cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aging, Femininity, and the Body: What Appearance Changes Mean to Women with Age

In this article, I analyze interviews with a diverse group of 30 women aged 46–71 to understand how they experience signs of aging, such as weight gain, gray hair, and facial hair, in everyday life. I find that some women’s responses are in line with normative femininity and appearance norms. Others, however, focus on different gendered meanings of the body that are connected to care-taking, work, ageist treatment, and past abuse. I argue that feminists should apply the theoretical concept of femininity more broadly than appearance and attraction issues to gain a deeper understanding of the multiple meanings of living in an aging female body in a gendered society. In the conclusion, I discuss the implications of this study for public health policies as well as future research on gender and the body.
Electron Transfer Behavior and Solid State Structures of the Helical Cobalt Complexes of the Open-Chain Tetrapyrrole Ligand, Octaethylbilindione

A study of the redox behavior of the cobalt complex of octaethylbilindione (H3OEB), a biliverdin analog, reveals that coordination of the ligand allows its complexes to undergo reversible, one-elec...
Spontaneous symmetry breakdown and Regge intercepts

Abstract By Regge slope methods we exhibit a Nambu-Goldstone spontaneous symmetry breakdown and a Higgs mechanism inherent in a unit-intercept dual meson amplitude. Introducing an Abelian gauge group corresponding to conservation of a pseudocharge, Regge intercept shifts are calculated; to lowest order the leading Regge intercept of the Neveu-Schwarz model is lowered from α(0) = 1 to α(0) = 1 2 . Our method has the advantage over Bardakci's spurion method that massless scalar are not required at any stage.
LBDRP: A low-bandwidth data replication protocol on journal-based application

Many upper applications are Journal-based, so they will cause a lot of data requests which have the same data contents but different request address. Traditional data replication protocols have to transmit every block changed from the Primary to the Backup. When the replication system is applied to the WAN environment, the network bandwidth has become the bottleneck. This paper presents LBDRP, a low-bandwidth data replication protocol. LBDRP analyses relationship about data requests in a period of time, indexing data requests by hash value and marking the data requests which have the same data content but different request address. It sends these data requests only once. It also strictly guarantees data consistency. Evaluation result shows that LBDRP is more network bandwidth saving than the traditional one.
Crystal chemistry of some technetium-containing oxides

Abstract The crystal chemistry of technetium has been investigated in a series of simple binary and ternary oxide structures. An investigation of the system Tc—O under controlled conditions has revealed only one intermediate compound. Technetium-containing spinels can be synthesized in which technetium is on the octahedral sites. Technetium will enter the B-sites in ABO 3 compounds yielding perovskite, hexagonal BaTiO 3 , and pyrochlore structures. Three rare-earth technetium pyrochlores with the formula Ln 2 Tc 2 O 7 have been prepared. The radius of the Tc 4+ is shown to be 0·67 A.
ONICGENY OF DEVELOPMENT OF PHA-INDUCED GAMMA INTERFERON (IFN) PRODUCTION BY LYMPHOCYTES OF NORMAL INFANTS AND CHILDREN

ONICGENY OF DEVELOPMENT OF PHA-INDUCED GAMMA INTERFERON (IFN) PRODUCTION BY LYMPHOCYTES OF NORMAL INFANTS AND CHILDREN
On the optimization of saturating servomechanisms subjected to random disturbances

Abstract Using power balance equations for nonlinear second-order systems subjected to broad-band random excitation, the average response of some typical servomechanisms is derived. The results are quantitative in limitating cases and provide a strong qualitative understanding of the systems in intermediate cases. The notion that a time-optimal feedback system provides satisfactory behavior when external disturbances are present is shown to be not true in some cases.
Active components in photonic integrated circuits using electron spins in quantum dots

Applications for photonic integrated circuit technologies based on the conditional Faraday Effect with electron spins in quantum dots are discussed. The interaction of light with the quantum confined electrons leads to a rotation of the light polarization. Design considerations for polarization multiplexing systems and plasmon resonance sensors based on polarization rotation are presented. Calculations for light of wavelengths λ=1.3 μm and λ=1.55 μm show devices with active regions of a few hundred microns are possible using InAs/GaAs quantum dots. The advantages of spin-based devices are also discussed.
Melphalan-induced enhancement of tumor cell immunostimulatory capacity as a mechanism for the appearance of potent antitumor immunity in the spleen of mice bearing a large metastatic MOPC-315 tumor

