cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of sizing small particles using different technologies

Two of the most widely used methods in sizing particulate materials are the electrical sensing zone method (ESZ) and the laser diffraction (LD). In order to deduce size information from a measurement, it is assumed in the LD technology that the particles are spheres. For real industrial materials, only rarely are the particles spherical. The effects of non-sphericity on different technologies vary, causing discrepancies in results and bias from the true characteristics of the sample. Applications in many fields require information about the shape of the particles in addition to their size. Recently, dynamic image analysis (DIA) has been shown to be able to provide both size and shape information of particulate materials. DIA is not subject to restrictions of the spherical assumption and, therefore, provides a means to study the effect of shape in the results obtained using LD and ESZ. In this study, samples of various shapes were characterized using the three technologies (LD, ESZ, and DIA). Laser diffraction yielded progressively larger mean sizes as well as broader distributions as the shape of the particles deviates more and more from that of a sphere. The ESZ and DIA experiments, on the other hand, produced compatible results much less affected by particle shape. The study suggests that DIA is a powerful tool in characterizing nonspherical particles and that caution needs to be taken when evaluating the sizing results of nonspherical particles using laser diffraction.
Structure of an Eu3+-gramicidin complex in methanol-water solutions studied by laser excitation spectroscopy

Abstract Two complexes of europium ion and gramicidin A were stabilized with increasing water mole fraction in a water-methanol mixture. These complexes were detected using environment-sensitive laser excitation spectroscopy. For 0-0 transitions in the 579 nm region, the single absorption line for the aqueous ion at 578.9 nm was gradually replaced by two narrow lines at 579.1 and 579.4 nm, respectively. The amplitude and bandwidths of these lines were consistent with intimate, discrete site binding while the lifetimes observed following selective excitation to each of these new lines were a singnal of the loss of two and three water molecules, respectively, from the inner hydration sphere on formation of the ion-gramicidin complex. The local ligand field symmetry was deduced from level splitting for the 7 F 0 → 5 D 2 transitions in the 464 nm region. The eight absorption lines remaining after elimination of known aqueous ion lines were resolved into a triplet and a pentet for the respective gramicidin binding sites. The triplet was generated by ions occupying a binding site having C3v ligand field symmetry. These data, in concert with circular dichroism and other fluorescence data, restrict the number of possible ion-gramicidin conformers in methanol-water solutions.
Double Ray Amputation for Tumors of the Hand

Background Partial hand amputations for malignant tumors allow tumor resection with negative resection margins, which is associated with lower local recurrence rates and improved overall survival while preserving native tissue, which improves functional outcome.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Homogeneous Nucleation in a Lennard Jones Liquid

Examination of metastable states of fluids provides important information pertinent to cavitation and homogeneous nucleation. Homogeneous nucleation, in particular, is an important topic of research. Molecular Dynamics simulation is a well-endorsed method to simulate metastabilitites, as they are limited to mesoscopic scales of length and time and this life-time is essentially zero on a laboratory time scale. In the present study, a molecular dynamics code has been used in conjunction with MOLDY to investigate phase change in a Lennard-Jones liquid. The Lennard-Jones atoms were subjected to different temperatures at various number densities and the pressure was recorded for each case. The appearance of a change of phase is characterized by the formation of clusters or formation of voids as described by the radial distribution function.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Succinate dehydrogenase activity in the developing molar of the hairless mouseMus musculus

Succinate dehydrogenase activity in the odontogenic tissues of the hairless mouse (hr/hr) has been studied from the initiation of the dental lamina through apposition. Enzyme activities were designated as negative, slight, moderate and strong as a function of intensity of the reaction product. Enzyme levels in the odontogenic tissues increased with advancing tooth morphogenesis. Greatest activity was observed in the ameloblastic layer which peaked on the fourth to sixth postnatal days. This cell layer displayed higher enzyme activity than the ectomesenchymally-derived odontoblasts. Succinate dehydrogenase activity appeared to be related to the degree of differentiation and functional competence on the odontogenic tissues of the hairless mouse.
THE VARIETY OF PANENTHEISMS

. In this article I review the efforts of eighteen scientists and theologians, recorded in this book, to describe the relation of God to the universe during a conference sponsored by the John Templeton Foundation at Windsor Castle in 2001. Theologians from several branches of Christian faith articulate their understanding of panentheism, revealing a considerable diversity. I deal with each author in relation to six issues: the way God acts, how God's intimate relation to the world is to be described, the relation of God to spacetime, whether God is dependent upon the world, what type of language is used, and the problem of dipolar panentheism. I identify significant differences between these authors, suggest where fruitful dialogue is possible, and distinguish between intelligibility and plausibility in comparing dipolar panentheism with other types.
Space-time coding and beamforming with partial channel state information

