cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diplopia after strabismus surgery.

The presence of diplopia is an undesirable result following strabismus surgery. There are a variety of scenarios where diplopia exists prior to strabismus surgery, and, after surgery, has been either alleviated or decreased to a magnitude amenable to prism correction. In other cases, the patient does not experience diplopia prior to the strabismus surgery, but there exists a definite risk of diplopia after the surgery. In the current review, I examine the literature to help determine the incidence of diplopia after strabismus surgery.
Angiopoietin-like gene expression in the mouse uterus during implantation and in response to steroids

The purpose of this work was to determine if and where Angiopoietin-like genes are expressed in the mouse uterus during the implantation period of pregnancy and to determine if uterine expression of such genes is controlled by estrogen or progesterone. We found that all six known murine angiopoietin-like genes were expressed in the mouse uterus during implantation. The expression of four genes was controlled by either estrogen or progesterone. Only the levels of angiopoietin-like 4 (Angptl4) mRNA dramatically increased in implantation segments of the uterus during decidualization and was conceptus-independent. Due to this increased expression and the fact that angiopoietin-like 4 protein plays a role in lipid metabolism and angiogenesis in other tissues, only the expression of Angptl4 was further examined in the uterus and developing placenta. Angptl4 mRNA was localized to subpopulations of the endometrial stromal fibroblast and endothelial cell populations during decidualization. It was also localized to the ectoplacental cone, trophoblast giant cells and parietal endoderm of the conceptus at this time. By mid-pregnancy, Angptl4 mRNA was localized mainly to the mesometrial lymphoid aggregate region plus mesometrial endothelial cells of the uterus, as well as in various cell types of the conceptus. Additional work showed that Angptl4 expression increases in mouse endometrial stromal cells as they undergo decidualization in vitro. As in other cell types, the expression of Angptl4 in endometrial stromal cells was increased in response to an agonist of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors. Taken together, the results of this work support the hypothesis that locally expressed Angptl4 might play a role in local uterine/placental lipid metabolism and vascular changes during implantation and thus provide a basis for future research.
Target telemetry in medical isotope production

Abstract Positron emission tomography reveals the biochemical basis underlying many disease processes. The key step is the labeling of authentic metabolic substrates, generally starting with precursor compounds of the short-lived radionuclides 11 C, 13 N, 15 O and 18 F. These, in turn, are produced on accelerators, with small cyclotrons now appearing in hospitals. The success of maintaining a reliable source of imaging agents in a clinical setting hinges more on making effective use of modest beams and energies (50 μA; 10 MeV) rather than scaling up the cyclotron in an engineering overkill. Target performance is observed by telemetry of a number of parameters during irradiation. In particular, the neutron flux can be singled out as an immediate signature of the (p, n) reaction, and serves as an important variable to optimize during the bombardment.
Amphipathic Tail-Anchoring Peptide is a Promising Therapeutic Agent for Cancer Treatment

The amphipathic tail-anchoring peptide (ATAP) derived from the human anti-apoptotic protein Bfl-1 is a potent inducer of apoptosis by targeting mitochondria permeability transition. By linking ATAP to an internalizing RGD peptide (iRGD), selective targeting for ATAP to tumor cells could be achieved. Targeting of ATAP-iRGD peptide to tumorigenic cells resulted in mitochondrion-dependent cell death through release of cytochrome c. Confocal fluorescence microscopy showed that Dylight488-labeled ATAP-iRGD could effectively penetrate into cells and distribute along the mitochondria network. Flow cytometry results showed that expression level of integrinαV or integrinαVβ3 receptors is higher in ATAP-iRGD sensitive (DU145, KYSE-150 and PC3) cells, when compared with ATAP-iRGD insensitive (K562 human leukemia cell) cell line. These results indicate that integrins act as a receptor to mediate uptake of ATAP-iRGD into the cancer cells. Studies with xenograft model showed that intravenous injection of ATAP-iRGD could suppress the growth of several human carcinoma cells implemented into the nude mice. Toxicological studies revealed that repetitive intravenous delivery of ATAP-iRGD did not produce significant toxicity in different organs of the SV129 mice. Our data suggest that ATAP-iRGD is a promising agent with high efficacy and limited toxicity for cancer therapy.
Vibration analysis of land mine detection using high-pressure water jets

The goal of the waterjet-based mine location and identification project is to investigate the use of waterjets to locate and differentiate buried objects. When a buried object is struck with a high-pressure waterjet, the impact will cause characteristic vibrations in the object depending on the object's shape and composition. These vibrations will be transferred to the ground and then to the water stream that is hitting the object. Some of these vibrations will also be transferred to the air via the narrow channel the waterjet cuts in the ground.
Assessing environmental and medication variables in an outpatient setting: A proposed model and preliminary results with ADHD children.

