cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrafast conductivity in amorphous semiconductors studied by time-resolved thz spectroscopy

We present studies of photoconductivity on picosecond time scales in amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and related materials using time-resolved THz techniques. We find a strongly non-Drude response with a power-law frequency dependence characteristic of disordered systems
Heterosexism and Social Work: An Ethical Issue

This study examined heterosexism among 409 Illinois school social workers. Heterosexism was found to be negatively correlated with “education about” and “positive contacts with” gay and lesbian individuals and positively correlated with “religiosity.” Most respondents showed some level of heterosexism with a few having very high levels. Only 15% were non-heterosexist. Respondents reported receiving little or no education about sexual minorities in their social work training. Most indicated that the training received was not adequate preparation for working with gay and lesbian individuals. Amount of education received increased with each of CSWE's educational mandates about sexual minorities but had no significant effect on heterosexism.
Effect of single vs. multiple implant processing on defect types and densities in SIMOX

In this paper we describe the origin and characteristics of the defect structures in contemporary SIMOX and show how their densities are controlled by the processing method and conditions. >
The Influence of Subcultural and Personality Factors on Consumer Acculturation

This paper explores the potential role of subcultural (religious) and personality (Rockeach Dogmatism Scale) characteristics in explaining differences in the extent of consumer acculturation. The survey results suggest that for a complex and heterogeneous nation like Nigeria, there are significant within-nation differences that may influence consumer acculturation. Implications and suggestions for future cross-cultural consumer research taking an acculturation perspective are indicated.
Multichip packaging-a tutorial

Several aspects of the multichip module technology, including its functions, leverages, applications, and markets, are reviewed. All the packaging technologies used in multichip, such as sealing and encapsulation, heat removal, chip level connections, thin film, ceramic, and printed wiring, are discussed. The module corrections and electrical testing used in forming a high-performance or portable system are also discussed. >
Identification of aromatase in the reptilian brain.

The present study tests the hypothesis that brain aromatase is an “ancient” property of nervous tissue and may be identified in homologues of the limbic system in a non-mammalian vertebrate, the turtle Chrysemys picta. Tissue homogenates(180 mg wet weight/2 ml) were incubated with [7α-3H]androstenedione and cofactors for 60 min at 37 C. Estrone (E1) was isolated and characterized by thin layer chromatography, methylation and recrystallization to constant specific activity. No estradiol-17β was detected. Aromatase was found only in the forebrain but was diffusely distributed throughout this major brain division. No other neuralor non-neural tissues, including mid- and hindbrain structures, testis, and ovary, synthesized detectable quantities of E1 in our system. The strio-amygdaloid complex of both sexes synthesized more E1 per unit weight than the preoptic-hypothalamic area (POA-HTH) or other forebrain structures. It is possible that the conversion of androgen to estrogen has biological significance in th...
Calculation of kinetic energy terms for the vibrational Hamiltonian: Application to large-amplitude vibrations using one-, two-, and three-dimensional models

Abstract One-, two-, and three-dimensional models involving large-amplitude vibrations have been used to calculate kinetic energy terms. Principle G matrix elements as well as cross terms in the kinetic energy were determined. Calculations were done on models involving the ring-puckering and PH inversion vibrations for 3-phospholene and the ring-puckering, ring deformation, and SiH 2 in-phase rocking vibrations for 1,3-disilacyclobutane. Kinetic energy expansions for g 44 and g 45 type terms were determined. Calculations show a coordinate dependence of the principle G matrix elements as well as of the g 45 terms. The vectorial models used in these calculations make it possible to treat vibrations in a one-, two-, or three-dimensional model separate from the other vibrations without carrying out a coordinate transformation, which would be necessary for the Wilson GF high- or low-frequency separation.
Selenium (Se) from high-selenium broccoli is utilized differently than selenite, selenate and selenomethionine, but is more effective in inhibiting colon carcinogenesis

The reduction in incidence of chemically-induced colon cancer by foods high in selenium (Se) was investigated in Fisher-344 rats. The foods used were high-Se broccoli (produced in a greenhouse by addition of selenate to the media surrounding the plant roots) and a processed high-Se wheat product (made by milling high-Se wheat purchased from a seleniferous area). Weanling rats were fed diets containing different amounts of Se from these foods or from selenium salts (selenite and selenate). Early in the experiment the animals were injected with a chemical carcinogen. After 11 weeks on diets animals were killed and the colons examined for preneoplastic lesions (aberrant crypts foci, ACF). ACF were significantly reduced in animals fed supra-nutritional amounts of Se from broccoli, despite the finding that Se from broccoli was poorly bioavailable. Supra-nutritional amounts of Se from high-Se processed wheat also significantly reduced aberrant crypts (AC), although pure selenomethionine, (the predominant chemical form of Se in wheat), did not significantly reduce AC. These results emphasize the need to study Se in food forms, and not extrapolate from previous studies using pure chemical forms in cancer inhibition studies. They also demonstrate that foods with high Se bioavailability are not necessarily the most efficacious for cancer incidence reduction.
Role of Pectinesterase in pH-Dependent Interactions between Pea Cell Wall Polymers

