cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Basic types of stratification in small eolian dunes

The thinnest recognizable strata in modern eolian dune sands can be grouped into six classes. They are herein named planebed laminae, rippleform laminae, ripple-foreset crosslaminae, climbing translatent strata, grainfall laminae, and sandflow cross-strata. Planebed laminae are formed by tractional deposition on smooth surfaces at high wind velocities. They are very rare in the deposits studied. Grainfall laminae are also formed on smooth surfaces, largely by grainfall deposition in zones of flow separation. They are much more common than planebed laminae, which they closely resemble. Eolian climbing-ripple structures are composed primarily of climbing trans-latent strata, each of which is the depositional product of a single climbing ripple. Climbing translatent strata that formed at relatively high or supercritical angles of ripple climb are typically accompanied by rippleform laminae, which are wavy layers parallel to the rippled depositional surfaces. Ripple-foreset crosslaminae, which are incomplete rippleform laminae produced when the angle of ripple climb is relatively low or subcritical, are rarely visible in eolian sands. Sandflow cross-strata are formed by the avalanching of noncohesive sand on dune slipfaces. Their form varies with slipface height and with other factors.
Remote sensing of Arkansas tornadoes on 11 April 1976 from a satellite, a balloon and an ionospheric sounder array

Abstract The Arkansas tornadoes on 11 April 1976 were investigated using regular 30 min interval GOES digital infrared data, rawinsonde observations, Doppler sounder records and radar summaries covering the 3 hour time period immediately preceding the touchdown of the tornadoes. Clouds associated with the tornado were compared to other clouds that were not associated with tornadoes. It appears as if the altitude to which the overshooting cloud top penetrates above the tropopause is the major factor that controls tornado formation. Gravity waves were first observed at ionospheric heights when the overshooting cloud top began to penetrate the tropopause. Rawinsonde and radar observations were used to establish the background meterological conditions.
Situational Normativism: A descriptive-normative approach to decision making and policy sciences

With the objective of improving policy making, efforts have recently intensified to integrate behavioral sciences, cost-effectiveness analysis, and related disciplines into an evolving field that has been termed “policy sciences.” After reviewing some aspects of policy sciences, the paper discusses an approach, called situational normativism, by which the components of policy sciences may be put to work effectively on real decision problems. The approach is situational in that each problem must be approached individually, but the methodology can be viewed as a general heuristic. Thus, situational normativism involves a synthesis of descriptive (behavioral) and normative approaches. One begins with a descriptive model of a real world decision situation in terms of the participants, their values (objectives, goals) and the decision rules that determine existing outcomes. Then, the analysis becomes normative (and may use mathematical optimizing techniques) in the sense of generating prescriptive alternatives for attaining in a preferred way these same values or a more fundamental set identified during the analysis. The iterative process, including adaptive system redesign, involves a search for a set of means-ends (goals, constraints) relationships within which a search for prescriptive solutions may be undertaken. Change, implementation, and political feasibility are viewed as constraints to be satisfied. Thus, situational normativism provides a framework for the combined use of behavioral knowledge and costeffectiveness techniques for improved policy making.
TWO NEW NEUTRON-DEFICIENT TERBIUM ACTIVITIES

A series of C/sup 12/ bombardments on Pr/sup 141/ resulted in the discovery of two new activities. The first, with a 70 min half life, is believed to be Tb/sup 148/ and has two gamma -rays, 780 and 1120 kev, following its decay. The 780 kev gamma ray is postulated to be the transition from the first excited level to the ground state in the even-even nucleus, Gd/sup 148/. The second activity has a half life of 24 min and has a 305 kev gamma ray following its decay. It is probably Tb/sup 147/, though this has not been clearly established. (auth)
A Corpus-Based Investigation of Absolutely and Related Phenomena in Spoken American English

This paper investigates the adverb absolutely in discourse, focusing particularly on the independent use without a modified syntactic head. While previous studies have described its uses extensively, few have explicated the connection between the dependent and the independent uses. This study links the behavior of freestanding absolutely to its collocation patterns in the dependent use, where absolutely occurs strongly with a positive collocate, and frequently an affirmative token. The freestanding form is also characterized as a turn initiator that is used to respond to a prior speaker, a discourse move that prefers agreements. Syntactic reduction and independence as realized in freestanding absolutely are treated here as an instance of Emergent Grammar. The broad implications of this study include ways to understand the impact of language use on language structure, to approach grouping synonymous lexical items, and to analyze the collocation of items without surface collocates.
Practical stability analysis and synthesis of linear descriptor systems with disturbances

This paper considers the problems of practical stability analysis and synthesis of linear descriptor systems subject to time-varying and norm-bounded exogenous disturbances. A sufficient condition for the systems to be regular, impulsive-free and practically stable is derived. Then the synthesis problem is addressed and a state feedback controller is designed. To deal with the computational issue, the conditions of the main results are converted into linear matrix inequality (LMI) feasibility problems. Furthermore, two optimization algorithms are formulated to improve the system performances. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate the obtained results.
Influence of lung stiffness on rapidly adapting receptors in rabbits and cats.

