cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential Access Hypothesis: The Effects of Task and Informatior Type on the Validity of Knowledge Acquisition Methods:

The types of knowledge captured using three knowledge acquisition (KA) methods, conceptual graphs, backward thinking, and sorting tasks, were examined. One hundred and forty-four participants were assigned to one of four conditions: (a) procedural-spatial, (b) procedural-verbal, (c) declarative-spatial, and (d) declarative-verbal. Participants in procedural conditions learned a virtual environment's layout before performing one of three KA tasks. Participants in declarative conditions received a tutorial about McCune-Albright Syndrome before completing a KA task. The procedural and declarative information was presented either spatially or verbally, depending on the condition. The predictive validity of each KA method for each information type (procedural vs. declarative), task type (i.e., spatial vs. verbal), and combinations of information and task types was evaluated by comparing the accuracy of the knowledge depicted by KA methods to various performance measures. Findings indicated that both task type ...
Interpretations of Indian Political Development

Recently, a group of scholars, all either students of Anil Seal or persons very much affected by his thinking, have produced a volume entitled Locality, Province and Nation: Essays on Indian Politics, 1870–1940,1 which is reprinted from Volume VII (1973) of Modern Asian Studies. Included in it are an introductory essay by eal himself entitled “Imperialism and Nationalism in India,” two essays on U.P. by C. A. Bayly and F. C. Robinson entitled “Patrons and politics in northern India” and “Municipal Government and Muslim separatism in the United Provinces, 1883 to 1916.” There is one essay by R. A. Gordon called “Non-cooperation and council entry 1919 to 1920” and one by David Washbook entitled “Country politics: Madras 1880 to 1930.” The volume ends with two essays on Bengal by Gordon Johnson and John Gallagher entitled respectively “Partition, agitation and Congress: Bengal 1904 to 1908” and “Congress in decline: Bengal 1930 to 1939.” This volume raises issues of great substance for the study and interpretation of recent Indian history. Seal, in his essay, argues that previous historians of India (in which he includes himself) have been too much concerned with policy and with the educated elite bound together by a common ideology. Instead of looking at partnerships of fellows, we should be looking at vertical alliances. After all, according to him, these alliances were mostly cross-caste and cross-religion. “Hindus worked with Muslims, Brahmins were hand in glove with non-Brahmins; and notables organized their dependents as supporters …” (p. 3).
Low-loss multiple-branching circuit in Ti-indiffused LiNbO(3)channel waveguides.

In this Letter we report on a single-mode five-way branching circuit that utilizes a new single-mode three-guide fork as well as coherently coupled bends to achieve ≈80% optical transmission. The splitting ratios of the three-guide fork are measured for a variety of angles and are compared with theoretical results obtained with a coupled-mode analysis.
Insights derived from CFD studies on the evolution of planar wall jets

ABSTRACTThe main objective of this paper is to demonstrate that a simple and cost-effective 2D Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulation approach can often be efficiently used in industrial design applications. We simplified the designing approach of a racetrack jet dryer to a problem involving the streamwise evolution of an offset wall jet. We compared our simple 2D RANS simulations with experiments and large eddy simulation (LES), and were encouraged to see that our simplified approach produced a better correlation with the experiments compared to LES, which is expected to be much more accurate (even though computationally orders of magnitude more expensive). We conclude that under certain circumstances a simple 2D approach can lead to a dependable solution. Additionally, we used the results from these simulations to enhance our understanding of the evolution of offset wall jets. The insights derived from these simulations suggest the existence of scaling parameters that can express offset wall ...
Thermal and electrical conductivity of approximately 100-nm permalloy, Ni, Co, Al, and Cu films and examination of the Wiedemann-Franz Law

We present measurements of thermal and electrical conductivity of polycrystalline permalloy (Ni-Fe), aluminum, copper, cobalt, and nickel thin films with thickness $l200$ nm. A micromachined silicon-nitride membrane thermal-isolation platform allows measurements of both transport properties on a single film and an accurate probe of the Wiedemann--Franz (WF) law expected to relate the two. Through careful elimination of possible effects of surface scattering of phonons in the supporting membrane, we find excellent agreement with WF in a thin Ni-Fe film over nearly the entire temperature range from 77 to 325 K. All other materials studied here deviate somewhat from the WF prediction of electronic thermal conductivity with a Lorenz number, $L$, suppressed from the free-electron value by $10%\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}20%$. For Al and Cu we compare the results to predictions of the theoretical expression for the Lorenz number as a function of $T$. This comparison indicates two different types of deviation from expected behavior. In the Cu film, a higher than expected $L$ at lower $T$ indicates an additional thermal conduction mechanism, while at higher $T$ lower than expected values suggests an additional inelastic scattering mechanism for electrons. We suggest the additional low-$T\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}L$ indicates a phonon contribution to thermal conductivity and consider increased electron-phonon scattering at grain boundaries or surfaces to explain the high-$T$ reduction in $L$.
Can optimal trap mesh size be predicted from body depth in a laterally-compressed fish species?

