cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Development of Memory

The study of memory, especially in infants, is difficult because so many different behaviors are used as evidence of memory. For example, cognitive psychologists claim that “imitation, object permanence, attachment, conditioning, and preference for novel stimuli all imply that the infant is remembering something” (Cohen & Gelber, 1975, p. 353). For most developmental psychologists, the term “memory” is usually used to refer to certain cognitive operations, and the explication of memory must therefore involve understanding the development of these cognitive processes. In contrast, behavior analysts would suggest that instead of inferring hypothetical processes, it would be more scientific to study the behavioral relations observed when developmental psychologists speak of memory. Explanation of memory, then, would involve basic behavioral processes.
The elementary school library: Tensions between access and censorship:

Children’s news media offers access points for students to learn about the complex and evolving world around them, and school libraries are spaces where students develop the skills and knowledge ne...
The Kidney as an Endocrine Organ

The column in this issue is supplied by Vinay Acharya, D.O., and Juan Jose Olivero, M.D. Dr. Acharya is a nephrology fellow at Houston Methodist Hospital. He earned his Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree at Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine and completed an internal medicine residency at Houston Methodist Hospital. Dr. Olivero is a nephrologist at Houston Methodist Hospital and a member of the hospital's Nephrology Training Program. He obtained his medical degree from the University of San Carlos School of Medicine in Guatemala and completed his residency and nephrology fellowship at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas.
Immigration Crisis: The United States Under President Donald J. Trump:

Rising crime, homicide, economic despair, infant mortality. The common narrative of the situation in the Northern Triangle nations of Central America, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador, points t...
USE OF MITRACLIP FOR TRICUSPID REGURGITATION IN A PATIENT WITH L-LOOP TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES

Transcatheter repair of a regurgitant mitral valve may be achieved with the MitraClip (MC), mimicking a surgical Alfieri stitch. Here we report the use of MC for severe tricuspid regurgitation (systemic atrio-ventricular valve [SAVV]) in a patient with L-loop transposition of the great arteries (L-
Grasp Affordances in Bistable Perception of the Necker Cube

Stimulus-response compatibility effects illustrate the mutual depen-dence of perception and action processes. Ellis and Tucker (2000) showed that object identification was facilitated when the response required a grip that was compatible with the stimulus. In the current study, we extend grip-compatibility effects to perception of the Necker cube. Participants reported the perceived orientation of a Necker cube by orienting a hand-held cube into a compatible or an incompatible position. Participants in the incompatible condition were quickly attracted to the FRB (front-side right bottom) percept, consistent with previous work. However, participants in the compatible condition showed an extended period of metastability, switching between the two perceptual states about equally. A second experiment replicated these results and showed that a control condition in which responses were made with a key press produced intermediate levels of metastability. These results are interpreted in terms of the dynamics of bistable perception.
Asian American Mobilization: The Effect of Candidates and Districts on Asian American Voting Behavior

While numerous studies have examined the effect of a co-ethnic candidate on the ballot for African Americans and Latinos, Asian Americans remain understudied in this regard. With the growth of Asian American voters nationwide, empirical questions prevail: Does the presence of an Asian American candidate on the ballot spur Asian American turnout or like other minority communities, is the demographic composition of a district the central mobilizing mechanism? Can we expect country of origin subgroups of Asian Americans such as Chinese, Indian, Filipino, Japanese, and Korean Americans voters to mobilize or does such cohesion not exist? Using surname-matched vote returns from the California state assembly across four election years, I examine the constraints and opportunities for pan-ethnic and national origin Asian American turnout in the presence of a co-ethnic candidate. I find that Asian American candidates have a measurable increase on pan-ethnic turnout, but conditional on the percentage of Asian Americans in the district. Across national origin groups, the effect of a co-ethnic candidate varies. The findings suggest Asian American voting behavior is highly nuanced and markedly distinct from other minority voters.
E-045 Intravascular ultrasound for evaluating venous sinus stenosis in patients with pseudotumor cerebri/Idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Introduction/Purpose Imaging and pressure readings in patients with pseudotumor cerebri (PTC)/idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) are traditionally done using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and minimally invasive catheter-based manometry. These measurements are important to rule out other diagnoses, deciding where to place a stent, and evaluating patients post-stent. However, the intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is a newer technology that needs to be further evaluated for its potential as a replacement for these current methods. IVUS can be used to both measure the degree of stenosis of the vessel as well as the pressure gradient through its functional flow reserve (FFR) measurement. By comparing the measurements from IVUS to those from both MRI and manometry, the use of this newer technology in diagnosing and treating IIH can be further understood. Materials and methods This study is a retrospective chart review consisting of 10 consecutive patients with IIH who underwent venous sinus stenting at our institution. All patients had measurements taken via MRI, manometry, FFR pressure measurements and IVUS. We plan to compare the IVUS measurements to both MRI and pressure measurements to assess the degree of stenosis in these patients. Post-stenting follow up data is available between 3–9 months. Results Initial analysis demonstrates a strong correlation between venous stenosis seen on IVUS and pressure gradients. This holds up even in patients with little to no stenosis seen on MRI. Final statistical analysis is in process and will be completed in time for the conference. Conclusion As stenting becomes a more popular course of treatment for IIH patients, it is important that the technology used for these procedures is accurate. This study will help expand the literature surrounding the use of IVUS as a diagnostic tool for patients with IIH. Disclosures A. Nicholson: None. C. Woods: None. S. Taylor: None. E. Guilliams: None. J. Cuoco: None. B. Klein: None. D. Summers: None. M. Witcher: None. E. Marvin: None. J. Entwistle: None.
Environmental conservation in agriculture: Land retirement vs. changing practices on working land