Abstract We examined the response of rapidly adapting receptors (RARs) to changes in dynamic lung compliance (C dyn ), recording vagal impulses in open-chest rabbits and cats with lungs ventilated at constant f and v t , and a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 3–4 cm H 2 O. After hyperinflation to produce maximal c dyn , most RARs fired irregularly and sparsely ( 1 ). Reducing c dyn in steps by briefly removing PEEP progressively stimulated RARs during inflation, activity increasing sevenfold when c dyn was reduced by 40% ( P dyn also increased RAR responses to static lung inflation. RAR stimulation by decreasing c dyn was virtually unaltered by atropine and hence was largely independent of reflex changes in bronchomotor tone. RARs were also stimulated by increasing vt at constant f, but, expressed as a function of airway pressure, the afferent response was less than that to increased lung stiffness (1/C dyn ); expressed as a function of 1/c dyn , however, the responses were similar. We conclude that RARs signal increases in the force required to expand the lung, and speculate that their excitatory influence helps to maintain v t as the lungs become stiffen
Relationship of protein thermostability to accessible surface area

THE pH of an unbuffered protein solution subjected to a continuous temperature increase usually exhibits a single inflection point associated with the cooperative thermal denaturation of the native protein structure1. Bull and Breese2 have used this procedure to demonstrate that the midpoints (Tm) for the thermal denaturation of 14 proteins correlate with the average residue volumes of their constituent amino acid residues and have proposed that this parameter is the principal determinant of protein thermostability. We report here our study of their proposal by extension of these measurements to include 20 additional well characterised proteins, selected because of their availability in homogeneous form. With this expanded data base, solvent-accessible surface area was found to result in a better correlation with protein thermostability.
The weighted average cost of capital is not quite right

Abstract A firm's cost of capital used in discounted cash flow analysis is commonly calculated as a weighted average of the after tax costs of the firm's various sources of financing (equity, debt, preferred stock). Its use implies that for investment projects earning precisely the WACC the cash (in)flow is exactly sufficient to reward all the suppliers of finance with their respective costs of capital. However, the necessary cash flow (normal profit) implied by the WACC is inadequate to provide the cash flows to the individual sources of financing when they are considered separately. This note discusses the problem (WACC is a linear approximation of a nonlinear relationship) and presents a modification of the WACC which is conceptually superior to the WACC as commonly calculated.
The role of eosinophils in the pathogenesis of asthma

The eosinophil is regarded as a key mediator of the pathology and abnormal physiology of bronchial asthma. Current investigations are directed at understanding how eosinophils are attracted into the respiratory tract and how they bring about the abnormalities characteristic of this disease.
P‐175: Single Step Surface Alignment Patterning in Liquid Crystals Using Polarization Holography Exposure

We disclose a method creating two-dimensional patterned alignment layers using a single step exposure on a linear photopolymerizable polymer alignment layer. We demonstrate patterned circumferential and patterned radial alignment. These display configurations demonstrate continuously varying planar alignment patterns on the micrometer scale with low threshold voltage behavior < 2 V.
Violent Children in Developmental Perspective Risk and Protective Factors and the Mechanisms Through Which They (May) Operate

This article describes some of the current research and thinking about developmental pathways leading to youth violence and the risk and protective factors that play a contributory role. Considerable support can be found for theoretical models positing that life experiences, including harsh and inconsistent parenting, rejection by peers, school failure, and affiliation with an antisocial peer group, cumulate to increase the risk of antisocial and violent behavior and serve as a means through which early dispositions and sociocultural contexts exert an impact on development of antisocial behavior. Emotional and cognitive processes may provide a key connecting link between developmental risk factors and antisocial behavior and violence.
Uncertainty propagation in Φ related control systems via the Liouville equation

This paper studies the relationship between the evolutions of uncertain initial conditions in Φ-related control systems. It is shown that a control system abstraction can capture the time evolution of the uncertainty in the original system by an appropriate choice of control input. Φ-related control systems with stochastic initial conditions show the same behaviour as systems with deterministic initial conditions. A conservation law is applied to the probability density function (pdf) requiring that the area under it be unity. Application of the conservation law results in a partial differential equation known as the Liouville equation, for which a closed form solution is known. The solution provides the time evolution of the initial pdf which can be followed by the abstracted system.
Case mortality in polymicrobial bloodstream infections

