cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Colorado 14ers, Pixel by Pixel

This document describes a capstone learning exercise designed for undergraduates enrolled in an introductory geospatial tools course. The overarching theme of the exercise, Colorado 14ers, Pixel by Pixel, is mountain geography. While immersed in a digital mountainous landscape, students explore topics of geomorphology and geomorphometry and discover how it is possible for a summit that rises well above 14,000 feet not to qualify as a true Colorado '14er'. To address these topics, students examine freely-available digital elevation models (DEMs) using common geospatial analysis tools. The exercise was developed with five purposes in mind: (1) students should be introduced gently to geospatial software; (2) students should enter upper-level geography courses armed with basic computer skills and a diverse geospatial toolkit; (3) students should internalize the fact that invariably digital geographic explorations are influenced by scale; (4) students of geography should be able to identify natural and anthropogenic impacts to a landscape, and; (5) to help students conceptualize what geographers do, learning exercises should include local and interesting case studies. As an exercise intended to synthesize geographic concepts covered throughout a course, the learning objectives range from grasping broad theoretical concepts related to scale and measurement to learning specific computer skills related to directory structures and file naming conventions. Deliverables of the exercise include posting four maps and answers to nine questions to a website. The outcome of the exercise is a confident, geospatial toolsavvy student who is eager to further investigate the field of geography.
The modification of plume models to account for long averaging times.

Abstract The well-known Gaussian plume model for a continuous elevated source of air pollution can be used to calculate ground level concentrations that represent average values. The model is valid for the averaging times used in the experimental evaluation of the dispersion coefficients σy and σz. This work presents a method of extending the valid averaging time of the Gaussian model by a statistical method, in which the probability distribution of the wind direction must be known. It is necessary to construct an empirical wind direction power density spectrum in order to find the necessary variance of the Gaussian distribution. Computations for Gaussian and uniform wind direction distributions are performed. It is shown that, in general, results from the well-known power-law technique for extending plume model averaging times do not agree with results of the present method.
Impacts of electric vehicles on primary energy consumption and petroleum displacement

Abstract We analyze the impact of the use of electric vehicles (EVs) on energy consumption in general and on petroleum consumption in particular. The analysis has been conducted for sub-compact cars, small vans, and large vans and for the years 1995 and 2010. The comparison of per-mile primary energy consumption of EVs with that of gasoline-powered internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) was conducted for four primary energy sources: petroleum, coal, natural gas (NG), and biomass. When petroleum, NG, or biomass is the primary energy source, EVs with current technology will consume more energy per mile than ICEVs, but EVs with advanced technology will consume less. If coal is the primary energy source, both current- and advanced-technology EVs will consume less energy than ICEVs. The petroleum displacement by EVs was estimated for different cases of fuel mix for electricity generation. In many areas of the U.S., the use of EVs will reduce per-mile petroleum use by over 90%, because the vast majority of electricity is generated from non-petroleum fuels. In areas where a relatively large portion of electricity is generated from petroleum (such as New York), the use of EVs will reduce per-mile petroleum use by 65%.
Denitrification in the Antarctic stratosphere

Rapid loss of ozone over Antarctica in spring requires that the abundance of gaseous nitric acid be very low. Precipitation of particulate nitric acid has been assumed to occur in association with large ice crystals, requiring significant removal of H2O and temperatures well below the frost point. However, stratospheric clouds exhibit a bimodal size distribution in the Antarctic atmosphere, with most of the nitrate concentrated in particles with radii of 1 micron or greater. It is argued here that the bimodal size distribution sets the stage for efficient denitrification, with nitrate particles either falling on their own or serving as nuclei for the condensation of ice. Denitrification can therefore occur without significant dehydration, and it is unnecessary for temperatures to drop significantly below the frost point.
Masses and the Evolution of Wolf-Rayet Binaries

Recent polarimetric observations have provided inclinations of double-line spectroscopic binary systems containing Wolf-Rayet stars with O star companions. Therefore, reasonably accurate masses of ten Wolf-Rayet stars in binaries are now known. These data are compared to evolutionary models of massive close binaries based on the scenario that O + O systems evolve into WR + O systems. Good agreement is found between the observations and nonconservative binary models with classical cores for the observed range of contemporary masses. The models with large convective-core overshooting fail to describe systems with Wolf-Rayet stars having observed masses larger than about 10 solar masses.
Comparison of multi-echo and single-echo gradient-recalled echo sequences for SPIO-enhanced liver MRI at 3 T.