Abstract The study develops a conceptual framework for analyzing the allocation of conservation funds via selectively offering incentive payments to farmers for enrolling in one of two mutually exclusive agricultural conservation programs: retiring land from production or changing farming practices on land that remains in production. We investigate how the existence of a pre-fixed budget allocation between the programs affects the amounts of environmental benefits obtainable under alternative policy implementation schemes. The framework is applied to a major agricultural production region using field-scale data in conjunction with empirical models of land retirement and conservation tillage adoption, and a biophysical process simulation model for an array of environmental benefits.
Short-term change in air pollution following the COVID-19 state of emergency: A national analysis for the United States

Lockdown measures taken in response to the COVID-19 pandemic produced sudden social and economic changes. We examined the extent of air pollution reduction that was attained under these extreme circumstances, whether these reductions occurred everywhere in the US, and the local factors that drove them. Employing counterfactual time series analysis based on seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average models, we found that these extreme lockdown measures led to a reduction in the weekly PM2.5 average by up to 3.4 micrograms per cubic meter and the weekly NO2 average by up to 11 ppb. These values represent a substantial fraction of the annual mean NAAQS values of 12 micrograms per cubic meter and 53 ppb, respectively. We found evidence of a statistically significant decline in NO2 concentrations following the state-level emergency declaration in almost all states. However, statistically significant declines in PM2.5 occurred mostly in the West Coast and the Northeast. Certain states experienced a decline in NO2 but an increase in PM2.5 concentrations, indicating that these two pollutants arise from dissimilar sources in these states. Finally, we found evidence that states with a higher percentage of mobile source emissions prior to the emergency measures experienced a greater decline in NO2 levels during the pandemic. Although the current social and economic restrictions are not sustainable, our results provide a benchmark to estimate the extent to which air pollution reductions can be achieved. We also identify factors that contributed to the magnitude of pollutant reductions, which can help guide future state-level policies to sustainably reduce air pollution.
Threat-specific maltreatment exposure: Comparison of measurement models and associations with internalizing, externalizing, and PTSD symptoms

Abstract Background Child maltreatment is associated with short- and long-term mental health sequelae. Extant research has demonstrated that exposure characteristics (i.e., severity, frequency, duration, onset) are important in the measurement of maltreatment experiences. Emerging research has highlighted the contributions of these characteristics on symptom outcomes. Objective The current study used multiple exposure characteristics of threat-specific types of maltreatment (i.e., physical abuse, sexual abuse, witnessing domestic violence) to examine three distinct measurement models of maltreatment and their relation to symptoms. Participants and setting A racially and ethnically diverse sample of treatment-seeking youth (74 % female) ages 4–17 (N = 348) participated in the study. The majority of the youth (61 %) endorsed experiencing more than one type of threat-specific maltreatment. Method Using Structural Equation Modeling, we tested one-factor, three-factor, and bifactor models of maltreatment characteristics, and hypothesized that the bifactor model would yield the best fitting model based on prior studies supporting family violence as an underlying factor for child physical abuse and domestic violence. Results The bifactor measurement model fit the data better than the three- and one-factor models. In the bifactor structural model that included symptom outcomes, physical abuse was significantly and positively associated with child internalizing and externalizing symptoms, whereas sexual abuse and witnessing domestic violence were associated with externalizing symptoms and PTSD. Conclusion Our findings support the inclusion of multiple exposure characteristics in the measurement of maltreatment and suggest that specific types of threat-specific maltreatment may have distinct associations with mental health sequelae.
Design Abstraction Techniques in Chip Design

Reaching timing closure on multi-million gate VLSI chips using flat flow is infeasible due to hardware capacity limit, and excessive run time overheads. New flows and design implementations and design abstraction techniques need to be introduced to manage the scalability of design sizes by scaling down the memory usage and run time. Traditionally, the flat implementation of designs was used for smaller designs with maximum accuracy. Then the hierarchical approach was introduced to better the run time and handle the millions of gates by partitioning and assembling. Through this paper, we are going to look at the various implementation flows and like flat, traditional hierarchical, models, post assembly ECO, context views, feasibility flows . These models represent various levels of design abstractions used for modeling the chip state. We are also going to look at a advances in the technology of timing graph reduction and physical data reduction that enables new flow implementations and can be applied to both hierarchical and flat methodologies.
The Interplay Between Online Reviews and Physician Demand: An Empirical Investigation