In this paper, a STBC/BF hybrid technique is proposed for outdoor multipath multi-input multi-output (MIMO) channel. Depending on the amount of partial channel state information (CSI), this system evolves from pure diversity waveform signalling to pure beamforming. The performance of this technique, in terms of signal vs noise ratio (SNR), is investigated in various multi-input single-output (MISO) scenarios. Though the method is evaluated in MISO, we give a simple way to extend it to MIMO case. In addition, a beamforming scheme based on sub-space approximation is also discussed which can reduce the amount of feedback from the receiver to transmitter. Simulation results are given at the end of this paper
Cross Sections for the O 16 (n, p)N 16 Reaction from 12 to 18 Mev

The energy dependence of the ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}(n, p){\mathrm{N}}^{16}$ reaction cross section has been determined for neutron energies from 12 to 18 Mev. For 14-Mev neutrons, the absolute value of the reaction cross section was found to be 89\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30 mb.
Photosynthesis and photorespiration in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] chronically exposed to elevated carbon dioxide and ozone

sampling dates. The inhibitory effects of elevated O 3 on photorespiration-related parameters were generally The effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and ozone commensurate with the O 3 -induced decline in A. The (O 3 ) on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] photosynthesis results suggest that elevated CO 2 could promote proand photorespiration-related parameters were deter- ductivity both through increased photoassimilation mined periodically during the growing season by meas- and suppressed photorespiration. urements of gas exchange, photorespiratory enzyme activities and amino acid levels. Plants were treated Key words: Photorespiration, CO 2 -enrichment, ozone, cliin open-top field chambers from emergence to harvest mate change, air pollution. maturity with seasonal mean concentrations of either 364 or 726 mmol mol’1 CO 2 in combination with either Introduction 19 or 73 nmol mol’1 O 3 (12 h daily averages). On average at growth CO 2 concentrations, net photosynthesis The expected doubling of present-day atmospheric CO 2 (A) increased 56% and photorespiration decreased levels in the next century has been calculated to about 36% in terminal mainstem leaves with CO 2 -enrich- halve photorespiration relative to net photosynthesis (A) ment. Net photosynthesis and photorespiration were in C 3 plants, excluding any acclimation or temperature suppressed 30% and 41%, respectively, by elevated e ects (Sharkey, 1988; Long, 1991). Thus, for most C 3 O 3 during late reproductive growth in the ambient CO 2 plants at current temperatures, the ratio of carbon fixed treatment, but not in the elevated CO 2 treatment. The by photoassimilation will increase compared with the ratio of photorespiration to A at growth CO 2 was carbon lost through photorespiration (Long, 1991). This decreased 61% by elevated CO 2 . There was no statist- increase in A should contribute to the productivity ically significant effect of elevated O 3 on the ratio of increase expected from atmospheric CO 2 enrichment. photorespiration to A. Activities of glycolate oxidase, The air pollutant, tropospheric O 3 , is a potentially hydroxypyruvate reductase and catalase were interacting factor with the e ect of CO 2 enrichment on decreased 10‐25% by elevated CO 2 , and by 46‐66% productivity (Allen, 1990). Although damaging concenby elevated O 3 at late reproductive growth. The treat- trations of O 3 during the growing season tend to be ments had no significant effect on total amino acid or regionalized, tropospheric O 3 is steadily increasing on a glycine levels, although serine concentration was global scale ( Fishman, 1991). Net photosynthesis, growth and yield are suppressed in many plants by the levels of
Hierarchy of Terms in the Effective Hamiltonian

This lecture is an introduction to effective Hamiltonians, transition selection rules, Hund’s coupling cases, pattern-forming rotational quantum numbers, and straight line plots. The goal is to create a fit model: \(\mathbf{H}^{\mathrm{eff}}\).
Broad-band half-wave dipole

An ultrahigh frequency (UHF) fan-dipole is optimized for wide-band operation near the first resonance in order that the antenna could be used in a planar array of half-wavelength spaced elements operating over a conducting ground plane. The resultant voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) of the optimized dipole (with a 50 \Omega coax input) is less than 2:1 over a 37 percent bandwidth.
Social dramatics: social skills development for the chronically mentally ill

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of social dramatics as a clinical tool for teaching social skills to the chronically mentally ill on adult inpatient units of a state hospital. The research tested the hypothesis that patients exposed to social dramatics with videotape feedback would demonstrate greater ability to perform social skills as measured by the Nurses' Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE-30). Fifteen schizophrenic adults of both sexes meeting specific criteria were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Subjects were exposed over an 8-week period to randomly introduced social dramatic scenarios. The Wilcoxin test for two independent samples was used for testing differences between experimental and control groups. The research findings supported the hypothesis for one positive factor, social competence. The findings did not support any treatment effect on either social interest and personal neatness or irritability, manifest psychosis, and psychotic depression. There were no significant differences on the total score NOSIE-30. Recommendations for psychiatric nursing are made. Limitations of research methodologies and sample size were addressed.
Increased rate of tuberculin skin test conversion among workers at a university hospital.

