cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synchronous Hyperactivity and Intercellular Calcium Waves in Astrocytes in Alzheimer Mice

Although senile plaques focally disrupt neuronal health, the functional response of astrocytes to Alzheimer9s disease pathology is unknown. Using multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy in vivo, we quantitatively imaged astrocytic calcium homeostasis in a mouse model of Alzheimer9s disease. Resting calcium was globally elevated in the astrocytic network, but was independent of proximity to individual plaques. Time-lapse imaging revealed that calcium transients in astrocytes were more frequent, synchronously coordinated across long distances, and uncoupled from neuronal activity. Furthermore, rare intercellular calcium waves were observed, but only in mice with amyloid-β plaques, originating near plaques and spreading radially at least 200 micrometers. Thus, although neurotoxicity is observed near amyloid-β deposits, there exists a more general astrocyte-based network response to focal pathology.
Brief A random least-trimmed-squares identification algorithm

The Least-trimmed-squares (LTS) estimator is a well known robust estimator in terms of protecting the estimate from the outliers. Its high computational complexity is however a problem in practice. In this paper, we propose a random LTS algorithm which has a low computational complexity that can be calculated a priori as a function of the required error bound and the confidence interval. Moreover, if the number of data points goes to infinite, the algorithm becomes a deterministic one that converges to the true LTS in some probability sense.
Syntheses of highly constrained β-aryl isohexanoic acid derivatives via asymmetric Michael addition

A series of enantiomerically pure highly sterically hindered β-branched isohexanoic acid derivatives have been synthesized with high diastereoselectivity via asymmetric Michael addition. The X-ray crystal structure of (4S,3′S)-3-[3′-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)isohexanyl]-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone demonstrated that the β-configuration was induced from the Si-face, and that the torsional angle χ2 was restricted by the bulky β-isopropyl group to the range expected from molecular modeling.
Evolution of nuclear many-body forces with the similarity renormalization group.

In recent years, the Similarity Renormalization Group has provided a powerful and versatile means to soften interactions for ab initio nuclear calculations. The substantial contribution of both induced and initial three-body forces to the nuclear interaction has required the consistent evolution of free-space Hamiltonians in the three-particle space. We present the most recent progress on this work, extending the calculational capability to the $p$-shell nuclei and showing that the hierarchy of induced many-body forces is consistent with previous estimates. Calculations over a range of the flow parameter for $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$, including fully evolved $\mathit{NN}$ $+$ 3$N$ interactions, show moderate contributions due to induced four-body forces and display the same improved convergence properties as in lighter nuclei. A systematic analysis provides further evidence that the hierarchy of many-body forces is preserved.
Role of the physical state of the hepatic microsomal membrane in the formation of bilirubin diglucuronide

Summary In vitro formation of bilirubin diglucuronide by rat hepatic microsomes proceeds efficiently only under specific conditions; i.e., a low level of bilirubin, temperature > 23–24 °C and treatment of the microsomes with a very specific level of perturbant (J. Biol. Chem., 258: 15028–15036). In the present study, the effect of temperature and detergents on the anisotropy of fluorescent probes in the rat hepatic microsomal membrane was used to determine the role of the physical state of the membrane in controlling the formation of bilirubin diglucuronide. A lipid phase separation that occurred at 23 ± 2 °C was identified in these membranes indicating that bilirubin diglucuronide is formed efficiently only above the lipid phase separation when the phospholipids are in the liquid crystalline state. In addition, use of fluorescent probes for the surface and core of the membrane indicates that alterations in the physical state of the hydrophobic core rather than the phospholipid polar head group region of the membrane controls the in vitro formation of bilirubin diglucuronide.
Punctuation in the Constitution of Public Identities: Primary and Secondary Sequences in the Scopes Trial

The constitution of one group or “people” cannot be accomplished apart from the constitution of other groups. This is to say that group identities exist only in the context of relationships or that identities and relationships are two aspects of the same thing. One way in which both public and private relationships are constructed is through the causal interpretation of sequences of actions —what the Palo Alto group has called punctuation. In the Scopes trial, both sides try to situate the American people within such a sequence in order to give them either a purely traditionalist or modernist identity. Modernists take their identity from the relationship they have with traditionalism, and traditionalists take their identity from an historical sequence of acts they share with modernism.
A HyperCard program to track information-search strategies

In many decision-making studies, subjects are given a body of material to review and then their search strategies are assessed. Research paradigms in such studies exhibit varying degrees of artificiality and obtrusiveness, and data collection is often cumbersome. The present paper describes a Macintosh application using the Hyper-Card program that tracks subjects’ search strategies in a less obtrusive and artificial manner than those used in previous studies. The program records the order in which the material is reviewed as well as the duration of subjects’ access to each part of the material. Data collection is also greatly simplified by the program. An experiment using the program is described and suggestions for other uses of the program are discussed.
Metastability of Ginzburg-Landau model with a conservation law

The hydrodynamics of Ginzburg-Landau dynamics has previously been proved to be a nonlinear diffusion equation. The diffusion coefficient is given by the second derivative of the free energy and hence nonnegative. We consider in this paper the Ginzburg-Landau dynamics with long-range interactions. In this case the diffusion coefficient is nonnegative only in the metastable region. We prove that if the initial condition is in the metastable region, then the hydrodynamics is governed by a nonlinear diffusion equation with the diffusion coefficient given by the metastable curve. Furthermore, the lifetime of the metastable state is proved to be exponentially large.
Multiple gastric adenomatous polyps in a dog.