Social media platforms for healthcare services are changing how patients choose physicians. The digitization of healthcare reviews has been providing additional information to patients when choosin...
Drivers of greenhouse gas emissions from standing dead trees in ghost forests

Coastal freshwater forested wetlands are rapidly transitioning from forest to marsh, leaving behind many standing dead trees (snags) in areas often called ‘ghost forests’. Snags can act as conduits for soil produced greenhouse gases (GHG) and can also be sources as they decompose. Thus, snags have the potential to contribute GHGs to the atmosphere, but emissions are not well understood. We assessed GHG emissions (carbon dioxide—CO2, methane—CH4, and nitrous oxide—N2O) from snags and soils in five ghost forests along a salinity gradient on the coast of North Carolina, USA. Mean (± SE) soil GHG fluxes (416 ± 44 mg CO2 m−2 h−1, 5.9 ± 1.9 mg CH4 m−2 h−1, and 0.1 ± 0.06 mg N2O m−2 h−1) were ~ 4 times greater than mean snag GHGs (116 ± 15 mg CO2 m−2 h−1, 0.3 ± 0.09 mg CH4 m−2 h−1, and 0.04 ± 0.009 mg N2O m−2 h−1). Hydrological conditions and salinity influenced soil GHG fluxes between the two field campaigns, but snags were less predictable and more variable. Snag and soil CO2/N2O fluxes were influenced by similar environmental parameters. The drivers for soil and snag CH4 however, were often not the same and at times oppositely correlated. Our results illustrate the need to further research into the drivers and importance of GHG emissions from snags, and the need to include tree stems into ecosystem GHG research.
Effects of stimulation intensity on intracranial cortico-cortical evoked potentials: A titration study

Abstract Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the optimal stimulation parameters for eliciting cortico-cortical evoked potentials (CCEPs) for mapping functional and epileptogenic networks. Methods We studied 13 patients with refractory epilepsy undergoing intracranial EEG monitoring. We systematically titrated the intensity of single-pulse electrical stimulation at multiple sites to assess the effect of increasing current on salient features of CCEPs such as N1 potential magnitude, signal to noise ratio, waveform similarity, and spatial distribution of responses. Responses at each incremental stimulation setting were compared to each other and to a final set of responses at the maximum intensity used in each patient (3.5–10 mA, median 6 mA). Results We found that with a biphasic 0.15 ms/phase pulse at least 2–4 mA is needed to differentiate between non-responsive and responsive sites, and that stimulation currents of 6–7 mA are needed to maximize amplitude and spatial distribution of N1 responses and stabilize waveform morphology. Conclusions We determined a minimum stimulation threshold necessary for eliciting CCEPs, as well as a point at which the current-dependent relationship of several response metrics all saturate. Significance This titration study provides practical, immediate guidance on optimal stimulation parameters to study specific features of CCEPs, which have been increasingly used to map both functional and epileptic brain networks in humans.
Integrated low loss RF passive components on glass interposer technology

In this work, a glass interposer layer has been used as the low loss structural medium for the implementation of high performance integrated RF passive components. High frequency characterization of the glass interposer layer, and the design, fabrication, and characterization of glass interposer integrated bandpass filters are detailed. Ring resonators with grounded coplanar waveguide (G-CPW) feedings and different dimensions are used to characterize the glass interposer substrates up to 50 GHz where the relative permittivity and loss tangent could be extracted. Half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) architecture loaded with the complementary split ring resonators (CSRR) is chosen to realize compact resonators and bandpass filters for two ISM bands of 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz. Through glass via (TGV) structures are fabricated using a laser fusion process on a glass interposer from Corning Inc. Surface micromachining techniques are used for the fabrication of the proposed devices. The measurement results show less than 1.8 dB insertion loss for the 2-pole bandpass filters in 2.4 and 5.8 GHz bands.
J. R. Kantor's Interbehavioral Psychology and Humanism

This paper addresses connections between J. R. Kantor's interbehavioral psychology and humanism. It discusses numerous ways in which interbehavioral thinking is humanistic. Kantor's naturalism and human-oriented historiography have foundations in the original humanism of Hellenic times. His secular orientation, cyclical theory of history, respect for Greek thought, independent critical thinking, and historical inclinations are found as key marks of Renaissance and Enlightenment humanism. Interbehavioral psychology agrees with many features of contemporary humanism by emphasizing (a) the human roots of all constructs, (b) the inseparability of mind-body, (c) holism over reductionism, (d) human as opposed to nonhuman research, (e) the acceptability of nonexperimental research, (f) an evolutional perspective, (g) humans as inevitably linked to a world, (h) human freedom as conditional, and (i) the unity of the sciences and humanities. The major conclusion is that interbehavioral psychology might be especially attractive to those who aspire to a scientific psychology that never ignores essential human characteristics.
Static deadlock detection for java libraries