Exposure of MOPC-315 cells from the primary tumor nodule to a low concentration (0.5 nmol/ml) of melphalan (L-phenylalanine mustard; L-PAM) rendered the tumor cells capable of bringing about the generation of a potent primary antitumor cytotoxic response. Accordingly, the level of antitumor cytotoxicity generated by normal spleen cells immunized in vitro with L-PAM-treated tumor cells was at least five-fold greater than the level generated in response to untreated tumor cells. The marked superiority of L-PAM-treated tumor cells over untreated tumor cells in bringing about the generation of antitumor cytotoxicity was evident over a wide range of responder to stimulator cell ratios. The higher level of antitumor cytotoxicity exhibited by normal spleen cells immunized with L-PAM-treated tumor cells as compared with untreated tumor cells was not merely the result of direct drug-mediated tumoricidal activity, thereby reducing the number of tumor cells present which can act as cold target cell inhibitors during the 51Cr release assay. This is apparent from the observation that the level of antitumor cytotoxicity generated in response to a given percentage of stimulator tumor cells pretreated with 0.5 nmol L-PAM/ml, a drug concentration associated with retention of 60% tumor cell proliferative capacity, is substantially greater than that generated in response to less than half that percentage of untreated stimulator tumor cells. Moreover, stimulator tumor cells exposed to a fully antiproliferative concentration of L-PAM brought about the generation of a higher level of antitumor cytotoxicity than stimulator tumor cells exposed to mitomycin C at a concentration which inhibited the proliferation of the tumor cells to the same extent as the L-PAM. A low concentration of L-PAM which was effective in rendering isolated tumor cells from the primary tumor nodule capable of bringing about the generation of antitumor cytotoxicity was also effective in inducing the appearance of potent antitumor immune potential in tumor bearer splenic cells containing metastatic tumor cells. Thus, metastatic tumor cells within the spleen of tumor-bearing mice may have the potential to act as in situ stimulators for the generation of potent antitumor immunity which brings about the eradication of a large, metastatic tumorigenic load remaining after clearance of the drug from the circulation.
Acebytolol effects on lipid profile

Abstract The relation between lipid profile and the incidence of coronary artery disease has been confirmed by the results of epidemiologic and intervention studies. Among antihypertensive agents, β blockers, particularly those without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA), are generally reported to have negative effects on lipids, which may increase the risk of coronary artery disease. The ongoing Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study, now in its third year, has evaluated 847 patients to date with regard to lipid profile. Additional end points measured in this multicenter, randomized, controlled, double-blind study include blood pressure reduction and target organ deterioration. During the trial, all patients received nutritional and behavioral counseling to modify their diet, exercise habits and alcohol and sodium consumption to control their hypertension by nonpharmacologic means. In addition, some patients were randomized to receive low doses of 1 of the 5 classes of antihypertensive medication: acebutolol, a β blocker with ISA (n = 124); amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker (n = 122); chlorthalidone, a diuretic (n = 125); doxazosin, an α blocker (n = 128); enalapril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (n = 127) or placebo (n = 221). At 1 year, acebutolol showed a statistically significant (p
Mammalian PGRPs: novel antibacterial proteins

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are innate immunity molecules conserved from insects to mammals. Insects have up to 19 PGRPs, which activate Toll or Imd signal transduction pathways or induce proteolytic cascades that generate antimicrobial products, induce phagocytosis, hydrolyse peptidoglycan, and protect insects against infections. Mammals have four PGRPs, which were hypothesized to function as signal-transducing pattern recognition receptors. However, all mammalian PGRPs are secreted, usually as disulphide-linked homo- and heterodimers. One mammalian PGRP, PGLYRP-2, is an N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase that hydrolyses bacterial peptidoglycan and reduces its proinflammatory activity. PGLYRP-2 is secreted from liver into blood, and is also induced by bacteria in epithelial cells. The three remaining mammalian PGRPs are bactericidal or bacteriostatic proteins. PGLYRP-1 is expressed primarily in the granules of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) , and PGLYRP-3 and PGLYRP-4 are expressed in the skin, eyes, salivary glands, throat, tongue, esophagus, stomach and intestine, and protect the host against infections. They kill bacteria by interacting with their cell wall peptidoglycan, rather than permeabilizing their membranes. These PGRPs therefore are a new class of bactericidal and bacteriostatic proteins that have different structure, mechanism of action, and expression pattern from currently known vertebrate antimicrobial peptides. Direct bactericidal activity of these PGRPs either evolved in vertebrates or mammals, or it is yet to be discovered in insects.
Adaptive color halftoning for minimum perceived error using the blue noise mask