Abstract A case of multiple gastric adenomatous polyps is described in a female dog aged 1 to 1 1 2 years. One polyp had focal atypical changes suggesting malignant transformation. The infrequent occurrence of epithelial neoplasms, especially benign ones, in the stomachs of dogs is emphasized, as well as the significantly higher incidence of both benign and malignant epithelial tumours in man than in domesticated animals.
Identifying Differences in Time Managers

A measure to differentiate time managers was developed in which performance indi cators were used to derive a self-perception measure (TM Score). It was based upon planning for the future, meeting deadlines, and accuracy in estimating duration of routine tasks. Statistical tests used to investigate time management effectiveness were analysis of variance and Pearson product -moment correlation coefficients. From the analyses it was concluded that middle-aged adults who live busy lives were more likely to be effective time managers than others. Age was one of the key characteristics related to differences in TM Scores. This finding was reinforced by information on retirement status, family description, and residential longevity. Team spirit, as indicated by family cohesion, was also another characteristic associated with differences in TM Scores, for as family cohesion increased, TM Scores also increased. Among other management prac tices, orderly storage areas and a sense of the importance of time usage were both associated with more effective time management. A multivariate analysis (GLM proce dure of SAS statistical computer package) produced a model that accounted for 25 percent of the total variation in TM Score. Of the six variables in the model, education, household production, and social participation in local organizations were most influential.
Optimal drug use and rational drug policy.

The Muller & Schumann (MS that most individuals underuse rather than overuse drugs; and that behavioral scientists could use drugs more effectively in generating hypotheses and collaborating empathically.
The Estimation of [Vdot]O2max from Maximal and Sub-Maximal Measurements in Males, Age 10–39

(1986). The Estimation of [Vdot]O2max from Maximal and Sub-Maximal Measurements in Males, Age 10–39. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 250-253.
Transferability of SSR markers among wheat, rye, and triticale.

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are a valuable tool for many purposes, such as mapping, fingerprinting, and breeding. However, they are only available in some economically important crops because of the high cost and labor intensity involved in their development. Comparative mapping reveals a high degree of colinearity between closely related species, which allows the exchange of markers between them. Our objective was to examine the transferability of SSR markers among wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), and triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack). One hundred forty-eight wheat and 28 rye SSR markers were used to amplify genomic DNA extracted from five lines each of wheat, rye, and triticale. Transferability of wheat SSR markers to rye was 17%, whereas 25% of rye markers were amplifiable in wheat. In triticale, 58% and 39% transferability was achieved for wheat and rye markers, respectively. Wheat markers gave an average of 2.6, 2.7, and 2.4 polymorphic bands in wheat, rye, and triticale, respectively, while rye markers gave an average of 2.0 in rye and none in wheat and triticale. These transferable markers can now be exploited for further genetic and breeding studies in these species.
ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS

Approaches to the diagnosis of genetic disease using the tools of molecular genetics are being developed at a rapid pace as efforts to map the human genome progress. Technical challenges remain, however, in devising approaches to permit the wide diversity of pathogenic mutations to be identified in an efficient manner. Moreover, the possibility of population screening for carrier status for gene mutations raises important ethical and social questions. Major progress has been made in both areas and the list of disorders amenable to molecular diagnosis is expanding rapidly.
Constructing simulation relations for IDO systems affine in inputs and disturbances

We introduce a new algorithm for generating simulation relations between nonlinear control systems that are affine in inputs and disturbances and provide precise mathematical conditions ensuring that the algorithm works as intended. In addition, we prove that under appropriate conditions, making the “right choices” in the algorithm leads to a maximal simulation relation. Finally, we construct several illustrative examples showing in detail how the algorithm works in specific instances and also indicate some of the limitations of the algorithm.
Single-inductor dual-input dual-output buck-boost fuel-cell-li-ion charging DC-DC converter supply

Self-powered wireless micro-sensors and other miniaturized wireless systems provide energy-saving and performance-enhancing intelligence to state-of-the-art biomedical and consumer electronics and difficult-to-replace technologies such as power grids and manufacturing plants. Unfortunately, micro-scale dimensions constrain energy (i.e., lifetime) and power (i.e., functionality), and wireless micro-sensors require both: for extended sense/stand-by periods and transmission. These applications exhibit high peak-to-averagepower ratios, however, given that transmission demands considerably more power than processing sensory inputs, peak-power and energy requirements are normally mutually exclusive, which is why complementing a power-dense source like the Li-ion battery with its energy-dense counterpart like the fuel cell (FC) improves micro-scale integration and performance [1].
Construction of first-generation lactococcal integrative cloning vectors.

