different sets of 20 two-choice object discriminations were trained beginning 32, 16, 8, 4, and 2 weeks prior to surgery. Additionally, 6 weeks prior to surgery, all monkeys were trained on a motor skill task. Four monkeys then sustained bilateral removal of the hippocampus, amygdala, and overlying allocortex. The other 4 monkeys served as unoperated controls. Three weeks after surgery, memory for the 100 preoperatively learned object discriminations was assessed by presenting each of the object pairs for a single trial. The control group evidenced little forgetting of the discriminations: They performed as well on object pairs they had last seen 9 months earlier as on object pairs they had learned a few weeks earlier. The operated group demonstrated a profound loss of memory for all the discriminations: They performed at or near chance on the object pairs from all of the five preoperative time periods. Essentially the same results were obtained in four additional retention tests conducted during the following 8 months. Thus, retrograde amnesia was not temporally graded across the 8-month preoperative period sampled by the study. In contrast to these findings, retention of the preoperatively learned motor skill was excellent in both groups. Finally, additional tests showed that the learning of new object pairs was impaired after surgery, whereas a new motor skill was acquired at a normal rate.
Enhanced muscle insulin receptor autophosphorylation with short-term aerobic exercise training.

Exercise training improves insulin action in skeletal muscle, but the mechanisms of this effect are not completely understood. In particular, the role of the insulin receptor (IR) is unclear. We ex...
The Metamict State

Recently, the words “metamict” or “metamictization” have been increasingly used instead of “amorphous” or “amorphization” in acknowledgment of the fact that the first recognized example of the transition from the crystalline to the aperiodic state was in natural materials—minerals. The term (originally “metamikte” from Greek for “mix otherwise” because of their complex compositions) was first defined by Broegger in a Danish encyclopedia as one of three classes of amorphous substances: porodine (= colloidal), hyaline, and metamikte. Minerals considered to be metamict were judged amorphous because of their conchoidal fracture and isotropic optical properties; however, well-developed crystal faces evidenced the prior crystalline state.Hamberg was the first to suggest that metamictization is a radiation-induced, periodic-to-aperiodic phase transition caused by alpha particles which originate from constituent radionuclides in the uranium and thorium decay series. Rinne and Vegard confirmed by x-ray diffraction studies that metamict minerals were either amorphous or finely crystalline. Later work supported the idea of a radiation-induced transformation. The work of Stackelberg and Rottenbach established that the decrease in density, refractive indices, and birefringence correlated with the breakdown of the structure with increasing alpha-decay dose. Stackelberg and Rottenback tried to test this hypothesis directly by bombarding a thin slab of zircon with alpha particles. The results were inconclusive because the slab fractured, but this must have been one of the first experiments in which an “ion beam” was used to “modify” a material.
Determination of respiratory LD50 from number of primary lesions as illustrated by melioidosis.

Summary1. A method is described whereby the respiratory LD50 can be obtained from the dose of organisms inhaled and from counts of primary pulmonary lesions, provided a single pulmonary lesion is fatal and progressing primary lesions do not occur elsewhere. This method was tested and confirmed in experimental melioidosis in mice and hamsters, and its advantages over the usual titration method were discussed. 2. The number of M. pseu-domallei necessary to generate one lesion, called the “ratio,” is obtained by dividing the inhaled dose by the total number of primary pulmonary foci. This “ratio” multiplied by 0.7 equals the respiratory LD50. Data and graphs are presented to estimate the total number of primary pulmonary lesions when they are so numerous that only the lesions on the surface of the lung can be counted. Estimates of the 95% confidence interval of the respiratory LD50 obtained by this lesion-count method overlapped those obtained by the titration method.We wish to acknowledge the statistical ad...
Indirect Method for Determining Blood Pressure in Small Animals

Experimental problems requiring the repeated taking of blood pressure have, in the past, required the use of fairly large animals. Various indirect methods suggested for small animals have, as a rule, proven unsatisfactory. Griffith and Collins1 reported an indirect method for obtaining blood pressure in man by capillary observation with simultaneous arterial compression. This method has now been modified for use in small animals.White rats under nembutal anesthesia were used. The dorsum of one foot was depilated, either with barium sulphide or, better, with a razor. A special blood pressure cuff was then wrapped about the thigh and fastened with adhesive. This cuff is 2.7 cm. wide and encloses a circular pressure bag 2.4 cm. in diameter. This cuff conforms in design to a portion of a ring enclosed between 2 concentric circles, the outer circle having a radius of 5 cm. and the inner a radius of 2.3 cm. The ‘ring’ or cuff is thus seen to be 2.7 cm. wide, and any convenient length may be used, 25 cm. measur...
Changing Views of Cellular Radiosensitivity