High mortality in polymicrobial bloodstream infections has been sporadically noted in the U.S. medical literature since the 1960s. Few studies provided comparative data, but those that did showed case mortality in polymicrobial infections roughly twice that in monomicrobial infections [1–3]. Authors reported that the percentage of bloodstream infections that was polymicrobial was increasing [2], that polymicrobial bloodstream infections were typically nosocomial [3], and that mortality was higher in nosocomial than community-acquired polymicrobial bloodstream infections [4]. The higher mortality in polymicrobial bloodstream infections was reported to be associated with inappropriate therapy [5,6], absence of fever [3,4], and a variety of microbiologic and clinical factors [7,8]. A spike of interest in the late 1980s seems to have prompted slightly improved reporting in the early and mid 1990s (see Fig. 1), but the topic itself almost disappeared from discussion, and interest has not yet revived. For instance, a report on nosocomial bloodstream infections in U.S. hospitals in 1995–2002 included data that suggests the case-mortality gap between polymicrobial and monomicrobial infections may have narrowed, relative to the studies cited above–partly through increased mortality in monomicrobial infections–but again the topic was not mentioned [9]. Fig. 1 Nine studies published in the 1990s included comparative case-mortality data on polymicrobial and monomicrobial bloodstream infections in HIV-negative patients in U.S. hospitals. The data are shown in left-to-right order [15–23] from the lowest ... In Norway, a comparison of hospital records from 1988–1989 to those from 1974–1979 found a doubling in the incidence of bloodstream infections, a shift in their microbiologic composition, “a marked increase” in polymicrobial episodes, and an association of polymicrobial bloodstream infection with nosocomial acquisition and higher mortality; mortality had dropped dramatically between the two periods, but by 60% more among monomicrobial than polymicrobial infections [10]. The comparative data available from Israel in the 1990s showed a case-mortality ratio nearly identical to that in the United States [11,12]. In Spain, an ICU case series reported a case mortality in polymicrobial bloodstream infections only one quarter that in monomicrobial bloodstream infections [13], although a model published in this journal, based on all bloodstream infections in another Spanish hospital in 1991–1997, found polymicrobial bacteremia a key predictor of mortality [14]. Whatever cause–effect relationships may be involved in this differential case mortality, and in the differences in differential case mortality, it seems certain that these critical questions could be addressed much more effectively now, by clinical epidemiologists exploiting technical and analytic advances. The time seems right for a revival of interest in polymicrobial bloodstream infections.
DEMOGRAPHICS OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION AMONG AMERICAN‐INDIAN ADOLESCENTS

Self-report of sexual orientation and sexual behavior was compared for 12,978 reservation-based American-Indian and 11,356 rural Anglo-American adolescents. Findings included a significantly higher prevalence of homosexual, bisexual, and unsure responses among American Indians. However, a larger non-response rate for American-Indian adolescents raises questions about the cultural relevance of the survey method, and underscores the need for development of more culturally sensitive research tools and methods.
Cultural Differences in Illness Schemas An Analysis of Filipino and American Illness Attributions

Physical illness attributions of Filipinos and Americans were compared to examine cultural variations in the causal component of the physical illness schemas. American (n = 50) and Filipino (n = 100) women rated physical, psychological, and spiritual-social illness explanations, and, as predicted, the Filipino women attributed the cause of illnesses to spiritual-social explanations more frequency than the Americans. The influence of education on illness attributions was also examined, and the findings indicated that less educated Filipino women tended to attribute illnesses to spiritual-social causes more often than the more educated group. Implications of cultural differences in illness schemas are discussed, as well as the impact of education on schema formation.
SU(2) deconfinement temperature from an effective Hamiltonian

Abstract The deconfining temperature can be estimated from the tunneling transition of the 't Hooft electric flux by exploiting an asymmetric geometry. Recently such a calculation has been carried out analytically by generalizing Luscher's effective Hamiltonian to assymetric LtL2∞ (Lt ≤ L) tori and then computing the SU(2) electric flux in the adiabatic approximation of Koller and van Baal.
Delta-sigma demodulator with large oversampling ratio using the one-hot residue number system

A residue number system-based delta-sigma demodulator is presented which demonstrates a significant improvement in oversampling ratio in comparison with equivalent binary designs. The second order design employs a two-stage cascade architecture with two-level internal and four-level output quantization. Analytical estimates show at least a 60% improvement in OSR over binary number system-based designs. Furthermore, latency estimates for a pipelined version show a 70% decrease below binary. These benefits are made possible by the use of the one-hot residue number system, which allows addition and multiplication to be performed equally quickly and simply using barrel shifters and wire transposition. An example implementation of the design is also presented in an Altera 7256 CPLD.
A Little Bit of Wisdom: Conversations with a Nez Perce Elder

Little Bit of Wisdom: Conversations with. Nez Perce Elder. Horace P. Axtell and Margo Aragon. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000.217 pp.
The Crc-Ntmac for Image Tamper Proofing and Authentication