Using a randomly-cloned, HindIII-digested, chromosomal fragment from Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis LM0230, first-generation lactococcal integrative cloning vectors were developed. Through dideoxy DNA sequence analysis, the cloned chromosomal DNA fragment was determined to be 1026 base pairs. Southern hybridization studies demonstrated applicability of the integrative vector to other strains of L. lactis and L. lactis subsp. cremoris. Identification of a single NruI site near the middle of the chromosomal fragment allowed insertion of the erythromycin (Em)-resistance (eryr) gene obtained from L. lactis IL1837. Integration of the eryr gene into the L. lactis LM0230 chromosome was achieved by a Campbell-like recombination. The nisin (Nis)-resistance (nisr) gene from L. lactis IL1904 was inserted into the NruI site in a separate clone and integration into the L. lactis LM0230 chromosome was achieved via a replacement recombination event following electroporation of the linearized nisr fragment flanked by the cloned chromosomal DNA. Transformants grown in the absence of either Em or Nis for >200 generations and subsequently transferred to various concentrations of the selectable agent confirmed the stability of the integrated genes. Further studies involving the Nis-resistant (Nisr) transformant suggested that the integrated nisr gene may be amplifying within the host chromosome.
Three-dimensional (3-D) imaging of chondrocytes in articular cartilage: growth-associated changes in cell organization.

Three-dimensional (3-D) imaging and analysis techniques can be used to assess the organization of cells in biological tissues, providing key insights into the role of cell arrangement in growth, homeostasis, and degeneration. The objective of the present study was to use such methods to assess the growth-related changes in cell organization of articular cartilage from different sites in the bovine knee. Three-dimensional images of fetal, calf, and adult cartilage were obtained and processed to identify cell nuclei. The density of cells was lower with growth and with increasing depth from the articular surface. The cell organization, assessed by the angle to the nearest neighboring cell, also varied with growth, and reflected the classical organization of cells in adult tissue, with neighboring cells arranged horizontally in the superficial zone (average angle of 20°) and vertically in the deep zone (60°). In all other regions and growth stages of cartilage, the angle was ∼32°, indicative of an isotropic organization. On the contrary, the nearest neighbor distance did not vary significantly with growth or depth. Together, these results indicate that cartilage growth is associated with distinctive 3-D arrangements of groups of chondrocytes.
Implications of the mother-child relationship in infancy for socialization in the second year of life

Abstract We examined implications of two components of the early mother-child relationship, maternal responsiveness and shared interactive positivity, for future socialization. Each component was assessed at 9 and 14 months using multiple behavioral measures in 112 mother-child dyads who were observed interacting in lengthy naturalistic paradigms. The two components were internally coherent, stable over time, and they converged significantly. Although the role of each component differed depending on the outcome measure, they generally predicted a host of positive socialization effects, all assessed at 22 months, as expected. These effects encompassed maternal diminished use of power in discipline contexts, children’s higher empathy to maternal distress, their more eager and successful performance in a mother-child imitation paradigm, and more distress when they believed they had violated a standard of conduct. The value of an approach that focuses on qualities of early relationship for later socialization is discussed.
Enriched copper isotope tracer for dietary copper incorporation into hair using neutron activation analysis in conjunction with direct-current argon plasma spectrometry

Abstract A method is described for labeling and measuring the incorporation of dietary copper into hair using the enriched (99.61 atomic-%) 65Cu isotope. Natural isotope abundant copper exists as 65Cu (30.86 atomic-%) and 63Cu (69.17 atomic-%), but enriched (99.61 atomic-%) 65Cu isotope may be obtained commercially and administered to change deliberately the natural isotope abundance of copper to “label” the copper source. Natural isotope abundant copper and the enriched (99.61 atomic-%) 65Cu isotope were mixed into rat feed and administered daily by gavage. The isotope concentration was determined by neutron activation analysis (NAA). The copper concentration was determined by direct-current argon plasma (DCP) spectrometry. The measured copper isotope ratios (65Cu/Cutot)_for the natural isotope abundant copper in National Bureau of Standards Standard Reference Materials (NBS SRM) 1571 Orchard Leaves and 1577a Bovine Liver were 0.3201 ± 0.0039 and 0.3187 ± 0.0089, respectively. Measured copper isotope ratios in rat hair were 0.3100 ± 0.0606, 0.4580 ± 0.2495 and 0.2712 ± 0.0645 from rats given a standard feed that contained natural isotope abundant copper, a daily supplement of natural isotope abundant copper sulfate mixed into the standard feed and a daily supplement of copper sulfate administered by gavage, respectively. The copper isotope ratio increased to 0.5251 ± 0.2860 and 0.7235 ± 0.0704 in hair from rats given enriched 65Cu in their feed and by gavage, respectively. The statistically significant increase in the 65Cu isotope when administered by gavage demonstrates strates successful labeling of dietary copper in the hair.
The Impact of Feminist Thought on Human Rights