Extracts of etiolated pea (Pisum sativum L.) shoots converted soluble pectin from the seedlings to a trichloroacetic acid-insoluble form. This activity coincided with pectinesterase peaks separated from the extracts by gel filtration and ion exchange. The conversion of pectin to the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble form and pectinesterase exhibited identical responses to pH, with activity only above pH 6. The formation of trichloroacetic acid-insoluble pectin in pea cell walls and their extracts is due to de-esterification of the pectin by pectinesterase and not to binding between pectin and a protein, as reported in the literature.
Spin scattering in manganese doped nickel

Spin scattering characteristics of nickel doped with manganese are compared to nickel doped with iron and chromium in nickel. Conclusions are made based on the spin characteristics of the nickel samples doped with manganese with varying percentages in a host nickel crystal. Manganese doping increases the magnetic exchange splitting of nickel, similar to doping with iron and opposite to doping with chromium. On the other hand, manganese doping behaves different from iron with respect the ratio of the majority to minority spin carriers and the ratio of their lifetimes. While iron doping affects both ratios strongly, manganese and chromium doping do not.
Integrated Wastewater Recovery and Reuse via Waste Heat Utilization

A variety of industrial wastewater recovery technologies for different areas and applications has been developed over the years, including primarily thermal and membrane processes. The main thermal processes include atmospheric distillation, distillation with mechanical vapor compression, vacuum distillation, multi-stage flash distillation, multi-effect distillation with thermal vapor compression, etc. [1,2]. The membrane processes contain reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and nanofiltration. The multi-stage flash distillation and reverse osmosis processes dominate in most applications. Wastewater recovery and re-use technologies have been expanding rapidly in recent decades. The market is also driven by the falling costs of wastewater recovery, which are due to the technological advances in the process. The costs of clean water produced by wastewater recovery process dropped considerably over the years as a result of reductions in price of equipment, reductions in power consumption and advances in system design and operating experiences. In this work state-of-the art and innovative wastewater recovery/re-use technologies are estimated and compared in their features and cost respects. The new technology is discussed that allows increasing in energy efficiency of the wastewater recycling and reduce electricity consumption associated with conventional methods. Successful development and implementation of the technology for food processing applications will provide large energy and water savings to the industry. These savings are tied to an energy efficiency increase and reduction in pumping power for process water supply. The ability to integrate waste heat recovery with wastewater reuse also leads to product cost reduction opportunities for producers.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
THE PAPAIN-CATALYZED SYNTHESIS OF HIPPURYL ANILIDE. I. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF THE ENZYME SYSTEM.

1. 1. The ability of purified, crystalline, chymopapain-free papain (EC 3.4.4.10) to synthesize hippuryl anilide from hippuric acid and aniline has been investigated. The kinetic method of determining the reaction velocity by following aniline disappearance has been employed. 2. 2. The hydrolytic and synthetic activities of the enzyme were compared. Using 3. N-benzoyl-l-argininamide, and hippuric acid and aniline, as substrates for the estimation of hydrolytic and synthetic activities, respectively, papain was found to be over 1000 times more efficient in hydrolyzing N-benzoly-l-argininamide than in synthesizing hippuryl anilide. 4. 3. Chymopapain (EC 3.4.4.11), obtained in a partially purified state, was shown to be more active than crystalline papain in promoting the synthesis of hippuryl anilide. 5. 4. Papain is remarkably stable to heat in the absence of activator, but enzymic activity is readily lost in the presence of β-mercaptopropionic acid. Hippuric acid alters the heat stability of inactive papain and its presence enhances the rate at which papain loses its potential to undergo activation by sulfhydryl activator. 6. 5. 100 moles of sulfhydryl activator, β-mercaptopropionic acid, er mole of en enzyme are required for maximal activity. Diethyldisulfide-β,β′-dicarboxylic acid, the oxidation product of β-mercaptopropionic acid, inhibits enzymic synthesis at high concentrations. There is no synthesis in the absence of activator or in the presence of ethylenediaminetetra acetate alone. Ethylenediaminetetraacetate does not enhance the synthetic activity in the presence of sulfhydryl activator and citrate buffer. 7. 6. The velocity of hippuryl anilide synthesis is a linear function of papain concentration up to 6 mg/ml. 8. 7. Papain hydrolyzes the hippuryl anilide slowly due to the low solubility, 1.85 · 10−4 M, in citrate buffer of the anilide.
A tumor suppressor role for srGAP3 in mammary epithelial cells

