cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic Risk Assessment of an Active Distribution Network Using Monte Carlo Simulation Approach

With rapid advancements in distribution networks, renewable distributed generation (DG) sources, such as wind and photovoltaic generators (PVGs), have gradually become prominent. The addition of such DGs, increases the amount of uncertainty in an already dynamic system with uncertain loads. Risk is inherently associated with uncertainty. To account for uncertainties, probabilistic approaches can provide a significant contribution. This paper deals with the evaluation of probabilistic line overload risk assessment of an active distribution network, considering load and DG uncertainties. The modified IEEE 13-bus test system was used to evaluate line overload risk indices (LORIs) using the numerical Monte Carlo (MC) simulation approach. The conventional (N-1) security criterion was used for assessing risk indices. The lines were quantified, based on computed risk indices; and, consequently, system risk was computed. DIgSILENT PowerFactory software was used to conduct the required simulations.
Notas marginais sobre Adorno e Freire

O ensaio cientifico discute a questao do exilio e das ideologias totalitarios na vida de dois grandes intelectuais criticos, Theodor Adorno e Paulo Freire, que ao manifestarem suas posicoes de denuncia a exploracoes, as injusticas sociais e a rigidez do pensar da epoca, fadaram-se ao exilio. Nesse processo, compreende-se, com Adorno, que a educacao passa pela reavaliacao critica da cultura e pela reeducacao da sociedade administrada, coisificada, para superar o estado de opressao e alienacao das questoes que abordamos aqui. Por sua vez, Freire, parte de um cenario da comunicacao como exigencia para a recriacao do conhecimento e da realidade sociocultural, seguindo as prerrogativas de autonomia, liberdade e dignidade humana imanente ao ato pedagogico. Concluimos que tais concepcoes, embora distintas, sinalizam para um movimento mais participativo da cultura e de resistencia critica ao pensamento homogeneizador, no sentido de despertar e promover o dialogo que revigora a experiencia formativa e criativa da educacao.
Abstract IA03: Control over colorectal tumor growth via bacteria-specific T-cell activation of the local immune response

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death and its incidence is on the rise, particularly in young people. Therapy for late-stage CRC is often ineffective, and colorectal tumors are most often detected at stage 3 or 4. Immunotherapy is revolutionizing the treatment of many types of cancer but is only effective for a very small subset of CRC patients. Thus, there is a tremendous need for improved therapies for CRC. Colorectal tumors grow from the intestinal epithelium and are therefore subject to interaction with the dense and diverse colonic microbiota. Indeed, CRC has been associated with shifts in the composition of the microbiota that effect inflammation and tumor growth. How the microbiota shapes the CRC immune microenvironment is not fully understood. In general, the microbiota can directly shape T-cell responses, directing the differentiation of CD4 T cells to develop into either regulatory (Treg) or effector (Th1, Th17, etc.) T cells. This is particularly true of those T cells local to the intestine that are often specific to antigens derived from intestinal bacteria. We became interested in how colonization with different bacterial taxa might affect the T-cell immune response and control over colorectal cancer. Using a mouse model of CRC, we show that colonization with a single bacterial taxon, after tumors have already developed, leads to a reduction in tumor burden and size. Bacteria-dependent tumor reduction depended upon CD4 T cells but not CD8 T cells as antibody depletion of CD4 T cells completely abrogated the effect. Accordingly, de novo bacterial colonization was associated with a colorectal tumor environment that possessed fewer Tregs, increased CD4 IFNgamma-producing T cells, and increased CD103+ dendritic cells. We also observed that colonized mice develop increased numbers of organized tertiary lymphoid structures that were adjacent to colonic tumor. Importantly, bacteria-specific CD4 T cells were commonly found in these tertiary lymphoid structures, as were bacteria. Our hypothesis is that microbiota-driven and T cell-dependent development of TLS structures leads to enhanced tumor antigen presentation and augmented antitumor immune responses. This work has the potential to inform CRC therapies via the rational modification of the local microbiota to support TLS formation and antitumor immunity. Citation Format: Abigail Overacre-Delgoffe, Hannah Bumgarner, Tim Hand. Control over colorectal tumor growth via bacteria-specific T-cell activation of the local immune response [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Microbiome, Viruses, and Cancer; 2020 Feb 21-24; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(8 Suppl):Abstract nr IA03.
Recreational, Fitness and Health Center: Facility Layout Design Case Study

