cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental studies on emetic response to tartar emetic and copper sulfate in the cat.

SummaryIncidence of vomiting to copper sulfate (8 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg in 1% solution) and tartar emetic (5 mg/kg and 50 mg kg in 1% solution) increased significantly as shown by chi square tests, from animals weighing 150 g or less to a group weighing 200 g or more. A significant increase in incidence was also noted between animals (200 g or over) tested with low and high doses of these 2 drugs. While incidence increased to higher dose levels in the latter group no significant increase in incidence to the higher dose levels was found in the younger group (150 g or less). The above findings indicate that the period between 150 g and 200 g stages is a critical period in development of emetic response to copper sulfate and tartar emetic. The emetic act in older animals is more vigorous than in younger groups but the sequential chain of events leading to vomiting is much the same in young and old animals.
Spatial variability of karst soil pH on drainage basin scale——A case in Xiaojiang basin,Yunnan

The Xiaojiang basin in Yunnan province,Southwest China,covers an area about 1 034 km2and locates in 24°12'～24°45'N and 103°32'～104°00'E.The basin is mainly underlain by the Triassic System with carbonate rocks of 617 km2about 60% of the total area.In this study,the spatial variation of soil pH in Xiaojiang basin is determined by means of geostatistics and GIS to provide theory foundation for quantitative studying soil properties on drainage basin scale in karst area.Based on different stratum,landform,and land-use type,177 soil samples(0～20 cm) were collected from the watershed.The soil pH was analyzed using the electric potential method.The geostatistical characteristics,spatial trend and azimuth of anisotropic axle of soil pH were analyzed using the Geostatistical Analyst,ArcGIS 9.2.And a contour map of soil pH for the watershed using Kriging interpolation was obtained.The results are as follows:(1) Combination of geostatistics and GIS is the very power tool for quantitative studying soil properties in watershed scale.The global trend and semi-variogram parameters obtained from the explore data and the semi-variogram analysis can show the spatial variation of soil pH in Xiaojiang watershed.(2) The distribution of soil was highly variable in Xiaojiang watershed.Statistical analysis showed differences in soil among different stratum,landform and land-use type.The coefficient of variation(CV) of soil pH was greatest in sandstone(CV=10.9%) and smallest in Quaternary soil(CV=8.2%) among stratum;and greatest in valley soil(13.3%) and smallest in karst basin(7.1%) among landform,and greatest in cultivated land(CV=9.7 %) and smallest in forest land soil(CV=8.6 %) among land-use types.For all soil samples(n=177),the mean,minimum,maximum,standard deviation and coefficient of variation of soil pH were 6.74,5.18,7.97,0.67 and 9.9%,respectively.(3) The spatial correlation distance(ranges) was 12 km which indicated there is an obvious spatial heterogeneity of karst soil in watershed scale.The nugget variance(0.006) indicated a small disconnection of the semivariogram value from the origin,and the sill(0.012) showed a small semivariogram value for distance beyond the ranges;and the integrative comparison of the prediction errors from the trend effects indicated that the two order trend effect was preferable.(4) There is a different in the spatial distribution of soil pH in the watershed.The Kriging spatial interpolation showed that soil pH value showed obvious spatial variability which there showed an obvious zonal spatial pattern in the east of the watershed,but showed obvious patches spatial pattern in the middle and west of watershed.Also,soil value showed obvious inversion U from the east to the west and from the north to the south in the watershed.The high level band of soil pH is in the middle part of the watershed.The spatial variability of soil pH is mostly contributed to the stratum,landform and land-use type in the watershed.
Effects of mechanical left ventricular support on right ventricular diastolic function.

BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that left ventricular (LV) unloading alters right ventricular (RV) systolic mechanics, but the effects of LV assist device (LVAD) support on RV diastolic function have not been examined in intact subjects. METHODS Seven closed-chest, sedated dogs were studied after placement of a LVAD and 27 myocardial markers; in four animals, a right coronary artery occluder was placed to induce acute RV free wall ischemia. Data were recorded with the LVAD off and LVAD on before (control) and during RV ischemia. Assessment of RV diastolic function included RV myocardial relaxation (time constant of isovolumic pressure decay [tau]), RV chamber stiffness (slope of the end-diastolic pressure-volume relation), and RV filling dynamics (peak filling rate and mean filling rate during early diastole). RESULTS During control, full LVAD support did not alter RV tau (104 +/- 67 msec LVAD off versus 109 +/- 49 msec LVAD on, p > 0.50), RV diastolic stiffness (0.56 +/- 0.31 versus 0.51 +/- 0.25 mm Hg/ml, p > 0.20), peak filling rate (107 +/- 51 versus 119 +/- 82 ml/sec, p > 0.35) or mean filling rate during early diastole (32 +/- 28 versus 27 +/- 18 ml/sec, p > 0.40). With right coronary artery occlusion, RV tau rose to 136 +/- 33 msec (p 0.20). With mechanical LV support during acute RV ischemia, there was no additional change in RV tau, diastolic stiffness, or filling dynamics (p > 0.20). CONCLUSIONS In intact animals, RV ischemia impaired RV relaxation and decreased chamber stiffness, but there was no change in RV filling rates. Mechanical LV support, during the control state and with RV ischemia, did not affect RV diastolic performance.
5-Fluorouracil and Glaucoma Filtering Surgery: II. A Pilot Study

