cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A process-based growth model for young red pine

Abstract A carbon-balance, process-based growth model was developed to simulate the growth of young red pine ( Pinus resinosa Ait.). The dry weights of current, 1-year-old, 3-year-old needless, stems and branches, and roots of individual trees were considered as state variables. The hourly rate of photosynthesis was calculated with solar radiation, air temperature, leaf water potential, and leaf age as driving variables by assuming that the needles experience the same incident light density. Maintenance respiration rate was assumed to be a function of surrounding temperature. The seasonal allocation of assimilates to each compartment was determined by the activity of each compartment and was regulated by soilwater potential. The translocation of carbohydrate reserves, litter fall, and root turnover were incorporated in the model. The simulated results fit well with observed values from three plantations in the central Upper Peninsula of Michigan.
The effect of feeding a sub-optimum level of lysine to female chicks on the amino acid content of selected tissues and organs.

Synopsis The amino acid content of the liver, brain, serum and leg muscle of broiler breeder female chicks was not influenced appreciably at 4 and 8 weeks of age by feeding a diet containing sub‐optimum levels of lysine. The feeding of the low‐lysine diet produced a slight effect on the amino acid content of the breast muscle and a decided effect on the amino acid content of the skin and bone marrow at 4 and 8 weeks of age. The amino acid content of the heart tissue from chicks which received the 0.53% lysine diet was higher at 4 weeks of age. No explanation for this observation can be offered. The more decided changes were produced in the bone marrow of the chicks fed the low‐lysine diet at 4 and 8 weeks of age. There is a possibility that feeding the low‐lysine diet had an effect on protein synthesis in the bone marrow. Chicks fed the low‐lysine diet had apparently overcome the lysine deficiency in the synthesis of protein of the bone marrow at the end of the 12th week.
Attitudes of underrepresented minority students and medical school admissions officials regarding preparation for medical school

Measuring attitudes related to the academic preparation of groups underrepresented in medicine creates special challenges. In this study, we explore the perceptions of 365 minority undergraduate students interested in careers in medicine. The students were attending a special 6‐week summer program at six medical schools throughout the country. Their perceptions are compared with the perceptions of medical school admissions officials, collected using the same instrument in a previous study. Results include comparative views of admissions officials and Mexican American and African American students regarding the educational preparation process, as well as differences inperceptions regarding barriers to medical school confronted by various ethnic groups.
The Application of Natural Collagen Materials and Tissue Engineering on Repair for Exercise-Induced Meniscus Injury

With the development of tissue engineering and materials science, through the research of meniscus tissue engineering to discover novel tissue engineering materials, and further accelerate the research of meniscus tissue engineering, through clinical trials and application of finding appropriate meniscus substitute, which can provide a new mode of treatment for meniscus repair. The focus of the current study including the mechanism of meniscus injury can absorb the natural collagen meniscus tissue engineering scaffolds as feasibility analysis, stress stimulation, meniscus recovery mechanical factors in 4 aspects. Research shows that it has a good application prospect and wider space for meniscus tissue engineering repair of exercise-induced meniscus injury. But in practical application, the meniscus tissue engineering scaffold construction, research on extra cellular matrix composite and its tissue compatibility, repair after tissue engineering meniscus stress stimulation and can withstand the mechanical factors the problem is still the meniscus tissue engineering problems.
Introduction of central venous pressure catheters through arm veins with a high success rate.

Studies were carried out to develop a more successful method of inserting central venous catheters through arm veins without using electrocardiographic or fluoroscopic monitoring. It was found that a running infusion attached to a Sorensen catheter gave a success rate of 48 per cent. The highest success rates (98 per cent) occurred when the basilic vein was used, with the patient positioned so that the upper part of the body was raised at 45-90 degrees to the horizontal and using a Bardic 16 gauge catheter with a special insertion technique, which is described. This represents a great improvement over the usual success rate of 70 to 80 per cent.
Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spin-lattice relaxation of analytically relevant solvent systems.

We previously reported that the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 14N spin−lattice relaxation times (T1) of CH3CN in CH3CN−H2O mixtures directly correlate with the solution viscosity when scaled for temperature (η/T) in this common chromatographic mobile phase system.1 Here, we demonstrate that the 2H T1 relaxation times also correlate with viscosity, contrary to a previous report.2 This establishes 2H T1 relaxation times as a useful means of measuring changes in solution viscosity in CH3CN−H2O mixtures. We show thermal convection to result in grossly decreased, apparent T1's, by as much as ∼40%, in nonspinning samples. This effect can be eliminated by moderate sample rotation or confinement of the sample to within the rf-irradiated region. The problem of thermal convection is revealed in systems having long T1's and has implications in T1 experiments employing nonspinning samples at elevated temperatures, including inherently nonspinning systems, such as those used in high-pressure studies.
Effects of protein aggregation in isocratic nonlinear chromatography

