cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reperfused hemorrhagic myocardial infarction in rats.

Background Intramyocardial hemorrhage following reperfusion is strongly associated with major adverse cardiovascular events in myocardial infarction (MI) patients; yet the mechanisms contributing to these outcomes are not well understood. Large animal models have been used to investigate intramyocardial hemorrhage, but they are exorbitantly expensive and difficult to use for mechanistic studies. In contrast, rat models are widely used to investigate mechanistic aspects of cardiovascular physiology, but a rat model that consistently recapitulates the characteristics of an hemorrhagic MI does not exist. To bridge this gap, we investigated the physiological conditions of MI that would create intramyocardial hemorrhage in rats so that a reliable model of hemorrhagic MI would become available for basic research. Methods & results Sprague-Dawley rats underwent either a 90-minute (90-min) ischemia and then reperfusion (I/R) (n = 22) or 30-minute (30-min) I/R (n = 18) of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Sham rats (n = 12) were used as controls. 90-min I/R consistently yielded hemorrhagic MI, while 30-min I/R consistently yielded non-hemorrhagic MI. Twenty-four hours post-reperfusion, ex-vivo late-gadolinium-enhancement (LGE) and T2* cardiac MRI performed on excised hearts from 90-min I/R rats revealed colocalization of iron deposits within the scarred tissue; however, in 30-min I/R rats scar was evident on LGE but no evidence of iron was found on T2* CMR. Histological studies verified tissue damage (H&E) detected on LGE and the presence of iron (Perl’s stain) observed on T2*-CMR. At week 4 post-reperfusion, gene and protein expression of proinflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β and MMP-9) were increased in the 90-min I/R group when compared to 30-min I/R groups. Further, transmission electron microscopy performed on 90-min I/R myocardium that were positive for iron on T2* CMR and Perl’s stain showed accumulation of granular iron particles within the phagosomes. Conclusion Ischemic time prior to reperfusion is a critical factor in determining whether a MI is hemorrhagic or non-hemorrhagic in rats. Specifically, a period of 90-min of ischemia prior to reperfusion can produce rat models of hemorrhagic MI, while 30-minutes of ischemia prior to reperfusion can ensure that the MIs are non-hemorrhagic. Hemorrhagic MIs in rats result in marked increase in iron deposition, proinflammatory burden and adverse left—ventricular remodeling compared to rats with non-hemorrhagic MIs.
A primer on ocular viscosurgical devices.

Purpose To provide pharmacists with an overview of ocular viscosurgical devices (OVDs) and a comprehensive resource describing characteristics of commercially available agents. Summary OVDs are substances that are injected into the eye during ophthalmic procedures, such as cataract surgery, to reduce injury to the endothelium that may result from surgical manipulation. Currently available OVDs are composed of one or more of the following active ingredients: sodium hyaluronate, sodium chondroitin sulfate, and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. Rheologic properties of OVDs, such as viscosity, elasticity, pseudoplasticity, and cohesion, affect the products' function and performance. Based on rheologic properties, OVDs can be generally classified as cohesive or dispersive. Given each products' unique characteristics, OVDs are not interchangeable. An understanding of OVD characteristics and role in practice allows for improved product selection, which varies based on patient characteristics and procedure. Availability of OVD information and literature is generally lacking since OVDs are regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as medical devices. This primer includes an overview of relevant ophthalmic surgical practices and the landscape of comparative efficacy and safety literature to assist in formulary decision-making. This review also provides a comprehensive guide to commercially available OVDs and a discussion on practical considerations for the pharmacist. Conclusion Pharmacists may be tasked with handling OVDs in institutional settings. Knowledge about OVD rheologic properties, product characteristics, role in practice, and available literature is necessary for managing formularies and ensuring optimal product selection.
The prevalence of bipartisanship in U.S. foreign policy: an analysis of important congressional votes