Abstract We used fish body depth to predict trap center-to-center mesh sizes that would optimize size selection of black sea bass Centropristis striata for both current and proposed minimum size limits for this species. We fished trap types of five different square mesh sizes/configurations: (1) 38.1 mm mesh, (2) 38.1 mm mesh on five sides and 50.8 mm mesh on one side (back panel trap), (3) 50.8 mm mesh, (4) 57.2 mm mesh, and (5) 63.5 mm mesh. The 38.1 mm mesh trap was the control trap type. Back panel traps are the minimally legal mesh configuration in this region while 50.8 mm mesh traps are commonly used in this fishery to further reduce culling of sub-legal black sea bass by fishers. Two previously untested mesh sizes, 57.2 and 63.5 mm, were evaluated because a previously published morphometric relationship between black sea bass body depth and total length (TL) predicted that the diagonal openings of these two respective mesh sizes would retain black sea bass close to the current (279 mm) and proposed minimum TL limits (305 mm). We estimated size selection of each experimental trap type by comparing catches of control and experimental traps. All but the back panel trap displayed relatively steep selection around the fish length at which 50% of individuals were selected ( l 50 ). Initial size at retention ( l 10 ) by the 57.2 and 63.5 mm trap types were nearly identical to current and proposed minimum fish sizes, respectively. Predictions from the body depth: TL relationship were very similar to estimates of l 10 and l 50 , based on uncompressed body depth and compression to 93%. The 57.2 mm mesh and 63.5 mm mesh trap types maintained catches of legal fish but reduced catches of sub-legal fish compared to the back panel and 50.8 mm mesh trap types. Relative to back panel and 50.8 mm mesh traps, use of 57.2 mm mesh traps would reduce rates of discard and discard mortality given current size limits in this fishery.
Cation Diffusion in Feldspars

Feldspars are among the most common minerals in the Earth’s crust, and are found in a variety of rock types. Diffusion in feldspars has been studied for well over half a century, with Rosenqvist’s (1949) measurements of Ra and Pb diffusion among the earliest published works. Major efforts in measuring diffusion in feldspars, primarily of the alkali elements, were undertaken in the early 1970s, with the work of Bailey (1971), Lin and Yund (1972), Petrovic (1972), Foland (1974), Giletti et al. (1974) and Kasper (1975). Many of these early studies used bulk-exchange techniques rather than direct depth profiling, or employed methods of limited depth resolution such as serial sectioning; these methods, while state of the art for their time, impose several limitations, including a range of measurement restricted to relatively fast diffusivities, and the difficulty of distinguishing the effects on measured chemical or isotopic compositions that may be a result of diffusional fast paths, surface reaction, and/or other artifacts, from those contributions due solely to volume diffusion. Development of high-resolution depth profiling techniques, such as SIMS and RBS, have permitted measurement of much smaller diffusivities for a broader range of elements, and reduced some of the uncertainties characteristic of bulk-exchange methods. Feldspar diffusion data have been previously summarized in Yund (1983) and Smith and Brown (1988), and were included in Brady’s (1995) compilation of diffusion data for silicate minerals. Since the publication of these works, there have been numerous diffusion studies of feldspars encompassing a range of compositions in alkali feldspars and across the plagioclase series. These have included measurements of diffusion of major elements Na, K, Ca, Ba, oxygen and silicon, as well as Na-K and CaAl-NaSi interdiffusion, diffusion of noble gases, and diffusion of minor and trace elements including Fe, Mg, Sr, …
INBREEDING DEPRESSION IN PARTIALLY SELF‐FERTILIZING PHLOX

Inbreeding depression was measured in terms of the relative survivorship of self versus cross seed in 14 Phlox drummondii cultivars and 10 populations of P. cuspidata. The cultivars are predominantly outcrossing; P. cuspidata is predominantly self-fertilizing. The relative survivorship of self versus cross seed averages 0.84 in the cultivars and 0.99 in P. cuspidata. In wild P. drummondii, the average is 0.83. The mean number of lethal equivalents per zygote averages 0.69 in the cultivars and 0.05 in P. cuspidata, versus 0.79 in the wild P. drummondii. There is a significant negative correlation between the amount of automatic self-seed produced by a cultivar and the number of lethal equivalents it carries (r = -0.60). Phlox cuspidata has a lower level of cross-seed abortion than P. drummondii, which probably is not due to a difference in the incidence of lethal genes in their populations.
Antitumor/Antifungal Celecoxib Derivative AR-12 is a Non-Nucleoside Inhibitor of the ANL-Family Adenylating Enzyme Acetyl CoA Synthetase.