We present a model for assessing the relative effects of environmental and medical treatments within an outpatient setting using brief functional analyses. We use the example of Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder as a way of illustrating this assessment approach. We describe two evaluations in which we assessed the relative effects of Ritalin and various environmental variables on the on task behavior of two children referred to an outpatient diagnostic clinic. In both cases, the primary question by the parents involved the need for Ritalin to improve behavior. Assessment results for one child suggested that Ritalin as well as environmental variables improved his behavior, whereas assessment results for the second child suggested that environmental variables improved behavior regardless of medication usage. The results of these case examples illustrate the potential utility of brief functional analyses within the outpatient setting.
Study of structural defects in CdZnTe crystals by high resolution electron microscopy

We investigated defects in CdZnTe crystals produced from various conditions and their impact on fabricated devices. In this study, we employed transmission and scanning transmission electron microscope (TEM and STEM), because defects at the nano-scale are not observed readily under an optical or infrared microscope, or by most other techniques. Our approach revealed several types of defects in the crystals, such as low-angle boundaries, dislocations and precipitates, which likely are major causes in degrading the electrical properties of CdZnTe devices, and eventually limiting their performance.
Introduction to The Philosopher as Public Intellectual

This introductory essay offers a general survey of some of the conceptual and normative issues that arise with respect to the philosopher as a public intellectual, arguing that philosophers should be public intellectuals. It also briefly introduces the themes of the essays that follow.
Imaging Shear-wave Diffractions From Pier Terminations

many older bridge structures, there are no surviving to document the sub-surface length of the individual and/or piles that support the load. This information is in current evaluations of bridge integrity when and/or rehabilitation are planned. In many cases, tops of the piers and/or piles are inaccessible owing to the geometry of the mating between the pier (pile) and the supported structure. Standard tap tests to determine length by timing are not feasible when the tops of the piers piles) are inaccessible.
Towards Modeling Social-Cognitive Mechanisms in Robots to Facilitate Human-Robot Teaming

For effective human-robot teaming, robots must gain the appropriate social-cognitive mechanisms that allow them to function naturally and intuitively in social interactions with humans. However, there is a lack of consensus on social cognition broadly, and how to design such mechanisms for embodied robotic systems. To this end, recommendations are advanced that are drawn from HRI, psychology, robotics, neuroscience and philosophy as well as theories of embodied cognition, dual process theory, ecological psychology, and dynamical systems. These interdisciplinary and multi-theoretic recommendations are meant to serve as integrative and foundational guidelines for the design of robots with effective social-cognitive mechanisms.
The most important technical library in the world

Intel provides several libraries known as the Performance Library Suite to address several computational areas: signal processing, image processing, speech and character recognition and linear algebra. This latter library is known as the Math Kernel Library, or MKL.In this paper we discuss the methods we use to achieve high performance on the current version. These methods revolve primarily around the management of memory and minimization of branch costs. Memory management involves compensating for the mismatch in main memory performance compared to the processor consumption rate, latency hiding, cache management and TLB management.We also discuss the SMP capabilities and the performance thereof.We discuss the direction the library will be taking including additions that will be made to the offerings: multithreaded LAPACK, cblas interface, and a powerful graphical DLL builder to create custom libraries no larger than the end user requires. Finally we will point out that using libraries such as MKL permits the user to profit from the architectural advances in new processors even if the tools, especially compilers, may not be able to fully exploit the features. There will be versions of MKL which exploit features of the recently announced Katmai processor, and the library will be fully developed for the Merced processor when it is introduced.
Using Spatial Disease Patterns and Patient-Level Characteristics to Describe Prevalence Elastic Behavior in Treatment for Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI).

Objective Individual adherence to a 9-month regimen of isoniazid (9INH) for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) was hypothesized to reflect a prevalent elastic health behavior pattern, or prevention behavior correlated with relevant disease burden. Method Log-rank tests were used to compare survival functions among raw prevalence tertiles for diseases including TB, diabetes, and obesity. Own and cross-prevalence elasticities were calculated and spatially characterized behavioral response to diseases that may impact TB re-infection and/or re-activation. Discrete choice models were used to assess the significance of the spatial elasticities among an ethnically diverse clinic population of 552 patients in an urban American county in 2010. Results Log-rank results revealed a statistical association between dropout and chronic disease prevalence (p < .01), but not TB prevalence (p = .13). Discrete choice models incorporating spatial elasticities and controlling for patient- and treatment-level characteristics demonstrated significant associations with adherence (p < .01), an effect robust to various alternative treatment definitions. Conclusion Individual LTBI adherence tracks a prevalence elastic pattern that may represent a potential risk for re-infection and re-activation.
Child Safety in Grocery Stores: The Impact of Verbal Prompts and Reinforcement on Safety Strap Use in Shopping Carts