(1997). The impact of feminist thought on human rights. Global Society: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 111-128.
Gratification versus frustration: The legacy of the schism between Ferenczi and Freud

The tension between whether to gratify or frustrate a patient reappears countless times in the course of every therapeutic treatment. This tension, so dramatically encapsulated in the relationship between Ferenczi and Freud, and resurfaced repeatedly in the writings and teachings of such influential thinkers as Alexander, Greenson, Stone, Brenner, Winnicott, Kohut and Kernberg.
Effects of Crossflow Velocity and Transmembrane Pressure on Microfiltration of Oil-in-Water Emulsions

Abstract This study addresses the issue of oil removal from water using hydrophilic porous membranes. The effective separation of oil-in-water dispersions involves high flux of water through the membrane and, at the same time, high rejection rate of the oil phase. The effects of transmembrane pressure and crossflow velocity on rejection of oil droplets and thin oil films by pores of different cross-section are investigated numerically by solving the Navier–Stokes equation. We found that in the absence of crossflow, the critical transmembrane pressure, which is required for the oil droplet entry into a circular pore of a given surface hydrophilicity, agrees well with analytical predictions based on the Young–Laplace equation. With increasing crossflow velocity, the shape of the oil droplet is strongly deformed near the pore entrance and the critical pressure of permeation increases. We determined numerically the phase diagram for the droplet rejection, permeation, and breakup depending on the transmembrane pressure and shear rate. Finally, an analytical expression for the critical pressure in terms of geometric parameters of the pore cross-section is validated via numerical simulations for a continuous oil film on elliptical and rectangular pores.
A lumped parameter element for the analysis of axisymmetric solids of revolution

Abstract The results and the discussions presented here show that the lumped parameter method may be employed for the analysis of axisymmetric solids of revolution in much the same manner as the finite element method. It is developed with the same basic assumptions and is subject to much the same limitations. However, there are some differences. The equilibrium for both individual elements and the complete structure is satisfied. Natural (stress) boundary conditions as well as displacement boundary conditions may be prescribed on the boundaries. Thus the stress conditions at the edge are identically satisfied. Since strains and stresses are defined at discrete points in the structure, the concept of nonlinear material behavior may be incorporated into the method.
Sequencing DNA using mass spectrometry for ladder detection

Sequencing of DNA fragments of 130 and 200 bp using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for DNA ladder detection was demonstrated. With further improvement in mass resolution and detection sensitivity, mass spectrometry shows great promise for routine DNA sequencing in the future.
Surveying the Emotions

A commentary on Robert Kagan’s What is Emotion? (2007). The commentary praises the author for the range and breadth of his analysis and for his skepticism concerning the common tendency to equate emotions with brain states. At the same time, I raise questions about the terms in which Kagan attempts to separate out the distinct components of the emotional “cascade.” In particular, I suggest that by treating the appraisal or interpretation of the changes in bodily feelings as a distinct phase of the emotional response, Kagan appears to dissociate the relevant brain and bodily feeling states from the contexts or meanings in which they are embedded, and to do so in ways that obscure the relationship between the successive components or phases he has identified.
Evidence That Levels of Presenilins (PS1 and PS2) Are Coordinately Regulated by Competition for Limiting Cellular Factors

Abstract Mutations in two related genes, PS1and PS2, account for the majority of early onset cases of familial Alzheimer’s disease. PS1 and PS2 are homologous polytopic membrane proteins that are processed endoproteolytically into two fragments in vivo. In the present report we examine the fate of endogenous PS1 and PS2 after overexpression of human PS1 or PS2 in mouse N2a neuroblastoma cell lines and human PS1 in transgenic mice. Remarkably, in N2a cell lines and in brains of transgenic mice expressing human PS1, accumulation of human PS1 derivatives is accompanied by a compensatory, and highly selective, decrease in the steady-state levels of murine PS1 and PS2 derivatives. Similarly, the levels of murine PS1 derivatives are diminished in cultured cells overexpressing human PS2. To define the minimal sequence requirements for “replacement” we expressed familial Alzheimer’s disease-linked and experimental deletion variants of PS1. These studies revealed that compromised accumulation of murine PS1 and PS2 derivatives resulting from overexpression of human PS1 occurs in a manner independent of endoproteolytic cleavage. Our results are consistent with a model in which the abundance of PS1 and PS2 fragments is regulated coordinately by competition for limiting cellular factor(s).
A New Kinetics-Based Approach to Quantifying the Extent of Metastable → Stable Phase Transformation in Thermally-Grown Al 2 O 3 Scales

