cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry of nucleotides and nucleosides: elucidation of a novel fragment [C5H5O]+ and its in-source adducts.

Direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry is a recently developed innovative technology, which has shown broad applications for fast and convenient analysis of complex samples. Due to the ease of sample preparation, we have recently initiated an investigation of the feasibility of detecting nucleotides and nucleosides using the DART-AccuTOF instrument, which we will refer to as the DART mass spectrometer. Our experimental results reveal that the ions representing the intact molecules of nucleotides are not detectable in either positive-ion or negative-ion mode. Instead, all four natural nucleotides fragment in the DART ion source, and a common fragment ion, [C5H5O]+ (1), is observed, which is probably formed via multiple-elimination reactions. Interestingly, 1 can form adducts with nucleobases in different molar ratios in the DART ion source. In contrast to nucleotides, the ions representing the intact molecules of nucleosides are detected in both positive-ion and negative-ion mode using DART mass spectrometry. Surprisingly, the fragmentation pattern of nucleosides is different from that of nucleotides in the DART ion source. In the cases of nucleosides (under positive-ion conditions), the production of 1 is not observed, indicating that the phosphate group plays an important role for the multiple eliminations observed in the spectra of nucleotides. The in-source reactions described in the present work show the complexity of the conditions in the DART ion source, and we hope that our results illustrate a better understanding about DART mass spectrometry.
How professional persons keep their calendars: Implications for computerization

Twenty-three professional persons were interviewed extensively to find out how they keep their appointment calendars and to extract from that information suggestions about how calendars could be computerized. For the majority of the persons interviewed calendars are indispensable to the conduct of their business, and, in some cases, their personal lives. At the same time the data show an unexpectedly large amount of diversity in the kinds of calendars people use and in the ways they use them. Substantially more than half of the respondents have more than one calendar, with two persons using as many as six calendars at once. Portability and access from diverse locations are important for many persons. Concerns about privacy vary widely: some persons keep their calendars closely guarded, others allow free access to them. Relevant time spans covered by calendars are enormous. Some few people are concerned only with the current day and the day following, others may plan appointments a year or more in advance. A substantial number of appointments are changed after they have been made and, once again, the range is large, from about 2 per cent for some persons to about 80 per cent for others. Archiving, query patterns, and the insertion of correlated information into calendars also vary greatly among various users.
Acute changes in global and regional rest left ventricular function after successful coronary angioplasty: comparative results in stable and unstable angina.

Abstract The immediate effects of successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty on global and regional left ventricular function were assessed by comparing 30° right anterior oblique left ventricular angiograms performed immediately before and after angioplasty on 39 patients undergoing 42 successful procedures. Mean (±SD) lesion stenosis decreased from 88 ± 10% to 35 ± 11% (p ≤ 0.001), whereas left ventricular ejection fraction increased from 57 ± 11% to 64 ± 10% (p ≤ 0.001) for the entire group. Left ventricular functional changes were further subgrouped according to stability of angina. Eighteen procedures were performed on 17 patients with stable angina; 24 procedures were performed on 22 patients with unstable angina defined as angina at rest or on minimal activity or recently accelerated angina. There were no significant subgroup differences in mean age, gender ratio, vessel anatomy, drug therapy or extent of coronary stenosis before or after angioplasty. Global ejection fraction increased significantly for the unstable group (from 54 ± 11% to 66 ± 9%, p ≤ 0.001) but was unchanged for the stable group (from 61 ± 9% to 61 ± 11%, p = NS). In unstable angina, regional ejection fraction (segmental area method) increased for both jeopardized (from 37 ± 11 % to 52 ± 9%, p ≤ 0.001) and nonjeopardized myocardial segments (from 43 ± 13% to 51 ± 13%, p ≤ 0.001), but improvement was significantly (p ≤ 0.02) greater in jeopardized segments. In contrast, there was no change in jeopardized (from 46 ± 10% to 46 ± 11%, p = NS) or nonjeopardized myocardial segments (from 41 ± 12% to 43 ± 12%, p = NS) for patients with stable angina. Therefore, in patients with unstable angina, successful coronary angioplasty is associated with immediate increases in rest global and predominantly jeopardized segmental ejection fraction, which represents a normalization of previously depressed functional performance. In contrast, patients with stable angina have normal baseline global and regional left ventricular function that remains unchanged after successful angioplasty.
Presentation of Scientific Data