Aim To assess the utility of a T2*-weighted, multi-echo data imaging combination sequenced on superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-enhanced liver magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a 3 T system. Materials and methods Fifty patients underwent SPIO-enhanced MRI at 3 T using T2*-weighted, single-echo, gradient-recalled echo (GRE) sequences [fast imaging with steady precession; repetition time (TR)/echo time (TE), 126 ms/9 ms; flip angle, 30°] and multi-echo GRE (multi-echo data image combination) sequences (TR/TE, 186 ms/9 ms; flip angle, 30°). Three radiologists independently reviewed the images in a random order. The sensitivity and accuracy for the detection of focal hepatic lesions (a total of 76 lesions in 33 patients; 48 solid lesions, 28 non-solid lesions) were compared by analysing the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves. Image artefacts (flow artefacts, susceptibility artefacts, dielectric artefacts, and motion artefacts), lesion conspicuity, and overall image quality were evaluated according to a four-point scale: 1, poor; 2, fair; 3, good; 4, excellent. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the lesions were compared. Results Image artefacts were more frequent with single-echo GRE (p Conclusion At 3 T, the T2*-weighted, multi-echo data image combination sequence performs comparably to the T2*-weighted, single-echo GRE sequence for SPIO-enhanced MRI with good overall image quality and a decrease in undesired artefacts.
The Rationalists: Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz

Pauline Phemister: The Rationalists: Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz. Cambridge, UK and Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2006, pp. viii + 238. £17.99 (pb.). ISBN 0-7456-2744-7 Philosophy departments routin...
Microfabrication of Flexible Self-Repairing Ground Reaction Sensor With Liquid Metal Electrodes

Abstract In this paper we present a new technique that produces reliable flexible sensors using self-repairing interconnects. Instead of using conventional serpentine metal film interconnects, the flex sensor uses liquid GaInSn-filled microfluidic channels formed on top of thin Au wires. The free-flowing, low-resistivity GaInSn thus shunts the Au wire resistance forming an electrical bridge whenever a break in the Au wire appears. We implemented a flexible, ground reaction sensor cluster using the self-repairing liquid-metal scheme. The sensor array maps the ground contact forces in pedestrian navigation systems as a navigational aid. The fabricated sensor cluster can measure contact pressure and shear with sensitivities of 0.74 /MPa and 0.22/MPa, respectively. The device was subjected to 600,000 flexing cycles (∼40% strain) without any observable metal connectivity failure or noticeable resistivity degradation.
Photosynthetic plasticity of populations of Heliotropium curassavicum L. originating from differing thermal regimes

Plants of the widely distributed species Heliotropium curassavicum L. have a large photosynthetic acclimation potential to temperature. There are, however, some differences among the acclimation potentials of populations occupying dissimilar thermal regimes. Plants of populations originating from a cool maritime climate have a greater acclimation potential than plants of populations originating from a desert habitat, which is characterized by large seasonal changes in temperature.
Spectrometer System for Studying Absorption from Excited Metastable States of Ions in Crystals

A spectrometer system for studying excited state absorption of ions in crystals is described. Pulsed xenon short arc lamps and keyed photomultipliers are used to measure the transmission after optically pumping the ions into an excited state. A wide dynamic range of absorption coefficients of excited states with lifetimes down to less than 100 microsec can be measured. A repeatability near the shot noise limit is obtained.
Properties of induced polarization evanescent reflection with a solid immersion lens (SIL)

Properties of the induced polarization signal with a solid immersion lens (SIL) are investigated by experiments and simulations. A LaSFN9 SIL (NA=1.5) is used in the experiment. Physics of the induced polarization signal are described for several configurations of optical systems and substrates. Induced polarization signals from evanescent-wave coupling to dielectric, semiconductor and metal substrates are studied in detail. It is shown that surface plasmon waves are excited with Au substrates and the induced polarization signal is affected by the surface plasmon waves. Simulation results of the induced polarization signal for a gallium phosphide SIL (NA=2.64) are discussed.
Consumption Emotion and Perceived Risk: A Macro-Analytic Approach

Abstract How is emotion in the consumption experience linked to perceived risk? The author postulates that negative emotions are positively related to perceived risk and positive emotions are negatively related. The results of two macro-analytic studies are reported in this regard. Previous investigations have used individual consumers as the units of observation and have therefore limited the generalizability of their results to a few products at best. In contrast, the studies reported in this article attempted to determine the relationships between consumption emotion and perceived risk with products, and services as the units of observation. In study 1, evidence is presented using an aggregative data set of 146 products and services that were randomly selected from the SIC manual. A field survey of 30 actual users was conducted for each of the 146 products and services, and 4,380 respondents were surveyed. The mean of the 30 responses was used as the aggregate score for each variable for a particular product. Findings suggest that emotional factors account for a significant and substantial portion of the variance in perceived risk even after the effects of other factors (product involvement and perceived differences between alternatives) are taken into account. In study 2, 89 products from the original set were further analyzed in a structural model. The endogenous variables of perceived risk, brand loyalty, and information search were newly measured by a phone survey of 2,670 respondents. It is found that perceived risk mediates the effect of negative emotion and perceived differences on brand loyalty and information search.
Robust correction of repeating errors by non-linear codes

