cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
T1 , T1 contrast, and Ernst-angle images of four rat-lung pathologies.

Purpose To initiate the archive of relaxation-weighted images that may help discriminate between pulmonary pathologies relevant to acute respiratory distress syndrome. MRI has the ability to distinguish pathologies by providing a variety of different contrast mechanisms. Lungs have historically been difficult to image with MRI but image quality is sufficient to begin cataloging the appearance of pathologies in T1 - and T2 -weighted images. This study documents T1 and the use of T1 contrast with four experimental rat lung pathologies. Methods Inversion-recovery and spoiled steady state images were made at 1.89 T to measure T1 and document contrast in rats with atelectasis, lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation, ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), and injury from saline lavage. Higher-resolution Ernst-angle images were made to see patterns of lung infiltrations. Results T1 -weighted images showed minimal contrast between pathologies, similar to T1 -weighted images of other soft tissues. Images taken shortly after magnetization inversion and displayed with inverted contrast highlight lung pathologies. Ernst-angle images distinguish the effects of T1 relaxation and spin density and display distinctive patterns. T1 for pathologies were: atelectasis, 1.25 ± 0.046 s; inflammation from instillation of lipopolysaccharide, 1.24 ± 0.015 s; VILI, 1.55 ± 0.064 s (p = 0.0022 vs. normal lung); and injury from saline lavage, 1.90±0.080 s (p = 0.0022 vs. normal lung; p = 0.0079 vs. VILI). T1 of normal lung and erector spinae muscle were 1.25 ± 0.028 s and 1.02 ± 0.027 s, respectively (p = 0.0022). Conclusions Traditional T1 -weighting is subtle. However, images made with inverted magnetization and inverted contrast highlight the pathologies and Ernst-angle images aid in distinguishing pathologies.
Spaced Retrieval Using Static and Dynamic Images to Improve Face-Name Recognition: Alzheimer's Dementia and Vascular Dementia.

Purpose The primary objective of this study examined whether spaced retrieval (SR) using dynamic images (video clips without audio) is more effective than SR using static images to improve face–nam...
Alcohol-related crimes and risk of arrest for intimate partner violence among California handgun purchasers

Intimate partner violence is a major public health problem in the US. Both firearms and alcohol have been documented to contribute to the risk and severity of this violence. Yet there has been litt...
Whites’ racial identity centrality and social dominance orientation are interactively associated with far-right extremism

This paper presents evidence from five studies (total White N = 7,209) that White American's racial identity centrality is related to self-reported levels of far-right extremism. Furthermore, evidence from two of the studies shows that social dominance orientation (SDO) is another robust predictor of far-right extremism. Results also show that SDO can moderate the relationship between White identity and extremism such that the association is stronger for Whites with a higher level of SDO. Therefore, evidence suggests that the role of Whites' racial identity centrality is particularly relevant, and SDO is an important variable that may moderate the association between Whites' racial identity centrality and their far-right extremism in the contemporary political era.
A new way to develop reaction network automatically via DFT-based adaptive kinetic Monte Carlo

Abstract Molecular modeling enables a systematic approach in process development. The core of molecular modeling is to provide a robust kinetic model, so that reliability in generic prediction of product yields can be improved. One major challenge in developing kinetic model is to build a sufficiently complete reaction network from mechanisms and kinetic parameters. Current approaches heavily rely on known chemistry and processes, which does not work well for new process and/or materials development. In this work, we integrate DFT based adaptive kinetic Monte Carlo (AKMC) into molecular modeling, so that a rather complete reaction network with better estimates of kinetic parameters could be built for kinetic modeling without assuming reaction mechanisms, setting foundation for a robust kinetic model. AKMC can also serve as an important supplement to kinetic modeling. The inherent automation in AKMC via first principle calculations is the foundation for future integration with data science approaches.
Macromolecular Engineering by Applying Concurrent Reactions with ATRP

Modern polymeric material design often involves precise tailoring of molecular/supramolecular structures which is also called macromolecular engineering. The available tools for molecular structure tailoring are controlled/living polymerization methods, click chemistry, supramolecular polymerization, self-assembly, among others. When polymeric materials with complex molecular architectures are targeted, it usually takes several steps of reactions to obtain the aimed product. Concurrent polymerization methods, i.e., two or more reaction mechanisms, steps, or procedures take place simultaneously instead of sequentially, can significantly reduce the complexity of the reaction procedure or provide special molecular architectures that would be otherwise very difficult to synthesize. Atom transfer radical polymerization, ATRP, has been widely applied in concurrent polymerization reactions and resulted in improved efficiency in macromolecular engineering. This perspective summarizes reported studies employing concurrent polymerization methods with ATRP as one of the reaction components and highlights future research directions in this area.
Novel induction therapy transoral surgery treatment paradigm with risk-adapted adjuvant therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck – Mature clinical and functional outcomes