Systems Engineers focus on a systematic development process for any project of interest, aiming to proceed from a concept to a final successful product. They consider business operation, management, and engineering technicality. Our team was giving a chance to develop and improve a real-life system, starting from the design stage by implementing regulation, improvements, and integrating new technologies. Our focus was on designing a new local Health Center that provides recreational, fitness, and health care services. Facility design and logistics are considered as something that can “make it or break it” for businesses because they affect the customer’s perception, attractiveness, comfort, and accessibility levels, which are essential business success factors. Any business type such as warehouse, customer service, or food distribution, apply different facility design techniques. Our team designed a facility layout, which meets the state, city, and American with Disabilities Act regulations, and provides the local community with a state-of-art health facility. A health club layout design considers multiple factors, such as type and number of equipment, facility location, available amenities, human factors, user safety, and use frequency. All these factors had been included to design the 50,000-ft2 and 2-floors layout of the health center facility. The team presented 2D and 3D layout designs that comply with the imposed constraints and requirements while accommodating users’ needs and confront.
Organizational Emergence: The Origin and Transformation of Branson, Missouri's Musical Theater

We draw on complexity theory to explain the emergence of a new organizational collective, and we provide a much-needed empirical test of the theory at the collective level of analysis. Taking a case study approach, we use four dynamics of emergence posited by complexity theory’s dissipative structures model—fluctuation, positive feedback, stabilization, and recombination—to explain how a collective of live musical performance theaters in Branson, Missouri, came into being and periodically transformed itself over a 100-year period. Our findings suggest a strong match between the theoretical perspective employed and the empirical processes uncovered, empirically validating the model at the collective level. The study demonstrates the value of conceptualizing evolution in terms of emergence, highlighting distinctions between the nascent complexity approach to evolution and the neo-Darwinian evolutionary approach that has dominated the theoretical conversation in organization science for the past generation. Our findings complement the insights of the dominant theoretical perspectives in organization theory, providing a more comprehensive understanding of organizational evolution by directly addressing the heretofore intractable phenomenon of emergence.
Efficacy and Safety Considerations With Second-Generation Antipsychotics as Adjunctive Analgesics: A Review of Literature:

Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) as adjunctive analgesics. Data Sources: A comprehensive literature review was conducted between August 2020 and January 2021 on PubMed, Scopus, and ProQuest Central. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Keyword and Boolean phrase searches using the following terminology were conducted: "Quetiapine" OR "Risperidone" OR "Olanzapine" OR "Ziprasidone" AND "Analgesia" NOT "Psychosis" NOT "Psych." Articles that involved human adult patients who received any of the SGAs mentioned in the searching filter with an opioid were included. Articles that described pediatrics, pregnant women, patients who received any of these agents for treatment of psychosis and articles that were not in English, or readily translatable to English, were excluded. Data Synthesis: Three articles were selected for inclusion in this review, with 2 articles detailing reports with olanzapine and 1 article describing a randomized, controlled trial with extended-release quetiapine. Both olanzapine and quetiapine were able to decrease pain scores on the numeric rating scale, indicating a reduction pain experienced, and additionally reduced opioid craving behavior in patients. Depression scores and quality-of-life indicators improved with quetiapine, though those metrics were not studied with olanzapine. Conclusions: Select SGAs, specifically extended-release quetiapine and olanzapine, may serve as an appropriate adjunctive analgesic choice in select patients. Further research is required in a clinical setting to determine the exact role of this drug class in pain management.
Immediate decrease of muscle biomechanical stiffness following dry needling in asymptomatic participants.

Abstract Background Biomechanical muscle stiffness has been linked to musculoskeletal disorders. Assessing changes in muscle stiffness following DN may help elucidate a physiologic mechanism of DN. This study characterizes the effects of dry needling (DN) to the infraspinatus, erector spinae, and gastrocnemius muscles on biomechanical muscle stiffness. Method 60 healthy participants were randomized into infraspinatus, erector spinae, or gastrocnemius groups. One session of DN was applied to the muscle in standardized location. Stiffness was assessed using a MyotonPRO at baseline, immediately post DN, and 24 h later. The presence of a localized twitch response (LTR) during DN was used to subgroup participants. Results A statistically significant decrease in stiffness was observed in the gastrocnemius, the LTR gastrocnemius, and the LTR erector spinae group immediately following DN treatment. However, stiffness increased after 24 h. No significant change was found in the infraspinatus group. Conclusions DN may cause an immediate, yet transitory change in local muscle stiffness. It is unknown whether these effects are present in a symptomatic population or related to improvements in clinical outcomes. Future studies are necessary to determine if a decrease in biomechanical stiffness is related to improvement in symptomatic individuals.
Prescribed fire and fire suppression operations influence wildfire severity under severe weather in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, USA

Fuels treatments and fire suppression operations during a fire are the two management influences on wildfire severity, yet their influence is rarely quantified in landscape-scale analyses. We leveraged a combination of datasets including custom canopy fuel layers and post-fire field data to analyse drivers of fire severity in a large wildfire in the southern Cascade Range, California, USA. We used a statistical model of tree basal area loss from the fire, factoring in weather, fuels and terrain to quantify the extent to which prescribed burning mitigated wildfire severity by simulating potential wildfire severity without prescribed fire and comparing that with modelled severity from areas burned with prescribed fire. Similarly, using a map of operations intensity, we calculated predicted fire severity under a scenario with no operations and used these predictions to quantify the influence of operations. We found that prescribed fires and operations reduced tree basal area loss from the wildfire by an average of 32% and 22% respectively, and that severity was reduced by 72% in areas with both prescribed fire and operations. Our approach could be applied to other wildfires and regions to better understand the effects of fuel treatments and fire suppression operations on wildfire severity.
Majoritarian politics and hate crimes against religious minorities: Evidence from India, 2009–2018