To what extent are U.S. elected officials polarized on foreign policy? And how do patterns of polarization and bipartisanship differ across policy areas? Using an original data set of nearly 3000 important congressional votes since the end of the Cold War, we find that severe polarization remains the exception rather than the norm in U.S. foreign policy debates and that the U.S. Congress is still less polarized on international than on domestic issues. We also show that foreign policy bipartisanship regularly takes several forms, including bipartisan agreement in support of the president’s policies, cross-partisan coalitions, and even bipartisan opposition to the president’s policies. Collectively, our findings provide a more nuanced portrait of the politics of U.S. foreign policy than many recent accounts, point to persistent differences in the political alignments associated with different policy areas, and highlight the importance of conceiving of polarization and bipartisanship as more than binary categories.
Modulation of PTPN2/22 Function by Spermidine in CRISPR-Cas9-Edited T-Cells Associated with Crohn's Disease and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Crohn’s Disease (CD) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) share some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor types 2 and 22 (PTPN2/22). Recently, we reported that clinical samples from CD and RA patients associated with PTPN2:rs478582 or PTPN22:rs2476601 genotypes were linked to overactive immune response and exacerbation of inflammation. Here, we investigated in vitro the effects of these SNPs in Jurkat T-cells using CRISPR-Cas9. All cells were evaluated for PTPN22/22 loss of function and effects on cell response. We measured gene expression via RT-qPCR and cytokines by ELISA. We also measured cell proliferation using a BrdU labeling proliferation ELISA, and T-cell activation using CD-25 fluorescent immunostaining. In PTPN2 SNP-edited cells, PTPN2 expression decreased by 3.2-fold, and proliferation increased by 10.2-fold compared to control. Likewise, expression of PTPN22 decreased by 2.4-fold and proliferation increased by 8.4-fold in PTPN22 SNP-edited cells. IFN-γ and TNF-α secretions increased in both edited cell lines. CD25 expression (cell activation) was 80.32% in PTPN2 SNP-edited cells and 85.82% in PTPN22 SNP-edited cells compared to 70.48% in unedited Jurkat T-cells. Treatment of PTPN2 and PTPN22-edited cells with a maximum 20 μM spermidine restored PTPN2/22 expression and cell response including cell proliferation, activation, and cytokines secretion. Most importantly, the effect of spermidine on edited cells restored normal expression and secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α. The data clearly demonstrated that edited SNPs in PTPN2 or PTPN22 were associated with reduced gene expression, which resulted in an increase in cell proliferation and activation and overactive immune response. The data validated our earlier observations in CD and RA clinical samples. Surprisingly, spermidine restored PTPN2/22 expression in edited Jurkat T-cells and the consequent beneficial effect on cell response and inflammation. The study supports the use of polyamines dietary supplements for management of CD and in RA patients.
Practicing Prenatal Medicine in a Genomic Future: How the Practice of Pediatrics May (Or May Not) Change with the Introduction of Widespread Prenatal Sequencing

Expanded usage of next generation sequencing technologies in prenatal medicine is advancing simultaneously around the world, and diagnosis is shifting from the postnatal to the prenatal context. Practitioners caring for mother and baby have historically dichotomized their practices into prenatal and postnatal care, but the fetal genome remains unchanged and will likely be analyzed by the same genomicists across that continuum of care. This chapter addresses ways in which the future of children and pediatric medicine could be shaped by development of and access to prenatal genomic tests and the importance of educating future parents and their providers to make informed reproductive choices, especially during the current dynamic phase of genomics in which many variants identified are not definitively interpretable. Genetics and genomic technologies have been a valuable asset to prenatal diagnosis, and the role of genetic screening and diagnosis have increased significantly in the last decade. Similarly, pediatric diagnostic testing has improved significantly with the addition of genomic testing including initially chromosome microarray and then exome/genome sequencing. As methods to analyze and interpret the genome have improved on the postnatal side, the same strategies are used increasingly although with greater challenges due in part to incomplete phenotypes on the prenatal side. As reference data sets have improved to catalog normal variants and as turn-around times have shortened to meet the clinical needs of prenatal diagnosis, it is now becoming feasible to further expand genomic prenatal screening and diagnostic testing to improve the health of children. We look forward to how the future of children and pediatric medicine could be shaped by development of and access to prenatal genomic tests and the importance of educating future parents and their providers to make informed reproductive choices, especially during the current dynamic phase of genomics in which many variants identified are not definitively interpretable. Hopefully, the next generation of children will be healthier and have greater access to medical care that can prevent disease with early diagnosis of health threats.
Extend the Guiding Hand: Incarcerated Youth, Law School Clinics, and Expanding Access to Counsel

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Copper Pollution Increases the Relative Importance of Predation Risk in an Aquatic Food Web

Although the cascading impact of predators depends critically on the relative role of lethal predation and predation risk, we lack an understanding of how human-caused stressors may shift this balance. Emergent evidence suggests that pollution may increase the importance of predator consumptive effects by weakening the effects of fear perceived by prey. However, this oversimplification ignores the possibility that pollution may also alter predator consumptive effects. In particular, contaminants may impair the consumptive effects of predators by altering density-dependent interactions among prey conspecifics. No study has directly compared predator consumptive and non-consumptive effects in polluted versus non-polluted settings. We addressed this issue by using laboratory mesocosms to examine the impact of sublethal doses of copper on tri-trophic interactions among estuarine predator crabs Cancer productus, carnivorous whelk prey Urosalpinx cinerea, and the basal resource barnacles Balanus glandula. We investigated crab consumptive effects (whelks culled without crab chemical cues), non-consumptive effects (whelks not culled with crab chemical cues), and total effects (whelks culled with crab chemical cues) on whelks in copper polluted and non-polluted waters. Realistic copper concentrations suppressed the effects of simulated crab lethal predation (whelk culling) by removing density-dependent feeding by whelks. Specifically, reductions in conspecific density occurring in elevated copper levels did not trigger the normal increase in whelk consumption rates of barnacles. Weakened effects of fear were only observed at extremely high copper levels, suggesting consumptive effects were more sensitive to pollution. Thus, pollution may shape communities by altering the roles of predators and interactions among prey.
Developing New Therapeutic Recreation Web Sites