srGAP3, a member of the Slit-Robo sub-family of Rho GTPase-activating proteins (Rho GAPs), controls actin and microtubule dynamics through negative regulation of Rac. Here, we describe a potential role for srGAP3 as a tumor suppressor in mammary epithelial cells. We show that RNAi-mediated depletion of srGAP3 promotes Rac dependent, anchorage-independent growth of partially transformed human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). Furthermore, srGAP3 expression is absent, or significantly reduced in 7/10 breast cancer cell lines compared with normal HMECs. Re-expression of srGAP3 in a subset of these cell lines inhibits both anchorage-independent growth and cell invasion in a GAP-dependent manner, and this is accompanied by an increase in phosphorylation of the ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) family proteins and myosin light chain 2 (MLC2). Inhibition of the Rho regulated kinase, ROCK, reduces ERM and MLC2 phosphorylation and restores invasion. We conclude that srGAP3 has tumor suppressor-like activity in HMECs, likely through its activity as a negative regulator of Rac1.
Vacuum Pyrolysis of Bark From Pinus Ponderosa

Abstract The inner and outer barks of ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa) have been pyrolysed at 350°C in vacuum and the tars analyzed by gas chromatography after tri-O-methylsilylation. The nine major peaks in the gas chromatogram have been identified and quantified and it is concluded that all (except pinitol) originate predominantly from polysaccharide components of the barks. They account for up to 53% of the total tar. Removal of most of the metal ions from the barks by ion exchange with dilute acid has a dramatic influence on the tar constituents, e.g. increasing the yield of levoglucanosan from inner bark from 0.8% to 13%. which represents 31% of the original glucan content of the bark. The polyphenol and lignin components of the bark are predominantly converted directly to char at 350°C.
Characterization of dynamic three-dimensional strain fields in the canine radius

This note describes a method to approximate the 3-D mechanical environment of a long bone during a normal daily activity. Our specific goal was to characterize the temporal and spatial strain distributions in the mid-shaft region of the canine radius during gait. Direct measurement of strains along the entire surface of in vivo bone is not feasible, so we employed a combination of experimental measurements and numerical interpolation techniques to approximate the time-varying longitudinal strain distribution. Using standard in vivo strain gauging techniques, we measured dynamic strains at nine locations (three locations on each of three cross sections, data pooled from two experimental animals) on the canine radius during trotting gait. These in vivo strain measurements were then used to approximate the time course of the strain field for the entire radius mid-shaft region using a 3-D numerical interpolation scheme using finite element basis functions. Despite limitations in the present implementation of the method, the results show that there are considerable time-dependent variations in the strain distribution occurring at different transverse sections along the length of the diaphysis with substantial anteroposterior bending and rotation of neutral axis locations during the gait cycle.
Social Isolation and Loneliness Among Arab American Elders: Cultural, Social, and Personal Factors

Social isolation and loneliness represent a significant concern among elder immigrants in the United States. Data were collected from 101 Arab Americans over the age of 55 living in the metropolitan Detroit area on measures of social isolation, loneliness, acculturation, and support from an adult child. Descriptive analyses revealed that compared to U.S.-born Arab Americans, immigrants report smaller social networks, more frequent feelings of loneliness, less acculturation, and lower overall ratings regarding their relationship with the adult child on whom they rely the most. Regression analyses illustrate that acculturation explains immigrant differences in social isolation; personal status characteristics including poor health and marital status explain immigrant differences in reports of loneliness. Support from an adult child, on the other hand, does not exert an effect on immigrant differences with regard to social isolation or loneliness. Findings highlight the complexity of social isolation and lon...
Finite element analysis of herringbone groove journal bearings : A parametric study

Currently, the herringbone groove journal bearing (HGJB) has important applications in miniature rotating machines such as those found in the computer information storage industry. Grooves scribed on either the rotating or stationary member of the bearing pump the lubricating fluid inward thus generating support stiffness and improving its dynamic stability when operating concentrically. The narrow groove theory (NGT), traditionally adopted to model the concentric operation of these bearings, is limited to bearings with a large number of grooves. A finite element analysis is introduced for prediction of the static and rotordynamic forced response in HGJBs with finite numbers of grooves. Results from this analysis are then compared to available experimental data as well as to estimates from the NGT. A bearing geometry parametric study is then conducted to determine optimum rotordynamic force coefficients. A discussion on the temporal variation of the bearing reaction forces and force coefficients for a rotating journal with a small number of grooves is also presented. These changes can be significant at high operating eccentricities, possibly inducing a parametric excitation in rotating systems employing this type of bearing.
Molecular simulation of carbon dioxide, brine, and clay mineral interactions and determination of contact angles.

Capture and subsequent geologic storage of CO2 in deep brine reservoirs plays a significant role in plans to reduce atmospheric carbon emission and resulting global climate change. The interaction of CO2 and brine species with mineral surfaces controls the ultimate fate of injected CO2 at the nanoscale via geochemistry, at the pore-scale via capillary trapping, and at the field-scale via relative permeability. We used large-scale molecular dynamics simulations to study the behavior of supercritical CO2 and aqueous fluids on both the hydrophilic and hydrophobic basal surfaces of kaolinite, a common clay mineral. In the presence of a bulk aqueous phase, supercritical CO2 forms a nonwetting droplet above the hydrophilic surface of kaolinite. This CO2 droplet is separated from the mineral surface by distinct layers of water, which prevent the CO2 droplet from interacting directly with the mineral surface. Conversely, both CO2 and H2O molecules interact directly with the hydrophobic surface of kaolinite. In th...
A novel device for studying weight supported, quadrupedal overground locomotion in spinal cord injured rats.

