cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetism and atomic short-range order in Ni-Rh alloys

Low-field ac susceptibility measurements of Ni-Rh samples of various concentrations are presented. Giant effects of the metallurgical state on the magnetic ordering temperature are associated with changes in the degree of atomic short-range order. By careful control of this degree of short-range order, it is possible to demonstrate the existence of a spin-glass state in Ni-Rh alloys.
Agricultural Sector Models and Their Interface with the General Economy: Discussion

Chen points out that macroeconometric forecasters have done very poorly in predicting inflation rates, etc., for the general economy because they have failed to predict changes in their exogenous prices, many of which pertain to the agricultural sector. However, agricultural forecasters have also done very poorly in predicting the recent large variations in agricultural prices, and again the reasons lie in the lack of inclusion or difficulty in prediction of exogenous variables, some of which pertain to the general economy. Thus, both general and agricultural forecasters may benefit by pooling their models. In a sense, the above arguments indicate that the predictive power of econometric models may be increased by increasing endogeneity. The notion is plausible because, as exogenous variables are converted to endogenous ones, the econometrician is forced to identify more basic underlying forces, which may lead to more useful predictions. This argument further suggests that the dynamic predictive performance of an econometric model in tracking certain variables should be evaluated not only in terms of the standard statistics, such as the root-mean-square error, but also according to the degree of endogeneity of the model from which they are generated. If one continually "plugs in" values of a closely related but simultaneously determined variable throughout the period of simulation for another variable, then the predictive performance should obviously be much better than if closely related variables are also determined endogenously. The latter approach is also often more sensible for predictive purposes, since measurements for simultaneously determined variables are not available in applied forecasting situations. Before discussing the three papers of this session in this context, it is necessary to consider first what is an appropriate degree of endogeneity? Which variables in the general economy are determined simultaneously with or as a result of variables in the agricultural economy and vice versa? How important are these simultaneous or feedback relationships?
Conservative Choice, Service Failure, and Customer Loyalty: Testing the Limits of Informed Choice

Previous research has suggested that an informed choice maintains or increases loyalty as a result of causing customers to share the responsibility for service failures. The research, however, was ...
Lactate dehydrogenase in tissue extracts of the land snail, Helix aspersa: unique adaptation of LDH subunits in a facultative anaerobe.

Abstract 1. 1. LDH from 8 major tissues of Helix aspersa was found to be a d -lactate specific tetramer of mol. wt 140,000 with subunits of 34,000 daltons. 2. 2. Irradiation studies indicated that individual subunits are capable of independent function. 3. 3. Electrophoresis revealed that all tissues contain the same compliment of LDH, consisting of two bands of activity. 4. 4. Michaelis constants of the foot enzyme are 0.42, 3.2, 0.02 and 0.015 mM for pyruvate, lactate, NAD+, and NADH respectively. All other tissues exhibited virtually identical K m 's . Pyruvate inhibits the enzyme from all tissues with a K i of 10 mM while lactate up to 100 mM does not inhibit. These kinetic characteristics closely resemble those of heart type LDH from vertebrate tissues. 5. 5. The presence of a pyruvate-inhibited LDH in the tissues of H. aspersa might explain why glycolytic pyruvate, as well as exogenous lactate, is channeled into fatty acid synthesis during anoxia in pulmonate land snails.
Using Simulation as a Tool to Teach About International Negotiation

This article focuses on the use of simulations as a tool to teach students about international negotiations. The basic premise is that simulations can be an effective teaching tool because they engage students and make them active participants in the learning process. The objective of these simulations is not to train students to be professional negotiators, but rather to provide a solid grounding which will enable them to better understand the process of international negotiation. Although there can be problems associated with using simulations, I argue that the benefits far outweigh the drawbacks. In this article, ICONS, a computer-assisted simulation of international negotiation, is compared with different approaches to teaching about international negotiations, including other simulations which do not involve the use of technology.
SU‐FF‐T‐61: Adaptive Planning for Accelerated Partial Breast Brachytherapy Using the Elliptical MammoSite Balloon