How are the over 30,000 people employed in therapeutic recreation staying current in their field? A number of therapeutic recreation professionals have designed web sites with information specific to the therapeutic recreation field. The two national organizations (ATRA and NTRS) and the national certification council (NCTRC) also maintain web sites. In addition, a few therapeutic recreation professionals maintain up-to-date web sites with agencies now developing their own web sites. Although these sites exist, it is sometimes difficult to locate them. This poster session will introduce five existing therapeutic recreation websites at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse that are related to accessing therapeutic recreation information over the World Wide Web. These sites include project TRAIN (Therapeutic Recreation Access to the Internet) TRIPS (Therapeutic Recreation In Public Schools), WINTR (WIsconsin Network of Therapeutic Recreators), TRIC (Therapeutic Recreation Internet Connections) and TREAT (Therapeutic Recreation Educational Access to Technology Sources). All of these sites can be accessed at: http://perth.uwlax.edu/hper/RM-TR/threc.html
Oestrogen Receptor α is Essential for Female‐Directed Chemo‐Investigatory Behaviour but is not Required for the Pheromone‐Induced Luteinizing Hormone Surge in Male Mice

The expression of normal masculine sexual behaviour requires testosterone. Testosterone can bind to androgen receptors, either in its native form, or after reduction to other androgen metabolites. In addition, testosterone can be aromatized to oestrogen, and bind to oestrogen receptor alpha and/or beta. Male copulatory behaviour is deficient in mice lacking functional oestrogen receptor alpha gene (ERalphaKO mice). We sought to determine which aspect(s) of masculine sexual behaviour is compromised in the ERalphaKOs. Specifically, we asked whether ERalphaKO males have reduced motivation and/or an inability to recognize oestrous females. We found significant differences between mice of different genotypes in the amount of chemo-investigatory behaviour displayed and in the target of their investigation. Wild-type males spent more time investigating ovariectomized, oestradiol-treated females, than either males, or ovariectomized females that had not received hormone priming. ERalphaKO males spent little time investigating any of the stimulus mice and showed no preferences. To test the hypothesis that this lack of chemo-investigatory behaviour is due to the inability of ERalphaKO males to detect and respond to female pheromones, we exposed males to chemosensory cues (soiled bedding) from females. Males resided in clean, or female-soiled, cage bedding for 60 min. Next, blood was collected and plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) assayed. We also assessed Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-ir) in several neural regions involved in processing chemosensory cues. Despite the fact that male ERalphaKOs spend little time engaged in chemo-investigation of females, their neuroendocrine responses to female-soiled bedding were similar to those seen in wild-type males. Our data suggest that the normal coupling between the neuroendocrine response to females and the generation of sexual behaviour is disrupted in ERalphaKO mice. Responses to female pheromones do not require ERalpha. However, normal male sexual performance requires the ERalpha gene.
MgII Absorbers: Halos or Disks?

We challenge the conventional view that the majority of MgII/Lyman limit absorbers are extended halos of galaxies comprised of ``clouds'' with near-unity covering factor. The gaseous disks of spiral galaxies are known to extend to large radii and likely contribute a significant cross-section for absorption. We perform a Monte-Carlo survey of QSO fields in which the model galaxies have MgII absorbing ``clouds'' in a spherical halo or in a randomly oriented disk. For both geometries, models that recover the observed properties of MgII absorbers have only a 70-80% covering factor. Therefore, regardless of absorber geometry, a survey of randomly selected QSO fields should yield a non-negligible number of non-absorbing galaxies at small impact parameters. Very few have been observed (Steidel (1995)). However, selection effects are important, and once the observational procedures are applied to our model fields we find that this result is expected. Since both spherical halo and disk models can be made consistent with survey results, we present tests for discerning the geometric distribution of absorbing gas from Hubble Space Telescope images and high resolution spectra.
Physiological Models, Development

The sections in this article are 1 Steps in the Modeling Process 2 Describe the System to be Modeled 3 Gather Experimental Data Describing System Behavior 4 Developing the Model 5 Make the Model 6 Validate the Model 7 Investigate Alternative Models 8 Emulate Something Not Used in the Model's Design 9 Summary 10 Acknowledgment Keywords: simulation; control systems; smooth-pursuit; eye movements; verification; validation; sensitivity analysis; open-loop experiments; science of baseball; predictors; time-delay systems; control of movement; structure and function
Fuzzy network profiling for intrusion detection

