cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maternal serum analyte levels in pregnancies with fetal Down syndrome resulting from translocations.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine whether pregnancies affected by fetal Down syndrome resulting from Robertsonian translocations are associated with second-trimester maternal serum analyte levels different from those resulting from fetal trisomy 21. STUDY DESIGN: Pregnancies with Down syndrome caused by Robertsonian translocations were identified through the cytogenetics laboratories at the participating institutions. Those with maternal serum screening values between 15 and 20 weeks were evaluated. RESULTS: Eleven cases of fetal Down syndrome caused by Robertsonian translocations were identified. The median α-fetoprotein, unconjugated estriol, and human chorionic gonadotropin levels were 0.68, 0.67, and 2.83 multiples of the median, respectively. These analyte levels are similar to those for fetal trisomy 21. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that Down syndrome resulting from either Robertsonian translocations or trisomy 21 will be detected in a similar percentage of cases because the second-trimester maternal serum analyte levels are similar. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:879-81.)
A Posteriori Error Analysis of the Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Two-Dimensional Linear Hyperbolic Conservation Laws on Cartesian Grids

In this paper, we provide the first a posteriori error analysis of the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for solving the two-dimensional linear hyperbolic conservation laws on Cartesian grids. The key ingredients in our error analysis are the recent optimal superconvergence results proved in Cao et al. (SIAM J Numer Anal 53:1651---1671, 2015). We first prove that the DG solution converges in the $$L^2$$L2-norm to a Radau interpolating polynomial under mesh refinement. The order of convergence is proved to be $$p+2$$p+2, when tensor product polynomials of degree at most p are used. Then we show that the actual error can be divided into a significant part and a less significant part. The significant part of the DG error is spanned by two $$(p+1)$$(p+1)-degree right Radau polynomials in the x and y directions. The less significant part converges to zero at $${\mathcal {O}}\left( h^{p+2}\right) $$Ohp+2. These results are used to construct simple, efficient and asymptotically exact a posteriori error estimates. Superconvergence towards the right Radau interpolating polynomial is used to prove that, for smooth solutions, our a posteriori DG error estimates converge at a fixed time to the true spatial errors in the $$L^2$$L2-norm at $${\mathcal {O}}\left( h^{p+2}\right) $$Ohp+2 rate. Finally, we prove that the global effectivity indices in the $$L^2$$L2-norm converge to unity at $${\mathcal {O}}(h)$$O(h) rate. Our proofs are valid for arbitrary regular Cartesian meshes using tensor product polynomials of degree at most p and for both the periodic and Dirichlet boundary conditions. Several numerical experiments are performed to validate the theoretical results.
Association of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) genotype with gray matter volume shrinkage in chronic alcohol users: Replication and further evaluation of an addiction gene panel

Background: Reduction in brain volume, especially gray matter volume (GMV), has been shown to be one of the many deleterious effects of prolonged alcohol consumption. High variance in the degree of gray matter tissue shrinkage among alcohol dependent individuals and a previous neuroimaging genetics report suggest the involvement of environmental and/or genetic factors, such as superoxide dismutase 2 ( SOD2 ). Identification of such underlying factors will help in the clinical management of alcohol dependence. Methods: We analyzed quantitative MRI and genotype data from 103 alcohol users, including both light drinkers and treatment seeking alcohol dependent individuals. Genotyping was performed using a custom gene array that included genes selected from eight pathways relevant to chronic alcohol-related brain volume loss. Results: We replicated a significant association of a functional SOD2 SNP with normalized GMV, which had been reported previously in an independent smaller sample of alcohol dependent individuals. The SOD2 -related genetic protection was observed only at the cohort's lower drinking range. Additional associations between normalized GMV and other candidate genes such as alcohol dehydrogenase gene cluster ( ADH ), GCLC, NOS3 and SYT1 were observed across the entire sample, but did not survive corrections for multiple comparisons. Conclusion: Converging independent evidence for a SOD2 gene association with GMV shrinkage in chronic alcohol users suggests that SOD2 genetic variants predict differential brain volume loss mediated by free radicals. This study also provides the first catalog of genetic variations relevant to gray matter loss in chronic alcohol users. The identified gene-brain structure relationships are functionally pertinent and merit replication.
Simulation analysis on harmonics pollution of large-scale wind system access to grid

The harmonic sources model of wind access to power system is established by measured and statistical methods.The harmonic power fow is analysed under different operation modes in power system based on the Gansu jiuquan area large scale wind system planning.The harmonic trend is analysed of the present stage and 2015 million kilowatt wind access to power system,calculation results show that the harmonics pollution is most serious at the point of wind access to the network,the harmonic pollution degree is damping along the line,the farther of electrical distance to harmonic sources the fewer harmonic,and the harmonic pollution decreased with the planning grid structure.This research will provide reference data for power grid planning and wind power quality management.
Pattern-based Decentralization and Run-time Adaptation Framework for Multi-site Workflow Orchestrations.