Abstract Background Providing weight support facilitates locomotion in spinal cord injured animals. To control weight support, robotic systems have been developed for treadmill stepping and more recently for overground walking. New method We developed a novel device, the body weight supported ambulatory rodent trainer (i.e. BART). It has a small pneumatic cylinder that moves along a linear track above the rat. When air is supplied to the cylinder, the rats are lifted as they perform overground walking. We tested the BART device in rats that received a moderate spinal cord contusion injury and in normal rats. Locomotor training with the BART device was not performed. Results All of the rats learned to walk in the BART device. In the contused rats, significantly greater paw dragging and dorsal stepping occurred in the hindlimbs compared to normal. Providing weight support significantly raised hip position and significantly reduced locomotor deficits. Hindlimb stepping was tightly coupled to forelimb stepping but only when the contused rats stepped without weight support. Three weeks after the contused rats received a complete spinal cord transection, significantly fewer hindlimb steps were performed. Comparison with existing methods Relative to rodent robotic systems, the BART device is a simpler system for studying overground locomotion. The BART device lacks sophisticated control and sensing capability, but it can be assembled relatively easily and cheaply. Conclusions These findings suggest that the BART device is a useful tool for assessing quadrupedal, overground locomotion which is a more natural form of locomotion relative to treadmill locomotion.
ENERGY ABSORPTION MECHANISMS IN HARD EPOXY RESIN MATRIX COMPOSITE LAMINATES SUBJECTED TO DYNAMIC LOADING EVENTS

Three energy absorption mechanisms of severe dynamic loading events are numerically investigated using a nite element model of a cross-ply unidirectional (UD) composite laminate. In this study, the inelastic energy absorption mechanisms associated with damage at the interfacial and constituent levels were numerically characterized through three admissible failure modes: ber breakage, matrix shearing, and ber/matrix debonding(delamination) (i.e., cohesive failure). The UD composite was constructed of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) bers separately reinforced with a rigid (epoxy) matrix material. The energy absorption capacities of these damage mechanisms were contrasted for three dierent dynamic loading cases including blast, shock, and ballistic impact at three dierent energy levels. Energy loss due to cohesive failure was observed in all three loading cases and energy levels. Furthermore, energy loss due to matrix failure was observed at all energy levels for the blast case, but only for the highest energy level in the shock and ballistics. There was energy loss due to ber failure in the blast and in the highest energy ballistics impact case. However, there wasn’t any ber damage in the shock case.
Turbulent velocity profile of a vertical film flow

Abstract The exact method is presented to obtain a turbulent velocity profile using the eddy viscosities of Deissler and von Karman for vertical film flows. As a result, the physical inconsistencies associated with the conventional logarithmic velocity profile can be removed in toto .
Medical electronics: Nuclear medical imaging: Enhanced system designs provide sharper diagnostic images and better biochemical-activity analysis

New systems that blend nuclear detection and computer reconstruction techniques may spare many patients the ordeal of exploratory surgery. The systems employ electronic detectors that can pinpoint atomic particles injected into the body. From information about the site of these particles, numerical computer programs can reconstruct and display three-dimensional representations on a cathode-ray-tube display and can be used to derive information on the biochemical activity of a body area, including organ functions, metabolic rates, and the presence of benign and cancerous tumours. The systems include a greatly improved gamma-ray camera, both positron-emission and single-photon-emission tomography scanners, and nuclear magnetic resonance methods.
Irreversible heating during collapse of the supernova core

Abstract We have investigated the entropy generation in the core of a supernova collapse in the period after neutrino trapping. The effects of time lag in attaining beta equilibrium have been treated carefully, through solution of the appropriate Boltzmann equation for the neutrino distribution. The actual dissipation ranges from being negligible to being of marginal importance, depending on the assumptions made as to the electron capture rate in nuclei. This is in qualitative agreement with the estimates of Bethe et al. At the low temperatures anticipated in the initial infall the microscopic dissipation rate is not described by a bulk viscosity parameter. However, at somewhat higher temperatures, as may be encountered later in the development of the young neutron stars, the dissipation should be of this form. Results for bulk viscosity are given for a medium consisting of trapped neutrinos, nuclei and electrons.
Physicians Don't Ask, Sometimes Patients Tell Disclosure of Sexual Orientation among Women with Breast Carcinoma

