cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aldosterone in acromegaly

Ten patients with acromegaly, six with active acromegaly and four with inactive acromegaly were studied with regard to the possible relationship between aldosterone metabolism and hypertension. It was noted that tetrahydroaldosterone-3-glucuronide levels were highest in those cases which exhibited the highest prolactin levels. It was in these cases that hypertension was present and they were active as judged by clinical and biochemical parameters. On administration of bromocryptine there was a reduction of tetrahydroaldosterone-3-glucuronide, prolactin and also a significant reduction of blood pressure. The significance of these results is discussed.
Time scale of microtubule length redistribution.

Abstract This report presents electron microscopic evidence of statistically significant changes in the microtubule number concentration and length distribution after the attainment of monomer-polymer equilibrium (“steady state”). We also extend previous theoretical work on polymer redistribution ( F. Oosawa, 1970, J. Theor. Biol. 27 , 69–86 ).
Analysis of control system difference equations via group theoretic procedures

A method of infinitesimal transformations is applied to extend a transformation group, establish the class of difference equations invariant under the group, and reduce a second-order difference equation to a first-order Riceati equation.
Distributions of manufacturer's and user's replacement costs under warranty

We derive and compute time-dependent distributions of replacement costs under warranty over the product life cycle, both for the manufacturer and the user, under conditional pro-rata and nonrenewing free-replacement warranty policies. For pro-rata warranties, the analysis is based on the joint distribution of the number of replacements and the user's cost over time. For free-replacement warranties, distribution of the user's cost follows from the observation that replacement points outside warranty periods form a renewal process. This property is also exploited to determine the distribution ofthe manufacturer's cost. We apply our findings to measure the impact of product conformance quality on warranty cost distributions and find that manufacturer's cost measures are more sensitive to changes in quality than user's cost measures.
Embedded atom study of dislocation core structure in Fe

The relaxed atomistic structure of dislocation cores in body centered cubic metals was investigated many years ago, using pair potentials. These studies are now classic and have been the basis for understanding mechanical behavior of these materials. They constitute the classic example of the importance of non-elastic core effect for the dislocations responsible for deformation, as described in several reviews written on the subject. Volume-dependent interatomic potentials were introduced in 1984. Despite the importance of the results obtained with pair potentials, no calculation of dislocation cores in pure bcc metals using volume-dependent interatomic potentials has yet been performed. The purpose of the present investigation is to compute the structures of 1/2[111] screw dislocation cores Fe. The objective is to compare these results with the structures obtained with pair potentials. The computation of Peierls stresses with pair potentials usually gives an overestimate of the actual Peierls stress. In the present work, they also use an improved boundary condition technique for the simulation of the dislocation cores can give more accurate Peierls stresses using manageable atomic block sizes. They also use a more recent graphical method for the representation of the core structures to obtain the information on the core structures andmore » their relationship to the various crystallographic planes in the material and to analyze the shape of core in relation with the possible glide planes of the dislocation.« less
Macroscopic and molecular-scale assessment of soil lead contamination impacted by seasonal dove hunting activities

Environmental contamination of lead (Pb) in soils and sediments poses serious threats to human and ecological health. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of seasonal dove sports hunting activities on Pb contamination in acid forest soils. A grid sampling method was used to investigate the spatial distribution of Pb contamination in surface soils. Soils were analyzed for total metal(loid) concentration and characterized for physicochemical properties and mineralogy. Adsorption isotherm experiments were also conducted to understand the reactivity and retention capacity of Pb(II) in soils. Finally, synchrotron-based X-ray microprobe and X-ray absorption spectroscopy were used to understand the chemical speciation of Pb that controls the retention/release mechanisms of Pb in soils. There was no excessive accumulation of Pb at the site. However, the concentration of Pb in surface soils was greater than the background level (<16 mg kg−1). The contamination level of Pb was as high as 67 mg kg−1 near a patch of corn field where lime was frequently applied. A microfocused X-ray microprobe analysis showed the presence of Pb pellet fragments that predominantly contain oxidized Pb(II), suggesting that oxidative dissolution was occurring in soils. Dissolved Pb(II) can be readily retained in soils up to ~3,600 mg kg−1 via inner-sphere and outer-sphere surface complexation on carbon and aluminol functional groups of soil components, suggesting that partitioning reactions control the concentration of Pb in soil solution. The fate of Pb is likely to be controlled by (1) oxidative dissolution process of Pb(0) pellets and (2) the release of outer-sphere and/or inner-sphere Pb surface complexes in humic substances and aluminosilicate/Al oxyhydroxides. Although no remedial actions are immediately required, the long-term accumulation of Pb in soils should be carefully monitored in protecting ecosystem and water quality at the dove hunting field.
Control of White Pine Cone Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) with Carbofuran Granules in a New York State White Pine Seed Orchard