A novel kinetics analysis method to quantifying the extent of metastable → stable Al2O3 phase-transformation in thermally-grown alumina scales is presented. This analysis involved assessing thermogravimetric data and the time dependence of the associated value of the instantaneous time exponent, n i . It was found that if there is θ → α transformation, the n i -value curve characteristically decreases to a minimum and then increases. The time corresponding to the minimum was defined as a transition time, t tr . It was found that after this t tr , the α phase was significantly established as a continuous layer and the overall scaling kinetics were greatly reduced. Furthermore, using a kinetics scenario for the θ and α co-formation, measured weight-gain kinetics could be well simulated from the initial co-formation stage to the steady-state single-α-phase-growing stage. Finally, it is shown that the transformation kinetics in the lateral direction can also be determined by this kinetics analysis method.
Possible reversible intersystem crossing in a geminal biscyclopropyl substituted m-xylylene

Abstract Reaction of 6,6-dicyclopropylfulvene with isobutylidene gives rise to products derived from a m-xylylene. Both cyclopropane ring opened monomers with o- and p-isocumene-like structures and dimers with intact cyclopropane rings are formed. Since m-xylylene would appear to be a relatively stable triplet and would not be expected to give cyclopropane ring opened monomeric products, it is suggested that steric effects retard the formation of dimers from the triplet state thereby allowing ring opening to occur out of the singlet state.
Health-related Quality of Life across the anxiety disorders: Findings from a sample of primary care patients

Previous studies have not compared Health-related Quality of Life (HR-QoL) across all DSM-IV anxiety disorders and comorbid conditions. We compared the effects of each anxiety disorder on HR-QoL, controlling for demographic variables, medical conditions, and comorbid Axis I disorders. Data are obtained from the Primary Care Anxiety Project (PCAP), a naturalistic, longitudinal study of anxiety disorders in 539 primary care patients. Each of the anxiety disorders was associated with worse self-reported physical and mental functioning compared to general population means. While all of the anxiety disorders were univariate predictors of specific domains of HR-QoL, only presence of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and comorbid Depressive Disorder (MDD) uniquely predicted worse functioning on both self-report and interview measures. The current study extends previous research by showing that different anxiety disorders and comorbid conditions may be associated with impairment in specific domains of HR-QoL.
Bedside ultrasound in the pediatric emergency department: Basic skill or passing fancy?

Focused bedside ultrasonography performed by emergency physicians is rapidly gaining acceptance in adult emergency medicine. This approach to ultrasound (US) is designed to answer a simple question, such as, “is there free fluid in the abdomen” using a limited, focused approach rather than a full diagnostic US examination. Common indications in adults include thoracoabdominal trauma, evaluation of first-trimester pregnancy, suspected abdominal aortic aneurysm, biliary disease, and renal colic. However, bedside US in pediatric emergency medicine is in its infancy, with few established indications. Few pediatric emergency physicians have extensive experience or training in bedside US; wider use of these techniques awaits the development of a cadre of physicians with such experience. Indications for emergency US in pediatrics are likely to differ somewhat from those in adults. It seems likely that focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) examination will become more widely used as a diagnostic tool in pediatric trauma. Other possible indications for use in children may include the diagnosis of testicular torsion and intussusception and to assist vascular access and other procedures.
A new approach to quantifying morphological variation in bluegill Lepomis macrochirus

Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus showed intraspecific morphological and behavioural differences dependent on the environment. Pelagic L. macrochirus had more fusiform bodies, a higher pectoral fin aspect ratio, a larger spiny dorsal fin area and pectoral fins located farther from the centre of mass than littoral L. macrochirus (P < 0·05). The shape of the body and pectoral fins, in particular, were suggestive of adaptation for sustained high-speed and economical labriform swimming. Littoral L. macrochirus had a deeper and wider body, deeper caudal fins and wider mouths than pelagic L. macrochirus (P < 0·05). Additionally, the soft dorsal, pelvic, anal and caudal fins of littoral L. macrochirus were positioned farther from the centre of mass (P < 0·05). The size and placement of these fins suggested that they will be effective in creating turning moments to facilitate manoeuvring in the macrophyte-dense littoral habitat.
Coryphodon, the northernmost Holarctic Paleogene pantodont (Mammalia), and its global wanderings

The pantodont Coryphodon is a frequently found component of early Eocene terrestrial faunas in North America, distributed widely from the Arctic to the Gulf Coast. The most northerly member of this genus of large herbivore is a new species that appears to be closest to the oldest known mid-latitude species, Coryphodon proterus from the Clarkforkian (Cf-2), late Paleocene, of Montana. Coryphodon is widely distributed during the early Eocene across the Holarctic, occurring also in England, Belgium, and France (MP7-9, early Eocene) on the one hand and Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and China (Gashatan-Bumbanian, late Paleocene-early Eocene, Xinjiang, Shandong, and Shanxi) on the other. Although other genera of Coryphodontidae, as well as of other pantodont families, appear to have had more sedentary habits, Coryphodon is noted for its wide distribution. Adaptations to a warm temperate northern climate, including its northern light regime, may be postulated for this genus of pantodont as well as a pattern of dispersal leading to its wide range across the Holarctic.
A system for the design of packet-switched communication networks with economic tradeoffs