Abstract Objective Induction chemotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCCA) has principally been studied prior to radiation therapy. We evaluated pre-operative induction therapy followed by surgery followed by risk-adapted adjuvant therapy. This report details the mature 5-year survival statistics, clinical and functional outcomes. Methods An IRB-approved single institution prospective phase II clinical trial from October 2012 to November 2016 was conducted for patients with transorally-resectable American Joint Committee on Cancer 7th ed. stage III/IV HNSCCA. Patients were treated once weekly for six weeks with a multi-drug induction regimen of carboplatin, paclitaxel and daily lapatinib followed by transoral surgery and neck dissection. Patients were then stratified based on pathologic response to either observation or adjuvant therapy. Survival statistics and functional patient outcomes were analyzed. Specifically, peri-operative outcomes were analyzed and compared to a matched surgical cohort. Results 38/40 enrolled patients completed trial therapy. Median hospital stay was 3 days with 9/38 patients receiving a PEG (median 46 days). Median NPO status was 1 day, with a median return to a regular diet in 16 days. Mean patient weight was well preserved from pretreatment to 1 year after surgery (85.1 kg (95% CI 79.6–90.7) vs 83.1 kg (95% CI 77.7–88.6 kg) respectively). Of the 38 patients who completed trial therapy; DSS, PFS and OS were 100%, 97% and 97% respectively with median follow up of 4.9 years (3.33–7.25). Conclusion Transoral surgery was feasible following this novel induction regimen with excellent peri-operative, functional and longterm survival outcomes.
Opportunities to Improve Sexual and Reproductive Care Among Hospitalized Adolescents

Improved access to sexual and reproductive care (SRC) improves adverse outcomes among adolescents, yet barriers continue to exist. Although the continued declining rate of adolescent pregnancy over the past decades is encouraging, adolescents in the United States still experience disproportionately high rates of unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) compared with adolescents in other industrialized countries.1–3 Nearly 90% of adolescent pregnancies are unplanned, leading to increased risk for preventable outcomes, including preterm delivery, low birth weight, and neonatal mortality.4,5 In addition, unintended teen-aged pregnancy is associated with reduced education attainment and career earning potential.6 Rates of STIs among adolescents remain high, with nearly 1 in 4 girls testing positive for an STI annually.7 In addition, only half of adolescents are fully vaccinated against the human papillomavirus (HPV), leaving those who are unvaccinated at risk for developing HPV-associated cancers.8 Despite multiple national organizations advocating for provision of comprehensive care for adolescents at every clinical encounter, adolescent reproductive and sexual health needs often go unmet.9,10 In light of recent events, including the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the current administration’s health care reform policies, access to evidence-based SRC is even further decreased, particularly among vulnerable populations, including adolescents; thus, efforts to address these needs are now more critical than ever.11,12 Many adolescents, particularly those at highest risk for unintended pregnancy and STIs, have limited access to SRC because of numerous barriers, including poor access and confidentiality concerns.13–15 Open parent-teenager communication regarding sexual and reproductive health promotes reduced risk behaviors, but most teenagers do not receive these discussions with their parents, guardians, or health care providers.16 Among …
STUDY OF RAPID FORMATION OF A δ SUNSPOT ASSOCIATED WITH THE 2012 JULY 2 C7.4 FLARE USING HIGH-RESOLUTION OBSERVATIONS OF THE NEW SOLAR TELESCOPE

Rapid, irreversible changes of magnetic topology and sunspot structure associated with flares have been systematically observed in recent years. The most striking features include the increase of the horizontal field at the polarity inversion line (PIL) and the co-spatial penumbral darkening. A likely explanation of the above phenomenon is the back reaction to the coronal restructuring after eruptions: a coronal mass ejection carries the upward momentum while the downward momentum compresses the field lines near the PIL. Previous studies could only use low-resolution (above 1'') magnetograms and white-light images. Therefore, the changes are mostly observed for X-class flares. Taking advantage of the 01 spatial resolution and 15 s temporal cadence of the New Solar Telescope at the Big Bear Solar Observatory, we report in detail the rapid formation of sunspot penumbra at the PIL associated with the C7.4 flare on 2012 July 2. It is unambiguously shown that the solar granulation pattern evolves to an alternating dark and bright fibril structure, the typical pattern of penumbra. Interestingly, the appearance of such a penumbra creates a new δ sunspot. The penumbral formation is also accompanied by the enhancement of the horizontal field observed using vector magnetograms from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager. We explain our observations as being due to the eruption of a flux rope following magnetic cancellation at the PIL. Subsequently, the re-closed arcade fields are pushed down toward the surface to form the new penumbra. NLFFF extrapolation clearly shows both the flux rope close to the surface and the overlying fields.
SrSnO₃ Metal-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor With GHz Operation