OBJECTIVES: To summarize the results of an investigation of increased rates of tuberculin skin test conversion in employees at a university hospital. DESIGN: The results of annual tuberculin skin tests performed on all 1,845 hospital employees from 1986 to 1991 were reviewed. SETTING: A 450-bed acute tertiary care university hospital. RESULTS: The rate of tuberculin skin test conversion was 0.35% (standard deviation +/- 0.15) from 1986 to 1989 and increased to 1.7% during 1991. Investigation revealed deviations from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines for tuberculosis control, which included the failure to consider tuberculosis as a probable cause of community-acquired pneumonia and the failure to initiate isolation precautions when tuberculosis was suspected. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemic appeared to be secondary to delays in diagnosis and isolation of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Future control measures should include isolation of all hospital patients admitted with pneumonia until tuberculosis has been excluded.
The Economics of Privacy-Privacy: People, Policy and Technology

Privacy of personal information is an area of growing concern and importance in the digital age. Privacy as an issue rises when there is a conflict of interest between its commercial value and respect for an individual's right to privacy. This lends itself to the fact this trade off is of economic value and the issue of privacy is an economic problem and hence justifies the emergence of the economics of privacy as an important discipline which is a complex interplay of regulation, technology and people dynamics and the efficiency of doing business. In this survey paper we look into the work done by eminent people on the issue of privacy and its relationship with people, technology and regulation from an economic perspective and its increasing relevance today. Privacy affects each one of us in some way that we cannot afford to ignore it and it helps to be in cognizance of what is going on around us.
Utility of Intrathoracic Impedance Monitoring in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease

Background The utility of cardiac device-based intrathoracic monitoring (OptiVol, Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) for congestive heart failure (CHF) exacerbation has not been evaluated in pediatric or congenital heart disease patients. Methods This was a retrospective study of all patients at a single center with an endocardial OptiVol capable device. OptiVol index values were collected in 2-week bins from January 2007 to December 2010. The clinical outcomes were CHF exacerbation defined as hospitalization or medication change for CHF and device-treated ventricular arrhythmia based on remote or in-office device interrogation. Clinical and OptiVol data were collected by separate investigators blinded to the other parameter. OptiVol data were correlated to the clinical outcomes to determine sensitivity and predictability for multiple threshold values in the entire cohort and pediatric and congenital subgroups. Results Forty-seven patients were included. A total of 1,106 months of OptiVol data were collected. Median age of the cohort was 18 years (range 6–58 years). There were 23 pediatric, median age 13 years (range 6–16), at device implant, and 18 patients, median age 31 years (range 13–58), considered at risk for heart failure at implant. There were three heart failure exacerbations and 17 treated ventricular arrhythmias. The study population-specific positive predictive value (PPV) of OptiVol was low (sensitivity 33% and PPV ≤4.4%) for both CHF exacerbation and arrhythmias in all analyzed groups. Conclusions The sensitivity and positive predictive value of intrathoracic impedance monitoring was low in this population of adult congenital and pediatric patients. Recent improvements to the OptiVol algorithm may decrease these deficiencies.
Fantastic histories: The Battles of Coxinga and the preservation of Ming in Japan

People in Japan reacted to the bewilderment they felt at the fall of Ming by creating a bifurcated view of China, evident in encyclopedias and gazeteers: On the one hand, there was the traditional China represented by the Ming; on the other, there was the new China ruled by the Dattan or the Tatars. Such was the power of the Ming as an image that it endured in Japanese literature and theater for centuries after its fall. This article explores the preservation in popular discourse of the Ming as the most natural representation of China, focusing on Chikamatsu Monzaemon’s hit jōruri play The Battles of Coxinga (Kokusen’ya kassen), first staged in 1715 and produced many times after that, showing how the political turmoil was filtered through both misunderstandings and creative fabrications. It shows that The Battles of Coxinga creates a fantastic image of China, as opposed to the barbaric Dattan, by drawing on historical memories internal to Japan and readily available images of foreignness. I argue that the preservation of the Ming in popular theater offered audiences a means of rethinking Japan’s position as the inheritor of a “universal” Chinese essence in an age when knowledge of the world was being dramatically expanded by imported European cartography, complicating earlier views of a world centered on the Three Realms or the Sinocentric world order.
Investigating the Relations among Different Measures of False Memory

