cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
the larval development of the wood boring piddock Martesia striata (L.) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pholadidae)

Abstract Adult Martesia striata (L.) release eggs and spermatozoa spontaneously at 21 °C. Larvae were reared at 26 °C and 31 %. salinity. The mean egg diameter was 46.8 μm; eggs were round and translucent white. Straight-hinge veligers appeared 24 h after fertilization and had a mean shell size of 68.0 μm long by 59.1 μm high with a hinge line of 45.5 μm. A straight-hinge was retained until the veligers were $ 130 μm long. The larvae had the same length and height when they were 95 μm long and remained equidimensional throughout subsequent larval growth. Umbo veligers appeared 8 to 12 days after fertilization, ranging from 129 μm to 224 μm in length and 125 μm to 227 μm in height. Apical flagella were first observed when the veligers were 18 days old although it is possible that apical flagella were present before this since they can be retracted. These flagella are arranged in a tuft near the center of the velum. Umbo veligers 27 to 30 days old developed a single tooth and socket directly opposite the umbones on the right and left ventral valve margins respectively. Pediveligers appeared at 28 to 32 days. The mean pediveliger shell size was 235.7 μm long by 236.2 μm high with a depth of 178.4 μm. There were no statistically significant differences in length, height and depth between the right and left pediveliger valves. An analysis of measurements of pediveliger whole shell depth from individual cultures showed that groups of larvae from different female parents (all had the same set of male parents) differed by up to 28 μm in mean shell depth. The difference between the mean shell depths of the two cultures with the most widely separated mean depths was statistically significant at the 99 % level. Umbo and pediveliger larval shells exhibited very clear, concentric growth bands on the shell. Fine scale shell sculpture was visible only under the S.E.M. The hinge structure was of the pholad pattern of Rees, but S.E.M. photographs illustrated considerable further detail. In a salinity tolerance experiment LT 50 approximated to a 48-h exposure to a salinity of 4 %. Larvae exposed to a salinity lowered from 31 %. to 10 %. showed signs of recovery when the salinity was again raised, indicating that M. striata larvae have a wide salinity tolerance. Bottom seeking behavior was exhibited by larvae 40 days old. Larvae 48 days old metamorphosed and penetrated wood.
Insertion of N regions into heavy-chain genes is correlated with expression of terminal deoxytransferase in B cells

The variable regions of immunoglobulin heavy chains are encoded in the germ line by three discrete DNA segments: VH (variable) elements, D (diversity) elements and JH (joining) elements. During the differentiation of B lymphocytes, individual segments from each group are brought together by recombination to form the complete VHDJH variable region1–8. To understand these processes better, we have now isolated and sequenced molecular clones representing intermediates (DJH fusions) and final products ( VH-to-DJH joins) of heavy-chain gene rearrangement in two cell lines9,10 that represent analogues of cells at early stages of B-lymphocyte differentiation11–13. Heavy-chain gene assembly in one cell line but not in the other is accompanied by the appearance of short nucleotide insertions at the recombinational junctions. The generation of such insertions is positively correlated with the expression of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in these lines.
When, How, and with what Success? The Joint Effect of Entry Timing and Entry Mode on Survival of Japanese Subsidiaries in China:

Abstract This study examines the question whether joint ventures or wholly owned subsidiaries are more likely to survive in the context of Japanese subsidiaries in China. The author suggests that the answer to this question depends on the time the subsidiary was established. Specifically, it is argued that joint ventures founded during the early stage of institutional reforms are more likely to survive than wholly owned subsidiaries set up at that time, and vice versa for subsidiaries established in the late phase of institutional reforms. The rationale for these propositions is that at the beginning of market-oriented reforms, contributions provided by local partners make shared ownership an optimal entry mode strategy, whereas a relatively stable regulatory framework in the late stage of institutional reforms enables the firm to realize benefits associated with sole ownership more efficiently. Empirical evidence supports both propositions.
Angiotensin II-regulated microRNA 483-3p directly targets multiple components of the renin-angiotensin system

Improper regulation of signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) by angiotensin II (AngII) can lead to hypertension, vascular hypertrophy and atherosclerosis. The extent to which the homeostatic levels of the components of signaling networks are regulated through microRNAs (miRNA) modulated by AngII type 1 receptor (AT1R) in VSMCs is not fully understood. Whether AT1R blockers used to treat vascular disorders modulate expression of miRNAs is also not known. To report differential miRNA expression following AT1R activation by AngII, we performed microarray analysis in 23 biological and technical replicates derived from humans, rats and mice. Profiling data revealed a robust regulation of miRNA expression by AngII through AT1R, but not the AngII type 2 receptor (AT2R). The AT1R-specific blockers, losartan and candesartan antagonized >90% of AT1R-regulated miRNAs and AngII-activated AT2R did not modulate their expression. We discovered VSMC-specific modulation of 22 miRNAs by AngII, and validated AT1R-mediated regulation of 17 of those miRNAs by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. We selected miR-483-3p as a novel representative candidate for further study because mRNAs of multiple components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) were predicted to contain the target sequence for this miRNA. MiR-483-3p inhibited the expression of luciferase reporters bearing 3'-UTRs of four different RAS genes and the inhibition was reversed by antagomir-483-3p. The AT1R-regulated expression levels of angiotensinogen and angiotensin converting enzyme 1 (ACE-1) proteins in VSMCs are modulated specifically by miR-483-3p. Our study demonstrates that the AT1R-regulated miRNA expression fingerprint is conserved in VSMCs of humans and rodents. Furthermore, we identify the AT1R-regulated miR-483-3p as a potential negative regulator of steady-state levels of RAS components in VSMCs. Thus, miRNA-regulation by AngII to affect cellular signaling is a novel aspect of RAS biology, which may lead to discovery of potential candidate prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.
Differentiating genetic and environmental drivers of plant–pathogen community interactions