A SrSnO3 high-frequency field-effect transistor (FET) is demonstrated. The device structure consists of a recessed Schottky-gate FET with a heavily doped cap layer. DC measurements on devices with 0.5- $\mu \text{m}$ gate length and 4- $\mu \text{m}$ source/drain spacing show a maximum drain current of 53 mA/mm and a maximum transconductance of 43.2 mS/mm. Radio frequency (RF) characterization reveals a cut-off frequency, ${f} _{\text {T}}$ , of 1.31 GHz (0.97 GHz) and a maximum oscillation frequency, ${f} _{\text {max}}$ , of 3.25 (3.25) GHz, after (before) de-embedding. These results represent an important advancement in developing perovskite materials for RF applications.
Expansion of our Editorial Team

I am excited to announce that we recently expanded our editorial team. After reviewing many stellar applications for the call for Associate Editors, we selected four new Associate Editors: Bolette ...
Pelagic Sargassum morphotypes support different rafting motile epifauna communities

Pelagic Sargassum macroalgal rafts in the North Atlantic support sessile and motile epifauna that attract ecologically and economically important migratory organisms. Three prevalent pelagic Sargassum morphotypes vary in their degree of branching and foliation, and thus have different structural complexities that can influence their respective value as motile epifauna habitat. Sargassum fluitans III and S. natans I have denser foliation, creating a complex habitat; in contrast, S. natans VIII is more open and architecturally simple. In 2015/2016, 373 dip net samples of algae were collected from the Tropical Atlantic, Greater Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf Stream, and Sargasso Sea. 20,975 individual motile epifauna from 32 taxa were recorded. Sargassum fluitans III supported higher densities of individuals and greater numbers of taxa than S. natans VIII or S. natans I, a pattern attributed to its more complex architecture and consistent with communities on benthic and floating macroalgae. Most assemblages comprised a few dominant and many rare motile epifauna; when compared to historical studies, dominant motile epifauna had shifted. These findings suggest important differences in ecological value between pelagic Sargassum morphotypes with implications for coastal and pelagic conservation strategies, which warrant consideration given recent shifts in morphotype distribution and recurring pelagic Sargassum inundation events.
Phytotrons

Phytotrons are the most complex form of controlled-environment facility. Artificially and naturally lighted controlled-environment rooms and cabinets are used in conjunction with incubators, seed germination chambers, roomettes, photoperiod rooms and mechanically-refrigerated greenhouses to provide a multiplicity of environmental conditions. Phytotrons are distinguished from the installation with a few plant growth chambers by the fact that phytotrons are operated in such a way that a wide range of several environmental factors can be studied simultaneously. Phytotrons have an operating staff of specialists to maintain the system and the experimental material. Scientists, therefore, concentrate on research rather than maintenance and operation of equipment. Phytotrons also make efficient use of controlled environment space, since they receive steady use without periods of inactivity and the downtime due to malfunctions that often characterize plant growth chambers.
Understanding Wood Surface Chemistry and Approaches to Modification: A Review

Wood was designed, after millions of years of evolution, to perform in a wet environment. Nature is programmed to recycle it, in a timely way, back to the basic building blocks of carbon dioxide and water. All recycling chemistries start with an invasion of the wood surface. The surface of wood is porous, hygroscopic, viscoelastic, and anisotropic that is better defined in interface/interphase zones. This surface is dynamic and in constant change with changing humidity, temperature, oxygen levels, ultraviolet energy, microorganisms and stress. This chapter is a review of the chemical properties of a wood surface and performance issues associated with it.
Computational model of matrix remodeling and entrenchment in the free-floating fibroblast-populated collagen lattice.

SUMMARY Tissue equivalents represent excellent model systems for elucidating principles of mechanobiology and for exploring methods to improve the functionality of tissue-engineered constructs. The simplest tissue equivalent is the free-floating fibroblast-populated collagen lattice. Although introduced over 30 years ago, the associated mechanics of the cell-mediated compaction of this lattice was only recently analyzed in detail. The goal of this paper was to build on this recent stress analysis by developing a computational model of the evolving geometry, regionally varying material properties and cell stresses, and overall residual stress fields during the first two days of compaction. Baseline results were found to agree well with most experimental observations, namely evolving changes in radius, thickness, and material symmetry, yet hypothesis testing revealed aspects of the mechanobiology that require more experimental attention. Given the generality of the proposed framework, we submit that modifications and refinements can be used to study many similar systems and thereby help guide future experiments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Safety and Tolerability of Newer Antiepileptic Drugs in Children and Adolescents

Childhood epilepsy continues to be intractable in more than 25% of patients diagnosed with epilepsy. The introduction of new anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) provides more options for treatment of children with epilepsy. We review the safety and tolerability of seven new AEDs (levetiracetam, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, rufinamide, topiramate, vigabatrin and zonisamide) focusing on their side effect profiles and safety in children and adolescents. Many considerations that are specific for children such as the impact of AEDs on the developing brain are not addressed during the development of new AEDs. They are usually approved as adjunctive therapies based upon clinical trials involving adult patients with partial epilepsy. However, 2 of the AEDs reviewed here (rufinamide and vigabatrin) have FDA approval in the U.S. for specific Pediatric epilepsy syndromes, which are discussed below. The Pediatrician or Neurologists decision on the use of a new AED is an evolutionary process largely dependent on the patient characteristics, personal/peer experiences and literature about efficacy and safety profiles of these medications. Evidence based guidelines are limited due to a lack of randomized controlled trials involving pediatric patients for many of these new AEDs.
Binding Number, Minimum Degree, and Cycle Structure in Graphs