An eastern white pine ( Pinus strobus L.) seed orchard was used to test the effects of carbofuran on the white pine cone beetle, Conophthorus coniperda (Schwarz). A total of 120 cone-bearing trees was used in the study. Carbofuran was applied to the soil around the drip line of 60 trees in April 1985 at a rate of 55.8 g/cm of diameter at breast height. Thirty of the treated trees received a second application at the same rate in October 1985. The single April application of carbofuran was applied too late in the season to control the white pine cone beetle in the seed orchard effectively. However, significant control was obtained in 1986 for trees that received carbofuran applications in both April and October 1985.
The link between the pursuit of intimacy goals and satisfaction in close same-sex friendships: An examination of the underlying processes

This research examines whether individuals who are strongly focused on the pursuit of intimacy in their close same-sex friendships structure and interact in these relationships in distinct ways, and thereby experience greater relationship satisfaction. Study 1 examines the association between the pursuit of intimacy goals and patterns of interaction (e.g., time spent, social support exchanged, self-disclosure) as well as the perception of one’s friend’s goals. Findings indicate that individuals with a strong focus on intimacy in friendships exchange high levels of social support and self-disclosure with their close friend, and see their friend as sharing their focus on intimacy. Study 2 examines the influence of intimacy goals on strategies for conflict resolution, and indicates that those with a focus on intimacy choose constructive methods of resolving conflict. Both studies also provide mediational analyses demonstrating that those with a strong focus on intimacy goals experience high levels of satisfa...
Presentation of endogenous tumor antigens to CD4+ T lymphocytes by murine melanoma cells transfected with major histocompatibility complex class II genes

In a previous study, we demonstrated that K1735 transfectants expressing either Kk or Ak antigens alone produced tumors in syngeneic mice, whereas trans- fectants that expressed both antigens were rejected. In this study, we investigated whether Ki 735 transfectants expressingmolecules can present endogenous tumor antigens to CD4� T lymphocytes in the absence of normal accessory cells. Our results indicate that K1735 transfec- tants expressingand A" molecules presented antigen to both CD4� and CD8� T lymphocytes, whereas K1735 transfectants expressing only the Ak or the Kk antigen preferentially stimulated either CD4� or CD8� T cells. Analogous to endogenous antigens, K1735 transfectants expressing A" molecules also presented exogenous hen egg lysozyme (HEL) to HEL-specific 3A9 hybridomas in the absence of normal accessory cells. These results demonstrate that Ki 735 murine melanoma cells express- ingmolecules can function as antigen-presenting cells and that the generation of an effective antitumor immune response by K1735 melanoma cells expressing Kk and Ak antigens is due to their ability to present endogenous tumor antigens to both helper and cytotoxic T cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 56: 469-474; 1994.
Sources and inheritance of resistance to downy mildew of the pea, Peronospora pisi

Six hundred and one lines from the John Innes Pisum germplasm collection were surveyed for resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora pisi). Potential sources of resistance were identified in forty-seven lines. Using the inoculation methods described resistant varieties/lines showed no evidence of infection. Isolates from recent outbreaks in the United Kingdom when screened against a representative test array of resistant and susceptible lines showed no evidence for a race structure in Peronospora pisi, although differences were found in overall virulence. The inheritance of resistance was studied in F2 and F3 families. Under the test conditions adopted the results obtained suggest that resistance may either be determined by a single dominant gene or by two recessive genes, but the lack of concordance between F2 and F3 segregation patterns was a disturbing feature despite careful control of experimental conditions. This, coupled with difficulties in obtaining large F3 families presents considerable problems in interpretation. It is proposed that inbred lines of JI 411 Cobri and JI 399 Cennia be adopted as standards.
Some Other Conceptual Problems

This essay responds to Winter, Thompson and Jeffreys’ critique of the UN approach to harmful traditional practices. By questioning why these authors address only a limited set of harmful practices in the West, in particular missing the problem of infant male circumcision, I argue their critique is less radical than it appears. Indeed, the article reproduces what I see as the most problematic and gendered assumptions in the UN’s approach: namely, the conceptualization of harmful practices solely in terms of women’s victimization and men’s benefit.
An Offset Linear-Array-Fed Ku / Ka Dual-Band Reflectarray for Planet Cloud/Precipitation Radar