The Fuzzy Intrusion Recognition Engine (FIRE) is an anomaly-based intrusion detection system that uses fuzzy logic to assess whether malicious activity is taking place on a network. It uses simple data mining techniques to process the network input data and help expose metrics that are particularly significant to anomaly detection. These metrics are then evaluated as fuzzy sets. FIRE uses a fuzzy analysis engine to evaluate the fuzzy inputs and trigger alert levels for the security administrator. This paper describes the components in the FIRE architecture and explains their roles. Particular attention is given to explaining the benefits of data mining and how this can improve the meaningfulness of the fuzzy sets. Fuzzy rules are developed for some common intrusion detection scenarios. The results of tests with actual network data and actual malicious attacks are described. The FIRE IDS can detect a wide-range of common attack types.
Introduction to the James Berkovec Memorial Issue

Jim Berkovec’s interest in applied economics spanned a broad subject range. His work reflected a keen ability to address timely and significant issues of public policy via the application of cutting-edge econometric methods and data. Some of his earliest research on energy and transportation economics was motivated in part by the late-1970s spike in energy costs and the challenge of delivering cost-effective travel. His early research interests covered fuelefficient vehicles and residential energy demand (such as for heating and appliances) and culminated in his dissertation on the automobile market. His early peer-reviewed publications emanated from that work and subsequently James Berkovec evolved into an interest in the effects of macroeconomic fluctuations on housing consumption and investment. While in the Division of Research and Statistics of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, his research moved toward labor market issues and the economics of failed banks, an important issue in the aftermath of the widespread failures of banks and savings-institutions during the late 1980s and early 1990s. By the early 1990s, he also began to work on issues surrounding racial discrimination in mortgage lending and published a series of influential papers on that topic. Further, it was through that work that Jim became a recognized expert in empirical methods of mortgage performance, notably including models of mortgage default and prepayment. Jim further deepened his expertise in
Mechanism of Dissolution of Envelopes of the Extreme Halophile Halobacterium cutirubrum

Onishi, H. (National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada), and D. J. Kushner. Mechanism of dissolution of envelopes of the extreme halophile Halobacterium cutirubrum . J. Bacteriol. 91: 646–652. 1966.—Envelopes of Halobacterium cutirubrum dissolved rapidly in media of low ionic strength. Heating partially inhibited breakdown, probably because of nonspecific protein coagulation rather than inactivation of a lytic enzyme(s). Dissolution of envelopes in water did not involve splitting of peptide bonds or protein-lipid bonds, or any extensive breakdown of carbohydrate polymers. Dissolution was increased by alcohols and urea, even at high salt concentrations, but was not affected by metabolic inhibitors. Thus, no evidence was found for a dilution-activated lytic enzyme that contributes to envelope breakdown. Cells of H. cutirubrum were stable in 2 m NaCl, but lysis occurred in 2 m KCl or NH 4 Cl. This lysis did not involve an extensive breakdown of the envelope. No evidence for different sites of Na + , K + , and NH 4 + action was obtained from the pattern of release of envelope constituents in different concentrations of these salts. Ultracentrifugation studies showed that adding salts to envelopes that had been dissolved in water led to a nonspecific reaggregation of envelope material. No difference was seen between the effects of KCl and NaCl, except at 3 to 4 m concentrations where KCl caused more aggregation. The preferential effect of Na + on intact cells is probably due to its ability specifically to prevent leakage rather than to an overall effect on envelope integrity. Images
The Effects of Tai Chi on Cardiovascular Risk in Women

Abstract Purpose. This study examined the effects of tai chi (TC) on biobehavioral factors associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in women. Design. A randomized trial used a wait-list control group, pretest-posttest design. Data were collected immediately before, immediately after, and 2 months following the intervention. Setting. The study was community based in central Virginia. Subjects. Women aged 35 to 50 years at increased risk for CVD. Intervention. The 8-week intervention built on prior work and was designed to impact biobehavioral factors associated with CVD risk in women. Measures. Biological measures included fasting glucose, insulin, and lipids as well as C-reactive protein and cytokines. Behavioral measures included fatigue, perceived stress, depressive symptoms, social support, mindfulness, self-compassion, and spiritual thoughts and behaviors. Analysis. A mixed effects linear model was used to test for differences between groups across time. Results. In 63 women, TC was shown to ...
Graphical Methods for Reducing, Visualizing and Analyzing Large Data Sets Using Hierarchical Terminologies