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) was injected subconjunctivally after glaucoma filtering surgery in a pilot study of eyes with poor surgical prognoses. Twenty-seven (79%) of the 34 aphakic eyes with glaucoma achieved an intraocular pressure (IOP) of less than or equal to 21 mmHg (range of follow-up on nonreoperated eyes, 91 -468 days). Nine (69%) of 13 eyes with neovascular glaucoma achieved an IOP of less than or equal to 21 mmHg (range of follow-up on nonreoperated eyes, 120-379 days). Eight (89%) of nine phakic eyes with glaucoma following unsuccessful filtering procedures achieved an IOP of less than or equal to 21 mmHg (range of follow-up on nonreoperated eyes, 134-394 days). Visual acuities remained within one line of their preoperative levels or improved in 32 (94%) of the 34 aphakic eyes with glaucoma, eight (62%) of the 13 eyes with neovascular glaucoma, and six (67%) of the nine phakic eyes with glaucoma following unsuccessful filtering procedures. Postoperative corneal epithelial defects occurred in 45% of the cases. Conjunctival wound and conjunctival needle tract leaks were observed in 41% of the cases, but only one eye required wound revision. No other serious side effects that we attributed to 5-FU were observed. It seems that postoperative subconjunctival 5-FU increases the likelihood of achieving IOP control following filtering surgery in eyes with poor surgical prognoses; however, a randomized clinical trial is necessary to confirm this.
Repression of the Pontin (RUVBL1, TIP49) Gene By BCL6: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Human B and T Cell Lymphomas

The human BCL6 gene encodes a transcriptional repressor that is needed for germinal center B cell development and T follicular helper cell differentiation, and it is best known for its association with certain human lymphomas, especially the diffuse large B-cell type. We devised a cell system in which the BCL6 repressive effects are inhibited with the goal of detecting the consequently upregulated BCL6 target genes. In order to do this, we converted the BCL6 zinc fingers (BCL6ZF), which can bind DNA but lack repressive effects, into a transcriptional activator and used this construct to compete with endogenous BCL6 in BJAB cells (Burkitt lymphoma cell line) which express high levels of BCL6. We used subtractive hybridization methodology to amplify differentially expressed sequences and identified the Pontin gene (also called Pontin 52, RUVBL1, TIP49, NMP238) as a potential target of BCL6 repression. We confirmed Pontin as a BCL6 target. Northern blots prepared from BJAB cells that had been transfected with the BCL6 ZF construct or the vector in which it was cloned were hybridized with the cDNA fragment of Pontin obtained from cDNA subtraction and amplification. Scanning densitometry, used to normalize relative band intensity to β -actin, indicated that differential expression of Pontin as compared with the vector control was 2.6-fold (p Pontin is a transcriptional cofactor with ATPase activity that is part of the AAA+ (ATPases Associated with diverse cellular Activities) superfamily which includes a large group of ring-shaped complexes that are involved in multiple cellular processes. The Pontin protein is expressed virtually ubiquitously, is evolutionarily conserved, and is expressed in both the cell nucleus and cytoplasm. The BCL6 protein, also expressed ubiquitously and evolutionarily conserved, is upregulated 3 to 34 times in the nucleus of lymph node germinal center B cells as compared with resting B cells. It has been called a "master regulator" of the germinal center. It is possible, judging from the many essential functions of Pontin, that it, too, is a kind of "master regulator." Further understanding of the relationship between BCL6 and Pontin may help to provide new insights concerning the initiation and progression of B and T cell lymphomas. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Asymmetric DNA Unwrapping Drives Sequential Dimer Release in Nucleosomes

The fundamental structures of genome packaging in the nucleus are nucleosomes, whose stability and dynamics provide key mechanisms for the epigenetic control of genes. The canonical nucleosome consists of 147 basepairs of DNA tightly wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins. In vitro and in vivo studies reveal a growing diversity of nucleosomal structures with varying DNA conformations and histone compositions that facilitate epigenetic activity. Since characterization of the kinetic pathways between different biologically relevant nucleosomes species remain elusive, we developed a novel biophysical method to probe the coordination between changes in DNA conformation and reconfiguration of the histone core.
A Heart of Stone: Cardiac Fibroblasts Turn to Bone in Calcified Hearts.