In this paper, we present a new approach, the image CRC noise tolerant message authentication code (image CRC-NTMAC), to ensure the credibility of multimedia, such as images. The image CRC-NTMAC can accurately identify the specific regions of the image that have been modified and visibly display the authentication result. Moreover, the tolerance to the low rate random errors, often allowed with multimedia objects, and the sensitivity to the high noise (as forgery) allow the image CRC-NTMAC distinguishing between malicious forgeries and minor communication errors. Examples are provided for the image CRC-NTMAC demonstrating the ability to distinguish between random errors and forgeries. The image CRC-NTMAC improves on the recently developed NTMAC. As with the NTMAC, the image CRC-NTMAC can tolerate a modest number of errors. However, it has thousands of times lower collision rates than the NT-MAC does, thus providing much higher possibility to detect the changes, and tolerating more random channel errors.
Comments on [Israeli] Proposal for Structuring Judicial Discretion in Sentencing

In this essay, Professor Robinson supports the current Israeli proposal for structuring judicial discretion in sentencing, in particular its reliance upon desert as the guiding principle for the distribution of punishment, its reliance upon benchmarks, or “starting-points,” to be adjusted in individual cases by reference to articulated mitigating and aggravating circumstances, and the proposal’s suggestion to use of an expert committee to draft the original guidelines.
Polyethylene catalytic hydrocracking by PtHZSM-5, PtHY, and PtHMCM-41

The mechanisms involved in polyethylene catalytic hydrocracking are investigated by monitoring temperature-dependent evolution profiles derived from mass spectra obtained while polymer/catalyst samples were heated at a constant rate. Repetitive injection gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) results are used to identify class-specific fragment ions that represent paraffins, olefins, and alkyl aromatics. Class-specific ion signals are used to generate isoconversion-effective activation energy plots from which mechanistic comparisons are made. Studies using PtHZSM-5, PtHY, and PtHMCM-41 bifunctional solid acid catalysts in helium and hydrogen are reported. The effects of hydrogen on polyethylene cracking are dramatic and result in significant changes to isoconversion-effective activation energies. Catalytic cracking mechanisms for the three catalysts are compared and differences are explained by a combination of pore size and acidity effects. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 1293–1301, 2004
Do Personality Traits Contribute to Vocational Self-Efficacy?

Although personality is viewed as a precursor to self-efficacy and interest development (e.g., Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994), little research concerns linkages between personality and self-efficacy. This article bridges the relation by presenting the pattern of findings across four university samples. Three general and 11 specific personality traits were operationalized using Tellegen’s Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (Tellegen, 1982, 2000; Tellegen & Waller, in press). Vocational self-efficacy across Holland’s hexagon (i.e., Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional domains) was operationalized using the Skills Confidence Inventory (Betz, Borgen, & Harmon, 1996, 2005). Most of the contributions of personality to vocational confidence were with Positive Emotional Temperament and its related primary traits. Moreover, these same personality traits were also related to the elevation of a person’s profile overall (mean confidence level). Finally, Absorption, affiliated with both Positive and Negative Emotional Temperament, contributed to Artistic confidence whereas Harmavoidance (-) partially explained Realistic confidence.
The Molecular Perspective: The ras Oncogene

together when to divide, when to differentiate, and when to die. Often, cells communicate with one another by delivering protein messages. These proteins—hormones, growth factors, chemokines, etc.—are far too large to enter the receiving cell, so an elaborate mechanism of signal transduction has been developed, to transmit messages from the cell surface into the cell nucleus, where the topic of conversation is implemented as a change in gene expression. As one might imagine, mutation of proteins within these signal transduction pathways has disastrous consequences. If the message is altered, the cell may get a false message to proliferate, leading to cancer. For this reason, the genes of many signal transduction proteins were first discovered in their role as oncogenes—genes that lead to cell transformation when mutated—before their functions in normal cells were elucidated. The ras oncogenes were among the first to be discovered. The Ras proteins deliver signals from cell surface receptors, such as growth factor receptors, G-protein coupled receptors that recognize molecules such as thrombin and bradykinin, and integrins. These signals are then passed protein-to-protein along several different pathways, ultimately effecting mitogenic functions such as lipid metabolism, DNA synthesis, and cytoskeletal organization. Disruption of these signals through mutation of the ras gene is involved in many tumor types, including roughly half of all colon cancers and 90% of pancreatic carcinomas. The Ras protein sits at the center of a many-tiered cascade of molecular interactions. Most of the proteins along this cascade are activated by phosphorylation, but Ras uses a bound guanine nucleotide to toggle between its “on” and “off” states. Normally, Ras binds GDP in its neutral state. A message is The Molecular Perspective: The ras Oncogene
Structure-Function Studies of the Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channels

Voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) form the basis for fundamental cellular activity and regulation. The importance of these calcium channels lies in their ability to link electrical activity of membranes to biological effects.
Modern-Day Comfort Women: The U.S. Military, Transnational Crime, and the Trafficking of Women