Color halftoning using a conventional screen requires careful selection of screen angles to avoid Moire patterns. An obvious advantage of halftoning using a blue noise mask (BNM) is that there are no conventional screen angle or Moire patterns produced. However, a simple strategy of employing the same BNM on all color planes is unacceptable in case where a small registration error can cause objectionable color shifts. In a previous paper by Yao and Parker, strategies were presented for shifting or inverting the BNM as well as using mutually exclusive BNMs for different color planes. In this paper, the above schemes will be studied in CIE-LAB color space in terms of root mean square error and variance for luminance channel and chrominance channel respectively. We will demonstrate that the dot-on-dot scheme results in minimum chrominance error, but maximum luminance error and the 4-mask scheme results in minimum luminance error but maximum chrominance error, while the shift scheme falls in between. Based on this study, we proposed a new adaptive color halftoning algorithm that takes colorimetric color reproduction into account by applying 2-mutually exclusive BNMs on two different color planes and applying an adaptive scheme on other planes to reduce color error. We will show that by having one adaptive color channel, we obtain increased flexibility to manipulate the output so as to reduce colorimetric error while permitting customization to specific printing hardware.
DNA-stimulated assembly of oligomeric bacteriophage 434 repressor: evidence for cooperative binding by recruitment.

Typical of many transcriptional regulatory proteins, the lambdoid bacteriophage repressors bind cooperatively to multiple sites on DNA. This cooperative binding is essential for establishment and m...
Enzymatic characterization of peanut agglutinin-binding components in the retinal interphotoreceptor matrix

Previous histochemical and biochemical studies have documented the presence of carbohydrate-containing molecules in the retinal interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM). The lectin peanut agglutinin (PNA), which preferentially binds galactose-containing carbohydrates, especially galactose-galactosamine linkages, selectively labels cone photoreceptor-associated domains of the IPM (‘cone matrix sheaths’) in a variety of vertebrate retinas. In the studies described here, the nature of these PNA-binding components was investigated by monitoring the effects of proteolytic and glycosidic enzymes on binding of the lectin in the retina and IPM. All proteolytic enzymes tested cause a marked reduction in PNA-binding to cone matrix sheaths, suggesting that proteinaceous components are important to their organization. Exposure to O -glycanase, but not N -glycanase, markedly reduces binding of PNA to cone matrix sheaths indicating that O -linked oligosaccharides are probably responsible for its binding. Galactose oxidase treatment reduces PNA-binding throughout the retina and IPM, confirming that galactose moieties are involved in its binding. β-Galactosidase (either before or after neuraminidase treatment) does not alter the pattern of PNA binding, suggesting that neither terminal nor penultimate β-linked galactose residues constitute a major proportion of the lectin's binding sites in the retina. Neuraminidase treatment markedly increases the density and distribution of PNA binding throughout the retina and IPM, however, this effect appears to be, at least in part, the result of the binding of the lectin to neuraminidase molecules that become associated with tissue sections in addition to binding to carbohydrate groups unmasked by desialation. Exposure to chondroitinases causes disruption of the morphological integrity of cone matrix sheaths and slight diminution of PNA binding. Other enzymes acting on common constituents of extracellular matrices do not have similar effects. Taken together, these observations suggest that PNA-binding to cone matrix sheaths is due to the presence of glycoconjugates with galactose-containing, O -linked oligosaccharide chains.
Involvement of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical in the ‘oxygen paradox’: Reduction of creatine kinase release by catalase, allopurinol or deferoxamine, but not by superoxide dismutase

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that cytotoxic oxygen metabolites participate in lytic cardiac cell damage, detected as creatine kinase release, upon reoxygenation of hypoxic, isolated buffer-perfused hearts (oxygen paradox). Perfusate additives included: superoxide dismutase (30 mg/l); catalase (2 mg/l); deferoxamine (0.5 mM); and allopurinol (1 mM). Creatine kinase release upon reoxygenation was reduced, to levels not significantly different from nonhypoxic controls, by adding either catalase, allopurinol or deferoxamine to the buffer during hypoxia. Reduced creatine kinase leakage was not accompanied by parallel preservation of ventricular function or coronary vascular resistance. Administration of catalase during hypoxia was superior to administering it only during reoxygenation. Treatment with catalase during both hypoxia and reoxygenation provided no more protection than administration only during hypoxia. The data suggest that an important component of hypoxia-induced cardiac cell damage is due primarily to hydrogen peroxide, which may then form hydroxyl radical. Superoxide anion plays an important role as a precursor of these species, but added superoxide dismutase alone did not significantly reduce creatine kinase loss. The data also suggest that damage resulting in creatine kinase release upon reoxygenation occurs during oxygen deprivation, and it is mediated in part by cytotoxic oxygen metabolites.
Modernity and the Other Woman: Gender and National Identity in the Egyptian Women's Press: 1952-1967