A Ku/Ka band dual-frequency offset array-fed microstrip reflectarray antenna using thin membranes has been developed. This antenna is a demonstration model for the next generation titan cloud precipitation radar and altimeter (TCPRA) and is intended to enhance the capability of the future cloud and precipitation remote sensing system for Earth and other planets. The reflectarray has a dimension of 0.5-m square and a flat aperture that emulates a cylindrical reflector antenna. Two sets of linear arrays with linearly polarized microstrip elements and having low cross polarization and low sidelobe levels (SLL) are placed along the focal line to illuminate the reflectarray. One set is for Ku-band, while the other is for Ka-band. Within each set, the wide-swath scanning capability of the antenna is provided by the two fixed-beam feed arrays with one for broadside beam and the other one for a 20deg tilted beam. The unique feature of this paper is that this is the first offset-fed reflectarray that has ever been practically developed to emulate a cylindrical/parabolic type of reflector antenna. In addition, new dual-concentric-ring elements and ring-patch elements are uniquely applied here to achieve the desirable wide phase variation characteristics. Tests of feed arrays and the reflectarray in the anechoic chamber of Texas A&M University result in good pattern performance and the successful demonstration of beam scanning at both frequency bands.
All-optical 40Gb/s cross-wavelength transferred clock recovery for 3R wavelength conversion using a traveling wave electroabsorption modulator-based resonant cavity

An all-optical, compact clock recovery is demonstrated by utilizing filtered and actively amplified photocurrent in a traveling-wave electroabsorption modulator. 40 GHz optical clock was recovered from 40 Gb/s OTDM and transferred to new clock wavelength.
Name of a country as an acronym

I am sure that many of your readers are curious about articles originating from countries that end with the suffix – stans. The turn of the new millennium witnessed the birth of many newly formed independent states on the fringe of the former Soviet Union, e.g., Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan – which the BBC identified as “collectively known as the Central Asian ‘stans’” [1]. This –stan is formed from the Iranian root ⁎stā–, “to stand, stay,” and means “place (where one stays), home, country” [2]. Pakistan, however, is an exception. Its name is an acronym for Punjab Afghan provinces KashmIr Sind baluchisTAN [3]. It also means “holy country” in Urdu [4]. Interestingly, a word almost identical in form, etymology, and meaning to the Iranian suffix –stan is found in Polish, which has a word stanmeaning “state”. It can be found in the Polish name for the “United States of America,” Stany Zjednoczone Ameryki (literally “States United of America”) [2]. By the way, one of the funniest movies in 2006, was titled “Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit
FGF-2 enhances intestinal stem cell survival and its expression is induced after radiation injury

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) have mitogenic activity toward a wide variety of cells of mesenchymal, neuronal, and epithelial origin and regulate events in normal embryonic development, angiogenesis, wound repair, and neoplasia. FGF-2 is expressed in many normal adult tissues and can regulate migration and replication of intestinal epithelial cells in culture. However, little is known about the effects of FGF-2 on intestinal epithelial stem cells during either normal epithelial renewal or regeneration of a functional epithelium after injury. In this study, we investigated the expression of FGF-2 in the mouse small intestine after irradiation and determined the effect of exogenous FGF-2 on crypt stem cell survival after radiation injury. Expression of FGF-2 mRNA and protein began to increase at 12 h after γ-irradiation, and peak levels were observed from 48 to 120 h after irradiation. At all times after irradiation, the higher molecular mass isoform (∼24 kDa) of FGF-2 was the predominant form expressed in the small intestine. Immunohistochemical analysis of FGF-2 expression after radiation injury demonstrated that FGF-2 was predominantly found in the mesenchyme surrounding regenerating crypts. Exogenous recombinant human FGF-2 (rhFGF-2) markedly enhanced crypt stem cell survival when given before irradiation. We conclude that expression of FGF-2 is induced by radiation injury and that rhFGF-2 can enhance crypt stem cell survival after subsequent injury.
Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis with the Use of a Humeral Locking Plate

Combined arthrosis or deformity of the subtalar and ankle joints presents a challenge to the foot and ankle specialist. Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis is a well-described surgical technique used for resolution of deformity and end-stage arthrosis of the ankle and subtalar joints and is currently the standard of care for this condition. This article highlights the technique of insertion of the humeral locking plate for the stabilization of tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis. A case study is provided to serve as an example of the technique.
Arabidopsis ALF5, a multidrug efflux transporter gene family member, confers resistance to toxins.

The Arabidopsis genome contains many gene families that are not found in the animal kingdom. One of these is the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family, which has homology with bacterial efflux transporters. Arabidopsis has at least 54 members of this family, which often are found in tandem repeats. Analysis of ALF5, one member of this Arabidopsis family, suggests that its function is required for protection of the roots from inhibitory compounds. Loss of ALF5 function results in the sensitivity of the root to a number of compounds, including a contaminant of commercial agar. Moreover, expression of the Arabidopsis ALF5 cDNA in yeast confers resistance to tetramethylammonium. These phenotypes are consistent with a role for ALF5 as an efflux transporter. Both transcriptional and translational fusions of ALF5 to the β-glucuronidase reporter gene show that ALF5 is expressed strongly in the root epidermis, a tissue in direct contact with the external environment. The distinct requirement for ALF5 function is remarkable because of the large number of MATE gene family members in Arabidopsis, one of which is adjacent to ALF5 and 83% identical to ALF5 at the amino acid level.
The global burden of road injury: its relevance to the emergency physician