Abstract Did the unprecedented victory of the right-wing, Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the 2014 national elections in India increase hate crimes against religious minorities? I investigate this question using a difference-in-difference methodology and a novel state-level panel data set for the period 2009–18. To provide context, I offer a brief historical account of Hindu nationalism and a descriptive account of anti-minority hate crimes in India between 2009 and 2018. Turning to the econometric analysis, I estimate a binary treatment regression model (states where BJP won the largest plurality of votes in the 2014 national elections form the treatment group). My results show that BJP’s electoral victory in 2014 caused an increase in the incidence of hate crimes against religious minorities, especially Muslims. I test for robustness of my results by using two falsification tests and a count data model specification. I account for possible omitted variable bias and compute bias-adjusted treatment effects. I conclude that unobserved confounders are unlikely to nullify the results.
Open Access, Interoperability, and the DTCC's Unexpected Path to Monopoly

In markets with significant scale economies and network effects, scholars and policymakers often tout open access and interoperability requirements as superior to both regulated monopoly and the break-up of dominant firms. In theory, by compelling firms to coordinate to develop common infrastructure, regulators can use these requirements to replicate scale and network economies without leaving markets vulnerable to monopoly power. Examples of successful coordination include the provision of electricity, intermodal transportation, and credit card networks. This Article analyzes the history of U.S. securities clearinghouses and depositories in order to offer a significant qualification to this received wisdom. This history demonstrates that open access and interoperability requirements can actually serve as instruments by which dominant firms obtain and entrench their monopoly power. Specifically, by imposing high fixed costs to connect to common infrastructure, allowing dominant firms to dictate the direction and pace of innovation and investment, and reducing the scope for product differentiation, these requirements can prevent smaller firms from competing with their larger rivals. In these ways, open access and interoperability can actually exacerbate the very problems that they were designed to address. Our analysis helps explain why important components of our financial infrastructure have become too-big-to-fail. It also helps explain why, despite their highly concentrated structure, U.S. securities clearing and depository markets have still been characterized by relatively high levels of innovation and investment. More broadly, our analysis suggests that coordination requirements will only constrain market power where the costs of building, maintaining, and connecting to common infrastructure are allocated in a way that does not discriminate against smaller firms, and where larger firms are not able to dictate decisions about innovation and investment. Where this is not possible, interoperability and open access are unlikely to forestall monopoly control, even though they may still improve market efficiency by exposing incumbents to the threat of new entry.
How Research Evidence is Defined, Acquired, and Shared Across Systems That Address Intimate Partner Violence.

This exploratory study examined the flow of research evidence through systems that address intimate partner violence (IPV), including victim services, law enforcement, and criminal justice organiza...
Natural organic matter under human-influenced environments: Implications for future environmental quality research

Considerable recent research has confirmed that anthropogenic materials including microplastics and nanomaterials have been integrated into soil and dissolved organic matter in the environment. These pools of organic matter could be geochemically processed through different pathways and have different chemical and physical characteristics than the pools of natural organic matter (NOM). However, environmental scientists and engineers currently refer to any organic matter collected in soil, water, and sediments as NOM. Since "real" NOM pools are rapidly dissipated due to losses in natural landscapes, the shift from NOM to human influenced-organic matter (Hi-OM) pools could have huge ecological impacts on the environment. Future environmental quality research should highlight the differences between Hi-OM from NOM.
Separate and Combined Effects of Estuarine Stress Gradients and Disturbance on Oyster Population Development on Restored Reefs

Disturbance combined with the effects of multiple stress gradients can produce biotic outcomes that are complex and perhaps not predictable based on knowledge of the individual stress variables. We analyzed oyster (Crassostrea virginica) colonization of novel substrate via structural equation modeling (SEM) to test cause-and-effect multivariate models posed a priori as hypotheses. We separately analyzed long-term data on water quality (WQ), canal flow, and rainfall to determine drivers of chlorophyll a for use in the oyster SEM. The best oyster SEM for adult (R 2 = 0.74) and small <20-mm (R 2 = 0.48) oyster abundances combined WQ stress gradients produced by normal canal flow with disturbance caused by extremely high flow. There was a −0.26 direct negative effect of increasing salinity during normal canal flow on the small oyster size class possibly reflecting undocumented increases in marine predators and a negative total effect (negative indirect + direct effects) of the salinity gradient on adult oysters. Very low salinity occurring during extreme (disturbance) canal flows produced large negative direct and total effects on small oysters, but no significant total effect for adult oysters. Chlorophyll a (Chl-a) during normal canal flow had negative total effects on small oysters but positive total effects on adult oysters. The effect of max Chl-a on adult oysters was strongly negative during disturbance-level canal flow. Turbidity during normal canal flow had no effect on small or adult oysters. However, during disturbance flows, the maximum turbidity had strong negative effects. Stress and disturbance from freshwater releases impacted oyster recruitment and survival, affecting the colonization and growth of oysters.
Shuttle Shaping Up