The trafficking of women has been a lucrative moneymaker for transnational organized crime networks, ranking third, behind drugs and arms, in criminal earnings. The U.S. military bases in South Korea were found to form a hub for the transnational trafficking of women from the Asia Pacific and Eurasia to South Korea and the United States. This study, conducted in 2002, examined three types of trafficking that were connected to U.S. military bases in South Korea: domestic trafficking of Korean women to clubs around the military bases in South Korea, transnational trafficking of women to clubs around military bases in South Korea, and transnational trafficking of women from South Korea to massage parlors in the United States.
Effect of light on the magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles

We report variations in the coercivity of CoFe/sub 2/O/sub 4/ nanoparticles as a function of particle size, temperature and light intensity. For 30 nm particles, this change in was 2300 Oe at 10 K, 120 Oe at 170 K, for a light intensity of under 2 milliwatts. The remanent magnetization was nearly unchanged by illumination. A simple model of optical absorption followed by electron transfer between Co/sup 2+/ and Fe/sup 3+/ ions is proposed.
P02.51. Acupuncture treatment for hospitalized patients on anticoagulant therapy- a safety study

Purpose As acupuncture becomes increasingly available in allopathic medical settings, healthcare providers raise concerns about patient safety. One such concern is excessive bleeding. Although “bleeding” and “bloodletting” are at times recognized by practitioners of Chinese Medicine as therapeutic techniques, bleeding has been described in the modern acupuncture research literature as an adverse event. The purpose of this study is to examine the incidence of bleeding at acupuncture points in hospitalized patients on anticoagulants.
A model for penetration by very low aspect ratio projectiles

Summary As the aspect ratio (L/D) of a projectile decreases and the projectile becomes more disk like, the penetration mode changes. A model for the penetration of low L/D projectiles has been developed to explain and predict the low L/D penetration event. The model divides the penetration into two phases: first a flyer plate type impact, and second, a crater growth phase. Calculations provided insight into the physical mechanism involved. Shortly after impact, the projectile enters a long period of constant velocity penetration. This behavior leads to the depth of penetration scaling with projectile diameter. A large crater grows in the target, and the projectile travels into a debris filled crater as a free body. The velocity is “frozen” in when release waves arrive from the free surface. In the model, the crater in the target is analyzed by assuming plastic constitutive response, with the motion caused by an impulsive load due to the impact. The final depth of penetration is obtained by combining a one-dimensional depth of penetration and a plastic target cratering response. The model compares well with both large scale numerical simulations and experimental data.
Epidemiology and the People's Health: Theory and Context

Preface Chapter 1: Does Epidemiologic Theory Exist? - on science, data, and explaining disease distribution Chapter 2: Health in the Balance: early theories about patterns of disease occurrence Chapter 3: Epidemiology Emerges: early theories and debating determinants of disease distribution - poison, filth, class & race (1600-1900) Chapter 4: Epidemiology Expands: germs, genes, and the (social) environment (1900-1950) Chapter 5: Contemporary Mainstream Epidemiologic Theory: biomedical & lifestyle Chapter 6: Social Epidemiologic Alternatives: sociopolitical and psychosocial frameworks Chapter 7: Ecosocial Theory of Disease Distribution: embodying societal & ecologic context Chapter 8: Epidemiologic Theory Counts: harm, knowledge, action and the people's health
Measuring Productivity: Issues Arising From Outsourcing And Merger Activities

The paper discusses productivity measurement issues as companies engage in outsourcing and merger activities, and links productivity measures to competitiveness. Need for new productivity approaches is presented.
Risk of COPD with obstruction in active smokers with normal spirometry and reduced diffusion capacity

Smokers are assessed for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using spirometry, with COPD defined by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) as airflow limitation that is not fully reversible with bronchodilators. There is a subset of smokers with normal spirometry (by GOLD criteria), who have a low diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO), a parameter linked to emphysema and small airway disease. The natural history of these "normal spirometry/low DLCO" smokers is unknown.From a cohort of 1570 smokers in the New York City metropolitian area, all of whom had normal spirometry, two groups were randomly selected for lung function follow-up: smokers with normal spirometry/normal DLCO (n=59) and smokers with normal spirometry/low DLCO (n=46). All had normal history, physical examination, complete blood count, urinalysis, HIV status, α1-antitrypsin level, chest radiography, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC ratio and total lung capacity. Throughout the study, all continued to be active smokers.In the normal spirometry/normal DLCO group assessed over 45±20 months, 3% developed GOLD-defined COPD. In contrast, in the normal spirometry/low DLCO group, followed over 41±31 months, 22% developed GOLD-defined COPD.Despite appearing "normal" according to GOLD, smokers with normal spirometry but low DLCO are at significant risk of developing COPD with obstruction to airflow.
Proliferative C4 Dense Deposit Disease, Acute Thrombotic Microangiopathy, a Monoclonal Gammopathy, and Acute Kidney Failure