Purpose: To demonstrate that accelerated partial breast brachytherapy using the elliptical MammoSite balloon requires a thorough evaluation of balloon geometry by use of volumetric imaging during the course of treatment, and may require adaptive planning. Methods and Materials: Patient was implanted with 4cm×6cm elliptical MammoSite. CT scans were acquired and sent to treatment planning system (TPS). Balloon and CTV (balloon plus 1cm margin, excluding 0.5cm from skin) were contoured. Dwell positions were activated along the catheter. Dwell times were optimized to deliver at least 90% of prescription dose, 340cGy, to greater than 90% of the CTV. Dwell times and positions were used for treatment of first fraction. Treatment was to be delivered in ten fractions, twice daily. The patient was re‐imaged using CT prior to subsequent fractions. We evaluated the effect of using the original treatment plan for subsequent fractions. The repeat scans were sent to TPS for contouring and catheter entry. Dwell times and positions from fraction one were used to recalculate dose distributions on repeat scans. The resulting plans were compared to that from fraction one in terms of target volume coverage, skindose (<125% of prescription), volume of tissue receiving 150% and 200% of prescription dose (V150<50cc and V200<20cc). Results: Use of the first fraction plan for treatment of subsequent fractions led to acceptable target volume coverage, V150, and V200. However, skindose increased due to gradual changes in balloon shape over the course of treatment. Subsequent fractions did require adjustments in dwell time to decrease skindose.Conclusion: When using the elliptical MammoSite, the appropriateness of using the original plan for treatment of subsequent fractions depends on changes in balloon shape as well as volume, necessitating the acquisition of volumetric images prior to each treatment. Furthermore, volumetric imaging facilitates adaptive planning to account for these changes.
Scoring corporate environmental and sustainability reports using GRI 2000, ISO 14031 and other criteria

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the extent to which current voluntary corporate environmental reports meet the requirements of two new sets of guidelines: (i) the Global Reporting Initiative GRI 2000 sustainability reporting guidelines and (ii) the ISO 14031 environmental performance evaluation standard. We converted them to comprehensiveness scoring systems then used them along with three existing comprehensiveness scoring systems to evaluate the 1999 reports of 40 of the largest global industrial companies. Many of the reports scored highly with the existing systems, but the GRI and ISO guidelines are much more detailed and comprehensive, and resulted in much lower scores. In particular, the economic and social topics that make up 42% of the potential GRI score and the environmental condition indicators that make up 22% of the ISO 14031 score were minimally addressed in all of the companies' environmental reports. Current reporting practices of the companies whose reports we examined here are well below the standards reflected in the GRI and ISO 14031 guidelines, even when the reports scored well with existing report scoring systems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Delayed-Onset Ulnar Neuritis After Release of Elbow Contracture: Preventive Strategies Derived From a Study of 563 Cases

Purpose The purposes of this study were to determine whether delayed-onset ulnar neuritis (DOUN) after elbow contracture release can be prevented and to compare the efficacy of ulnar nerve decompression versus subcutaneous transposition. Methods A retrospective study of 563 consecutive arthroscopic elbow contracture releases was conducted. The prophylactic efficacy of (1) subcutaneous transposition, (2) ulnar nerve decompression, (3) limited ulnar nerve decompression (7 to 8 cm), and (4) mini-decompression (4 to 6 cm) was assessed prospectively. The efficacy of prophylactic strategies (transposition, decompression, limited decompression, or mini-decompression) in preventing DOUN was compared by univariate survival analysis. Patients who underwent a subcutaneous transposition were matched with patients who underwent a standard open decompression or a limited decompression, according to gender, age (±10 years), diagnosis, and preoperative motion. This analysis was repeated after we excluded the patients who underwent associated open procedures (e.g., hardware removal). Results DOUN occurred in 26 of 235 patients (11%) who did not undergo any prophylactic procedure versus 8 of 295 patients (3%) who underwent a prophylactic ulnar nerve decompression or transposition at the time of contracture release ( P v 4; P = .03). Ulnar nerve transposition and decompression were equally protective. The decompression length was the only factor significantly related to the failure of the prophylactic intervention (odds ratio, 0.19; P = .02). A mini-decompression was not as effective as a prophylactic procedure, whereas a limited decompression was equal to a standard decompression. The case-control analysis showed that the decompression and transposition had equal preventive effects but the transposition was associated with a higher rate of wound complications (19% v 4%, P = .03). Conclusions DOUN is a complication of arthroscopic elbow contracture release. Its incidence and severity can be reduced by limited open ulnar nerve decompression or transposition. Level of Evidence Level II, prospective comparative study with retrospective analysis.
The Roman Military Occupation of North-West Spain *

The north-west corner of Spain was long neglected by Roman archaeologists, who have tended to concentrate on the more spectacular remains to be found in the south and east. However, recently more attention has been directed there by workers of several nationalities, who have now produced a quite extensive literature on the gold mines, as well as on wider aspects, chiefly in connection with the activities of the legion VII Gemina. Yet there has been little attempt in all this to examine why a substantial military force was maintained in the region for so long. This paper aims to review that problem to about the end of the second century A.D. The evidence available is almost entirely epigraphic, chiefly consisting of epitaphs and religious dedications. Building inscriptions are scarce. For convenience all the epigraphic material from the north-west of Spain that is relevant to the disposition of the army is collected in the appendix, and in the main text reference will be made to the numbers given there. In addition a few historical passages are of importance, but the archaeological site evidence is very slight. The nature of the evidence is such that most attention must be devoted to the units attested in the region and their deployment, with little to be said about their actual bases. Previous work on the subject has been dominated by the late Antonio Garcia y Bellido in several masterly papers. However it has tended to concentrate more on the history of the units themselves than on questions of topography and the reasons behind their presence.
Functional and Biochemical Characterization of Soleus Muscle in Down syndrome Mice: Insight into the Muscle Dysfunction Seen in the Human Condition