AR-12/OSU-03012 is an antitumor celecoxib-derivative that has progressed to Phase I clinical trial as an anticancer agent and has activity against a number of infectious agents including fungi, bacteria and viruses. However, the mechanism of these activities has remained unclear. Based on a chemical-genetic profiling approach in yeast, we have found that AR-12 is an ATP-competitive, time-dependent inhibitor of yeast acetyl coenzyme A synthetase. AR-12-treated fungal cells show phenotypes consistent with the genetic reduction of acetyl CoA synthetase activity, including induction of autophagy, decreased histone acetylation, and loss of cellular integrity. In addition, AR-12 is a weak inhibitor of human acetyl CoA synthetase ACCS2. Acetyl CoA synthetase activity is essential in many fungi and parasites. In contrast, acetyl CoA is primarily synthesized by an alternate enzyme, ATP-citrate lyase, in mammalian cells. Taken together, our results indicate that AR-12 is a non-nucleoside acetyl CoA synthetase inhib...
Effect of high oxygen concentrations on erythropoietin and the renal juxtaglomerular cell.

SummaryThe relationship of renal erythropoietin to the juxtaglomerular cell was studied. Several investigators have noted a correlation between juxtaglomerular granularity and plasma levels of erythropoietin in the presence of simultaneous changes in distention of the renal arterial bed and in oxygen tension of the tissues. To separate these 2 stimuli, rats were kept in an atmosphere of high oxygen concentration and, thus subjected to hyperoxia without obvious changes in the distention of the renal arterial bed. Under these circumstances, during which plasma levels of erythropoietin are known to be low, a decrease in juxtaglomerular granularity did not occur. The results suggest that the renal juxtaglomerular cell does not secrete the erythropoietin which is responsive to changes in tissue oxygen tension.
Treating Anxiety and Depression

The anxious or depressed patient not only disrupts his own life but also distresses his family and the community. The physician, then, must consider many factors before deciding whether to use psychotherapy, drugs, hospitalization, or a combination of these. He should also counsel the patient's family and marshal community resources to help his patient.
The Use of Computerized Tomography Scanning to Localize the Impalpable Testis

To determine the usefulness of computerized tomography scanning in the preoperative localization of the impalpable undescended testis 5 patients with 8 impalpable testes were studied. In 2 patients the scan correctly outlined 3 impalpable testes inside the internal inguinal ring, in 2 patients the scan correctly localized 4 impalpable testes at or just inside the external inguinal ring and in 1 patient the scan failed to demonstrate a testis, a finding corroborated at an operation. These results suggest that computerized tomography scanning appears to be an effective, simple and less hazardous method to localize impalpable undescended testes than other currently available techniques.
Patient routing slips.

Patient routing slips are becoming widely accepted as a means to enhance patient flow through a practice. They also can provide an excellent practice management performance measure.
Rapid progression of chronic active type B hepatitis in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia.

Rapid progression of acute type B hepatitis to chronic active liver disease and cirrhosis in a young male with hypogammaglobulinemia is described. Absent circulating IgA, significantly low IgG, and normal IgM levels were detected during the acute phase of illness. Enumeration of peripheral lymphocytes revealed a decreased number of T cells and normal numbers of B cells. In vitro pokeweed stimulation of Ig synthesis correlated with the in vivo circulating levels of the three immunoglobulins. Cellmediated immune responses were normal except for lymphocyte stimulation to hepatitis B surface antigen. It was concluded that the defective synthesis of IgG and IgA antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen contributed to the accelerated progression to chronic active type B hepatitis in this person.
Rites of Passage: Youthful Walking and the Rhythms of the City, c. 1850–1914

Sleight takes to the bustling streets of the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century city to explore young people’s access to, and use of, the outdoor urban realm. Primary and secondary archival evidence from London, New York and Melbourne yields both hard data and well-informed speculations. Sleight argues that, though often marginalized in contemporary cities, the sheer variety and prevalence of young people’s walking practices shows the centrality of these individuals to nineteenth- and early twentieth-century city life. In an era of burgeoning mass transit and the take-up of bicycles, the main mode of movement was still on foot. As Sleight makes clear, young city walkers have long dwelt in a world of scattered horizons contingent upon age, gender, class and ethnicity.
Integration of Global Analyses of Host Molecular Responses with Clinical Data To Evaluate Pathogenesis and Advance Therapies for Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Infections

Outbreaks associated with emerging and re-emerging viral pathogens continue to increase in frequency and are associated with an increasing burden to global health. In light of this, there is a need to integrate basic and clinical research for investigating the connections between molecular and clinical pathogenesis and for therapeutic development strategies. Here, we will discuss this approach with a focus on the emerging viral pathogens Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Ebola virus (EBOV), and monkeypox virus (MPXV) from the context of clinical presentation, immunological and molecular features of the diseases, and OMICS-based analyses of pathogenesis. Furthermore, we will highlight the role of global investigations of host kinases, the kinome, for investigating emerging and re-emerging viral pathogens from the context of characterizing cellular responses and identifying novel therapeutic targets. Lastly, we will address how increased integration of clinical and basic research will...
1,25 (OH) 2 D 3 treatment alters the granulomatous response in M. tuberculosis infected mice