The identity of the cells and molecular events driving deleterious calcification of heart muscle remains elusive. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Pillai et al. (2017) report that cardiac fibroblasts respond to injury by adopting an osteogenic cell fate and creating damaging calcific deposits, which can be prevented by inhibiting the activated mineralization process.
Using closure tables to enable cross-querying of ontologies in database-driven applications

We demonstrate that closure tables are an effective data structure for developing database-driven applications that query biomedical ontologies and that require cross-querying between multiple ontologies. A closure table stores all available paths within a tree, even those without a direct parent-child relationship; additionally, a node can have multiple ancestors which gives the foundation for supporting linkages between controlled ontologies. We augment the meta-data structure of the ICD9 and ICD10 ontologies included in i2b2, an open source query tool for identifying patient cohorts, to utilize a closure table. We describe our experiences in incorporating existing mappings between ontologies to enable clinical and health researchers to identify patient populations using the ontology that best matches their preference and expertise.
1×256 multi-layer, low-loss, Si 3 N 4 waveguide optical phased arrays with 0.050° instantaneous-field-of-view

We report multilayer 1×256 Si 3 N 4 optical phased arrays with 8-stage multimode interferometer (MMI) tree. The device shows 4.5 μm mode size, 3 dB excess loss and far field pattern with 0.050° beam width.
Human Rights-Based Approach to Disaster Management: Valparaiso, Chile

An overview of the devastating April 2014 wildfire that destroyed a large number of homes and killed 15 people in the communities surrounding Valparaiso, Chile, is provided. Utilizing a human rights-based framework, a qualitative study was conducted 6 months after the disaster to examine the community’s response. Interviews were held with formal and informal community leaders, as well as community organizers and members of the Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso (PUCV). These interviews depicted a number of interrelated variables and, most notably, a strong sense of community emerged, which was consistent with the informal system in place among the residents of the Upper Hills. This informal support system emerged over the years due to a lack of capacity in place by the local government. The findings of this study could be held as an example for other communities who find little support or resources from their local governments. Findings from the research provide direction and steps to enhance preparedness and build capacity for communities, especially in times of both man-made and natural disasters.
Improvements in Membrane Microfiltration Using Coagulation Pretreatment

An important consideration in water and wastewater treatment using low-pressure membrane filters is the potential for reductions in permeation rate due to the accumulation of colloidal and macromolecular materials on and within the membrane. One strategy for improving membrane performance has been proposed [1] in which colloids capable of entering membrane pores are coagulated to produce particles that are rejected by the membrane. Increasing the size of particles applied to membrane filtration units by coagulation may improve permeate flux by 1) reducing foulant penetration into pores, 2) forming a more porous cake on the membrane surface that may act as a dynamic membrane thereby protecting the membrane from long term fouling, and 3) decreasing the accumulation of foulants near the membrane due to particle size effects on particle transport. In this paper, a pilot study is reported in which metal coagulants were added to improve the permeate flux, fouling characteristics, and water quality produced by tubular ceramic microfiltration membranes with different nominal pore sizes.
Reducing risk of Clostridium difficile infection and overall use of antibiotic in the outpatient treatment of urinary tract infection.

Background:Risk of community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection (CA-CDI) following antibiotic treatment specifically for urinary tract infection (UTI) has not been evaluated.Methods:We conduc...
Environmental Controls on Groundwater Chemistry in an Offshore Island Aquifer: Fiesta Key, Florida

A field study was undertaken on the Florida Bay side of Fiesta Key, Florida, to identify the chemical characteristics of a previously unexplored offshore groundwater system and to define the critical parameters affecting groundwater movement and interaction with sediment pore fluids and bedrock. Emphasis was placed on the upper 2 meters of bedrock, where groundwater recharge and discharge potentials are maximized, along a 100 meter transect extending from the island margin. Bedrock cores were used to describe Pleistocene depositional textures, and were sampled at discrete depths to determine the extent of water-rock interaction. Piezometers installed into each core hole were used to monitor surface and ground water tide levels, and for the systematic collection of water samples for a large suite of chemical determinations. Aqueous chemical data indicate that these groundwaters are marine in origin, anoxic, and moderately hypersaline (S = 36–40). Exchange of bedrock pore fluids with overlying Bay waters is restricted by a layer of Holocene sediment and a discontinuous soilstone crust formed at the modern bedrock surface. Groundwater chemistry near the sediment/bedrock interface is marked by elevated concentrations of total alkalinity and Ca2+, and by significant Mg2+ depletion. These waters likely acquired their unusual chemistry by mixing between deeper groundwaters and overlying, early diagenetically altered, sediment porewaters. High alkalinity and calcium concentrations presumably result from the combination of the effects of aerobic metabolism, carbonate dissolution, and sulfate reduction. Mg-depletion most likely resulted from the precipitation of Mg-calcite. These unusual chemistries disappear by 2 m depth in the groundwater system, where Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations are similar to those expected for seawater under slightly hypersaline conditions. The Pleistocene bedrock contains low Mg, Sr, F, and P concentrations relative to the overlying unconsolidated Holocene carbonate sediments. This is consistent with the diagenetic recrystallization processes that the bedrock has undergone. Hydraulic conditions favor the net recharge of Florida Bay seawater to the groundwater system, but there are insufficient tide data to identify cyclical water exchange rates or groundwater flow patterns.
Food safety practices among pregnant women and mothers in the women, infants, and children program, Miami, Florida.