WORKERS in certain branches of science have to carry in their heads many numerical results and constants, and to read and abstract a vast literature. This becomes even more arduous for those on the borderline between the exact and the descriptive sciences. The difficulties are greatly increased by the less rigorous presentation of borderline results, and by the less stringent editing of journals dealing with a variety of subjects. In chemistry and in physics the symbols and quantities are standardized, but in the applications little regard may be paid to recognized usages. A report drawn up by the Chemical, Faraday and Physical Societies in 1937 listed symbols for thermo-dynamical and physico-chemical quantities. These were accepted by the Royal Society in 1939. There are, however, many quantities not included in the list. For these, reference to the International Critical Tables or to the Smithsonian Tables is helpful. One major difficulty arises from the fact that the Greek letters and diverse founts of type are lacking on ordinary typewriting machines.
Functional influence of areas 17, 18, and 19 on lateral suprasylvian cortex in kittens and adult cats: implications for compensation following early visual cortex damage.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms of physiological compensation that is seen in the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian (PMLS) cortex of cats that received visual cortex (areas 17, 18, and 19) damage early in life. The strategy was to compare the response properties of PMLS neurons just after visual cortex damage (before any compensation has occurred) with the properties of PMLS neurons in normal cats and cats with long-standing visual cortex damage. Fourteen animals (aged 8 weeks, 18 wweks, 26 weeks, or adult) received a unilateral visual cortex lesion and recordings were made from ipsilateral PMLS cortex within about 24 h. An additional 4 adult cats were studied within either 24 or 3 h of a bilateral visual cortex lesion. Results from these animals were compared with results from normal cats and cats with long-standing visual cortex damage studied previously in this laboratory. At all ages studied, an acute visual cortex lesion reduced the percentage of direction-sensitive cells in PMLS cortex from nearly 80% in normal cats to about 20% after the lesion. In 8- and 18-week-old kittens, nearly all of the remaining PMLS cells responded best to stimulus movement but were not direction sensitive. In 26-week-old and adult cats, the remaining cells were divided between those that responded to movement without a directional preference and those that responded as well to stationary flashed stimuli as to moving stimuli. The presence of receptive-field surround inhibition was not affected significantly by an acute lesion at any age. In addition, few PMLS cells were orientation selective to elongated slits of light in cats with an acute lesion, just as in normal cats. The ocular dominance distributions of PMLS neurons also were normal following an acute visual cortex lesion at all ages studied. These results suggest that the influences of areas 17, 18, and 19 on the response properties of PMLS neurons are the same when the properties first reach maturity as in adult cats. The results also suggest that the mechanisms of physiological compensation for an early visual cortex lesion differ for different response properties. Compensation of direction sensitivity and orientation selectivity (an anomalous property) develops de novo after the early lesion. In contrast, compensation of ocular dominance appears to be due to the maintenance of a pre-existing property that is present immediately after the lesion. Thus, plasticity after early visual cortex damage represents multiple developmental changes in the remaining visual pathways.
Characterization of NOT5 that encodes a new component of the Not protein complex

The yeast HIS3 gene has two core promoters: TC, a TATA-less element and TR, a canonical TATA element. Four genes encode global negative regulators of transcription that preferentially repress TC-dependent transcription: NOT1 (CDC39), NOT2 (CDC36), NOT3 and NOT4 (SIG1, MOT2). Genetic and biochemical experiments suggest that the products of these genes are associated in a complex and regulate TFIID function. In this paper, we describe a new gene, NOT5, that also represses transcription of the HIS3 TATA-less promoter preferentially and encodes a protein whose N-terminal region is 44% identical to that of Not3p. Our results indicate that NOT5 is involved in Not function and encodes a product that is physically associated with the other Not proteins. First, overexpression of NOT3 or NOT4 suppresses mutations in NOT5. Secondly, mutations in NOT4 are synthetically lethal with mutations in NOT5. Thirdly, NOT5 interacts with NOT1 and NOT3 in the two-hybrid assay. Finally, Not1p, Not3p and Not4p co-immunoprecipitate with Not5p.
Stress-induced patterns in ion-irradiated silicon: Model based on anisotropic plastic flow

We present a model for the effect of stress on thin amorphous films that develop atop ion-irradiated silicon, based on the mechanism of ion-induced anisotropic plastic flow. Using only parameters directly measured or known to high accuracy, the model exhibits remarkably good agreement with the wavelengths of experimentally observed patterns and agrees qualitatively with limited data on ripple propagation speed. The predictions of the model are discussed in the context of other mechanisms recently theorized to explain the wavelengths, including extensive comparison with an alternate model of stress.
Effects of a community-wide smoking cessation program.