For many devices and circuits, even a single fault can result in errors of a large Hamming weight at the output of a device, complicating the task of error detection and correction. Traditional error detection and correction techniques are based on linear error-detecting codes that are designed to detect or correct errors of a small multiplicity or burst errors. The authors present codes and architectures suitable for both online and offline error detection and correction which can detect and correct any error of any multiplicity by exploiting the laziness of error manifestation. Faults in many combinational circuits can lead to ‘lazy’ or repeating errors at the outputs of a device to be protected. The proposed decoding algorithms can correct any error of any Hamming weight if the same error affects at least three different consecutive distorted output vectors of a protected device for binary algebraic errors. Likewise, the proposed decoding algorithms can correct any error of any Hamming weight if the same error affects two different output vectors of a protected device for arithmetic errors.
A.P.O. rules in hierarchical Bayes regression models

In sequential analysis, Bayes stopping rules are often difficult to determine explicitly. Bickel and Yahav (1967, Proceedings of the 5th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, VI, pp, 401-413) provided an attractive large sample approximation to sequential Bayes rules which they called “asymptotically pointwise optimal” (A.P.O.) rules. The present paper proposes A.P.O. rules for certain hierarchical Bayes regression models. These rules are shown to be asymptotically “non—deficient” in the sense of Woodroofe (1981Zietschrift fuor Wahrscheinlich—keitsthoeorie und Verwandte Gebiete, 58, pp. 331-341). This work extends the results of Ghosh and Hoekstra (1989Sequential Analysis, 8, pp. 79–100) to a multivariate regression setting, and this considerably extends their applicability
Computational Analysis of Contractility in Engineered Heart Tissue

Engineered heart tissue (EHT) is a potential therapy for heart failure and the basis of functional in vitro assays of novel cardiovascular treatments. Self-organizing EHT can be generated in fiber form, which makes the assessment of contractile function convenient with a force transducer. Contractile function is a key parameter of EHT performance. Analysis of EHT force data is often performed manually; however, this approach is time consuming, incomplete and subjective. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a computer algorithm to efficiently and objectively analyze EHT force data. This algorithm incorporates data filtering, individual contraction detection and validation, inter/intracontractile analysis and intersample analysis. We found the algorithm to be accurate in contraction detection, validation and magnitude measurement as compared to human operators. The algorithm was efficient in processing hundreds of data acquisitions and was able to determine force-length curves, force-frequency relationships and compare various contractile parameters such as peak systolic force generation. We conclude that this computer algorithm is a key adjunct to the objective and efficient assessment of EHT contractile function.
Chemi-acoustic instability structure in irreversibly reacting systems

Abstract A basic understanding of the structure of the interactions between chemical and acoustic instabilities and the effects derived therefrom is sought for a medium undergoing one-step irreversible chemical reaction. Detailed examination of the acoustic-chemical system after the completion of the reaction shows the distinct presence of the chemical, acoustic, and mixed modes of instability. The chemical mode appears as a stationary yet spatially inhomogeneous entropy distribution, even though the medium initially (before reaction) is homogeneous throughout. The acoustic mode appears as a composite of both right- and left-travelling pressure or velocity waves, even though the initial acoustic wave is only right-travelling. The left-travelling wave is generated due to partial reflection or scattering as the right-travelling wave propagates in a spatially inhomogenous medium during the chemical reaction and is sustained even after the reaction is completed. The mixed modes of density and temperature fluctuations apparently retain to some degree the characteristics of both the acoustic and the chemical modes and may, under certain conditions, be dominated by either one of the modes of behavior. This is determined largely by the parameter Ω, the ratio of chemical to acoustic time scales. During reaction, it is found that the observed complicated behavior can be interpreted fruitfully in terms of the mode concept developed for the post-reaction behavior. It is observed that the temporal development of the physical fluctuating variables is dependent upon spatial position (the effect being stronger as Ω is reduced). Further, it is found that at specific values of Ω, the following effects are maximized: (a) acoustic amplification; (b) wave reflection; (c) reaction evolution enhancement. The energy contained in the fluctuations is found to be composed of an acoustic and a chemical part. The latter dominates during reaction. However, after reaction, the chemical part exactly balances any change in the acoustic part which occurs during reaction, thus resulting in no net change in the fluctuation energy. The chemical part seems to represent the loss (or gain) of mean thermal energy which was diverted by chemi-acoustic interactions into the increased (or decreased) acoustic energy of the system.
Hyperuricemia in the inhabitants of the Marshall Islands.