Summary Plant genotypic variation can shape associated arthropod and microbial communities locally, as has been demonstrated in controlled common garden experiments. However, the relative roles of plant genetics and the environment in defining communities at larger spatial scales are not well known. The environmental heterogeneity hypothesis maintains that plant genetic effects on associated communities diminish across the landscape as environmental variation predominates. Alternatively, the local adaptation hypothesis argues that plant genetic effects change across landscapes as a result of species interactions being locally adapted. Thus, very different mechanisms could produce similar patterns. Using replicated common gardens located along an elevation and distance gradient, observational studies in the wild, and a greenhouse inoculation experiment, we examined these two non-mutually exclusive hypotheses for Populus angustifolia and its fungal leaf pathogen community. Supporting the environmental heterogeneity hypothesis, plant genotypic effects on fungal leaf pathogen communities were two to three times stronger within than among gardens. Consistent with the local adaptation hypothesis, plant genotypic effects on pathogens also varied significantly among gardens (i.e. G × E interaction effect). Observational data from the wild and our greenhouse inoculation experiment unveiled clinal adaptation in plant genetic resistance that is correlated with disease risk along the elevation gradient, but did not support local pathogen adaptation to plants or vice versa. Synthesis. While our study found that plant genotype plays a significant role in shaping associated pathogen communities at local and geographic scales, the environment most strongly influenced P. angustifolia leaf pathogens at the geographic scale. Plant genetic effects on pathogens were also influenced by the environment, highlighting the potential for environmental (e.g. climate) change to trigger local evolutionary responses in plant–pathogen community interactions.
Interval progression of idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis

A 38-year-old right-handed woman first presented at age 16 with compressive myelopathy. A C7-T2 decompressive laminectomy was performed after imaging revealed diffuse thickening of spinal and intracranial dura. Biopsy revealed lymphocytic infiltration of the dura (infiltration of the dura by a population of monomorphic small cells with scant cytoplasm and dense nuclei) with no features to suggest neoplasia. No giant cell, granuloma, or microorganisms were seen. Mitoses were not seen and negligible nuclear atypia was reported. Immunohistochemical staining for lymphocyte common antigen was positive in most of the inflammatory cells. Glial fibrillary acidic protein and neuron-specific enolase staining was not seen. Taking her history of rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis, and Hashimoto thyroiditis into consideration, after an exhaustive evaluation, a diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis was made. She was initially maintained on prednisone and later methotrexate for about 10 years but self-discontinued it in 2005 as she had no symptoms. In February 2009, brain MRI was carried out to evaluate for occipital headaches (figure 1). Amitriptyline resulted in headache relief and she was lost to follow-up but presented again in March 2013 with headaches. Neurologic examination was nonfocal, funduscopy was normal, and there were no myelopathic signs. Interval increase and worsening of the diffuse pachymeningeal thickening with enhancement involving the posterior fossa and extending into the cervical canal along with mass effect on the inferior aspect of the fourth ventricle with slight protrusion of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum was documented on MRI. The progressive ventriculomegaly was consistent with hydrocephalus (figures 2 and 3). Cervical spine MRI revealed exaggerated lordosis with diffuse thickening and enhancement of the dura causing mass effect and compression of the cervical cord up to T2-T3 level (figure 4). Her headaches were believed to be congruous with either chronic tonsillar herniation or progressive noncommunicating hydrocephalus. While endoscopic third ventriculostomy was entertained as a therapeutic option, since on examination there was no objective evidence of raised intracranial pressure (i.e., papilledema, altered cognition, long tract signs), it was decided to follow her with surveillance imaging and serial ophthalmologic examinations. She is currently asymptomatic on prednisone. Idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis is an uncommon disorder that causes localized or diffuse thickening of the cranial and spinal dura mater. Untreated, the clinical course is marked by severe headaches, progressive neurologic deterioration, and vision loss. Though steroid-responsive, clinical manifestations frequently recur when steroid and immunosuppressive agents are tapered off.1
Reversibility of hyperhidrosis post axillary depilatory laser