Researchers have used the term false memory to describe various memory errors, including the incorporation of erroneous information into a memory, misremembering a word presented as a picture, and the construction of a detailed memory of an event that did not occur. Whether such diverse manifestations of false memory are assessing the same construct has not been evaluated. The purpose of this study is to examine the relations among a set of variables that have been used in the literature to measure false memory. The sample consisted of 112 college students who completed four false memory measures, including the commonly used Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) and the misinformation tasks. Zero-order correlations indicated that there are little to no associations between false memories in the DRM and the misinformation tasks, as well as the other false memory tasks. A confirmatory factor analysis of the DRM and misinformation variables further suggested that the false memory variables share little variance in common and may not be represented by a unitary factor. Thus, the results of the current study suggest that tasks intended to measure false memory may be measuring different types of memory errors.
BLACKSPOT LOCATION AND RECOMMENDATION TO REDUCE NUMBER AND SEVERITY OF ACCIDENTS ON PURBALEUNYI TOLL ROAD

Toll roads, as land transportation infrastructure, have an important role in Indonesia. With a high number of road crashes in Indonesia, with about 40,000 people die on the road each year, the determination of blackspot locations is crucial. The aim of this study is to analyze blackspot location on a toll road in Indonesia and, furthermore, to provide recommendations in order to reduce number and severity of accident. A case study is carried out on a toll road, named Purbaleunyi Toll Road, in West Java. Accident rate value and UCL method are used in this study to determine blackspot locations. The results indicated that there are many blackspot locations along the toll road and recommended solutions provided are adherence to traffic regulation, adherence to vehicle worthiness,dissemination of road safety importance to road users, and the implementation of blackspot treatments continuously.
Causal Performativity and Four Definitions of Social Entrepreneurship

There exist dozens of definitions of social entrepreneurship, despite a consensus that a unified definition is needed. If one definition prevailed, social entrepreneurs would adapt their organizati...
Urgent care in the dental school setting: analysis of current environment and future challenges in emergency dental education

Urgent dental care education is a critical aspect of the D.D.S. curriculum as dental students must be adequately prepared to face real-world dental emergency challenges in practice. Dental emergency education is likely the most variable component of the dental curriculum. To assess potential differences in emergency education, a sixteen-question survey was sent to directors of urgent care of all fifty-six U.S. dental schools addressing clinic operation, demographics, treatment, integration into the D.D.S. curriculum, and provision of care for indigent populations. The response rate was 88 percent. Results indicate a need for earlier integration of urgent dental care education into the D.D.S. curriculum, more pediatric emergency experiences for D.D.S. students, and a more rigorous academic approach in assessing student competency while on rotation in the urgent care service. In addition, access to emergency dental care has become increasingly difficult for indigent populations due to lack of state-supported funds; further exploration of sources of external funding for such care is warranted.
Effect of hypophysectomy and replacement therapy on fatty acid metabolism in the rat testis

1. The influence of pituitary gonadotrophins and of testosterone on the conversion of linoleic acid into other polyunsaturated fatty acids by rat testicular tissue was studied. 2. In immature hypophysectomized rats, follicle-stimulating hormone caused a threefold increase in the incorporation of radioactivity from [1−14C]linoleic acid into testicular lipids; the distribution of 14C in the polyunsaturated fatty acids, however, was not significantly affected. 3. In mature hypophysectomized rats, the hormonal treatments had less pronounced effects on 14C incorporation into testicular lipids, but caused a significant increase in the percentage of 14C incorporated into polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω–6 series, luteinizing hormone and testosterone having the more pronounced influences. 4. A time-course study of the appearance of radioactivity in the ejaculated spermatozoa of rabbits, after they had been given a tracer dose of [1−14C]linoleic acid, indicated that incorporation of radioactivity into spermatozoa occurred during all stages of spermatogenesis.
Analysis on Hygienic Status of Centralized Air Ventilation System in Office Buildings,Guangzhou City

Objective To understand the hygienic status of centralized air ventilation system in Guangzhou office buildings,so as to provide the basis for making relevant measures. Methods According to the Hygienic specification of central air conditioning ventilation system in public buildings,sanitary condition were evaluated in different governmental agencies,commercial office building and government affairs center. Results A total of 25office buildings were investigated.Commercial office buildings were in poor sanitary condition,the qualified rates of the total bacterial count and total fungal count were 48.00%and 66.00%respectively in the wind supply system.And the detected maximum concentration of total bacterial count and total fungal count were nine times and four times higher than the guidelines.Governmental agencies and government affairs center were in better sanitary condition,its qualified rates of the total bacterial count and total fungal count were 59.20%and 76.00%,which were both lower than the qualified rate detected in duct's internal surface(P 0.05),and noβ-Streptococcus haemolyticus was detected.The detecting rate of Legionella Pneumophila was 48.00%in cooling water and 8.00%in condensate. Conclusion Office buildings are in poor sanitary condition,thus more attention should be paid to making the national hygienic standard of office buildings,and strengthening the supervision.
Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation in the Setting of Cancer Chemotherapy and Other Immunosuppressive Drug Therapy