Head and face injuries requiring a hospital visit are a consistent problem for young children shopping with their caregivers. Falls from shopping carts are the most common cause of such injuries. Using a reversal design with a 2-month follow-up, research assistants verbally prompted caregivers with small children seated in a shopping cart to put a safety strap on their child when entering a grocery store. Compliance resulted in the child receiving a gold star sticker. The sticker was used to identify participants for subsequent data collection when exiting the store. Verbal prompts and stickers increased safety belt use, and most children (95%) remained strapped in during their entire visit. A 2-month follow-up showed the effects to be short lived.
Multiple-User Data Acquisition and Analysis System

The nuclear physics program at the Brookhaven National Laboratory High Flux Beam Reactor (HFBR) employs a pair of PDP-11 computers for the dual functions of data acquisition and analysis. The data acquisition is accomplished through CAMAC and features a microprogrammed branch driver to accommodate various experimental inputs. The acquisition computer performs the functions of multi-channel analyzers, multiscaling and time-sequenced multichannel analyzers and gamma-ray coincidence analyzers. The data analysis computer is available for rapid processing of data tapes written by the acquisition computer. The ability to accommodate many users is facilitated by separating the data acquisition and analysis functions, and allowing each user to tailor the analysis to the specific requirements of his own experiment. The system is to be upgraded soon by the introduction of a dual port disk to allow a data base to be available to each computer.
New "Einstein Cross" Gravitational Lens Candidates in Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 Survey Images

We report the serendipitous discovery of "Einstein cross" gravitational lens candidates using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). We have so far discovered two good examples of such lenses, each in the form of four faint blue images located in a symmetric configuration around a red elliptical galaxy. The high resolution of HST has facilitated the discovery of this optically selected sample of faint lenses with small (~1'') separations between the (I ~ 25-27) lensed components and the much brighter (I ~ 19-22) lensing galaxies. The sample has been discovered in the routine processing of HST fields through the Medium Deep Survey pipeline, which fits simple galaxy models to broadband filter images of all objects detected in random survey fields using WFPC2. We show that the lens configuration can be modeled using the gravitational field potential of a singular isothermal ellipsoidal mass distribution. With this model the lensing potential is very similar, both in ellipticity and orientation, to the observed light distribution of the elliptical galaxy, as would occur when stars are a tracer population. The model parameters and associated errors have been derived by two-dimensional analysis of the observed images. The maximum likelihood procedure iteratively converges simultaneously on the model for the lensing elliptical galaxy and the source of the lensed components. A systematic search is in progress for other gravitational lens candidates in the HST Medium Deep Survey. This should eventually lead to a good statistical estimate for lensing probabilities and enable us to probe the cosmological parameters.
Schedule-dependent apoptosis in K-ras mutant non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines treated with docetaxel and erlotinib: rationale for pharmacodynamic separation

Abstract BACKGROUND Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) given concurrently with chemotherapy in 4 large randomized clinical trials did not improve patient outcomes compared with chemotherapy alone in advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We hypothesized that the lack of benefit resulted from a negative interaction between chemotherapy and EGFR TKIs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Herein, we report the cell cycle and apoptotic effects of treatment with erlotinib and docetaxel in the NSCLC cell lines A549 and Calu-1, both of which are mutant for K- ras and wild-type for EGFR. RESULTS Treatment with erlotinib resulted in accumulation of cells in G 1 phase in A549 cells, with no evidence of apoptosis. Docetaxel treatment led to apoptosis as assessed by increased sub-G1 DNA content and cleavage of caspase 3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. The sequence of docetaxel followed by erlotinib resulted in significantly enhanced apoptosis compared with single-agent docetaxel in both cell lines. However, in the reverse sequence of erlotinib followed by docetaxel, a reduction of apoptosis was observed. We hypothesize that cell cycle arrest induced by erlotinib accounts for these findings in the presence of wild-type EGFR and that pharmacodynamic separation of the 2 drug classes will ameliorate these effects. CONCLUSION These studies provide a rationale for intermittent dosing of EGFR TKIs with chemotherapy in order to enhance cytotoxicity.
The Role of Advection, Straining, and Mixing on the Tidal Variability of Estuarine Stratification