BACKGROUND The disclosure of sexual orientation to physicians is uncertain and the reasons are poorly understood. The current study was undertaken to describe the disclosure of sexual orientation among sexual minority women with breast carcinoma. METHODS Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of 39 sexual minority women with a diagnosis of breast carcinoma who lived in New England. Transcribed interviews were analyzed using qualitative data analysis software. Through constant comparison methods, themes related to disclosure were identified from the narrative data. RESULTS Sexual minority patient-provider relationships were marked by apprehension, and providers did not inquire about sexual orientation. The majority of women actively disclosed their sexual orientation, whereas 11 women passively refused disclosure. CONCLUSIONS Providers should create opportunities for the disclosure of sexual orientation to provide more comprehensive care. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Extensive sequence divergence in the 3' inverted repeat of the chloroplast rbcL gene in non-flowering land plants and algae

(Palindromic sequences: stem-loop regions; Rubisco; C~~u~~~~~o~us) SUMMARY A stem-loop region is present at the 3' terminus of the chloroplast rbcL mRNA in all taxa surveyed to date. In spinach, this structure has been shown by others to be involved in modulating transcript stability and correct 3' terminus processing, and is a conserved feature of other flowering plant rbcL mRNAs. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, an analogous structure has been shown by others to serve as a transcription terminator. Our sequencing data have shown that this region is highly divergent in several non-flowering land plants, as evidenced by representatives from the ferns, conifers, 'fern-allies' and liverworts. To extend our analysis, a computer-assisted survey of the stem-loop region of the 3' flanking region of published chloroplast rbcL genes was undertaken. The flowering plant rbcL inverted repeats (IR) were remarka- bly conserved in sequence, allowing for precise multiple alignments of both monocot and dicot sequences within a single matrix. Su~risingly, sequences obtained from non-cowering land plants, algae, photosynthetic protists and photosyn- thetic prokaryotes were extremely variant, in terms of both sequence composition and thermodynamic parameters.
Combination of asystole and sinus arrest with junctional escape rhythm seen in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: A case report

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) is characterized by a transient depression of contractile function of mid and/or apical segments of the left ventricle with compensatory hyperkinesis of the basal segment. It leads to ballooning of the apex in systole, resembling an octopus trap, hence the name. There have been many different arrhythmias associated with TCM. These occurrences are not benign, with atrial fibrillation, atrio-ventricular block, and ventricular fibrillation most commonly associated with inpatient mortality in that order. Here we present a unique case of TCM with respect to arrhythmia. After a literature review, this is the only case to our knowledge with the rare combination of asystole and sinus arrest with junctional escape rhythm during the patient's initial presentation.
A hybrid perturbation-Galerkin method for differential equations containing a parameter

A two-step hybrid perturbation-Galerkin method to solve a variety of differential equations which involve a parameter is presented and discussed. The method consists of: (1) the use of a perturbation method to determine the asymptotic expansion of the solution about one or more values of the parameter; and (2) the use of some of the perturbation coefficient functions as trial functions in the classical Bubnov-Galerkin method. This hybrid method has the potential of overcoming some of the drawbacks of the perturbation method and the Bubnov-Galerkin method when they are applied by themselves, while combining some of the good features of both. The proposed method is illustrated first with a simple linear two-point boundary value problem and is then applied to a nonlinear two-point boundary value problem in lubrication theory. The results obtained from the hybrid method are compared with approximate solutions obtained by purely numerical methods. Some general features of the method, as well as some special tips for its implementation, are discussed. A survey of some current research application areas is presented and its degree of applicability to broader problem areas is discussed.
A Study Aimed at Understanding the AQ/Polysulfide Synergistic Effect in Alkaline Pulping

Abstract When polysulfide (PS) and anthraquinone (AQ) are employed together during alkaline pulping, the yield gain and the extent of delignification during pulping are more than expected based on simple additive effects. The reactions of two lignin model compounds were studied in an attempt to better understand the PS/AQ synergism chemistry. Diagnostic products were not observed with an “electron detector” compound; instead, it appears that PS preferentially oxidized the compound. Reactions of a “clock” compound indicated that PS could not reduce AQ to anthrahydroquinone (AHQ) at 140°C. However, the data indicated that β-aryl ether fragmentation efficiencies for PS were better than sodium sulfide, the lignin active reagent in kraft pulping. In addition, AQ was observed to fragment the clock model by nonquinone methide chemistry.
Molecular epidemiology of Staphyloccocus aureus colonization in the Old Order of Amish of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, USA

Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus colonization in community-based populations is not well understood. We sought to describe the molecular epidemiology of S. aureus colonization in the Old Order Amish. The study was a prospective, observational study of healthy adults and their same-sex siblings who were cultured from the anterior nares twice. S. aureus isolates were characterized using spa typing. Overall, 40% (159/398) of the study population was colonized with S. aureus. There were 84 spa types with the most abundant spa types being t012 (13%) and t021 (7%). There was no clustering of spa types within sibling groups; however, there was clustering within households. There were 111 S. aureus-colonized participant pairs living within the same household. Of these, 47% had concordant spa types. The diversity of spa types across a relatively isolated, genetically homogenous population with a similar lifestyle is striking. Taken together this suggests that S. aureus transmission is a local phenomenon limited to very close contact.
Fatty Acids Bind Directly to and Activate Peroxisome Proliferator‐activated Receptors α and γ

Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptors α and γ function in lipid homeostasis. The receptors are activated by direct binding of hypolipidemic drugs and of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Upon activation, these receptors interact with a number of different genes involved in lipid metabolism.
Lysosomal enzyme variations in cultured normal skin fibroblasts

Abstract Lysosomal enzyme activities were studied in normal cultured fibroblasts derived from a single skin biopsy, grwon in quintuplet and treated in an identical way. A 60–500% variation in enzyme activities were noted. These observations compound the difficulties of accurate homozygote and heterozygote detection using cultured fibroblasts.
Afghanistan Earthquake Hazards Mapped

As part of efforts to build capacity within Afghanistan for studying, preparing for, and responding to earthquakes, the U.S. Geological Survey has released a map of potential earthquake hazards within the country. Afghanistan is located in a technically active area near where the Indian and Eurasian plates collide, and earthquakes powerful enough to cause significant damage or fatalities occur every few years. However, decades of violence and strife have left the country with few scientists and limited resources to address geohazards. The U.S. Agency for International Development commissioned the USGS to assist in the nation's reconstruction efforts by assessing seismic hazards there.
Reference Sources and Services: Four Current Issues

As information professionals, reference librarians are well aware of the importance of keeping up not only with the volume of professional reading that crosses their desks, but also with recent trends and developments, such as new titles that are issued annually and new databases available from major vendors. The overwhelming tendency is to focus on items of immediate concern and postpone dealing with other matters. The short‐range effect is that the job gets done; the long‐range effect is that we sometimes “cannot see the forest for the trees.” We get so focused on meeting the everyday demands of the job that the “big picture” is missed, or significant issues of concern to the profession are given little thought.
Fluorescence in pistachio nuts contaminated with aflatoxin.

Bright greenish-yellow fluorescence under long wave ultraviolet light was observed on the shells of 7% of the nuts in samples from 46 aflatoxin contaminated commercial lots of Iranian pistachio nuts. Kernels from the fluorescent nuts contained 50% of the aflatoxin in the samples. No aflatoxin was found in any of the shells. When kernels and shells were cultured, toxicogenic fungi grew from only 4% of the shells and 21% of the kernels from fluorescent nuts and from 9% of the shells and 15% of the kernels from nonfluorescent nuts.
The role of impregnation medium on the activity of ceria-supported cobalt catalysts for ethanol steam reforming

The effect of impregnation medium on the activity of Co/CeO2 catalysts in ethanol steam reforming was investigated using various characterization techniques including temperature programmed calcination, temperature programmed reduction, X-ray diffraction, laser Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy. The steady-state reaction experiments showed that catalysts that were prepared in an organic medium (e.g., ethanol) during impregnation gave higher H2 yields than those prepared in aqueous media. Characterization results showed the presence of oxygenated carbonaceous species left on the surface from the impregnation step. These species, which were stable through oxidation and reduction pre-treatment steps, may possibly contribute to the activity, selectivity and stability of the catalysts by keeping the Co particles segregated and by blocking the sites for side reactions.
Stability of aluminum substrates in lithium-ion battery electrolytes

Abstract The stability of aluminum positive electrode substrates in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries was investigated in solutions of lithium imide salt in ethylene carbonate–propylene carbonate–dimethyl carbonate (20:20:60 vol.%) using the technique of controlled potential coulometry. It was found that the protective surface film formed on aluminum in these solutions breaks down at potentials above 3.5 V during the charging of lithium-ion cells resulting in the corrosion of aluminum substrates and the premature failure of these cells. It was also found that the use of lithium tetrafluoroborate as an electrolyte additive prevents the breakdown of the protective film on aluminum substrates and prevents their corrosion at potentials above 3.5 V. In contrast to the lithium imide solutions, the aluminum substrates were found to be quite stable in lithium methide electrolyte solutions and did not undergo any significant corrosion at potentials up to about 4.25 V vs. the lithium reference electrode.
Energy transfers in the spinal engine

Locomotion is generally perceived as being the function of the legs. The trunk is considered to be carried along in a more or less passive way. This popular hypothesis appears to have been accepted with little substantiation. In light of the numerous observations contradicting this view, we have proposed an alternative hypothesis in which the spine and its surrounding tissues comprise the basic engine of locomotion. This theory is consistent with available experimental data which suggest that the motion of the spine precedes that of the legs. Indeed, the variations in the power delivered to the pelvis by the spine are strikingly similar to, but slightly ahead of, the variation in power at the hip.
Transfer of RNA extracts from immune donor spleen cells to Shigella-tolerant recipient mice.