Background. Road traffic crash fatalities in the United States are at the lowest level since 1950. The reduction in crash injury burden is attributed to several factors: public education and prevention programs, traffic safety policies and enforcement, improvements in vehicle design, and prehospital services coupled with emergency and acute trauma care. Globally, the disease burden of road traffic injuries is rising. In 1990, road traffic injuries ranked ninth in the ten leading causes of the global burden of disease. By 2030, estimates show that road traffic injuries will be the fifth leading causes of death in the world. Historically, emergency medicine has played a pivotal role in contributing to the success of the local, regional, and national traffic safety activities focused on crash and injury prevention. Objective. We report on the projected trend of the global burden of road traffic injuries and fatalities and describe ongoing global initiatives to reduce road traffic morbidity and mortality. Discussion. We present key domains where emergency medicine can contribute through international collaboration to address global road traffic-related morbidity and mortality. Conclusion. International collaborative programs and research offer important opportunities for emergency medicine physicians to make a meaningful impact on the global burden of disease.
Prediction of standing tree defect proportion using logistic regression and ordered decision thresholds

In forest inventories, it is often of interest to calculate amounts of usable wood volume in trees. This usually requires knowledge of how much of the total volume is unusable (cull) due to form or decay deficiencies. This information is primarily obtained when collecting data on sample plots, although the assessments are often difficult and subjective. To provide an alternative, methods were developed to estimate individual-tree cull attributes. The procedure initially involves classification using logistic regression to assign trees to one of three categories (no cull, intermediate cull, entirely cull) based on probability cut points. Subsequently, trees classified as having intermediate cull are assigned a cull amount predicted from a generalized linear regression model. The best results for cull prediction were obtained using cut points that minimized absolute prediction error; however, better prediction of net cubic volume of trees was realized when the errors were weighted by tree size. The model-ba...
Effects of Tat proteins and Tat mutants of different human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clades on glial JC virus early and late gene transcription.

Polyomavirus JC (JCV) is the aetiological agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a frequently fatal infection of the brain afflicting nearly 4 % of AIDS patients in the USA. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat, acting together with cellular proteins at the JCV non-coding control region (NCCR), can stimulate JCV DNA transcription and replication. Tat in the brain is secreted by HIV-1-infected cells and incorporated by oligodendroglia, cells capable of infection by JCV. Thus far the effects of Tat on JCV have been studied primarily with protein encoded by the HIV-1 B clade most common in North America. Here, we determine the abilities of Tat from different HIV-1 clades to alter JCV early and late gene transcription and DNA replication initiated at the JCV origin. Tat from all clades tested stimulates both JCV early and late gene promoters, with clade B Tat being significantly most effective. Tat proteins from the HIV-1 clades display parallel patterns of differences in their effects on HIV-1 and JCV transcription, suggesting that Tat effects in both cases are mediated by the same cellular proteins. Clade B Tat is most effective at directing Smad mediators of tumour growth factor beta and cellular partner Purα to the NCCR. Tat proteins from all non-B clades inhibit initiation of JCV DNA replication. The effectiveness of HIV-1 clade B Tat at promoting JCV transcriptional and replicative processes highlights a need for further investigation to determine which molecular aspects of Tat from distinct HIV-1 substrains can contribute to the course of PML development in neuroAIDS.
Microstimulation of visual cortex affects the speed of perceptual decisions

Direction-selective neurons in the middle temporal visual area (MT) are crucially involved in motion perception, although it is not known exactly how the activity of these neurons is interpreted by the rest of the brain. Here we report that in a two-alternative task, the activity of MT neurons is interpreted as evidence for one direction and against the other. We measured the speed and accuracy of decisions as rhesus monkeys performed a direction-discrimination task. On half of the trials, we stimulated direction-selective neurons in area MT, thereby causing the monkeys to choose the neurons' preferred direction more often. Microstimulation quickened decisions in favor of the preferred direction and slowed decisions in favor of the opposite direction. Even on trials in which microstimulation did not induce a preferred direction choice, it still affected response times. Our findings suggest that during the formation of a decision, sensory evidence for competing propositions is compared and accumulates to a decision-making threshold.
Biologically inspired flocking of swarms with dynamic topology in uniform environments