Pregnant women and infants are two groups at the highest risk of severe outcomes from foodborne illnesses. We surveyed adult clients of a Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) clinic serving predominately African Americans in inner-city Miami, Florida, to assess food safety practices. Eligible and consenting women completed a 23-item self-administered survey with questions concerning food handling practices around the Partnership for Food Safety Education's Fight BAC! campaign constructs of “clean,” “separate” (not cross-contaminated), “cook,” and “chill.” Of 342 eligible clients, 299 (87.4%) consented to participate. In general, the clients' food safety practices were most problematic in the cook and chill constructs. Using a cooking thermometer, refrigerating foods within 2 h, and thawing them safely were the least commonly reported safe practices. Women who were pregnant with their first child had the lowest food safety practice scores. Of the 62 pregnant participants, 32 (51.6%) reported eating hot dogs ...
A real-time executive for a distributed processing system

The design of a small, special purpose real-time executive for a microprocessor is discussed. The executive was designed for use on an automatic in-circuit tester containing multiple processors. Special attention is given to the motivation for developing the executive and to the design considerations that a distributed processing environment demand. Because of the well-defined and limited nature of the tasks resident on the microprocessor, optimizing design simplifications could be made. The executive still provides the major services necessary for a multitasking system: inter-task communication, inter-task synchronization and peripheral allocation and management.
SPECIFICITY CONSIDERATIONS RELEVANT TO PROTEIN KINASE ACTIVATION AND FUNCTION

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the specificity considerations relevant to protein kinase activation and function. Steps involving the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of enzymes occur in a number of regulatory cascade systems, and it is clear that the protein kinase-catalyzed steps in these processes are carefully controlled. For the protein kinases to function in a meaningful manner it is essential that they respond to specific signals that impinge on them and that in turn they manifest selectivity in the reactions that they catalyze. In this chapter, these aspects of specificity are examined briefly. Ability of protein kinases to respond to specific signals impinging on them is recognized explicitly by the existence of a nomenclature system that is based on the nature of the signal. This system of nomenclature has been discussed. The chapter highlights that the first protein kinase to be named according to the scheme was the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase followed shortly by the cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase. This chapter also elaborates amino acid sequences of phosphorylated sites in natural protein substrates of cyclic amp-dependent protein kinase.
Measurement Invariance of the Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 Across Gender and Racial Groups.

Objective: Food addiction reflects a substance use disorder framework, suggesting certain foods (e.g., high-fat, high-sugar foods) may trigger an addictive-like eating response in vulnerable indivi...
PD-1 blockade to treat mucosal and uveal melanoma: The University of Pittsburghh experience.

e21042Background: Uveal and mucosal melanomas are rare subtypes with a mean age-adjusted incidence of 5.6 and 2.3 cases per million person-years. Metastatic uveal and mucosal patients (pts) tend to...
Romantische Realität: Ludwig Tiecks ‘Reisegedichte’ und die Persistenz frühromantischen Denkens

Ludwig Tieck’s Italian journey of 1805–6 is usually considered to be a turning point in the life and oeuvre of this author. The poetological and aesthetic differences between works he wrote before ...
A Study on Economical Vehicle Platooning Strategy in Urban Driving Scenarios

This paper presents a qualitatively study of driver's behavior impacts on the fuel consumption and travel time of vehicle platooning system under urban driving scenarios. Vehicle platooning is proven advantageous in improving traffic flow, safety, energy efficiency and emission performance. To design effective platooning strategy, a better understanding of how each driver's behavior influences the overall platoon fuel and time cost will be helpful. An integrated microscopic traffic model with fuel consumption estimation is developed to simulate urban traffic. Each driver's behavior is categorically depicted by personalized parameters in the model. Through extensive Monte Carlo simulations, a strong correlation result is found between maximum acceleration of leading car and travel time, fuel consumption, monetized cost of the platoon, respectively. The relationship is further described by a first-order rational model with reasonably well goodness of fit.
Increased Rates of Readmission, Reoperation, and Mortality Following Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Ankle Fractures Are Associated With Diabetes Mellitus.

The purpose of this study was to compare the rates of readmission, reoperation, and mortality in patients with and without diabetes mellitus during the 30-day postoperative period after ankle fracture surgery. Patients who underwent operative management for ankle fractures between 2006 and 2015 were identified in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program® database by using Current Procedural Terminology codes for ankle fracture surgery. A total of 17,464 patients undergoing ankle fracture surgery were identified. Of these patients, 2044 (11.7%) had diabetes and 15,420 (88.3%) did not have diabetes. We excluded patients older than 90 years or with inadequate perioperative data. Patients with diabetes had significantly higher rates of readmission (2.84% vs 1.05%, p < .0001), significantly higher rates of unplanned reoperation (2.3% vs 0.74%, p < .0001), and significantly higher rates of mortality (0.7% vs 0.2%, p < .0001) compared with patients without diabetes. Additionally, patients with diabetes had significantly greater age-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of unplanned readmission (OR 2.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.74 to 3.31, p < .0001), unplanned reoperation (OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.44 to 3.27, p < .0001), and mortality (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.08 to 3.62, p = .0432) than did patients without diabetes after ankle surgery. In this large-scale retrospective study, we demonstrated that the presence of diabetes significantly increases the risk of unplanned readmission, unplanned reoperation, and mortality during the 30-day postoperative period after ankle fracture surgery.
Numerical investigation of nanoscale electromechanical response in a ferroelectric perovskite through an atomistic field theory

AbstractAn atomistic field theory was introduced to study the electromechanical response in a ferroelectric perovskite at nanoscale. Based on a shell model potential, the polarization switching pro...
Evaluating the Effects of a Writing Self-Efficacy Intervention on Writing Quantity in Middle School Students.