Persons with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit low muscle strength that significantly impairs their physical functioning. The Ts65Dn mouse model of DS also exhibits muscle weakness in vivo and may be a us...
Mining associations by pattern structure in large relational tables

Association rule mining aims at discovering patterns whose support is beyond a given threshold. Mining patterns composed of items described by an arbitrary subset of attributes in a large relational table represents a new challenge and has various practical applications, including the event management systems that motivated this work. The attribute combinations that define the items in a pattern provide the structural information of the pattern. Current association algorithms do not make full use of the structural information of the patterns: the information is either lost after it is encoded with attribute values, or is constrained by a given hierarchy or taxonomy. Pattern structures convey important knowledge about the patterns. We present an architecture that organizes the mining space based on pattern structures. By exploiting the interrelationships among pattern structures, execution times for mining can be reduced significantly. This advantage is demonstrated by our experiments using both synthetic and real-life datasets.
Cryptosporidium Outbreak (Water Treatment Failure): North Battleford, Saskatchewan, Spring 2001

An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis occurred in the town of North Battleford, Saskatchewan, Canada in the spring of 2001. The outbreak left thousands of people sick including about 50 people hospitalized. The source of the outbreak was from the city’s surface water treatment plant. The Sedimentation Contact Unit did not satisfactorily remove suspended solids from the source water, resulting in filter breakthrough. Contaminated water was released into the distribution system causing the outbreak. Communication breakdown and confusion exacerbated the situation, extending the duration of the outbreak. The outbreak prompted the province to change the way it regulated municipal utilities of water and wastewater.
The effect of viscosity on cement penetration in total knee arthroplasty, an application of the squeeze film effect.

Abstract The authors present a prospective randomized blinded cadaver study designed to evaluate the engineering concept of a squeeze film effect and the effect of cement viscosity on cement penetration in total knee arthroplasty. This was done in response to an earlier clinical study demonstrating inferior tibial cement penetration using early, often liquid, phase cement. Paired cadaver tibias were implanted with the tibial component using either liquid or dough phase cement. Based on an AP fluoroscopic image, the dough phase cement penetrated deeper than liquid in all four zones. This was statistically significant in zones 1, 2 and 3. Deeper cement penetration has been shown to provide a stronger cement–bone interphase. As a result dough phase cement is recommended to obtain optimal cement penetration.
Optically Activated SiC Power Transistors for Pulsed-Power Application

To realize the benefits of SiC power electronics and optical-driving device technology, we present optically activated SiC power transistors for pulsed-power application. Although limited by the indirect bandgap of SiC, the transistor employs a bipolar structure with an internal current gain, which amplifies the photogenerated current and therefore has the capability to reduce the optical-triggering power requirement. The transistors are fabricated on an n-type 4H-SiC substrate with switch-on triggered by a short UV (337.1 nm) laser pulse with 0.5-mJ optical energy. The transistor successfully switches 1200 V with an FWHM of about 180 ns, a rise time of less than 20 ns, and a fall time of about 200 ns. This initial work forms the basis for the further development of high-speed and energy-efficient SiC-based optically controlled power switches for high-temperature and high-power applications.
Spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage due to adrenal metastasis for non-small cell lung cancer treated by radiation therapy.

(1997). Spontaneous Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage due to Adrenal Metastasis for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated by Radiation Therapy. Acta Oncologica: Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 91-93.
Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing and the reduction in synthesis and secretion of the atherogenic risk factor, apolipoprotein B100 can be effectively targeted through TAT-mediated protein transduction

Hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein particles (VLDL) containing full-length apolipoprotein B100 are metabolized in the blood stream to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, whose elevated levels increase the risk of atherosclerosis. Statins and bile-acid sequestrants are effective LDL-lowering therapies for many patients. Development of alternative therapies remains important for patients with adverse reactions to conventional therapy, with defects in the LDL receptor-dependent lipoprotein uptake pathway and for intervention in children. Editing of apoB mRNA by the enzyme APOBEC-1 changes a glutamine codon to a stop codon, leading to the synthesis and secretion of apoB48-containing VLDL, which are rapidly cleared before they can be metabolized to LDL. Human liver does not edit apoB mRNA because it does not express APOBEC-1. Although initially promising, enthusiasm for apobec-1 gene therapy for hypercholesterolemia was blunted by the finding that uncontrolled transgenic expression of APOBEC-1 led to nonspecific editing of mRNAs and pathology. We demonstrate that APOBEC-1 fused to TAT entered primary hepatocytes, where it induced a transient increase in mRNA editing activity and enhanced synthesis and secretion of VLDL containing apoB48. Protein transduction of APOBEC-1 transiently stimulated high levels of apoB mRNA editing in a dose-dependent manner without loss of fidelity. These results suggested that apoB mRNA editing should be re-evaluated as a LDL-lowering therapeutic target in the new context of protein transduction therapy.
Sponsorship-Linked Marketing: Introduction to Topics

Sponsorship of sport has developed over the past three decades to become a worldwide communications platform, a motivator for relationship building, and an omnipresent aspect of consumer experience for many. While it has been and continues to be a funding mechanism for sport, it is the evolution and metamorphosis of sponsorship-linked marketing that delivers endless research topics as sponsoring evolves dynamically.
Effects of multiple feeding upon performance of Guernsey heifers fed urea-treated corn silage.