Measures to sharply curtail ana document potentially fatal launch debris similar to that which doomed Columbia and her crew should allow the space shuttle to resume flights as early as May. But it could take up to two years before a fully certified thermal protection system and wing leading edge in-orbit repair capability is ready, shuttle managers say. The overall positive safety tradeoffs, however, are enabling return-to-flight preparations to accelerate this month toward making a serious run at launching the shuttle back to space by spring.
The History of the Discovery of the Amino Acids II. A Review of Amino Acids Described Since 1931 as Components of Native Proteins

Publisher Summary In the 40 years that have elapsed since the publication of the review of the protein amino acids in 1931, a surprising number of new amino acids have been found in the hydrolyzates of proteins. Most of these have a rather restricted distribution and many of them appear to be the products of the interaction of one or other of the classical amino acids present in the already assembled amino acid chain. This chapter reviews the available information on the most important of these new amino acids. They fall into two categories, the first being the classical twenty, really twenty-one if cysteine and cystine are counted separately. However, cysteine is an amino acid incorporated into the peptide chain, the oxidative cross-linking to form cystine probably being a secondary reaction. The second category includes amino acids presumably derived from one or other of the twenty enzyme-directed reactions of already assembled polypeptide chains. However, much remains to be learned of such interactions.
The Heliosphere: What Did We Learn in Recent Years and the Current Challenges

As the Sun moves through the interstellar medium it carves a bubble called the heliosphere. A fortunate confluence of missions has provided a treasury of data that will likely not be repeated for decades The measurements in-situ by the Voyager spacecrafts, combined with the all-sky images of the heliospheric boundaries by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer and CASSINI missions have transformed our understanding of heliosphere. In particular one of the first surprises was that both Voyager spacecrafts found no evidence for the acceleration of the anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs) at the termination shock as expected for approximately 25 years. Another challenge are the energetically particles intensities and the plasma flows that are dramatically different at Voyager 1 and 2. There are several other observations that are key challenges to the heliospheric models that indicate that the nature of the heliosheath (the region where the solar wind is subsonic) is much more complex than thought, such as (a) Why the azimuthal magnetic flux is not conserved along the Voyager 1 trajectory? (b) What causes the flow stagnation region seen at Voyager 1? (c) What causes the unexpected observation of a depletion-region beginning in 2012 at Voyager 1? These observations point to the need to move past the standard description of the heliosphere. In this paper, I will review the state-of-the art of our understanding of this “new heliosphere”. In late 2012 Voyager 1 observed several events that indicated a magnetic connectivity between the heliosheath magnetic field and the interstellar medium magnetic field; where the energetic particles of the heliosheath leaked out while the galactic cosmic rays penetrated the heliosheath. With the radio observations confirming densities of the interstellar medium, there is a consensus that Voyager 1 left the heliosphere in September 2012 and entered the
[22]Gene amplification as marker for studying genomic instability

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the concept of gene amplification as a marker for studying genomic instability. Gene amplification is an excellent marker for genomic instability for a number of reasons. Gene amplification is an example of a rearrangement that is easy to measure on a molecular level. A powerful method for studying the frequency of gene amplification is to assay the generation of drug-resistant colonies. In this type of clonogenic assay, only the cells that have acquired an increase in gene copy number will survive the selection protocol and produce colonies. The analysis of the colonies then indicates the status of the genome. The chapter describes the measurement of CAD gene amplification frequency in monolayered mammalian cells. The measurement of the incidence of amplification is a more rapid determination than the measurement of rate. The incidence measurement entails the characterization of the cell lines for plating efficiency, population doubling time, initial sensitivity to a drug, and the quantification of the initial gene copy number. The measurement of the incidence of gene amplification has an added advantage in that it can measure CAD gene amplification in cell populations that have a limited capacity for proliferating.
Explaining Rising Income and Wage Inequality Among the College Educated

