cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural Properties of Diesel Exhaust Particles Measured by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Relationships to Particle Mass and Mobility

Structural properties of diesel particles preclassified by particle mobility and mass are measured using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These measurements enable us to determine the dynamic shape factor and inherent material density of diesel particles. We also compare fractal dimensions obtained independently using two different approaches. We show that the projected area equivalent diameter of mobility-classified diesel particles nearly equals the mobility diameter in the size range reported here (50 to 220 nm). Evidence for doubly charged particles and possible “fragments” are observed for DMA-classified particles on TEM substrates. The fractal dimension was obtained using two independent approaches. Images obtained by TEM were analyzed to determine the maximum length and the number of primary particles. The fractal dimension obtained from these measurements, D fL, was 1.75. The fractal dimension obtained from the mass-mobility relationship, D fm was 2.35. We found that these values are in rea...
Conductance mutations of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor do not act by a simple electrostatic mechanism.

Fixed negative charges in many cation channels raise the single-channel conductance, apparently by an electrostatic mechanism: their effects are accentuated in solutions of low ionic strength and attenuated at high ionic strength. The charges of specific amino acids near the ends of the proposed pore-lining M2 segment of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, termed the extracellular and cytoplasmic rings, have recently been shown to influence the single-channel K+ conductance (Imoto, K., C. Busch, B. Sakmann, M. Mishina, T. Konno, J. Nakai, H. Bujo, Y. Mori, K. Fukuda and S. Numa. 1988. Nature 335:645–648). We examined whether these charges might act by a direct electrostatic effect on the energy of ions in the pore, rather than indirectly by inducing a structural change. To this end, we measured the conductances of charge mutants over a range of K+ concentrations (ionic strengths). As expected, we found that negative charge mutations raise the conductance, and positive charge mutations lower it. The effects of cytoplasmic-ring mutations are accentuated at low ionic strength, but they are not completely attenuated at high ionic strength. The effects of extracellular-ring mutations are independent of ionic strength. These results are inconsistent with the simplest electrostatic model. We suggest a modified model that qualitatively accounts for the data.
Regulation of synaptic plasticity and cognition by SUMO in normal physiology and Alzheimer's disease

Learning and memory and the underlying cellular correlate, long-term synaptic plasticity, involve regulation by posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Here we demonstrate that conjugation with the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is a novel PTM required for normal synaptic and cognitive functioning. Acute inhibition of SUMOylation impairs long-term potentiation (LTP) and hippocampal-dependent learning. Since Alzheimer's disease (AD) prominently features both synaptic and PTM dysregulation, we investigated SUMOylation under pathology induced by amyloid-β (Aβ), a primary neurotoxic molecule implicated in AD. We observed that SUMOylation is dysregulated in both human AD brain tissue and the Tg2576 transgenic AD mouse model. While neuronal activation normally induced upregulation of SUMOylation, this effect was impaired by Aβ42 oligomers. However, supplementing SUMOylation via transduction of its conjugating enzyme, Ubc9, rescued Aβ-induced deficits in LTP and hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. Our data establish SUMO as a novel regulator of LTP and hippocampal-dependent cognition and additionally implicate SUMOylation impairments in AD pathogenesis.
Principal-components-based display strategy for spectral imagery

A new pseudocolor mapping strategy for use with spectral imagery is presented. This strategy is based on a principal components analysis of spectral data, and it capitalizes on the similarities between three-color human vision and high-dimensional hyperspectral datasets. The mapping is closely related to three-dimensional versions of scatter plots that are commonly used in remote sensing to visualize the data cloud. The transformation results in final images where the color assigned to each pixel is solely determined by the position within the data cloud. Materials with similar spectral characteristics are presented in similar hues, and basic classification and clustering decisions can be made by the observer. Final images tend to have large regions of desaturated pixels that make the image more readily interpretable. The data cloud is shown to be conical in nature, and materials with common spectral signatures radiate from the origin of the cone, which is not (in general) at the origin of the spectral data. A supervised method for locating the origin of the cone based on identification of clusters in the data is presented, and the effects of proper origin orientation are illustrated.
Crystallographic study of the recombinant flavin-binding domain of Baker's yeast flavocytochrome b(2): comparison with the intact wild-type enzyme.