Abstract The effects of feeding grain and urea-corn silage (0.5% urea) two and four times daily were studied in a 74-day trial utilizing 40 Guernsey heifers in a 2×2 factorial design. Urea-corn silage fed 4× daily resulted in a nonsignificant (at P
An ecological basis for the development of alternative agricultural systems for small farmers in the Third World

A strategy for small farm development in the Third World is suggested, emphasizing preservation of traditional farming systems while maintaining biological and genetic diversity. Basing agricultural development on indigenous knowledge, technology, and social organization can provide important guidelines for the design of cropping systems that allow low-income farmers to produce subsistence and cash crops with minimal dependence on external inputs. Suggested alternative agricultural strategies are based on diverse farming systems that achieve moderate to high levels of productivity by manipulating and exploiting resources that are internal to the farm. The resulting systems are more sustainable and economical, thus increasing the equity of the system. Several rural development programs in Third World countries, especially in Latin America, that incorporate these agroecological principles are discussed. In contrast to approaches that have been transferred from the United States without necessarily being suited to the circumstances of small farmers, and which require the purchase of expensive external inputs, these programs include sustainability, stability, and equity as goals, along with increased production. Rural development strategies based on peasant systems that are biologically and economically stable are proving to be a viable survival alternative for a great portion of the impoverished rural population in the Third World.
Triple-point cathodes for high current vacuum electron devices

Summary form only given. Recent experiments at the University of Michigan have explored the mechanism of electron emission from triple points (vacuum-conductor-dielectric interface) for application to high current cathodes. Metal-oxide junction (MOJ) cathodes have been developed and tested; these consist of hafnium oxide (HfO2) or magnesium oxide (MgO) coatings over metal (#304 stainless steel) substrates. To fabricate MOJ cathodes, high dielectric constant HfO2 coatings (or high secondary electron emission coefficient MgO coatings) are deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) using a KrF laser at 248 nm and 50 J/cm2 fluence. Cathodes were tested on the Michigan Electron Long-Beam Accelerator (MELBA), with a relativistic magnetron, at parameters V=-300 kV, currents 1-15 kA, and pulse-lengths of 0.3-0.5 microseconds. Six variations of the MOJ cathode were tested, and were compared against five baseline cases. It was found that particulate formed during the ablation process improves the electron emission properties of the cathodes by forming additional triple points. Due to extensive electron back- bombardment during magnetron operation, secondary electron emission also appears to play a significant role. MOJ cathodes exhibit increases in current densities of up to 80 A/cm2, and up to 15% improvement in current start up time, as compared to polished stainless steel cathodes. An analytic theory is developed to assess electron multiplication in the immediate vicinity of a triple point, and predict the dielectric angles most susceptible to breakdown. These predictions are shown to agree with previous experiments. Latest experiments are exploring stacked- washer, triple-point cathodes consisting of insulating (BN) washers alternating with oxygen-free copper (OFC) washers. The stacked-washer, triple-point cathode utilizes the theory to predict dielectric angles favorable for electron emission.
Nanoscale selective growth and optical characteristics of quantum dots on III-V substrates prepared by diblock copolymer nanopatterning

As an alternate Quantum Dot (QD) fabrication method to self-assembled SK mode QDs, diblock copolymer nano-patterned QDs were investigated. By employing selective growth of QDs on diblock copolymer nano-patterned masks, independence from the problematic wetting layer and controllability on QD size and distribution associated with SK growth mode QDs were realized. The diblock copolymer nano-patterned masks were fabricated using a diblock copolymer template and a dielectric mask, and InxGa1-xAs QDs were selectively grown on patterned GaAs and InP substrates by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD). The optical properties from diblock copolymer patterned QDs on III-V substrates were investigated at low temperature.
Why the Viking descent probes found only one ionospheric layer at Mars

Radio wave transmissions from satellites revealed that Mars had two relatively distinct layers of ionization: a maximum electron density near 130 km, and a secondary layer near 110 km. When the Viking descent probes—with their in situ observing capabilities—passed through the ionosphere, the peak electron density was found, with no indication of a secondary layer below. Here we use an ionospheric model to show that profiles of electron density versus height have shapes that favor the detection of two layers at local times near dawn and dusk (where many thousands of radio occultation observations have been made), but that the two layers essentially merge into one during midday hours (when Viking measurements were made). The profile shapes are attributed to ionizing geometry of solar photons and to chemical processes that affect the profile shapes in a way that favors secondary peak formation near sunrise and sunset.
“Here We Have the Food Bank”: Latino/a Immigration and the Contradictions of Emergency Food