A versatile reaction-separation (VERSE) model was developed to quantitatively simulate the behavior of chromatographic separations coupled with reactions. Detailed mass transfer and reaction mechanisms are considered. Aggregation data of myoglobin and β-lactoglobulin A verified the model. The effects of concentration, equilibrium distribution, reaction rate, convection rate, particle radius, and relative affinity are shown for a dimerizing system. When the aggregation rate is relatively slow compared with convection and mass transfer rates, the individual forms behave as separate species in frontal, elution, and displacement chromatography. For rapid aggregation rates, the individual forms behave as a single component with an average affinity. The wave asymmetry and increased spreading due to aggregation depend on relative affinity differences. Serious error may result if aggregation is overlooked in parameter estimation using frontal or pulse analysis. The dimensionless group principles developed here are useful in scaling and predicting when peak or wave splitting or merging will occur in reaction chromatography systems.
Genetic control of environmental pollutants: A conference review.

There is a need to identify and assess strategies for more effectively and safely managing wastes and toxic substances in the environment, in part through use of genetically engineered microorganisms. In society at large there is a sense of desperation that modem technologies have introduced a bewildering array of potential hazards to human health and to the environment. Many people are frustrated that basic research and technological ingenuity have yet to yield practical ways to control pollutants and waste streams-or, better still, to convert them to useful products. In August, 1983, a conference on Genetic Control of Environmental Pollutants was held at the University of Washington in Seattle. It was dedicated to the notion that biological scientists and engineers can join forces to make substantial progress with both traditional and newly emerging techniques in controlling environmental pollution and can do so safely. The conference brought together a rich mix of molecular geneticists, microbial ecologists, applied microbiologists, industrial engineers, environmental health specialists, economists, and managers from academia, industry, government, and environmental agencies. The format of lectures, discussions, poster sessions, and roundtables fostered communication among specialists in these quite separate fields. Some remarkable, manipulable, and useful properties of organisms in nature were presented. The current state of management of several classes of wastes was described. Consensus was sought and reached about the kinds of environmental problems for which early application of microbial organisms with special degradative capabilities might be most promising and most appropriate. Finally, the participants tried to anticipate some of the problems that might arise in going from laboratory schemes and smallscale experiments to field trials and industrial and environmental applications. The full Conference Proceedings were published by Plenum Press in April 1984, under the editorship of G. S. Omenn and Alexander Hollaender and an editorial committee consisting of A. M. Chakrabarty, Morris Levin, Eugene Nester, and Gordon Orians. The highlights of the conference and the volume may be summarized as follows: 1. Nature offers remarkable biodegradative capabilities in certain organisms. Modern genetics can be applied with some of these organisms, and the rates of
Calculations of Neutron-Deuteron Scattering

Exact three-body calculations using separable two-body interactions have been carried out for the neutron-deuteron system at low and intermediate energies. Binding energies, scattering lengths, angular distributions, and total cross sections for $n\ensuremath{-}d$ scattering and the total break-up cross sections for $n+d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}n+n+p$ have been obtained. These agree well with experimental data where available, indicating that nucleon exchange is the dominant mechanism at these energies. Other theoretical results presented are the partial-wave scattering amplitudes, phase shifts, and angular distributions for the quartet and doublet spin states of the $n\ensuremath{-}d$ system. Diffraction scattering is noted in the doublet state, and its development as a function of energy is traced. Further refinements and future calculations are discussed and outlined.
A review of vilazodone, serotonin, and major depressive disorder.

Objective: To review the mechanism of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)–mediated serotonergic neurotransmission, focusing on serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) autoreceptors, which are proposed to be involved in delaying therapeutic efficacy. Vilazodone was specifically designed to function both as an SSRI and a partial agonist at 5-HT1A receptors. This combined mechanism is proposed to decrease time to efficacy, minimize sexual side effects, and provide concomitant anxiolytic properties. Data Sources: A PubMed search of all English-language articles from January 1990 to January 2013 was conducted using the search terms depression and 5-HT1A, depression and buspirone, depression and pindolol, and vilazodone. Study Selection: We found 47 articles and abstracts that were selected for inclusion on the basis of information about the pharmacology of 5-HT1A receptors and the clinical data on pindolol, buspirone, and vilazodone in depression. Data Extraction: This review summarizes current literature involving antidepressant activity, the role of 5-HT1A autoreceptors, and clinical trials involving serotonin reuptake inhibition in conjunction with 5-HT1A agonists and partial agonists, with a focus on vilazodone. Results:Vilazodone has demonstrated efficacy in 2 large, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in major depressive disorder. Results suggest that vilazodone has a low incidence of sexual side effects and is effective in patients with high levels of anxiety. A pooled analysis shows evidence of significant symptom reduction after only 1 week of therapy. Conclusions: If future studies corroborate the clinical benefits attributed to its mechanism of action, vilazodone may show potential advantages in terms of onset of action, sexual side effects, and anxiolytic activity in patients with major depressive disorder.
Reducing CD variation via statistically matching steppers