The incomes and wages of college-educated Americans have become significantly more dispersed since 1970. This paper attempts to decompose this growing dispersion into three possible sources of growth. The first source, or extensive margin,' is the increasing demographic diversity of people who attend college. The second is an increasing return to aptitude. The third, or intensive margin,' combines the increasing self-segregation (on the basis of aptitude) of students among colleges and the increasing correlation between the average aptitude of a college's student body and its expenditure on education inputs. These tendencies are the result of changes in the market structure of college education, as documented elsewhere. We find that about 70% of the growth in inequality among recipients of baccalaureate degrees can be explained with observable demographics, measures of aptitude, and college attributes. About 50% of the growth in inequality among people who have 2 years of college education can be similarly explained. Of the growth that can be explained, about 1/4th is associated with the extensive margin, 1/3rd with an increased return to measured aptitude, and 5/12ths with the intensive margin. If the intensive margin is not taken into account, the role of increasing returns to aptitude is greatly overstated.
Logic Models—Tools to Bridge the Theory-Research-Practice Divide

Clinical investigators must confront the challenge of developing interventions that are based on sound theory and can be implemented in real-world settings. In research, the standard tool to help address the sound theory component of this challenge is the conceptual model, which can be useful in relating broad theoretical constructs but often lacks the operational specificity to anticipate or explain potential intervention outcomes in real life. To adequately identify and account for the complexity of most interventions—which can range from the administration of a single medication to a multifaceted program—and how their results may be affected by conditions in the field, we need other tools. The logic model is a tool often relegated to program evaluation that clinicians and researchers can use in designing and interpreting the results of interventions. In this commentary, we define logic models and discuss their potential value in bridging the theory-researchpractice divide frequently encountered in medicine.
SHOCK LOADING BEHAVIOUR OF FUSED QUARTZ

Reshock and release experiments performed on fused quartz over the stress range 13 to 21 GPa indicate the onset of a low to high density phase change at 13 GPa. The rapid release structure observed suggests unloading from a frozen mixed phase, while transformation rate effects are believed to be responsible for the dispersive reshock structure observed. Complete release experiments combined with quenched shock recovery experiments would be useful in addressing kinetics of the reverse phase transformation.
Structural design of disialoganglioside GD2 and CD3-bispecific antibodies to redirect T cells for tumor therapy

Antibody based immunotherapy has proven efficacy for patients with high risk neuroblastoma. However, despite being the most efficient tumoricidal effectors, T cells are underutilized because they lack Fc receptors. Using a monovalent single chain fragment (ScFv) platform, we engineered tandem scFv bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) that specifically target disialoganglioside (GD2) on tumor cells and CD3 on T cells. Structural variants of BsAbs were constructed and ranked based on binding to GD2, and on competency in inducing T cell mediated tumor cytotoxicity. In vitro thermal stability and binding measurements were used to characterize each of the constructs, and in silico molecular modeling was used to show how the orientation of the variable region heavy (VH) and light (VL) chains of the anti-GD2 ScFv could alter the conformations of key residues responsible for high affinity binding. We showed that the VH-VL orientation, the (GGGGS)3 linker, disulfide bond stabilization of scFv, when combined with an affinity matured mutation provided the most efficient BsAb to direct T cells to lyse GD2 positive tumor cells. In vivo, the optimized BsAb could efficiently inhibit melanoma and neuroblastoma xenograft growth. These findings provide preclinical validation of a structure-based method to assist in designing BsAb for T-cell mediated therapy.
Unruptured sinus of valsalva aneurysm with right ventricular outflow obstruction diagnosed by two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography

This report presents a case of an unusually large unruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm complicated by right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, right coronary artery occlusion and incomplete right bundle branch block. Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography were instrumental in preoperative diagnosis and postoperative follow-up.
The Status of Personnel Preparation for Transition Education and Services: What Is the Critical Content? How Can It Be Offered?

This article summarizes and comments on the primary themes of the articles found in this special issue of CDEI as well as the challenges that have been raised through the research found in this issue. We discuss two major issues found in the preparation of secondary transition educators: current content as well as existing delivery methods. Finally, we propose several recommendations for future transition personnel preparation.
Nuances of Mechanisms and Their Implications for Evolution of the Versatile β-Lactamase Activity: From Biosynthetic Enzymes to Drug Resistance Factors

β-Lactamases of classes A and C are believed to have evolved from bacterial enzymes involved in biosynthesis of the peptidoglycan, the so-called penicillin-binding proteins. All these enzymes undergo acylation at an active-site serine by β-lactam antibiotics as a common feature. However, the fate of the acyl-enzyme species is different for β-lactamases and penicillin-binding proteins; deacylation is rapid for the former, whereas it is slow for the latter. It is believed that the acquisition of the ability to deacylate the acyl-enzyme intermediate led to the evolution of β-lactamase activity, which is indispensable for the survival of bacteria in the face of challenge by β-lactam antibiotics. The mechanisms of deacylation of acyl-enzyme intermediates for β-lactamases are examined as a means to investigate structural factors in evolutionary descendency of classes A and C of β-lactamases from penicillin-binding proteins. It is known that in class A β-lactamases the hydrolytic water approaches the acyl-enzyme...
Efficient algorithm for computing maximum likelihood estimates in linear transformation models