This article examines the role of emergency food in the lives of Latino/a immigrants in Seattle, Washington in a period marked by economic crisis and the effects of neoliberal welfare reform. Drawing upon more than four years of ethnographic fieldwork, it argues that the utilization of emergency food programs is not only a necessary survival strategy for Latino/a immigrant families amidst challenging economic conditions, but that utilizing these types of programs also reinforces informal networks of mutual aid as it shapes immigrants’ perspectives of and relationships to both their home countries and the United States. Through considering the notion of “cultural appropriateness” and the lived negotiations between Latino/a immigrants and the emergency food system, this article illuminates how ethnographic methods are particularly useful in revealing the contradictions, contestations, and gaps in the social fabric of everyday life that are connected to and created by neoliberalism.
Selective Deficits in Prefrontal Cortex Function in Medication-Naive Patients With Schizophrenia

Background Previously we proposed that dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) supports a specific working memory (WM) subcomponent: the ability to represent and maintain context information necessary to guide appropriate task behavior. By context, we mean prior task-relevant information represented in such a form that it supports selection of the appropriate behavioral response. Furthermore, we hypothesized that WM deficits in schizophrenia reflect impaired context processing due to a disturbance in dorsolateral PFC. We use functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine PFC activation in medication-naive, first-episode patients with schizophrenia during a WM, task-isolating context processing. Methods Fourteen first-episode, medication-naive patients with schizophrenia and 12 controls similar in age, sex, and parental education underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during performance of an A-X version of the Continuous Performance Test. Results Patients with schizophrenia demonstrated deficits in dorsolateral PFC activation in task conditions requiring context processing but showed intact activation of posterior and inferior PFC. In addition, patients demonstrated intact activation of the primary motor and somatosensory cortex in response to stimulus processing demands. Conclusions These results demonstrate selectivity in dorsolateral PFC dysfunction among medication-naive first-episode patients with schizophrenia, suggesting that a specific deficit in PFC function is present at illness onset, prior to the administration of medication or the most confounding effects of illness duration. Furthermore, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that WM deficits in patients with schizophrenia reflect an impairment in context processing due to a disturbance in dorsolateral PFC function.
Frequent assessment of negative symptoms does not induce depressed mood

Use of real-time data collection is rapidly expanding in the medical sciences and questions have been raised as to whether frequent ratings of disease symptoms could evoke depressed mood. This study investigated the effect of an intensive momentary assessment protocol on depressed mood. Community rheumatology patients (N = 105) were recruited to participate in a 30-day momentary assessment protocol of pain and fatigue. Patients were randomly signaled and completed approximately 6 ratings per day and at bedtime. Beck Depression Inventory-II scores were obtained prior to and at the completion of the protocol. Thirty-six percent of patients were classified initially as mild to severely depressed, and 31% percent at the end of the protocol. Depression scores were significantly lower following the protocol (p < .001). Whereas 10% of patients shifted into a more depressed category at the end of the protocol, 20% shifted into a less depressed category. These findings suggest frequent assessment of pain and fatigue may not induce depressed mood, and may in some instances be associated with a small reduction in depressed mood.
Non-Intrusive Experimental Investigation of Flow Behavior Inside a 5X5 Rod Bundle With Spacer Grids Using PIV and MIR

The validity of the simulation results from Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) are still under scrutiny. Some existing CFD closure models for complex flow produce results that are generally recognized as being inaccurate. Development of improved models for complex flow simulation require an improved understanding of the detailed flow structure evolution along with dynamic interaction of the flow multi-scales. Thus, the goal of this work is to contribute to a better understanding of presupposed and existent events that could affect the safety of nuclear power plants by using state-of-the-art measurement techniques that may elucidate the fundamental physics of fluid flow in rod bundles with spacer grids. In particular, this work aims to develop an experimental data base with high spatial and temporal resolution of flow measurements inside a 5×5 rod bundles with spacer grids. The full-field detailed data base is intended to validate CFD codes at various temporal-spatial scales. Measurements were carried out using Dynamic Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) technique inside an optically transparent rod bundle utilizing the Matching Index of Refraction (MIR) approach. This work presents results showing full field velocity vectors and turbulence statistics for the bundle under single phase flow conditions.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Evolution of Mid-Atlantic Coastal and Back-Barrier Estuary Environments in Response to a Hurricane: Implications for Barrier-Estuary Connectivity