Dense deposit disease (DDD) is a rare form of glomerulonephritis that has recently been reclassified under the broad group of C3 glomerulopathy, which also includes C3 glomerulonephritis. C3 glomerulopathy is characterized by predominant C3 staining on immunofluorescence microscopy and dysregulation of the alternative complement pathway. We present a case of DDD concurrent with acute thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) in a 54-year-old white man. The patient presented with acute kidney injury, and a kidney biopsy showed segmental highly electron-dense intramembranous deposits and large rounded mesangial electron-dense deposits consistent with DDD and coexisting glomerular and vascular thrombosis consistent with concurrent acute TMA. However, immunofluorescence microscopy did not show C3 staining in nonsclerotic glomeruli, excluding C3 DDD. Rather, there was dense staining for C4d along the glomerular capillaries, suggesting C4 DDD. Activity of the alternative complement pathway was normal. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of C4 DDD concurrent with TMA. One previous case report of C4 DDD had been reported, though in a teenage girl. These 2 cases suggest that C4 DDD is a rare entity and should be distinguished from the C3 glomerulopathies.
ZF + DC + AX4

We consider mainly the following version of set theory: "ZF+DC and for every $${\lambda, \lambda^{\aleph_0}}$$�,��0 is well ordered", our thesis is that this is a reasonable set theory, e.g. on the one hand it is much weaker than full choice, and on the other hand much can be said or at least this is what the present work tries to indicate. In particular, we prove that for a sequence $${\overline{\delta} = \langle\delta_{s}: s \in Y\rangle, {\rm cf}(\delta_{s})}$$��=��s:s�Y�,cf(�s) large enough compared to Y, we can prove the pcf theorem with minor changes (in particular, using true cofinalities not the pseudo ones).We then deduce the existence of covering numbers and define and prove existence of a class of true successor cardinals. Using this we give some diagonalization arguments (more specifically some black boxes and consequences) on Abelian groups, chosen as a characteristic case.We end by showing that some such consequences hold even in ZF above.
Optical Excitations in MnO and MnO:ZnO via Embedded CASPT2 Theory and Their Implications for Solar Energy Conversion

MnO:ZnO was recently proposed as a novel, potentially visible-light absorbing catalyst with many advantages for water splitting. However, little is known about its optical absorption properties and...
German militarism and expansionism, 1914–1918: Gerhard Ritter and the First World War

With the publication of volumes III and IV the complete text of Gerhard Ritter's monumental study of the problem of militarism in modern Germany is now available in a reliable English language translation.* These last two volumes, like the two that preceded them,1 are models of historical scholarship. Written with remarkable care and sensitivity, both volumes combine the merits of monographic persistence with the virtues of a systematic synthesis of works already published on related themes or associated problems. While the first two volumes of Ritter's study cover a far greater period of time and development (1740-1914), these concluding volumes devote over a thousand pages to the final and most fateful period of civilian-military rivalry in Wilhelmian Germany. As in his other works, Ritter's immense erudition is ably served by a gracious and natural style of writing. Cogently and persuasively he leads his reader through the labyrinth of eventsoften depressing but usually fascinatingwhich ultimately led to the wartime dictatorship of the military. Having already noted in the later chapters of Volume II the growing political influence of Kaiser William II's senior military officials, Ritter goes on to describe in Volume III the tragic inability of William's senior civilian official, Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg, to limit the impact of that influence upon the formulation of German wartime policy. In Volume IV he examines the consequences of that failure, *Gerhard Ritter, The Sword and the Scepter. The Problem of Militarism in Germany. Volume III: The Tragedy of StatesmanshipBethmann Hollweg as War Chancellor (1914-1917). Translated by Heinz Norden. Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami Press, 1972. Pp. vii, 611. $18.00.
Varieties of Empathy, Neuroscience and the Narrativist Challenge to the Contemporary Theory of Mind Debate

This article will defend the centrality of empathy and simulation for our understanding of individual agency within the conceptual framework of folk psychology. It will situate this defense in the ...
Beguiling Would-Be Serpents: Gerald Dworkin, Bear Stearns, and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act

In his classic paper, The Serpent Beguiled Me And I Did Eat, Gerald Dworkin makes the case that, without probable cause, the use of Proactive Law Enforcement Techniques (PALETs) is morally imper missible. Call this prohibition Dworkin's Rule (DR). Here we argue that there are two reasonable exceptions to DR?the use of PALETs, without probable cause, is justified when employed against High Level Govern ment Officials (HLGOs) and High Level Business Officials (HLBOs). Moreover, these exceptions are consistent with Dworkin's notion of Ideal Criminal Sanctioning. Finally, if society were to endorse the use of PA LETs on HLBOs, we might be able to dispose of the current bane of American business, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and let business get back to the business of business.
Anitschkow Nuclear Structure in Cardiac Metastases

Of 145 cancers metastatic to the heart eight displayed Anitschkow nuclear structure. Similar nuclear morphology was frequently manifested by nonneoplastic cells in the heart. It is suggested that the “caterpillar” and “owl-eyed” nuclear appearances are produced by myocardial forces, probably compressive, acting on a variety of susceptible cells. Although Anitschkow nuclear structure is nonspecific, the significance and function of the true Anitschkow cell prominent in certain types of myocardial damage remain to be explained.
Role of Silver in Yba2Cu3AgXO7-δ Composite Superconductors