Annual medical examinations are conducted by Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) for a population of Marshallese who were accidentally exposed to radioactive fallout in 1954, for a comparison population, and for all inhabitants of the atolls of Rongelap and Utirik. Disease surveillance includes analysis of serum samples. Elevated serum uric acid (SUA) levels are common along Pacific populations, and modifying environmental factors have been investigated as a cause for this finding. The authors have studied SUA levels of people living in the Marshall Islands, and have found elevated values similar to those reported for other Micronesian populations. The nearly Gaussian distribution of individual serum uric acid values for men, and for women less than or equal to45 years of age, indicates that the elevation is due to a regularized increase in serum uric acid rather than to a subpopulation that has pathologic hyperuricemia. The higher serum uric acid levels appear, therefore, to be normal for the Marshallese, a conclusion supported by the infrequency of clinical gout in the population tested.
A simple procedure for rearranging matrices

Guttman's scalogram board technique for reordering the columns and rows of a matrix is described and its disadvantages are pointed out. A simple and inexpensive procedure for doing the same job without these disadvantages is outlined.
Lead time for appointment and the no-show rate in an ophthalmology clinic

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a correlation between the time in advance an appointment is scheduled and the no-show rate.
Translational regulation of δ-crystallin synthesis during lens development in the chicken embryo

Abstract The rate of δ-crystallin synthesis was correlated with the amount of δ-crystallin mRNA sequences in the central regions of lens epithelia from 6- and 19-day-old embryonic and 2-year-old adult chickens. The 6- and 19-day-old embryonic lens epithelial cells had equivalent amounts of δ-crystallin mRNA sequences, but these were used approximately three times more efficiently in the former than in the latter. By contrast, adult lens epithelial cells lacked detectable amounts of δ-crystallin mRNA and did not synthesize δ-crystallin. The amount of δ-crystallin mRNA sequences per cell approximately doubled without an increase in the cellular rate of δ-crystallin synthesis in 19-day-old lens epithelia cultured for 24 hr in medium containing fetal calf serum. Translation in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate of RNA extracted from freshly explanted and cultured 19-day-old embryonic lens epithelia indicated that the δ-crystallin mRNA sequences were in a translatable form. Cultured adult lens epithelia showed neither δ-crystallin synthesis nor δ-crystallin mRNA sequences. We conclude: (1) that the rate of δ-crystallin synthesis per lens epithelial cell decreases during embryonic development and becomes undetectable in the adult and (2) that the reduction in δ-crystallin synthesis is associated with decreased utilization of δ-crystallin mRNA in the embryonic lens epithelial cells and to a loss of the mRNA in the adult epithelial cells.
An Internet Obesity Prevention Program for Adolescents

Purpose: Tocomparetheeffectivenessoftwoschool-basedinternetobesitypreventionprogramsfor diverse adolescents on body mass index (BMI), health behaviors, and self-efficacy, and to explore moderators of program efficacy. It was hypothesized that the addition of coping skills training to a health education and behavioral support program would further enhance health outcomes. Methods: A randomized clinical trial with cluster randomization by class and repeated measures with follow-up at 3 and 6 months was conducted (n ¼ 384). BMI was assessed by use of standard procedures. Sedentary behavior, physical activity, nutrition behavior, self-efficacy, and satisfaction were assessed with self-report measures. Data analysis consisted of mixed model analyses with autoregressive covariance structure for repeated data by use of intent-to-treat procedures. Results: The mean age of students was 15.31 years (� 0.69), with a mean BMI of 24.69 (� 5.58). The majority were girls (62%) and of diverse race/ethnicity (65% non-white). There were no significant differences between groups on any outcomes and no change in BMI over time. There were significant improvements in health behaviors (sedentary behavior, moderate and vigorous physical activity, healthy eating, fruit and vegetable intake, sugar beverages, and junk food intake) and selfefficacy. Gender and lesson completion moderated select health outcomes. There was excellent participation and high satisfaction with the programs. Conclusions: School-based internet obesity prevention programs are appealing to adolescents and improvehealthbehaviors.Thedifferentialeffectofcopingskillstrainingmayrequirelongerfollow-up.
Expanding the walls of the health care encounter: support and outcomes for patients online.

This paper assesses the relationship between patient–health care provider (HCP) interaction and health behaviors. In total, 109 Native American patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus were enrolled in a Web-based diabetes monitoring system. The system tracks patient–HCP interaction, and in total 924 personal messages were exchanged. These 924 messages contained 6,411 message units that were content analyzed using a nine-category scheme. Patient blood glucose monitoring was found to be related to the frequency of phatic communication, informational social support, and tangible social support messages, as well as messages containing references to personal contact. Finally, person-centered messages proved to be the single best predictor of patient involvement with the telemedicine system (as measured by the number of times the patient logged into the system).
Variables of the Sensory Code

Customarily four dimensions are distinguished in the world of stimuli and in the matching world of sensations. Boring (1933), for example, distinguished the sensory dimensions of quality, intensity, extensity, and protensity. The corresponding stimulus dimensions were defined by Hensel (1966b) as quality, intensity, space, and time. It is implied that each stimulus, as also each sensation, may vary along any one of these scales, independently of the other three. In this vein, Hensel (1966b) proposed that the sensorium be represented by an N by 4 matrix, with N major sensory modalities (such as sight, hearing, taste, touch, and the others) and 4 stimulus dimensions in each modality.
Ten Criteria for Evaluating the Management of Community Disasters