Hepatitis B virus reactivation (HBVr) is an important complication of immunosuppressive drug therapy (ISDT). It can occur with active or resolved hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with a clinical spectrum that ranges from mild elevations in liver tests to fulminant hepatic failure. The risk of it occurring is determined by the interplay between HBV serological status, level of viremia, and the immunosuppressive potency of the drug(s) used. Reactivation is most common during treatment of hematologic malignancies but also occurs with chemotherapy for breast cancer and numerous other solid organ malignancies, organ transplant, and immune suppression for nonmalignant conditions. The expansion of new biologic treatments for malignant and nonmalignant disorders has enlarged the population at risk. Increased awareness of HBVr among healthcare providers who prescribe ISDT, adoption of routine HBV screening, and linking the results of screening to antiviral prophylaxis are needed to reduce the incidence of this potentially fatal but preventable disorder.
Oxygen Isotope Corrections in Continuous-Flow Measurements of SO2

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview on the oxygen isotope corrections in continuous-flow measurements of SO 2 . Continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) instruments are faster, more easily automated, and less expensive than their dual-inlet counterparts. Perhaps most significantly, the continuous-flow approach is readily compatible with on-line techniques of sample preparation. The emergence of continuous-flow techniques has significantly altered the practice of IRMS. The corrections are based on simultaneous measurement of three adjacent ion currents such as notation, mass spectrum of sulfur dioxide, and mass-dependent relationships of oxygen and sulfur. While the SO 2cal algorithm developed here allows for independent calculation of δ 34 S and δ 18 O from 65/64 and 66/64 ion current ratios which are routinely collected for SO 2 , the precision of calculated δ 34 S is currently limited to ca ±1% and the precision of calculated δ 18 O to over ±10%. The potential fractionations associated with fragmentation of the parent ion in the ion source of the mass spectrometer can be adequately addressed through the standard isotopic practice of relative measurements.
Putting Patients First by Reducing Administrative Tasks in Health Care: A Position Paper of the American College of Physicians

This American College of Physicians (ACP) position paper, initiated and written by ACP's Medical Practice and Quality Committee and approved by the Board of Regents on 21 January 2017, reports policy recommendations to address the issue of administrative tasks to mitigate or eliminate their adverse effects on physicians, their patients, and the health care system as a whole. The paper outlines a cohesive framework for analyzing administrative tasks through several lenses to better understand any given task that a clinician and his or her staff may be required to perform. In addition, a scoping literature review and environmental scan were done to assess the effects on physician time, practice and system cost, and patient care due to the increase in administrative tasks. The findings from the scoping review, in addition to the framework, provide the backbone of detailed policy recommendations from the ACP to external stakeholders (such as payers, governmental oversight organizations, and vendors) regarding how any given administrative requirement, regulation, or program should be assessed, then potentially revised or removed entirely.
Topological Insulators: Electronic Structure, Material Systems and Applications

Topological insulators are a new class of materials characterized by fully spin-polarized surface states, a linear dispersion, imperviousness to external non-magnetic perturbations, and a helical character arising out of the perpendicular spin-momentum locking. This article answers in a pedagogical way the distinction between a topological and normal insulator, the role of topology in band theory of solids, and the origin of these surface states. Numerical techniques including diagonalization of the TI Hamiltonians are described to quantitatively evaluate the behaviour of topological insulator states. The Hamiltonians based on continuum and tight binding approaches are contrasted. The application of TIs as components of a fast switching environment or channel material for transistors is examined through I-V curves. The potential pitfall of such devices is presented along with techniques that could potentially circumvent the problem. Additionally, it is demonstrated that a strong internal electric field can also induce topological insulator behaviour with wurtzite nitride quantum wells as representative materials.
Seasonal Changes in Spectators’ Identification and Involvement with and Evaluations of College Basketball and Football Teams

This article reports on two studies investigating seasonal changes in sport spectator identification, involvement, and evaluations. Two sports (basketball and football) and two team histories (successful and unsuccessful) were reviewed. Four variables were examined for their possible influence: season-long (trial) changes, varying degrees of identification, outcome of the previous contest, and location of the previous contest. The results indicated that there were significant changes in spectator identification, involvement, and evaluations throughout the season. Outcome of the previous game had an especially powerful impact on evaluations of the team’s performance and impacted the identification of supporters of the historically successful team but not supporters of the unsuccessful team. Fans with differential levels of identification did not differ in their changes in identification.
Estado e resistência cultural: o caso do Neorrealismo português

No inicio do seculo XX, Portugal passou por uma transformacao sociopolitica, marcada predominantemente por guerras, depressoes e uma politica nacionalista, contrastando a seculos de um patriotismo desmedido de seu destemido passado. O movimento do Neorrealismo surge em meio a este tumulto, com um pragmatismo que revelou ser um poderoso objeto de observacao de classes, denunciando nao so a postura negligente do Estado a realidade de seu povo, mas tambem a situacao de caos e desesperanca em que se encontrava. Atraves de uma retrospectiva historica, este trabalho revisita os principais documentos da epoca, assim como a avaliacao de criticos contemporâneos ao movimento e atuais, que apontam para principais momentos, autores e obras que ajudaram com que o movimento tomasse bases universais e atemporais.
Structure and Properties of the Welded Joints of Single-Type Polyethylenes Formed Under the Action of Constant Magnetic Fields