Flavocytochrome b2 catalyzes the oxidation of l-lactate to pyruvate and the transfer of electrons to cytochrome c. The enzyme consists of a flavin-binding domain, which includes the active site for lacate oxidation, and a b2-cytochrome domain, required for efficient cytochrome c reduction. To better understand the structure and function of intra- and interprotein electron transfer, we have determined the crystal structure of the independently expressed flavin-binding domain of flavocytochrome b2 to 2.50 A resolution and compared this with the structure of the intact enzyme, redetermined at 2.30 A resolution, both structures being from crystals cooled to 100 K. Whereas there is little overall difference between these structures, we do observe significant local changes near the interface region, some of which impact on amino acid side chains, such as Arg289, that have been shown previously to have an important role in catalysis. The disordered loop region found in flavocytochrome b2 and its close homologues...
What Can We Learn from Great Negotiations

Suppose you decided to learn about a number of history-shaping negotiations, interactions that had changed thousands, if not millions, of lives and that had effects that reverberated to this day. Not only should these dramatic negotiations really matter, but the information you find should be enough to sketch the protagonists, to give a realistic flavor of the process, and to offer a reasonable account of what ultimately happened. And the outcomes of these negotiations should neither have been essentially predetermined by external factors nor preemptively resolved by one side’s diktat. If you were seized by the urge to learn about such events, you would do very well to pick up Fredrik Stanton’s Great Negotiations: Agreements that Changed the Modern World. Stanton has researched and written lucid accounts of eight major diplomatic encounters that meet the above criteria. Drawing on contemporary accounts and some of the vast historical scholarship examining each of these negotiations, Stanton has credibly distilled each story into an engaging, self-contained twenty to forty page chapter accessible to general readers and specialists alike. This is no easy task and
Popular Images of “Rurality”: Data from a Pennsylvania Survey

The meaning of rurality from the person-on-the-street perspective was explored using data from a statewide telephone and mail survey of 1,241 Pennsylvania residents. Responses to 35 Likert items were factor analyzed and five factors were delineated: positive images of rural life, negative images of rurality, antiurbanism, agrarianism, and wilderness values. Widespread agreement with the positive images of rural life, antiurbanism, agrarianism, and wilderness values was found. Negative images of rurality were overwhelmingly rejected by the respondents. Rural dwellers were somewhat more positive in their attitudes toward all aspects of rurality than were urban or suburban residents. The relevance of these overall findings for rural development is suggested.
Tumor grade of clear cell renal cell carcinoma assessed by contrast-enhanced computed tomography

The purpose of this study was to clarify the association between CT findings and Fuhrman grade of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). The study group consisted of 214 surgically proven ccRCC in 214 patients. Contrast-enhanced CT studies were retrospectively assessed for tumor size, cystic versus solid, calcification, heterogeneity of lesions, percentage of non-enhancing (necrotic) areas, and growth pattern. CT findings and Fuhrman grade were compared. Nineteen of 22 (86.4%) cystic ccRCC were low grade (Fuhrman grades 1-2). There was no significant correlation between tumor size and grade in cystic ccRCC (P = 0.43). In predominantly solid ccRCC, there was significant correlation between tumor size and grade (P < 0.0001). Thirty-eight of 43 (88.4%) infiltrative ccRCC were high grade (Fuhrman grades 3-4). Logistic regression showed tumor size and infiltrative growth were significantly associated with grades 3-4 (P = 0.00083 and P = 0.0059). Cystic ccRCC tends to be low grade. Infiltrative growth and larger tumor size may increase the likelihood of high grade ccRCC.
Stochastic Variational Integrators

This paper presents a continuous and discrete Lagrangian theory for stochastic Hamiltonian systems on manifolds, akin to the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck theory of Brownian motion in a force field. The main result is to derive governing SDEs for such systems from a critical point of a stochastic action. Using this result, the paper derives Langevin-type equations for constrained mechanical systems and implements a stochastic analogue of Lagrangian reduction. These are easy consequences of the fact that the stochastic action is intrinsically defined. Stochastic variational integrators (SVIs) are developed using a discrete variational principle. The paper shows that the discrete flow of an SVI is almost surely symplectic and in the presence of symmetry almost surely momentum-map preserving. A first-order mean-squared convergent SVI for mechanical systems on Lie groups is introduced. As an application of the theory, SVIs are exhibited for multiple, randomly forced and torqued rigid bodies interacting via a potential.
Levels of nitric oxide oxidation products are increased in the epithelial lining fluid of children with persistent asthma.

Background Children with severe allergic asthma have persistent airway inflammation and oxidant stress. Objectives We hypothesized that children with severe allergic asthma would have increased concentrations of the nitric oxide (NO) oxidation products nitrite, nitrate, and nitrotyrosine in the proximal and distal airway epithelial lining fluid (ELF). We further hypothesized that NO oxidation products would be associated with higher exhaled NO values (fraction of exhaled nitric oxide [F ENO ]), greater allergic sensitization, and lower pulmonary function. Methods Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was obtained from 15 children with mild-to-moderate asthma, 30 children with severe allergic asthma, 5 nonasthmatic children, and 20 nonsmoking adults. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was divided into proximal and distal portions and nitrite, nitrate, and nitrotyrosine values were quantified. Results Children with mild-to-moderate and severe allergic asthma had increased concentrations of nitrite (adult control subjects, 15 ± 3 μmol/L; pediatric control subjects, 23 ± 4 μmol/L; subjects with mild-to-moderate asthma, 56 ± 26 μmol/L; subjects with severe asthma, 74 ± 18 μmol/L), nitrate (37 ± 13 vs 145 ± 38 vs 711 ± 155 vs 870 ± 168 μmol/L, respectively) and nitrotyrosine (2 ± 1 vs 3 ± 1 vs 9 ± 3 vs 10 ± 4 μmol/L, respectively) in the proximal ELF. Similar results were seen in the distal ELF, although the concentrations were significantly lower ( P ENO values to be a significant predictor of NO oxidation in asthmatic children. Conclusions NO oxidation products are increased in the ELF of asthmatic children. The relationship between F ENO values and airway nitrosative stress is complicated and requires further study.
Temperature regulation of nitrate uptake: A novel hypothesis about nitrate uptake and reduction in cool-water diatoms