The discussion herein concerns important factors in the local management of disasters. We contrast this with the related but distinct process of disaster planning. Our assumption is that what is crucial is not management per se, but good management. Thus, to assess intelligently the management of community disasters requires an answer to the question: What is good management? The results of empirical research carried out by social scientists over the past 40 years are drawn upon in considering this question. The criteria identified entail: (1) correctly recognising differences between response and agent-generated demands; (2) adequately carrying out generic functions; (3) effectively mobilising personnel and resources; (4) generating an appropriate delegation of tasks and division of labour; (5) adequately processing information; (6) properly exercising decision-making; (7) developing overall coordination; (8) blending emergent and established organisational behaviours; (9) providing appropriate reports for the news media; and (10) having a well-functioning emergency operations centre. An issue also raised in the paper is how applicable these research findings-derived mostly from developed countries-are to the developing world.
Body charge related transient effects in floating body SOI NMOSFETs

The transient operation of submicrometer floating body SOI NMOSFETs is studied and measured down to a nanosecond time scale. We emphasize the role of the overall hole charge in the body of the device, for a global understanding of the transient phenomena: drain current overshoot or undershoot, memory effect, dynamic instabilities... . This charge integrates the device history, with a strongly bias dependent time constant, and influences the drain current, mainly by electrostatic action. The resulting transient current instability has to be considered to avoid anomalous circuit operation.
Charge transport through DNA four-way junctions

Long range oxidative damage as a result of charge transport is shown to occur through single crossover junctions assembled from four semi-complementary strands of DNA. When a rhodium complex is tethered to one of the arms of the four-way junction assembly, thereby restricting its intercalation into the {pi}-stack, photo-induced oxidative damage occurs to varying degrees at all guanine doublets in the assembly, though direct strand scission only occurs at the predicted site of intercalation. In studies where the Mg2+ concentration was varied, so as to perturb base stacking at the junction, charge transport was found to be enhanced but not to be strongly localized to the arms that preferentially stack on each other. These data suggest that the conformations of four-way junctions can be relatively mobile. Certainly, in four-way junctions charge transport is less discriminate than in the more rigidly stacked DNA double crossover assemblies.
Phenotypic, Morphological, and Functional Heterogeneity of Splenic Immature Myeloid Cells in the Host Response to Tularemia

Recent studies have linked accumulation of the Gr-1+ CD11b+ cell phenotype with functional immunosuppression in diverse pathological conditions, including bacterial and parasitic infections and cancer. Gr-1+ CD11b+ cells were the largest population of cells present in the spleens of mice infected with sublethal doses of the Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS). In contrast, the number of T cells present in the spleens of these mice did not increase during early infection. There was a significant delay in the kinetics of accumulation of Gr-1+ CD11b+ cells in the spleens of B-cell-deficient mice, indicating that B cells play a role in recruitment and maintenance of this population in the spleens of mice infected with F. tularensis. The splenic Gr-1+ CD11b+ cells in tularemia were a heterogeneous population that could be further subdivided into monocytic (mononuclear) and granulocytic (polymorphonuclear) cells using the Ly6C and Ly6G markers and differentiated into antigen-presenting cells following ex vivo culture. Monocytic, CD11b+ Ly6Chi Ly6G− cells but not granulocytic, CD11b+ Ly6Cint Ly6G+ cells purified from the spleens of mice infected with F. tularensis suppressed polyclonal T-cell proliferation via a nitric oxide-dependent pathway. Although the monocytic, CD11b+ Ly6Chi Ly6G− cells were able to suppress the proliferation of T cells, the large presence of Gr-1+ CD11b+ cells in mice that survived F. tularensis infection also suggests a potential role for these cells in the protective host response to tularemia.
Parathyroid hormone directly inhibits tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate in normocalcaemic rats with chronic hyperparathyroidism.

. The hypothesis that chronic metabolic acidosis encountered in some patients with primary hyperparathyrodism is due to inhibition of proximal HCO3 reabsorption has recently been challenged. Indeed, this action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) has only been observed in acute studies, whereas in animal models of chronic hyperparathyroidism a metabolic alkalosis has been induced, probably owing to the release of alkaline salts from bone tissue, and to the stimulation of tubular acid secretion by hypercalcaemia. Studies were, therefore, performed to determine the effect of PTH on the renal handling of HCO3 in an animal model in which changes in plasma calcium and phosphate, and nephrocalcinosis, all known to affect tubular acidification, did not occur. Thyroparathyroi-dectomized (TPTX) rats were infused with synthetic bovine hormone fragment bPTH 1–34 via Alzet minipumps at the rate of 0·7 U h-1 to simulate normal endogenous production of PTH (group I) and at the three-fold higher rate of 2·1 U h-1 (group II). In order to prevent changes in serum calcium and phosphate, and nephrocalcinosis, animals of group II were fed a Ca- and P-free diet prior to TPTX (compared with a regular diet for group I) and both groups were treated with dichloromethylene-diphosphonate (Cl2MDP, 10 mg kg-1 day-1) and a Ca-free diet during PTH infusion. During the course of PTH infusion both groups of animals had stable and normal levels of plasma calcium and phosphate. Although systemic acid-base parameters and urinary pH and HCO3 values were similar in animals with normal and elevated PTH levels under basal conditions, isovolaemic bicarbonate loading performed by peritoneal dialysis revealed a significant increase in urinary pH (7·37 ± 0·06 vs. 6·29 ± 0·29, P<0·005) and fractional bicarbonate excretion (0·52 ± 0·11 vs. 0·03 ± 0·02%, P<0·005) in the group with hyperparathyroidism. These data provide evidence that when chronically administered, parathyroid hormone directly inhibits tubular reabsorption of HCO3; they suggest that in clinical hyperparathyroidism HCO3 wasting results from excess secretion of the hormone.
Adrenomedullin induces penile erection in the cat