Library writers wish to provide a guarantee not only that each procedure in the library performs correctly in isolation, but also that the procedures perform correctly when run in conjunction. To this end, we propose a method for static detection of deadlock in Java libraries. Our goal is to determine whether client code exists that may deadlock a library, and, if so, to enable the library writer to discover the calling patterns that can lead to deadlock. Our flow-sensitive, context-sensitive analysis determines possible deadlock configurations using a lock-order graph. This graph represents the order in which locks are acquired by the library. Cycles in the graph indicate deadlock possibilities, and our tool reports all such possibilities. We implemented our analysis and evaluated it on 18 libraries comprising 1245 kLOC. We verified 13 libraries to be free from deadlock, and found 14 distinct deadlocks in 3 libraries.
Radiographic Image Enhancement by Wiener Decorrelation

The primary focus of the application of image processing to radiography is the problem of segmentation. The general segmentation problem has been attacked on a broad front [1, 2], and thresholding, in particular, is a popular method [1, 3-6]. Unfortunately, geometric unsharpness destroys the crisp edges needed for unambiguous decisions, and this difficulty can be considered a problem in filtering in which the object is to devise a high-pass (sharpening) filter. This approach has been studied for more than 20 years [7-13].
Vasoactive intestinal peptide enhancement of antigen-induced differentiation of a cultured line of mouse thymocytes

The prominence of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in rodent thymic neurons suggested that this potent mediator of T cell functions may alter developmental responses of thymocytes to T cell receptor (TCR) -dependent stimulation. CD4+8+ DPK cells derived from a thymic lymphoma of a TCR transgenic mouse respond to pigeon cytochrome C (PCC) antigen in association with distinct I-E MHC II haplotypes on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by differentiating into CD4+8− T cells. The specific recognition of VIP by two types of homologous G-protein-coupled receptors (VIPR1 and VIPR2) on DPK cells was attributable predominantly to VIPR1 before and to VIPR2 after exposure to APCs and PCC, as assessed by quantification of the respective mRNAs. PCC-evoked differentiation of DPK cells was enhanced significantly by 1 to 100 nM VIP after 3 to 4 days. The effects of VIP analogs with VIPR type selectivity implied that VIP enhancement of differentiation of DPK cells was mediated principally by VIPR2. Differential reduction ...
Apparent or Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids of Diets Containing Different Protein Feedstuffs Fed at Two Crude Protein Levels for Growing Pigs

The current study determined the apparent or standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids (AID or SID of AA) in growing pigs fed diets containing three protein feedstuffs with different fiber characteristics at two dietary crude protein (CP) levels. Twenty boars (Yorkshire×Landrace) with average initial body weight of 35 (±2.6) kg were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum. These pigs were offered six diets containing soybean meal (SBM), canola meal (CM) or corn distillers dried grains with solubles (corn-DDGS) that were either adequate (19%) or marginal (15%) in CP using a triplicated 6×2 Youden Square Design. Except for Met, Trp, Cys, and Pro, AID of AA was greater (p<0.05) in the SBM diet compared with the CM diet. Apparent ileal digestibility for Gly and Asp was greater (p<0.05) in the SBM diet compared with the corn-DDGS diet. The AID of Ile, Leu, Phe, Val, Ala, Tyr, and Asp was greater (p<0.05) in the corn-DDGS diet compared with the CM diet. Standardized ileal digestibility of AA was greater (p<0.05) in the SBM diet compared with the CM diet for all AA except Trp and Pro. The SID of Ile, Leu, Val, Ala, Tyr, and Asp was greater (p<0.05) in the corn-DDGS diet compared with the CM diet. It was concluded that protein feedstuff affects ileal AA digestibility and is closely related to dietary fiber characteristics, and a 4-percentage unit reduction in dietary CP had no effect on ileal AA digestibility in growing pigs.
Boundary Conditions and Boundary Layers for a Class of Linear Relaxation Systems in a Quarter Plane