Marine diatoms generally form large blooms during periods of cool temperature (,208C), high NO fluxes ( .25 2 3 mM-N), and turbulent mixing, but the adaptations that allow diatoms to bloom under these conditions are not well understood. We have conducted both NO uptake kinetics and direct short-term temperature manipulation studies 2 3 on field diatom-dominated populations from Chesapeake and Delaware Bays during both spring and fall blooms. Absolute rates of NO uptake by a Rhizoselenia-dominated population did not appear to saturate even at concen2 3 trations as high as 180 mM-N. We observed contrasting patterns of NO , NH , and urea utilization as a function 21 34 of experimental temperature (ambient 6 98C). Over the temperature range of 7‐258C, absolute uptake rates of NO (rNO32) decreased an average of 46% with increasing temperature from 7 to 258C (nine individual experiments), 2 3 while rNH41 and rUREA increased with increasing temperature by an average of 179 and 86% (eight individual experiments), respectively. Based on these observations and the nature of the physical environment, we hypothesize that these diatom-dominated populations were taking up NO in excess of nutritional requirements, the reduction 2 3 of which may serve as a sink for electrons during transient periods of imbalance between light energy harvesting and utilization. We suggest that the increase in non-nutritional NO uptake increases proportionately with the 2 3 magnitude of the imbalance between light energy harvesting and imbalance. This hypothesis reconciles previous observations of low C : N uptake ratios, high release rates of dissolved organic nitrogen or NO by diatom-dominated 2 2 assemblages, other observations of nonsaturating NO kinetics in field populations, and the apparent ‘‘preference’’ 2 3 for NO by the netplankton size fraction. The two phenomena described here, nonsaturable kinetics and a negative 2 3 relationship between NO uptake and short-term temperature shifts, have important ecological implications. The 2 3 hypothesized ability of these diatom-dominated populations to better modulate the flow of photosynthetic electron energy, via NO reduction, in variable environments may provide a competitive advantage to diatoms and could 2 3 potentially explain why diatoms frequently dominate in regions of cool temperature, high NO flux, and turbulent 2 3 mixing. Also, models of new production may need to incorporate terms for temperature dependence of NO uptake. 2 3 Finally, if a significant fraction of NO uptake is regulated by non-nutritional mechanisms in the cell, and if some 2 3 fraction of nitrogen reduced by this mechanism is subsequently released in the form of NO , NH , or dissolved 21 24 organic nitrogen (DON), then estimates of new production based solely on NO uptake could be seriously biased. 2 3
Sertraline in underweight binge eating/purging-type eating disorders: five case reports.

Discussion Control trials show that antidepressants are efficacious in eating disorders. Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are used in clinical practice, there are relatively few controlled or open trials demonstrating that SSRIs are effective. We report five cases of underweight women with binge eating/purging-type eating disorders who gained weight and had reduced core eating disorder behaviors in response to sertraline. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 495–498, 20001.
Family pedigrees of children with suspected childhood apraxia of speech

Abstract Forty-two children (29 boys and 13 girls), ages 3–10 years, were referred from the caseloads of clinical speech-language pathologists for suspected childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). According to results from tests of speech and oral motor skills, 22 children met criteria for CAS, including a severely limited consonant and vowel repertoire, difficulty sequencing syllables, and inconsistent and unusual errors. Family pedigrees for these children were constructed through parent interviews and direct testing of nuclear family members. Familial aggregation for speech-sound and language disorders was demonstrated with 86% reporting at least one nuclear family member affected. Based on parent report, 13 of the 22 children (59%) had at least one affected parent. However, CAS was evident in only two siblings of probands with CAS and two probands with other speech-sound disorders. Based on testing, overall affection rates of speech-sound/language disorders were higher in families of children with CAS than in families of children with other speech-sound disorders. Mothers of children with CAS demonstrated a higher affection rate than mothers of children with other speech-sound disorders. A sex-related threshold model of transmission was also supported with brothers more often affected than sisters for male probands only. If our inclusionary criteria for CAS are valid, these findings support a general verbal trait deficit hypothesis. Learning outcomes (1) As a result of this activity, the participant will understand potential familial risk factors for CAS; (2) will differentiate aggregation for speech-sound and language disorders in families with CAS from families of children who have other speech-sound disorders; (3) will distinguish how familial aggregation differs in families of boys and girls with CAS; (4) will determine how children with CAS differ in severity from those with other speech-sound disorders.
Modeling Interactions in Small Groups