Abstract The evaluation of a low-cost community-wide smoking cessation campaign conducted in a major metropolitan area demonstrated a major impact on the number of people smoking, amount of cigarettes smoked, and expenses associated with smoking. The American Lung Association's 20-day self-conducted Freedom From Smoking program was used in conjunction with TV coverage. Standard telephone survey techniques determined that 5300 stopped and 26, 500 reduced smoking. Major features of the program were evaluated and important differences were analyzed between males and females, users and non-users of the program manual, and success groups. Behavioral factors as opposed to historical factors appeared to be most important for success.
Site-selective photochemistry in anthracene crystals

Abstract Site-selective heterodimer formation in anthracene crystals containing a small amount of 2-hydroxyanthracene (2OHA) has been investigated. While direct irradiation at low temperatures of the absorption origins of the two 2OHA sites (O8 and O9) in anthracene did not lead to dimer formation, one of these sites (O9) is photoactive when irradiated at room temperature. From an analysis of the O8 and O9 fluorescence excitation spectra we infer an involvement of the X-traps in heterodimer formation. Furthermore it seems likely that an intermediate, perhaps an excimer is involved in the process.
Itk derived signals regulate the expression of Th-POK and controls the development of CD4 T cells.

T cell development is critically dependent on both the environment and signals delivered by the T cell Receptor (TCR). The Tec family kinase Itk has been suggested to be an amplifier of signals emanating from the TCR and the loss of Itk partially affects most stages of thymopoiesis. Loss of Itk also differentially affects the development of conventional vs. non-conventional or innate memory phenotype T cells. Here, we examine whether these lineage choices are affected by a combination of TCR affinity and Itk by analyzing mice lacking Itk and carrying two TCR transgenes with differing affinities, OT-II and DO11.10. Our results show that developing thymocytes receive a gradient of signals, DO11.10>OT-II>DO11.10/Itk−/−>OT-II/Itk−/−. We also show that the development of CD4+ T cells is controlled by TCR signaling via Itk, which regulates the expression of the transcription factor, Th-POK, an enforcement factor for CD4 commitment. This results in a reduction in CD4+ T cell development, and an increase in the development of MHC class II restricted TCR transgenic CD8+ T cells that resemble non-conventional or innate memory phenotype CD8 T cells. This alteration accompanies increased expression of Runx3 and its target genes Eomesodermin, Granzyme B and Perforin in Itk null OT-II CD4+ thymocytes. All together, these data suggest that Itk plays an important role in CD4/CD8 commitment by regulating signal thresholds for the lineage commitment. Our data also suggest that the lower level of TCR signaling that occurs with a low affinity TCR in the absence of Itk can redirect some MHC class II restricted CD4+ T cell to class II-restricted CD8+ innate memory phenotype T cells.
Denitrification activity in the root zone of a sludge-amended desert soil

We evaluated potential NO inf3 sup- losses from organic and inorganic N sources applied to improve the growth of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) on a Pima clay loam soil (Typic Torrifluvent). An initial set of soil cores (April 1989) was collected to a depth of 270 cm from sites in a cotton field previously amended with anaerobically digested sewage sludge or an inorganic N fertilizer. The denitrification potential was estimated in all soil samples by measuring N2O with gas chromatography. Soils amended with a low or high rate of sludge showed increased denitrification activity over soil samples amended with a low rate or inorganic N fertilizer. All amended samples showed greater denitrification activity than control soils. The denitrification decreased with soil depth in all treatments, and was only evident as deep as 90 cm in the soils treated with the high sludge rate. However, when soils collected from depths greater than 90 cm were amended with a C substrate, significant denitrification activity occurred. These date imply that organisms capable of denitrification were present in all soil samples, even those at depths far beneath the root zone. Hence, denitrification was C-substrate limited. A second series of soil cores taken later in the growing season (July 1989) confirmed these data. Denitrification losses (under laboratory conditions) to a soil depth of 270 cm represented 1–4% of total soil N depending on treatment, when the activity was C-substrate limited. With additional C substrate, the denitrification losses increased to 15–22% of the total soil N.
Probabilistic models of snow loads on structures

Abstract Snow loads provide the governing load requirements for the structural design of roofs in many northern climates or mountainous regions. Current design practice in North America and Europe is to calculate the roof snow load as the product of a ground load and a dimensionless ground-to-roof conversion factor. Both parameters are random variables, and appropriate fractiles of their distributions must be determined for use in design codes. Statistical data are presented on the ground snow obtained from analysis of climatological data, and on ground-to-roof conversion factors measured by surveys of snow accumulation on roofs.
GPR15: a tale of two species

The chemoattractant receptor GPR15 directs the homing of T cells to the colon; however, GRP15 expression differs in the effector and regulatory T cell subsets of humans versus those of mice. These findings have profound implications for the potential targeting of GRP15 for therapeutic intervention.
Home Care of Patients With Cystic Fibrosis

Because of the availability of a variety of new medications and therapies, patients with cystic fibrosis are living longer, and many are living well into their adult years. Cystic fibrosis is no longer known as a childhood disease. Intravenous antibiotics at home rather than in the hospital are much more common for pulmonary exacerbations or “tune ups.” Home care nurses help families and patients care for their central line and instruct on how to administer the IV antibiotics. This article will address some of the new medications and therapies in relation to the home care setting.
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF LOW-INCOME URBAN FAMILIES