The complexity of integrated circuits processing has made CD control a challenging work, especially in a high volume manufacturing environment such as the one where this study was done. Many factors contribute to linewidth variability, namely previous process variation, consistency of equipment performance, and human intervention. To effectively reduce CD variations in such a high volume manufacturing Fab, a two phase study was carried out. In phase I, several sources of variation were evaluated through Variance Components Analysis. This analysis gave a better understanding of where variation seen in some critical layers was coming from as well as providing information needed to prioritize efforts in variance reduction. Variables selected for inclusion in this study were etchers, steppers, day to day litho process fluctuations, and lot to lot poly substrates. Findings from phase I showed that of those variables included in the study, stepper to stepper variation was the major contributor to the CD variation. In order to reduce this effect of stepper variation a two step plan was formulated. The first step was to place a customized exposure correction into the software for each stepper, thus bringing the stepper means together. A second step was initially considered but not implemented as of this writing for logistical reasons. The objective of this second step was to reduce the variance by grouping the least sensitive steppers (lowest variance) to process the most sensitive masking layers.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
710-4 The Dimorphic Pathology of Vein Graft Lesions Effects Acute Procedural and Late Angiographic Outcomes

In an attempt to understand better the pathology and results of transcatheter therapy of vein graft lesions, we performed intravascular ultrasound and quantitative angiographic analysis of 244 nonostial vein graft lesions. Preand post-intervention lesion site external elastic membrane (EEM), lumen, and plaque cross-sectional areas, calcium, and % cross-sectional narrowing (plaque/EEM area) were compared to a proximal reference site (most normal looking cross-section within 10 mm proximal to the lesion). Lesions were divided into two groups: 98 lesions with lesion EEM ≤ reference (“fibrotic”) ; 146 lesions with lesion EEM g reference (“ectatic”) . There was no difference in vein graft age, lesion length, or history of restenosis between the two groups. Fibrotic Ectatic p Reference EEM area (mm 2 ) 19.8 ± 7.3 18.6 ± 5.9 NS Reference lumen area (mm 2 ) 10.6 ± 4.4 10.6 ± 3.6 NS Reference plaque area (mm 2 ) 10.6 ± 10.0 8.0 ± 3.8 0.0052 Lesion site pre-intervention Angiographic % diameter stenosis 63 ± 20 60 ± 22 NS EEM area (mm 2 ) 16.1 ± 6.8 25.8 ± 10.6 l0.0001 Lumen area (mm 2 ) 2.6 ± 2.2 3.6 ± 2.7 0.0016 Plaque + media area (mm 2 ) 13.5 ± 6.4 21.9 ± 8.4 l0.0001 Arc of calcium (°) 61 ± 83 26 ± 54 0.001 Lesion/Reference plaque area 1.6 ± 0.7 3.1 ± 1.3 l0.0001 Lesion site post-intervention Angiographic %diameter stenosis 17 ± 17 12 ± 19 0.0903 Lumen area (mm 2 ) 6.7 ± 2.5 8.5 ± 2.9 0.0001 Follow-up angiographic %diameter stenosis 54 ± 33 35 ± 32 0.0329 16% of “fibrotic” had a lesion plaque area l reference. Importantly, (1) post-intervention minimum lumen areas were significantly smaller in fibrotic lesions, and (2) at follow-up the angiographic % diameter stenosis was significantly larger in fibrotic lesions. We Conclude: 40% of vein graft lesions may be classified as “fibrotic” . “Fibrotic” lesions have a decreased plaque burden and more lesion-associated calcium. Lumen compromise results from vessel retraction (?periadventitial fibrosis). In these lesions it may be more difficult to achieve optimal final lumen dimensions resulting in more frequent restenosis.
Surfing Plasma Waves: A New Paradigm for Particle Accelerators ∗)

Accelerator-based experiments have produced key breakthroughs in our understanding of the physical world. New accelerators, to explore the frontiers of Tera-scale Physics, appear possible, based on concepts developed over the last three decades in multi-disciplinary endeavors. The Plasma-Based Particle Accelerator is one concept that has made spectacular advances in the last few years. In this scheme, electrons or positrons gain energy by surfing the electric field of a plasma wave that is produced by the passage of an intense laser pulse or an electron beam through the plasma. This talk reviews the principles of this new technique and prognosticates how it is likely to impact science and technology in the future.
International policy on ageing and older persons: Implications for social work practice

The International Federation of Social Workers’ recent policy statement on ‘Ageing and Older Persons’ draws on the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing and its implications for the social ...
Analysis of object-oriented software reliability model development