Induction of cathelicidin-mediated antimicrobial pathway against intracellular M. tuberculosis by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), the active form of vitamin D, has been documented in vitro. However, in in vivo studies related to inflammatory disorders, 1,25(OH)2D3 has been demonstrated to induce an anti-inflammatory response. We therefore examined whether in the murine model of tuberculosis, the anti-inflammatory effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 would affect the outcome of M. tuberculosis infection. We show here that administration of 1,25(OH)2D3 to M. tuberculosis infected mice led to a change in lung granuloma architecture, characterized by a marked decrease in B cell lymphocytic aggregates. Consistent with the altered granulomas, 1,25(OH)2D3-treated mice also exhibited significantly higher bacterial burden in the lungs compared to the control group. These findings highlight the need to further investigate the effect of vitamin D on host immunity to M. tuberculosis in the context of the granulomatous response.
Survey of RF Communications and Sensing Convergence Research

Wireless mediums, such as RF, optical, or acoustical, provide finite resources for the purposes of remote sensing (such as radar) and data communications. Often, these two functions are at odds with one another and compete for these resources. Applications for wireless technology are growing rapidly, and RF convergence is already presenting itself as a requirement for both users as consumer and military system requirements evolve. The broad solution space to this complex problem encompasses cooperation or codesigning of systems with both sensing and communications functions. By jointly considering the systems during the design phase, rather than perpetuating a notion of mutual interference, both system’s performance can be improved. We provide a point of departure for future researchers that will be required to solve this problem by presenting the applications, topologies, levels of system integration, the current state of the art, and outlines of future information-centric systems.
Clinical and pathologic factors associated with subclinical spread of invasive melanoma

Background Indications to treat invasive melanoma with Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) or analogous techniques with exhaustive microscopic margin assessment have not been defined. Objective Identify clinical and histologic factors associated with subclinical spread of invasive melanoma. Methods This retrospective, cross-sectional study evaluated 216 invasive melanomas treated with MMS and melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1 immunostaining. Logistic regression models were used to correlate clinicopathologic risk factors with subclinical spread and construct a count prediction model. Results Risk factors associated with subclinical spread by multivariate analysis included tumor localization on the head and neck (OR 3.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16-9.32), history of previous treatment (OR 4.18, 95% CI 1.42-12.32), age ≥65 (OR 4.45, 95% CI 1.29-15.39), and ≥1 mitoses/mm 2 (OR 2.63, 95% CI 1.01-6.83). Tumor thickness and histologic subtype were not associated with subclinical spread. The probability of subclinical spread increased per number of risk factors, ranging from 9.22% (95% CI 2.57%-15.86%) with 1 factor to 80.32% (95% CI 68.13%-92.51%) with 5 factors. Limitations This study was conducted at a single academic institution with a small study population using a retrospective study design that was subject to potential referral bias. Conclusion Clinical and histologic factors identify invasive melanomas that are at increased risk for subclinical spread and might benefit from MMS or analogous techniques prior to reconstruction.
High expression of PD-1 ligands is associated with kataegis mutational signature and APOBEC3 alterations.

Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors, such as antibodies blocking the programmed cell-death receptor-1 (PD-1), has resulted in remarkable responses in patients having traditionally refractory cancers. Although response to PD-1 inhibitors correlates with PD-1 ligand (PD-L1 or PD-L2) expression, PD-1 ligand positivity represents only a part of the predictive model necessary for selecting patients predisposed to respond to immunotherapy. We used all genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and phenotypic data related to 8,475 pan-cancer samples available in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and conducted a logistic regression analysis based on a large set of variables, such as microsatellite instability (MSI-H), mismatch repair (MMR) alterations, polymerase δ (POLD1) and polymerase e (POLE) mutations, activation-induced/apolipoprotein-B editing cytidine deaminases (AID/APOBEC) alterations, lymphocyte markers and mutation burden estimates to determine independent factors that associate with PD-1 ligand overexpression. PD-1 ligand overexpression was independently and significantly correlated with overexpression of and mutations in APOBEC3 paralogs. Additionally, while high tumor mutation burden and overexpression of PD-L1 have been previously correlated with each other, we demonstrate that the specific mutation pattern caused by APOBEC enzymes and called kataegis-rather than overall mutation burden, MSI-H or MMR alterations-correlates independently with PD-L1/PD-L2 expression. These observations suggest that APOBEC3 alterations, APOBEC3 overexpression and kataegis play an important role in the regulation of PD-1 ligand overexpression, and thus, their relationship with immune checkpoint inhibitor response warrants exploration.
Some coral diseases track climate oscillations in the Caribbean