This paper studies the problem of designing a packet-switched communication network with tradeoffs between link costs and response time to users. It consists of assigning capacities to links in the network and determining the routes used by messages for all communicating node pairs in order to minimize total link fixed and variable costs. A tradeoff between link costs and response time to users is achieved by including a constraint that sets an upper limit on the average link queueing delay in the network. The topology of the network and the end-to-end traffic requirements are given. The problem is formulated as a nonlinear integer programming model. Unlike most of previous models, where the best route for a communicating node pair is restricted to a set of prespecified candidate routes, our model considers all possible routes for every communicating node pair. An efficient heuristic based on a Lagrangean relaxation of the problem is developed to generate feasible solutions. The results of extensive computational experiments across a variety of previously used networks are reported. These results indicate that the solution procedure is effective for a wide range of traffic loads and cost structures.
Lingual Thyroid in Children: A Rare Clinical Entity

Objectives/Hypothesis: To study the presentation, management, and long-time outcome of children presenting with lingual thymid. Study design: Institutional review board approved, retrospective study (1993-2004) Methods: The study was conducted at a tertiary care pediatric medical center. The main outcomes measured were initial presentation, radiographic finding, endocrine evaluation, surgical outcome, pathologic features, complications, need for hormonal replacement. Resuts: Four patients presented to the Department of Otolaryngology and Communications Enhance. ment. Children's Hospital Boston with liognal thyroid between 1993 and 2004. All patients were female, with an age range of 2 to 12 years (x=6). All patients presented with a mass (1.4-3.5 cm) and most with respiratory or feeding difficulty. Magnetic resonance imaging was obtained in three patients and revealed a mass unsistant with lingual thydoir. Thyroid seen confirmed the lingual thyroid as the only fonctioning thyroid in all four patients. None of the patients responded to hormonal replacemement, and all underwent surgical excision of the mass, Surgical approach included midline glossotomy (n = 2) and CO 2 laser excision (n = 3). Pathologie evaluation confirmed lingual thyroid in all four patients. No evidence of machignancy was sen in any patient. All four patients require lifelong hormonal replacement. Conclusions: Lingual thyroid is a race condition. with an incidence of 1.100.000. This infrequent congenital anormally is often asymptomatic until a pathologic stress such as systemic disease or physiologie stress such as puberty causes enlargement of the ecloptic tissue, leading to dysphagia, dysphonia, and dyspnea. The work-up should include routine blood wr*ork including thyroid function tests thyrotropin, thyroxine, and thyroid hormone binding ratio; iodine thyroid scintigraphy; and computerized tomography of magnetic resonance imaging. The majority of patients require surgical excision of the symptomatic mass and, in case of absence of arthotopic thyroid atic mass and, in case of absence of arthotopic thyroid tissue, long-term thyroid hormone replacement.
A scale model of mixed reality

Augmented Reality (AR) is becoming more interesting to a variety of research communities beyond the small group of researchers that have traditionally studied AR technology. From its earliest years, AR has been presented as a subset of Mixed Reality (MR), and both have been conceived of in terms of the technologies they use. However, while the definition of AR has been fixed for a number of years, MR is much more ambiguous. Through a re-examination of the accepted definition of AR, we derive a new definition of MR that centers on human experience rather than technology. Then, through discussion of a number of paradigmatic examples that fit this new definition, we generate a classification system for MR experiences based on the concept of spatial scale and its associated cognitive processes. Finally, we discuss how this new "scale model" of MR helps to identify key concepts that can be used in the design process of future MR experiences.
Molecular mapping of the rust resistance gene R 4 to a large NBS-LRR cluster on linkage group 13 of sunflower

Rust is a serious fungal disease in the sunflower growing areas worldwide with increasing importance in North America in recent years. Several genes conferring resistance to rust have been identified in sunflower, but few of them have been genetically mapped and linked to molecular markers. The rust resistance gene R 4 in the germplasm line HA-R3 was derived from an Argentinean open-pollinated variety and is still one of most effective genes. The objectives of this study were to determine the chromosome location of the R 4 gene and the allelic relationship of R 4 with the R adv rust resistance gene. A total of 63 DNA markers previously mapped to linkage group (LG) 13 were used to screen for polymorphisms between two parental lines HA 89 and HA-R3. A genetic map of LG 13 was constructed with 21 markers, resulting in a total map length of 93.8 cM and an average distance of 4.5 cM between markers. Two markers, ZVG61 and ORS581, flanked the R 4 gene at 2.1 and 0.8 cM, respectively, and were located on the lower end of LG 13 within a large NBS-LRR cluster identified previously. The PCR pattern generated by primer pair ZVG61 was unique in the HA-R3 line, compared to lines HA-R1, HA-R4, and HA-R5, which carry other R 4 alleles. A SCAR marker linked to the rust resistance gene R adv mapped to LG 13 at 13.9 cM from the R 4 locus, indicating that R adv is not an allele of the R 4 locus. The markers tightly linked to the R 4 gene will facilitate gene pyramiding for rust resistance breeding of sunflower.
A Systematic Review of Bone Health in Cyclists.