Can object-oriented methods be applied to mathematical software? Apparently, according to Beall and Shepard (An object-oriented framework for reliable numerical simulations, object-oriented software. Addison Wesley, Reading, 1994) who say: “It has been recognized in a number of different fields that object-oriented programming, in general, and software frameworks, in particular, provide a means to allow the efficient construction and maintenance of large scale software systems. Since general purpose numerical analysis codes certainly qualify as large-scale software it makes sense for us to see how these methodologies can be applied to this field.”
Hudson Bay, Lake Zissaga and the growth of the Laurentide Ice Sheet

THE Laurentide Ice Sheet, by far the largest of the Northern Hemisphere continental glaciers, has formed and disappeared several times during the Quaternary1. I suggest here that, at the times of its formation and early growth, the mass balance of the ice sheet depends strongly on the physical behaviour of Hudson Bay, which is in turn largely controlled by the growing ice. Rapid changes in the size, salinity, and ice and snow cover of Hudson Bay must all have important effects on the mass balance of the growing Laurentide Ice Sheet.
What Does Hollywood Think Nonprofit CEOs Do All Day? Screen Depictions of NGO Management

This article explores the cinematic image of chief executive officers (CEOs) of nonprofit organizations in the U.S. Movie CEOs head a broad range of the nongovernmental organizations, including hospitals, colleges, social service agencies, prep schools, labor unions, legal aid, faith-based and youth-serving. They are predominantly white males. Their professional backgrounds include medicine, teaching, union organizing, social activism, clergy, law and environmental activism. Movie audiences see nonprofit CEOs involved in the mundane and inspirational elements of day-to-day management. One of their primary responsibilities consists of overseeing “line” functions, including fund raising, media relations, managing volunteers and board relations. But, nonprofit managers are also responsible for broader concerns, such as protecting the organization's values and equilibrium. Some movie nonprofit CEOs are shown multitasking and trying to balance competing demands from multiple stakeholders.
MO-A-BRD-02: Noise Suppression for Dual-Energy CT Through Entropy Minimization.

Purpose: In dual energy CT (DECT), noise amplification during signal decomposition significantly limits the utility of basis material images. Since clinically relevant objects contain a limited number of materials, we propose to suppress noise in decomposed images through entropy minimization within a 2D transformation space. Distinct from other noise suppression techniques, the entropy minimization method does not estimate and suppress noise based on spatial variations of signals and thus maximally preserves image spatial resolution. Methods: From decomposed images, we first generate a 2D plot of scattered data points, using basis material densities as coordinates. Data points representing the same material generate a cluster with a highly asymmetric shape. We orient an axis by minimizing the entropy in a 1D histogram of these points projected onto the axis. To suppress noise, we replace the pixel values of decomposed images with center-of-mass values in the direction perpendicular to the optimized axis. The proposed method's performance is assessed using a Catphan 600 phantom and an anthropomorphic head phantom. Electron density calculations are used to quantify its accuracy. Our results are compared to those without noise suppression, with a filtering method, and with a recently developed iterative method. Results: On both phantoms, the proposed method reduces noise standard deviations of the decomposed images by at least on order of magnitude. In the Catphan study, this method retains the spatial resolution of the CT images and increases the accuracy of electron density calculations. In the head phantom study, the proposed method outperforms the others in retaining fine, intricate structures. Conclusion: This work shows that the proposed method of noise suppression through entropy minimization for DECT suppresses noise without loss of spatial resolution while increasing electron density calculation accuracy. Future investigations will analyze possible bias and incorporate spatial information into the technique for further noise reduction. The work is partially supported by the NIH under the grant number R21EB012700.
Decision Support for Remote Monitoring and Diagnostics of Aircraft Engine Using Influence Diagrams

FAA regulations require the monitoring of all commercial aircraft engines to ensure airworthiness. In doing so, it provides economic advantages to engine owners to monitor engine performance and resolve identified issues in a timely manner to reduce operational costs or avoid secondary damage. Various remote monitoring and diagnostics service providers exist in the marketplace. However, a common understanding among most of them is that given limited time and information, it is an extremely difficult task to make quick and optimized decisions. Difficulties arise from the fact that an aircraft engine is a complex system and demands considerable expertise to diagnose, but also due to the uncertainty in estimating an engine’s true physical state because of measurement and process noise. Therefore, it is often difficult to decide what action to take in order to achieve the most desirable outcome. In this paper, a cost sensitive engine diagnostic and decision making methodology is described. Diagnostic tool performance at various decision thresholds is estimated over a large set of validated historical cases to evaluate sensitivity, specificity and other quality indices. These quality indices and a set of cost functions are utilized in influence diagrams to derive the optimized decision model in order to minimize costs given the uncertain engine condition and noisy parametric data.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Drivers discuss ecodriving feedback: Goal setting, framing, and anchoring motivate new behaviors