The major focus of this research was the difference in financial management practices used by low-income urban white, black, and Mexican-American families. A random sample of 199 interviews was completed during the spring of 1980 in Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A. The sample consisted of sixty-nine white, seventy black, and sixty Mexican-American families. Differences in financial behaviour did occur for each race. In addition, they were optimistic regarding their own ability to handle money and resolve financial problems but generally negative toward the ability of other families to manage money, use credit, and plan purchases.
INTEGRATED ELECTROPLATED HEAT SPREADERS FOR HIGH POWER SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS

Thermal management of high power semiconductor lasers is challenging due to the low thermal conductivity of the laser substrate and the active device layers. In this work, we demonstrate the use of a microfabricated laser test device to study the thermal management of edge emitting semiconductor lasers. In this device, metallic heat spreaders of high thermal conductivity are directly electroplated on structures that mimic edge-emitting semiconductor lasers. The effects of various structural parameters of the heat spreader on the reduction of the thermal resistance of the laser test device are demonstrated both experimentally and theoretically. Without resolving to computational costive simulations, we developed two independent analytical models to verify the experimental data and further utilized them to identify the dominant thermal resistance under different laser mounting configurations. We believe our approach here of using microfabricated devices to mimic thermal characteristics of lasers as well as the developed analytical models for calculating the laser thermal resistance under different mounting configurations can potentially become valuable tools for thermal management of high power semiconductor lasers.
Broiling, Sex and Interrelationships with Carcass and Growth Characteristics and their Effect on the Neutral and Phospholipid Fatty Acids of the Bovine Longissimus Dorsi

SUMMARY Broiling had a greater effect on phospholipid fraction fatty acids than on neutral fraction fatty acids. The percentages of C18:3 (neutral fraction) and Cl4 and Cl5 (phospholipid fraction) were significantly smaller (5% level) in the broiled steaks. However, the percentage of C8 (phospholipid fraction) was larger in the broiled than in the raw steaks (5% level). Sex differences, restricted to the neutral fraction acids, were greater than the effect of broiling. Steers had a larger percentage of Cl6 and Cl8 and a smaller percentage of C18:l than heifers (5% level). Neutral fraction acids (C18, C18:l and C18:2) were significantly correlated with lipid prosphorus, cholesterol, % fat trim (retail), estimated % carcass fat and estimated % carcass lean. Phospholipid fraction acids (C16, C18, Cl83 and C20:4) were associated with average daily gain and days of animal age (5% level). Low, nonsignificant correlations were found among individual fatty acids from the neutral and phospholipid fractions of bovine longissimus dorsi muscle with tenderness and juiciness scores.
Leaky annular pupil for improved lateral resolution in confocal fluorescence microscopy

ABSTRACTImaging properties of an optical system may be modified by the introduction of spatial filters at theentrance and exit pupils. A classic example of this is the annular pupil, which is known to improve lateral resolution at the expense of depth disenminauon. In conlocal fluorescence microscopy, previousstudies have shown that a configuration with an annular pupil in the excitation path and a circular pupil in the emission path offers little improvement. We show here that a more favorable situation results if the annular excitation pupil is designed with a partially transmissive central obstruction. Our simulations show that the radii and leakage of the annulus may be adjusted to improve the point spread function'slateral resolution by 13 percent and with no degradation of the Z-axis full width at half-maximum. A slightly different pupil is shown to improve the lateral resolution by 10 percent and the Z-axis response by5 percent. 1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CONFOCAL FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPYIn a confocal fluorescence microscope, the image of a fluorescent specimen is described in three
Comparing observed changes in particle size spectra with those predicted using coagulation theory

The increasing appreciation of the importance of aggregates in transport of material through the ocean makes understanding their formation and movement crucial. Coagulation theory has the potential to explain key aspects of oceanic particle dynamics. Unfortunately, there are uncertainties about the best way to formulate coagulation theory in marine systems. A mesocosm experiment in which members of the SIGMA (Significant Interactions Generating Marine Aggregates) program grew marine phytoplankton and observed the changes in particle size spectra provides information needed to test different formulations of coagulation rates. Computer simulations incorporating coagulation theory were able to predict aspects of the particle size spectral evolution. The rectilinear formulation of coagulation kernels over-predicted coagulation rates, particularly because of high interaction rates between particles of much different sizes. The curvilinear formulation worked better, especially if used in conjunction with a disaggregation model. Disaggregation was a very important process regulating particle size spectra that was necessary to include in the simulations. The derived disaggregation rates were consistent with past observations of marine snow disaggregation. The simulations in which coagulation and disaggregation predicted the observed results best were those for which the dominant aggregation was between similar sized particles. The largest discrepancies between observed and predicted particle size spectra occurred when theory predicted that dominant interactions were between widely different particle sizes. While coagulation theory was useful in predicting particle size spectra for this experiment, there are still improvements needed in the theory.
COMPARISON OF DIMENSIONS AND FIBRIL ANGLES OF LOBLOLLY PINE TRACHEIDS FORMED IN WET OR DRY GROWING SEASONS