It has been about 30 years since I first addressed the Radiation Research Society back in the days before there were posters. Sometimes I like to look back over these years and see how much our knowledge of the effect of radiation on cells has evolved, while our goal of discovering molecular mechanisms for cellular radiosensitivity remains elusive. Many of the phenomena that were described 30 years ago by radiation scientists, however, are still very central to current research.
Use of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy for Removal of Dabigatran in a Patient in Need of Emergent Surgery

Purpose. To report the ability to remove serum dabigatran using continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in a patient with life-threatening bleeding. Summary. A 77-year-old female with history of atrial fibrillation who takes dabigatran for stroke prevention presented with abdominal pain. Patient was found to have bleeding and possible mesenteric ischemia and was taken to the operating room and had continued bleeding postoperatively. CRRT was initiated for the removal of any remaining dabigatran, with serum dabigatran levels collected to evaluate removal of dabigatran with CRRT. This patient had an increased dabigatran level prior to intervention, which decreased to an undetectable level after use of CRRT. Greater than 80% of the drug was removed due to 4 hours of CRRT and residual kidney function. Reversal of dabigatran is an area of current research with recent FDA approval of idarucizumab for use. Conclusion. Bleeding may occur as a result of the use of dabigatran and change in patient’s clinical condition. Use of CRRT may be an option in removing serum dabigatran in the case of a life-threatening bleed.
Joint control and generalized nonidentity matching: Saying when something is not.

This study investigated how the absence of a specified stimulus can control behavior. Four children were trained in nonidentity matching, and as a control, four were trained in identity matching. Both performances were produced by training overt mediating responses, so that in identity matching, the selection of a particular comparison was evoked by the repetition of a sample tact to the comparison, and in nonidentity, by the inability to repeat the sample tact to the comparison. Successful generalization of the performances indicated that they were indeed controlled by these general features rather than by stimulus-specific features. Comparison selection thus served as an autoclitic report about other verbal behavior. In particular, generalized nonidentity matching indicated that sensitivity to discrepancies between what a sample specifies, and what is actually presented, can be accounted for behaviorally, without recourse to hypothesized cognitive mediators.
Work on Cesium Standards at NRC

NRC was the first laboratory to operate a primary laboratory cesium frequency standard as a clockl,2,3, starting in 1975. Since then we have been emulated by a few other laboratories. Our clocks are among the oldest primary frequency standards still in operation. We are in a position to see the effects of aging: better stability of the phase of the cavity; better understanding of various processes; deterioration of some components; mishaps; etc.
Values That Shape Marketing Decisions: Influence of Chief Executive Officers’ Political Ideologies on Innovation Propensity, Shareholder Value, and Risk

AbstractThis research examines the influence of chief executive officers’ (CEOs’) political ideologies—specifically, their degree of political liberalism (i.e., support for the Democratic Party relative to the Republican Party)—on firms’ innovation propensity (i.e., rate of new product introductions [NPIs]).The authors propose that CEOs’ degree of political liberalism positively affects their firms’ rate of NPIs. This impact is weakened, however, when CEOs have low power, when a high proportion of their compensation comes from equity, when the marketing department has high influence in the top management team, and when the economy is growing. Liberal CEOs’ greater rate of NPIs is associated with superior Tobin’s q but also higher stock return volatility. Findings based on observations of 421 publicly listed U.S. firms from 2006 to 2010 provide considerable support for the authors’ hypotheses. The authors also examine changes in firms’ rate of NPIs and performance around CEO turnovers and find corroboratin...
Network Analysis of Wildfire Transmission and Implications for Risk Governance