A well-known theorem of Woodall states that if a graph G has binding number at least 3/2, then G is hamiltonian. We generalize Woodall's theorem as follows. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Crutch tip for swing-through crutch walking control based on a kinetic shape

This paper illustrates the dynamic effects of using a kinetic shape as a crutch tip on swing through crutch walking (non-weight bearing). The overground crutch walking of four participants was measured to examine the effect of a Kinetic Crutch Tip (KCT) on step length and swing time using a ProtoKinetics®Zeno Walkway System. Changes in ground reaction forces during the crutch gait cycle were examined by having the participants walk on an instrumented treadmill. We quantify changes in crutch dynamics by comparing results to standard rubber point tip crutch walking. The results showed that introducing a KCT to crutch walking can alter step length and swing time asymmetries during overground walking. Participants walking with a forward forcing KCT experienced a reduction in the horizontal ground reaction forces of up to 74% compared to walking on standard rubber crutch tips. The backward forcing KCT reduced the heel strike peak forces by as much as 27%. These findings show that crutch walking dynamics can be customized and optimized to yield a specific crutch walking behavior tailored to various user needs or walking environments.
Effects of bombarding ions on the void swelling profile in nickel

Specimens of high-purity nickel were irradiated with high-energy carbon and aluminum ions to study the effect on the void microstructure of using different bombarding species. The depth-dependent damage structure was determined by preparing the foils such that they could be viewed directly in cross section. These results were then compared with previous irradiations performed on identical material using self-ions. The swelling behavior observed in the end-of-range region for all specimens was similar, implying that impurities introduced by the ion beam do not strongly influence the swelling response of the material. The mass of the irradiating ions had no noticeable effect on the swelling values achieved for similar damage states, even though the recoil energy spectra produced by the various ions were different. Under aluminum ion irradiation, the void density passed through a maximum at a dose <2 displacements per atom (dpa) and then decreased continuously with increasing dose. Voids were also observed in all specimens at depths 15 percent beyond the predicted end-of-range effects.
An Examination of Auditor Negotiation Strategies

Auditors and clients are often required to resolve difficult, complex accounting issues in which they have different views. This resolution entails a negotiation process where research has shown that the strategies employed have dramatic effects on the process, final agreed upon outcome, and the relationship of the parties involved. Despite its importance we have little knowledge of the negotiation strategies auditors and clients use and the factors that drive the choice of strategies. This experimental study involving 63 experienced audit managers and partners examines the impact of past relationship with the client (contending or cooperative) and the strength of the audit committee (strong or weak) on auditors' pre-negotiation planning judgments and on the use of a strategy during the negotiation process to resolve a difficult, subjective inventory write down issue. We hypothesize that auditors are more likely to use a demanding negotiation strategy when the audit committee is strong and when client has been contentious. The findings indicate that the likelihood of the auditor adopting a preferred position within the client's negotiation range is lower when the audit committee is strong and the past relationship has been contentious, consistent with our expectations. Also, the auditor's preferred write down is relatively higher along the client's range when the audit committee is strong. In the negotiation phase the results indicate auditors provide smaller concessions and a higher final position when the audit committee is strong and the past relationship has been contentious, again supporting our hypotheses. In all, the findings support the importance of contextual factors on auditors' negotiation planning judgments and strategies.
The continuous synthesis of addition polymers with a pricesely controlled average molecular weight and minimum polydispersity

A novel technique for the control of continuous synthesis of addition polymers with precisely controlled average molecular weight and minimum polydispersity has been developed. A control system adjusts the concentration of chain-transfer agent in the reactor feed to compensate for all other upsets, in the reactor inputs: initiator and monomer concentrations, temperature and feed rate. The technique has been evaluated quantitatively on a digital computer using a kinetic model of homogeneous, free-radical solution polymerization. In computational tests, the modeled control system generally held the instantaneous number-average chain length within 1%, and quickly returned it to the desired value in response to a wide variety of upsets. By generalizing the Schulz distributions to include termination by disproportionation, combination and chain-transfer, it is shown that changes in the molecular-weight distribution resulting from the action of the control system are minor.
Brief psychotherapy using dream interpretation.

I believe it to be true that dreams are the true interpreters of our inclinations; but there is art required to sort and understand them.
Localization of nerve growth factor receptors in cholinergic neurons of the human basal forebrain.