The 1952 revolution which brought General Gamal Abdel-Nasser to power marked the beginnings of Egypts transition from a monarchy purportedly based on liberal-democratic principles to a republic which by the 1960s had adopted Arab Socialism as its official ideology. Central to this project were attempts to re-order gender and class relations by mobilizing previously marginalised groups such as women peasants and the urban poor. The status of women in particular was held to be a measure of the extent to which Egypt had succeeded in becoming a modern liberated nation after centuries of foreign occupation. With the 1956 nationalisation of the Suez canal which stripped away the last vestiges of British colonial control Egypt placed itself at the forefront of global opposition to Western hegemony over the formerly colonised world. Egypts participation in the non-aligned movement its increasingly close ties with the former Soviet bloc and its attempts to bring other progressive Arab regimes together under the rubric of Arab nationalism were intimately tied to domestic efforts to envision and create a new society which was both socialist and authentically Egyptian. It is within this context that we must place the hundreds of articles and profiles of non-Egyptian women which appeared in both the mainstream and womens press during the eighteen years of Nasserist rule. These images were multi-valent and often contradictory; they could be examples to readers of the progressive promises that becoming modern held for a recently de-colonised nation and expressions of anxiety about what effects such a process could have on gender roles and on society in general. (excerpt)
A national survey of airway management training in United States internal medicine-based critical care fellowship programs.

BACKGROUND: Intensivists may be primarily responsible for airway management in non-operating room locations. Little is known of airway management training provided during fellowship. Our primary aim was to describe the current state of airway education in internal medicine-based critical care fellowship programs. METHODS: Between February 1 and April 30, 2011, program directors of all 3-year combined pulmonary/critical care and 2-year multidisciplinary critical care medicine programs in the United States were invited to complete an online survey. Contact information was obtained via FRIEDA Online ( ). Non-responders were sent automated reminders, were contacted by e-mail, or by telephone. RESULTS: The overall response proportion was 66% (111/168 programs). Sixty-four (58%) programs reported a designated airway rotation, chiefly occurring for 1 month during the first year of training. Thirty-five programs (32%) reported having a director of airway education and 78 (70%) reported incorporating simulation-based airway education. Nearly all programs (95%) reported provision of supervised airway experience during fellowship. Commonly used airway management devices, including video laryngoscopes, intubating stylets, supraglottic airway devices, and fiberoptic bronchoscopes, were reportedly available to trainees. However, 73% reported ≤ 10 uses of a supraglottic airway device, 60% ≤ 25 uses of intubating stylets, 73% ≤ 30 uses of a video laryngoscope, and 65% reported ≤ 10 flexible fiberoptic intubations. Estimates of the required number of procedures to ensure competence varied widely. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of programs have a formal airway management program incorporating a variety of intubation techniques. Overall experience varies widely, however.
Academic fathers pursuing tenure: A qualitative study of work-family conflict, coping strategies, and departmental culture.

Although past research has emphasized considerable strain and institutional biases for female academics balancing work and family, research on male academics with young children is limited. This qualitative study addressed this void by examining how junior male tenure-track faculty with children negotiated work and family responsibilities. Analysis of in-depth interviews (n!12) revealed three broad, nonoverlapping themes regarding men’s negotiation of their various roles. These themes included (a) tenure and family balance/conflict; (b) coping responses; and (c) attitudes toward policy and work culture. Prototypical quotes are used as illustrations of subthemes found within each of the three general categories. Respondents negotiated their multiple responsibilities by using compartmentalization strategies, significant time management, communicating with spouses and peers at work, and overextending themselves in work and family responsibilities, though with little knowledge or utilization of university policies that could ease their considerable workload and conflicts. The results are discussed within the context of research on men’s work and family lives as well as departmental culture and institutional policies.
Construction of a 3/4-Ideal Hyperbolic Tetrahedron out of Ideal Tetrahedra

We show how to construct an arbitrary 3/4-ideal hyperbolic tetrahedron out of 10 ideal tetrahedra.
Understandings and misunderstandings of eighth graders of five chemistry concepts found in textbooks

The research reported in this study was designed to answer three questions: (a) What misconceptions do eighth grade students have concerning the chemistry concepts from their textbooks. (b) How is reasoning ability related to misconceptions concerning chemistry concepts. (c) How effective are textbooks in teaching an understanding of chemistry concepts? Five chemistry concepts were used in the study: chemical change, dissolution, conservation of atoms, periodicity, and phase change. Problems concerning the five concepts were given to 247 eighth-grade students in order to assess the students' degree of understanding of chemistry concepts and to identify specific misconceptions. Two pencil-and-paper Piaget-type tasks were used to assess intellectual level. A comparison of intellectual level and scores on the chemistry concepts showed moderate correlations. However, the small number of formal operational students in the sample makes these results inconclusive. A study of the level of understanding of the five chemistry concepts and the nature of the misconceptions held by students indicate a general failure of textbooks to teach a reasonable understanding of chemistry concepts.
Postclotting Cellular Effects of Thrombin Mediated by Interaction with High-Affinity Thrombin Receptors