Disease outbreaks continue to reduce coral populations worldwide. Understanding coral diseases and their relationships with environmental drivers is necessary to forecast disease outbreaks, and to predict future changes in coral populations. Yet, the temporal dynamics of coral diseases are rarely reported. Here we evaluate trends and periodicities in the records of three common coral diseases (white-band disease, yellow-band disease, and dark-spot syndrome) that were surveyed between 1997 and 2014 at 2082 sites throughout the Caribbean. The relationship between the periodicities of disease prevalence and El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycles was examined using cross-wavelet analyses and convergent cross mapping (CCM). The prevalence of the diseases peaked every two to four years, and matched periodicities in ENSO conditions. CCM models suggested that environmental conditions associated with recent ENSO cycles may have influenced the patterns in disease prevalence. We also found no increasing trends in disease prevalence through time. Instead, our work suggests that the prevalence of coral diseases is dynamic and complex. The gradual increase in sea-surface temperature, a consequence of increasing greenhouse gas emissions, progressively raises the modal temperature threshold of each ENSO cycle. These dynamic cycles and the increasing modal temperatures appear to influence the dynamics of coral diseases.
Melanoma detection using regular convolutional neural networks

In this paper, we propose a method for classifying melanoma images into benign and malignant using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Having an automated method for melanoma detection will assist dermatologists in the early diagnosis of this type of skin cancer. A regular convolutional network employing a modest number of parameters is used to detect melanoma images. The architecture is used to classify the dataset of the ISBI 2016 challenge in melanoma classification. The dataset was not segmented or cropped prior to classification. The proposed method was then evaluated for accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. Comparisons with the winning entry in the competition demonstrate that one can achieve a performance level comparable to state-of-the-art using standard convolutional neural network architectures that employ a lower number of parameters.
Implementing Intergenerational Youth Ministry within Existing Evangelical Church Congregations: What have we Learned?:

In this modified Delphi study, a panel of four intergenerational ministry experts was interviewed to determine specific factors critical to consider when establishing intergenerational youth minist...
Clinical observation: Beau's lines on fingernails after deep saturation dives

Transverse furrows, or Beau's lines, were noted in the fingernails of all 6 divers following a deep saturation dive to apressure equal to 1100 feet (335 meters) ofsea water (3,370 kPa), and in 2 of6 divers following a similar dive to 1000 feet (305 meters) of sea water (3,164 kPa). Both dives took place at the Ocean Simulation Facility of the Navy Experimental Diving Unit in Panama City, Florida. The divers breathed a partial pressure of 0.40 - 0.44 atm abs (40.5 - 44.6 kPa) oxygen, with the balance helium, during most of the time under pressure. All divers performed hard work on bicycle ergometers during the dives. Four of the divers on the first dive were treated during the dive for pain-only decompression sickness. Beau's lines have been reported in numerous medical conditions such as typhus, rheumatic fever, malaria, myocardial infarction, and other severe metabolic stresses. To the author's knowledge this is the first report of Beau's lines associated with saturation diving.
Prologue: ischemic preconditioning in cardiac vascular muscle.

Ischemic preconditioning is the most potent means of salvaging tissue from necrosis resulting from ischemia-reperfusion injury. The documentation of this response was first noted nearly a decade ago, and during the intervening time, much research has focused on identifying causal mechanisms. The
The human ortholog of archaeal Pus10 produces pseudouridine 54 in select tRNAs where its recognition sequence contains a modified residue

The nearly conserved U54 of tRNA is mostly converted to a version of ribothymidine (T) in Bacteria and eukaryotes and to a version of pseudouridine (Ψ) in Archaea. Conserved U55 is nearly always modified to Ψ55 in all organisms. Orthologs of TrmA and TruB that produce T54 and Ψ55, respectively, in Bacteria and eukaryotes are absent in Archaea. Pus10 produces both Ψ54 and Ψ55 in Archaea. Pus10 orthologs are found in nearly all sequenced archaeal and most eukaryal genomes, but not in yeast and bacteria. This coincides with the presence of Ψ54 in most archaeal tRNAs and some animal tRNAs, but its absence from yeast and bacteria. Moreover, Ψ54 is found in several tRNAs that function as primers for retroviral DNA synthesis. Previously, no eukaryotic tRNA Ψ54 synthase had been identified. We show here that human Pus10 can produce Ψ54 in select tRNAs, including tRNALys3, the primer for HIV reverse transcriptase. This synthase activity of Pus10 is restricted to the cytoplasm and is distinct from nuclear Pus10, which is known to be involved in apoptosis. The sequence GUUCAm1AAUC (m1A is 1-methyladenosine) at position 53-61 of tRNA along with a stable acceptor stem results in maximum Ψ54 synthase activity. This recognition sequence is unique for a Ψ synthase in that it contains another modification. In addition to Ψ54, SF9 cells-derived recombinant human Pus10 can also generate Ψ55, even in tRNAs that do not contain the Ψ54 synthase recognition sequence. This activity may be redundant with that of TruB.
CRIMINALIZAÇÃO E EXTERMÍNIO DA JUVENTUDE NEGRA NO BRASIL: REFLEXÕES E DESAFIOS

O estudo propoe demonstrar, por meio de dados estatisticos e reflexoes, um recorte do cenario de desigualdades e de violencias ocorridas no Brasil, das quais a maior parte das vitimas sao pessoas jovens, negras e com baixa escolaridade. O racismo em nosso pais colabora para a distribuicao seletiva da justica e da violencia. Identificamos perfis diversos de juventudes, com multiplas identidades pessoais e sociais que precisam ser reconhecidas. Tais especificidades demandam novas politicas publicas que deem conta dos distintos perfis desses jovens, e que enfrentem o racismo e suas consequencias, traduzidas na violacao dos direitos, estigmatizacao, criminalizacao e exterminio da juventude negra.
Teaching in crisis. Patient and family education in critical care.