AbstractData from the Hudson River estuary demonstrate that the tidal variations in vertical salinity stratification are not consistent with the patterns associated with along-channel tidal straining. These observations result from three additional processes not accounted for in the traditional tidal straining model: 1) along-channel and 2) lateral advection of horizontal gradients in the vertical salinity gradient and 3) tidal asymmetries in the strength of vertical mixing. As a result, cross-sectionally averaged values of the vertical salinity gradient are shown to increase during the flood tide and decrease during the ebb. Only over a limited portion of the cross section does the observed stratification increase during the ebb and decrease during the flood. These observations highlight the three-dimensional nature of estuarine flows and demonstrate that lateral circulation provides an alternate mechanism that allows for the exchange of materials between surface and bottom waters, even when direct turbu...
Does it matter where you work? A comparison of how three work venues (traditional office, virtual office, and home office) influence aspects of work and personal/family life

Abstract Millions use electronic tools to do their jobs away from the traditional office. Some labor in a “virtual office” with flexibility to work wherever it makes sense and others telecommute primarily from home. This IBM study compares how three work venues (traditional office, n =4316, virtual office, n =767, and home office, n =441) may influence aspects of work (job performance, job motivation, job retention, workload success, and career opportunity) and personal/family life (work/life balance and personal/family success). Perceptions, direct comparisons, and multivariate analyses suggest that the influence of the virtual office is mostly positive on aspects of work but somewhat negative on aspects of personal/family life. The influence of the home office appears to be mostly positive and the influence of traditional office mostly negative on aspects of both work and personal/life. Implications of these findings are discussed.
The Promise of Extinction Research for the Prevention and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders

A conservative estimate indicates that almost 30% of the U.S. population will be afflicted with an anxiety disorder at some point in their lives, and preliminary data suggest that this risk is increasing (Kessler et al 2005a). A significant proportion of people diagnosed with an anxiety disorder will experience severe and chronic symptoms that can significantly interfere with the ability to carry out normal daily activities and increase the risk of suicide (Kessler et al 2005b). Specific phobias, social phobia, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) constitute the most prevalent anxiety disorders, and their incidence is likely to rise with increasing numbers of Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans and as the victims of Katrina and other disaster survivors continue to process and cope with their losses. Recent estimates indicate that at least 17% of Iraq veterans will develop PTSD, generalized anxiety disorder, or depression, twice as many as would be expected before deployment and four times that found in the general population (Hogue et al 2004). This figure does not include severely wounded or disabled veterans and thus likely underestimates what the actual rates will be. Exposure to combat, duration of deployment, and injury considerably increase the risk of developing mental health problems, particularly with regard to PTSD. Although soldiers returning from Iraq are significantly more likely to develop mental health problems, the majority of those who are diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder and/or acknowledge that they have a problem will not seek treatment for fear of being stigmatized (Hogue et al 2004). These findings emphasize the importance and urgency of not only finding effective treatments for PTSD and other anxiety disorders but also for discovering ways to prevent their onset. The development of new approaches to anxiety disorders that are based on the basic neurobiology of extinction represents perhaps the best current opportunity for translating neuroscience discoveries into clinical applications for the prediction, pre-emption, and personalized treatment of a mental disorder.
Does Employment during High School Impair Academic Progress

Tyack, D. 1966 "The 'Kingdom of God' and the common school: Protestant ministers and the educational awakening in the West." Harvard Educational Review 36:447-69. 1970 "Onward Christian soldiers: Religion in the American common school." Pp. 212-55 in P. Nash (ed.), History and Education. New York: Random House. 1974 The One Best System. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. U.S. Bureau of the Census 1976 Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial Edition, Parts I and II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1974 Current Population Reports, Series P-25, No. 519. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis 1973 Long Term Economic Growth, 1860-1970. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Zeolite thin film-coated long period fiber grating sensor for measuring trace organic vapors

Abstract A zeolite thin film-coated long period fiber grating (LPFG) sensor was developed and tested for direct measurement of trace organic vapors with straightforward operation. The sensor was fabricated by growing pure silica MFI-type zeolite (i.e. silicalite) thin film on the optical fiber grating by in situ hydrothermal crystallization. The sensor measures chemical vapor concentration by monitoring the molecular adsorption-induced shift of LPFG resonant wavelength (λR) in near infrared (IR) region. Upon loading analyte molecules, the zeolite's refractive index changes in the close vicinity of the fiber index where the λR responds with extremely high sensitivity. Because the silicalite is hydrophobic and preferentially adsorbs organic molecules, the zeolite-LPFG sensor is capable of quantifying organic vapor concentrations in lower ppm or ppb ranges without sample pre-concentration and rigorous control of operating conditions. The sensor had a much faster response speed for isopropanol than for toluene as the former has a smaller molecular kinetic size and greater diffusivity in the zeolite pores than the latter.
Determining the Set of Active Constraints When a Rigid Body Compliantly Interacts With Multiple Frictional Contacts