Objective To explore new graphical methods for reducing and analyzing large data sets in which the data are coded with a hierarchical terminology. Methods We use a hierarchical terminology to organize a data set and display it in a graph. We reduce the size and complexity of the data set by considering the terminological structure and the data set itself (using a variety of thresholds) as well as contributions of child level nodes to parent level nodes. Results We found that our methods can reduce large data sets to manageable size and highlight the differences among graphs. The thresholds used as filters to reduce the data set can be used alone or in combination. We applied our methods to two data sets containing information about how nurses and physicians query online knowledge resources. The reduced graphs make the differences between the two groups readily apparent. Conclusions This is a new approach to reduce size and complexity of large data sets and to simplify visualization. This approach can be applied to any data sets that are coded with hierarchical terminologies.
Female sexual behavior in male rats treated prenatally with an anti-androgen

Abstract Male rats treated prenatally and/or postnatally with cyproterone acetate (Cyp A), a potent anti-androgen, were castrated and injected with estrogen and progesterone in adulthood. When tested with vigorous males, the prenatal Cyp A animals were mounted more often and shower higher quality lordotic patterns than normal males. The lordosis quotient was not significantly different. Postnatal Cyp A males did not differ from normal males in female receptivity. The combination of prenatal plus postnatal Cyp A did not enhance female behavior above that produced by prenatal treatment alone. The results indicate that female behavior differentiation in the rat begins during prenatal development.
More natural end-user software engineering

The "Natural Programming" project at Carnegie Mellon University has been working for more than 10 years to make programming more "natural", or closer to the way people think. We have addressed the needs of all kinds of programmers: novices, professionals and end-user programmers. Many studies were performed which provided new insights and led to new models of programmers. From these insights and models, we created new programming languages and environments. Evaluations of the resulting systems have shown that they are effective and successful. This paper provides an overview of the entire 10-year Natural Programming project, but focuses on our new results since WEUSE-III in Dagstuhl.
Paediatric trauma in the USA: patterns of emergency department visits and associated hospital resource use

Trauma is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among children in the USA. To examine the variation in the epidemiology and patterns of visits to emergency departments (EDs), and test the hypothesis that children evaluated at trauma centre EDs will have higher injury severity and a higher likelihood of hospitalisation versus those evaluated at non-trauma centre EDs, we analysed a national database of all injured children aged 0–20 years evaluated at US EDs in 2009. Childhood injuries are a frequent cause of visits to US EDs, with a national point prevalence of 620 cases per 10,000 children aged 0–20 years. Epidemiology of childhood injuries in the USA is significant for male gender preponderance, significant seasonal and geographical variation, and disproportionately more frequent injury to the extremities than other sites of the body. National hospital resource use was significant, with greater burden borne by trauma centres which disproportionately provided care to the most severely injured children.
Groundwater Pumping Tests

Knowledge of aquifer system hydraulic porperties is an essential elemeat in design of water supply wells and well fields; hazardous waste contamination problems require knowledge of hydraulic properties for placement of monitoring wells, for detection of waste-migration plumes and other monitoring needs, and for design of groundwater remediation measures. Groundwater pumping tests are important tools in determination of aquifer properties.
Household anaerobic digester for bioenergy production in developing countries: opportunities and challenges

Access to clean and affordable energy is vital for advancing development objectives, particularly in rural areas of developing countries. There are some three billion people in these regions, however, who lack consistent access to energy and rely on traditional solid fuels such as firewood, cattle manure, and crop residues for meeting cooking and heating needs. Excessive use of such highly polluting resources creates serious environmental, social and public health issues. In this context, household digesters (which convert readily available feedstocks such as cattle manure, human excreta, and crop residues into biogas) have the potential to play a significant role in supplying methane as a clean, renewable energy resource for remote geographies. In addition to bioenergy production, the slurry generated from anaerobic digestion is rich in nutrients and can improve the physical, chemical, and biological attributes of soil when applied to agricultural land. This type of approach has the potential to signific...
Bregmatic Bones in North American Lynx

Anomalous bregmatic fontanelle bones were present in 279 of 1790 skulls of Lynx rufus examined, but with no apparent correlation with age, sex, or place of origin of the specimens. Examination of 472 skulls of Lynx canadensis disclosed only one possessing bregmatic bones.
Extracting unique rows of a bounded degree array using tries

An array with integer entries between 0 and d-1 has bounded degree d. This paper considers several algorithms for extracting the set of unique rows from a bounded degree array. For each algorithm considered, it gives the time, space, and I/O requirements, and an assessment of the types of applications for which the method is well-suited. It begins with four methods based on well known techniques and data structures, and goes on to propose a new algorithm which uses a form of digitial search tree known as a trie. It shows that the trie-based scheme has advantages over the other methods. Finally, it discusses some applications including computing a projection in a relational database system, and finding classes of isomorphic rows.
Successive difference detection based adaptive iterative median filter for image restoration