Abstract The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of intracavernosal injections of adrenomedullin, a novel hypotensive peptide, on penile erection in anesthetized cats. Responses to adrenomedullin were compared to those elicited by intracavernosal injection of the control triple-drug combination (1.65 mg papaverine, 25 μg phentolamine, and 0.5 μg prostaglandin E 1 ). Intracavernosal injections of adrenomedullin in doses of 0.1–1.0 nmol elicited dose-related increases in cavernosal pressure and penile length. The maximal effect of adrenomedullin injection on cavernosal pressure was an 8-fold increase in pressure, which was 74% of that induced by the triple-drug combination. The maximal effect on penile length was a 43% increase when compared to baseline value, which was comparable to that induced by the triple-drug combination. The duration of the peak pressure and total duration of the peptide effect were significantly shorter in response to the 1 nmol dose of adrenomedullin than was observed with the control triple-drug combination. Intracavernous injection of the control triple-drug combination resulted in a significantly greater decrease in systemic arterial blood pressure than did adrenomedullin. Erectile responses to adrenomedullin were not altered following administration of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N ω -nitro- l -arginine, at a time when erectile responses to acetylcholine were significantly reduced. These data demonstrate that intracavernous injection of adrenomedullin induces a short-lived erection in cats that is not due to the release of nitric oxide.
Lawmaking and Roll Calls

The ability to generate theories of lawmaking has not been matched by an ability to evaluate the success of these theories for explaining legislative reality. The principal problem in testing lawmaking theories is that many analysts use roll-call votes—or various measures based on roll-call votes—when, in fact, these votes are partly a cause and partly a consequence of the very things the theories seek to explain. This can lead to erroneous substantive conclusions and characterizations. I show how embedding the theoretical predictions of the party gatekeeping and veto pivot theories of lawmaking within a statistical model used to estimate ideal points yields a straightforward test; if the gridlock interval measured using votes on policies predicted by the theories is nonzero, the predictions of the theory are not supported by the observed data and assumed behavioral voting model. Implementing the test reveals little support for either theory.
Venture Capitalists and Closely Held IPOs: Lessons for Family-Controlled Firms

This study examines how the presence of venture capitalists (VCs) in closely held IPOs relates to their performance. It also identifies other factors that are related to the performance of closely held IPOs. Closely held firms in this study had an average of 88% insider ownership before the IPO. In general, we find that closely held IPOs benefit from associations with VCs. This finding suggests that VCs' outside expertise and connections are valuable assets. Because it takes time for VCs to effect changes and because beneficial changes generally occur gradually, firms contemplating IPOs must plan well in advance to maximize firm value. Family-controlled firms contemplating growth or liquidity options through the IPO, VCs, or other outside capital should consider the findings of this study because it identifies factors that are associated with more successful IPO outcomes.
Closed-loop supply chain models for a high-tech product under alternative reverse channel and collection cost structures

Abstract In this paper we study closed-loop supply chain models for a high-tech product which is featured with a short life-cycle and volatile demand. We focus on the manufacturer׳s choice of three alternative reverse channel structures for collecting the used product from consumers for remanufacturing: (1) the manufacturer collects the used product directly; (2) the retailer collects the used product for the manufacturer; and (3) the manufacturer subcontracts the used product collection to a third-party firm. We characterize and compare the manufacturer׳s optimal production quantities and profits under the three alternative reverse channel structures. We also investigate the impacts of collection cost structures and implementations of product take-back laws on the manufacturer׳s choice of reverse channel structures.
Skin Preparation Process for the Prevention of Skin Breakdown in Patients Who Are Intubated and Treated With RotoProne

Identification and prevention of pressure ulcers is a major area of interest for hospital clinicians and regulatory agencies. More importantly, Gorecki et al[1][1] completed a meta-synthesis of 31 articles investigating the impact of pressure ulcers on health-related quality of life among geriatric
Deep vein thrombosis: validation of a patient-reported leg symptom index