In this paper, the motion of an elastically suspended rigid body unilaterally constrained by frictional contact at multiple locations is studied. In this problem, each individual contact may or may not constrain the body’s motion. The set of actual active constraints is determined by: 1) the commanded motion of the body’s compliant support, 2) the coefficient of friction at each contact point, 3) the number and geometry of all potentially constraining surfaces, and 4) the elastic properties of the support. Here, the investigated problem is restricted to quasistatic motion and the interaction is characterized by Coulomb friction. We show that, for a passive compliant system, if the coefficient of friction at each contact is upper bounded, the set of active constraints is unique. A procedure to determine both the set of active constraints and the motion of the constrained body is provided.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
A Manufacturable 100NS 16K X 1 Radiation Hardened CMOS SRAM

A fast 16K X 1 bit radiation hardened asynchronous CMOS SRAM is described. The design objectives for the RAM were operation over the full -55°C to 125°C military temperature range, typical address access times of less than 100ns, and total dose hardness to 500K Rad-Si. The process, lithography, design highlights, electrical performance, and radiation characterization are presented.
Simple synthesis of (±)-β-trans-bergamotene

Abstract (±)-β- trans -Bergamotene ( 4 ) has been synthesized in five steps from geranylacetone using intramolecular ketene-olefin cycloaddition as a key step.
Advanced Development of ESG Strapdown Navigation Systems

The fundamental problem of inertial navigation, double integration of acceleration to obtain position, is defined and discussed. Mechanizations of both space-stable and local-vertical platform systems are exhibited. The synthesis problem for an electrically suspended gyro (ESG) strapdown system is defined and discussed: readout, readout errors due to vehicle motion, synchronization of readout with system computer, alignment, correction and calibration for mass unbalance drift, and digital mechanization. Alignment, calibration, and acceleration measurement are also discussed. Sources of error involved in the electronic gimbaling including those peculiar to strapdown configuration are discussed and compared to mechanically gimbaled systems. Advanced developments required in the component and systems areas are listed, and it is shown that such development will lead to reduced complexity, higher accuracy, and increased reliability and utility for inertial systems.
Negative inotropic effects of ATP on the isometric contractions of isolated rat heart muscle

The effects of ATP on the isometric contractions of isolated rat left ventricular papillary muscle were studied. Exogenously administered ATP had an immediate onset, an abrupt response, progressive recovery and produced doserelated depression in the peak developed tension, maximum rate of tension development and relaxation, which were statistically significant. There were no significant changes in the resting tension, time to peak tension and relaxation time, except for a significantly prolonged relaxation time at the highest concentration of ATP. In the studies of interactions of ATP and either epinephrine or Ca++., we observed that ATP seemed to interfere with the inotropic effect of epinephrine, while Ca++ antagonized the negative inotropic action of ATP. We conclude that the site of negative inotropic action of ATP is most likely on the cell membrane, where ATP interferes with Ca++ flux, and that ATP interferes with thepositive inotropic action of epinephrine.
FTIR spectroscopy, site-directed mutagenesis, and isotope labeling: a new approach for studying membrane proteins

The FTIR absorption spectrum of a membrane protein contains bands due to the vibrations of individual chemical groups. Site-directed mutagenesis can be used to assign such bands to individual amino acid residues. Using this method, a band from the amino acid residue Tyr- 185 of bacteriorhodopsin, a light-driven proton pump, was identified in the low temperature FTIR absorption spectrum. Its intensity and frequency indicate that Tyr-185 exists in a partially deprotonated form in light-adapted bacteriorhodopsin.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An estimate of the salt concentration in the lateral intercellular spaces of rabbit gall-bladder during maximal fluid transport.