We characterized wildfire transmission and exposure within a matrix of large land tenures (federal, state, and private) surrounding 56 communities within a 3.3 million ha fire prone region of central Oregon US. Wildfire simulation and network analysis were used to quantify the exchange of fire among land tenures and communities and analyze the relative contributions of human versus natural ignitions to wildfire exposure. Among the land tenures examined, the area burned by incoming fires averaged 57% of the total burned area. Community exposure from incoming fires ignited on surrounding land tenures accounted for 67% of the total area burned. The number of land tenures contributing wildfire to individual communities and surrounding wildland urban interface (WUI) varied from 3 to 20. Community firesheds, i.e. the area where ignitions can spawn fires that can burn into the WUI, covered 40% of the landscape, and were 5.5 times larger than the combined area of the community core and WUI. For the major land tenures within the study area, the amount of incoming versus outgoing fire was relatively constant, with some exceptions. The study provides a multi-scale characterization of wildfire networks within a large, mixed tenure and fire prone landscape, and illustrates the connectivity of risk between communities and the surrounding wildlands. We use the findings to discuss how scale mismatches in local wildfire governance result from disconnected planning systems and disparate fire management objectives among the large landowners (federal, state, private) and local communities. Local and regional risk planning processes can adopt our concepts and methods to better define and map the scale of wildfire risk from large fire events and incorporate wildfire network and connectivity concepts into risk assessments.
Toward a systems approach to the human cytochrome P450 ensemble: interactions between CYP2D6 and CYP2E1 and their functional consequences.

Functional cross-talk among human drug-metabolizing cytochromes P450 through their association is a topic of emerging importance. Here we studied the interactions of human CYP2D6, a major metabolizer of psychoactive drugs, with one of the most prevalent human P450 enzymes, ethanol-inducible CYP2E1. Detection of P450-P450 interactions was accomplished through luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) between labeled proteins incorporated into human liver microsomes and the microsomes of insect cells containing NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. The potential of CYP2D6 to form oligomers in the microsomal membrane is among the highest observed with human cytochromes P450 studied up to date. We also observed the formation of heteromeric complexes of CYP2D6 with CYP2E1 and CYP3A4, and found a significant modulation of these interactions by MDMA, a widespread drug of abuse metabolized by CYP2D6. Our results demonstrate an ample alteration of the catalytic properties of CYP2D6 and CYP2E1 caused by their association. In particular, we demonstrated that pre-incubation of microsomes containing co-incorporated CYP2D6 and CYP2E1 with CYP2D6-specific substrates resulted in considerable time-dependent activation of CYP2D6, which presumably occurs via a slow substrate-induced reorganization of CYP2E1-CYP2D6 heterooligomers. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the formation of heteromeric complexes between CYP2E1 and CYP2D6 affects the stoichiometry of futile cycling and substrate oxidation by CYP2D6 by means of decreasing the electron leakage through the peroxide-generating pathways. Our results further emphasize the role of P450-P450 interactions in regulatory cross-talk in human drug-metabolizing ensemble and suggest a role of interactions of CYP2E1 with CYP2D6 in pharmacologically important instances of alcohol-drug interactions.
SEQUENTIAL DECISION ABOUT A NORMAL MEAN

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a simple modification of a rule N = first n ≥ 1 such that |s n | ≥ cσ 2 / μ 0 , which defines an analogous test of H 0 : μ 1 : μ > 0 when σ is unknown. The usual sequential t test is not analogous to the analogous test. It is a test about μ/σ in the sense that both its error probability and expected sample size depend on the pair (μ, σ) only through their ratio. By way of contrast, for the test, the error probability and expected sample size are genuine functions of the two parameters μ and σ.
My Hero, Your Aggressor: Differences in Perceptions of News Media Brand Personality

Though brand personality has been explored in the context of news media, the literature has yet to systematically examine differences in perceptions of news media brand personality among individuals with differing political ideologies. An analysis of 588 surveys where participants rated either mainstream ( n = 200), liberal ( n = 192), or conservative ( n = 196) news media brands across the dimensions of aggression, heroism, and warmth revealed that while political ideology has little impact on individuals’ perceptions of news media brand personality with regard to mainstream media, significant associations were present for perceptions of liberal and conservative news media. Controlling for education, age, familiarity, and gender, more conservative participants tended to find conservative news outlets less aggressive and more heroic and find liberal outlets more aggressive and less heroic; the differences in these associations were statistically significant. For both liberal outlets and conservative outlets, greater familiarity tended to be associated with higher perceived heroism. Significant gender and race associations are noted in perceptions of warmth. Ramifications in the context of political communication and media management are discussed.
Study of local currents in low dimension materials using complex injecting potentials