Assessments of coupled barrier island-estuary storm response are rare. Hurricane Sandy made landfall during an investigation in Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor estuary that included water quality monitoring, geomorphologic characterization, and numerical modeling; this provided an opportunity to characterize the storm response of the barrier island-estuary system. Barrier island morphologic response was characterized by significant changes in shoreline position, dune elevation, and beach volume; morphologic changes within the estuary were less dramatic with a net gain of only 200,000 m3 of sediment. When observed, estuarine deposition was adjacent to the back-barrier shoreline or collocated with maximum estuary depths. Estuarine sedimentologic changes correlated well with bed shear stresses derived from numerically simulated storm conditions, suggesting that change is linked to winnowing from elevated storm-related wave-current interactions rather than deposition. Rapid storm-related changes in estuarine water level, turbidity, and salinity were coincident with minima in island and estuarine widths, which may have influenced the location of two barrier island breaches. Barrier-estuary connectivity, or the transport of sediment from barrier island to estuary, was influenced by barrier island land use and width. Coupled assessments like this one provide critical information about storm-related coastal and estuarine sediment transport that may not be evident from investigations that consider only one component of the coastal system.
Students’ Perceptions of Bilingualism in Spanish and Mandarin Dual Language Programs

ABSTRACTConsiderable research documents students’ outcomes in dual language (DL) programs, but there is little examination of students’ perceptions of bilingualism and its impact on students’ cognitive functioning and social relationships, especially with comparative studies across different target languages and student backgrounds. This study, which included a total of 788 fifth- through eighth-grade students who had participated in a Spanish-English (n = 645) or Mandarin-English (n = 143) dual language program, surveyed students’ language proficiencies, ratings of bilingualism, and social and cognitive functioning. Overall, DL students had developed language proficiency skills in both languages, rated themselves as somewhat or very bilingual, enjoyed participating in the program, have positive attitudes toward the languages and speakers of the target language, and perceive some cognitive and other benefits from being bilingual. However, there were significant group differences according to target langua...
Telecommunications health and safety: Reassessing laboratory results of low-frequency electromagnetic field exposure of cells in culture

A systematic measurement has shown that the background static and ELF magnetic fields in biological incubators can vary by orders of magnitude within a single incubator and between different incubators. Measured incubator fields varied from below levels that the IARC had classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (0.3 ?T to 0.4 ?T) to as high as 240 ?T, above the Earth or natural geomagnetic field range (23 ?T to 65 ?T). The significance is that studies of biological effects of ELF field exposure on cell cultures involved magnetic fields ranging from 0.1 ?T to 50 ?T. The inconsistency or variability of in vitro laboratory data prompted many to declare that there was no compelling evidence that biological effects are causally related to ELF magnetic-field exposure. Most in vitro investigations involving cell cultures in the laboratory were unaware of and therefore did not account for the large variations in background static and ELF magnetic fields in cell-culture incubators. Given the potential confounding of unspecified incubator fields, it seems only reasonable to reassess the data and reevaluate the validity of any conclusions to date, positive or negative. Are we back to square one? In some sense, it may be so: the reported background static and ELF magnetic-field variations in cell-culture incubators could be a game changer.
Effects of chymotrypsin on the release reaction and aggregation of blood platelets.

AbstractPlatelets incubated with chymotrypsin and washed are known to aggregate with fibrinogen. Chymotrypsin is reported to cleave platelet membrane glycoproteins without causing the release reaction seen with some proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin. Recent batches of chymotrypsin from two manufacturers caused platelets to release much of the contents of their dense granules, largely because they are contaminated with trypsin. However, even after inhibition of trypsin with N-α-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethylketone hydrochloride (TLCK), chymotrypsin induced some release from platelets at low concentrations of ionized calcium. As expected, platelets incubated with either trypsin-contaminated or TLCK-treated chymotrypsin aggregated with fibrinogen after they were washed. Released or added ADP enhanced the release reaction and development of aggregability with fibrinogen. Thus, [14C]serotonin secretion and fibrinogen-induced aggregation were less when released ADP was enzymatically destroyed during incubation o...
Anion transport in basolateral (sinusoidal) liver plasma-membrane vesicles of the little skate (Raja erinacea)

The mechanism(s) of [35S]sulphate transport was investigated in basolateral liver plasma-membrane vesicles of the little skate elasmobranch, Raja erinacea. Imposition of an intravesicular alkaline pH gradient (pH 8.0 in/pH 6.0 out) stimulated sulphate uptake 5-10-fold compared with pH-equilibrated (pH 8.0 in = out) conditions and 2-3-fold over equilibrium sulphate uptake (overshoot). This pH-gradient-stimulated sulphate uptake was temperature-dependent, saturable with increasing concentrations of sulphate and could be inhibited by the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and the anion-transport inhibitors 4,4'-di-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (DIDS) and probenecid, cis-Inhibition of pH-gradient-driven sulphate uptake was observed with sulphate, oxalate, cholate and bromosulphophthalein, but not with chloride and taurocholate. In addition, sulphate and oxalate trans-stimulated [35S]sulphate uptake under pH-equilibrated conditions. Although also stimulated by an inside-alkaline pH gradient, transmembrane transport of [3H]cholate was not inhibited by DIDS, suggesting that its pH-gradient-driven uptake is not mediated by an anion-transport 'carrier'. In conclusion, these studies indicate that a basolateral plasma-membrane sulphate-transport system has evolved in skate hepatocytes and is similar to that in mammalian liver cells. This archaic anion-exchange system co-transports certain organic anions such as oxalate and has developed early in vertebrate evolution.
Validating the Use of pPerformance Risk Indices for System-Level Risk and Maturity Assessments