Critical care nurses provide patient and family education during a period of intense anxiety and crisis. Multiple barriers must be overcome in order to meet the educational needs of patients and families. These include: environmental stress that is typical of any critical care unit, cultural and language barriers that are present in culturally diverse patient populations, and nursing resources that are stretched by the financial limitations of the competitive health market. Effective teaching strategies, aimed at overcoming the substantial barriers of education and the efficient use of the advanced practice nurse, can promote health education as a priority of patient care.
Adaptive pre-shaping for ultrashort pulse control during propagation in AZO/ZnO multilayered metamaterial at the epsilon-near-zero spectral point

A novel approach to the application of an adaptive pre-shaping algorithm for ultrashort pulse distortion compensation during the propagation in AZO/ZnO multilayered metamaterials (thickness 300-700 nm) at the epsilon-near-zero spectral point is investigated. We show that using the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno algorithm to minimize the residual between frequency-resolved optical gating traces of the distorted output pulse and the zero phase pulse of 100 fs duration can yield increased output pulse field strength and a central frequency shift towards the epsilon-near-zero spectral point, which can be of future use for applications in ultrafast communication, signal processing, and super resolution imaging.
Bioinspired Interfaces for the Management of Skin Infections

The percutaneous invasion of microorganisms through damaged skin layers can lead to the onset of infections with potentially life-threatening complications, especially in vulnerable populations like newborns, elderly, and diabetic patients. With the emergence of superbugs that are resistant to almost all the available antibiotics and the unfruitful discovery of new antimicrobial compounds in the last few decades, there is a demand for novel engineering strategies to approach skin and soft tissue infections associated with the used of biomaterials. Naturally occurring anti-biofouling and antimicrobial interfaces based on spatial structure offer an unprecedented opportunity for biomaterial design, as they do not contribute to bacterial resistance, do not pollute the environment, and can be easily implemented in a variety of biomaterial interfaces. In this article, we review the complications caused by biomaterials in contact with the skin, especially those that compromise medical adhesives, sutures, and wound dressing materials. Then, we introduced bioinspired designs that can be implemented in those materials based on nano- and microscale topographies.
Do Speakers Fully Disclose Potential Conflicts of Interest in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Purpose The complete disclosure of conflicts of interest is critical to providing objective and ethical continuing education. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of the disclosed financial relationships by speakers at an annual oral and maxillofacial surgery conference. Materials and Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study compared speakers' disclosures on the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Dental Implant Conference 2018 website to the payments reported on the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services Open Payments Database. The predictor variable was the number of companies reported by the speakers. The outcome variable was the number of relevant companies discovered on the Open Payments Database. Other variables evaluated included total dollar sum transferred and the type of speaker (oral and maxillofacial surgeon (OMS) vs non-OMS). Companies providing payments to speakers on the Open Payments Database were deemed relevant if they had provided goods or services relevant to dental implants. Descriptive statistics were computed, and the Student t test was performed, with P Results A total of 43 speakers were included (32 OMSs; 74.4%). We found that 35 of the 43 speakers (81.4%) had received payments relating to dental implants on the Open Payments Database that had not been disclosed on the conference website. On average, the speakers disclosed 0.65 ± 1.04 companies; however, 2.51 ± 1.32 relevant companies per speaker were reported on the Open Payments Database (P Conclusions Continuing education conferences offer an avenue of knowledge transfer; however, the objectivity of the information presented could be affected by undisclosed conflicts of interest. The results from the present study have demonstrated that most speakers at an annual oral and maxillofacial surgery conference have underreported payments from companies relevant to the conference topic.
Interplay of antibody and cytokine production reveals CXCL-13 as a potential novel biomarker of lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is continuing to impact the global population. This study was designed to assess the interplay of antibodies with the systemic cytokine response in SARS-CoV-2 patients. We demonstrate that significant anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody production to Receptor Binding Domain (RBD), Nucleocapsid (N), and Spike S1 subunit (S1) of SARS-CoV-2 develops over the first 10 to 20 days of infection. The majority of patients produced antibodies against all three antigens (219/255 SARS-CoV-2 positive patient specimens, 86%) suggesting a broad response to viral proteins. Patient mortality, sex, blood type, and age were all associated with differences in antibody production to SARS-CoV-2 antigens which may help explain variation in immunity between these populations. To better understand the systemic immune response, we analyzed the production of 20 cytokines by SARS-CoV-2 patients over the course of infection. Cytokine analysis of SARS-CoV-2 positive patients exhibited increases in proinflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-8, IL-18) and chemotactic markers (IP-10, SDF-1, MIP-1β, MCP-1, and eotaxin) relative to healthy individuals. Patients who succumbed to infection produced decreased IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, IL-13, RANTES, TNF-α, GRO-α, and MIP-1α relative to patients who survived infection. We also observed that the chemokine CXCL13 was particularly elevated in patients that succumbed to infection. CXCL13 is involved in B cell activation, germinal center development, and antibody maturation, and we observed that CXCL13 levels in blood trended with anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody production. Furthermore, patients that succumbed to infection produced high CXCL13 and also tended to have high ratio of nucleocapsid to RBD antibodies. This study provides insights into SARS-CoV-2 immunity implicating the magnitude and specificity of response in relation to patient outcomes.
p-value peeking and estimating extrema.