Diameter and wall thickness of tracheids and the fibrillar angle in their S2 layers were investigated at five relative heights within two inerement sheaths of one dominalnt loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). The sheaths investigated were formed during extremes of soil moisture availability. In both increment sheaths the radial and longitudinal trends of the respective anatomical features were similar; however, the sheaths differed in the degree and rate at which their size changed fr.om the apex to the base of the tree. Soil moisture conditions directly affected the width of the annual rings, tracheid diameter, and wall thickness but not the fibril angle of tracheid walls.
nasal Tip Blood Supply: Confirming the Safety of the Transcolumellar Incision in Rhinoplasty

The safety of the transcolumellar incision in the open rhinoplasty approach is predicated on the redundancy of the blood supply to the nasal tip, particularly the consistently present lateral nasal arteries. It has been previously demonstrated in a cadaver study that the lateral nasal arteries are present either unilaterally or bilaterally and can be relied on to maintain the vascularity of the nasal tip. Presented here is a review of this clinic's experience with the open rhinoplasty approach and present guidelines for safety in using the transcolumellar incision in rhinoplasty. Open rhinoplasty by means of a transcolumellar incision remains an eminently safe approach, given a sound understanding of the blood supply to the nasal tip.
Development, Employment, and Migration

The concept of Asian Pacific panethnicity is examined in the light of the growing numbers and diversity of the population in the 1990s. The term ‘Asian American’ originated in the civil rights period of the 1960s to help unify Asian groups in the common struggle against negative stereotypes and discrimination. Revised immigration laws, new immigrant groups and continued hostility have brought new challenges, and it is argued that Asian Pacific Americans as a group can provide important leadership for the U.S.'s transformation to a more truly multicultural society.
Are long hours and hard work detrimental to end-clerkship examination scores?

Abstract BACKGROUND: Third-year medical students' complaints focus on the number of hours worked and subsequent lack of study time among three general surgery blocks. We hypothesize that this difference between the surgical blocks does not adversely influence student examination scores. METHODS: Student scores for the academic years 1996–97 to 1997–98 for the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) surgery subtests were compiled. A comparison of two "slow" general surgery blocks (B/C) with one "busy" block (A) was made using a two-tailed t test. A multiple regression analysis was also employed. Finally, United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) part I scores were used to determine equivalency of groups. RESULTS: No significant difference existed between block A and blocks B/C in USMLE part I and NBME ( P = 0.35 and 0.16 respectively). However, USMLE and rotation sequence influenced NBME scores ( P CONCLUSION: The data suggest that no difference exists in examination scores between students assigned to a busy general surgery block versus those students assigned to slow blocks.
Electrical Polarization and Microwave Absorption of Aluminium Acetylacetonate in Benzene Solution

STATIC dielectric constants and specific volumes have been measured for benzene solutions of aluminium acetylacetonate at 25°, 35°, 45° and 55° C. The dielectric constants and losses at frequencies of 9,133 and 24,560 Mc/s were also determined for benzene solutions of the aluminium chelate at 15°, 25° and 45° C. Total molar polarizations and dielectric relaxation times have been calculated from these data.
Optimizing the diagnosis of food allergy

Accurately diagnosing a patient with a possible food allergy is important to avoid unnecessary dietary restrictions and prevent life-threatening reactions. Routine testing modalities have limited accuracy, and an oral food challenge is often required to make a definitive diagnosis. Given that they are labor intensive and risk inducing an allergic reaction, several alternative diagnostic modalities have been investigated. Testing for IgE antibodies to particular protein components in foods has shown promise to improve diagnostics and has entered clinical practice. Additional modalities show potential, including epitope binding, T-cell studies, and basophil activation.
A Concept of Negative Dependence Using Stochastic Ordering.

Abstract A concept of negative dependence called negative dependence by stochastic ordering is introduced. This concept satisfies various closure properties. It is shown that three models for negetive dependence satisfy it and that it implies the basic negative orthant inequalities. This concept is also satisfied by the multinomial, multivariate hypergeometric. Dirichlet and Dirichlet compound multinomial distributions. Furthermore, the joint distribution of ranks of a sample and the multivariate normal with nonpositive pairwise correlations also satisfy this condition. The positive dependence analog of this condition is also studied.
Rat8p/Dbp5p is a shuttling transport factor that interacts with Rat7p/Nup159p and Gle1p and suppresses the mRNA export defect of xpo1‐1 cells