The paper proposes a universal noise removing filter capable of removing a mix of salt and pepper, random and Gaussian noise. In addition, the filter can also remove degradations like scratches, streaks, grids etc. that may corrupt images in real time. The algorithm exploits the fact that noise is a violation of spatial coherence of image intensities. In the detection phase, the corrupted and uncorrupted pixels are identified by computing the successive difference of the sorted pixels in the detection window. The correction phase uses the adaptive median filter that is iterated through the image until all the noise pixels are restored. The iteration with the window dimension not exceeding 5 x 5 ensures better preservation of image details. For an image that is corrupted with Salt and Pepper noise of density 60%, Random noise of density 20% and Gaussian noise of Standard Deviation 20, the image restored by this filter has a PSNR as high as 22 dB. The best feature of the proposed Successive Difference Detection Based Adaptive Iterative Median Filter (SDD-AIMF) is the graceful degradation in performance as the noise density increases, which is not the case with popular algorithms. The quantitative and qualitative results clearly prove that the proposed algorithm has better image restoration capabilities than many other popular techniques in literature.
B-Si masks for storage ring X-ray lithography

The fabrication of masks used in storage ring X-ray lithography is described. These masks consist of a gold absorber electroplated over a substrate formed by a thin boron-doped silicon membrane covered by a layer of polyimide. Measurement of the properties of the materials which are of concern in this application is also described.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Conversation effects on neural mechanisms underlying reaction time to visual events while viewing a driving scene : fMRI analysis and asynchrony model

This neuroimaging study investigated the neural mechanisms of the effect of conversation on visual event detection during a driving-like scenario. The static load paradigm, established as predictive of visual reaction time in on-road driving, measured reaction times to visual events while subjects watched a real-world driving video. Behavioral testing with twenty-eight healthy volunteers determined the reaction time effects from overt and covert conversation tasks in this paradigm. Overt and covert conversation gave rise to longer visual event reaction times in the surrogate driving paradigm compared to just driving with no conversation, with negligible effect on miss rates. The covert conversation task was then undertaken by ten right-handed healthy adults in a 4-Tesla fMRI magnet. We identified a frontal-parietal network that maintained event detection performance during the conversation task while watching the driving video. Increased brain activations for conversation vs. no conversation during such simulated driving was found not only in language regions (Broca's and Wernicke's areas), but also specific regions in bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral anterior insula and orbitofrontal cortex, bilateral lateral prefrontal cortex (right middle frontal gyrus and left frontal eye field), supplementary motor cortex, anterior and posterior cingulate gyrus, right superior parietal lobe, right intraparietal sulcus, right precuneus, and right cuneus. We propose an Asynchrony Model in which the frontal regions have a top-down influence on the synchrony of neural processes within the superior parietal lobe and extrastriate visual cortex that in turn modulate the reaction time to visual events during conversation while driving.
Adomian Decomposition Method Applied to Nonlinear Normal Modes of an Inertially Coupled Conservative System

In this work, the nonlinear normal modes (NNMs) of a conservative spring—mass—pendulum system with quadratic inertial nonlinearity are determined by applying the Adomian decomposition method. The t...
Relative clauses: evidence of continued linguistic vulnerability in children with specific language impairment

It is hypothesized that children with specific language impairment (SLI) will have difficulties in the acquisition of complex syntactic structures. The studies reported provide evidence of linguistic vulnerability at the level of formulation of complex syntactic structures, specifically relative clauses, in three children with SLI participating in a longitudinal familial case study. In language samples, the proband omitted obligatory relative markers in subject relative clauses and made errors in selecting relative markers in object relative clauses. Two other children in the family, identified as SLI, evidenced omissions of obligatory subject relative markers in language sample data and elicited data. Of the five children in the family with a negative clinical history, omission of subject relative markers in language sample and elicited data was observed in only one child. The findings are consistent with Leonard's functional category deficits account of the grammatical limitations of children with SLI.
Sub-wavelength imaging of optical modes on silicon microdisk cavities using a near-field probing technique

We demonstrate sub-wavelength near-field imaging of the optical modes in high Q silicon microdisks. Mode profiles with a spatial resolution of ∼20nm are obtained by characterizing the perturbative effects of a small scanning AFM tip.
Ajuste cambiario y reservas internacionales : un analisis empirico

In this paper the relationship between the demand for international reserves and exchange rate adjustments is empirically investigated for a group of LDC's. It is shown that countries that have maintained a fixed exchange rate for a long period of time ha
Coordinated control of cooperating robotic manipulators

The feasibility and controllability of coordinated robotic systems are considered. Against a background of cooperating robots, multiple robot control is discussed. Economic and other motivations for using coordinated robots are outlined and the difficulties encountered in the use of such schemes are identified. Several algorithms; for coordinated control or cooperating robots arc discussed. Finally, computer simulations of cooperating robots performing a variety of tasks are presented to illustrate applications of the proposed algorithms.
THE CLOSE CORRELATION OF ANDROGEN AND CREATININE EXCRETION IN NORMAL CHILDREN1