A complex potential is constructed to inject electrons into the conduction band, mimicking electron currents in nanoscale systems. The injected electrons are time propagated until a steady state is reached. The local current density can then be calculated to show the path of the conducting electrons on an atomistic level. The method allows for the calculation of the current density vectors within the medium as a function of energy of the conducting electron. Using this method, we investigate the electron pathway of graphene nanoribbons in various structures, molecular junctions, and black phosphorus nanoribbons. By analyzing the current flow through the structures, we find strong dependence on the structural geometry and the energy of the injected electrons. This method may be of general use in the study of nano-electronic materials and interfaces.A complex potential is constructed to inject electrons into the conduction band, mimicking electron currents in nanoscale systems. The injected electrons are time propagated until a steady state is reached. The local current density can then be calculated to show the path of the conducting electrons on an atomistic level. The method allows for the calculation of the current density vectors within the medium as a function of energy of the conducting electron. Using this method, we investigate the electron pathway of graphene nanoribbons in various structures, molecular junctions, and black phosphorus nanoribbons. By analyzing the current flow through the structures, we find strong dependence on the structural geometry and the energy of the injected electrons. This method may be of general use in the study of nano-electronic materials and interfaces.
Formation of H2 on graphene using Eley-Rideal and Langmuir-Hinshelwood processes

A hydrogen atom can either physisorb or chemisorb onto a graphene surface. To describe the interaction of H with graphene, we trained the C-C, H-H, and C-H interactions of the ReaxFF CHO bond order potential to reproduce Density Functional Theory (DFT) generated values of graphene cohesive energy and lattice constant, H2 dissociation energy, H on graphene adsorption potentials, and H2 formation on graphene using the Eley-Rideal (ER) and Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) processes. The results, generated from the trained H-graphene potentials, are in close agreement with the corresponding results from DFT. The advantage of using optimized CH potentials is, for example, the inclusion of physisorption interactions and quantum mechanical features of chemical bonding in the functional forms of the potentials. The trained CH potentials are utilized to study the energetics of formation of an H2 molecule on graphene using the Eley-Rideal and Langmuir-Hinshelwood processes. Potential energy surfaces for the formation of H2 through ER are generated for the collinear and oblique approach of the second hydrogen atom. Energetics of the formation of H2 through LH is studied for a variety of cases such as when hydrogen atoms are chemisorbed or physisorbed and when hydrogen occupies ortho, meta, or para chemisorption sites. The likelihood of H2 formation through LH for various configurations is discussed. Furthermore, the tunneling probability of an atom through a continuous symmetric/asymmetric barrier is calculated and applied to an adsorbed hydrogen atom on graphene.
Influence of Rock Mineralogy on Reactive Fracture Evolution in Carbonate-Rich Caprocks.

Fractures present environmental risks for subsurface engineering activities, such as geologic storage of greenhouse gases, because of the possibility of unwanted upward fluid migration. The risks of fluid leakage may be exacerbated if fractures are subjected to physical and chemical perturbations that alter their geometry. This study investigated this by constructing a 2D fracture model to numerically simulate fluid flow, acid-driven reactions, and mechanical deformation. Three rock mineralogies were simulated: a limestone with 100% calcite, a limestone with 68% calcite, and a banded shale with 34% calcite. One might expect transmissivity to increase fastest for rocks with more calcite due to its high solubility and fast reaction rate. Yet, results show that initially transmissivity increases fastest for rocks with less calcite because of their ability to deliver unbuffered-acid downstream faster. Moreover, less reactive minerals become persistent asperities that sustain mechanical support within the frac...
Stochastic Hybrid Systems in Cellular Neuroscience

We review recent work on the theory and applications of stochastic hybrid systems in cellular neuroscience. A stochastic hybrid system or piecewise deterministic Markov process involves the coupling between a piecewise deterministic differential equation and a time-homogeneous Markov chain on some discrete space. The latter typically represents some random switching process. We begin by summarizing the basic theory of stochastic hybrid systems, including various approximation schemes in the fast switching (weak noise) limit. In subsequent sections, we consider various applications of stochastic hybrid systems, including stochastic ion channels and membrane voltage fluctuations, stochastic gap junctions and diffusion in randomly switching environments, and intracellular transport in axons and dendrites. Finally, we describe recent work on phase reduction methods for stochastic hybrid limit cycle oscillators.
Phase I study of talazoparib and irinotecan in children and young adults with recurrent/refractory solid tumors.