In this paper, we present a biologically inspired general controller for a swarm of mobile agents with dynamic topology moving in a given environment. Based on some observations and hypothesis about the natural phenomena of swarming, we propose a general decentralized controller for the swarm members to achieve the collective group behavior. We assume that during swarm's motion, each agent can sense and interact with its nearest neighbors while following the path clues of the environment. Under the assumptions of connected graph and uniform environment that has identical effect on all agents, the controller is proved to enable the velocity vectors of all agents to converge to a common value. The advantage of this general controller is that all information it needs can be locally sensed, therefore, communication link and related issues (such as time delay) are avoided. Simulations are presented to verify the proposed controller.
School Counselors' Ethnic Tolerance Attitudes and Racism Attitudes as Predictors of Their Multicultural Case Conceptualization of an Immigrant Student

This study examined the extent to which school counselors' ethnic tolerance attitudes and racism attitudes were predictive of their multicultural case conceptualization ability (i.e., ability to conceptualize the mental health concerns of an immigrant student in light of salient cultural information). Results revealed that, after accounting for prior multicultural counseling training, higher ethnic tolerance attitudes were associated with greater multicultural case conceptualization ability, while higher racism attitudes were related to lower multicultural case conceptualization ability. Implications of the findings are discussed.
ROOST SELECTION, POPULATION SIZE AND HABITAT USE BY A COLONY OF RAFINESQUE'S BIG-EARED BATS (CORYNORHINUS RAFINESQUII)

Abstract Rafinesque's big-eared bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii) is a species of concern throughout much of its range, with limited information available on the life history of this rare bat. We tracked patterns of population size, measured roost temperatures and used radiotelemetry to locate foraging areas of C. rafinesquii inhabiting a sandstone cave, which these bats used as both a hibernaculum and a maternity site. Counts of hibernating C. rafinesquii ranged from 14–49, with summer colony size reaching a maximum of 118 bats. Bats roosted in different rooms of the cave in winter and summer. Temperatures in a room used in winter were consistently cooler and less stable than temperatures in the room used as the maternity site. Size of foraging areas ranged from 61.6–225.3 ha, and distance of foraging areas from the roost varied from 0.12–1.22 km. We detected no bat >2.5 km from the roost of capture. Bats foraged along ridgelines supporting upland oak-hickory forest.
The oncogenic property of Aquaporin 5 (AQP5): Human AQP5 plays a role in proliferation of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells.

C74 Aquaporins (AQPs) are water channel proteins that are widely distributed in different tissues throughout the human body and facilitate water transport across cell membranes. Interestingly, AQP5 has previously been associated with increased expression in solid tumors such as colon and pancreas cancer. However, its role in cancer development as well as in hematologic malignancies has not been identified yet. Here, we report for the first time the expression of AQP5 in CML cells by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Using stable cells which were transfected with AQP5 cDNA construct, we demonstrate that K562 CML cells overexpressing AQP5 have increased proliferation compared with control cells. In addition, small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting AQP5 reduced the cell proliferation rate in both K562 and LAMA84 CML cells. Furthermore, by immunoblotting and flow cytometry analysis, we show that phosphorylation of BCR-ABL1 is increased in AQP5-overexpressing CML cells while it was decreased in CML cells treated with AQP5 siRNA. Therefore, our findings suggest that AQP5 may play an important role in either initiating or facilitating cell proliferation in CML cells. Moreover, they also provide the basis for a novel therapy targeting AQP5 in CML.
Radiopharmaceuticals for Bone Malignancy Therapy

Objective: This continuing education article reviews radionuclide bone therapy agents that are available commercially and introduces agents that are being evaluated for future use. Currently these agents are used to provide pain palliation from metastases to bone. Future applications may include adjuvant therapy to surgery or external beam treatment. After reading this paper, the reader should be able to: (a) describe the desirable characteristics of radionuclide bone therapy agents; (b) compare and contrast radiopharmaceuticals available for bone therapy; and (c) state the clinical applications of radionuclide bone therapy agents.
Maternal Obesity Affects Inflammatory and Iron Indices in Umbilical Cord Blood.

Objective To determine the impact of maternal obesity and gestational weight gain across pregnancy on fetal indices of inflammation and iron status. Study design Eighty-five healthy term newborns delivered via elective cesarean were categorized by 2 maternal body mass index (BMI) thresholds; above or below 30 kg/m2 or above or below 35 kg/m2. Umbilical cord plasma levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, ferritin, and hepcidin were assayed. Cytokines released by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated umbilical cord mononuclear cells (MNCs) were assayed. Results Maternal class II obesity, defined as BMI of 35 kg/m2 and above, predicted higher C-reactive protein and TNF-α in umbilical cord plasma (P Conclusions Class II obesity and above during pregnancy is associated with fetal inflammation in a threshold fashion. Although maternal BMI negatively impacted fetal iron status, hepcidin, related to obesity in adults, was related to iron status and not obesity in fetuses. Pediatricians should be aware of these relationships.
MRI findings in women with triple negative breast cancer.

CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2008 Abstracts Abstract #4014 Background Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breasts in women with breast cancer (BC) has improved the detection of occult ipsilateral (I/L) and contralateral (C/L) malignancies. Breast MRI findings in patients with estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 negative (triple negative (TN)) disease have not been previously reported. Women with TN BC are at increased risk of distant metastases and a reduced survival vs. BC patients as a whole. One potential explanation may be the presence of occult disease. The role of bilateral breast MRI in these patients remains to be determined. Hypothesis Patients with TN BC are more likely to have occult malignancy identified by preoperative MRI vs. those with non-TN BC. Methods All newly diagnosed BC patients from 2003-2007 were reviewed. Information on age, race, histology, ER, PR, HER2, staging, treatment, MRI findings, subsequent investigations, and additional cancer diagnoses was recorded. The incidence of additional I/L or C/L malignany was calculated. The percentage of total patients initially felt to be candidates for partial breast irradiation who required a change in their cancer management was calculated. Results 55 (11%) were diagnosed with TN BC, of whom 52 women completed preoperative MRI. 456 (89%) had non-TN BC; 421 completed preoperative MRI. The median age among TN and non-TN patients was 62 years (Table 1). A majority of women in both groups were Caucasian. African-American women were more likely to be diagnosed with TN vs. non-TN disease (11% vs. 6%). ![][1] I/L BC was documented in 13/52 (25%) of TN patients vs. 25% of non-TN patients. No C/L cancers were detected in the TN group (6% in the non-TN group). Of the TN group, 15 patients required a change in their treatment (29%) based on findings from MRI vs. 32% of non-TN patients. Conclusions Patients with a new diagnosis of TN BC are not at increased risk of occult malignancy than those with non-TN BC. 25% of patients with TN BC had additional I/L disease not previously detected on clinical examination, mammogram, or ultrasound. Of those with non-TN BC, 25% were diagnosed with an additional I/L and 6% with C/L malignancy. The benefit of MRI was limited by false positives, with a number of patients in both groups undergoing a benign biopsy. These results suggest that patients with TN BC are not more likely than those with non-TN disease to have additional occult I/L or C/L cancer. The incidence of additional disease remains high and preoperative MRI may be beneficial. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 4014. [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Evaluating unexplained syncope with upright tilt testing.

SUMMARY Trials of upright tilt testing for vasovagal syncope are difficult to evaluate, owing to differing methods used and the lack of a gold standard with which to compare this test. This paper reviews the studies to date and offers recommendations for the clinical use of this test.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and malignant hyperthermia : important issues for the medical consultant

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and malignant hyperthermia share two cardinal clinical features: hypothermia and rigidity. Both syndromes can result in rhabdomyolysis and have high mortality rates if left untreated. This article reviews each syndrome and its pathogenesis and treatment.
AN OVERVIEW OF EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS OF TURBULENT DISPERSION ANDTURBULENCE MODULATION IN DILUTE MULTIPHASE FLOWS

An overview of experimental observations of turbulent dispersion and turbulence modulation has been presented in this paper. The parameters affecting turbulent dispersion of the dispersed phase elements are described. The importance of Stokes number on the instantaneous concentration is delineated; in particular, preferential concentration is observed for certain Stokes numbers. The presence of the dispersed phase can augment or attenuate the turbulence of the continuous phase. The Kolmogorov Stokes number plays a significant role in the attenuation of turbulence. More controlled experiments are needed to isolate the effects of the dispersed phase on the turbulence energy spectrum of the continuous phase.
Adding Insult to Injury: Exacerbating TB Risk with Smoking

Inhaled environmental pollutants, most prominently from cigarettes, confer an increased risk of tuberculosis. A recent study published in Cell by Berg et al., (2016) using the zebrafish model of Mycobacterium marinum infection provides new insights into the role of macrophage lysosomal engorgement in compromising host defense against mycobacteria.
Neurologic assessment in the first year of life.

Neurologic evaluation during the first year of life serves to separate infants into normal and abnormal groups and to identify those who should be carefully watched. The evaluation must reflect physical findings as well as neurologic status, and emphasize the patterned and stereotyped responses characteristic of certain periods of infancy.
Total relative displacement of vertex permutations of K