IN A PREVIOUS STUDY (1, 1a), the urinary excretions of the 17-ketosteroids (some of which are androgenic) and estrogens in boys and girls were determined. It was shown that the 17-ketosteroids increase gradually with advancing years in both sexes; boys having a somewhat higher level than girls particularly after 11 years of age. However, the difference in the levels between the sexes was not very great. The estrogens also increase gradually with age, with a higher level in girls, especially after 10 or 11 years of age, when a marked distinction between the sexes develops, due to the appearance of a cyclic excretion in the female. The 17-ketosteroids, as far as can be ascertained, do not have cyclic changes in excretion rates, but remain at a fairly constant level at any given age period in both sexes. In order to determine the ac curacy of the collection of the 24-hour urine specimens in these cases, analyses of creatinine were also made.
Women and insomnia

The occurrence of insomnia in women is influenced in great part by the complex hormonal cycles they undergo. Patterns of insomnia in younger women may be physiologically different on a hormonal basis from those found in older women. Although significant objective sleep disturbances have been difficult to demonstrate across the menstrual cycle in normal women, the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD) includes premenstrual insomnia and premenstrual hypersomnia as sleep disorders within the category of menstrual-associated sleep disorder. On the other hand, during pregnancy and after childbirth, profound fluctuations in steroid and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis-related hormones produce significant physiological changes, including sleep disruption. During the menopausal transition, significant sleep disruptions are provoked by sleep-disordered breathing, vasomotor disturbance, and mood disorders. Regardless of age, women with chronic insomnia are at higher risk for developing or sustaining depression. Thoughtful management approaches must consider known relationships between menstrual or menopausal status and various sleep disorders, and should rely on pharmacologic, nonpharmacologic, or a combination of treatments to achieve successful relief from insomnia. The off-label, first-line use of antidepressants for treating insomnia in the absence of depression is now considered debatable. The long-term efficacy and safety of the newer benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZRAs) for insomnia, whether taken nightly or episodically, are supported by existing clinical experience. US Food and Drug Administration guidelines limiting the use of hypnotics to only a few weeks predate the newer generation BZRAs, and, as such, the guidelines may no longer be truly appropriate for these new agents.
Total negative refraction in real crystals for ballistic electrons and light.

It is found that there exists a category of material interfaces, readily available, that not only can provide total refraction (i.e., zero reflection) but can also give rise to amphoteric refraction (i.e., both positive and negative refraction) for electromagnetic waves in any frequency domain as well as for ballistic electron waves. These two unusual phenomena are demonstrated experimentally for the propagation of light through such an interface.
FEL prize lecture: The FEL community and its technology as seen through the eyes of a microwave tube engineer

Abstract Following a stroll down memory lane where he answers the most commonly asked questions about the ubitron, the author comments on the FEL community and its technology as seen through the eyes of a life-long microwave tube engineer.
Transitions in a Fluvial System--Abo Formation, Southeastern Nacimiento Mountains, New Mexico: ABSTRACT

The Abo Formation (Wolfcampian) in the southeastern Nacimiento Mountains, New Mexico, is an alluvial plain red-bed sequence which records the evolution of a fluvial system within the distal reaches of a large clastic wedge. Sediment was derived from the southern Uncompahgre uplift, with a paleoflow to the southwest. The Abo Formation consists of mudstone, feldspathic sandstone, and intraformational conglomerate. Three major lithofacies associations, representing distinct fluvial depositional settings, may be distinguished. The lowermost division (Unit A) (100+ m, or 330+ ft, thick) is mudstone dominant with isolated sandstone bodies showing cutbanks and lateral accretion surfaces. Ridge-and-swale features were noted on an exhumed point bar surface. The sandstones commonly show a progressive upward decrease in the scale of internal bedforms with a lower scour surface containing intraformational conglomerate. Trough cross-bedding is the dominant bedform in the sandstones with common planar-tabular and flat-bedded interbeds. The uppermost sandstones, characteristic of levee and crevasse-splay sands, are ripple cross-bedded with abundant bioturbation and some plant roots. The overbank mudstones contain numerous pedogenic horizons characterized by calcrete nodules (representative of all stages of evolution), vein networks, pseudo-anticlinal structures, slickensides, color mottling, and bioturbation. Vertebrate remains are found in the mudstones. The middle division (Unit B) (approximately 70 m, or 230 ft, thick) is characterized by thick multilateral channel sandstones and thinner mudstones. The sandstones are coarse grained and contain common intraformational conglomerate. Large-scale trough cross-stratification is the dominant bedform. Pedogenic horizons are present but less common than in unit A. The uppermost division (Unit C) (approximately 30 m, or 100 ft, thick) is entirely composed of reddish-orange, very fine-grained sandstone. Flat bedding is the dominant bedform. High aggradation is indicated by abundant dish structures in the sandstones and aggradational ripple cross-bedding. Mudstone is rare and preserved as thin laminae. End_Page 466------------------------------ The fluvial sequence from Unit A to Unit B is thought to represent the transition from a fine-grained to a coarse-grained meander-belt system. The transition to Unit C reflects a change to flash-flood, ephemeral-stream controlled sedimentation. Allocyclic phenomena are suggested as probably cause of these fluvial transitions. End_of_Article - Last_Page 467------------
Dielectric Relaxation of Curing DGEBA/mPDA System at 2.45 GHz