Current knowledge of thrombin involvement in postclotting stimulation of cell proliferation has evolved from initial studies showing that trypsin and other serine proteases stimulated DNA synthesis and proliferation in certain lines of mouse 3T3 cells (Burger, 1970; Noonan, 1976; Noonan and Burger, 1973), and quiescent primary cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts (Blumberg and Robbins, 1975; Cunningham and Ho, 1975; Hovi and Vaheri, 1975; Sefton and Rubin, 1970; Vaheri et al., 1974). The idea that cell proliferation could be studied with proteases was intriguing at that time since these enzymes were well characterized and readily available. Interestingly, other proteases which cleaved a number of cell surface molecules were not as effective as trypsin in stimulating these cells (Blumberg and Robbins, 1975). This suggested that the stimulation might involve more that just proteolytic cleavage of cell surface molecules. Hodges et al. reported that trypsin accumulated inside of cells, raising the possibility that the apparent specificity was dependent upon receptor-mediated internalization (Hodges et al., 1973). We were able to show, however, that trypsin action at the cell surface was sufficient to initiate division of chick embryo cells (Carney and Cunningham, 1977). Thus, it appeared that specific cell surface interactions of proteases determined their ability to generate mitogenic signals.
Cytoplasmic polyadenylation elements mediate masking and unmasking of cyclin B1 mRNA

During oocyte maturation, cyclin B1 mRNA is translationally activated by cytoplasmic polyadenylation. This process is dependent on cytoplasmic polyadenylation elements (CPEs) in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of the mRNA. To determine whether a titratable factor might be involved in the initial translational repression (masking) of this mRNA, high levels of cyclin B1 3′ UTR were injected into oocytes. While this treatment had no effect on the poly(A) tail length of endogenous cyclin B1 mRNA, it induced cyclin B1 synthesis. A mutational analysis revealed that the most efficient unmasking element in the cyclin 3′ UTR was the CPE. However, other U‐rich sequences that resemble the CPE in structure, but which do not bind the CPE‐binding polyadenylation factor CPEB, failed to induce unmasking. When fused to the chloramphenical acetyl transferase (CAT) coding region, the cyclin B1 3′ UTR inhibited CAT translation in injected oocytes. In addition, a synthetic 3′ UTR containing multiple copies of the CPE also inhibited translation, and did so in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, efficient CPE‐mediated masking required cap‐dependent translation. During the normal course of progesterone‐induced maturation, cytoplasmic polyadenylation was necessary for mRNA unmasking. A model to explain how cyclin B1 mRNA masking and unmasking could be regulated by the CPE is presented.
Line current distortions of DCM/CCM boundary boost PFC converter

A systematic analysis of line current distortions of the DCM/CCM boundary boost PFC converter due to valley switching and switching-frequency limitation is provided. Closed form expressions for the line current are derived. It is shown that if the switching frequency is limited and valley switching is not maintained, the line current is more distorted with voltage mode control than with current mode control. The effects of line current distortions are demonstrated with both simulation and experimental results.
Association of intersection approach speed with driver characteristics, vehicle type and traffic conditions comparing urban and suburban areas

A mobile recording system, with integrated laser speed gun, video from CCD-cameras and auxiliary battery system, was used to observe driving behavior at an urban intersection and a suburban analog. After removal of instances of interference, 1538 driving behaviors were recorded. Multiple regression was then utilized to examine the factors affecting approaching speed. Speed limit violation was considered a dichotomous variable with two categories, violation and compliance. Binary logistic regression was also used to examine the risk of speeding as a function of covariates and interaction terms. The results of analysis revealed that the major contributing factors for approaching speed were site, rush-hour-status, traffic light condition, vehicle type and driver gender. In particular, light status was the highest contributor to speed. In addition, the results of logistic regression showed significant sites and rush-hour effects on speeding, with the risk of limit violation in the suburbs nearly six-fold that in urban areas. The relative risk of speeding for travelling in non-rush hours is three times higher than that for rush-hour. In terms of driver characteristics, male drivers under 55 years of age had the greatest speeding propensity in our sample. The results of the present study may provide meaningful information applicable to the design and operation of signalized intersections.
Migration Under Uncertainty: “Try Your Luck” or “Wait and See”

Two types of uncertainty enter into the migration decision. First, current conditions in the destination region may not be observable. Second, the future evolution of conditions in both the origin and destination regions may be unknown. The first type of uncertainty can encourage speculative or “try your luck” migration, whereas uncertainty about the future acts in the opposite direction, deterring relocation. This paper presents a dynamic optimizing model of migration that incorporates both types of uncertainty. The model shows that in equilibrium uncertainty about the future is likely to be more important than uncertainty about present conditions in the decision to relocate.
Genetically Engineered Saccharomyces Yeast Capable of Effective Cofermentation of Glucose and Xylose