10542Background: Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) target tumors with deficiencies in DNA repair mechanisms. Talazoparib (TAL), a potent PARP inhibitor, demonstrated significant effic...
Time-optimal uniform scattering in a grid

We consider the distributed setting of K = (k + 1) × (k + 1) autonomous mobile robots operating on a grid graph of N = (n + 1) × (n + 1) nodes with n = k · d, d ≥ 2, k ≥ 2, following Look-Compute-Move cycles and communicating with other robots using colored lights under the robots with lights model. We consider the uniform scattering problem of repositioning the robots on the nodes of the grid graph so that each robot reach to a static configuration in which they cover uniformly the grid. In this paper, we provide the first O(n) time algorithm for this problem for robots with lights in the fully synchronous setting, given that the robots have the common orientation, the knowledge of parameters n and k, and the visibility range of distance 2d. The best previously known algorithm solves this problem in O(N/d) (i.e., O(n2/d)) time under the classic oblivious robots model (with no lights) with the same capabilities in the asynchronous setting. Our algorithm is asymptotically time-optimal, since for any solution to this uniform scattering problem in both the classic and lights models, Ω(n) time is necessary. Moreover, the proposed algorithm is collision-free.
Substance use among urban youth of color: Exploring the role of community-based predictors, ethnic identity, and intrapersonal psychological empowerment.

Objective Advances in the etiology of substance use in ethnic minority youth over the last 30 years have not adequately addressed factors and conditions that protect youth from substance use. This research has also failed to consider the impact of ethnic identity and empowerment-based processes among urban youth of color. The aim of the present study was to uncover, first, the mediating effect of ethnic identity between community-based predictors (e.g., community participation and neighborhood sense of community) and 30-day substance use, and second, the mediating effect of intrapersonal psychological empowerment (PE) between ethnic identity and 30-day substance use. Method Data were from a sample (N = 1,480) of African-American/Black (30.4%) and Hispanic/Latinx (59.1%) urban adolescents, who were largely female (61%) and between 16 and 18 years of age (70.5%). Main analytic procedures were carried out through AMOS structural equation modeling software. Results Results from this study displayed the importance of ethnic identity and PE as mechanisms associated with reducing 30-day substance use. Both PE and ethnic identity mediated the effect community-based predictors had in reducing 30-day substance use. In addition, PE was observed to also mediate the effect between ethnic identity and 30-day substance use, providing insight into the relationship between ethnic identity and PE. Conclusion The salience of ethnic identity and PE as mechanisms associated with reducing 30-day substance use are discussed. In addition, findings provide useful insight into the development of youth- and community-based prevention policies and programming to help reduce substance use and empower adolescents of color. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
First principle study of magnetism and vacancy energetics in a near equimolar NiFeMnCr high entropy alloy

We report the results of ab initio calculations of a novel NiFeMnCr high entropy alloy (HEA) with potential applications as a high performance structural material. The bulk and defect property variations due to chemical disordering and magnetic frustration have been studied using both supercell and coherent potential approximation-based techniques. While magnetic frustration due to the presence of multiple 3d transition metals can severely affect the accuracy of vacancy formation energy in first-principles calculations, this effect should be suppressed at intermediate and high temperatures. An efficient approach to evaluate the chemical potential in HEA is constructed and implemented. Vacancy formation energies are computed based on the chemical potential. The statistical distribution of formation energies is weakly dependent upon the chemical identity of the vacancy. On the other hand, the calculated vacancy migration energies show that Fe is more likely to have a large migration barrier than Cr, Mn, or Ni. Finally, atomic-level stresses are computed. A qualitative model to explain the elemental segregation trend in HEA is built upon the atomic-level stress calculation results and provides a reasonable qualitative agreement with ion irradiation experimental data of a NiFeMnCr HEA.
Photo-Luminescence Modulation Circuits for Solar Cell Based Optical Communications