A new theory of interaction within small groups posits that group members initiate actions when tension mounts between the affective meanings of their situational identities and impressions produced by recent events. Actors choose partners and behaviors so as to reduce the tensions. A computer model based on this theory, incorporating reciprocal exchanges and actions toward the whole group, was used to generate 1,000 interactions in 500 virtual juries. Behaviors of modeled jurors matched the instrumental and expressive content of behaviors among actual jurors during observed deliberations. The system also reproduced sex differences among jurors, both in behavioral content and in levels of participation. Additionally, the system reproduced the domination of small-group interaction by a few active participants. Plausible changes in outcomes resulted when the system was used to analyze groups other than juries. These results indicate that the theory and model can advance research on small-group processes.
p-coumaroylated syringyl units in maize lignin: Implications for β-ether cleavage by thioacidolysis

Recent NMR studies of lignin isolated from maize demonstrated that p-coumarate esters are attached exclusively to the γ-position of phenylpropane side chains. Thioacidolysis/desulphuration experiments have revealed that p-coumarate units are attached primarily (ca 90%) to syringly moieties in maize lignin. In model studies with guaiacylglycerol and syringylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ethers, cleavage of β-ether linkages by thioacidolysis was reduced 40% by γ-acylation of phenylpropane side chains with p-coumarate. Our results indicate that γ-p-coumarate esters significantly reduce the yields of syringyl products recovered after thioacidolysis of grass lignins.
Functional Ethanol Tolerance in Drosophila

In humans, repeated alcohol consumption leads to the development of tolerance, manifested as a reduced physiological and behavioral response to a particular dose of alcohol. Here we show that adult Drosophila develop tolerance to the sedating and motor-impairing effects of ethanol with kinetics of acquisition and dissipation that mimic those seen in mammals. Importantly, this tolerance is not caused by changes in ethanol absorption or metabolism. Rather, the development of tolerance requires the functional and structural integrity of specific central brain regions. Mutants unable to synthesize the catecholamine octopamine are also impaired in their ability to develop tolerance. Taken together, these data show that Drosophila is a suitable model system in which to study the molecular and neuroanatomical bases of ethanol tolerance.
Another nail in the coffin of the multiple-origins theory?

While mitochondrial sequences can be used to probe the time and place of the mitochondrial ‘Eve,’ nuclear genes can be used to ask a slightly different question: when did humans (members of the genus Homo) or their hominid precursors (the hominids) first leave Africa and fan out over Asia and Europe? If they did so recently, it seems likely that there was a recent African origin of our species, Homo sapiens, rather than multiple origins in various parts of the Old World. A recent paper(1) uses minisatellite data to make the argument that the departure from Africa happened very recently indeed. An alternative explanation for the data is that there was no single and irreversible departure from Africa, but that some peoples migrated back and forth between Africa and the rest of the Old World over the last few tens of thousands of years. For this and other reasons, putting a single date on the farewell to Africa remains problematical.
Measuring Functional Independence of Students with Severe Disabilities: Issues and Methods

This review highlights issues in functional outcome assessment and describes educationally based functional outcome measures applicable to students with severe disabilities. The demand for increased inclusion of students with disabilities in general education settings has resulted in a need for assessments to identify students' capabilities to meet the functional as well as academic demands of school. Students with disabilities often have difficulties at school because of physical, cognitive, behavioral, social, and emotional impairments that interfere with their ability to participate fully in learning activities. Specific norm-referenced and criterion-referenced instruments are reviewed for their usefulness in describing functional independence and functional challenges across educational settings.
Radial flexibility factors of nozzles in pressure vessel heads

AbstractAn analytical study is performed to investigate the flexibility of nozzless in pressure vessel heads. Classical thin shell theory is employed. Radial flexibility factors for nozzles in hemispherical and ellipsoidal pressure vessel heads are presented as graphs of non-dimensional shell parameters.
Bimodal throughput, nonmonotonic delay, optimal bandwidth dimensioning, and analysis of receiver collisions in a single-hop WDM local lightwave network

A wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)-based local lightwave network employing a passive-star topology is considered. Users access the control channel according to the slotted-ALOHA random access protocol and the data channels according to a delayed-ALOHA protocol. It is shown that this system can have a bimodal throughput characteristic if its control channel is over-dimensional (which means that the control channel is allocated a larger share of the total system bandwidth than is needed). A recommendation for proper network-bandwidth dimensioning is made. A finite user population model that enables one to analyze the degradation of the system throughput because of receiver collisions, which could be ignored in infinite population models, is developed. The system's delay characteristic is also analyzed, and, for the case of an overdimensioned control channel and small values of backoff delay (which is required to resolve packet collisions in a random access system), the mean packet delay is found to be nonmonotic, i.e., the delay can decrease even when the offered load is increased. >
Safety of propofol administered by registered nurses with gastroenterologist supervision in 2000 endoscopic cases.