In a screen for temperature-sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective for mRNA export, we previously identified the essential DEAD-box protein Dbp5p/Rat8p and the nucleoporin Rat7p/Nup159p. Both are essential for mRNA export. Here we report that Dbp5p and Rat7p interact through their Nterminal domains. Deletion of this portion of Rat7p (Rat7pDeltaN) results in strong defects in mRNA export and eliminates association of Dbp5p with nuclear pores. Overexpression of Dbp5p completely suppressed the growth and mRNA export defects of rat7DeltaN cells and resulted in weaker suppression in cells carrying rat7-1 or the rss1-37 allele of GLE1. Dbp5p interacts with Gle1p independently of the N-terminus of Dbp5p. Dbp5p shuttles between nucleus and cytoplasm in an Xpo1p-dependent manner. It accumulates in nuclei of xpo1-1 cells and in cells with mutations affecting Mex67p (mex67-5), Gsp1p (Ran) or Ran effectors. Overexpression of Dbp5p prevents nuclear accumulation of mRNA in xpo1-1 cells, but does not restore growth, suggesting that the RNA export defect of xpo1-1 cells may be indirect. In a screen for high-copy suppressors of the rat8-2 allele of DBP5, we identified YMR255w, now called GFD1. Gfd1p is not essential, interacts with Gle1p and Rip1p/Nup42p, and is found in the cytoplasm and at the nuclear rim.
On analytical methods and inferences for 2×2 contingency table data using wildlife examples

Abstract The 2×2 contingency table is a common analytical method for wildlife studies, but inappropriate analyses and inferences are not uncommon. Issues of concern are presented for selecting the appropriate test for analyzing these data sets. These include the choice of test relative to experimental or sampling design and breadth of intended inferences, the careful statement of hypotheses, and analyses with small sample sizes. Examples from the wildlife literature are used to reinforce the statistical concepts.
Psychological Types, Color Attributes, and Color Preferences of Clothing, Textiles, and Design Students:

The purposes of this study were to determine (a) if color attributes affect color preferences and (b) if psychological types affect colorpreferencesfor apparel fabrics. Color theory was applied usi...
Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition.

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate absorber material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. SnS offers easy phase control and rapid growth by congruent thermal evaporation, and it absorbs visible light strongly. However, for a long time the record power conversion efficiency of SnS solar cells remained below 2%. Recently we demonstrated new certified record efficiencies of 4.36% using SnS deposited by atomic layer deposition, and 3.88% using thermal evaporation. Here the fabrication procedure for these record solar cells is described, and the statistical distribution of the fabrication process is reported. The standard deviation of efficiency measured on a single substrate is typically over 0.5%. All steps including substrate selection and cleaning, Mo sputtering for the rear contact (cathode), SnS deposition, annealing, surface passivation, Zn(O,S) buffer layer selection and deposition, transparent conductor (anode) deposition, and metallization are described. On each substrate we fabricate 11 individual devices, each with active area 0.25 cm2. Further, a system for high throughput measurements of current-voltage curves under simulated solar light, and external quantum efficiency measurement with variable light bias is described. With this system we are able to measure full data sets on all 11 devices in an automated manner and in minimal time. These results illustrate the value of studying large sample sets, rather than focusing narrowly on the highest performing devices. Large data sets help us to distinguish and remedy individual loss mechanisms affecting our devices.
Some critical issues in advanced polymer science

Theoretical projections, based upon the anisotropic character of the polymer chains and supported by recent fiber technology and composite mechanics developments, indicate that an order of magnitude improvement in bulk polymer properties is both technically possible and achievable. The objective of this discussion is to define and discuss some of the major scientific problems associated with the achievement of the maximum mechanical potential of macromolecular (polymeric) solids. Two material paths to achieve maximum response will be considered in detail. 1. Composite Materials. This deals with the reinforcement of bulk polymers by one or more phases providing enhanced mechanical properties, such as high-strength high-modulus graphite, glass, and polymeric fibers. The latter could include high-modulus fibrous polyethylene in a polyethylene matrix–a molecular composite. 2. Homogeneous Molecular Composites–Ultra Molecular Orientation. Examined here is the way absolute molecular orientation can be developed in both aromatic and olefinic polymers to produce materials with mechanical properties comparable to the defect-free single crystals of metals. Simultaneously, structure-property relations are examined in traditional bulk polymers.
Load Miss Prediction - Exploiting Power Performance Trade-offs