INJECTION of relatively large quantities of non-living antigens into either neonatal or adult animals often results in the establishment of immunological tolerance characterized by specific suppression of antibody formation on subsequent challenge immunization1. Immune tolerance to bacteria has been demonstrated most often in mice injected with polysaccharide antigen derived from pneumococci2,3. Somewhat similar states of immunological tolerance to antigens derived from other micro-organisms have also been investigated. For example, tolerance to Shigella paradysenteriae antigens has been observed in mice after a single administration of a relatively large concentration of soluble Shigella antigen within 12–24 h after birth4. The resulting tolerance persisted for at least 8–12 weeks, depending on the dose and route of antigen administered at birth. Tolerance to Shigella has been terminated in unresponsive mice by transfer of spleen cell suspensions from normal or Shigella immune donors5. Administration of hyperimmune anti-Shigella serum to tolerant mice, however, has not restored agglutinin forming ability6.
Information processing model of information technology adaptation: an intra-organizational diffusion perspective

Appropriate information technology (IT) diffusion facilitates the achievement of expected return on IT investments. The purpose of this study is to advance IT diffusion research by employing information processing theory as a lens with which to examine the adaptation (design, development, and installation) process. This is in contrast to much of the IT diffusion research, which focuses on factors affecting usage of an IT by members of an organization. We link information processing theory to the innovation diffusion literature by considering attributes of the IT and those of the adopting organization in order to determine what information processing media characteristics will lead to effective adaptation. An IT adaptation case study is also employed to build on and extend elements of information processing and innovation diffusion theories. These exercises result in an information processing model of IT adaptation.The model suggests that appropriately matching information processing volume and richness to uncertainty and equivocality reduction requirements of an IT innovation contributes to successful IT adaptation. Propositions are offered that provide guidance for achieving this match by outlining relationships among IT and organization attributes, as well as indicating how those attributes determine levels of uncertainty and equivocality. Further, the propositions suggest how organizations can appropriately manage uncertainty and equivocality during IT adaptation.
Phenol oxidase activity in brain tissue.

Abstract An oxidase capable of catalysing the oxidation of aromatic hydroxy and amino compounds is shown to be present in brain tissue. Substrates for this enzyme include N , N -dimethyl- p -phenylenediamine, dopamine, noradrenaline, 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) propylamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Lysergic acid N , N -diethylamide (LSD) accelerated the oxidation of noradrenaline by this enzyme but inhibited the oxidation of 5-hydroxytryptamine. The enzymic oxidation of both noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine was accelerated by chlorpromazine but was inhibited by imipramine. These results are discussed in terms of a potential biochemical function which this enzyme may have in the maintenance of normal function.
Effects of dopaminergic stimulation on functional brain metabolism in rats with unilateral substantia nigra lesions

Abstract We have studied regional cerebral glucose utilization (RCGU) in awake, unrestrained rats 21 days after unilateral substantia nigra lesions following treatment with either apomorphine (0.5 mg/kg s.c.) or d -amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg s.c.). In ‘control’ rats with a unilateral SN lesion, there was a 30–40% increase in RCGU in the ipsilateral globus pallidus (GP) and a 15–25% increase in the ipsilateral lateral habenular nucleus (LH). Apomorphine treatment produced contralateral while d -amphetamine elicited ipsilateral turning in the lesioned rats. Apomorphine administration led to an increase in RCGU in the ipsilateral striatum, entopeduncularis (EP), and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNPR); while d -amphetamine elicited similar changes in the same structures contralateral to the lesion. Both apomorphine and d -amphetamine treatment led to bilateral increases in RCGU in the subthalamic nuclei. The increased RCGU found in the ipsilateral GP in ‘lesioned controls’ was reduced to control levels by apomorphine administration, while amphetamine treatment increased RCGU in the contralateral GP without affecting glucose utilization in the ipsilateral GP. Furthermore, apomorphine treatment markedly reduced RCGU in the LHN bilaterally while amphetamine reduced RCGU only in the contralateral LHN. The effects of apomorphine were dose-dependent. Haloperidol (1 mg/kg s.c.) pretreatment completely blocked the development of asymmetric changes in RCGU in nigral lesioned rats after apomorphine administration. These results suggest that apomorphine, a direct dopamine agonist, selectively activated basal ganglia pathways ipsilateral to substantia nigra lesion by interacting with supersensitive dopamine receptors in the ipsilateral striatum. In contrast, d -amphetamine, an indirect dopamine agonist, selectively activated pathways in the contralateral basal ganglia by releasing endogenous dopamine from the intact nigrostriatal pathway. Furthermore, the data suggest that striatal efferents to the GP are not controlled in the same manner as efferents to the EP and SNPR. Finally, these asymmetric changes in RCGU in basal ganglia structures produced by apomorphine or d -amphetamine do not appear to be a consequence of the turning behavior, but rather appear to be proximate effects of the drugs administered.
Ultraviolet weathering of photostabilized wood-flour-filled high-density polyethylene composites†‡