Hyperhidrosis and bromhidrosis were lately reported as novel side effects of laser-assisted removal of axillary hair. The goal of our study was to evaluate the reversibility of these two side effects. An observational, single-center cohort study included over a 30-month screening period 30 patients with newly reported hyperhidrosis and/or bromhidrosis related to axillary depilatory laser. After 26 weeks of follow-up, each patient was assessed for spontaneous reversibility. A 12-week duration treatment with topical aluminum chloride was evaluated in patients with persisting hyperhidrosis. Hyperhidrosis was assessed using the Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale (HDSS). Spontaneous reversibility was observed in 20% of patients. In total, 23 out of 30 patients recovered normal axillary transpiration either spontaneously or after treatment. Mean HDSS score was significantly lower in the treated group. It appears that axillary hyperhidrosis and bromhidrosis, secondary to laser depilation, reverse either spontaneously or after using topical antiperspirant.
GATA1-mediated transcriptional regulation of the γ-secretase activating protein increases Aβ formation in Down syndrome

Because of an extra copy of the Aβ precursor protein gene on chromosome 21, Down syndrome (DS) individuals develop high levels of Aβ peptides and Alzheimer disease-like brain amyloidosis early in life. Here we show that the γ-secretase activating protein (GSAP), a key enzyme in amyloidogenesis, is increased in DS brains and specifically regulated at the transcriptional level by GATA1 transcription factor. The discovery of this novel pathway has translational implications for DS, because pharmacological inhibition of GSAP is an attractive and viable Aβ-lowering therapeutic strategy for this disorder.
Digging in the penumbra of master categories.

Burawoy’s ‘For Public Sociology’ traces the many diverse ways in which our discipline can encompass public sociologies. This is a thoughtful piece, and an exciting one. It explodes the category of public, showing us its many facets. There is little I disagree with in Burawoy’s eleven theses. I found particularly important the notion of provincializing American sociology ‐ which also resonates with the effort today among several historians to provincialize Europe. And I found Burawoy’s insistence that there are many diverse publics critical to the task he calls for. It is a brilliant, intelligent, generous, map of the project that he names For Public Sociology. It is in the spirit of the collective work Burawoy calls for that I make the following comments. I want to go digging. I want to detect the lumpiness of what seems an almost seamless map ‐ though perhaps it appears to me as seamless precisely because I agree fully with Burawoy. Are there fractures in this project, is there a fallacy or a flaw we are missing? This digging is part of the work that needs to be done. Perhaps a first digging site is the built-in pluralism of Burawoy’s map. I think Burawoy is right when he argues that it is necessary to recognize and accommodate the fact of many different norms and aspirations, and that while we may disagree with many of these, we cannot and do not want to suppress them, no matter how distasteful some might seem. I agree, yes, but I want to argue that if we are to strengthen and develop public sociology we need to go beyond the notion that the first step is accepting the fact of a multiplicity of different publics and different public sociologies. Rather, we need some reflexivity a la Giddens. We need to produce and recognize the normative grounds from which critical discourses and theorized critiques can get started, can engage power, and we can engage each other by going beyond a mere acceptance of differences no matter how public the publics that represent or contain them. While Burawoy’s theses do not necessarily preclude this, there is a sense that many of the theses move in the direction of a type of
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE WELLS-BLEDSOE MOTIVATION CHECKLIST

Summary.-A two-factor solution was found appropriate for a motivation checklist developed from experiences reported by 300 white and nonwhite boys and girls in Grade 8. This solution accounted for 24.1% of the variance. Validity was established with all subgroups but nonwhite boys. A child of middle school age ( 12 to 14 yr.) is not only expected to cope with puberty and all the physical, social, and emotional experiences of adolescence but is also expected co turn in a creditable performance in school. Why adolescents perform well in school or give up and not want to study at all is a question that remains largely unanswered. A motivational checklist was developed, based on children's perceptions of the effects on their school performance of adults' and peers' behaviors.
Photomotion in Euglena gracilis* I. Photokinesis II. Phototaxis

SYNOPSIS. Photokinesis or the non-directed rate of swimming of Euglena gracilis for various light intensities was studied. The rate of swimming in white light was found to increase with light intensity until it reaches 0.16 mm./sec. at a saturation of 40 ft. candles, and then decreased with increasing light intensities. Polarized light appeared to be more effective (0.18 mm./sec. at 13 ft. candles) than non-polarized light. The action spectrum for photokinesis showed two peaks, a major one near 465 mμ, and another in the neighborhood of 630 mμ, having the values of 0.18 mm./sec. and 0.16 mm./sec. respectively at an intensity of 4 ft. candles. The action spectrum for phototaxis, or directed orientation, had a peak near 420 mμ and showed a maximum near 490 mμ. Both dark-grown and dark-adapted Euglena showed spectral peaks similar to those of the light-grown cells. For polarized light, the action spectrum had two additional peaks at 468 mμ and 508 mμ. The polarized light effect may indicate more than one light-absorbing pigment within the “eye spot” or that other pigments within Euglena were absorbing.
flowNet: Flow-Based Approach for Efficient Analysis of Complex Biological Networks