Superconducting properties and microstructures of the YBa2Cu3AgxO7-δ composites have been studied as a function of silver content, 0 ≤ x ≤ 6, using a variety of techniques.The superconducting transition temperature,Tc, of these composites was found to be the same, ∼ 90 K, for the above range of compositions. The composites with x > 3 are found to have resistivity behavior identical to silver metal above the superconducting transition temperature. The peritectic transformation temperature of the 123 material in the composite is lowered. Alloy formation between Ag and Cu is proposed to take place triggering the peritectic transformation at lower temperatures. The silver is observed in the form of precipitates at very low concentrations of silver, indicating that silver does not substitute for copper in YBa2Cu3AgxO7. Lattice parameters of the composites were found to be invariant throughout the above composition range. The addition of Ag2O in the starting composition seems to stabilize the stoichiometric YBa2Cu3AgxO7 by way of decomposition to Ag and O, also, the better diffusion of oxygen through silver in comparison with that through the superconductor helps the regeneration of superconductivity in the composite superconductor. As a result, the incorporation of oxygen and recovery of superconducting properties is enhanced in the silver composites.For values of x > 3 small quantities of 211 phase were detected along the grain boundaries, which makes the residual composition poor in copper resulting in the formation of non-superconducting 211 phase.
SU‐D‐207A‐02: Possible Characterization of the Brain Tumor Vascular Environment by a Novel Strategy of Quantitative Analysis in Dynamic Contrast Enhanced MR Imaging: A Combination of Both Patlak and Logan Analyses

Purpose: The majority of quantitative analyses involving dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI have been performed to obtain kinetic parameters such as Ktrans and ve. Such analyses are generally performed assuming a “reversible” tissue compartment, where the tracer is assumed to be rapidly equilibrated between the plasma and tissue compartments. However, some tumor vascular environments may be more suited for a “non-reversible” tissue compartment, where, as with FDG PET imaging, the tracer is continuously deposited into the tissue compartment (or the return back to the plasma compartment is very slow in the imaging time scale). Therefore, Patlak and Logan analyses, which represent tools for the “non-reversible” and “reversible” modeling, respectively, were performed to better characterize the brain tumor vascular environment. Methods: A voxel-by-voxel analysis was performed to generate both Patlak and Logan plots in two brain tumor patients, one with grade III astrocytoma and the other with grade IV astrocytoma or glioblastoma. The slopes of plots and the r-square were then obtained by linear fitting and compared for each voxel. Results: The 2-dimensional scatter plots of Logan (Y-axis) vs. Patlak slopes (X-axis) clearly showed increased Logan slopes for glioblastoma (Figure 3A). The scatter plots of goodness-of-fit (Figure 3B) also suggested glioblastoma, relative to grade III astrocytoma, might consist of more voxels that are kinetically Logan-like (i.e. rapidly equilibrated extravascular space and active vascular environment). Therefore, the enhanced Logan-like behavior (and the Logan slope) in glioblastoma may imply an increased fraction of active vascular environment, while the enhanced Patlak-like behavior implies the vascular environment permitting a relatively slower washout of the tracer. Conclusion: Although further verification is required, the combination of Patlak and Logan analyses in DCE MRI may be useful in characterizing the tumor vascular environment, and thus, may have implications in tumor grading and monitoring response to anti-vascular therapy.
Dysplasia and Carcinoma in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Chronic inflammatory conditions often serve as promoting factors for the development of malignant tumors. Within the intestinal tract, enhanced carcinoma formation has been recorded in chronic infections such as tuberculosis and schistosomiasis and especially in cases of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). The dominant precursor lesion of colonic adenocarcinoma in the general population is the adenomal,2, but it has been estimated that about 1000 or 1 percent of all new cases of carcinoma in USA arise as a complication of chronic IBD3. Although these colitis-related tumors provide only a small fraction, they more commonly afflict younger patients, behave in a more aggressive fashion, and it appears that the large majority can be prevented. The present review will concentrate on the identification of epithelial dysplasia and its use in determining which patients with chronic colitis are more apt to have or develop a carcinoma.
Comparison of analytical descriptions of nocturnal low-level jets within the Ekman model framework

This study focuses on the inertial oscillation aspect of the nocturnal low-level jet (NLLJ). In the context of the Ekman model solutions, conceptual NLLJ inertial oscillation analytical frameworks proposed by Blackadar in 1957 and Shapiro and Fedorovich and van de Wiel et al. in 2010 are compared. Considering a NLLJ produced via direct numerical simulation over flat terrain with no baroclinic influence as a reference case, the deficiencies of each framework in representing a realistic NLLJ are assessed. The Blackadar theory results in unrealistic wind profiles near the surface. While extensions of Blackadar’s framework by Shapiro and Fedorovich and van de Wiel et al. produce more realistic NLLJs, the simpler approach taken by van de Wiel et al. does not describe the NLLJ wind hodograph at later times sufficiently in qualitative terms.
Performance Indicators in the Water Resources Management Sector