AbstractThe Mahafza, Componation, and Tippett (2005) Technology Performance Risk Index (TPRI) ties the assessment of technical performance to the quantification of the risk of unmet performance; however, its input is structured for component-level data. This study’s first goal is to establish a modified TPRI using systems-level data as input. The second goal is to then validate the modified index with actual system-level data from the Department of Defense’s Major Defense Acquisition Programs. This work’s contribution is the establishment and validation of the System-level Performance Risk Index.
Worship Spaces: 100–250 Seats

Al Farooq Masjid of Atlanta is the largest mosque in the Southeast and was designed with traditional Muslim and interfaith concerns in mind. All mosques must face Mecca, the Saudi Arabian city where Muhammad, the founder of Islam, was born in A.D. 570. Making this work within the limitations of a modern city required orienting the mosque’s prayer hall towards the northeast while the rest of the building sits squarely on the mid-town Atlanta block.
THE BINOMIAL FUNCTION

This chapter discusses the binomial function along with the expansions in Series of Jacobi and Chebyshev polynomials, and Pade approximations. As the zeros of the Chebyshev polynomials are known, one can easily express the rational approximations as a sum of partial fractions. A certain Newton–Raphson process for finding the square root generates rational approximations of the Pade type. The chapter also discusses coefficients in the polynomials for the Pade approximations for the square and cube roots.
Spectral Characteristics of A-Type Stars in the Galactic Halo

Among 67 early A-type stars at high galactic latitudes, selected to have both small m 1 and large c 1 Stromgren photometric indices, we find about one third to have quite normal dwarf or subgiant spectra at MK classification dispersion. Those stars with peculiarities included 10 new λ Bootis stars, though none of these appeared significantly evolved. We wonder whether some of the metal-weak dwarf stars in our set may be field horizontal-branch equivalents of the blue, downward-curving, low-luminosity end of the blue horizontal-branch stars.
Isolated Systolic Hypertension in Young People Is Not Spurious and Should Be Treated: Pro Side of the Argument

Essential hypertension is a common condition, affecting ≈ 25% of the population1,2 and is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide.3 No longer viewed as a single disorder, essential hypertension has many different forms, including isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), the most common form of hypertension in older adults, affecting ≈50% of those aged ≥60 years.4 Historically, ISH in older individuals was viewed as benign and merely part of the natural ageing process. However, evidence from epidemiological and intervention studies now demonstrates that older individuals with ISH have a substantially increased risk of cardiovascular disease5 and benefit substantially from antihypertensive therapy.6–8 The predominant hemodynamic mechanism contributing to ISH in older individuals is increased aortic pulse wave velocity,9,10 a robust marker of arterial stiffness, and a key determinant of cardiovascular mortality.11 Arterial stiffening leads to an increase in pulse pressure (PP) and a vicious cycle of further stiffening and end-organ effects driving the increased cardiovascular risk.12 Interestingly, ISH is not limited to older individuals. Many population and observation studies demonstrate that ISH is also the most common form of hypertension in adolescents and young adults.13–15 Moreover, data from the 1999 to 2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey demonstrate that ISH in young adults is increasing in prevalence, particularly in men.16 However, large artery stiffening is not thought to underlie the condition in younger individuals, although the precise mechanisms, and longer-term risks associated with ISH in young people, have been the subject of continued debate.17,18 Indeed, the terms spurious and pseudo have been applied to ISH in young subjects. We think that ISH in young people is associated with increased future risk and requires careful evaluation and treatment. As such, …
A Risky Solution for the Wrong Problem: Why GMOs won't Feed the Hungry of the World

There's a standard setup that many food‐policy experts use to frame the global hunger problem and its solution. It typically goes like this. We have a global population of 7.5 billion today of whic...
Closed-loop trailing-edge separation control system using empirical mode decomposition

Active unsteady flow control experiments were performed on a natural laminar flow airfoil at Rec=1.0×106. The goal of this study was to control boundary-layer separation across the trailing-edge re...
C-Reactive Protein Correlates with Negative Symptoms in Patients with Schizophrenia