Ecodriving, defined here as the adoption of energy efficient driving styles and practices (primarily moderating accelerations and decelerations, reducing top speeds, and improved maintenance practices), has long been recognized as a potential source of reductions in transportation energy use. Estimates of energy savings attributed to ecodriving range widely, from less than 5% to as high as 20% depending on the driving and experimental context. To explore the effects on ecodriving of interaction between drivers and in-vehicle energy feedback, a customized, interactive energy feedback interface was deployed in a field test with real-world drivers. This paper presents the results of interviews with 46 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) drivers who were given the ecodriving feedback interface for a multi-week trial including an interface off (baseline) and on (treatment) condition. This paper relies specifically on self-reports of driver motivations and behaviors to better understand what types of information motivated new ecodriving behavior; a future paper will investigate quantitative fuel consumption effects. Driver interviews at the conclusion of the study revealed that the introduction of feedback led three fourths of drivers to change driving styles to maximize on-road efficiency, at least in the short term. In addition, this study finds that the context of the feedback information, provided by a built-in goal or other contextualizing information such as a comparison value, is important for both comprehension and motivation. Personalization of the information allowed different drivers to access pertinent information, increasing the motivational value of the information. Instantaneous performance feedback such as real-time energy economy or power is used primarily for experimentation and learning of new ecodriving behaviors, whereas average performance feedback is used primarily for goal-setting and goal achievement. In addition, the direct comparison of personalized driver goals and average performance created a game-like experience that encouraged high achievement. Finally, the driver interviews revealed that feedback frames driving as a time to act in an efficient manner.
Culturally Competent Feminist Social Work Listening to Diverse People

Feminist social work seeks to identify and redress oppression and its aftereffects. Models of culturally competent practice have been proposed to aid in these efforts. Yet it is not clear whether m...
Dispositional attributions of (presidential) leadership: An experimental simulation of historiometric results

Abstract Historiometric results regarding the predictors of presidential greatness were interpreted in terms of an attributional model. The model delineates how historians make dispositional inferences according to a leadership schema that is activated by salient information. Study 1 tested the model by asking naive raters to assess anonymous leaders, whereas Study 2 required identical assessments of anonymous presidents. As predicted, greatness attributions were determined by the same information that is employed by historians, with roughly the same weights. Moreover, impact of the six historiometric predictors (years in office, war, scandal, assassination, war hero, and intelligence) on greatness was largely mediated by three semantic components (strength, activity, and goodness). Finally, college undergraduates, though ignorant of the identity of the leaders being rated, if granted the same limited information, can accurately reproduce the ratings the presidents are given by historians.
Oral manifestations associated with HIV infection

Oral lesions are among the early signs of HIV infection and can predict progression to AIDS. The lesions commonly associated with the infection include oral candidiasis, herpes simplex infection, oral Kaposi’s sarcoma, oral hairy leukoplakia, parotid gland enlargement, gingival diseases, xerostomia, and recurrent oral ulcerations. The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy has changed the epidemiology of some of the oral diseases associated with HIV infection. This review discusses the oral manifestations associated with HIV disease, the change in the pattern of the disease, and some research questions that need more emphasis from the research community.
An examination of bias in shoulder scoring instruments among healthy collegiate and recreational athletes

This investigation examined whether gender, activity level, hand dominance, or age displayed bias for 5 common shoulder scores among 120 healthy collegiate or recreational athletes. Data were collected for 5 instruments: Constant-Murley, UCLA rating, pre-1994 American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index, and Oxford. Normalized total and subscale scores and effect sizes were analyzed to determine how each demographic variable affected the scores. The normalized scores for the 5 instruments were not equivalent. The normalized total scores were significantly lower for the Constant-Murley score (P <.0001) compared with those for the other instruments. Men had significantly higher Constant-Murley scores, primarily because of the strength subscale. The Constant-Murley score also displayed gender and age biases. The other instruments had mostly negligible variance attributable to gender, activity level, hand dominance, or age. In the absence of a universal validated method, shoulder scoring instruments should be carefully chosen to match the population and the purpose of the study.
Systematic approach to distinguishing a perturbed host state from an impurity state in a supercell calculation for a doped semiconductor : Using GaP:N as an example

We illustrate a systematic approach for distinguishing a perturbed host state from an impurity state in a supercell calculation for a doped semiconductor, using GaP:N as an example and employing a charge-patching technique based on a first-principles pseudopotential method. For GaP:N, we (1) identify an impuritylike state that is resonant with the conduction band minimum in the dilute doping limit, which provides a qualitative explanation for the peculiar behavior of the ${A}_{x}$ transition; (2) provide an alternative explanation of a recent finding of the existence of multiple impurity states resonant within the conduction band up to the energy of the $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ point; and (3) show that there exists no impurity state caused by a valley-orbit interaction within a few hundred meV proximity of the N bound state, in contrast to the decades long speculation of the existence of such a state.
An efficient synthesis of optically active D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate

Abstract An effective synthesis of D - myo -inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate was developed using a chiral inositide precursor which can be prepared via a facile enzymatic or chemical method.
THE SINGULAR EFFECT OF AN INTERNAL K+ GRADIENT (Ki+ > K0+) ON THE Na+ GRADIENT (Na0+ > Nai+)-DEPENDENT TRANSPORT OF L-GLUTAMATE IN RENAL BRUSH BORDER MEMBRANE VESICLES

Abstract 1. 1. A Na+ gradient (extravesicular ⪢ intravesicular) energizes the concentrative uptake of (Spl)-glutamate into membrane vesicles. 2. 2. In contrast to the uptakes of d -glucose and neutral amino acids, the uptake of the acidic amino acid is stimulated additionally, several-fold, by a K+ (or Rb+ gradient (intravesicular ⪢ extravesicular). This effect requires the presence of Na+ 3. 3. In the presence of Na+, but in the absence of a Na+ gradient, the internal K+ gradient can drive the uphill transport of l -glutamate. 4. 4. Membrane potential alterations, induced by permeant anions or developed by K+ diffusion potentials in the presence of valinomycin, have no appreciable effect on the uptake of l -glutamate energized by either the Na+ gradient, in the absence of K+, or the K+ gradient, in the absence of a Na+ gradient. 5. 5. In contrast, in parallel experiments the uptake of d -glucose, whose cotransport system is known to be electrogenic, is markedly increased by an internal negative membrane potential. 6. 6. These findings provide evidence consistent with the view that the uphill uptake of l -glutamate in brush border membrane vesicles is an electroneutral transport system when energized by either the Na+ or the K+ gradient. 7. 7. Several stoichiometric relationships for the cotransport of l -glutamate, Na+ and K+ are feasible in light of these observations.
Parental and familial characteristics of family foster care applicants

Abstract Foster family applicants form the pool from which caregivers are selected for 75% of the 568 000 children in foster care. We know little about these applicants along dimensions thought to influence the behavioral and emotional adjustment of foster children. This limits our understanding of how best to recruit, assess, train, and support these applicants. This study examined the psychosocial functioning of 161 family foster care applicants in terms of parenting, family functioning, marital quality, psychological problems, and social support. It also examined demographic characteristics. The majority of men and women had one or more problems in psychosocial functioning, but most only had one or two problems. However, approximately 17% of women and 24% of men had three or more problems. Considerable diversity existed in demographic characteristics. Implications of these results for the recruitment, assessment, training, and support of foster family applicants are discussed.
New states, new NGOs? crises and transitions among rural development NGOs in the Andean region

Abstract This paper discusses the challenges faced by rural development nongovernmental organization (NGOs) in the Andes and Chile within current contexts of public sector reform and economic liberalization. These changes, and the recognition that previous NGO initiatives have had limited impacts on rural poverty, have helped trigger crises of institutional identity, legitimacy and sustainability among NGOs. Among some NGOs, these crises have begun to elicit institutional responses that address the underlying weaknesses of the NGO sector, and identify more appropriate future roles and identities for NGOs. The paper discusses several such responses, and argues that these changes begin to remove long-standing distortions in the relationships between NGOs and their societies and economies, and thus offer the possibility of longer term institutional sustainability.
Sex differences in depression in early adolescents.

This study examined sex differences in the self-report of depression in early adolecents. A sample of 269 junior high adolescents completed a biographical data sheet, short forms of the Beck Depres...
Coronary blood flow of unanaesthetized dogs with experimental coronary artery disease.

Experimental coronary artery disease (CAD) was produced in dogs which had chronically implanted catheters for the measurement of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and coronary blood flow (CBF) using the 85Kr clearance technique. Resting CBF was determined in the conscious animal during intracoronary infusion of saline and the 'maximum' CBF was determined by infusion of ATP (0s·6 and 0·8 mg/min). Repeated observations revealed only small and variable changes in MAP and CBF of control dogs over a two-month period and of dogs fed an atherogenic diet containing thiouracil and cholesterol for 47 and 54 days. CAD was produced by intracoronary infusion of allylamine and intravenous infusion of egg yolk emulsion. This treatment results in arteritis, lipid deposition, and fibrosis. The disease was associated with a 37% decrease in maximum CBF within two to five days. Resting CBF decreased 16% and MAP was not altered significantly. After the initial decrease in maximum CBF, there is a stable period with decreased maximum CBF for at least six weeks.
Evidence for enhanced mercury reactivity in response to estuarine mixing