Research findings support a relationship between writing self-efficacy and writing production. A multiple-probe across students design was used to evaluate the effects of a writing intervention, wh...
Co-occurrence of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 4 and spinal neurofibromatosis: a case report

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) type 4 is a rare genetic condition that results from variants of the CDKN1B gene and predisposes individuals to develop endocrine tumors. Spinal neurofibromatosis (SNF) is an uncommon subtype of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) characterized by bilateral neurofibromas of all spinal roots. Here we report a case of the co-occurrence of these syndromes, which has not yet been described in the literature. A male in his 60s presented with Gleason 5 + 4 localized prostate adenocarcinoma treated with radical prostatectomy. Two years later, he developed liver and bone metastasis consistent with trans-differentiation into small cell carcinoma. He developed hypercalcemia due to primary hyperparathyroidism from a parathyroid adenoma treated surgically. His family history was significant for a first-degree relative with a clinical diagnosis of NF1 and several second-degree relatives with multiple cafe-au-lait macules. Spine MRI showed multiple bilateral neurofibromas. Germline genetic testing showed a pathogenic variant in the CDKN1B gene, a variant in the NF1 gene, and a normal MEN1 gene. In this rare case of MEN4 and SNF, the patient was asymptomatic for much of his life. In addition to parathyroid adenoma and spinal neurofibromas, he had prostate adenocarcinoma with trans-differentiation into metastatic small cell cancer. Whether this diagnosis was coincidental or related to an emerging phenotype remains to be elucidated.
Distribution and abundance of elasmobranchs and large teleost fishes in a subtropical seagrass ecosystem: community structure along environmental and spatial gradients

We used fishery-independent gillnet and longline surveys to document the elasmobranch and large teleost assemblages in the Florida Big Bend seagrass system and examine how ichthyofaunal assemblages were related to environmental factors across the region. A total of 159 paired gillnet sets were conducted in June through August from 2009 to 2012. The Big Bend, an expansive system nearly 300 km in length with seagrass from nearshore up to 20 km offshore, is inhabited by at least 13 species of elasmobranch and 56 species of larger teleost fishes during the summer. Five species dominate, including three species of sharks, two carcharhinids (Atlantic sharpnose sharks, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae Richardson, and blacktip sharks, Carcharhinus limbatus Mueller and Henle) and one sphyrnid (bonnethead sharks, Sphyrna tiburo Linnaeus), and two species of ariid catfishes (hardhead catfish, Ariopsis felis Linnaeus, and gafftopsail catfish, Bagre marinus Mitchill). We used a tiered community analysis approach which included hierarchical cluster analysis, indicator species analysis, and non-metric multidimensional scaling with environmental fitting using a Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix. Abiotic variables correlated with community structure included salinity, water clarity, and depth. Summer ichthyofaunal assemblages were spatially variable with a distinct southern zone where salinity and water clarity are consistently high relative to the rest of the system, and we hypothesize the observed patterns in community structure are related to a gradient of river influence in the Big Bend.
Grazing diverse combinations of tanniferous and nontanniferous legumes: implications for foraging behavior, performance, and hair cortisol in beef cattle.

A diversity of forages with different types and concentrations of nutrients and plant secondary compounds may lead to complementary relationships that enhance cattle performance and welfare. We determined whether grazing combinations of tanniferous legumes (Lotus corniculatus, birdsfoot trefoil [BFT], Onobrychis viciifolia, sainfoin [SF]), and alfalfa [ALF] (Medicago sativa) influence foraging behavior, performance, and hair cortisol concentration in beef cattle compared with grazing the same legumes as monocultures. Twenty-one pairs of heifers grazed three spatial replications of seven treatments: monocultures of BFT, SF, or ALF, and all possible two- and three-way choices among strips of these legumes: SF-BFT, ALF-BFT, ALF-SF, and ALF-SF-BFT in two periods of 25 d each (adaptation phase + experimental period) during two consecutive years. The lowest incidence of grazing events occurred in the BFT treatment (42.0% of the total scans recorded; P 0.10), with two major grazing events (1 h after sunrise and 3 h before dark). No differences among treatments were observed for the number of steps taken by heifers on a daily basis, motion index, or the percentage of time heifers spent standing (1,599, 5,356, and 45.3%, respectively; P > 0.10), suggesting that heifers on choice treatments did not invest extra time in walking, searching, or patch switching activities relative to heifers grazing monocultures. Heifers grazing the three-way choice gained more body weight (1.27 kg/d) than the average gains observed for animals grazing in all legume monocultures (1.00 kg/d; P = 0.014) or two-way choices (0.97 kg/d; P = 0.007), suggesting a synergism among pasture species for the treatment with the highest diversity. No differences in hair cortisol concentration were observed among treatments, with values ranging between 1.4 (BFT) and 2.12 ng/g (three-way choice; P > 0.10). Thus, forage diversity has the potential to enhance animal performance without affecting grazing efficiency, likely explained by the spatial arrangement of the forage species presented in the study.
Feminist theory and the problem of misogyny