Introduction Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a serious health problem that affects more than 2 million people annually in the United States. Many of these patients develop asymptomatic DVT, but months to years later may experience symptomatic post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). It is not known how many cases of PTS can be traced to "asymptomatic" DVT because venography is no longer routinely done and ultrasonography (US) may miss some asymptomatic clots. As a result, a clinical tool in addition to US to detect symptom emergence or exacerbation in patients after DVT would be of value.
Scan test of die logic in 3D ICs using TSV probing

Pre-bond testing of TSVs and die logic is a significant challenge and a potential roadblock for 3D integration. BIST solutions introduce considerable die area overhead. Oversized probe pads on TSVs to provide pre-bond test access limit both test bandwidth and TSV density. This paper presents a solution to these problems, allowing a probe card to contact TSVs without the need for probe pads, enabling both TSV and pre-bond scan test. Two possible pre-bond scan test configurations are shown — they provide varying degrees of test parallelism. HSPICE simulations are performed on a logic-on-logic 3D benchmark. Results show that the ratio of the number of probe needles available for test access to the number of pre-bond scan chains determines which pre-bond scan configuration results in the shortest test time. Maximum pre-bond scan-in and scan-out shift-clock speeds are determined for dies in a benchmark 3D design. These clock speeds show that pre-bond scan test can be performed quickly, at a speed that is comparable to scan testing of packaged dies. The maximum clock speed can also be tuned by changing the drive strength of the probe and on-die drivers of the TSV network. Estimates are also provided for peak and average power consumption during pre-bond scan test. On-die area overhead for the proposed method is estimated to be between 1.0% and 2.2% for three dies in the 3D stack.
Type II Radiative Seesaw Model of Neutrino Mass with Dark Matter

We consider a model of neutrino mass with a scalar triplet $({\ensuremath{\xi}}^{++},{\ensuremath{\xi}}^{+},{\ensuremath{\xi}}^{0})$ assigned lepton number $L=0$, so that the tree-level Yukawa coupling ${\ensuremath{\xi}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{i}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{j}$ is not allowed. It is generated instead through the interaction of $\ensuremath{\xi}$ and $\ensuremath{\nu}$ with dark matter and the soft breaking of $L$ to $(\ensuremath{-}1{)}^{L}$. We discuss the phenomenological implications of this model, including ${\ensuremath{\xi}}^{++}$ decay and the prognosis of discovering the dark sector at the Large Hadron Collider.
Predicting travel time reliability using mobile phone GPS data

Abstract Estimates of road speeds have become commonplace and central to route planning, but few systems in production provide information about the reliability of the prediction. Probabilistic forecasts of travel time capture reliability and can be used for risk-averse routing, for reporting travel time reliability to a user, or as a component of fleet vehicle decision-support systems. Many of these uses (such as those for mapping services like Bing or Google Maps) require predictions for routes in the road network, at arbitrary times; the highest-volume source of data for this purpose is GPS data from mobile phones. We introduce a method (TRIP) to predict the probability distribution of travel time on an arbitrary route in a road network at an arbitrary time, using GPS data from mobile phones or other probe vehicles. TRIP captures weekly cycles in congestion levels, gives informed predictions for parts of the road network with little data, and is computationally efficient, even for very large road networks and datasets. We apply TRIP to predict travel time on the road network of the Seattle metropolitan region, based on large volumes of GPS data from Windows phones. TRIP provides improved interval predictions (forecast ranges for travel time) relative to Microsoft’s engine for travel time prediction as used in Bing Maps. It also provides deterministic predictions that are as accurate as Bing Maps predictions, despite using fewer explanatory variables, and differing from the observed travel times by only 10.1% on average over 35,190 test trips. To our knowledge TRIP is the first method to provide accurate predictions of travel time reliability for complete, large-scale road networks.
Mapping the binding interactions between a specialized Hsp70 chaperone and its Hsp40 co-chaperone: a direct role for the Hsp40 HPD motif (567.5)

Proteins from the ISC operon of E. coli constitute the machinery used for the synthesis of iron-sulfur clusters and their delivery to recipient apo-proteins. [2Fe-2S] cluster transfer from the holo-scaffold protein IscU depends on ATP hydrolysis in the nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) of HscA, a specialized Hsp70 chaperone. HscB, an Hsp40-type co-chaperone, binds to HscA and stimulates ATP hydrolysis to promote cluster transfer. However, the interactions between HscA and HscB have remained uncharacterized, and, moreover, the role of HscA’s interdomain linker in modulating ATPase activity has not been explored. We have created three variants of the isolated HscA NBD truncated at different residues within the linker, and have shown that the linker binds to the NBD and autoactivates ATP hydrolysis. Using solution-state NMR spectroscopy and chemical shift perturbations, we mapped the apo-HscA, HscA-ADP and HscA-ATP binding sites onto HscB. Our NMR data provide the first evidence of a structural role for the ub...
The Ultimate Goal of Prevention and the Larger Context for Translation