Xylose is one of the major fermentable sugars present in cellulosic biomass, second only to glucose. However, Saccharomyces spp., the best sugar-fermenting microorganisms, are not able to metabolize xylose. We developed recombinant plasmids that can transform Saccharomyces spp. into xylose-fermenting yeasts. These plasmids, designated pLNH31, -32, -33, and -34, are 2μm-based high-copy-number yeast-E. coli shuttle plasmids. In addition to the geneticin resistance and ampicillin resistance genes that serve as dominant selectable markers, these plasmids also contain three xylose-metabolizing genes, a xylose reductase gene, a xylitol dehydrogenase gene (both from Pichia stipitis), and a xylulokinase gene (from Saccharomyces cerevisiae). These xylose-metabolizing genes were also fused to signals controlling gene expression from S. cerevisiae glycolytic genes. Transformation of Saccharomyces sp. strain 1400 with each of these plasmids resulted in the conversion of strain 1400 from a non-xylose-metabolizing yeast to a xylose-metabolizing yeast that can effectively ferment xylose to ethanol and also effectively utilizes xylose for aerobic growth. Furthermore, the resulting recombinant yeasts also have additional extraordinary properties. For example, the synthesis of the xylose-metabolizing enzymes directed by the cloned genes in these recombinant yeasts does not require the presence of xylose for induction, nor is the synthesis repressed by the presence of glucose in the medium. These properties make the recombinant yeasts able to efficiently ferment xylose to ethanol and also able to efficiently coferment glucose and xylose present in the same medium to ethanol simultaneously.
Precision Sensing of Arc Length in GTAW Based on Arc Light Spectrum

This work aims to improve the measurement accuracy of arc length using the arc light at a particular wavelength during gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) with argon shield. To this end, the effects of welding parameters on spectral distributions were studied. To verify the effects of base metal and arc length, the arc column was also sampled horizontally as layers for spectral analysis. Results showed that intensity of argon atom lines is determined by arc length and is independent of variation of welding conditions. Based on these findings, a compact arc light sensor has been developed to measure the arc length with a narrow-band filter (wavelength: 696.5 nm; half-width: 15 nm). Control experiments showed that the arc length was controlled with an accuracy of ±0.2 mm for the arc length in the range from 0.5 mm to 5 mm.
Wildfires in eastern Texas in August and September 2000 : Emissions, aircraft measurements, and impact on photochemistry

The accuracy of wildfire air pollutant emission estimates was assessed by comparing observations of carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) concentrations in wildfire plumes to predictions of CO and PM concentrations, based on emission estimates and air quality models. The comparisons were done for observations made in southeast Texas in August and September of 2000. The fire emissions were estimated from acreage burned, fuel loading information, and fuel emission factor models. A total of 389 km 2 (96,100 acres) burned in wildfires in the domain encompassing the Houston/Galveston-Beaumont/Port Arthur (HGBPA) area during August and September 2000. On the days of highest wildfire activity, the fires resulted in an estimated 3700 tons of CO emissions, 250 tons of volatile organic carbon (VOC) emissions, 340 tons of PM2.5, and 50 tons of NOx emissions; estimated CO and VOC emissions from the fires exceeded light duty gasoline vehicle emissions in the Houston area on those days. When the appropriate aircraft data were available, aloft measurements of CO in the fire plumes were compared to concentrations of CO predicted using the emission estimates. Concentrations estimated based on emission predictions and air quality models were within a factor of 2 of the observed values. The estimated emissions from fires were used, together with a gridded photochemical model, to characterize the extent of dispersion of the fire emissions and the photochemistry associated with the fire emissions. Although the dispersion and photochemical impacts varied from fire to fire, for wildfires less than 10,000 acres, the greatest enhancements of CO and ozone concentrations due to the fire emissions were generally confined to regions within 10–100 km of the fire. Within 10 km of these fires, CO concentrations can exceed 2 ppm and ozone concentrations can be enhanced by 60 ppb. The extent of photo-oxidant formation in the plumes was limited by NOx availability and isoprene emissions from forested areas downwind of the fires provided most of the hydrocarbon reactivity in the plumes. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Environmental exposures and mutational patterns of cancer genomes

The etiology of most human cancers is unknown. Genetic inheritance and environmental factors are thought to have major roles, and for some types of cancer, exposure to carcinogens is a proven mechanism leading to tumorigenesis. Sequencing of entire cancer genomes has not only begun to provide clues regarding functionally relevant mutations, but has also paved the way towards understanding the initial exposures leading to DNA damage, repair and eventually to mutation of specific sequences within a cancer genome. Two recent studies of melanoma and small cell lung cancer exemplify what type of information can be gained from cancer genome sequencing.
The properties of the Large Magellanic Cloud based on OGLE-III photometry of RR Lyrae stars