Modern CPUs operate at GHz frequencies, but the latencies of memory accesses are still relatively large, in the order of hundreds of cycles. Deeper cache hierarchies with larger cache sizes can mask these latencies for codes with good data locality and reuse, such as structured dense matrix computations. However, cache hierarchies do not necessarily benefit sparse scientific computing codes, which tend to have limited data locality and reuse. We therefore propose a new memory architecture with a load miss predictor (LMP), which includes a data bypass cache and a predictor table, to reduce access latencies by determining whether a load should bypass the main cache hierarchy and issue an early load to main memory. Our architecture uses the L2 (and lower caches) as a victim cache for data removed from our bypass cache. We use cycle-accurate simulations, with SimpleScalar and Wattch to show that our LMP improves the performance of sparse codes, our application domain of interest, on average by 14%, with a 13.6% increase in power. When the LMP is used with dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS), performance can be improved by 8.7% with system power savings of 7.3% and energy reduction of 17.3% at 1800 MHz relative to the base system at 2000 MHz. Alternatively our LMP can be used to improve the performance of SPEC benchmarks by an average of 2.9 % at the cost of 7.1 % increase in average power.
Information theoretic games on interference channels

We provide a natural formulation of information theoretic games on interference channels. We analyze this game on a class of deterministic interference channels recently introduced to approximate Gaussian channels in the interference-limited regime. Our main result is a complete and simple characterization of the subset of the interference channel capacity region that can be achieved as Nash equilibria. We show that for all parameter values of the interference channel, there are always Nash equilibria which are efficient, i.e. on the boundary of the capacity region.
Sheep flock infections with Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae involve multiple strains

Abstract Infections with Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae have been characterized as occurring with multiple strains within a flock of sheep. In this study clonal isolates of M. ovipneumoniae recovered from 35 lambs from five flocks in central Iowa were analyzed. Using a single primer arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR), and amplified-fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) techniques, a genomic fingerprint was created for each M. ovipneumoniae clonal isolate recovered. The amplified products were separated using gel electrophoresis for the AP-PCR and a sequencer for the AFLP. Band patterns were then analyzed to create dendrograms. In each flock more strains of M. ovipneumoniae were detected when using AP-PCR compared to AFLP. Genomic fingerprints created from the AP-PCR technique yielded fewer bands than those from AFLP. Overall, it was confirmed that multiple strains of M. ovipneumoniae are involved in each flock infection.
Comparison of the Safety and Efficacy of Intranasal Midazolam or Sufentanil for Preinduction of Anesthesia in Pediatric Patients

Nasal administration of sufentanil or midazolam is effective for preinduction of pediatric patients, but there are no data on which to base a choice between them. This blinded randomized study compares behavioral and physiologic responses to sedation with one of these medications followed by inhalation or intravenous induction. Ninety-five patients aged 0.5-10 yr scheduled for elective surgery were stratified by age: 30 infants 0.5-2 yr, 38 preschoolers 2.1-5 yr, and 27 school-age children 5.1-10 yr. They were randomized to receive 0.04 ml/kg of midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) or sufentanil (2 micrograms/kg). Hemoglobin oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry (SpO2) and sedation score were recorded prior to drug administration, at 2.5-min intervals for 10 min, at separation, and during induction with graded halothane in oxygen. Intubation was performed under deep halothane or 3 mg/kg of thiopental and 0.1 mg/kg of pancuronium. Chest wall compliance was assessed qualitatively in all patients prior to intubation. To assess the effects of a mild standardized stress on unpremedicated patients, 75 of the children with parents present were scored before and after oximeter probe placement: of these, in 63% the sedation score did not change; 33% appeared more anxious; and only 4% seemed reassured. Children of all ages reacted negatively to physicians, and 23% were crying prior to administration of drugs. Sufentanil appeared less unpleasant to receive than midazolam: children cried 46 +/- 100 versus 76 +/- 73 s (P less than 0.05), respectively, but by 7.5 min, no child was crying. Median behavior scores at maximum anxiolysis were not different, but response to sufentanil was more variable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Bedside Rounding Strategies Used by Bedside Teachers

To the Editors:—We applaud Dr. Gonzalo and colleagues’ efforts to compile reported elements that respected bedside teachers use in preparing and conducting rounds.1 However, we have concerns that the rounds described are not fully engaging patient-centered bedside rounds practices. In comparison to the definition of beside rounds previously published by Gonzalo,2 we were surprised to find that the definition of bedside rounds in the current study did not necessarily require the history presentation in the presence of the patient. We pondered the reasons for the shift and find this current definition unfavorable toward achieving patient-centered care. Without engaging the patient to verify and elaborate history, attending physicians are fully reliant on trainee reports. A thoughtful, focused, and compassionate presentation at the bedside which engages the patient is inherent to an accurate patient-centered approach. Attending physicians are described preparing for rounds; “nearly all attending physicians reviewed written notes, EMR, and if possible, evaluated patients directly…’I look up information…from the previous day. I decide what I am going to focus on…’” Clinicians cannot model patient-centered progressive problem solving if they are anchored to a diagnosis and/or management plan before they have seen the patient. We think the ability to engage with the patient and learners authentically in a collaborative thought process regarding the accurate diagnoses and best patient-centered management is now handicapped by the fact that the attendings have already done the thinking without these other parties. Finally, although it is not completely clear how educational value was defined for patient prioritization and selection, it is inferred that patients who did not have “challenging diagnoses” were considered low educational value and would likely have bedside rounds deferred. The number of patients in the hospital with multiple chronic conditions is staggering.3 Exacerbations of these diagnoses may not be “unfamiliar,” and clinical decision making may not be “challenging” since treatment protocols exist. However, the process of shared decision-making of disease management is vital to these patients. It is clear that patients prefer a less authoritarian and more of a shared decision-making approach to their medical care.4 In fact, patient-centered and value-based care is now written as part of the Affordable Care Act. This cannot be achieved without affirming patients’ values through patient–clinician communication. How can we transform inpatient care to achieve this? While we need additional strategies, bedside rounds, when well defined, prepared, and applied, can move us in the right direction.
Investigations on the Aging Effect of Supercapacitors