Feminist theory, broadly construed, lacks a comprehensive theory of misogyny. While there has been a great deal of feminist work dedicated to analysing the social, cultural, political, and institut...
Vital Linkages: A Study of the Role of Linking Social Capital in a Philippine Disaster Recovery and Rebuilding Effort

This study explores the disaster response, political transformation and community development prospects of the Philippine community of Guinsaugon, a village devastated by a 2006 landslide. Utilizing a social justice perspective, we analyze a range of qualitative data collected over a 5-year period to understand how linking capital functions following a major social disruption. An understudied form of social capital and linking capital features embeddedness, shared values and mutual goals between individuals and groups that are divided by cleavages of class, power and privilege. We uncovered three major outcomes. First, an existing village institution—Cristo Rey High School—was a principal agent of distributive justice, providing immediate material goods and social support to the survivors. This local institution was deeply embedded in the village, yet maintained extensive ties with outside groups that provided crucial resources. Second, linking capital contributed to procedural justice and political transformation. The disaster sparked many emigrants to return to the village and form The ATHena Project: Advocacy for Transparency and Honesty, a civil society organization that promoted accountability and helped dethrone a local political dynasty. Finally, our study uncovered a crucial limitation of linking capital. This powerful social resource did not help fulfill essential elements of long-term community development, such as helping secure land, sustainable jobs or infrastructural development for re-located Guinsaugon villagers. In this way, we underscore the importance of a strong developmental state in post-disaster recovery. Without it, some of the gains derived from linking capital do not endure, undermining the advances of distributive and procedural justice that followed a major social disruption.
Elimination of harmonies in a multilevel converter for HEV applications

One promising technology to interface battery packs in electric and hybrid electric vehicles are multilevel converters. In the work presented here, it is shown how the switching times (angles) in a multilevel inverter can be chosen to achieve a required fundamental voltage and not generate specific higher order harmonics. The method gives a complete solution to the problem in that all possible solutions are found.
Effect of Two Instrument Designs on Laparoscopic Skills Performance

Objective To determine whether laparoscopic skills performance is affected by instrument design. Study Design Randomized crossover study. Sample Population Veterinarians (n = 14) with variable laparoscopic experience. Methods Laparoscopic skills performance was assessed with the McGill Inanimate System for Training and Evaluation of Laparoscopic Skills (MISTELS). Participants performed 3 MISTELS tasks twice during 2 sessions (4 tests total). Each set of instruments (set A, B) was used once during each session, and instrument order was switched between the first and second sessions. Surgeons were randomly allocated to either the AB-BA or the BA-AB sequence in a balanced fashion. Scores were compared between instrument sets A and B. Results Overall, participants performed better when using set A compared with set B. This difference was most striking in the pattern-cutting task (which used scissors and graspers), less convincing in the peg transfer task (which used 2 graspers), and nonexistent in the ligature loop task (which used 1 grasper and 1 pretied ligature loop). Conclusions Laparoscopic skills performance, as assessed by MISTELS testing, is affected by instrument design.
Soil–Water Characteristic Curves for Soils Stabilized with Class C Fly Ash

Low-volume roads are often constructed with untreated or lightly treated gravels as the surface or base, and these materials are sensitive to moisture variation. The proper design of low-volume roads requires determining the effects of moisture variation on soil behaviors. A soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) that characterizes the relationship between the degree of saturation and suction is an important tool for quantifying the mechanical properties of unsaturated soils. The increased use of additives to improve the engineering properties of marginal soils in pavement design has necessitated the need for rapid methods to quantify the SWCC of stabilized soils. This study used the dewpoint method for quick measurement of suction values at various water contents for silt and clay soils stabilized with Class C fly ash. The results indicate that significant suction could exist in soils stabilized with fly ash and that the suction values are greatly affected by the degree of saturation. The suction and deg...
Teaching linked lists and recursion without conditionals or null

We describe a natural and principled approach to teaching linked data structures and recursion in CS0, CS1 or CS2, and compare the difficulty of using this approach in C++, Java, and Scheme.
Inversion of Transfer Modes and Sex Factor-Chromosome Interactions in Conjugation in Escherichia coli

A study was made of the mating properties of an unusual system of interconvertible donor strains of Escherichia coli K-12: Ra-1, Ra-2, and RaF(+). The Ra-1 and Ra-2 strains are Hfr strains whose origins are widely separated on the chromosome and whose transfer modes proceed in the opposite direction from one another. When Ra-1 cells were mated with females, a small fraction of the donors transferred markers via the Ra-2 mode. This effect was enhanced by preconjugal ultraviolet (UV) treatment of the Ra-1 cells. Among the survivors of UV-treated Ra-1 cells, a few stable Ra-2 cells were found. When Ra-2 cells were used as the donors, some of them were found to mate via the Ra-1 mode, in analogy with the Ra-1 to Ra-2 alteration with inversion of F mentioned above. Related experiments suggested that the inversion occurs by detachment of the F factor from one Hfr origin locus, followed by reassociation of the F factor with the other Hfr origin locus. Both the Ra-1 and Ra-2 strains reverted spontaneously to an F(+) strain, called RaF(+). Cultures of RaF(+) cells were found to mate primarily according to the Ra-1 and Ra-2 transfer modes, with smaller contributions also coming from transfer modes with origins elsewhere on the chromosome in a way which is similar to the transfer of markers from a normal F(+) strain. The RaF(+) sex factor was found to be wild type, whereas the chromosome was found to carry irregularities (sex factor affinity loci) at the locations of the Ra-1 and Ra-2 origins. Only about 10% of the donor capacity of the RaF(+) strain was due to stable spontaneous Hfr cells in cultures of RaF(+) cells.
Science teachers’ decision-making in Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage (AOUM) classrooms: taboo subjects and discourses of sex and sexuality in classroom settings