We present results from a study of ab-type RR Lyrae variables in the Large Magellanic Cloud using the extensive dataset from phase III of the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE). The metallicities of the RR Lyraes, determined from the periods and amplitudes of their light curves, reveal a statistically significant radial abundance gradient that is approximately one-half of what is seen in the disks of the Milky Way and M33. The RR Lyrae abundance gradient agrees with that of the old and metal-poor LMC globular clusters. The reddenings of the OGLE RR Lyraes have been calculated using their minimum light colors and reveal a mean value of E(V-I) = 0.12 +/- 0.05, where the quoted uncertainty represents the standard deviation of the mean. The distribution of RR Lyrae extinctions across the face of the LMC is well-correlated with the distribution and emission intensity of CO clouds based on recent millimeter wave surveys. In addition, we find that the old LMC globulars tend to be located in regions of low extinction. This underscores the need to survey the higher extinction regions with the specific aim of increasing the sample of old LMC globular clusters. Finally, we examine the distance distribution of the RR Lyraes in order to probe the structure of the LMC and investigate the possibility that some of the RR Lyraes may reside in a kinematically hot halo population. In addition to calculating a mean LMC distance of (m-M)o = 18.55 +/- 0.10 mag, we conclude that some fraction of the RR Lyraes in our sample could be members of the LMC halo.
External Threats and MNE Strategy: The Role of Exposure, Resources and Coping Mechanisms

Multinational enterprises (MNEs), when threatened by political violence in a host country, make different choices; some stay, others exit. What determines who stays and who leaves? We combine insig...
Treatment of B-cell and T-cell lymphomas with monoclonal antibodies.

P ASSIVE ANTIBODY THERAPY for tumors has long intrigued investigators, but the inability to obtain pure antibody in large quantities made it very difficult. In 1975, Kohler and Milstein’ provided researchers with the ability to develop in large quantities a virtually pure antibody against any known substance. This technique requires production of a hybridoma, that is, a cell formed by the fusion of two different cells, and the antibodies produced in this manner are monoclonal. At this time the most common hybridoma is fusion of a mouse lymphocyte with a human myeloma cell, although hybrids from other animals, including humans, have been made. Figure 1 demonstrates the technique for creating a hybridoma and developing the desired antibodyproducing clone. The technique provides antibodies for a variety of diagnostic and treatment uses. In cancer treatment, tumor cells are attacked with an antibody selected to react with a tumor-specific protein (antigen) on the tumor cell surface. Unfortunately, not all tumors have been found to possess specific tumor-associated antigens that can be used as targets for monoclonal antibodies. The current diagnostic uses of monoclonal antibodies are primarily for the imaging of tumors to identify metastatic sites and for radioimmunoassay in the laboratory. This is accomplished by attaching a radioactive substance to an antibody that is targeted to a specific antigen. This radiolabeled antibody may then be used for radiologic scanning or for laboratory analysis. Another use of monoclonal antibodies is to separate and identify cell subpopulations that are otherwise indistinguishable from one another.2
The Development of Consumer-Based Consumption Constellations in Children

Three studies using multiple methodologies investigated the development of consumer-based consumption constellations in children, finding an increasing linear age trend in the number of products and brands children use to form constellations, the degree to which these elements display symbolic complementarity, and the accessibility of constellations in memory. However, by early adolescence, as stereotypes become stronger, constellations become smaller and less flexible. Although seventh graders use more products and brands to form constellations than younger children, they do so in place of other ways to define roles, such as personality traits, therefore forming constellations with fewer elements overall. By late adolescence, individuals develop more flexible constellations with a greater number of elements.
Matching design methods to system type

The basic premise of this paper is that when engaging in design in the context of human activity systems, the design methods chosen should match the type and characteristics of the system we are designing. The presentation is grounded in a general theory of human systems, a systems approach to design, experience in designing design inquiry, and carrying out design in the context of human activity systems. The paper is developed in three interdependent components that jointly constitute the argument for the need to select design methods that are appropriate to the type of system we are designing. These components are as follows. 1. The construction of a map that will enable us to make distinctions among the various types of human activity systems and their systemic characteristics. 2. The implications of the different system types and characteristics in the construction of criteria in selecting design methods that are appropriate to various system types and match their characteristics. 3. The examination of the implications of the findings of the exploration introduced in this paper to: (a) design inquiry, (b) design education, and (c) design research. An example highlights the issue of selecting design methods that match system type and systemic characteristics. The focus of this article is on the exploration of the relationship between design methods and system types, which is only one of the aspects of the richness of considerations one has to contemplate in design inquiry.
Rural Teens as Change Agents in an Anti-Tobacco and Alcohol Social Advertising Project