Linear transformation models, which have been extensively studied in survival analysis, include the two special cases: the proportional hazards model and the proportional odds model. Nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation is usually used to derive the efficient estimators. However, due to the large number of nuisance parameters, calculation of the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator is difficult in practice, except for the proportional hazards model. We propose an efficient algorithm for computing the maximum likelihood estimates, where the dimensionality of the parameter space is dramatically reduced so that only a finite number of equations need to be solved. Moreover, the asymptotic variance is automatically estimated in the computing procedure. Extensive simulation studies indicate that the proposed algorithm works very well for linear transformation models. A real example is presented for an illustration of the new methodology.
Operation of a Sagnac interferometer limited by fundamental thermal-induced phase fluctuations in the fiber

Abstract—We demonstrate measurements of fundamental thermal induced phase fluctuations in the fiber of a Sagnac interferometer. Loop lengths of 1.1 and 2.2 km areconsidered, showing phase noise levels between 0.2 - 1.4 jirad rms I '1 in the 1-100 kHz frequency range.I. INTRODUCTION 355 It was early realized that variation in the temperature from the environment caused considerable low frequencynoise in the Sagnac interferometer when it was configured for rotation sensing [1]. To overcome this noise problem, several winding configurations of the Sagnac coil have been proposed [2-3]. In fiber opticinterferometric sensors, it has been assumed that the threshold detection is limited by the fundamentalquantum or shot-noise in the photo detector(s). Recently another fundamental noise source due to thennal fluctuations in the refractive index of the fiber constituting the arms of the interferometer has been identified both theoretically and experimentally for a Mach-Zehnder interferometer [4-6]. This effect will, even for
Local Adaption and Dissipation Properties of a Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory Scheme

We perform several direct numerical simulations (DNS) of decaying isotropic turbulence with various initial turbulent mach numbers Mt using a modified 1 weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) method. We then present a procedure for the identification of shock-containing and smooth regions where the WENO scheme should respectively engage its adaption mechanism and revert to its linear optimal stencil. Weirs 1 has previously proposed the centrality index CI and nonlinearity index NI as two quantitative measures of stencil adaption, and we analyze these values within the regions of interest in the DNS flow fields. Our preliminary results indicate that these indices are suitable for assessments of the local adaption and dissipation properties of the WENO method; however, further studies must be conducted over a wider range of compressible flow conditions.
On the spin equilibrium in bis(2,2′,2″-terpyridine) cobalt(II) salts

Abstract The magnetic behavior of salts of the bis(2,2′,2″-terpyridine)Co(II) cation with seven different anions has been studied over the range 15-400°K. The temperature dependence of the moment is found to be dependent on both the anion and the degree of hydration. It is suggested that low symmetry field components are very important in determining the behavior. The electronic spectra have been studied at 77 and 300°K and data are reported.
All that scallops is not celiac disease

Abstract Background: Scalloping of duodenal folds as well as a mosaic mucosal pattern, decreased folds, and increased vascularity are markers of duodenal mucosal injury, the most common cause being celiac disease. We have recognized scalloping in patients with a variety of conditions other than celiac disease. Methods: Clinical, endoscopic and histologic data were reviewed from selected patients with endoscopically visualized scalloped folds along with testing for endomysial antibodies. Biopsy specimens were examined histologically for villous:crypt ratio, intraepithelial lymphocytes, and inflammation. Results: Thirteen patients with scalloped folds underwent endoscopy for the following reasons: family history of celiac disease and osteoporosis, gastrointestinal bleeding, dyspepsia (2), B 12 / folate deficiency (4), and diarrhea (8). Histologic examination was abnormal in all but 1 patient. Villous atrophy or flattening as evidenced by reduced villous:crypt ratio was seen in 11 of 13 patients. Other abnormalities were edematous or broadened villi (10), intraepithelial lymphocytosis (7), and infiltration of lamina propria (6). An infectious organism was identified in 6 patients (46%). Celiac disease was excluded by the lack of specific biopsy findings combined with endomysial antibody testing. Final diagnoses were normal (1), eosinophilic enteritis (1), giardiasis (1), tropical sprue (4), human immunodeficiency virus–related diseases (6) including human immunodeficiency virus enteropathy (1). Conclusion: We conclude that scalloping is not specific for celiac disease but rather a predictor of mucosal disease as evidenced by villous atrophy, widening, and edema. (Gastrointest Endosc 2000;51:717-20.)
Field Verification of the Relationship Between Entrainment Rate and Cumulus Cloud Diameter