Let α denote a permutation of the n vertices of a connected graph G. Define δα(G) to be the number , where the sum is over all the unordered pairs of distinct vertices of G. The number δα(G) is called the total relative displacement of α (in G). So, permutation α is an automorphism of G if and only if δα(G) = 0. Let π(G) denote the smallest positive value of δα(G) among the n! permutations α of the vertices of G. A permutation α for which π(G) = δα(G) has been called a near-automorphism of G [2]. We determine π(K) and describe permutations α of K for which π(K) = δα(K). This is done by transforming the problem into the combinatorial optimization problem of maximizing the sums of the squares of the entries in certain t by t matrices with non–negative integer entries in which the sum of the entries in the ith row and the sum of the entries in the ith column each equal to ni,1≤i≤t. We prove that for positive integers, n1≤n2≤…≤nt, where t≥2 and nt≥2, where k0 is the smallest index for which n = n+1. As a special case, we correct the value of π(Km,n), for all m and n at least 2, given by Chartrand, Gavlas, and VanderJagt [2]. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 41: 85–100, 2002
Headache Syndromes and Sleep

The enigmatic relationship between headache and sleep has been known for a long period of time. The basis of this relationship has been explored and validated by various studies. This has led to better understanding of the relationship between these two entities. Further, it has implications for diagnosis of headache type and management. We describe the association of various headache syndromes with sleep disorders.
Second Order Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Equations

Second order equations provide an interesting example for comparing the methods of variation of constants and reduction of order. As noted in Chap. 2, Sect. 2, if one solution of the homogeneous equation is known then the method of reduction of order transforms a second order equation into a first order equation, which can then be solved in closed form. If the original second order equation is homogeneous then the transformed first order equation is also homogeneous, and its solution provides a second, linearly independent solution to the second order equation.
Teacher as the Designer of Instruction

Unit 4 presents the designs of TR investigations and teaching experiments conducted by teacher-researchers in their classrooms. It represents three type of TR activity: daily classroom TR investigations (Chapters 4.2–4.5), construction of learning trajectories through iterated classroom teaching experiments (Chapters 4.6–4.8) and two teaching experiments of opposite types (Chapter 4.9) and (Chapter 4.10).
Suppliers of Energy: Carbohydrate—Fat Interrelationships

Carbohydrate and fat are major sources of energy in the diets of many people. Carbohydrate and fat make nearly equal contributions to the energy content of the United States diet, 46 and 42%, respectively (FNB, 1974). To compare carbohydrate and fat as energy sources in a diet, replacement of one with the other must be on an equal-energy basis rather than on a weight basis. Unfortunately, reports still periodically appear in which the differences in energy values of fat and carbohydrate are not considered when the diets are formulated. The nutrient-to-energy ratio is thus altered, and it is very difficult to interpret the results.
Thermal Degradation Rate of 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol to Cyclic 4,4-Dimethyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one: Experiments and Kinetics Modeling

Employing experimental kinetics data collected in this study, a power law rate equation for the thermal degradation of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) to 4,4-dimethyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one (DMOZD) as a function of amine and CO2 concentration in the solution is introduced. The rate experiments were carried out at 120, 135, and 150 °C. Kinetic data was collected to extract the initial rate equation from aqueous solutions of 1.12, 1.68, 2.24, and 3.36 M, AMP and CO2 loadings from 0.17 to 0.7, molCO2/molAMP. Since the rate equation is based on the initial reactions in the solution, the output from the kinetic model can be used to estimate the thermal degradation rate of AMP as a whole and DMOZD formation rate at the onset of the reaction, as this cyclic compound can be considered as the primary initial thermal degradation product. The power with respect to AMP and CO2 concentration in the kinetic model, and activation energy and pre-exponential factor, were calculated and introduced in this work. AMP degrada...
Book review of Yoad Winter’s Elements of formal semantics (2016)

Yoad Winter’s (2016) new textbook, Elements of formal semantics , is a formally sophisticated introduction to semantic theory. It treats standard beginner topics (e.g. transitivity, quantifiers, relative clauses) carefully and efficiently, using a directly compositional lambda calculus.
Policy entrepreneurs and opportunities: Establishing a model of policy change through bicycle infrastructure at the municipal level

Abstract Although bicycling has been the subject of increasing academic attention, particularly in the areas of mode choice, benefit analyses, and discussions of policies/treatments, much less attention has been devoted to actually studying how communities have made decisions about whether and what they will implement in regards to bicycle infrastructure. “Policy entrepreneurs” are theorized as actors centrally responsible for either creating an opportunity or capitalizing on an opportunity to pair a public problem with a policy solution. A survey instrument solicited directly the participation of the 200 most populous municipalities within the United States. Using a variety of analytical tools (and merged data sources) a model of municipal transportation policy change is developed that contributes an important perspective to the existing paradigm of policy process theory. Neither individual policy entrepreneurs nor their role or qualities were not significant effectors of change, despite being regularly present. However, where networks of supportive actors (including strong champions/policy entrepreneurs) were present they played a critical role in making projects happen and at larger scales. This finding puts additional emphasis moving forward on the collaborative nature of municipal policy change. Advocates and planners may be more successful by being attuned to these networks and political contexts and taking advantage of open “windows” of engagement, or by ‘manually’ opening these windows. Lastly, city population was also associated with implementation, suggesting underlying factors to be explored in the future.
Abstract 012: Directed Differentiation of c-kit+ Human Cardiac Stem Cells in vitro