This paper describes a social marketing program that utilized an advertising campaign and the involvement of peers to combat alcohol and tobacco use within four rural communities. A model media campaign was implemented by teams of young women from four participating communities. Preliminary results suggest that the campaigns had an impact on community environment and self-efficacy, but not on peer influence, behavior, and behavioral intentions.
Reliability of measuring the passive range of shoulder horizontal adduction using a smartphone in the supine versus the side-lying position.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to compare the reliability of the measurement of the passive range of motion (PROM) of shoulder horizontal adduction (SHA) measurements using a smartphone for the assessment posterior shoulder tightness (PST) between the side-lying and supine test positions. [Subjects and Methods] Forty-seven subjects (mean ± age, 24.9 ± 3.5 years) without shoulder pathology were included in this study. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliabilities were determined using intraclass correlation coefficients. The SHA PROM of each subject’s dominant shoulder was measured using a smartphone by two investigators in two positions: the standard supine position, and a side-lying position on the tested side. [Results] The intra-rater reliability of the supine measurements was fair to good (ICC3,1 = 0.72–0.89), and for the side-lying measurements was excellent (ICC3,1 = 0.95–0.97). The inter-rater reliability of the supine measurements was fair (ICC2,2 = 0.79) and for the side-lying measurements was excellent (ICC2,2 = 0.94). [Conclusion] These results suggest that for healthy subjects, measurements of SHA using smartphones in the side-lying position has superior intra-rater and inter-rater reliabilities compared to the standard supine position.
Privacy-Preserving Data Exfiltration Monitoring Using Homomorphic Encryption

Monitoring and encryption are essential to secure today's computer networks. Monitoring network traffic data can be especially useful to protect against data exfiltration by detecting signatures in file metadata to identify especially sensitive files that should not be publicly released. Encryption restricts the visibility of signatures, but this may be needed because some signatures used to protect against data exfiltration may themselves be sensitive, as knowledge of signatures could help adversaries circumvent monitoring. We present results on a prototype exfiltration guard to securely and privately monitor flows of encrypted information for encrypted signatures without requiring the decryption of the data flows or the signatures or the sharing of decryption keys. Our approach is based on using homomorphic encryption to enables secure computing on encrypted data. We show experimental results with a prototype proof-of-concept encrypted data guard running on a commodity computing hardware. These designs point to possible future advances driven by ongoing homomorphic encryption improvements to compute on encrypted data for more advanced and secure filtering and exfiltration protection schemes.
ENTRE A LEMBRANÇA E O ESQUECIMENTO: OS TRABALHOS DA MEMÓRIA NA RELAÇÃO COM LÍNGUA E DISCURSO

Our task in this work is an attempt to understand some of therelations that are established between tongue, discourse and memory, basedon what the discourse theory proposes,. We will provide, for this purpose,a brief theoretical explanation, working with the construction and functioningof these concepts, in order to specify their contour and reflect abouttheir inter-relation. Passing through the real language, treating it as amateriality that feeds the discursive process, we will seek for the discourse,place for the production of senses and memory game. To conclude wepropose a brief reflection about the effects of the assumption of the conceptsof the discourse analysis to the work of the second language teaching.
Integrated Automatic Water Sample Collection System

This paper presents the organization, operation, and utility of an automatic water sample collection system composed of a commercially available automatic water sample collector, a modified hydrographic recorder, and a specially designed auxiliary electronic controller. This integrated water sampling system expands the normal operating capabilities of the conventional automatic water sampler and hydrographic recorder.
Depression, Stressful Life Events, and the Impact of Variation in the Serotonin Transporter: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health)

BACKGROUND: The low transcriptionally efficient short-allele of the 5HTTLPR serotonin transporter polymorphism has been implicated to moderate the relationship between the experience of stressful life events (SLEs) and depression. Despite numerous attempts at replicating this observation, results remain inconclusive. METHODS: We examined this relationship in young-adult Non-Hispanic white males and females between the ages of 22 and 26 (n = 4724) participating in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) with follow-up information every six years since 1995. RESULTS: Linear and logistic regression models, corrected for multiple testing, indicated that carriers of one or more of the S-alleles were more sensitive to stress than those with two L-alleles and at a higher risk for depression. This relationship behaved in a dose-response manner such that the risk for depression was greatest among those who reported experiencing higher numbers of SLEs. In post-hoc analyses we were not able to replicate an interaction effect for suicide ideation but did find suggestive evidence that the effects of SLEs and 5HTTLPR on suicide ideation differed for males and females. There were no effects of childhood maltreatment. DISCUSSION: Our results provide partial support for the original hypothesis that 5-HTTLPR genotype interacts with the experience of stressful life events in the etiology of depression during young adulthood. However, even with this large sample, and a carefully constructed a priori analysis plan, the results were still not definitive. For the purposes of replication, characterizing the 5HTTLPR in other large data sets with extensive environmental and depression measures is needed. Language: en