The ability of the gall-bladder to transport water between identical bathing solutions depends on active NaCl transport, which is thought to maintain the salt concentration in the lateral intercellular spaces above bathing solution levels and thus to create a local osmotic gradient. The mean value of this gradient has been estimated by an electrical procedure, based on measuring the small diffusion potential resulting from this gradient and from the preferential cation permeability of the gall-bladder. The electrical potential difference (p.d.) in maximally transporting rabbit gall-bladders is 1.4 mV, mucosal-solution positive to serosal solution. This p. d. is reversibly abolished or greatly reduced by six procedures which abolish or greatly reduce fluid transport (low temperature, replacement of Cl− by SO4--, replacement of Cl− and HCO3− by SO4--, replacement of Na+ by choline, removal of HCO3−, and metabolic poisoning). The p. d. is increased by symmetrical partial replacement of NaCl by sucrose, which is expected to increase the salt concentration gradient between the lateral spaces and the bathing solutions. Since the transport mechanism of the gall-bladder is a neutral NaCl pump that cannot produce a p. d. directly, it is concluded that the observed p. d. is the expected diffusion potential. From this diffusion potential and from the measured value of a diffusion potential resulting from a known NaCl concentration gradient, the mean concentration of NaCl in the lateral spaces is calculated to be of the order of 10mm above the bathing solution value. Comparison of the external osmotic gradient required to stop water flow with the p. d. recorded under this condition of zero flow supports the validity of interpreting the p.d. in this fashion as a measure of the excess local salt concentration.
Characterization of optical proximity matching for 130-nm node gate line width

As IC density shrinks based on Moore’s law, optical lithography continually is scaled to print ever-smaller features by using resolution enhancement techniques such as phase shift mask, optical proximity correction (OPC), off-axis illumination and sub-resolution assistant features. OPC has been playing a key role to maximize the overlapping process window through pitch in the sub-wavelength optical lithography. As an important cost control measure, one general OPC model is applied to the full exposure field across multiple scanners. To implement this technique, optical proximity matching of line width across the field and across multiple tools turns out to be very crucial particularly at gate pattern. In addition, it is very important to obtain reliable critical dimension (CD) data sets with low noise level and high accuracy from the metrology tool. Otherwise, extracting the real scanner fingerprint in term of CD can not be achieved with precision in the order of 1nm~2nm. Scatterometry CD measurements have demonstrated excellent results to overcome this problem. The methodology of Scatterometry is emerging as one of the best metrology tool candidates in terms of gate line width control for technology nodes beyond 130nm. This paper investigates the sources of error that consume the CD budget of optical proximity matching for line through pitch (LTP). The study focuses on the 130nm technology node and uses experimental data and Prolith resist vector model based simulations. Scatterometer CD measurements of LTP are used for the first time and effectively correlated to lens aberrations and effective partial coherence (EPC) measurements which were extracted by Litel In-situ Interferometer (ISI) and Source Metrology Instrument (SMI). Implications of optical proximity matching are also discussed for future technology nodes. From the results, the paper also demonstrates the efficacy of scatterometer line through pitch measurements for OPC characterization.
Rediscovering National Interests after the “End of History”: Fukuyama, Russian Intellectuals, and a Post-Cold War Order

This essay explores why ideas formulated in one society are sometimes perceived negatively in different social contexts. To focus the discussion, I trace the impact of one Western idea — Francis Fukuyama's “end of history” — on Russia's intellectual and political discourse. Fukuyama argued the case for a global ascendancy of the Western style market democracy, and his thesis remains popular as an intellectual justification of the West's cultural superiority in a post-Cold War world. I argue that Russia reacted highly critically to Fukuyama's idea, and I explain such reaction by the idea's ethnocentrism, on the one hand, and Russia's social context, on the other. I also address the question of responsibility of intellectuals for maintaining peace and order in a multicultural world.
Towards A Reconfigurable Cyber Physical System

A reconfigurable, low-cost Cyber Physical System (CPS) that reuses the same hardware for multiple applications is presented in this demo. Grid Eye (high-precision, infrared-array sensor) is employed to support multiple applications and to demonstrate the CPS reconfiguration capability. The user interface of our system is designed to improve the accessibility of the CPS for those students, engineers, and practitioners who do not have deep knowledge about the hardware implementation in different domains such as medical, civil, and mechanical engineerings. A generic hardware and software design pattern is adapted to interface with any type of sensor.
Determination and analysis of adenovirus-2 DNA sequences which may include signals for late messenger RNA processing

Abstract Nucleotide sequences have been determined for regions of the adenovirus-2 genome from which the three principal leaders of late messenger RNA are transcribed. We have also sequenced the region which surrounds a fourth leader only on the fiber mRNA and the region of the genome immediately preceding the translated portion. These sequences were examined directly for repeated features and were also used to draw secondary structure models. Our study of these sequences has revealed specific repeated primary and secondary structural features at both the 5′ and 3′ ends of each of the conserved RNA segments present in adenovirus-2 late mRNA transcripts.
On metaknowledge in the pigeon: An organism's knowledge about its own behavior