The dielectric behavior of a curing system of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and m-phenylenediamine has been studied over the temperature range of 20—100°C under 2.45 GHz microwave radiation. The dielectric constant and the dielectric loss factor of the system increase as temperature increases while they decrease as the curing reaction progresses. The epoxy resins at different extents of cure exhibit the g relaxation, which can be described by the Arrhenius rate law. The relaxation is attributed to the motions of the dipolar groups associated with the crosslinking system. The Davidson—Cole model is used to represent the temperature dependency of the dielectric properties.
Synthesis of carboline alkaloids by plant cell cultures

Abstract A cell suspension culture of Phaseolus vulgaris possesses a biosynthetic potential for transforming tryptophan into alkaloids harman and norharman.
The development of a trait measure of ruminative thought

Abstract A 9-item questionnaire was designed to measure rumination. This questionnaire measures three distinct facets of rumination: emotionality, motivation, and distraction. Together, these factors measure the extent to which people engage in thoughts regarding their progress toward their goals. In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis of an initial 28 items was used to reveal the underlying structure of the rumination construct. In Study 2, a confirmatory factor analysis revealed support for the hypothesized factor structure proposed by Study 1. Following the suggestions of PROC CALIS (SAS) for model modification, an acceptable model was found that retained 9 items (3 on each factor). Studies 3 and 4 demonstrate the predictive validity of the rumination inventory. Study 3 provides evidence of a correlation between distraction by ruminative thoughts and low scores on a statistics examination. Study 4 shows a negative correlation between distraction by ruminative thoughts and time taken to learn to solve a geometric puzzle.
Acute dystonic reaction due to diazepam

Two cases of acute dystonic reactions associated with diazepam ingestion are reported. This report is a brief review of drug-induced extra-pyramidal syndromes, and a mechanism for diazepam-induced dystonic reactions is proposed. Intravenous diphenhydramine was successful in treating both patients.
Epitaxial Growth of Vacuum‐Evaporated Co on NaCl. II. Analysis of Diffraction Patterns

The existence of long streaks in 〈111〉 directions must be taken into consideration in order to consistently explain diffraction patterns from f.c.c. films in (001), (110), (111), and (211) orientations. In orientations other than (110) the apparent streaks correspond to the projection of 〈111〉 reciprocal lattice vectors onto the plane normal to the electron beam, and these are ascribed to buckling. The (110), (111), and (211) orientations are not thought to be truly epitaxial and appear to be associated with substrate irregularities. The epitaxially grown films are substantially f.c.c. containing many microtwins rather than f.c.c. films with h.c.p. regions which have transformed on {111} planes, indicating a suppression of the f.c.c. h.c.p. martensitic transformation in thin films. Um die Beugungsbilder von kfz-Schichten in (001)-, (110)-, (111)- und (211)-Orientierung konsistent zu erklaren. mus das Auftreten von langen Streifen in 〈111〉-Richtung berucksichtigt werden. Bei anderen Orientierungen als (110) stimmen diese sichtbaren Streifen mit der Projektion der reziproken 〈111〉-Gittervektoren in der Ebene senkrecht zum Elektronenstrahl uberein, und diese werden einer Verbiegung zugeschrieben. Von den (110)-, (111)- und (211)-Orientierungen wird angenommen, das sie nicht vollig epitaxial sind und das sie mit Substratirregularitaten verbunden zu sein scheinen. Die epitaxial gewachsenen Schichten sind im wesentlichen mehr kubisch flachenzentriert mit vielen Mikrozwillingskristallen als kubisch flachenzentriert mit hep-Bereichen, die sich auf {111}-Ebenen umgebildet haben, was eine Unterdruckung der kfz. hcp Martensitumbildung in dunnen Schichten anzeigt.
Cessation of platelet-mediated cyclic canine coronary occlusion after thrombolysis by combining nitric oxide inhalation with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition

AbstractOBJECTIVESWe sought to evaluate the ability of type 5 phosphodiesterase (PDE5) inhibitors to augment the antithrombotic effects of inhaled nitric oxide (NO) in a canine model of platelet-me...