We consider the initial-boundary value problem for the linear one-dimensional Jin-Xin relaxation model in a quarter plane. Our main interest is to understand the boundary layer behavior of the solution and its asymptotic convergence to the corresponding equilibrium system of hyperbolic conservation laws. We identify and rigorously justify a necessary and sufficient condition (which we refer to as Stiff Kreiss Condition) on the boundary condition to guarantee the uniform well-posedness of the initial-boundary value problem for the relaxation system independent of the relaxation parameter. The Stiff Kreiss Condition is derived by using a normal mode analysis. The asymptotic convergence and boundary layer behavior are studied by the Laplace transform and a matched asymptotic analysis. An optimal rate of convergence is obtained.
The Impact of Cooperative and Competitive Instructions on the Performance of Friendly and Hostile Complementary Mixed-Sex Dyads ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Using a circumplex model of interpersonal acts, Estroff and Nowicki (1992) had found that mixed-sex hostile complementary dyads with a man dominant and a woman submissive put fewer pieces of a jigsaw puzzle together than did any other complementary pairings. In the present investigation, three studies were completed to examine the hypothesis that the performance of mixed-sex complementary dyads with a man dominant and a woman submissive is negatively impacted when hostile pairings are asked to cooperate and friendly ones are asked to compete. Results were consistent with this hypothesis.
Image Processing By Computer-Generated Binary Filters

The application of spatial filtering has recently received new impetus. It has been demonstrated that spatial filters can be produced which contain not only amplitude information but also a record of the desired phase. This is done by applying holographic techniques in producing matched filters, i.e., filters that represent the complex conjugate of the Fourier transform of the object function. Filters of a new kind, called binary spatial filters, have several advantages over holographically produced matched filters. First, since the transmittances of the new filters have values only of 0 or 1, oversized representations can be conveniently produced by a computer-guided plotter, and then photo-graphically reduced to the desired size. Second, the filter function need not exist physically; it must only be capable of mathematical description for the computer. Third, not only binary matched filters can be generated by computer, but also filters for a variety of other image-processing operations, such as code translation and differentiation.© (1967) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Field and Isotopic Evidence for Fluid Mobility in the Franciscan Complex: Forearc Paleohydrogeology to Depths of 30 Kilometers

In the Franciscan Complex exposed in the California Coast and Diablo ranges (representing depths of up to 30 km in a Mesozoic to Early Tertiary accretionary prism), differences in porosity, permeability, and rheology impacted geometries and scales of fluid mobility and the deep entrainment of pore water (chemically evolved seawater). Carbon and O isotope compositions of abundant, texturally diverse CaCO3 veins (most veins with σ13CVPDB = -11.0 to -3.0‰, σ18OVSMOW = +12.0 to +18.5‰) are in part consistent with control of fluid isotopic compositions by relatively local-scale exchange with large volumes of metaclastic host-rocks. Although this apparent local-scale equilibration, observed for some veins, complicates assessment of external sources for the fluids that produced these veins, many veins with elevated σ18O (relative to calculated rock-buffered values) could reflect up-dip flow of H2O released at greater depths and previously equilibrated with similar lithologies at higher temperatures (and sluggish...
The effect of Amifostine prophylaxis on bone densitometry, biomechanical strength and union in mandibular pathologic fracture repair.

Abstract Background Pathologic fractures (Fx) of the mandibles are severely debilitating consequences of radiation (XRT) in the treatment of craniofacial malignancy. We have previously demonstrated Amifostine's effect (AMF) in the remediation of radiation‐induced cellular damage. We posit that AMF prophylaxis will preserve bone strength and drastically reverse radiotherapy‐induced non‐union in a murine mandibular model of pathologic fracture repair. Materials and methods Twenty-nine rats were randomized into 3 groups: Fx, XRT/Fx, and AMF/XRT/Fx. A fractionated human equivalent dose of radiation was delivered to the left hemimandibles of XRT/Fx and AMF/XRT/Fx. AMF/XRT/Fx was pre‐treated with AMF. All groups underwent left mandibular osteotomy with external fixation and setting of a 2.1 mm fracture gap post-operatively. Utilizing micro-computed tomography and biomechanical testing, the healed fracture was evaluated for strength. Results All radiomorphometrics and biomechanical properties were significantly diminished in XRT/Fx compared to both Fx and AMF/XRT/Fx. No difference was demonstrated between Fx and AMF/XRT/Fx in both outcomes. Conclusion Our investigation establishes the significant and substantial capability of AMF prophylaxis to preserve and enhance bone union, quality and strength in the setting of human equivalent radiotherapy. Such novel discoveries establish the true potential to utilize pharmacotherapy to prevent and improve the treatment outcomes of radiation‐induced late pathologic fractures.
Repeated Fluid-Gas Exchange for Hypotony After Vitreoretinal Surgery for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy

Three patients with prolonged hypotony after vitreoretinal surgery for proliferative vitreoretinopathy were treated with repeated fluid-gas exchanges to maintain intraocular pressure and prevent the development of phthisis bulbi. We performed fluid-gas exchanges solely to treat the hypotony beyond the period when tamponade of retinal breaks was required, and without specific positioning of the bubble. In these patients, the intraocular pressure eventually returned to normal and useful vision was retained.
Radiation-induced genomic instability