Sex education, especially in the southeastern USA, remains steeped in an Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage (AOUM) approach, which sets up barriers to the education of sexually active students. Research confirms that science education has the potential to facilitate discussion of controversial topics, including sex education. Science teachers in the USA, however, may face legislative challenges influenced by the local political and social climate. This study aims to understand how science teachers address and construct curriculum related to sex education topics in AOUM environments. A Foucauldian lens is used to examine how teachers’ discourses influence decision-making concerning sex education. Findings from the study suggest that the AOUM curriculum influences the ways in which science teachers make decisions about the curriculum and taboo subjects such as homosexuality and abortion. The study also suggests that students learn about sex and sexuality in ways directly related to their personal experiences. F...
Flow injection with chemical reaction interface–isotope ratio mass spectrometry: an alternative to off-line combustion for detecting low levels of enriched 13C in mass balance studies

We have evaluated the potential of flow injection chemical reaction interface isotope-ratio mass spectrometry to replace radioactive labeling techniques in material balance studies. A sample is flow injected and transmitted through a desolvation system followed by combustion to form 13CO2 with a microwave-powered chemical reaction interface. We can detect trace amounts of a 13C-labeled drug (3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine, AZT) in urine or feces. Our ability to quantify less than 100 ng/mL of excess 13C (∼1 µg/mL of 13C-labeled AZT) from a sample equivalent to 10 µL of urine is superior to previous detection limits for 13C in urine that use off-line combustion methods. Parallel studies using 14C-labeled AZT showed that our stable isotope method provides comparable percent excretion data for urine and feces. These results support previous findings that mass balance studies could be carried out with isotope-ratio mass spectrometer, here using doses as low as 1–2 mg/kg.
Metastatic liposarcoma of the brain with response to chemotherapy: Case report

Metastatic liposarcomas to the brain are rare. The authors describe a patient with a 20-year history of liposarcoma originating in the thigh and metastatic to the brain 18 years later. The brain metastasis was removed by surgery. Nine months later, the patient developed metastases to the retroperitoneum and liver. At that same time, she had recurrent brain metastasis. She was then treated with chemotherapy. The abdominal mass shrank considerably in the beginning, and the recurrent brain metastases totally disappeared. The patient eventually succumbed to widespread liposarcoma. Autopsy revealed extensive liposarcoma involving the retroperitoneum, liver, and lung, but no trace of tumor was found in the brain.
Effects of estrogen on the transition zone of the mouse uterine cervix.

Effects of estrogen on the transition zone of the mouse uterine cervix were studied. 13-week-old mice were bilaterally ovariectomized and 1 week later received a single subcutaneous injection of 2.3 mcg est radiol benzoate. Groups of mice were sacrificed immediately and at 6-12 hour intervals for 96 hours. The genital tracts were removed and the following analyses were performed: 1) classification of junctions 2) epithelial proliferation analysis and 3) stratified and columnar epithelia analysis. Mitotic activity increased as time elapsed after estrogen administration and produced a concomitant increase in stratification of squamous epithelium. The squamocolumnar junction changed from gradual transition to an abrupt demarcation. Subcolumnar cells in the transition zone developed into a reticulum of stratified squamous epithelium. 60 hours postinjection the reticulum appeared to become less complex as evidenced by reduced nodule counts indicating that continued proliferation resulted in the coalescence of some adjacent nodules. No evidence of any contribution of metaplasia to estrogen-induced epidermization was found.
Measurements of chemical carcinogen-induced sister-chromatid exchanges in a whole organ in vitro.

Abstract Sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) was measured in epithelial cells of mammary organs exposed to 3 different carcinogens in vitro. 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]antharacene (DMBA), N-nitrosodiethylamine (DENA) and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) are capable of inducing a significant enhancement of SCE over the basal level in the mammary cells. Analysis of SCE caused by the mutagenic and/or carcinogenic agents in the organ culture presents the advantages that: (1) the culture procedure does not require enzymatic dissociation of the tissue and (2) the medium does not need to be supplemented with serum or exogenous mitogenic agents thereby minimizing the basal level of SCE. Moreover, the assay does not require utilization of exogenous microsomal enzymes needed for activation of certain carcinogenic chemicals. SCE measurements in the organ culture system also should provide clues about the mechanism of action of the chemopreventive agents, particularly the antioxidants, which are under investigation for their possible influence on the processes of neoplastic transformation.
10–25 NM piezoelectric nano-actuators and NEMS switches for millivolt computational logic