[1] Bioaccumulation of methylmercury in coastal U.S. fisheries has led to the issuance of numerous fish consumption advisories, and yet little is known about the processes that make Hg species chemically labile in coastal and estuarine systems. This study examined the role of estuarine mixing in formation of labile Hg complexes (reactive Hg) from relatively refractory Hg-organic associations in river water and characterized the behavior and distribution of Hg species in the Connecticut River estuary during three distinct collection periods. Results indicate that while total Hg partitioning and concentrations remained fairly constant with increasing salinity, the fraction present as reactive Hg concentrations increased, primarily in the particulate phase. Mixing experiments using both natural and prepared waters indicate that riverine organic ligands rapidly scavenge reactive Hg from natural waters on timescales of minutes to hours, while samples free of riverine influence remained much more “reactive.” Modeling of the estuarine system suggests that elevated concentrations of chloride and dilution of the dominant organic ligand associated with estuarine mixing enhance reactive Hg and predict a bulk log formation constant for the binding ligand of approximately 21. Analysis of Hg0 production from Hg(II)-spiked, incubated estuarine samples supports the speciation data as higher reactive Hg concentrations and Hg0 production rates were observed in the more saline samples. These results suggest that estuarine mixing may exacerbate Hg methylation, evasion, and bioaccumulation in some systems by promoting the formation of Hg species that are readily labile.
PHOTODYNAMIC RESPONSES IN RHODOTORULA GLUTINIS IN THE ABSENCE OF ADDED SENSITIZERS

— –The lethal effect of a continuous spectrum of light at wavelengths longer than 300 nm has been examined for the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis. A survival curve consisting of a shoulder, an exponential phase of death, and a “tailing off” phase was shown to occur when cells were irradiated in the absence of a sensitizing dye. An action spectrum showed that the portion of the light used for irradiation which is lethal to the cells lies between 310 and 430 nm. It was found that carotenoid pigments were not able to provide any protection against this endogenously photosensitized oxidation. Exponentially growing cells were the most sensitive to killing and, as cells approached and entered into the stationary phase of growth, they became more resistant until a constant level of sensitivity was reached. A primary temperature effect on the length of the shoulder prior to the death of the cell has been observed. The sensitivity was greatest at low temperatures with an optimum resistance occurring at 22.5°C and an increasing sensitivity occurring at higher temperatures. Various sites have been examined for cellular damage which might lead to the death of the cell. Damage was found to impair the function of the plasma-lemma, the glycolytic and respiratory system, the nucleus, and to be observable cytologically.
Acinetobacter (ACBA) in sternal surgical site infections (SSI) after cardiac surgery: Case control study to determine significance and outcome

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Between January 2003 and December 2004, our hospital experienced a hospital-wide outbreak of ACBA, with a nosocomial incidence increase of 48% compared with 2002. The crude mortality for nosocomial acquisition of ACBA was 24%. The hospital-wide antibiogram for nosocomial ACBA demonstrated the following percentages of sensitive organisms: imipenem, 61%; ampicillinsulbactam, 21%; gentamicin, 14%; and quinolone, 13%. The approximately 2000 cardiovascular surgery (CVS) patients per year are admitted to surgical intensive care units, where 43% of ACBA cases are first identified. METHODS: Surveillance for SSIs is conducted concurrently with retrospective record review and post-discharge patient surveys. ACBA incidence is analyzed with CERNER Information System, a 48-hour interval as a marker of probable nosocomial acquisition, and no distinction for colonization or infection. Cases were patients with sternal SSI and positive ACBA cultures; controls were patients with sternal SSI without ACBA. Student's T test was used to compare continuous variables, and chi square was used to compare categorical variables. RESULTS: Between 2003 and 2004, nine patients (0.2% of all CVS; 11.7% of all sternal SSI) had post-operative sternal cultures positive for ACBA. ACBA was only found following a previous diagnosis of sternal SSI or dehiscence. ACBA was never found as the sole organism associated with SSI, and all case patients had debridement with subsequent open wounds before ACBA was cultured. A case control study demonstrated that colonization or infection with a secondary organism was statistically significant. Unexpectedly, blood loss was more severe in controls. All other variables (listed in table) were not significant. Patients with ACBA Patients without ACBA Significance Secondary organisms/infection 9/9 5/65 RR = 13.6 (5.9 – 31.6) Diabetes 6/9 40/68 NS Outcome-expired 2/7 10/67 NS Estimated blood loss 383.3 ± 19.5 504.4 ± 22.4 p = 0.14 Age 60.4 ± 7.8 62.1 ± 7.9 NS Pre-op days 2.7 ± 1.6 2.1 ± 1.5 NS Pre-op blood sugar 139.3 ± 11.8 122.5 ± 11.1 NS Body Mass Index 35.3 ± 5.8 32.6 ± 8.0 NS OR Time 3:39 ± 0:38 4:07 ± 1:19 NS Days -Surgery to Diagnosis 21.3 ± 4.6 23.6 ± 4.9 NS CONCLUSIONS: Although ACBA transmission is relatively common in the surgical intensive care setting, its contribution to diagnosis of SSI appears minimal. In our institution, ACBA associated with CVS SSI appears as secondary infection or colonization and appears as an opportunistic organism, possibly related to devitalized tissue.
Powder densification maps in selective Laser Sintering