High-efficiency solar cells, such as GaAs solar cells, exhibit strong luminescent emissions in the infrared. This paper presents two circuits that are able to modulate these luminescent emissions while harvesting energy from the solar cell. These circuits can be used in Internet-of-Things applications where devices need an energy source and a means to transmit information wirelessly. The proposed circuits are based on a boost DC-DC converter and are suitable for binary (on-off) modulation. These circuits require only minimal additional hardware (either a switch or an AND gate) for their implementation. Proof-of-concept prototypes of these circuits were built and tested. Experimental results show a tradeoff between harvested energy and bit error rate.
Finite element analysis of controlled low strength materials

Controlled low strength materials (CLSM) are flowable and self-compacting construction materials that have been used in a wide variety of applications. This paper describes the numerical modeling of CLSM fills with finite element method under compression loading and the bond performance of CLSM and steel rebar under pullout loading. The study was conducted using a plastic-damage model which captures the material behavior using both classical theory of elasto-plasticity and continuum damage mechanics. The capability of the finite element approach for the analysis of CLSM fills was assessed by a comparison with the experimental results from a laboratory compression test on CLSM cylinders and pullout tests. The analysis shows that the behavior of a CLSM fill while subject to a failure compression load or pullout tension load can be simulated in a reasonably accurate manner.
An Efficiency-Focused Design of Direct-DC Loads in Buildings

Despite the recent interest in direct current (DC) power distribution in buildings, the market for DC-ready loads remains small. The existing DC loads in various products or research test beds are not always designed to efficiently leverage the benefits of DC. This work addresses a pressing need for a study into the development of efficient DC loads. In particular, it focuses on documenting and demonstrating how to best leverage a DC input to eliminate or improve conversion stages in a load's power converter. This work identifies how typical building loads can benefit from DC input, including bath fans, refrigerators, task lights, and zone lighting. It then details the development of several prototypes that demonstrate efficiency savings with DC. The most efficient direct-DC loads are explicitly designed for DC from the ground up, rather than from an AC modification.
A Community-Based Organization

This chapter addresses the broad question of what is a community-based organization. Here John W. Murphy explains how the focus of community-based work is local knowledge and community control of health projects. To deliver services in accordance with these principles, community-based organizations must be instituted. What these organizations require, separate from the past, is a different management style and unique division of labor. Most organizations that are employed to provide health services in a community-based manner, however, have a traditional structure and thus have difficulty fulfilling their aims. A new organization must be created that is consistent with the philosophy that underpins community-based work. Such an organization, for example, would be less hierarchical and not focused on a specific division of labor as in the past.
Computed tomography based scoring system in a prospectively ascertained cohort of patients with chronic pancreatitis

Abstract Objective No standardized system is currently used to report the presence or severity of parenchymal and ductal features of chronic pancreatitis (CP) on CT scan. We report a modification to the previously proposed Cambridge classification to serve this purpose. Methods Contrast-enhanced CT scans of 158 well-phenotyped patients with CP enrolled in the North American Pancreatitis Studies (NAPS2) during 2000–2014 from the University of Pittsburgh were retrospectively reviewed by a subspecialty trained abdominal radiologist. Presence and severity (score scale 0–4) of pancreatic duct (PD) dilation, obstruction and contour irregularity, pancreatic calcifications, atrophy and extent of pancreatic involvement were recorded to grade the morphological severity of CP and stratify patients into distinct morphologic patterns. Findings were also correlated with clinical features. Results Pancreatic atrophy, calcifications, PD dilation and PD irregularity were observed in 80%, 68%, 65%, 58% cases, respectively. An obstructive stone or PD stricture was present in 63%, and 86% had diffuse pancreatic involvement. Using these features, CP was noted to be moderate or severe in 61%, and classified morphologically as obstructive with/without calcifications, calcific but non-obstructive and non-calcific/non-obstructive in 65%, 20%, 15%, respectively. Functional abnormalities but not the presence of pain generally correlated with imaging findings. Conclusion A structured scoring system can provide qualitative and quantitative assessment of imaging findings in CP and an opportunity for adoption into clinical practice and research for initial evaluation and longitudinal follow-up. Our findings need validation in a prospective cohort before widespread adoption.
Pictorial Review of the 18F-FDG PET/CT Manifestations of Erdheim-Chester Disease