Context: Low bone mineral density (BMD) is a serious public health problem. Osteoporotic fractures are associated with low bone mass, occurring frequently in the hip and spine. Previous studies have demonstrated a positive relationship between BMD and weightbearing exercise but not a similar positive relationship with nonweightbearing exercise. There is concern that cycling, a weight-supported sport, does not benefit bone health.Objective: To systematically review the evidence suggesting that cyclists have impaired bone health at the femoral neck and lumbar spine.Data Sources: Articles in PubMed, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL were identified in December 2009 What is the start date for the search?based on the following terms and combinations: bicycling, bone density, cyclist.Study Selection: Thirteen studies satisfied inclusion criteria: 2 prospective studies (level of evidence 2b) and 11 cross-sectional studies (level of evidence 2c).Data Extraction: Data included sample size, demographics, description of ...
The Height of the Therapy: A Case Example

All the technical features of STAPP discussed in previous chapters will be demonstrated in the following case example of the height of the treatment, with a typical candidate.*
Dead-End Elimination as a Heuristic for Min-Cut Image Segmentation

We apply the dead-end elimination (DEE) strategy from protein design as a heuristic for the max-flow/min-cut formulation of the image segmentation problem. DEE combines aspects of constraint propagation and branch-and-bound to eliminate solutions incompatible with global optimization of the objective function. Though DEE can be used for segmentation into an arbitrary number of regions, in this paper we evaluate only the case of binary segmentation. We provide a runtime analysis and evaluation of DEE applied to two min-cut algorithms. Preliminary results show that DEE consistently reduces the search space for the Edmonds?Karp algorithm; tuning DEE as a heuristic for Boykov?Kolmogorov and other algorithms is future work.
Adolescent axis I and personality disorders predict quality of life during young adulthood.

Abstract Purpose To investigate and compare the prospective association of adolescent Axis I mental disorder and personality disorder (PD) with young adult quality of life (QOL) in the general population. Methods Seven hundred fifty mothers and youths participating in a prospective longitudinal community-based study were interviewed. Mental disorders were measured at a mean age 16 years. QOL as the outcome indicators were assessed at a mean age 22. Results Adolescent Axis I disorder predicted elevated negative affect and higher levels of stress some 6 years later. Adolescent PD predicted elevated negative affect and higher levels of stress, and also problems in social support and relationships, and poorer residential, mobility, and financial and health resources in adulthood. Youths with both Axis I disorder and one or more PDs had the worst outcomes with regard to health problems, stressful occupational or educational settings, and resources, net of the effects of adolescent health problems. Nevertheless, some aspects of adult QOL were not significantly related to adolescent disorder, including a positive perspective on the future, own morale in a chosen occupation or educational setting, or the amount of autonomy experienced in that setting. Conclusions Among adolescents in the community, PDs during adolescence may have a more adverse impact on young adult QOL than do Axis I disorders. A combination of Axis I and PD may represent a particular risk for new physical health problems and resource inadequacy, including poor access to health care.
High Current Density and Failure Mechanism in Epitaxially Bridged Silicon Nanowires

We report on the current density and failure mechanism of bridged Si nanowires epitaxially grown between single crystal Si electrodes. Nanowires were found to handle high threshold current density > 105A/cm2 before exponentially increasing joule heating increases the resistivity and contributes to a positive feedback loop of thermally induced failure. The physical failure at the center of the bridged nanowires is in agreement with published temperature profile along the nanowire due to Joule heating. It is also an indication of homogeneity and low contact resistance in our bridged nanowire, a desirable property in interfacing nanowires.
Ultrastructure of Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone: A Study of Its Fibrous, Osseous, and Cartilaginous Components

Eight cases of fibrous dysplasia were evaluated by electron microscopy and the findings were correlated with the light microscopy. Fibroblasts and myofibroblasts were the cells seen in the fibrous component. The osseous component consisted of immature woven bone trabeculae lined by abnormal osteoblasts with a fibroblastlike appearance. The cartilaginous component resembled hyaline cartilage. The process of mineralization of both osseous and cartilaginous tissues appeared similar to normal bone and cartilage. In fibrous dysplasia there is a slow turnover of bone, and this correlates well with the flattened shape of the bone-lining cells. When compared with normal ossification, the process of bone formation appears to be arrested after an early stage resembling membranous ossification. It is possible that the abnormal osteoblastic maturation of the bone-forming mesenchyme is one of the most important alterations of this condition.
Inter-vehicle communication: recent developments at Ohio State University

In this paper we present an overview of recent developments on inter-vehicle communication at the Ohio State University. This activity addresses different aspects of human-vehicle, vehicle-vehicle and vehicle-base station-vehicle connections. In this paper, we review the utility of, and concentrate on vehicle-vehicle communication.
Reactions of proinsulin and its derivatives with antibodies to insulin.