Abstract Nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors were visualized in the basal human forebrain using an immunohistochemial procedure with a monoclonal antibody previously shown to recognize human melanoma cell NGF receptors. The receptors were found to be exclusively located in the medial septal nucleus, the diagonal band of Broca, and the nucleus basalis. This location coincided with that of cell bodies of ascending cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. In addition, NGF receptor-positive cells were costained for acetylcholinesterase. These findings indicate that cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain but none of the other neurons located in this area express receptors for NGF. Results suggest that NGF acts as a trophic factor for cholinergic neurons in the human brain in a similar way as has been established in recent years for the rat brain.
The Philosophy of the Church Fathers1: By Harry Austryn Wolfson: A Review Article

Harry Austryn Wolfson declared in an earlier volume that it was the purpose of Philo “not to teach true philosophy to students of Scripture, but to show the truth of Scripture to students of philosophy.” Wolfson, in his comprehensive series of which the present study is an integral part, likewise seeks to show, if not the truth, at least the comprehensiveness, of “scriptural philosophy” to contemporary students of philosophy.
India's nuclear option: Atomic diplomacy and decision making

Australian and New Zealand joint approach to be formulated so that the Pacific region might gain a new direction in the aftermath of Tokyo. Cline et al have certainly not used a narrow notion of America's welfare in their survey; but the fact remains that the North American grain market exerts a preponderant influence on the world's agricultural, food distribution and supply systems. It would appear that the EEC has no intention of trying to think for herself in this matter, let alone for her LDC trading brethren. Again, it may well be that only if the LDCs examine their case severely, will there be progress in reducing NTBs. Since the Pearson Report pointed out that we must realise that we belong to a world community where famines, wars, bankruptcies and other social horrors have left the question of international indebtedness and the world capitalist system relatively untouched. Yet deep debt and faltering debt services are central to whatever attempts may be made to bring about a New International Economic Order. Abbott keeps the issues of debt and development in livelyjuxtaposition. For him, the question is the supply 9f foreign aid and the drying up of long-term concessional capital. Those who believe that debt cancellation or debt relief should be an end in itself will find welcome echoes in every chapter. Abbott argues also that debt relief would provide additional funds for development, and that the initiative would not cost the developed countries very much. Like the other books, this would gain more readers if the ecological crises were joined to the ones studied here. Waldheim defined 'six primary problems': food, energy, population, mass poverty, military expenditure, and world monetary system. That was in 1974. While these matters are not seen in relationship, the hands of history's clock continue to move towards midnight. To use energy for growing food, to trap sunlight in desert lands where groundwater and sand can with several high technology methods (and several low ones also) be brought into most fruitful relationship: that is to help man to survive in his diversity. It also helps a New International Economic Order to be achieved; for petrodollars have an obvious part to play in it.
1065 ACYCLOVIR (ACV) TREATMENT OF PRIMARY GENITAL HSV-2 INFECTION IN GUINEA PIGS (GPS): EFFECT ON RECURRENCE PATTERNS

In humans ACV diminishes the immune response to herpes simplex virus (HSV) and may therefore increase the severity of first recurrences. ACV may also diminish the long-term recurrence pattern and can prevent recurrences when taken prophylactically. To determine the effects on recurrence patterns, oral ACV (5 mg/ml in drinking water) was provided for 21 days beginning 12 hours after intravaginal HSV-2 inoculation in weanling Hartley gps. The severity of initial skin disease was decreased and 6/18 ACV-treated animals exhibited no skin lesions. Vaginal virus titers, however, were similar in both control and ACV treated groups. During the period from 14-21 days, while still receiving ACV, treated gps had similar rates of viral isolation and clinical recurrences which were similar in numbers but clinically milder than those seen in control animals. During ACV treatment blood ACV levels were .35 to 3.8 μg/ml. All HSV isolates remained sensitive to ACV. In the period immediately after ACV was discontinued (day 22-30) drug-treated gps had recurrencs that were similar in number, duration and severity to control animals. Five of the 6 ACV-treated animals that had subclinical initial infection had either asymptomatic viral shedding (1) or clinically apparent disease (4) during this period. Animals followed to day 60 had a similar number of recurrences whether or not they had received ACV. ACV treated animals did not have more severe disease immediately after therapy was discontinued nor a reduction in the number of long-term recurrences.
Identicalsubunits ofthe dimeric myoglobin of the gastropod mollusc bustcon canaliculatum l

Abstract 1. 1. The dimeric radular muscle myoglobin of Busycon canaliculatum has been isolated as a single electrophoretic and Chromatographie component. 2. 2. Electrophoresis of the reduced globin in 8 M urea gives a single band. 3. 3. Reaction of the dimer with p -hydroxymercuribenzoate cleaves it into chromatographically identical subunits. 4. 4. The subunits have been recombined to form dimer.
Microwave backscattering from surf zone waves