In two experiments, pigeons pecked side keys in a discrete-trials setting in which shorter and longer runs of successive pecks on the left key before a switch to the right key occasionally produced, after a brief retention interval, a short-term memory probe for the most recent run length. In Experiment 1, a probe involved red and green side keys. A peck to a green (red) key was reinforced if the previous run length was shorter (longer). The dependent variable was the probability of a peck to the correct color. In Experiment 2, a probe involved an autoshaping procedure in which a response-noncontingent reinforcer was delivered after a 5-sec presentation of a green (red) center key if the previous run had been a shorter (longer) one. A reinforcer was not delivered when a red key followed a shorter pattern or a green key followed a longer pattern. The production of runs conformed to many previous molecular data on the way the local temporal patterning of behavior adapts to, that is, displays knowledge of, a reinforcement contingency. The probe results showed that a pigeon can report which of two run lengths it recently has emitted. Thus, a pigeon can, in a sense, describe its own adaptive behavior. Since the adaptive behavioral patterning on the center key may be said to represent knowledge, and since the probe behavior is a self-characterization or self-report by the organism about this knowledge, the probe behavior may be said to represent knowledge about knowledge, or metaknowledge. The data extend previous work on metaknowledge in the pigeon to a third type of adaptive temporal pattern of behavior, that is, run length (instead of response duration and interresponse time), and provide a second type of probe procedure, that is, autoshaping, by means of which a nonverbal organism can be asked what it knows about what it is doing to adapt to an environmental contingency.
Reconstitution of peptide-binding activity by TAP in proteoliposomes

The purification and functional reconstitution of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) is crucial for a complete molecular understanding of its action. Here, we report the conditions for the successful solubilization of human TAP from cellular membranes while maintaining TAP peptide-binding activity. In addition, solubilized TAP was incorporated into proteoliposomes and shown to possess specific peptide-binding activity. These studies provide the foundation for future attempts to achieve the complete functional reconstitution of TAP, which includes peptide transport.
Motor cortex extirpation (1886-1950): The influence of Sir Victor Horsley

OBJECTIVE: To delineate Sir Victor Horsley's influence on neurosurgeons who subsequently reported (through 1950) on the effects of motor cortex extirpation surgery. METHODS: We used the available literature to divide Horsley's influence into five categories, i.e., direct trainee, via a trainee or colleague, via personal contact and publications, via publications only, and no evidence of influence. RESULTS: Of 15 later neurosurgeons who reported results through 1950, the numbers corresponding to the five categories were 1, 6, 2, 3, and 3, respectively. CONCLUSION: Horsley's influence on neurosurgeons who performed motor cortex extirpation surgery was primarily indirect, with most influence occurring via trainees of his students or colleagues. Although indirectly associated with Horsiey, Paul Bucy was his truest disciple.
Progress toward optical interconnects for intrachip global communication

Microprocessor performance is now limited by the poor delay and bandwidth performance of the on-chip global wiring layers. Although relatively few in number, the global metal wires have proven to be the primary cause of performance limitations - effectively leading to a premature saturation of Moore's Law scaling in future Silicon generations. Building upon device-, circuit-, system- and architectural-level models, a framework for performance evaluation of global wires is developed aimed at quantifying the major challenges faced by intrachip global communications over the span of six technology generations. This paper reviews the status of possible intra-chip optical interconnect solutions in which the Silicon chip's global metal wiring layers are replaced with a high-density guided-wave or free-space optical interconnection fabric. The overall goal is to provide a scalable approach that is compatible with established silicon chip fabrication and packaging technology, and which can extend the reach of Moore's Law for many generations to come. To achieve the required densities, the integrated sources are envisioned to be modulators that are optically powered by off-chip sources. Structures for coupling dense modulator arrays to optical power sources and to free-space or guide-wave optical global fabrics are analyzed. Results of proof-of-concept experiments, which demonstrate the potential benefits of ultra-high-density optical interconnection fabrics for intra-chip global communications, are presented.
THE DURATION OF SPEED REDUCTIONS ATTRIBUTABLE TO RADAR DETECTORS

The duration of speed reductions attributable to radar detector use was observed. When the entire traffic stream was exposed to police radar, the proportion of vehicles traveling more than 10 mph over the speed limit dropped initially from 42% to 28%, but by one mile after exposure, this percentage had already increased to 38%. When speeding vehicles with radar detectors (about 45% of all speeding vehicles) were exposed to police radar, speeds dropped by approximately 15%, but by one mile after exposure, nearly half of the reduction was recovered. These findings indicate that radar detector users slow only briefly when alerted to police radar and that radar detectors are use primarily to avoid speed limit enforcement.
Admixture and skin color in the transplanted Tlaxcaltecan population of Saltillo, Mexico