Although transplantation of c-kit+ cardiac stem cells (CSCs) significantly alleviates post-myocardial infarction (MI) left ventricular dysfunction, the exogenous CSCs in the recipient heart do not generate cardiomyocytes robustly. Controlling the fate of transplanted CSCs and inducing their robust differentiation would be important in further improving the efficacy of cardiac stem cell therapies. We assessed the hypothesis that differentiation of human c-kit+ CSCs can be enhanced by programming them with cardiac transcription factors, including GATA4, MEF2C, Nkx2.5 and Tbx5. Transcription factors were introduced into CSCs in culture via lentivirus either individually or in combination. The transduced cells were then cultured for 1 or 2 weeks and analyzed for expression of 36 different markers of differentiated cardiac cell types by quantitative RT-PCR. Introduction of GATA4 led to marked increases in both early and late markers of cardiomyocyte differentiation, such as BNP and troponin T. By 2 weeks, GATA4 also significantly induced some of the smooth muscle cell markers, including calponin-1 and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, as well as fibroblast markers. Interestingly, these gene expression changes induced by GATA4 were accompanied by dramatic morphological changes in CSCs. Overexpression of Tbx5 in CSCs resulted in induction of some of the cardiomyocyte markers specifically, although the number of genes differentially expressed was significantly less than those by GATA4. Interestingly, introduction of multiple transcription factors in combinations did not further increase the expression of cardiac marker genes. In conclusion, these findings suggest that cardiac gene programs can be activated in CSCs via introduction of defined transcription factors and that the pattern of expression of differentiated cardiac markers is unique to each transcription factor. However, none of the transcription factors alone was sufficient to induce differentiation of CSCs into mature cardiomyocyte-like cells, indicating that multiple and additional factors as well as temporal changes in their expression may be required for full differentiation and maturation of CSCs.
Abstract 5879: Establishing doxorubicin resistant HCC1806 triple negative breast cancer cell lines result in the differential expression of let7a and miR34a

Resistance to chemotherapy is one of the major difficulties in the treatment of triple negative breast cancer. Besides the typical known causes of drug resistance, tumor microenvironment can also promote resistance by preventing the drug from accumulating in tumor cells in order to elicit a cytotoxic response. TNBC is characterized by the loss or low expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 proteins that have been targeted and established as somewhat effective therapy regiments in other breast cancer subtypes including liminal breast cancer. Since TNBC tumors are missing these well-known drug targets, there is little to no advancement in the establishment of drug therapies to accurately target this breast cancer subtype. TNBC is termed as aggressive due to the fact of its invasiveness and metastatic properties. One potential mediator of TNBC aggressive behavior may be due to the fact that this breast cancer subtype may have as high as an 80% p53 tumor suppressor gene mutation rate which may also play a role in the ability of TNBC to recur as a result of the inability to kill all remaining TNBC cells leading to chemotherapy resistance. In these studies, we hope to mimic TNBC recurrence by establishing doxorubicin resistant HCC1806 TNBC cell lines. Here we show that we were able to sustain TNBC cell growth after pulse treatments with increasing concentrations of doxorubicin, and we revealed that p53-related miRNAs, let7a and miR34a, were differentially expressed after pulse treating the HCC1806 cells. Understanding the molecular and mechanistic factors related to recurrence and doxorubicin-resistance in HCC1806 cells may help to develop a list of possible targets for molecular therapy to overwhelm tumor drug resistance in triple negative breast cancer and may develop or establish a list of potential targets for disabling, or combating resistance to doxorubicin treatment in TNBC patients. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Checo J. Rorie, Malcolm M. Moses, Mohammed K. Musa, Sherette S. Godfrey. Establishing doxorubicin resistant HCC1806 triple negative breast cancer cell lines result in the differential expression of let7a and miR34a [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5879. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5879
Heavy Metal Pollution and Remediation

Abstract Although heavy metals are naturally occurring compounds, anthropogenic activities introduce them in excessive quantities in different environmental matrices, which impose severe threats on both human and ecosystem health. Heavy metals are nondegradable and can bioaccumulate in living organisms; hence they can contaminate the entire food chain. Remediation of heavy metals requires proper attention to protect soil quality, the ecosystem, and human health. Physical and chemical heavy metal remediation technologies are very expensive, often destructive to the local ecosystem, and require handling of a large amount of hazardous waste. On the other hand, emerging technologies such as phytoremediation have great potential. Phytoremediation is a “green” technology that is environment friendly and less expensive compared with other conventional methods. This chapter summarizes the problems related to heavy metal pollution and various heavy metal remediation technologies.