A pervasive issue in statistical hypothesis testing is that the reported $p$-values are biased downward by data "peeking" -- the practice of reporting only progressively extreme values of the test statistic as more data samples are collected. We develop principled mechanisms to estimate such running extrema of test statistics, which directly address the effect of peeking in some general scenarios.
The Origin of NOAA’s Integrated Ecosystem Assessment Program: A Retrospective and Prospective

In response to calls for marine ecosystem-based management (EBM), the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) developed a multidisciplinary science support framework called inte...
A Dog in the Fight — U.S. v. Hargrove and Why Americans Should Care About Sentencing Guidelines in Animal Cruelty Cases

The Fourth Circuit's decision in U.S. v. Hargrove was correct as a matter of law and policy. However, Hargrove is not simply about whether the parties or the district court calculated the advisory Guideline sentence range correctly, or whether Hargrove's sentence was substantively reasonable. Instead, Hargrove presents an opportunity to start a policy discussion about imposing harsher penalties when animals are intentionally tortured and mercilessly killed due to the deliberate and premeditated acts of individuals who show an utmost indifference to life. Sentencing policies should be proportionate to the horrific nature of these crimes, not only as a matter of law, but as one of values, ethics, and morals.
Noninvasive Evaluation for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.

Abstract Purpose Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide and has the potential risk for progressing to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is associated with a greater risk for complications of chronic liver disease. Noninvasive testing has been evaluated for diagnosis, risk stratification, disease progression, and assessing response to therapy. The purpose of this narrative review was to outline the current noninvasive testing modalities for the diagnostic evaluation of NAFLD and NASH, while discussing possible markers that could be used for monitoring response to therapies. Methods The PubMed and Cochrane databases were searched for relevant articles that evaluated the diagnosis of NAFLD/NASH with serum biomarkers and/or imaging. Findings Serum biomarkers, imaging modalities, and combinations/serial algorithms involved in the diagnosis of NAFLD and NASH are outlined. In addition, noninvasive modalities that have been used for assessing response to therapies in clinical trials are discussed. Implications Liver biopsy currently remains the gold standard for diagnosis and is often used in clinical trials to assess treatment response. However, developing safe and accessible noninvasive modalities for diagnosis and monitoring will have greater impact and relevance, as biopsy may not always be feasible in all clinical settings.
[Chronic multivessel disease: past, present and future].

Public health predictions indicate that the prevalence of cardiovascular disease will reach epidemic levels throughout the world in coming years, principally because of increasing obesity and diabetes in the general population. Numerous studies have confirmed that diabetes will affect morbidity and mortality in patients with complex multivessel disease. The magnitude of the public health problem and the enormous economic costs associated with the treatment and hospitalization of these patients make it essential that clinical studies designed to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of clinical atherosclerosis from its subclinical form are carried out, with the aim of identifying treatment that can lead to disease regression. Moreover, it is important that evidence from patient registries, and not only from large clinical studies, is interpreted correctly, so that the most effective therapies can be implemented. Registries are not subject to the same patient inclusion biases as studies and they contain information that is not included in clinical studies. Recent evidence from patient registries indicates that the physician's judgment is a predictive variable for a successful clinical outcome. In addition, clinical studies confirm that medical treatment, when it is well monitored and implemented aggressively, can provide similar benefits to surgery. Using the knowledge that has been gained over the last few decades, we have designed a study, named FREEDOM, that will enable us to use high-resolution imaging to reliably and reproducibly correlate plaque characteristics, including the level of inflammation and the so-called >, with the effectiveness of medical treatment aimed at promoting endogenous defense mechanisms. In this way, we hope to be able to influence atherosclerotic disease in high-risk groups from its early silent phase onwards, to slow its spread, and to alter its clinical epidemiology.
NrnA is a linear dinucleotide phosphodiesterase with limited function in cyclic dinucleotide metabolism in Listeria monocytogenes.