In this paper, the degradation processes of commercial supercapacitors aged at 2.7 V and 65 °C for 2000 h were studied. The crystallinity, thermal stability, and specific surface areas of the carbon electrodes of the supercapacitors were measured. Significant changes and degradations in the carbon electrodes were observed for the aged supercapacitors. New functional groups were also found on the surface of the electrodes. The degradation of the lattice structures and the reduction in the specific surface area were as well observed for the aged supercapacitors. It was suggested that the aging of supercapacitors significantly changed the electrode surface which affects considerably electrical properties and functionality of supercapacitors. We have also performed experiments which suggest that the aging effect on the electrode is not uniformly distributed through its length.
Money, the meaning of money, management, spirituality, and religion

This article briefly summarizes selected theory and research related to money and the meaning of money. Research shows that money is considered as a tool and as a drug. People are subject to all kinds of temptation in the environment that trigger them to act ethically or unethically. Thinking about money enhances one’s feeling of “self‐sufficiency,” but reduces one’s willingness to help others. The mere presence of abundant money incites the feeling of “envy” toward wealthy others that provokes unethical behavior. Having control over money and spending money on others promote happiness. High love‐of‐money individuals have low pay satisfaction, low quality of life, low ethical intentions, and low intention to help others and become Good Samaritans. Since money is the direct opposite of spirituality and one cannot serve both God and money, spirituality and religion help people live fulfilling, meaningful, and purposeful lives. There is hope that our understanding of spirituality and religion through the len...
New Questions on the Road to Safer Health Care

Patient safety remains a major concern in the United States and worldwide. The most recent estimate from the US Department of Health and Human Services suggests that as many as 180 000 patients may die each year due to medical care–induced harm,1 a figure that would make it the nation’s third leading cause of death. An even higher number of patients suffer injuries due to medical care, from the minor and temporary to the life-threatening and permanently debilitating. Worldwide, similar rates of harm due to medical care are seen2; it is likely that millions worldwide die annually from preventable adverse events. Disturbing as these estimates may be, they are largely derived from studies of hospitalized adults. They reflect neither the true burden of harm that occurs in the community nor the true burden of harm to children. In an article in this issue, Walsh et al3 shine new light on an underexplored facet of the patient safety problem, in a small but rigorous, prospective observational study conducted in the homes of children with cancer. Through direct observations of medication administrations and reviews … Address correspondence to Christopher P. Landrigan, MD, MPH, Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Enders 1, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail: clandrigan{at}partners.org
A real-time algorithm for separating locally-stationary random processes in the presence of noise

The forward separation of two locally stationary random autoregressive (AR) processes is presented. Current adaptive filter schemes focus on rapid minimum-mean-square-error (MSE) convergence as a measure of quality. Given an environment that is generally nonstationary, the MSE filters must be constructed with finite memory to allow timely adaptation to process changes. This approach unavoidably results in the MSE modeling of locally stationary noise events, which occur synchronously with the underlying information process. The removal of these noise events is analogous to the classical problem of separating general stochastic processes from colored noise. For the case presented, the task is made more difficult by coloring the noise as though it were a spectrally distinct process. The synchronous process occurrence is described analytically, and a real-time heuristic separation algorithm for multiple processes is proposed, with emphasis on retaining causality and computational efficiency. >
Gross and Laparoscopic Anatomy of the Upper Urinary Tract and Retroperitoneum

The upper urinary tract is contained within the retroperitoneum. The retroperitoneal space is bound by the diaphragm superiorly; posteriorly and laterally by the musculature of the body wall; anteriorly, by the peritoneal envelope; and inferiorly, it is contiguous with the pelvis. The kidneys and ureters lie within the retroperitoneum together with the adrenal glands, as well as significant vascular, lymphatic, and neural structures (see Fig.2.1). The anterior retroperitoneum also contains the duodenum, pancreas, and portions of the ascending and descending colon, all in close proximity to the upper urinary tract.