We study the structural features and the thermomechanical and operating properties of the welded joints of PE-80–PE-80 with PE-100–PE-100 made with and without the action of constant magnetic fields (B ~ 1 T). By using the wide-angle X-ray diffraction method, it is shown that the action of a transverse constant magnetic field on the melts of polyethylene specimens of the same type in the course of their welding causes the formation of an oriented structure of the welded joint. The axis of its texture coincides with the direction of the magnetic field, which improves the thermomechanical and operating properties of welded joints. The formation of a welded joint under the action of a longitudinal magnetic field leads to the deterioration of its physicomechanical characteristics, which is explained by the opposing action of the force field that formed in the process of welding and compensating the effect of the magnetic field.
Washington State landowner data on cropping decision factors and perceptions of bioenergy crops

This article contains survey data on Washington State landowner perceptions of bioenergy crops. The survey data includes responses on interest in growing bioenergy crops, likelihood of growing bioenergy crops, and willingness to grow hybrid poplar specifically for bioenergy. Additional responses concern challenges to growing hybrid poplar for bioenergy and preferences for growing hybrid poplar versus other bioenergy crops. The data contains on farm information, landowner demographics, current crops and cropping decisions, and perceptions of perennial crops as well. Responses were collected from 156 randomly sampled landowners with land appropriate for growing hybrid poplar trees without irrigation.
Training 100,000 Classes on a Single Titan X in 7 Hours or 15 Minutes with 25 Titan Xs

In this talk, I will present Merged-Averaged Classifiers via Hashing (MACH) for K-classification with ultra-large values of K. Compared to traditional one-vs-all classifiers that require $O(Kd)$ memory and inference cost, MACH only need $O(dlogK)$ (d is dimensionality) memory while only requiring $O(KlogK + dlogK )$ operation for inference. MACH is a generic K-classification algorithm, with provably theoretical guarantees, without any assumption on the relationship between classes. MACH uses universal hashing to reduce classification with a large number of classes to few (logarithmic many) independent classification tasks with small (constant) number of classes. I will show the first quantification of discriminability-memory tradeoff in multi-class classification. Using the simple idea of hashing, we can train ODP dataset with 100,000 classes and 400,000 features on a single Titan X GPU, with the classification accuracy of 19.28%, which is the best-reported accuracy on this dataset. Before this work, the best performing baseline is a one-vs-all classifier that requires 40 billion parameters (160 GB model size) and achieves 9% accuracy. In contrast, MACH can achieve 9% accuracy with 480x reduction in the model size (of mere 0.3GB). With MACH, we also demonstrate complete training of feature extracted fine-grained imagenet dataset (compressed size 104GB), with 21,000 classes, on a single GPU. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to demonstrate complete training of these extreme-class datasets on a single Titan X. Furthermore, the algorithm is trivially parallelizable. Our experiments show that we can train ODP datasets in 7 hours on a single GPU or in 15 minutes with 25 GPUs. Similarly, we can train classifiers over the fine-grained imagenet dataset in 24 hours on a single GPU which can be reduced to little over 1 hour with 20 GPUs.
Effect of Interface Properties on Wave Propagation in a Medium With Inclusions

ABSTRACT This study considers propagation of effective plane longitudinal and shear waves through a medium with a random distribution of spherical inclusions. We assume that inclusions and matrix possess different elastic properties and that a thin layer of elastic material with still different properties separates the inclusions from the matrix. Also, we assume same-size inclusions and same-thickness layers. We find that the layers substantially affect the phase velocities and attenuation of coherent plane waves propagating through this composite medium.
How Students Learn from Ambulatory Preceptors: Critical Incidents

This study explores the medical student’s perspective on learning in the community-based preceptor setting. Method: A critical incident narrative was collected from each fourth year student enrolled in the family medicine clerkship. A multidisciplinary team of medical educators analysed and coded the narratives. Results: Critical learning events had definitive outcomes, were problem-focused and lead the student to self-reflection. ‘Active observation’ (71%) was the most frequent mode of learning. ‘Collaboration’ and ‘coaching’ (30% and 14%) were also important. Conclusions: This study expands the idea of active learning to include observation focused by the students’s recognition of an important learning need. The study also suggests that critical learning moments are generally brief Increasing preceptor sensitivity to these results can enhance their teaching effectiveness without compromising practice efficiency.
Analytical Target Cascading in Product Family Design