Quantitative assessment of the heritable somatic effects of ionizing radiation exposures has relied upon the assumption that radiation-induced lesions were 'fixed' in the DNA prior to the first postirradiation mitosis. Lesion conversion was thought to occur during the initial round of DNA replication or as a consequence of error-prone enzymatic processing of lesions. The standard experimental protocols for the assessment of a variety of radiation-induced endpoints (cell death, specific locus mutations, neoplastic transformation and chromosome aberrations) evaluate these various endpoints at a single snapshot in time. In contrast with the aforementioned approaches, some studies have specifically assessed radiation effects as a function of time following exposure. Evidence has accumulated in support of the hypothesis that radiation exposure induces a persistent destabilization of the genome. This instability has been observed as a delayed expression of lethal mutations, as an enhanced rate of accumulation of non-lethal heritable alterations, and as a progressive intraclonal chromosomal heterogeneity. The genetic controls and biochemical mechanisms underlying radiation-induced genomic instability have not yet been delineated. The aim is to integrate the accumulated evidence that suggests that radiation exposure has a persistent effect on the stability of the mammalian genome.
Electrostatic Sampler for Semivolatile Aerosols: Chemical Artifacts

Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) show promise as an alternative sampling method for semivolatile aerosols because they are less susceptible to adsorptive and evaporative artifacts than filter bas...
Whose interests do hired top managers pursue? An examination of select mutual and stock life insurers

Abstract In this article theoretical and empirical explorations that have addressed the question, Whose interests do top managers pursue? are synthesized and grouped under two categories. Based on the review of the literature, three propositions are tested on two groups of organizations—mutual insurers and stock insurers. The results of the study lend support the premise that top executives do not necessarily act in the best interests of owners.
Interface vibrational Raman lines in GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs superlattices

We report the observation of interface phonons in GaAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$As superlattices using Raman scattering. As predicted by the theory, all the three interface phonons, two in the region of GaAs-like optical phonons and one in the region of AlAs-like optical phonons, are observed. The Raman intensities associated with the interface phonons are enhanced when the incident photon energy is close to the exciton energy in the GaAs quantum wells. The dependence of the interface mode frequency on the incident photon energy is found to be one of the important factors in distinguishing the interface modes from the bulk optical phonons.
The occurrence of analgesia in an animal model of hypertension.

Abstract The relationship between blood pressure and pain sensitivity in a spontaneously hypertensive strain of rats (SH) was studied. Both analgesia and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were determined in SH and Wistar-Kyoto (WK) rats between 30 and 70 days of age. The SBP of the 30 day old SH rat was not significantly different from that of the WK rat (SH = 102±10 mm Hg ; WK = 93±12 mm Hg). Howeverm, the yooung SH rat exhibited considerably more analgesia than corresponding, age matched, WK rats. The SH rat jump latency was 45±10 seconds whereas the WK rat latency was 21±6 seconds. Both naloxone and atropine attenuated the analgesia of the SH rat but did not significantly alter the response of the WK rat. Methyl-alropine did not affect either the SH or WK rat response. These data suggest the presence of higher endorphin-like activity in the SH rat and a possible relationship between endogenous opioid pathways and the development of hypertension.
Stresses, Swaps, and Skill: An Investigation of the Psychological Dynamics That Relate Work Politics to Employee Performance

We develop and test an integrative framework that identifies the underlying psychological mechanisms that relate organizational politics to task performance, citizenship, and counterproductive behaviors. In addition, we identify political skill as a moderator of the effects of politics on proximal outcomes, including strain and psychological contract breach. Data from 285 supervisor–subordinate dyads supported the majority of hypothesized relationships, indicating that both strain and psychological contract breach mediated the effects of perceived politics on work attitudes, which in turn linked politics to task performance and citizenship behaviors. In addition, our results indicate that political skill attenuates the negative effects of politics.
Reliability of a self-reported health questionnaire in a periodontal disease study.

This study assesses the reliability of a self-reported health questionnaire completed by 413 subjects aged 25–74 yr in the Erie County Periodontal Disease (ECPD) Study. Specific questions on general and oral health conditions were completed by each subject during a first visit and at a follow-up examination 2 yr later, and the two compared. Results showed that the overall measure of agreement between the two visits is substantial (average kappa, k=0.80). Variation by gender and age were minimal. Questions regarding allergy to medications, oral treatment, reason for tooth extraction, health symptoms and history of systemic diseases exhibited high levels of agreement (kappa ranged from 0.71–0.90). Information on vitamin and mineral intake yielded k= 0.63. Oral conditions scored the lowest but were still acceptable (k= 0.57). These findings indicate that there were no significant discrepancies in self-reported responses to the health questionnaire used in the ECPD Study. Although the information provided by the subject may not be as accurate as compared to laboratory testing, it is nevertheless a reliable source of information which can be utilized cost-effectively in research studies.
Application of Nickel Nanoparticles in Diffusion Bonding of Stainless Steel Surfaces