Abstract This research is concerned with the verification of an expression which relates the entrainment rate in a cumulus cloud to the diameter of that cloud, where the entrainment rate is defined as the fractional increase in cloud mass due to mixing with the environment, per unit height. A series of airplane penetrations of relatively small cumulus clouds, conducted during the summer of 1971, was used as a data base for making Stommel entrainment calculations. When a stratification of 23 cloud passes was analyzed, a strong inverse diameter dependence on the mixing rate was evident. For six cloud passes that were described as vigorously growing, well-defined, single isolated towers, the inverse relation was even stronger, and could be expressed by E=0.3/R, where E is the entrainment rate and R the radius; the expression has a correlation coefficient of 0.85. There was a strong indication that the cumulus clouds studied were best described as the end result of an evolution of a series of starting plumes,...
Interactions of a mesoscale patch of larval fish (Theragra chalcogramma) with the Alaska Coastal Current

Abstract Walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, form dense aggregations during a brief spawning period from late March to mid-April in Shelikof Strait, Alaska. Spawning produces a large (order 20 × 50 km or more) “patch” of eggs at depth (generally > 150 m), and hatching larvae often produce a “patch” in the upper 50 m. Patches can be defined as coherent features using graded concentration isopleths, and the mean concentration within patches has been observed to be as much as 68 times (for eggs) and nearly 6 times (for larvae) the background concentration. Larval patches drift southwestward and have been identified for about 30 days after hatching in some years. Data are presented for spawner biomass and for early life stages, as available, for 1981, 1983 and 1985. When comparing 1985 with 1981 (2 years with the best coverage), spawner biomass and mean egg concentration within the patch declined concordantly. Larval concentrations about 10 days after hatching differed widely, however: concentrations in early May 1985 were more than an order of magnitude lower than expected. Unlike either 1981 or 1983, no larval patch could be identified in late May 1985; this appears to be attributable to changes detected earlier in the month. The “apparent” mortality rate for a 10-day period after hatching in 1985 was about 0.50 d−1 greater than in 1981. Larval feeding conditions can be excluded as a likely cause of this interannual difference, but predation and advection cannot be. Our findings emphasize the short time period over which significant changes can occur, as well as additional sampling which must be done in future studies. We show that part of the emerging 1985 larval year class could have been removed by cross-channel disturbances in the flow field through Shelikof Strait.
Aircraft Ice Detection Method

A method of ice detection is discussed which utilizes a combination of impedance, thermal conductivity and temperature measurements to detect the presence of glaze ice and to determine its thickness. Two supplemental means are described by which in-flight impedance data may be checked to assure that it is free of significant error. I Introduction To be alerted in real time that ice is forming on an aircraft or UAV and to be provided with the ice thickness variation with time remains a problem of interest, Ref. 1 and Ref. 2. Ice principally deposits from supercooled water droplets in the atmosphere that freeze on the vehicle at atmospheric/aircraft surface temperatures in the range from 0C to -25C and at altitudes between sea level and 22,000 ft, Ref. 3 and Ref. 4, though on occasion ice occurs outside these ranges. Two forms of ice may be encountered: glaze or rime, Ref. 3. Glaze ice is clear in appearance and weighs 0.98-0.99 g/cubic cm, while rime is white and opaque in appearance and weighs between 0.35-0.55 g/cubic cm depending on aircraft Mach number. Prior methods proposed for ice detection have included, but have not been limited to, visual identification, ice effects on vibrating structures, light reflection using fiber optics, Ref. 5, capacitive measurements, Ref. 6, and time domain reflectometry, Ref. 7. This paper discusses a method of ice detection which utilizes a combination of impedance, thermal conductivity and temperature measurements to detect the presence of ice and to provide its thickness. The method also includes supplementary ways for confirming the type of ice that is collecting and the fact that a correct measurement is being made. There are a number of general considerations that confront any aircraft ice detection approach. Not only must it operate properly during icing conditions, but it must demonstrate certain measurement values and characteristics that are unique to icing and not replicated when flying in fog or rain to avoid confusion. In addition, its use should not interfere significantly with airflow or add significant drag. Any electrical method, of which the impedance measurement approach discussed here is one, may be challenged by the dramatic variation with temperature of the electrical properties of pure glaze ice as well as rime ice in the temperature range of interest (taken here to be 0C to -40C), Ref. 8. Electrical measurements may be affected by cracks, flaws and/or voids in the ice formed over the sensor being used to make the measurement, Ref. 9 ; a situation associated more with rime ice though it may also occur with glaze ice. Acid rain present in the atmosphere and other contaminents may also have some effect on ice electrical properties of the ice that is formed. Finally, it is important
Porosity Changes During Lithification from Unconsolidated Carbonate Sediment to Consolidated Limestone: ABSTRACT