Most products are neither designed nor manufactured as one piece. They are decomposed into parts that are developed individually before they are assembled to form the final product. Typically, this partitioning-based development process matches the hierarchical structure of the product-offering organization. Design tasks are assigned to divisions, departments, and teams according to expertise. An example from the automotive industry is depicted in Figure 11-1. Obviously, this decomposition is not complete and serves only as an illustration of the decomposition paradigm.
Recent Advances in Anionic Polymerization

One of the goals of synthetic polymer chemistry is to prepare polymers with control over the major variables affecting polymer properties. These variables include molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, copolymer composition, configurational microstructure, branching, and chain-end functionality. Anionic polymerization methods have approached this goal of synthesizing polymers with well-defined structures in monomer/initiator/solvent systems which proceed in the absence of chain termination and chain transfer reactions. For example, under certain carefully controlled conditions, the anionic polymerization of styrene, diene, methacrylate, epoxide, and lactone monomers proceeds without significant contributions from chain termination and chain transfer reactions to produce polymers which retain their reactive anionic chain-end functionality when all of the monomer has been consumed. In these systems, the major variables affecting polymer properties can indeed be controlled. The scope and limitations of these anionic polymerization methods are described in several recent books and reviews.1–3
3.09 – Carcinogenicity*

Cancer, a leading cause of death worldwide, is a complex disease involving multiple events including mutation, proliferation, and aberrant cell growth. While specific genetic mutations account for only a small percentage of human cancers, estimates have predicted that environmental, dietary, and behavioral factors are linked to as much as 90% of all cancers. The past decades of cancer research have largely been devoted to understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the transformation of a normal cell into a malignant cell. While these efforts have advanced our knowledge of cancer etiology, development, and treatment, much remains unanswered. This chapter provides fundamental information of the carcinogenesis process. The topics covered include an introduction to multistage carcinogenesis and an overview of genotoxic and nongenotoxic carcinogen action. In addition, this chapter also discusses many of the test systems available to assess the carcinogenic potential of chemical agents. Finally, current approaches for assessing human risk to carcinogen exposure are discussed.
Sulfur Assimilation and Trafficking in Methanogens

Methanogens are ancient obligate anaerobes, originating in an early Earth period before oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere and oceans. Unlike aerobic cells, all methanogens that persist in highly sulfidic, anaerobic niches are able to grow with sulfide as the sole sulfur source. These organisms have retained a unique apparatus for the assimilation and distribution of sulfur from the ambient environment. Recent work has revealed the presence of a unique set of at least six highly conserved genes likely responsible for sulfide uptake and synthesis of persulfide groups, cysteine, homocysteine, coenzyme M, coenzyme B, and cysteinyl-tRNACys. Phylogenetic studies show that these ancient sulfur assimilatory proteins share an evolutionary history with methanogenesis enzymes, suggesting that they played a key role in supporting the development of this metabolism. Little is yet known about most methanogen pathways that mobilize sulfur to form thiolated tRNA, iron-sulfur clusters, molybdopterin, and other important cofactors. However, for at least some of these pathways, it appears that the sulfur can be assimilated directly as sulfide, which is present at high intracellular levels without causing toxic effects. The many unique aspects of sulfur assimilation and trafficking in contemporary methanogens appear to be relics of ancient metabolic processes that were prevalent on the early anaerobic Earth.
Intonation as Cohesion in Academic Discourse: A Study of Chinese Speakers of English.

This paper reports the results of a study of the intonation of 18 Mandarin Chinese speakers lecturing in English. As a basis for the study, it is proposed that intonation be considered a grammar of cohesion in English discourse: Drawing from the intonational model of Pierrehumbert and Hirschberg (1990), it is argued that discrete morphemes of intonation correspond to the categories of cohesion in Halliday and Hasan's (1976) typology. The study investigated the hypothesis that the nonnative speakers who were able to use the intonation system of English most effectively would score higher on a global language test. Using a Computerized Speech Lab to measure pitch, four aspects of intonation were averaged for each speaker: (a) the pitch difference between newly introduced content words and function words, (b) the use of high pitch at phrase boundaries to link related constituents, (c) the use of pitch to distinguish contrasting items from given items, and (d) the paratone or increase in pitch range at rhetorical junctures to signal topic shift. These four measures were chosen for their contribution to the cohesion of the lectures. Multiple regression analysis indicates that the fourth intonation variable, the paratone, was a significant predictor of these subjects' English test scores. Examples are given of the other variables in context from both low- and high-scoring speakers. It is emphasized that intonation is not only a stylistic component of accent but also a meaning-bearing grammatical system.
Identification of testicular cancer driver genes by a cross-species comparative oncology approach.