Biological networks having complex connectivity have been widely studied recently. By characterizing their inherent and structural behaviors in a topological perspective, these studies have attempted to discover hidden knowledge in the systems. However, even though various algorithms with graph-theoretical modeling have provided fundamentals in the network analysis, the availability of practical approaches to efficiently handle the complexity has been limited. In this paper, we present a novel flow-based approach, called flowNet, to efficiently analyze large-sized, complex networks. Our approach is based on the functional influence model that quantifies the influence of a biological component on another. We introduce a dynamic flow simulation algorithm to generate a flow pattern which is a unique characteristic for each component. The set of patterns can be used in identifying functional modules (i.e., clustering). The proposed flow simulation algorithm runs very efficiently in sparse networks. Since our approach uses a weighted network as an input, we also discuss supervised and unsupervised weighting schemes for unweighted biological networks. As experimental results in real applications to the yeast protein interaction network, we demonstrate that our approach outperforms previous graph clustering methods with respect to accuracy.
Is it time to say good bye to blow-by?

While it has been clearly demonstrated that spontaneously breathing children of all ages with bronchospasm respond well to nebulized bronchodilators, only a small proportion of aerosolized drug reaches the lungs.[1][1]–[9][2] In addition, the combination of a small airway diameter, a rapid
Primitive Motion Relationalism

Chapter 1 offered a reading of the law of momentum conservation, which takes it to consist of structural assumptions about physical systems. Structural assumptions include a Criterion of Isolation and a Rule of Composition. One benefit of thinking of conservation laws as structural assumptions is that it makes clear the epistemic role of conservation laws. The Criterion of Isolation appears to be central to the scientific practice, since in order to attribute certain properties to parts of a system, physicists need a criterion for isolating the composite system from the environment. If a system is not approximately isolated, one cannot investigate the system, either theoretically or experimentally. Without a criterion for isolating the system, it is not possible to discern the causal processes that flow from one part of the system to another, and dissociate them from causal processes that arises from external factors.
Early onset lactating adenoma and the role of breast MRI: a case report

Lactating adenoma is a benign condition, representing the most prevalent breast lesion in pregnant women and during puerperium; in this paper, a case of a woman with lactating adenoma occurring during the first trimester of pregnancy is reported. There have been no reports in the literature, according to our search, focusing on magnetic resonance imaging findings in cases of lactating adenomas. Also the early onset of the lesion during the first trimester of pregnancy is quite unusual and possibly unique. We report the case of a primiparous 30-year-old Caucasian woman, who noted an asymptomatic lump within her left breast during the 9th week of gestation, slightly increasing in size over the next few weeks. Ultrasound demonstrated a hypoecoic solid mass, hypervascularized and measuring 4 cm. On magnetic resonance imaging, performed in the first month after delivery, the lesion appeared as an ovoidal homogeneous mass, with regular margins and a significant contrast enhancement indicative of a giant adenoma. Magnetic resonance imaging could play an important role in the differential diagnosis of pregnancy-related breast lumps, particularly during puerperium, thus avoiding unnecessary surgical biopsies.
Immunological Response to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Children with Clinically Stable HIV-1 Infection

We studied changes in 60 immunological parameters after the administration of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 192 clinically stable antiretroviral drug-experienced HIV-1-infected children 4 months-17 years old. The studied immunological parameters included standard lymphocyte subsets and lymphocyte surface markers of maturation and activation. The most significant changes during the 48-week study period were seen for CD8(+), CD8(+)CD62L(+)CD45RA(+), CD8(+)CD38(+)HLA-DR(+), and CD4(+) T cell percentages (P < .0001 for all parameters). These changes suggest that significant decreases in the expression of activation markers and increases in the expression of naive markers in the CD8(+) T cell population may be related to better virologic control in these HIV-1-infected children, who had relatively stable immune function at the initiation of HAART. At week 44 of HAART, the major immunological parameters in these HIV-1-infected children moved from baseline values to about halfway to two-thirds of the way toward the values in healthy, uninfected children.
Peripheral tourism, sustainability, ecotourism and a light at the end of the tunnel.