1141 Objectives: The purpose of this educational exhibit is to familiarize clinicians with FDG PET imaging manifestations of Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD). Methods: Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare systemic non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis with a wide range of findings from asymptomatic osteosclerotic bone lesions to life threatening involvement of vascular and retroperitoneal structures. ECD diagnosis is based on characteristic clinical, radiological and histopathological features.18F-FDG PET/CT plays an important role in assessment and quantification of inflammatory processes by depicting the metabolic activity associated with anatomical structures. FDG PET has a pivotal role in diagnosis of ECD by revealing the extent of multi-system involvement and by identifying potential biopsy sites, because this imaging modality might be a biomarker for tissues expressing the BRAF mutation. In addition, accumulating evidence suggests efficacy of PET scan in disease follow-up, therapeutic response evaluation and restaging. This review will illustrate FDG PET imaging features of ECD in our cohort of 62 biopsy-proven ECD patients. A systematic review of the literature on ECD will support the images. A. Skeletal a) Appendicular b) Axial B. Vascular a) Peri-aortic infiltration b) Renal artery sheathing c) Sheathing of aortic branches d) Others, including coronary artery involvement C. Renal a) Peri-nephric infiltrates b) Proximal ureter D. Adrenal E. Pulmonary F. Pleura, Pericardium, and Peritoneum G. Others, including lymph nodes, muscles (cardiac and skeletal), pancreas, and brain Conclusions: The systematic pictorial review of the 18F-FDG PET/CT manifestations of ECD will provide clinicians with a resource to facilitate diagnosis and treatment response assessment of this disease.
Chapter 2 – Necessary Corrections

Publisher Summary The interpretation of the data on conformity has placed few boundaries on the circumstances in which influence could occur and largely has lodged in the source of communication the factors on which influence will be contingent. The conformity perspective decidedly offers a great deal of explanatory power for certain situations; however these situations are far more limited than generally has been taken to be the case. The weakness of the evidence in behalf of the spiral of silence is not the small size of this correlation coefficient. There is considerable support for the notion of a quasi-statistical surveillance of the opinion environment if one goes beyond research on the spiral of silence. When issues and topics are emerging, the likelihood of a spiral of silence is particularly great because people are making up their minds. They are seeking cues identifying the viewpoint that is seemingly correct, likely to be socially approved, and likely to bring personal satisfaction, and for all of these reasons what others are thinking may have an important role.
Jim Crow Capital: women and black freedom struggles in Washington, D.C., 1920–1945

Mary-Elizabeth Murphy’s Jim Crow Capital: Women and Black Freedom Struggles in Washington, D.C., 1920–1945 chronicles the multi-faceted activism of African American women living in the nation’s cap...
Comorbidity of disruptive behavior disorders and intermittent explosive disorder

Aggressive behavior in children and adolescents may be accounted for by several disruptive behavioral disorders (DBD) including attention-deficit/hyperactive (ADHD), conduct (CD), and oppositional defiant (ODD), disorders and intermittent explosive disorder (IED). The comorbidity among the DBDs is well known, but not its comorbidity with IED. We reanalyzed data from the National Comorbidity Studies (adolescents and adults), and from a large clinical research adult sample, to estimate the comorbidity of IED with each of the DBDs and to explore correlates of these comorbidities. The rate of current comorbidity between IED and the DBDs ranged from 10 to 19%, in adolescents (5–14% in adults) with odds ratios of about five. The onset of ADHD typically appeared before onset of IED while onset ODD and CD more typically appeared before that of IED in adolescents and about equally before or after IED in adults but IED persisted outside the duration window in many (ADHD) or most (ODD, CD) cases. Measures of impulsive aggression severity were highest in those with IED+DBD but relatively low in those with DBD alone while measures of DBD severity were highest in those with DBD alone and in those with IED+DBD. Despite the comorbidity of IED with the DBDs, IED can be separated from the DBDs over time and in terms of severity measures of IED and of DBD. Overall, impulsive aggression varies with IED while DBD behaviors vary with DBD. Based on this, clinicians should consider IED in their differential in the workup of impulsively aggressive children and adolescents.
Reframing Assessment as Relational: How Do Teachers of Incarcerated Youth Understand Assessment?:

This study examines how teachers of incarcerated youth conceptualize the purposes for assessment for the students they serve, as well as challenges in assessing students and using assessment data. ...