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is a manufacturing process in which a part is produced without the need for part-specific tooling. It competes effectively with other manufacturing processes when part geometry is complex and the production run is not large. Traditionally, this was limited to prototype production, although tooling applications are now appearing. This paper describes several applications of powder densification maps to advance solutions in direct SLS of metallic and ceramic powders. Time-dependent plasticity issues arise in pre-processing of powder to make it suitable for SLS and in post-processing of SLS parts to obtain desired density.
Linear response and quasiparticle calculations as probes of the Kohn-Sham eigenvalues in metals

The Kohn-Sham eigenvalues were formally introduced into density functional theory as Lagrange multipliers in the implementation of the minimum principle for the total energy of a many-electron system. No general results are available concerning the physical significance of these one-electron eigenvalues (with the exception of the highest occupied level, which equals the Fermi energy). Recent ab initio calculations of dynamical response in metals make explicit use of the Kohn-Sham band structure, and associated wave functions, through the use of spectral representations. This opens up the possibility of examining the significance of the eigenvalues at an “empirical” level, i.e., through direct comparison with the results of spectroscopic measurements. A particularly interesting example is afforded by new inelastic x-ray scattering experiments on A1. For a special wave vector transfer, qo ≈ 1.5kF, the measured spectrum provides a direct mapping of the Kohn-Sham noninteracting spectrum. For a range of wave vectors about qo, the bare Kohn-Sham spectrum still reproduces all the main features of the measurements; this suggests that, in this metal, the Kohn-Sham eigenvalues are good approximations to the quasiparticle energies. We also discuss the interplay between Kohn-Sham bands and the energy of the “anomalous” plasmon in Cs, whose dispersion bears a signature of the excited-state band structure. Finally, and in a more formal framework, we outline the results of a first-principles comparison between quasiparticle amplitudes and Kohn-Sham wave functions at a jellium surface; the latter turn out to be excellent approximations to the former. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Why It Can't Happen to Me: The Base Rate Matters, But Overestimating Skill Leads to Underestimating Risk1

Undergraduates (N = 330) estimated their risk for aversive events (e.g., motor vehicle accident), in which we varied personal control (e.g., driver = self or other) and bogus base rates (high vs. low). Base rate data influenced risk estimates, but people underestimated their risk if they were the agent (e.g., the driver) rather than if another person was the agent. Justifications for estimates suggested that the base rate was perceived to be the risk for the average person. Most people then adjusted their estimates for a negative outcome downward because they believed that they were better than average on a skill (e.g., driving skill) that was perceived to be causally related to the event.
Flame-retardant chemicals in textiles

(1980). Flame-retardant chemicals in textiles. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 101-131.
Automatic vehicle monitoring: A tool for vehicle fleet operations

Automatic vehicle monitoring (AVM) is an electronic means of gathering data and effecting command and control over a land vehicle fleet. While data on vehicle location are required for effective control, such systems are totally dependent upon refiable dedicated communications systems. By presenting a dispatcher or computer with information on each vehicle's location, decisions concerning the fleet's dispersion and operational readiness can be made. The Department of Transportation's Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA) is developing such a system which will be evaluated in actual transit operations and offers potential application in traffic control operations.
Electronic structure of the Si/GaP(110) interface.

We present the results of an angle-resolved photoemission study of the Si/GaP(110) heterostructure. Band mapping of sputtered and annealed GaP(110) unambiguously determines the position of the valence-band maximum at ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{15}$ to be 1.2 eV below the Fermi level. The Fermi-level pinning position for the sputtered and annealed surface is different from that of cleaved GaP(110) and suggests the introduction of defect levels by the cleaning process. However, deposition of one monolayer (ML) Si onto GaP(110) changes the pinning position despite the defect levels. The electronic structure of the interface evolves slowly as a function of the Si-overlayer thickness, but appears to be fully developed at 20 ML. We discuss the electronic structure of the heterojunction in light of the midgap energy rule for band alignments and try to clarify why it appears to fail for this particular system. Specifically, a comparison of theoretical and experimental band structures shows that a linear extrapolation of the leading edge of an angle-resolved valence-band spectrum does not determine the GaP ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{15}$ valence-band maximum with the accuracy (\ensuremath{\sim}0.1 eV) desired for band-alignment measurements. This shortcoming conjures up questions about the validity of using the leading edge of angle-integrated spectra to determine the ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{15}$ valence-band maximum in GaP and about the previously reported band alignment for the Si/GaP(110) heterostructure.
Excitation of high-power copper hybrid lasers

Copper hybrid lasers are the most efficient high average power (/spl ges/100 W) visible (green/yellow) lasers yet demonstrated. These high power systems have been developed at St. Andrews University. The author presents a review of a number of different studies into the excitation of these lasers. A high-power, high-efficiency visible copper hybrid laser has been developed. Its favourable features are largely the result of the superior pulsed-power excitation characteristics afforded by the rapid recovery of the laser active medium between pulses. In turn, this recovery is due to the unique nature of the chemistry of the hybrid laser. The use of an interacting circuit can further enhance the power and efficiency of this device.