(2006). Peripheral Tourism, Sustainability, Ecotourism and a Light at the End of the Tunnel. Tourism Recreation Research: Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 98-100.
Symbolic Parasitic Extractor for Circuit Simulation (SPECS)

This paper describes the design, development and implementation of the program SPECS. The purpose of SPECS is to automatically extract from a Rockwell microelectronic symbolic matrix description a netlist for circuit simulation. This program differs from others in that it uses a symbol layout matrix as an input, calculates both interelectrode and intrinsic capacitance, calculates conductor resistance, produces a schematic representation of the network and has a selective TRACE, i.e., traces only the circuit or network of interest.
Natural History of Perihematomal Edema After Intracerebral Hemorrhage Measured by Serial Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background and Purpose—Knowledge on the natural history and clinical impact of perihematomal edema (PHE) associated with intracerebral hemorrhage is limited. We aimed to define the time course, predictors, and clinical significance of PHE measured by serial magnetic resonance imaging. Methods—Patients with primary supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage ≥5 cm3 underwent serial MRIs at prespecified intervals during the first month. Hematoma (Hv) and PHE (Ev) volumes were measured on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images. Relative PHE was defined as Ev/Hv. Neurologic assessments were performed at admission and with each MRI. Barthel Index, modified Rankin scale, and extended Glasgow Outcome scale scores were assigned at 3 months. Results—Twenty-seven patients with 88 MRIs were prospectively included. Median Hv and Ev on the first MRI were 39 and 46 cm3, respectively. Median peak absolute Ev was 88 cm3. Larger hematomas produced a larger absolute Ev (r2=0.6) and a smaller relative PHE (r2=0.7). Edema vo...
Actuators for Active Flow Control

Actuators are transducers that convert an electrical signal to a desired physical quantity. Active flow control actuators modify a flow by providing an electronically controllable disturbance. The field of active flow control has witnessed explosive growth in the variety of actuators, which is a testament to both the importance and challenges associated with actuator design. This review provides a framework for the discussion of actuator specifications, characteristics, selection, design, and classification for aeronautical applications. Actuator fundamentals are discussed, and various popular actuator types used in low-to-moderate speed flows are then described, including fluidic, moving object/surface, and plasma actuators. We attempt to highlight the strengths and inevitable drawbacks of each and highlight potential future research directions.
Simple Control System for a Switcher Locomotive Hybrid Fuel Cell Power System

Fuel cells are currently being considered as power sources for vehicles to reduce the need for fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This paper investigates the use of fuel cells in switcher locomotive applications. To meet the dynamic needs of switcher locomotives, a hybrid system is required that consists of power sources, including ultracapacitors and batteries along with the fuel cell. A simple control algorithm is developed that supplies the demanded power and maintains the proper charge on the battery and ultracapacitor.
Critical Race Theory, Latino Critical Theory, and Critical Raced-Gendered Epistemologies: Recognizing Students of Color as Holders and Creators of Knowledge:

For too long, the histories, experiences, cultures, and languages of students of color have been devalued, misinterpreted, or omitted within formal educational settings. In this article, the author uses critical race theory (CRT) and Latina/Latino critical theory (LatCrit) to demonstrate how critical raced-gendered epistemologies recognize students of color as holders and creators of knowledge. In doing so, she discusses how CRT and LatCrit provide an appropriate lens for qualitative research in the field of education. She then compares and contrasts the experiences of Chicana/Chicano students through a Eurocentric and a critical raced-gendered epistemological perspective and demonstrates that each perspective holds vastly different views of what counts as knowledge, specifically regarding language, culture, and commitment to communities. She then offers implications of critical raced-gendered epistemologies for both research and practice and concludes by discussing some of the critiques of the use of the...
Organizational memory information systems: characteristics and development strategies

Global competition and changing organizational structures are causing organizations to investigate how organizational memory information systems (OMISs) can be developed to capture and integrate the experiential knowledge formerly contained in the memories of long-term employees. This paper explores OMIS data and process requirements and salient implementation issues, and summarizes existing OMIS implementations according to these characteristics. This summary identifies strategies currently being employed by developers to fulfill OMIS requirements.
Nonexistence of solutions to the Riccati equation

The Riccati equation does not necessarily give a positive definite solution when the plant has finite escape time in the time interval considered.
Decision rules for distributed decision networks with uncertainties

The authors study distributed decision networks where uncertainties exist in the statistical environment. Specifically each decision maker (DM) has an unknown probability to be jammed or defective and an unknown probability to provide an incorrect decision when jammed or defective. Each DM in the network has the ability to process its input data consisting of external observations and decisions from preceding DMs, to produce a decision regarding an underlying binary hypothesis testing problem. The local observations are assumed conditionally independent given each hypothesis. The resulting binary hypothesis testing problem is solved using some simple concepts of Dempster-Shafer theory. The performance of the proposed decision rule is compared to that of the minimax decision rule and the decision rule that is optimum when there are no jammed or defective DMs for several distributed decision networks with different topologies. It is shown that the proposed decision rule has a very robust behavior. >
Classroom Authority: Theory, Research, and Practice. Judith L. Pace and Annette Hemmings, eds. Mahwah, NJ.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 2006. pp. 193 $24.50 (paper).