Wood-plastic composites are being increasingly examined for nonstructural or semistructural building applications. As outdoor applications become more widespread, durability becomes an issue. Ultraviolet exposure can lead to photodegradation, which results in a change in appearance and/or mechanical properties. Photodegradation can be slowed through the addition of photostabilizers. In this study, we examined the performance of wood flour/high-density polyethylene composites after accelerated weathering. Two 24 factorial experimental designs were used to determine the effects of two hindered amine light stabilizers, an ultraviolet absorber, a colorant, and their interactions on the photostabilization of high-density polyethyl- ene blends and wood flour/high-density polyethylene composites. Color change and flexural properties were determined after 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 h of accelerated weathering. The results indicate that both the colorant and ultraviolet absorber were more effective photostabilizers for wood flour/high-density polyethylene composites than the hindered amine light stabilizers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2609–2617, 2003
CORRELATION OF OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE MEASUREMENTS OF PECAN KERNEL QUALITY

Stuart pecan kernels were stored at 21°C 65% RH, and subjective evaluation and objective measurements of selected quality parameters were made at 3-wk intervals for 12 wk. The subjective evaluations for aroma and flavor were made by a trained taste panel. Objectively determined data included peroxide values, free fatty acid values, carbonyl factors, Hunter color values, and results of direct GLC analyses of volatile compounds. GLC analyses were made for total volatiles and for hexanal, dodecane, tridecane, and tetradecane. Correlations between sensory scores and the objective measurements for all quality parameters that varied significantly with storage time were determined. Of the parameters evaluated in this study, content of volatiles determined by direct GLC appeared to best indicate pecan kernel quality. The simple linear regressions of flavor score with the logarithm of total volatiles and tridecane content gave correlation coefficients of -0.95 and -0.93, respectively.
Modification of maternal and fetal oxygenation with the use of tracheal gas infusion.

Abstract A new technique is described for producing changes in fetal blood gases in the chronically instrumented pregnant sheep. Gas mixtures were infused directly into the maternal trachea. Maternal and fetal carotid arterial blood gases and pH were measured. Air infusion at 16 L · min −1 produced no change. Oxygen infusion caused significant increases in maternal Pa O 2 at 2 L·min −1 and in fetal Pa O 2 at 4 L·min −1 . Nitrogen infusion significantly decreased maternal and fetal Pa O 2 at 4 L·min −1 . During 4 L·min −1 oxygen infusion, maternal Pa O 2 rose rapidly to plateau at 314 ± 47 mm Hg at 4 minutes and fetal Pa O 2 rose to plateau at 28.7 ± 2.8 mm Hg after 7 to 8 minutes. Maternal Pa O 2 fell to 56.4 ± 4.3 mm Hg during nitrogen infusion (4 L·min −1 ) while fetal Pa O 2 fell to 15.9 ± 1.8 mm Hg. Continuous infusion for 5- to 6-hour periods produced a consistent rise in maternal Pa O 2 during oxygen infusion and a consistent decrease during nitrogen infusion. Tracheal infusion of gases can be used to change maternal and fetal Pa O 2 rapidly and predictably.
Disseminated dermal Trichophyton rubrum infection – an expression of dermatophyte dimorphism?

We present a case of disseminated dermal infection caused by Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum). This rare variant of dermatophytosis has an atypical clinical and histopathological presentation and occurs exclusively in immunosuppressed patients. The large, broad, pleomorphic hyphae with scattered budding arthrospores in this variant of T. rubrum infection are unusual and may represent expression of dermatophyte dimorphism previously described in vitro.
A mixed layer carbon budget for the GasEx‐2001 experiment

[1] The GasEx‐2001 study took place aboard the NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown in the eastern equatorial Pacific in February and March 2001. As part of this experiment, water column measurements were collected at noon each day near a drifting array of near‐surface instruments to examine the temporal evolution of the water column chemistry. These measurements were used to construct carbon mass balance estimates during this Lagrangian type study. Over a 13‐day period, the net drop in mixed layer dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was 6.5 μmol kg−1. The net precipitation during this period resulted in a DIC decrease of 1.2 μmol kg−1. Entrainment added 0.3 μmol kg−1 of DIC to the mixed layer from below giving a combined net physical effect that accounted for ∼14% of the total change. Biological new production removed 1.1 μmol kg−1 (17%) of DIC from the mixed layer. Air‐sea gas exchange had the largest impact on the DIC budget, accounting for 69% (4.5 μmol kg−1) of the total DIC removal from the mixed layer during this period. The estimated mean gas transfer velocity based on the DIC mass balance was 13.8 ± 3.6 cm hr−1 (K660 = 11.8 cm hr−1). The mean wind speed during this period was 6.0 ± 1.3 m s−1. This gas transfer velocity is in excellent agreement with estimates generated from atmospheric micro‐meteorological CO2 flux measurements collected on the same cruise. The agreement between the oceanic and atmospheric approaches supports the validity of the gas transfer velocities determined for the GasEx‐2001 experiment.