Safety of propofol administered by registered nurses with gastroenterologist supervision in 2000 endoscopic cases
Once upon a time the cell membranes: 175 years of cell boundary research

All modern cells are bounded by cell membranes best described by the fluid mosaic model. This statement is so widely accepted by biologists that little attention is generally given to the theoretical importance of cell membranes in describing the cell. This has not always been the case. When the Cell Theory was first formulated in the XIXth century, almost nothing was known about the cell membranes. It was not until well into the XXth century that the existence of the plasma membrane was broadly accepted and, even then, the fluid mosaic model did not prevail until the 1970s. How were the cell boundaries considered between the articulation of the Cell Theory around 1839 and the formulation of the fluid mosaic model that has described the cell membranes since 1972? In this review I will summarize the major historical discoveries and theories that tackled the existence and structure of membranes and I will analyze how these theories impacted the understanding of the cell. Apart from its purely historical relevance, this account can provide a starting point for considering the theoretical significance of membranes to the definition of the cell and could have implications for research on early life. This article was reviewed by Dr. Etienne Joly, Dr. Eugene V. Koonin and Dr. Armen Mulkidjanian.
Geological and geophysical investigation of the Mid-Cayman Spreading Centre: seismic velocity measurements and implications for the constitution of layer 3

Summary. In this paper we present laboratory measurements of compress- ional and shear wave velocities of a diverse suite of gabbroic rocks collected from the walls of the Mid-Cayman Spreading Centre with DSRV Alvin. The degree of deformation and alteration affecting these gabbros is quite variable, and we believe that they are typical of plutonic rocks emplaced at shallow levels (upper portion of seismic layer 3 and shallower) of the oceanic crust. The compositional and textural variations are reflected in the wide range of laboratory velocities which span most of the range of seismic velocities reported for oceanic and ophiolite rock samples including basalts, gabbros, ultramafics, and their altered derivatives. Based upon the laboratory velocities and the geological setting of the Mid-Cayman gabbros, it is argued that no unique lithology, except anhydrous peridotite, can be unequivocally identified in the oceanic lithosphere from seismic velocity data alone. Furthermore, these data allow for the possibility of considerable lithologic heterogeneity within portions of the oceanic crust at the scale of a few centimetres to a few hundred metres. Such heterogeneities would go unrecog- nized because seismic refraction studies mask these variations resulting in a picture of apparent uniformity.
In defense of representation

The computational paradigm, which has dominated psychology and artificial intelligence since the cognitive revolution, has been a source of intense debate. Recently, several cognitive scientists have argued against this paradigm, not by objecting to computation, but rather by objecting to the notion of representation. Our analysis of these objections reveals that it is not the notion of representation per se that is causing the problem, but rather specific properties of representations as they are used in various psychological theories. Our analysis suggests that all theorists accept the idea that cognitive processing involves internal information-carrying states that mediate cognitive processing. These mediating states are a superordinate category of representations. We discuss five properties that can be added to mediating states and examine their importance in various cognitive models. Finally, three methodological lessons are drawn from our analysis and discussion.
Audio-Enhanced Tablet Computers to Assess Children's Food Frequency From Migrant Farmworker Mothers.

This study sought to improve data collection in children’s food frequency surveys for non-English speaking immigrant/migrant farmworker mothers using audio-enhanced tablet computers (ATCs). We hypothesized that by using technological adaptations, we would be able to improve data capture and therefore reduce lost surveys. This Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), a paper-based dietary assessment tool, was adapted for ATCs and assessed consumption of 66 food items asking 3 questions for each food item: frequency, quantity of consumption, and serving size. The tablet-based survey was audio enhanced with each question “read” to participants, accompanied by food item images, together with an embedded short instructional video. Results indicated that respondents were able to complete the 198 questions from the 66 food item FFQ on ATCs in approximately 23 minutes. Compared with paper-based FFQs, ATC-based FFQs had less missing data. Despite overall reductions in missing data by use of ATCs, respondents still appe...
Changes in conformation of stereocilia in hair cells of the rat spiral organ of Corti after 6-hydroxydopamine as revealed by scanning electron microscopy.