Background Germ cell tumors arise in the testis, ovary, or extragonadal locations and have a wide range of histopathological and clinical presentations. The relative lack of animal models of germ cell tumors has impeded functional assessment of candidate driver genes. Previously, we described the development of testicular germ cell tumors in zebrafish carrying a mutation in bmpr1bb, a BMP family receptor, and demonstrated that human germ cell tumors have defects in BMP signaling. Objective To further credential the zebrafish model for studies of human germ cell tumor, and to elucidate conserved genetic programs underlying the development of germ cell tumor. Materials and methods We used genetic techniques to ablate the germ cell lineage in developing fish and tested tumors for loss-of-heterozygosity of the wild-type allele of bmpr1bb. We performed comparative gene expression profiling of zebrafish and human germ cell tumors and carried out functional studies of selected genes. Results Ablation of germ cells completely prevents testis tumor formation in the fish, definitively establishing the germ cell origin of the tumors. Germ cell tumors in bmpr1bb heterozygous mutants retain the wild-type allele, indicating haploinsufficiency of bmpr1bb as the mechanism of tumor formation. Comparison of RNA-Seq and microarray data from human and zebrafish germ cell tumors revealed a unique overlapping signature shared by the zebrafish tumors with human seminomas, yolk sac tumors, and embryonal carcinomas. The most highly conserved gene set in this cross-species analysis included potential driver genes such as JUP, which we show to be essential for germ cell tumor cell growth. Conclusion Our findings highlight the value of cross-species comparative oncology for the identification of candidate human cancer genes.
Ultrasound-guided non-targeted liver core biopsy: comparison of the efficacy of two different core needle biopsy systems using an ex-vivo animal model and retrospective review of clinical experience.

Abstract Purpose: To compare the efficacy of two 18-gauge core needle biopsy systems, the Achieve® (Merit Medical) and the Marquee® (BD Bard), using an ex-vivo animal liver model and retrospective review of clinical experience. Methods: Sixty ex-vivo liver biopsy samples were obtained using the Achieve® (n = 30) and the Marquee® (n = 30) needles. In addition, 20 liver biopsy samples from 20 patients obtained using the Achieve® (n = 10) and Marquee® (n = 10) were compared retrospectively. One pathologist, blinded to needle type, recorded total core length and the number of complete portal triads. Ex vivo measurements were compared using mixed effects linear, logistic, and ordinal regression. In vivo measurements were compared using Student's t-test. Results: For the Achieve® and Marquee® needles, the mean(SD) total core length (mm) of ex vivo samples was 11.0(3.3) and 12.6(3.4), respectively (P = 0.069) and the adequacy rate was 23.3% and 50%, respectively (P = 0.04). Mean number of portal triads of ex vivo samples was 7.2(2.9) and 8.6(3.8), respectively (P = 0.13), and the adequacy rate was 73.3% and 83.3%, respectively (P = 0.32). For in vivo samples, the Achieve® and Marquee® needles demonstrates mean(SD) total core length (mm) of 24.6(7.1) and 32.0(4.6), respectively (P = 0.01), adequacy rate (P = 0.06). Mean number of portal triads was 14.9(4.8) and 19.6(4.1), respectively (P = 0.03), adequacy rate (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Slightly longer core biopsies were obtained with the Marquee® needle compared with the Achieve® needle. Early clinical experience demonstrates no significant difference in sample adequacy rates. Both needle types can be expected to provide adequate samples for pathologic assessment of liver tissue.
Fault Signal Detection of Linear Actuators based on Intelligent Remnant Filter

Linear servo electro-mechanical actuators are very commonly found in a variety of critical dynamic systems including various aerospace applications and hazardous robotic applications. These actuators are specifically designed on the basis of required operating functional parameters. The performance of servo electromechanical actuators significantly affects the performance of overall dynamic system. This paper works to improve the reliability of linear servo electromechanical actuators through analytical redundancy for critical applications. A fault diagnostic algorithm is designed based on dynamic mathematical model and a remnant filter is implemented to detect signal errors. The remnant filter generates residual signal proportional to the error induced. Fault detection thresholds are set and decision logic is established to compare residual signal with the lower and upper pre-defined threshold constants. This designed diagnostic filter is tested experimentally on a fault diagnostic testing setup and results of designed model have been validated.
Experimental thermal analysis of a novel prosthetic socket along with silicone and PCM liners.

Abstract Prosthetic liners and sockets insulate a residual limb, causing excessive heat, sweating, skin irritation and maceration. Circulation of a fluid through the socket wall has been shown to have positive cooling effects on the internal surface of the socket, i.e. skin temperature. Moreover, Phase Change Materials (PCMs) have been recognized as a practical method for cooling garments. These materials, such as water or many synthesized polymers, have a high latent heat and their application within a prosthetic liner allows for absorbing heat from the limb for retaining a constant temperature. In this study, a novel prosthetic socket has been designed and prototyped to investigate the interactive effects of fluid circulation and PCM materials on thermal comfort of prosthetic sockets. The results indicate a statistically significant difference (p-value