Listeria monocytogenes produces both c-di-AMP and c-di-GMP to mediate many important cellular processes, but the levels of both nucleotides must be regulated. C-di-AMP accumulation attenuates virulence and diminishes stress response, and c-di-GMP accumulation impairs bacterial motility. An important regulatory mechanism to maintain c-di-AMP and c-di-GMP homeostasis is to hydrolyze them to the linear dinucleotides pApA and pGpG, respectively, but the fates of these hydrolytic products have not been examined in L. monocytogenes. We found that NrnA, a stand-alone DHH-DHHA1 phosphodiesterase, has a broad substrate range, but with a strong preference for linear dinucleotides over cyclic dinucleotides. Although NrnA exhibited detectable cyclic dinucleotide hydrolytic activities in vitro, NrnA had negligible effects on their levels in the bacterial cell, even in the absence of the c-di-AMP phosphodiesterases PdeA and PgpH. The ΔnrnA mutant had a mammalian cell infection defect that was fully restored by E. coli Orn. Together, our data indicate that L. monocytogenes NrnA is functionally orthologous to Orn, and its preferred physiological substrates are most likely linear dinucleotides. Furthermore, our findings revealed that, unlike some other c-di-AMP and c-di-GMP-producing bacteria, L. monocytogenes does not employ their hydrolytic products to regulate their phosphodiesterases, at least at the pApA and pGpG levels in the ΔnrnA mutant. Finally, the ΔnrnA infection defect was overcome by constitutive activation of PrfA, the master virulence regulator, suggesting that accumulated linear dinucleotides might inhibit the expression, stability, or function of PrfA-regulated virulence factors. IMPORTANCE Listeria monocytogenes produces both c-di-AMP and c-di-GMP, and encodes specific phosphodiesterases that degrade them into pApA and pGpG, respectively, but the metabolism of these products has not been characterized in this bacterium. We found that L. monocytogenes NrnA degrades a broad range of nucleotides. Among the tested cyclic and linear substrates, it exhibits a strong biochemical and physiological preference the linear dinucleotides pApA, pGpG, and pApG. Unlike in some other bacteria, these oligoribonucleotides do not appear to interfere with cyclic dinucleotide hydrolysis. The absence of NrnA is well tolerated by L. monocytogenes in broth cultures but impairs its ability to infect mammalian cells. These findings indicate a separation of cyclic dinucleotide signaling and oligoribonucleotide metabolism in L. monocytogenes.
Modeling influence diffusion to uncover influence centrality and community structure in social networks

Node centrality and vertex similarity in net- work graph topology are two of the most fundamental and significant notions for network analysis. Defining mean- ingful and quantitatively precise measures of them, how- ever, is nontrivial but an important challenge. In this paper, we base our centrality and similarity measures on the idea of influence of a node and exploit the implicit knowledge of influence-based connectivity encoded in the network graph topology. We arrive at a novel influence diffusion model, which builds egocentric influence rings and generates an influence vector for each node. It captures not only the total influence but also its distribution that each node spreads through the network. A Shared-Influence-Neighbor (SIN) similarity defined in this influence space gives rise to a new, meaningful and refined connectivity measure for the closeness of any pair of nodes. Using this influence diffu- sion model, we propose a novel influence centrality for influence analysis and an Influence-Guided Spherical K-means (IGSK) algorithm for community detection. Our approach not only differentiates the influence ranking in a more detailed manner but also effectively finds communi- ties in both undirected/directed and unweighted/weighted networks. Furthermore, it can be easily adapted to the identification of overlapping communities and individual roles in each community. We demonstrate its superior performance with extensive tests on a set of real-world networks and synthetic benchmarks.
Structural diversity in the catecholamine transporter gene family: molecular cloning and characterization of an L-epinephrine transporter from bullfrog sympathetic ganglia.

Publisher Summary Molecular cloning studies have revealed that distinct gene products encode catecholamine neurotransmitters dopamine (DA) and L-norepinephrine (NE) transporters (DATs and NETs, respectively). Anatomical mapping studies reveal that dopaminergic neurons elaborate DATs, whereas noradrenergic neurons express NETs, though each carrier can efficiently transport both catecholamines. Distinct gene products appear to have been evolved in concert with the structural diversification of the catecholamines themselves. Interestingly, neurons in the rodent brain, which express the enzyme phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) and thus are presumed to synthesize epinephrine (Epi) from NE, exhibit little or no expression of DAT or NET. These findings suggest that synapses formed by PNMT-positive neurons either do not require rapid clearance to carry out efficient chemical signaling or elaborate a molecularly distinct transporter. In this regard, Episynthesizing neurons in amphibians have been reported to express catecholamine transporters with a pharmacology similar to that displayed by NET, though a specific carrier has yet to be isolated and characterized. For this purpose mRNA is isolated and a cDNA library is prepared from sympathetic ganglia of the bullfrog, Ram catesbtuna . This study resulted in identification of frog ET (fET), an amphibian catecholamine transporter with enhanced efficiency for L-Epi transport, that reveals an evolutionary path for divergence between NETs and ETs and raises the question of whether the two transporters coexist in a single species.