This collection of essays makes it clear that classroom authority presents both fundamental and pressing issues for teachers at all levels of schooling. The fundamental issues involve consideration...
Making aid smarter

While there are many competing demands for donor and public sector resources the development community has long stressed the importance of both expanding primary education to previously excluded groups and improving the quality of teaching given the expected high economic and social returns. Of course money alone will not achieve the goals but it can help to relieve constraints on training teachers retaining them with adequate compensation building schools supplying those schools with books and other materials and reducing or eliminating school fees. Much depends on the actions of developing countries themselves but donors can create efficiencies as well. To make aid smarter donors can learn some lessons from successes in other fields such as health where donors have experimented with results-based incentives. This article examines how effective aid is in general and highlights potential lessons that can be applied to ODA for primary education from the substantial institutional innovations in aid delivery of the past decade. It concludes by pointing to directions donors might take to increase the impact of ODA for primary education based on our increased understanding of the conditions conducive to aid effectiveness and of how to improve learning outcomes. (excerpt)
Experimental and Computational Studies of the Mechanisms of Hydroamination/Cyclisation of Unactivated α,ω-Amino-alkenes with CCC-NHC Pincer Zr Complexes*

Four new CCC-NHC pincer Zr complexes have been synthesised, characterised, and used in mechanistic studies in the hydroamination/cyclisation of unactivated amino-alkenes. These Zr pre-catalysts will cyclise a primary amino-alkene, but no reaction was observed for a secondary amino-alkene even in the presence of a primary amine. The empirical rate law, experimentally determined activation parameters, and kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) are reported. Several possible mechanisms, including amido- versus imido-insertion and concerted-insertion versus [2 + 2] cycloaddition mechanisms, were modelled computationally at the PBEPBE level of theory with double-zeta quality basis sets. The formation of a catalytically relevant imido complex via the monoamido complexes was accompanied by in situ formation of ammonium salts of the substrates. The experimental and computational data are consistent with an imido-[2 + 2] cycloaddition mechanism for the CCC-NHC pincer diamido Zr complexes that follow saturation kinetics under catalytically relevant concentrations.
Neurogenetic and Neuroimaging Evidence for a Conceptual Model of Dopaminergic Contributions to Obesity

As the incidence of obesity continues to rise, clinicians and researchers alike are seeking explanations for why some people become obese while others do not. While caloric intake and physical activity most certainly play a role, some individuals continue to gain weight despite careful attention to these factors. Increasing evidence suggests that genetics may play a role, with one potential explanation being genetic variability in genes within the neurotransmitter dopamine pathway. This variability can lead to a disordered experience with the rewarding properties of food. This review of literature examines the extant knowledge about the relationship between obesity and the dopaminergic reward pathways in the brain, with particularly strong evidence provided from neuroimaging and neurogenetic data. Pubmed, Google Scholar, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature searches were conducted with the search terms dopamine, obesity, weight gain, food addiction, brain regions relevant to the mesocortical and mesolimbic (reward) pathways, and relevant dopaminergic genes and receptors. These terms returned over 200 articles. Other than a few sentinel articles, articles were published between 1993 and 2013. These data suggest a conceptual model for obesity that emphasizes dopaminergic genetic contributions as well as more traditional risk factors for obesity, such as demographics (age, race, and gender), physical activity, diet, and medications. A greater understanding of variables contributing to weight gain and obesity is imperative for effective clinical treatment.
Uniform Convergence of Fourier Series

(1969). Uniform Convergence of Fourier Series. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 55-56.
Comparative Efficacy and Optimal Positioning of Traps for Monitoring Apple Maggot Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Standardization of trap position by direct manipulation and covariate analysis were used as techniques for evaluating the comparative effectiveness of five types of traps for apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), in commercial orchards in Massachusetts. Unbaited, 8.5-cm-diameter, dark-red, wooden, sticky-coated spheres caught more of the flies than either baited or unbaited, yellow, sticky-coated rectangle traps (with or without an 8.5-cm-diameter, dark-red disk painted at the center). Evaluation of various positions for sphere traps within apple trees supported a hypothesis that an optimal position exists that maximizes capture. This position is one in which a radius of 0.25 to 0.5 m about the trap is clear of foliage or fruit.
Band-Limited Guidance and Control of Large Parafoils

* Principal member of the Technical Staff, Decision Systems Group, MS 15, Member AIAA. † Principal member of the Technical Staff, Aerospace Guidance and Control Group, MS 70, Member AIAA. ‡ Member of the Technical Staff II, Tactics, Guidance, and Control Group, MS 77. § Senior member of the Technical Staff, Cognitive Robotics Group, MS 77. ** Principal member of the Technical Staff, Manned Space Systems Group, MS 70, Member AIAA. †† Senior member of the Technical Staff, Vehicle and Robotics Group, MS 23, Member AIAA. ‡‡ Principal member of the Technical Staff, Navigation and Localization Group, MS 77. §§ Principal member of the Technical Staff, Tactical Systems Program Office, MS 79. *** Aerospace Engineer, NSRDEC, 15 Kansas Street, Senior Member AIAA. ††† Team Leader, NSRDEC, 15 Kansas Street, Member AIAA. 20th AIAA Aerodynamic Decelerator Systems Technology Conference and Seminar 4 7 May 2009, Seattle, Washington AIAA 2009-2981
Hospital Onset of Infection Analysis of Cerebral Palsy Rehabilitation Ward