As carbonate sediments are lithified to limestone, two major porosity changes commonly occur. First, interstitial pore space is partly or, less commonly, totally obliterated as the grains are bound together; second, moldic porosity usually is developed. In sediments devoid of CaCO3 mud, porosity development tends to be more pronounced than porosity elimination; yet preliminary studies indicate that, where CaCO3-mud matrix is found, the moldic pore space is more likely to be retained. Moldic porosity is formed by the dissolution of aragonitic grains which are abundant in shallow-water marine sediments, but is not formed at the expense of grains composed of the two types of calcite (high-magnesian and low-magnesian). Aragonite and both types of calcite are synthesized predominantly by organisms. Because different biologic groups selectively synthesize carbonate material of either aragonite or one of the two types of calcite, a predictable relation exists between biological activity and the tendency to form moldic porosity. The tendency for aragonitic grains to develop porosity is variable. Shell material is more strongly affected by dissolution and consequent moldic porosity development than are the more finely crystalline ooids, which may resist dissolution. Yet, ooids are more likely to form moldic ("oomoldic") porosity than are pelletal and cryptocrystalline grains. Where the process of diagenesis continues, the newly created pore spaces are occluded by drusy calcite mosaic. End_of_Article - Last_Page 614------------
Electromagnetic energy transport below the diffraction limit in periodic metal nanostructures

We investigate the possibility of using arrays of closely spaced metal nanoparticles as waveguides for electromagnetic energy below the diffraction limit of visible light. Coupling between adjacent particles sets up coupled plasmon modes that give rise to coherent propagation of energy along the array. A point dipole analysis predicts group velocities of energy transport that exceed 0.1c along straight arrays and shows that energy transmission through chain networks such as corners and tee structures is possible at high efficiencies. Although radiation losses into the far field are negligible due to the near-field nature of the coupling, resistive heating leads to transmission losses of about 3 dB/500 nm for gold and silver particles. We confirmed the predictions of this analytical model using numeric finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations. Also, we have fabricated gold nanoparticle arrays using electron beam lithography to study this type of electromagnetic energy transport. A modified illumination near field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) was used as a local excitation source of a nanoparticle in these arrays. Transport is studied by imaging the fluorescence of dye-filled latex beads positioned next to the nanoparticle arrays. We report on initial experiments of this kind.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
BILINGUALISM FIELD, FREDRIC. Bilingualism in the USA: The Case of the Chicano–Latino Community. Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2011. Pp. 320. $49.95, paper. ISBN 978–9–02724–184–9.

A review of the book "Bilingualism in the USA: The Case of the Chicano-Latino Community," by Fredric Field, is presented.
The Rat D4 Dopamine Receptor Couples to Cone Transducin (Gαt2) to Inhibit Forskolin-stimulated cAMP Accumulation

Based on its expression pattern and pharmacology, the D4 dopamine receptor may play a role in schizophrenia. Thus it is of interest to know what signaling pathways are utilized by this receptor. Previously, we showed that activation of D4 receptors in a mouse mesencephalic neuronal cell line (MN9D) inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation in a pertussis toxin-sensitive (Ptx-sensitive) fashion. Of the known Ptx-sensitive G-protein α subunits, MN9D-expressed Gαi2, GαoA, and GαoB; however, none of these coupled to the D4 receptor. Using a low stringency polymerase chain reaction cloning method, we found an additional Ptx-sensitive G-protein cone transducin (Gαt2) expressed in the MN9D cells. We also found that Gαt2 mRNA is highly expressed in rat mesencephalic tissue. To test the hypothesis that the D4 receptor couples to Gαt2, we cotransfected MN9D cells with the D4 receptor and a mutagenized Ptx-resistant Gαt2 subunit (mGαt2). Application of the dopaminergic agonist quinpirole to cotransfected cells inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation in the presence or absence of Ptx. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that the D4 dopamine receptor functionally couples to a specific G-protein and that a non-opsin-like receptor can couple with a transducin subunit.
Orthotopic Ovarian Transplants in Chickens

Abstract Recent research with ovarian transplants in chickens has given little consideration to the problem of obtaining progeny from functional orthotopic grafts, although it has been attempted with varying degrees of success (Guthrie, 1908; Davenport, 1911). This note reports the results of research to investigate the feasibility of obtaining orthotopic ovarian allografts and isografts with chickens. METHODS AND MATERIALS The 91 chicks involved in this experiment included 24 commercial Rhode Island Reds (RIR), 24 commercial New Hampshires (NH), 19 high weight (HW) and 24 low weight (LW) White Plymouth Rocks and were assigned to one of 18 groups: 10 groups receiving reciprocal grafts within or between lines, 4 (one from each line) that were ovariectomized and 4 acting as controls. Due to a shortage of birds, there were no controls for the HW line. The sequence of operations was performed on chicks between 24 and 30 days of age and randomized …
Simple analogs of ginkgolide b which are highly active antagonists of platelet activating factor

Abstract A number of simple synthetic analogs of ginkgolide B ( 1 ) are described which are even more potent as antagonists of platelet activating factor, for example (±)- 5 (IC 50 = 0.3 μM) and (±)- 7 (IC 50 = 0.2 μM).