SummaryThe reactions of porcine proinsulin and its degradation products with insulin antibodies in guinea pig anti-insulin serum can be shown to vary with the immunological system used for study. From the results obtained with two such systems it is concluded that the connecting chain of amino acids in the molecule of proinsulin must mask sites on the insulin molecule which are capable of reacting with insulin antibodies.
Saturated absorption signals from acetylene gas inside photonic bandgap fiber

Saturated absorption spectroscopy signals inside a 20 mum diameter acetylene-filled photonic bandgap fiber are optimized for use as optical frequency references. Modeling of the light propagation along the fiber reveals a low saturation intensity.
On sperm competition games: incomplete fertilization risk and the equity paradox

Evolutionary game theory has been used to predict the effect on sperm expenditure of a trade-off between the value of a mating and the cost of its acquisition. In particular, G. A. Parker has predicted that if two males 'know' whether they are first or second to mate, but these roles are assigned randomly, then sperm numbers should be the same for both males whether the 'raffle' for fertilization is fair or unfair. This prediction relies on the assumption that, in the absence of sperm competition, ejaculates would always contain enough sperm to ensure complete fertilization after mating. The slightest risk of incomplete fertilization, however, is enough to ensure that favoured males expend more than disfavoured males in the presence of sperm competition, unless the competition is perfectly fair. Divergence of expenditures increases with unfairness until unfairness reaches a critical value, beyond which a disfavoured male should no longer compete. The higher the fertilization risk, the lower the critical unfairness. All predictions are independent of the probability of mating first or second. Implications are discussed for the mechanisms that underlie sperm competition.
The necessity of relay selection for beamforming in amplify-and-forward networks

We determine necessary conditions on the structure of symbol error rate optimal quantizers for limited feedback beamforming in wireless networks with one transmitter-receiver pair and R parallel amplify-and-forward relays. It was previously shown that any quantizer codebook that contains the single-relay selection (SRS) codebook achieves full-diversity. We prove the converse: Every full-diversity codebook contains the SRS codebook. We also determine the structure and the achievable diversity of codebooks with cardinality less than R.
III. The Reaction of the Great Powers to Louis Napoleon's Rise to Power in 1851

Louis Napoleon'S assumption of personal power by abrogating the constitution of the Second French Republic is recognized as one of the momentous events of the nineteenth century. His coup d'etat of 2 December 1851 and his decision to take the title of emperor the next year were dramatic steps in the rise of the new Bonaparte from exile to arbiter of Europe. Understandably, these acts have attracted the attention of numerous historians. Much less consideration has been given to certain consequences—that is, to the reaction of the great powers to Louis Napoleon—s climb to power and in particular to the search for the means to block any imperialist aspirations he might harbour.
Sources of Bias in Specimens for Research About Molecular Markers for Cancer

Claims about the diagnostic or prognostic accuracy of markers often prove disappointing when “discrimination” found between cancers versus normals is due to bias, a systematic difference between compared groups. This article describes a framework to help simplify and organize current problems in marker research by focusing on the role of specimens as a source of bias in observational research and using that focus to address problems and improve reliability. The central idea is that the “fundamental comparison” in research about markers (ie, the comparison done to assess whether a marker discriminates) involves two distinct processes that are “connected” by specimens. If subject selection (first process) creates baseline inequality between groups being compared, then laboratory analysis of specimens (second process) may erroneously find positive results. Although both processes are important, subject selection more fundamentally influences the quality of marker research, because it can hardwire bias into a...
Productivity, Discrimination, and Lost Profits During Baseball's Integration

This article uses data from Major League Baseball’s integration to identify the sources and magnitude of labor market discrimination. Returns to hiring black workers in this industry were high, and the industry’s labor supply was uniquely suited for rapid integration, yet integration evolved slowly. Many explanations for this sluggishness are considered, including both taste-based and statistical discrimination. Ultimately, only owner and collective coworker discrimination can explain baseball’s slow pace of integration. The estimated levels of discrimination are high, showing the median team sacrificed profits of nearly $2.2 million in 1950 dollars (over $19 million 2010 dollars) by delaying integration. ajor League Baseball’s 1947 integration was a pivotal event in America’s movement away from racial segregation. Though some large industries had integrated prior to baseball, these earlier integrations were generally inconspicuous. 1 For example, the Ford Motor Company appeared to be well-integrated by the 1920’s, but due to high levels of internal segregation, few inside Ford (and even fewer outside of Detroit) could appreciate the diverse racial composition of Ford employees. 2 A more public event was the establishment of the Fair Employment Practice Commission during World War II, yet the actual impacts and efficacy the integrations sparked were not transparent to the public. 3 While these earlier integrations were no doubt important, the American workplace, and society at large, remained largely segregated in 1947.