Newborn rats were chemically sympathectomized by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine every day from day 1 to day 7, then every 5th day from day 10 until they were sacrificed. Litter mats left untreated or injected with the vehicle only (asorbic acid or physiological saline) were used as controls. Animals were sacrificed on days 15, 22, 30 and 34 by intracardiac perfusion with glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde in Millonig buffer, and their cochlease were dissected and prepared for scanning electron microscopyStereocilia of outer and of inner hair cells were generally upright and not clumped in the 15-day-old treated rats. At 22 days, some of the outer hair cells were clumped and the tips of the hairs showed a tendency to stick to shreds of the tectorial membrane. Hairs of the inner hair cells were elongated and often in disarray. At 30 days, the changes in conformation of the hairs of both inner and outer hair cells had progresses, especially apically. Hairs of the outer hair cells were clumped, sometimes missing...
The Morality of a Commodity: A Case Study of “Rebuilding L.A. without Liquor Stores”

(1995). The Morality of a Commodity: A Case Study of “Rebuilding L.A. without Liquor Stores”. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 1-24.
Abstract 11795: Smooth Muscle Cells From the Arterial Anastomosis Are the Major Precursors of Forming Neointima in Both Artery and Vein Grafts

Introduction: Smooth muscle cell (SMC) accumulation leads to neointima formation in injured vessels. Multiple sources for neointima SMCs have been found. Hypothesis: The local SMCs or their precursors from anastomosed arteries are the major contributors to neointima formation in artery or vein grafts. Methods: To identify the sources of the neointima cells, we use the Wnt1-Cre mice to label and track SMCs in the neighboring arteries and to study their contribution to neointima formation. Results: SMCs in common carotid artery were labeled with LacZ or GFP in LacZ-Stop flox /Wnt1-Cre and in RFP flox -GFP/Wnt1-Cre mice, respectively. Two graft models, vein or artery grafts, were studied. The common carotid arteries in these transgenic mice were anastomosed with donor arteries or veins from wild type mice. In artery grafts, the labeled cells in the neointima were evaluated after 1 month, > 90% of neointima cells were originated from the anastomosing host arteries. Most of the neointima cells were also smooth muscle α-actin (SMA-α) positive and expressed smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC), the SMC terminal differentiated marker. In vein grafts, about 60% SMA-α + -cells were from anastomosing arteries. Bone marrow cells did not contribute to neointima SMCs in vein grafts, but do costained with markers of inflammatory cells. Wnt1 expression was not detected in the neointima cells in vein grafts, artery grafts, and in injured femoral arteries. Neointima SMCs showed synthetic phenotype and were positively labeled with BrdU in vitro and in vivo . Treatment with IGF-1 receptor inhibitor suppressed SMC proliferation and neointima formation in vein grafts. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the SMCs from neighboring artery predominate the neointima cells in vein and artery grafts. Wnt1-Cre mice could be used to explore the role of SMC from neighboring vessel in vascular remodeling.
Project Information Literacy's Lifelong Learning Study, Phase One: Interviews with Recent Graduates Research Brief

Five preliminary research trends are presented from phase one of Project Information Literacy's (PIL's) study lifelong learning study. Researchers found: (1) More than anything else, a large majority of recent college graduates interviewed identified lifelong learning needs that centered on employment and professional success, (2) Google search was the go-to source for lifelong learning and graduates prioritized their searches by looking for sources with how-to information they could directly apply often to shore up knowledge and close skill gaps, (3) most placed a high value on blogs, (4) many actively building a social network of go-to experts they could consult at work, and (5) graduates interviewed credited college with “teaching them to learn how to learn,” while giving them the confidence to “learn anything on their own.” Trends are based on telephone interviews conducted during May and June 2014 with 63 recent college graduates from 10 US colleges and universities.
Entrapping CO2, while recovering methane

The injection of carbon dioxide into methane hydrate-bearing sediments causes the release of methane and the formation of carbon dioxide hydrate. This phenomenon known as CH4-CO2 replacement creates a unique opportunity to recover an energy resource, methane, while entrapping a greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide. The paper “A comparative analysis of the mechanical behavior of carbon dioxide and methane hydrate-bearing sediments” by Hyodo et al. (2014) investigates stress-strain curves, shear strengths, and the effects of hydrate saturation, effective stress, and temperature on the mechanical behaviors of hydrate-bearing sediments that allow us to assessing the feasibility of CH4-CO2 replacement method.
Assessment of vegetation absorbed photosynthetic active radiation based on remote sensing

Absorbed photosynthetic active radiation(APAR) is the photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the plant actually,and is an important reference for evaluation of vegetation photosynthetic potential and the potential yield.In this paper,the APAR is evaluated based on the CASA model,using the land use maps and MODIS NDVI data,referencing to the improved statistical formulas of sunshine percentage,and its temporal and spatial distributions are analyzed in Henan Province.The results reflect better the situation of APAR in Henan Province,indicating that the selected method is suitable for this study area.The total APAR was 8.70×1012 MJ in 2010.For its spatial distribution,the south and west one is higher than the east and north one,and the maximum occurs in the western Funiu Mountain region,which is closely related to the vegetation growth cycle,and influenced by the geographic latitude.The difference is great during the year,and the highest one occurs during May and August,accounting for 49.58% of the total.
Chemometric analysis on water quality indexes of rural drinking water in Yunnan Province