Type II translational research tends to emphasize getting evidence-based programs implemented in real world settings. To fully realize the aspirations of prevention scientists, we need a broader strategy for translating knowledge about human wellbeing into population-wide improvements in wellbeing. Far-reaching changes must occur in policies and cultural practices that affect the quality of family, school, workplace, and community environments. This paper describes a broad cultural movement, not unlike the tobacco control movement, that can make nurturing environments a fundamental priority of public policy and daily life, thereby enhancing human wellbeing far beyond anything achieved thus far.
A Theory of Modular Production Networks

In many globalized industries, the recent wave of vertical outsourcing seems to have co-evolved with increased horizontal consolidation in the component sector. To account for this phenomenon, I build an industry-equilibrium model in which the boundaries of the firm are endogenous in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions of international production. The concept of modularity is subsequently incorporated into the model. The model not only links the co-evolution to modularity, but also predicts the emergence of de facto input standardization during this process.
Site-Selective Aliphatic C–H Bromination Using N-Bromoamides and Visible Light

Transformations that selectively functionalize aliphatic C–H bonds hold significant promise to streamline complex molecule synthesis. Despite the potential for site-selective C–H functionalization, few intermolecular processes of preparative value exist. Herein, we report an approach to unactivated, aliphatic C–H bromination using readily available N-bromoamide reagents and visible light. These halogenations proceed in useful chemical yields, with substrate as the limiting reagent. The site selectivities of these radical-mediated C–H functionalizations are comparable (or superior) to the most selective intermolecular C–H functionalizations known. With the broad utility of alkyl bromides as synthetic intermediates, this convenient approach will find general use in chemical synthesis.
On Nonantigenicity of Polysaccharides in Guinea Pigs

SummaryThe lack of antigenicity of purified pneumococcal polysaccharide and dextran in guinea pigs has been demonstrated. Both the methods used for immunization and detection of antibody have been shown to be quite good for the other systems.
In vitro immunotoxicity assessment of culture-derived extracellular vesicles in human monocytes

The potential to engineer extracellular vesicles (EV) that target specific cells and deliver a therapeutic payload has propelled a growing interest in their development as promising therapeutics. These EV are often produced from cultured cells. Very little is known about the interaction of cell culture-derived EV with cells of the immune system and their potential immunomodulatory effects. The present study evaluated potential immunotoxic effects of HEK293T-derived EV on the human monocytic cell lines THP-1 and U937. Incubation of cells with different doses of EV for 16-24 h was followed by assessment of cytotoxicity and cell function by flow cytometry. Changes in cell functionality were evaluated by the capacity of cells to phagocytize fluorescent microspheres. In addition, the internalization of labeled EV in THP-1 and U937 cells was evaluated. Exposure to EV did not affect the viability of THP-1 or U937 cells. Although lower doses of the EV increased phagocytic capacity in both cell lines, phagocytic efficiency of individual cells was not affected by EV exposure at any of the doses evaluated. This study also demonstrated that THP-1 and U937 monocytic cells are highly permissive to EV entry in a dose-response manner. These results suggest that, although HEK293T-derived EV are efficiently internalized by human monocytic cells, they do not exert a cytotoxic effect or alter phagocytic efficiency on the cell lines evaluated.
On Complementarity and the Need for a Transdisciplinary Approach in Addressing Emerging Global Health Issues

Systems are increasing in complexity as the world becomes more globally connected. The pervasiveness of information, education, and connectivity has forced individuals to devise new ways to think about problems. Most complex problems no longer reside neatly within the boundaries of a single discipline. As a result, addressing these problems requires problem solvers to broaden their perspectives and to think across disciplines. This chapter explores the concept of complementarity as a motivation for seeking transdisciplinary solutions to problems. Through the lens of complementarity, the case will be made for the utility of adopting a transdisciplinary perspective to modern, complex problems unable to be addressed using a single discipline. It then provides three unique perspectives (engineering, global health, and education) through which to view the analysis of a singular problem, that of emerging health issues such as the current Ebola virus disease crisis in the world. Next, these perspectives will be examined using cognitive mapping, forming an approach to adopt a transdisciplinary perspective, which yields insights not possible by each of the disparate disciplines alone. This approach is then demonstrated on a sample problem. Finally, conclusions and recommendations for future research are identified.
Feature selection and extraction from heterogeneous genomic characterizations

Generation of a drug sensitivity predictive model from all available genetic data can result in overfitting. This chapter provides an overview of techniques commonly applied to select or extract relevant features from different genomic characterizations. From the feature selection viewpoint, we discuss Relief-based filter techniques and Sequential Search-based wrapper algorithms. From the data extraction point of view, we discuss the commonly used Eigen decomposition method of Principle Components. The second part of the chapter is focused on variable selection or extraction using prior biological knowledge with emphasis on a review of published methods for extracting information from joint transcriptomic and proteomic data.