Objective To investigate the characteristic of HOI of cerebral palsy rehabilitation ward and provide evidence for rational admin istration. Methods Files of clinical data, infectors and susceptibility tests of 157 HOI children with cerebral who were admitted to hospital were analyzed. Results The HOI rate was 15.87%.The constituent ratio of respiratory infection was 93.63% and the alimentary infection was 6.37%. A mong the cases of respiratory infection, the constituent ratio of bacterial infection was 71.43 and the mycoplasma infection was 5.44%. 57 Gram-Negative bacillus were separated. According to the constituent ratio, the sequence from high to low was K. Peumoniae, A.baumannii, Es cherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 7 Gram-Positive coccus and 41 Gram-negative coccus were separated. The susceptibility test displayed that the drug fast rate of SMZ-TMP for coccus was 100% and ampicillin for Gram-Negative bacillus was above 60%. The sensitive rate of oxacillin,vancomycin, imipenem for Staphylococcus aureus were 100% and cafalotin,amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefuroxime for Staphylococcus aureus and B.catarrhalis were 100%. The sensitive rate of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and piperacillin forGram-Negativebacillus were above 70%. The sensitive rate of ceftazidime for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 100%. Conclusion The HOI rate of cerebral palsy rehabilitation ward is higher than that of common pediatrics ward. Respiratory infection predominate in the infections and B.catarrhalis is the main infector.
Identification and function of enhancers in the human genome

The study of gene regulation has rapidly advanced by leveraging next-generation sequencing to identify and characterize the cis and trans elements that are critical for defining cell identity. These advances have paralleled a movement towards whole genome sequencing in clinics. These two tracks have increasingly synergized to underscore the importance of cis-regulatory elements in development as well produce countless studies implicating these elements in human disease. Other studies have emphasized the clinical phenotypes associated with variation or mutations in trans factors, including non-coding RNAs and chromatin regulators. These studies highlight the importance of obtaining a comprehensive understanding of mammalian gene regulation for predicting the impact of genetic variation on patient phenotypes. Currently lagging behind the generation of vast datasets and annotations is our ability to examine these putative elements in the dynamic context of a developing organism.
Molecular Mechanism of Surface-Assisted Self-Assembly of Amyloid-Like Peptides

Peptide self-assembly attracted huge interests due to its clinical importance in protein-aggregation diseases, as well as potential applications for novel material design. Large efforts have been exerted on unraveling factors for the growth dynamics and morphologies. However, an intrinsic delicacy present in molecular systems and environmental elements, such as electrophysical properties of surface and solution, often results in controversy. Recently, a 9-residue long peptide designed from consensus sequences of amyloidogenic proteins was shown to assemble into a highly-ordered epitaxial structure on both hydrophilic mica and hydrophobic highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surfaces but with very different morphologies: upright conformations on mica and lying-down on HOPG. Furthermore, with raised salt concentrations the peptides formed a highly-ordered multilayered nanofilaments at the mica/water interface in highly controllable fashion, which is unusual compared to uncontrollable, disordered, amorphous aggregates observed in other proteins in the similar condition. In our study, we investigated in molecular level details on how various environmental factors determine the peptide assemblies on mica and HOPG surfaces from their morphologies to the epitaxial growth mechanism, using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Firstly, not only surface polarity but also surface structure closely incorporate with individual peptide structure, as synergistically inducing a highly-optimized parallel β-stranded arrays on mica. Next, we showed that hydrophobic sidechain interaction indeed drives the longitudinal length growth of the assembly, while hydrophilic backbone hydrogen bonds rather control the transversal thickness. Finally, in raised salt concentration, we found that double-layered structures of all upright conformation are energetically favorable on mica but with anti-parallel β-stands for the upper layer, while the lower still in the parallel configuration, which again emphasizes the importance of environmental factors like contacting surface.
When it's good to signal badness: using objective measures of discriminability to test the value of being distinctive

The hypothesis that prey organisms can reduce the risk of predation by overtly signalling their unprofitability, or aposematism, has a long history in behavioural and evolutionary biology. To fully understand this longstanding idea, we need to measure and manipulate traits of aposematic prey, such as their distinctiveness from other prey, from the perspective of the potential predator. Specifically, we need measurements that are not anthropomorphic and that are based on the principles of discrimination developed by psychophysicists. This paper utilizes an experimentally tractable measure of discriminability based on signal detection theory as originally studied by psychophysicists. In addition, we develop and experimentally test a model to characterize the predator avoidance advantages derived from being distinct from other prey. By experimentally varying discriminability (and thus distinctiveness) we find that increased discriminability does confer a predator avoidance advantage, but the extent of this effect depends on the unprofitability of prey and the relative frequency of unprofitable prey.
Delayed Presentation of Suture Erosion following Burch Colposuspension