The microwave backscatter properties of surf zone waves are analyzed using field observations. By utilizing a preexisting, independent, water surface discrimination technique, the microwave returns were extracted along individual waveforms and the data from shoaling (steepening) waves, surf zone breaking waves, and remnant foam were separated and quantified. In addition, a wave tracking analysis technique allows the returns to be examined on a wave-by-wave basis as individual waves progress through the shoaling zone and break on a nearshore sand bar. Normalized radar cross sections (NRCS), polarization ratios, Doppler spectra, and scatterer velocities were collected using a dual-polarized, X-band radar operating at lower grazing angles than previously reported (1°–3.5°). The results indicate that the maximum NRCS levels are from the active breaking portions of the wave and were consistently about −20 dB, regardless of radar polarization, azimuth angle, wave height, or wind speed. In addition, breaking waves induce broadening of the Doppler spectra and mean scatterer velocities that correlate well with the carrier wave celerity. Analysis of the polarization ratios suggest that the active breaking portions of the wave are depolarized but that higher polarization ratios (>0 dB) are found on the leading edges shoreward of the active breaking portions of the waves, which indicates a clear distinction between two scattering regimes. These results are consistent with scattering from a very rough surface that is being mechanically generated by the breaking process, showing a good agreement with the expected grazing angle dependency of a Lambertian scatterer.
Dynamic Imaging of T Cell-Dendritic Cell Interactions in Lymph Nodes

T cell immune responses begin within organized lymphoid tissues. The pace, topology, and outcomes of the cellular interactions that underlie these responses have, so far, been inferred from static imaging of sectioned tissue or from studies of cultured cells. Here we report dynamic visualization of antigen-specific T cells interacting with dendritic cells within intact explanted lymph nodes. We observed immunological synapse formation and prolonged interactions between these two cell types, followed by the activation, dissociation, and rapid migration of T cells away from the antigenic stimulus. This high-resolution spatiotemporal analysis provides insight into the nature of cell interactions critical to early immune responses within lymphoid structures.
Enhancement of binding of the dihydropyridine calcium antagonist PN200-110 to human myometrial sarcolemma by the heterologous calcium antagonist diltiazem

Binding of the dihydropyridine calcium antagonist PN200-110 was studied in human myometrial membranes. PN200-110 bound reversibly and with high affinity to membrane fragments. The highest concentration of binding sites was found in the sarcolemma. The benzothiazepine calcium antagonist diltiazem stimulated PN200-110 binding by increasing the amount bound at equilibrium. Kinetic studies detected a fast and slow rate of dissociation in the presence of diltiazem.
Cause of CO poisoning, relation to halogenated agents still not clear

Because of its episodic nature, the elucidation of the cause of this rare, but potentially fatal, phenomenon has been difficult to establish. Since it has not (as yet) been reproducible in the laboratory, it is likely to be in part due to interaction between soda lime and some component of exhaled gas from patients. Carbon monoxide poisoning cannot be detected using standard anesthesia monitors. The guidelines for prevention, listed in the text, appear to be effective. Treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning should include removal from the source, administration of 100% oxygen, and, if neurologic symptoms or signs exist, hyperbaric oxygen.
NEW TESTS OF THE GRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFT EFFECT

Tests of the gravitational redshift effect provide a way to check the validity of the Einstein Equivalence Principle (EEP) and, more specifically, of general relativity. If the EEP is valid, then the redshift should be the same for different clocks. Also, according to general relativity, the redshift should depend upon only the total mass of a gravitating body without reference to its detailed composition. These predictions have been tested mainly in the gravitational field of the earth. It is now possible to measure, with space probes, the redshift effect to good accuracy in the vicinity of other bodies in the solar system, in particular at the massive outer planets. The present and future status of these experiments is discussed.
Moderating and Mediating Effects of Gender and Psychological Disengagement on the Academic Achievement of African American College Students

The major purposes of the present study were (a) to examine the degree to which gender moderates the relationship between ethnic identity and academic achievement and (b) to examine whether psychological disengagement (i.e., devaluing academic success [DAS]) mediates gender differences in the academic achievement of African American college students. Data from 274 participants (79% female) were examined using measures of psychological disengagement, academic self-concept, ethnic identity, racial centrality, and self-reported grade point average. The results indicated that ethnic identity and racial centrality were negatively related to academic achievement for male students and positively related to academic achievement and academic self-concept for female students. Gender differences in DAS explained differences in academic achievement. Implications for future research are discussed.
Uneven progress: Social psychology and the study of attitudes.