Governance, i.e., the institutional administrative component of water resources management, in particular and natural resources management in general, is an increasingly complex endeavor that forms the basis of integrated water resources management. Hence, it is very difficult to assess the performance of numerous adopted policy decisions and regulations that guide future water management adjustments. A myriad of interconnected aspirational goals, embedded within various well-intentioned UN Declarations, address desired water resources management improvements (efficiency, productivity) as a mechanism to support a wide variety of economic, social, ecological and cultural objectives. A wide array of performance indicators has been developed to track the relative effectiveness of these policies on water use productivity and efficiency. Any useful water resources management performance index must start with an accurate specification of available resources at various water resources management accounting level (country, region, river basins, etc.). Traditionally, water resources accounting was carried out via statistical surveys (e.g., FAO-AQUASTATS). A major step forward is deploying high resolution hydrological data assimilation along with geographical information systems to develop water resources assessment and link those data to spatially distributed socio-economic information.It is difficult enough to accurately describe the core state variables of a water management system, such as annual renewable water resources at national and river basin scales. The complexity and uncertainty magnifies when these state variables are used in composite indices to assess the performance of a diverse assortment of water related investments, or the relative effectiveness of institutional reforms on various components of the water sector (irrigation, water supply, hydropower, etc.). Single indicators are clearly inadequate to guide different aspects of the water management. Composite indices, such as the Water Poverty Index (WPI) or the Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI), which combine aspirational goals with state variables, skew the evaluation outcomes. Furthermore, indices applied uniformly to regions or countries with vastly different hydro-climatological, geographical and socio-economical conditions are prone to lead to misleading comparison.This chapter offers an overview of some of the indicator systems used in the past and discusses some of the challenges in producing resources management indicators. The paper outlines a conceptual framework for indicators that are suitable to guide both water management planning and evaluation of the implementations.
Flood Risk Delineation in the United States: How Much Loss Are We Capturing?

AbstractThe 100-year floodplain is the traditional indicator of flood risk and the area in which specific flood mitigation requirements are required to occur in the United States. However, recent s...
Estimating Wetland Restoration Costs in Southeastern North Dakota

Restoring native vegetation to wetlands embedded in previously cultivated lands can be extremely costly. While many researchers have evaluated diverse methods intended to restore wetlands quickly and effectively, relatively few have reported the costs associated with each of their methods. Sharing information about the costs of different restoration methods may prove very useful, especially to practitioners attempting to select the most appropriate restoration methods to meet specific ecological and economic goals. In this case study, we installed three wetland vegetative restoration treatments in a single formerly cropped site: 1) native seed only; 2) native seed and native hay mulch; and 3) native seed, native hay mulch, and transplanted vegetation plugs. We tracked the expenses associated with each restoration method and were able to calculate the costs of implementation for each method. As expected, the cost of restoration per hectare increased with the intensity of restoration efforts. Installing native seed cost an estimated $1,909/ha, native seed and native hay mulch cost $2,288/ha, and native seed, native hay mulch, and transplanted vegetation plugs cost $5,072/ha. We will continue to monitor the developing wetland communities to determine which restoration method proves to be the most effective, both ecologically and economically, over the long term.
Cytosolic proteostasis through importing of misfolded proteins into mitochondria

Loss of proteostasis underlies ageing and neurodegeneration characterized by the accumulation of protein aggregates and mitochondrial dysfunction. Although many neurodegenerative-disease-associated proteins can be found in mitochondria, it remains unclear how mitochondrial dysfunction and protein aggregation could be related. In dividing yeast cells, protein aggregates that form under stress or during ageing are preferentially retained by the mother cell, in part through tethering to mitochondria, while the disaggregase Hsp104 helps to dissociate aggregates and thereby enables refolding or degradation of misfolded proteins. Here we show that, in yeast, cytosolic proteins prone to aggregation are imported into mitochondria for degradation. Protein aggregates that form under heat shock contain both cytosolic and mitochondrial proteins and interact with the mitochondrial import complex. Many aggregation-prone proteins enter the mitochondrial intermembrane space and matrix after heat shock, and some do so even without stress. Timely dissolution of cytosolic aggregates requires the mitochondrial import machinery and proteases. Blocking mitochondrial import but not proteasome activity causes a marked delay in the degradation of aggregated proteins. Defects in cytosolic Hsp70s leads to enhanced entry of misfolded proteins into mitochondria and elevated mitochondrial stress. We term this mitochondria-mediated proteostasis mechanism MAGIC (mitochondria as guardian in cytosol) and provide evidence that it may exist in human cells.