Peripheral and CNS-localized inflammatory processes are hypothesized to contribute to the complex pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Elevated levels of the acute phase reactant C-reactive protein (CRP) have been observed in schizophrenia, yet relatively few studies have investigated the association between this inflammatory biomarker and psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. This study is a pilot cross-sectional analysis investigating the relation of plasma CRP levels and the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia (the primary aim), assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). A secondary analysis was also performed evaluating the potential association of CRP with cognitive function using the NIH Toolbox Cognitive Test Battery. After adjusting for age, sex, race, and body mass index, a positive correlation was observed between CRP and PANSS negative symptoms (rho = 0.37, p = 0.05). There was no correlation between plasma CRP and any of the NIH Toolbox measures of cognitive function in the unadjusted or adjusted analyses. Though limited by a relatively small sample size and the unavailability of longitudinal data, the correlation between CRP and psychopathology in this sample of patients supports a role for inflammation in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Heavy flavor azimuthal correlations in cold nuclear matter

Background: It has been proposed that the azimuthal distributions of heavy flavor quark-antiquark pairs may be modified in the medium of a heavy-ion collision.Purpose: This work tests this proposition through next-to-leading order (NLO) calculations of the azimuthal distribution $d\ensuremath{\sigma}/d\ensuremath{\phi}$, including transverse momentum broadening, employing $\ensuremath{\langle}{k}_{T}^{2}\ensuremath{\rangle}$ and fragmentation in exclusive $Q\overline{Q}$ pair production. While these studies were done for $p+p,\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}p+\overline{p}$, and $p+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions, understanding azimuthal angle correlations between heavy quarks in these smaller, colder systems is important for their interpretation in heavy-ion collisions.Methods: First, single inclusive ${p}_{T}$ distributions calculated with the exclusive hvqmnr code are compared to those calculated in the fixed-order next-to-leading logarithm approach. Next the azimuthal distributions are calculated and sensitivities to $\ensuremath{\langle}{k}_{T}^{2}\ensuremath{\rangle},\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}{p}_{T}$ cut, and rapidity are studied at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV. Finally, calculations are compared to $Q\overline{Q}$ data in elementary $p+p$ and $p+\overline{p}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ and 1.96 TeV as well as to the nuclear modification factor ${R}_{p\mathrm{Pb}}({p}_{T})$ in $p+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions at $\sqrt{{s}_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV measured by ALICE.Results: The low ${p}_{T}$ (${p}_{T}l10$ GeV) azimuthal distributions are very sensitive to the ${k}_{T}$ broadening and rather insensitive to the fragmentation function. The NLO contributions can result in an enhancement at $\ensuremath{\phi}\ensuremath{\sim}0$ absent any other effects. Agreement with the data was found to be good.Conclusions: The NLO calculations, assuming collinear factorization and introducing ${k}_{T}$ broadening, result in significant modifications of the azimuthal distribution at low ${p}_{T}$ which must be taken into account in calculations of these distributions in heavy-ion collisions.
Recovery of nuclei from glycol-methacrylate-embedded tissue.

The analysis of antigens, enzyme histochemical markers, and DNA has become an important part of the classification of some leukemias, lymphomas, and other neoplastic diseases. Many of the relevant antigens and most of the relevant enzyme histochemical activities are destroyed and others are less than optimally preserved in tissues embedded in hot paraffin. Most enzymatic activities and antigens are well preserved in tissues embedded at 4 degrees C in glycol methacrylate (GMA). The measurement of DNA content in neoplastic cells with the most commonly employed techniques depended on the availability of fresh suspensions of cells until the development by Hedley of methods that permit the recovery of nuclei from paraffin blocks for this purpose. In order to facilitate the analysis of antigens, enzymatic markers, and DNA from the same sample of tissue, we have developed a means of recovery of nuclei from GMA-embedded tissues. Twenty-microns-thick sections of GMA- embedded tonsil were either pretreated with an organic solvent (absolute ethanol or 2-ethoxyethanol) followed by rehydration in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or directly rehydrated in PBS. The suspensions were formed mechanically by gentle sonication. The type of fixative and length of PBS rehydration were varied. Tissue fixed in 100% acetone, embedded in GMA, and rehydrated directly in PBS for six days gave the highest average yield of nuclei, 3.7 x 10(7) nuclei per gram tissue. In order to assess DNA binding of fluorescent dyes, 2- microns-thick GMA sections were stained with chromomycin, Hoechst 33342 (Sigma Chemical, St Louis, MO), and propidium iodide. Hoechst 33342 bound specifically to the nuclei with low background staining.
Superconvergence and Finite Element Post Processing

We consider several practical and theoretical issues concerning point superconvergence of finite-element solutions and derivatives. This includes the development of special ‘extraction’ or post-processing formulas for improving solution accuracy (an example is flux post processing). Some new theoretical ideas and an analysis based on Taylor series expansions are introduced and lead to new superconvergence results and a class of post-processing formulas. This analysis method affords a more direct constructive approach to the subject and brings out some common misconceptions regarding superconvergence points.