Progress in understanding attitudes is discussed in relation to 4 critical areas of research that have particularly long histories. In 2 of these areas attitude serves as an independent variable, and in 2 it serves as a dependent variable. Thus, the effects of attitudes on behavior are examined in research on the attitude-behavior relation, and their effects on information processing are examined in research on attitudinal selectivity
Assessment of chevron dikes for the enhancement of physical-aquatic habitat within the Middle Mississippi River, USA

Summary Blunt-nosed chevron dikes, a new invention now being widely constructed on the Middle Mississippi River (MMR), have been justified as a tool for enhancing physical-aquatic habitat. Chevron dikes were initially designed to concentrate flow, induce channel scour, and thus facilitate river navigation. More recently, these structures have been justified, in part, for promoting habitat heterogeneity. The ability of chevrons to create and diversify physical-aquatic habitat, however, has not been empirically evaluated. To assess the ability of chevrons to create and diversify physical-aquatic habitat, we compiled hydrologic and geospatial data for three channel reference conditions along a 2.0 km (∼140 ha) reach of the MMR where three chevrons were constructed in late 2007. We used the hydrologic and hydraulic data to construct detailed 2-D hydrodynamic models for three reference condition: historic (circa 1890), pre-chevron, and post-chevron channel conditions. These models documented changes in depths and flow dynamics for a wide range of in-channel discharges. Depth-velocity habitat classes were used to assess change in physical-aquatic habitat patches and spatial statistical tools in order to evaluate the reach-scale habitat patch diversity. Comparisons of pre- and post-chevron conditions revealed increases in deep to very deep (>3.0 m) areas of slow moving ( 3.0 m], low velocity [ Constructing chevrons dikes, or other dike-like structures in the river channel, can change the physical-aquatic habitat patch mosaic and likely contribute to small increases in physical-aquatic-habitat heterogeneity. However, differences in the types, quantity, and diversity of physical-aquatic-habitat patches created by chevron dikes in comparison to the physical-aquatic-habitat patch mosaic of historic channel underscore the need for additional research to determine which physical-aquatic-habitat patches are critical for the recovery of endangered or threatened aquatic organisms.
Polariton modes of semiconductor superlattice systems

Abstract The general dispersion relation for polariton modes of a system described by a spatially periodic local dielectric function is derived. The dispersion relation is evaluated numerically for a number of different semiconductor superlattice systems.
Synthesis and granular localization of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in activated NK cells in the pregnant mouse uterus

The synthesis and cellular localization of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were studied in mouse GMG cells, which are activated NK cells in uterine decidual tissue during pregnancy. Synthesis of the protein was demonstrated in GMG cells on days 10 and 14 of pregnancy by in situ hybridization of TNF-alpha message. Immunostaining demonstrated that TNF-alpha protein was localized in the cytoplasmic granules of GMG cells at these times. The results suggest that the cytolytic activity of uterine NK cells may be due in part to TNF-alpha, and that this cytokine may be delivered to target cells intracellularly via transmembrane pores formed by perforin, which is also localized in uterine NK cell granules.
Application of cathodoluminescence imaging to the study of sedimentary rocks

Preface Acknowledgements 1. Introduction Part I. Principles and Instrumentation: 2. Cathodoluminescence and its causes 3. Instrumentation and techniques Part II. Applications: 4. Provenance interpretation 5. Cathodoluminescence characteristics of diagenetic minerals and fabrics in siliciclastic sedimentary rocks 6. Luminescence characteristics and diagenesis of carbonate sedimentary rocks 7. Miscellaneous applications of cathodoluminescence to sedimentary rocks References Index.
Evaluation of Wall Boundary Conditions for Impedance Eduction Using a Dual-Source Method

The accuracy of the Ingard-Myers boundary condition and a recently proposed modified Ingard-Myers boundary condition is evaluated for use in impedance eduction under the assumption of uniform mean flow. The evaluation is performed at three centerline Mach numbers, using data acquired in a grazing flow impedance tube, using both upstream and downstream propagating sound sources, and on a database of test liners for which the expected behavior of the impedance spectra is known. The test liners are a hard-wall insert consisting of 12.6 mm thick aluminum, a linear liner without a facesheet consisting of a number of small diameter but long cylindrical channels embedded in a ceramic material, and two conventional nonlinear liners consisting of a perforated facesheet bonded to a honeycomb core. The study is restricted to a frequency range for which only plane waves are cut on in the hard-wall sections of the flow impedance tube. The metrics used to evaluate each boundary condition are 1) how well it educes the same impedance for upstream and downstream propagating sources, and 2) how well it predicts the expected behavior of the impedance spectra over the Mach number range. The primary conclusions of the study are that the same impedance is educed for upstream and downstream propagating sources except at the highest Mach number, that an effective impedance based on both the upstream and downstream measurements is more accurate than an impedance based on the upstream or downstream data alone, and that the Ingard-Myers boundary condition with an effective impedance produces results similar to that achieved with the modified Ingard-Myers boundary condition.
Regulation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) by effectors of adipogenesis: coordinate regulation of STATs 1, 5A, and 5B with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and C/AAAT enhancer binding protein-α