[Objective]To perform factor analysis on water quality indexes of rural drinking water in Yunnan Province by using Chemometrics methods,and study the characteristics of the rural drinking water by the variance contribution of principal factors.[Methods]Based on the correlation matrix of the original data,the principal factors which occupied more than 50% of total variance were selected,and the principal factors were explained reasonably.[Results] By using the SPSS 16.0 software,the analysis results showed that the cumulative variance contribution rate of the first 5 principal factors was 51.647%.The factors were chlorides,sulfates,total dissolved solids,total hardness factor,chroma,turbidity,iron,manganese factor,visible objects,oxygen consumption factor,nitrates,pH value factor,smell and taste,fluorides,arsenic factor.[Conclusion]Water quality of the area mainly depends on the geological environment.Domestic sewage,agricultural pollution and industrial emission are not the main pollution sources.The suitable water treatment should be selected according to the characteristics of the geological environment in order to reduce endemic waterborne disease.
Regulation of the level of methylation of a protein involved in bacterial chemotaxis

In 1975 our laboratory reported that a methylated membrane protein is involved in bacterial chemotaxis (Kort et al., 1975). It is now known that the extent of methylation of this protein (called MCP for methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein) is altered during the chemotactic response (reviewed in Springer et al., 1979), that the residue methylated is glutamate (Kleene et al., 1977; Van Der Werf and Koshland, 1977), that the donor is S-adenosylmethionine (Springer and Koshland, 1977), and that the methyl group is removed enzymatically to yield methanol (Toews and Adler, 1979). More recently, we have focused on regulation of the demethylation reaction and have found a novel effector of this enzymatic activity, cyclic GMP (cGMP).
Vector-Borne Diseases

This chapter introduces and studies vector-borne diseases. The chapter lists a number of vector-borne diseases with their prevalences. A simple two-species model of a vector-borne disease is introduced and studied mathematically. Delay-differential equations are introduced, and the simple vector-borne disease model is recast as a single delay-differential equation model. The simple model is studied both analytically and numerically, and it is shown to exhibit Hopf bifurcation and chaos. A couple of more complex ODE or DDE models of vector-borne diseases are studied.
Comments on Raymond Tanter's ‘Foreign Affairs Analysis: An Activist vs. A Hippie’

If one must be criticized, it is comforting to have the criticism come from an able person whose critique makes a contribution to the subject at hand. This is the case with Professor Tanter's criticism. The heart of his objections to my article is really that I wrote a different kind of article than he would have liked to see. I reach this conclusion because he does not appear to reject any of the central positions set forth in the piece: 1) that there is a subculture in the Department of State; 2) that t-he outlines of the subcultural ideology approximate those I have suggested; 3) that the subculture and its associated ideology have a continuing impact upon policy outcomes. Professor Tanter does not really focus on these questions but instead criticizes the article on the ground that it is not fully documented. Surely he realizes t-hat different kinds of pieces are written for different purposes. If t-he article had been elaborately documented, it would have been too long for the International Studies Quarterly and for reprinting in the Foreign Service Journal and would therefore not have reached some of those persons I was hoping to reach. Professor Tanter calls me an "activist' and remarks that the activist strategy is to mobilize the services of outside agitators to bring about change. How can he lay my sinister strategy bare to the world like that and then complain because the piece in question is not more extensively documented? We agitators have to write prose that others are willing to read or we will soon go hungry.
Discourse Studies: Second Language

This article provides a conceptual overview of the intersection of two subfields of Applied Linguistics: Discourse Analysis and Second Language Acquisition. I review several theoretical perspectives on how the analysis of spoken discourse can inform what we know about the various processes of language learning. Three frameworks are discussed herein: (1) Language Identity; (2) Language Socialization; and (3) Sociocultural Theory. I assess the contributions of these three theoretical approaches to recent perspectives on studying discourse analysis for augmenting our knowledge of how additional languages, beyond L1, are acquired.
Teaching control theory in high school

Controls is increasingly central to technology, science, and society, yet remains the “hidden technology.” Our appropriate emphasis on mathematical rigor and practical relevance in the past 40 years has not been similarly balanced with technical accessibility. The aim of this tutorial is to enlist the controls community in helping to radically rethink controls education. In addition to the brief 2 hour tutorial at CDC, we will have a website with additional materials, but particularly extensive online videos with mathematical details and case studies. We will also have a booth in the exhibition area at CDC with live demos and engaging competitions throughout the conference.
Feminism and the History of the Indian Nation

Perhaps the single most important history of the women's movement in India, Radha Kumar's The History of Doing is comprehensive, descriptive, and analytical. Kumar takes the reader from the first attempts to include women in the nationalist agitation against colonialism to 1990 when, after decades of struggle, the feminist movement stands embattled as right wing politics begin to claim center stage, using many of the tools developed by the feminist movement. The History of Doing works successfully at two levels. First, it illuminates the depth and variation in women's resistance in India since the
Multiscale Analysis in Disordered Systems: Percolation and contact process in a Random Environment