Background. Synthetic mid-urethral mesh slings are the most common primary surgical treatment for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and have been designated as the standard of care by the American Urogynecologic Society. In recent years, synthetic mesh has come under increased scrutiny by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) due to concerns over patient safety. This has led to more surgeons and patients preferring Burch colposuspension to treat SUI. Case. We discuss two cases of suture erosion into the urethra and bladder. They presented with irritative voiding symptoms and recurrent urinary tract infections. Both were discovered years after a Burch colposuspension. Conclusion. As reported in the literature as early as 1999, erosion is a complication associated with many types of incontinence surgery and not unique to mesh based sling operations. Burch colposuspension should not be favored solely to avoid erosion and patients should be counseled accordingly. Teaching Point. Cystourethroscopy performed intraoperatively or postoperatively is essential for early diagnosis and treatment of complications related to incontinence surgery.
Superfluid Transition of 4 He in Ultralight Aerogel

We present superfluid density and heat capacity results of ${}^{4}\mathrm{He}$ entrained in 5%, 2%, and 0.5% dense silica aerogel. The superfluid density exponent shows a systematic decrease towards the bulk ${}^{4}\mathrm{He}$ value with decreasing aerogel density. Singular contribution to heat capacity is observed on both sides of the transition in aerogel of 2% and 0.5% silica. In the lightest sample, the scaling law $\ensuremath{\alpha}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and the hyperscaling relation $2\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}d\ensuremath{\nu}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}d\ensuremath{\zeta}$ are satisfied.
A Simple Procedure for the Synthesis of β‐Hydroxyallenamides via Homoallenylation of Aldehydes

A simple one-pot synthesis of β-hydroxyallenamides is reported. This procedure entails chemo- and regioselective hydroboration of 3-en-1-ynyl-sulfonylamides with Cy2BH followed by homoallenylation of aldehydes to yield β-hydroxyallenamides (up to 94% yield and >20:1 dr). Controlled synthesis of up to three continuous stereochemical elements was realized. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest a concerted Zimmerman-Traxler chair-like transition state. Initial results suggest that enantio- and diastereoselective synthesis of β-hydroxyallenamides with optically active hydroboration reagents is viable.
How Do Static and Dynamic Test Case Prioritization Techniques Perform on Modern Software Systems? An Extensive Study on GitHub Projects

Test Case Prioritization (TCP) is an increasingly important regression testing technique for reordering test cases according to a pre-defined goal, particularly as agile practices gain adoption. To better understand these techniques, we perform the first extensive study aimed at empirically evaluating four static TCP techniques, comparing them with state-of-research dynamic TCP techniques across several quality metrics. This study was performed on 58 real-word Java programs encompassing 714 KLoC and results in several notable observations. First, our results across two effectiveness metrics (the Average Percentage of Faults Detected APFD and the cost cognizant APFDc ) illustrate that at test-class granularity, these metrics tend to correlate, but this correlation does not hold at test-method granularity. Second, our analysis shows that static techniques can be surprisingly effective, particularly when measured by APFDc. Third, we found that TCP techniques tend to perform better on larger programs, but that program size does not affect comparative performance measures between techniques. Fourth, software evolution does not significantly impact comparative performance results between TCP techniques. Fifth, neither the number nor type of mutants utilized dramatically impact measures of TCP effectiveness under typical experimental settings. Finally, our similarity analysis illustrates that highly prioritized test cases tend to uncover dissimilar faults.
Mesenchymal Lesions of the Breast: What Radiologists Need to Know.

OBJECTIVE. Mesenchymal breast tumors originate from the various components of mammary stroma. The aim of this review is to discuss the clinical presentation, imaging appearance, and management of m...
Reclaiming the blogosphere, talkback: a secure linkback protocol for weblogs

A LinkBack is a mechanism for bloggers to obtain automatic notifications when other bloggers link to their posts. LinkBacks are an important pillar of the blogosphere because they allows blog posts to cross-reference each other. Over the last few years, spammers have consistently tried to abuse LinkBack mechanisms as they provide an automated way to inject spam into blogs. A recent study shows that a single blog may receive tens of thousands of spam LinkBack notifications per day. Therefore, there is a great need to develop defenses to protect the blogosphere from spammer abuses. To address this issue, we introduce TalkBack, a secure LinkBack mechanism. While previous methods attempt to detecting LinkBack spam using content analysis, TalkBack uses distributed authentication and rate limiting to prevents spammers from posting LinkBack notifications.
Training in Behavior Therapy

Behavioral approaches to the assessment and modification of human psychopathology are entering a fourth decade and have attained a recognized and respected position among the mental health disciplines. In a 1981 survey of clinical psychologists, 14.4% endorsed a behavioral orientation, third in rank to eclectic (30.9%) and psychodynamic (30.0%) approaches (Norcross & Prochaska, 1982). Approximately one third of the respondents to Jayaratne’s (1978) survey of clinical social workers indicated behavior therapy as one of their preferred theoretical orientations. Regretably, the impact of behavior therapy in psychiatry remains marginal prompting Franks (1982) to note that “psychiatric education still deemphasizes behavioral training”(p. 15).