In this study, the effect of nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) interlayer application to transient liquid-phase diffusion brazing was investigated. The primary focus was to bond stainless steel 316L laminae in a stack using a Nickel nanoparticles interlayer and to compare the bond line of the sample with the conventionally bonded and nickel-phosphorous interlayer (NiP) brazed samples for microstructure evolution and bond strength. The bonding was carried out in a vacuum hot press and the bonding parameters were kept same for all the samples: bonding temperatures 1000°C, bonding pressure 1000 psi, heating rate 10°C/min and dwell time of 2 hrs. The cross sections of the bonded samples were investigated for microstructure evolution using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The inter-diffusion of the diffusing species across the bond line (interface) was evaluated by wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS). X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) is proposed to determine the formation of any brittle intermetallic phases along the bond line and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to confirm the same. Bond strength will be measured with the help of samples bonded according to ASTM standards.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in maternal, fetal and newborn rats.

The effects of synthetic TRH and methyl TRH (pGlu-N3imMe-His-Pro-NH2) in maternal, fetal and newborn rats were investigated. Colloid droplet (CD) formation in the thyroid cell was enumerated as the index of thyroid hormone secretion induced by TSH. TSH concentration in the serum and pituitary was measured by a homologous radioimmunoassay of rat TSH. 10 fig TRH injected into the maternal tail vein increased the CD in the maternal thyroid from 12⁄25 follicles (control) to 442 μ 20⁄25 (SE) and in the 21 day fetal thyroid from 1⁄25 to 129 μ 12⁄25. 1 μg methyl TRH injected iv to the mother also increased CD in the maternal thyroid and fetal thyroid to 754⁄25 and 76⁄25, respectively. TSH injected to the mother stimulated maternal CD and did not affect the fetal CD. TSH levels in maternal serum at 30 min after administration of 10 μg TRH or 1 μg methyl TRH increased from 20 μU⁄ml to 442 nU⁄ml and 382 μU⁄ml, respectively. Administration of 10 pig TRH to the mother did not cause significant depletion of the pituit...
Combined analysis of visible-near infrared (VNIR), shortwave infrared (SWIR), and longwave infrared (LWIR) imaging spectrometer data

VNIR, SWIR and LWIR imaging spectrometer data are typically analyzed using individual spectral ranges. Integrating modalities to extract complimentary information allows improved characterization and mapping that cannot be accomplished using a single spectral range.
Restaurant Servicescape, Service Encounter, and Perceived Congruency on Customers' Emotions and Satisfaction

This study examines the relative impact of physical surroundings and customer-employee interactions on customers' emotions and satisfaction. A field study was conducted in an actual restaurant setting. Subjects were interviewed at the end of the meal and asked to complete a survey instrument. Results indicate that both the servicescape and the service encounter influence pleasure and satisfaction. In addition, perceived congruency (i.e., matching the restaurant theme with food served, and matching the exterior look with the interior decor) had a positive impact on pleasure level, while such impact on arousal was minimal. Further, perceived congruency and pleasure had a joint impact on satisfaction. Managerial and future research implications are reported and discussed.
Neutrality of equity market neutral strategy to period and index

This study examines the performance of equity market neutral (EMN) hedge funds by estimating alpha and beta, using monthly excess returns of the Fidelity Investments Spartan® US Bond Index Fund, the S&P 500 index and two indices of EMN strategies. The study investigates how much exposure to systematic risk is experienced by EMN hedge funds and hence by the investors in such funds. In addition, the article ascertains the stability of the estimated betas of EMN hedge fund indices. Results show that EMN fund indices had no systematic (stock and bond market) risk before the subprime mortgage crises of 2008. During the crises, the DJ Credit Suisse EMN index showed a positive beta in excess of 0.4, yet the Greenwich Van Hedge EMN index showed a beta less than 0.1. Similarly, the DJ Credit Suisse EMN index had no bond market beta up until November 2008. The Greenwich Van Hedge EMN index had almost no exposure to the market. The results were sensitive to market conditions and the EMN index. DJCS and GVH both had positive stock market alphas, which turned insignificant around October 2008. Similarly, both indices had positive bond market alphas, which turned insignificant around August–November 2008.
Guiding water into carbon nanopipes with the aid of bipolar electrochemistry

The targeted bipolar electrodeposition of polypyrrole was carried out onto the tips of hydrophilic carbon nanopipes. By aligning an external electric field relative to the nanopipes, the deposition of polypyrrole onto selected ends could be achieved without physically contacting the nanopipes. After deposition, carbon nanopipes with both partially open and fully blocked tips were found. Experiments conducted in an environmental scanning electron microscope showed that water enters the nanopipes through the tip with polypyrrole due to the higher hydrophilicity of the polymer compared to the tube walls. As a result, it was possible to guide the entry of water from a specific end of the tube and fill the tube from the selected side. Condensation experiments conducted on nanopipes with polypyrrole on both tips shows the difference in hydrophilicity of the nanopipes compared to the polypyrrole. The ability to selectively control the site of condensation and uptake of fluid by carbon nanotubes or nanopipes is very important for the development of nanotube-based nanofluidic devices.
Transformations between tree permutations and inversion tables