This paper reports, for the first time, on the design, fabrication, and measurement of piezoelectric nano-actuators and novel stress-compensating NEMS switches based on 10-25 nm thick aluminum nitride (AlN) films. These ultrathin, highly c-axis oriented, and low-stress AlN films were synthesized over very thin platinum layers using reactive sputtering. The extracted d31 piezoelectric coefficients are -1.73 pC/N and -1.77 pC/N for the 10 nm and 25 nm films, respectively (90% and 92% of their microscale counterpart). Thanks to the scaling of the piezoelectric film thickness and the proposed switch design, the switch exhibits a threshold voltage of 0.2 mV and a subthreshold slope of 0.033 mV/decade - the smallest ever reported for a mechanical transistor. Overall, the NEM relay exhibits a switching energy of ~ 0.01 aJ, making it a very promising candidate for ultra-low power digital computing and memory applications.
Turbulent heat transfer associated with control surface at Mach 6.

Turbulent heat transfer associated with controls for attached or separated flow analyzed for design of hypersonic cruise aircraft
High temperature resistance of the terrestrial red mite (Balaustium sp.) as a product of suppressed heat induced water permeability

Abstract An impressive capacity to thrive at temperatures as high as 50°C is reported for adults of the velvet mite, Balaustium sp. near putmani (Acari: Erythraeidae) from Ohio, USA. This mite also has the ability to recover from injury due to heat shock, demonstrating a 2/3 survival rate after treatment at 52°C. Exposure to 54°C was lethal and could not be protected against by conditioning at a sublethal temperature. These mites exhibit a 50-52°C threshold where evaporative water loss rate accelerates sharply, an inflection point that we have designated as the lethal permeability temperature (LPT); mortality is attributed to rapid water loss at temperatures above LPT. When data are plotted on an Arrhenius plot as in the case of critical transition temperature (CTT) however, this inflection point (LPT) disappears, thus implying that this mite resists an increase in cuticular lipid fluidity as the temperature rises.
Actions of identified neuromodulatory neurons in a simple motor system

Recent work on neurons that release slow neuromodulators has revealed important generalities about the roles played by neuromodulation in motor systems. Activity of these cells can affect the cellular and synaptic properties of central pattern generating circuits, orchestrating new variations of motor patterns and sometimes coordinating their outputs with other motor patterns. Many modulatory neurons use multiple transmitters to evoke both fast and slow synaptic responses of various types in different target cells. Some modulatory cells can have a mediating as well as a modulating role, simultaneously acting as sensory neurons or components of another pattern generating circuit.
Introduction to the Special Section on Advanced Process Control

The nine papers selected for the current special section reflect the continued maturation of advanced process control (APC) research and its movement into new application and technology areas.
An integumental anatomy for the butterfly Glaucopsyche lygdamus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): a morphological terminology and homology

An integumental anatomy for the lycaenid butterfly Glaucopsyche lygdamus is presented. Comparisons with other lepidopteran taxa are made to rectify the homology of parts and contrast anatomical divergences within the Lycaenidae. A general terminology based on Snodgrass is given, to replace many of the specialized and often synonymous terms restricted to the Lepidoptera. Many common anatomical svnonyms are also given. Several reinterpretations of the anatomy and homology of various integumental regions are discussed. A previously unreported cuticular anomaly on abdominal tergum 2 of male Polyommatinae (Downey's area) is described. The following new or newly combined terms are used:postgenal-occipital area, postgenal-occipital protuberance, dorsal temporal sulci, postantennal projections, pronotal projection, infraepisternal-basisternal plate, paracoxal-marginopleural sulci, dorsal epimeral sulci, ventral epimeral sulci, secondary coxal sulci, ventral subcostal-radial process, lateral secondary sclerite and Downey's area.
Arene C-H bond activation: reaction of (Me3P)3Rh(Me) with toluene to give (Me3P)3Rh(Ar) where Ar is o-, m- and p-tolyl

Abstract The square-planar rhodium (I) compound, (Me 3 P) 3 Rh(Me), reacts with benzene or toluene at 70° to give (Me 3 P) 3 Rh(Ph) or (Me 3 P) 3 Rh(Ar) where Ar is o -, m -, p -tolyl along with methane. These aryl compounds were prepared independently and characterized by 1 H, 13 C{ 1 H}, and 31 P{ 1 H} NMR spectroscopy. The benzyl compound, prepared from PhCH 2 Li and (Me 3 P) 3 RhCl, is formulated as an η 3 -benzyl, is not formed in detectable amounts in the arene activation studies. The benzyl compound rearranges on heating to (Me 3 P) 3 Rh( o -tolyl) in near quantitative yield at 70°C. The four-coordinate compound, (Me 3 P) 3 Rh(Me), is fluxional at +20° though the fluxional process is stopped at −20°C. The five-coordinate compound, (Me 3 P) 4 Rh(Me), also is fluxional at +20°C though stereochemical rigid at −65°C. The geometry of the latter compound is based upon a trigonal bipyramid with the methyl group on the axial site.