Multiscale analysis is a technique used in the study of disordered systems in the presence of phenomena similar to Griffiths singularities. In this article we illustrate the use of a multiscale analysis by applying it to a very simple model: percolation in a random environment. We also describe the application of this technique to continuous time percolation and contact processes in random environments.
Mapping of diagenetic processes in sandstones using imaging spectroscopy: A case study of the Utrillas Formation, Burgos, Spain

Abstract Imaging spectroscopy is applied to sandstone formation to study diagenetic processes in sedimentary deposits. The study was carried out on the upper member of the Utrillas Formation in Spain. Shortwave infrared and visible near-infrared Specim® hyperspectral cameras were used to scan near-vertical and well-exposed outcrop walls. Reflectance spectra from close-range hyperspectral imaging was compared with high-resolution laboratory spectra, hyperspectral imagining data, thin sections, and results of previous sedimentological studies to analyze geochemical variations and quantify facies and diagenetic mineral abundances. Distinctive characteristics of the absorption features of clay minerals were used to develop a kaolinite crystallinity index to identify detrital kaolinite and authigenic kaolinite in the Utrillas Formation. Results show that poorly ordered kaolinite is only present in floodplain deposits, whereas well-ordered authigenic kaolinite is related to paleochannel deposits and organic-rich irregular patches. Meteoric water flux probably induced feldspar and mica alteration, as well as authigenic clays precipitation. Contemporary microbial degradation of organic matter in the subsurface might be the cause of authigenic clay formation at the alteration areas. This study provides new data and interpretation on diagenetic alterations of the Utrillas Formation. Results of this work may have important implications in the mining industry as a methodology to evaluate mining areas of interest.
Semi-Quantitative Model Based Chemical Process Fault Diagnosis via Episodic Fuzzy Rules

Abstract A method for chemical process fault diagnosis using numerical behavior envelopes is described in this paper. A sequence of fuzzy rules is generated from numerical behavior envelopes for each fault class where any rule in a sequence is only valid within the bounds of its time interval. For each observed process variable in each fault class two sequences of episodic fuzzy rules, which provIde a parsimonious, qualitative description of the trend of the variable, are automatically generated one for the lower and one for the upper numerical behavior envelope. The observed process measurements are matched against the fuzzy rules for the current time in the rule base. In case of an overlapping region defined by behavior envelopes, the introduced distance and time based fault bellef scahng allows ranking of fault candidates. A novel abnormal situation will not pass the Introduced system undetected due to a novel class detection mechanism. The diagnostic performance of the system is shown in two case studies.
Accounting for Volatility Decay in Time Series Models for Leveraged Exchange Traded Funds

Leverage Exchange Traded Funds (LETF's) returns tend to deviate from their underlying assets' multiple returns as their holding period increase, a phenomenon known as volatility decay. Algebraically, it is shown that volatility decay is intensified for inverse leveraged funds and as the leverage multiplier increases. The paper uses a novel approach to account for volatility decay. The ARIMA model ability to forecast future returns is tested for three major indexes and is shown to provide more accurate estimates for S&P500. The returns of S&P500 and its corresponding LETFs are fitted to an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model. Theoretically, the constant of the ARIMA model and the variance of their Gaussian errors captures the volatility decay effect. Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models provide more flexibility in modeling conditional variance that is non-stationary. The theoretical results are verified empirically, and the constant of the fitted model captures the intensity of the decay and its direction.
Conversations with Writing Center Scholars on the Status of Publication in the Twenty-First Century

This chapter synthesizes conversations with seven individuals working prominently within the discipline of writing center studies. It discusses how these scholars conceptualize and define their experiences with Writing Lab Newsletter, Writing Center Journal, and/or Praxis and also reveals their ways of describing the broader significance of digital and open-access scholarship.
Time Sets, Transformation Decisions and Socio-Natural Information Processes

Every transformation of a socio-natural object is a process that defines a path of states. The transformation process is energy-matter dependent to create either a quantitative or qualitative motion or a simultaneity of both which may be induced by either intentional or unintentional decision-choice actions at each transformation state.
Policy, provision and the historical context

Social policy is highly relevant to the academic study of disabilities. As an academic discipline it explores the ways in which welfare provision is conceived, organised and distributed (Richards 2013). It critically explores value laden concepts such as ‘welfare’, ‘need’ and ‘entitlement’ and interrogates the ideologies which shape how welfare is produced and to whom it is given. Such domains are contested and often controversial, but the study of social policy provides insight into changing ideas about particular groups held by society at a given social and political point in history. In social policy there are few, if any clearly defined or discrete boundaries through which to explore a single theme. If one begins with a topic such as special educational needs, the development of special schools is important to include, this ensures the rise and dominance of institutions is relevant to note which then necessitates acknowledgement of the marginalisation and stigma associated with these former places of care. Their demise with the re-emergence of the family and community as locations of care is inextricable from policy debates about where and by whom children should be educated. This brings us back to the organisation of provision towards special educational needs.