Ethnohistoric accounts and serological analyses have documented the genetic effects of transplantation and admixture of several subpopulations of Tlaxcaltecans in Saltillo, Mexico. Interpopulational affinities are assessed using skin reflectance readings taken at the upper inner arm site with a Photovolt Model 670 reflectance spectrophotometer for these groups, focusing on the barrios of La Minita and Chamizal. Genetic distance analyses based on blood groups and skin reflectance data are in close agreement and reflect differential rates of admixture for these groups. Admixture estimates for a dihybrid model (Indian-Spanish) were derived from skin reflectances and show a slight tendency for underestimation of Spanish admixture when compared to blood group estimates. Application of a trihybrid model incorporating West African admixture shows similar estimates based on blood groups, immunoglobulins, and skin color.
Upward continuation for clutter suppression in EMI sensing of subsurface UXO

Clutter is the bane of electromagnetic induction (EMI) surveying for subsurface unexploded ordnance (UXO) under realistic circumstances. Relatively small near-surface metallic items can still produce significant signals simply because they are much closer to the sensor than the larger underlying target of interest. Based on measured, fully multi-static, scalar data at some typical elevation above the ground, one may infer a surface layer of equivalent sources that will produce that data. Without having to locate or characterize the actual targets, one can use these equivalent sources to predict complete vector field data that would be obtained at any elevation equal to or greater than that of the original data. Such computational upward continuation (UC) of signals successfully suppressed clutter in field data. This was even the case when the local clutter signal was significantly stronger than that of the broader underlying UXO response and was embedded directly within it. The success of the approach is directly tied to the fact that it relies on the governing physics.
Nature of regional and chemically-induced differences in the binding properties of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors from rat brain.

Abstract The binding and biochemical properties of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in membranes from rat brain cerebral cortex and brain stem, as well as in cortex membranes treated with 1 mM N-ethyl maleimide (NEM), were investigated using dl[ 3 H ]-3- quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-QNB). Although cortex and brain stem receptors displayed multiple affinities for most agonists, the fraction of receptors in each affinity state varied with the agonist, and the apparent affinity constant for each state was often not the same in receptors from the two brain areas. Reductive alkylation of cortex membranes with NEM always increased agonist affinity and increased the fraction of receptors in the high affinity state. However, NEM treatment also altered agonist binding constants in a nonsystematic manner. With both enantiomers of one agonist (C13CD), the usual order of receptor agonist affinity (brain stem > cortex) was reversed, and treatment of cortex with NEM further increased this difference in affinity. Brain stem and cortical receptors differed greatly in their sensitivity to the monovalent and divalent cation content of the binding medium, and these differences were not affected by NEM treatment. It is concluded that a simple two-state model of muscarinic receptors involving high and low agonist affinity populations does not afford a complete description of the regional and chemically-induced differences in receptor binding properties.
Distribution of interstitial stem cells in Hydra

The distribution of interstitial stem cells along the Hydra body column was determined using a simplified cloning assay. The assay measures stem cells as clone-forming units (CFU) in aggregates of nitrogen mustard inactivated Hydra tissue. The concentration of stem cells in the gastric region was uniform at about 0.02 CFU/epithelial cell. In both the hypostome and basal disk the concentration was 20-fold lower. A decrease in the ratio of stem cells to committed nerve and nematocyte precursors was correlated with the decrease in stem cell concentration in both hypostome and basal disk. The ratio of stem cells to committed precursors is a sensitive indicator of the rate of self-renewal in the stem cell population. From the ratio it can be estimated that <10% of stem cells self-renew in the hypostome and basal disk compared to 60% in the gastric region. Thus, the results provide an explanation for the observed depletion of stem cells in these regions. The results also suggest that differentiation and self-renewal compete for the same stem cell population.
Tracking performance of a phased array radar with revisit time controlled using the IMM algorithm

Since phased array radars have the ability to perform adaptive sampling of the target trajectory by radar beam positioning, proper control of the radar has the potential for significantly improving many aspects associated with the tracking of multiple maneuvering targets. The technique proposed in this paper uses the Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) algorithm to track maneuvering targets and control the revisit time and pointing of the radar. Since the output of the IMM algorithm better represents the accuracy of the state estimates during a maneuver than that of a single model filter, the IMM algorithm is used to compute an on-line measure of tracking performance to determine the revisit time of the next track update in order to maintain a given level of performance. Algorithms for computing the revisit time and pointing the radar using the output of the IMM algorithm are presented in this paper. Performance comparisons for constant and adaptive data rates are given with measurements provided by a simulated phased array radar. >