Associated with each permutation P = [x(1),x(2), … ,x(N)] of N (ordered) objects is its inversion table I(P) = {y(1),y(2), … ,y(N)}, a sequence of non-negative integers such that y(1) = 0 and, for i > 1, y(i) is the number of terms in {x(1), x(2), … ,x(i-1)} which are greater than or follow the term x(i).A tree permutation is a permutation whose inversion table {y(1), … ,y(N)} has the property that y(i+1) - y(i) is less than 2 for i = 1, 2, … , N-1; such an inversion table is called a 2-inversion table. Tree permutations of {1, 2, … , N} are used to represent binary trees having N nodes. O(N) time algorithms are given for converting tree permutations into their associated 2-inversion tables and vice-versa.
Direct-Steam Injection System for Processing Fluid Milk Products

Summary A steam-injection system for heating fluid milk products is described in which temperatures are automatically and accurately maintained as high as 300F. Holding times are varied by adjustments in the length of the holding tube. Thus, accurate heat treatments of fluid products can be provided over a wide range of total treatments. The system is very adaptable for research and commercial use because of the wide range of treatments and volumes possible with the equipment. The system has been used for the commercial processing of fluid milk and ice cream mixes in conjunction with a high-temperature short-time pasteurizer. It has also proved very useful in research on fluid milk, ice cream mix, and skimmilk for cultured milk products. The vacuum system is being used to provide quantities of volatile materials from milk for identification purposes. The entire system is cleaned easily in-place and should be very adaptable to an automated process.
Embedded polycrystal plasticity and adaptive sampling

A simulation capability for multi-scale embedded polycrystal plasticity is demonstrated with over two orders of magnitude wall-clock speedup compared to direct embedding. In the coarse-scale material model, the visco-plastic part of the material response is based on parameters determined from polycrystal level fine-scale calculations. Polycrystal plasticity parameters are approximated from fine-scale calculations using adaptive sampling to substantially reduce the total number of expensive fine-scale calculations which must be performed. The adaptive sampling method uses Kriging models for local interpolation of the fine-scale plasticity parameters and a metric-tree database for storage and retrieval of the fine-scale response models. Efficacy of the method is demonstrated through a variety of example problems involving both quasi-static and dynamic loading scenarios.
Abstract A72: Efficacy and safety of multiple doses of polyphenon E in prostate cancer using TRAMP mice

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of polyphenon E as a chemopreventive agent against prostate cancer using the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice model. Experimental Design: Seven week old 128 male control C57BL/6 mice and 128 male TRAMP mice were treated with 3 different doses of polyphenon E orally at a human achievable dose. Animals were sacrificed at 12, 22, and 32 weeks of age. For the safety study, complete blood counts with leukocyte differentials and blood chemistry levels for liver and kidney functions were determined. For the efficacy study, weight of the prostate, tumor progression and metastasis, and histopathological evaluation of all organs were assessed. Prostate histology was assessed separately for each lobe of the prostate (i.e., the anterior, dorsal, lateral, and ventral lobes) since lesions progress differently in each lobe of the mouse. Results: Polyphenon E treatment significantly inhibited prostate cancer progression and metastasis in TRAMP mice model. As expected, metastases were observed in all untreated TRAMP mice (100%, 8 of 8) at 32 weeks of age. However, significant reductions were found in all three polyphenon E treated groups with a dose response manner. 50% (6 of 12), 27% (3 of 11), and 12.5% (2 of 12) of low, intermediate, and high dose treated groups exhibited metastasis of prostate cancer to distant organ sites, respectively. Furthermore, treated TRAMP mice resulted in significant delay in tumor progression from 12 to 32 weeks of age with a dose response manner. No adverse effect in polyphenon E treatment group was found in control C57BL/6 mice up to 32 weeks of age regardless amount of polyphenone E treatment. Conclusion: Polyphenon E was an effective chemopreventive agent in the progression of prostate cancer in the animal model. Polyphenon E also showed minimal toxicity in the mice model. Citation Format: Jick Hwan Ha, Seung Joon Kim, Hea Yon Lee, Chang Dong Yeo, Chan Kwon Park, Sang Haak Lee, Jong Y. Park. Efficacy and safety of multiple doses of polyphenon E in prostate cancer using TRAMP mice. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A72.
Fractal cluster size distribution measurement using static light scattering

We present a method which uses the behavior of the scattered light intensity as a function of the scattering wave vector in the Guinier to power law crossover regime to determine the width of the size distribution of fractal cluster aggregates. A graphical analysis is presented and data for soot aggregates is used to illustrate the method. This analysis relies upon knowledge of the fractal cluster dimension and correlation function cutoff, and we discuss how uncertainties in these parameters lead to uncertainties in the size distribution width.