We have recently demonstrated that three signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) family members are induced during adipocyte differentiation (Stephens et al., J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 10441-10444). Since STATs 1, 5A, and 5B are induced during adipocyte differentiation, we have examined the ability of these proteins to be regulated by components of the differentiation cocktail. In addition, we have examined the effects of potent effectors of differentiation on STAT protein expression during adipogenesis. A negative effector, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), and a positive effector, a thiazolidinedione, were used in these experiments. Our results demonstrate that the expression of STATs 1, 5A, and 5B is not dramatically influenced by individual components of the differentiation cocktail. However, the expression of these three STAT family members tightly correlates with lipid accumulation. Moreover, the expression of STATs 1, 5A, and 5B, but not STATs 3 and 6, are regulated in an identical fashion to both C/AAAT enhancer binding proteins alpha and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma by TNFalpha and a thiazolidinedione. Furthermore, the expression of adipocyte-expressed JAK kinases are unaffected by effectors of differentiation. These findings suggest that three STAT family members may play a role in the regulation of adipocyte gene expression.
eat-11 encodes GPB-2, a Gβ5 ortholog that interacts with Goα and Gqα to regulate C. elegans behavior

In C. elegans, a G(o)/G(q) signaling network regulates locomotion and egg laying [1-8]. Genetic analysis shows that activated Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is suppressed by perturbations of this network, which include loss of the GOA-1 G(o)alpha, DGK-1 diacylglycerol kinase, EAT-16 G protein gamma subunit-like (GGL)-containing RGS protein, or an unidentified protein encoded by the gene eat-11 [9]. We cloned eat-11 and report that it encodes the Gbeta(5) ortholog GPB-2. Gbeta(5) binds specifically to GGL-containing RGS proteins, and the Gbeta(5)/RGS complex can promote the GTP-hydrolyzing activity of Galpha subunits [10, 11]. However, little is known about how this interaction affects G protein signaling in vivo. In addition to EAT-16, the GGL-containing RGS protein EGL-10 participates in G(o)/G(q) signaling; EGL-10 appears to act as an RGS for the GOA-1 G(o)alpha, while EAT-16 appears to act as an RGS for the EGL-30 G(q)alpha [4, 5]. We have combined behavioral, electrophysiological, and pharmacological approaches to show that GPB-2 is a central member of the G(o)/G(q) network and that GPB-2 may interact with both the EGL-10 and EAT-16 RGS proteins to mediate the opposing activities of G(o)alpha and G(q)alpha. These interactions provide a mechanism for the modulation of behavior by antagonistic G protein networks.
Premature Atrial Stimulation as a Key to the Understanding of Sinoatrial Conduction in Man Presentation of Data and Critical Review of the Literature

Since recording potentials directly from the sinoatrial node (SAN) is not yet possible, the electrophysiologic evaluation of this structure in intact human subjects must be accomplished with indirect technics. Two technics have been used to study SAN function in man: premature atrial stimulation (PAS) and rapid atrial pacing. Recent discussions of data using these technics have emphasized their role in determining SAN automaticity, but their role in evaluating conduction from atrium to SAN or SAN to atrium has not been fully explored. Using the technic of PAS, we have studied five patients with sinus bradycardia and symptoms of dizziness or syncope. Our analysis of the results obtained from these studies discloses the unique ability of this technic to evaluate conduction into and out of the SAN. An atrial premature depolarization (APD) elicited late in atrial diastole is followed by a compensatory pause (nonreset of the SAN pacemaker). An APD elicited earlier in atrial diastole is followed by a pause that is less than compensatory (SAN reset). From these responses estimates of sinoatrial conduction time were made. In one patient reset was never seen, suggesting markedly prolonged sinoatrial conduction. With these results in mind, the literature was reviewed and an alternate interpretation posed for existing data. PAS is not only a means of determining SAN automaticity, but also a very useful means of unmasking sinoatrial conduction abnormalities.
Circulation and surface controls on the lower tropospheric air temperature field of the Arctic

[1] Characteristics of the 925 hPa Arctic air temperature field are evaluated with respect to controls by horizontal temperature advection, vertical motion, and characteristics of the underlying land and ocean surface. The highest winter mean temperatures in the Arctic, found in the Norwegian and Barents seas, are maintained primarily by cold horizontal advection countered by diabatic heating, the latter linked to open ocean waters. By comparison, temperatures over the central Arctic Ocean are primarily maintained by warm advection and diabatic cooling. Depending on the region, vertical motion opposes (notably off the east coast of Greenland) or reinforces forcing by advection. For summer, cold advection over snow-free land is countered by diabatic warming. This contrasts sharply with the Arctic Ocean, where warm advection and (locally) downward vertical motion combine to oppose pronounced diabatic cooling, the latter linked to surface melt and heat uptake in the ocean mixed layer. Prominent temperature anomalies in all seasons accompany onshore and offshore flow. For example, summer northerlies, blowing off the Arctic Ocean, yield cold anomalies over northern Eurasia extending far inland from the coast. While onshore winter westerlies yield above-average temperatures over northwestern Eurasia and the Barents and Kara seas, easterlies yield cold anomalies in the same regions. The most recent decade (2000–2009) has seen positive temperature anomalies over most of the Arctic for northerlies, easterlies, southerlies, and westerlies and for all seasons. Influences of recent shifts in atmospheric circulation, reduced sea ice extent, and rising sea surface temperature are prominent, especially for winter and autumn.