Scientific applications keep getting more complex, resulting in the need for more computational resources than may be available to scientists locally. As a result, for many scientists utilization of remote and heterogeneous computational resources has become a standard practice. However, effective utilization of these resources, especially for large-scale workflow applications, necessitates the employment of software tools that are efficient and adaptive. In this study, we propose a generic framework for the decentralization and run-time adaptation for the execution of large-scale workflow applications that span across diverse and heterogeneous resource domains. By exploiting the recurring DAG patterns, we come up with corresponding decentralization and adaptation patterns to be employed by peer workflow orchestration tools to cope with various resource-based challenges in the execution environment. Our framework adopts separation of concerns and consequently does not alter the business logic of the application. We provide a prototype implementation of our framework on a standard workflow orchestration tool. But, our framework is generic enough and can be easily incorporated by other orchestration tools.
Bio-inspired strategies for designing antifouling biomaterials

Contamination of biomedical devices in a biological medium, biofouling, is a major cause of infection and is entirely avoidable. This mini-review will coherently present the broad range of antifouling strategies, germicidal, preventive and cleaning using one or more of biological, chemical and physical techniques. These techniques will be discussed from the point of view of their ability to inhibit protein adsorption, usually the first step that eventually leads to fouling. Many of these approaches draw their inspiration from nature, such as emulating the nitric oxide production in endothelium, use of peptoids that mimic protein repellant peptides, zwitterionic functionalities found in membrane structures, and catechol functionalities used by mussel to immobilize poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). More intriguing are the physical modifications, creation of micropatterns on the surface to control the hydration layer, making them either superhydrophobic or superhydrophilic. This has led to technologies that emulate the texture of shark skin, and the superhyprophobicity of self-cleaning textures found in lotus leaves. The mechanism of antifouling in each of these methods is described, and implementation of these ideas is illustrated with examples in a way that could be adapted to prevent infection in medical devices.
Long-term sequelae of respiratory illness in infancy and childhood.

There is increasing evidence that pediatric respiratory illnesses may result in long-term residual abnormalities in lung function. Features of lung development are reviewed and the results of long-term follow-up studies of pediatric respiratory disorders are summarized.
The John Crear Library of the University of Chicago

The merger of the John Crerar Library with the University of Chicago is summarized. The new facility built to house the combined collections is described. The mission and services of the new library are noted.
Hypoglycemia of infancy and childhood

Hypoglycemia of infancy and childhood represents a treatable cause of mental retardation and seizures. Most neonates with hypoglycemia have transient disorders, but with persistent hypoglycemia one must consider hyperinsulinism, hypopituitarism, or hereditary hepatic enzyme deficiencies. Outside of the neonatal period, ketotic hypoglycemia is the most common cause of hypoglycemia in childhood. One cannot overemphasize the value of obtaining certain diagnostic tests at the presentation of spontaneous hypoglycemia, including blood for insulin, cortisol, growth hormone, and urine for ketone bodies. Supportive treatment with intravenous glucose to maintain the blood glucose greater than 50 mg/dl is important until a diagnosis is established allowing specific therapy aimed at the underlying disorder.
Comparison of 2 Disability Measures, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2013.

INTRODUCTION Beginning in 2013, in addition to the 2-item disability question set asked since 2001, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) began using 5 of the 6 items from the US Department of Health and Human Services-recommended disability question set. We assess and compare disability prevalence using the 2-question and 5-question sets and describe characteristics of respondents who identified as having a disability using each question set. METHODS We used data from the 2013 BRFSS to estimate the prevalence of disability for each question set and the 5 specific types of disability. Among respondents identified by each disability question set, we calculated the prevalence of selected demographic characteristics, health conditions, health behaviors, and health status. RESULTS With the 2-question set, 21.6% of adults had a disability and with the 5-question set, 22.7% of adults had disability. A total of 51.2% of adults who identified as having a disability with either the 2-question or 5-question set reported having disabilities with both sets. Adults with different disability types differed by demographic and health characteristics. CONCLUSION The inclusion of the 5 new disability questions in BRFSS provides a level of detail that can help develop targeted interventions and programs and can guide the adaptation of existing health promotion programs to be more inclusive of adults who experience specific types of disabilities.
Assembly FG: An Education Case Study Using QuickBooks as the AIS for a Small Manufacturing Business

ABSTRACT This education case is the first to use QuickBooks Premier Accountant to teach students foundation functionalities common to all Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems that support discrete manufacturing. Students learn how to configure QuickBooks so that direct materials, direct labor and applied manufacturing overhead costs charged to work-in-process parts manufactured at lower levels of the BOM are rolled up into the costs of higher-level work-in-process parts and, ultimately, into the costs of the finished goods parts. Students set up raw materials, work-in-process and finished goods part numbers so that quantities and costs of parts on-hand are tracked in inventory on the Perpetual Inventory System to provide an inventory subsidiary ledger that continuously matches the manufacturing inventory account balances in the Chart of Accounts. Students learn the importance of configuring Off the Shelf (OTS) manufacturing systems in accurately costing manufactured discrete products, including sett...
Rekindling the hope: Obese patients seeking a kidney transplant

C in the United States, 35.7% of adults are obese (BMI ≥ 30) and this demographic also represents the patients who have end stage kidney disease. Obese patients on dialysis wait longer to receive a kidney transplant compared to their non-obese counterparts. There are many reasons behind this but perhaps several factors such as risk of delayed graft function, wound complications, inferior allograft survival and other co morbidities make these patients not the greatest candidates for kidney transplantation. Additionally, obese patients do very well on dialysis (obesity-dialysis paradox). Our paper examines the barriers for obese patients to receive a kidney transplant and how we could help those patients overcome the barriers and get them transplanted.
Applications of controlled local inflammation in aligner treatment

An increase in local inflammation via trans-mucosal osteo-perforations (Propel Excellerating Technology) promotes osteoclastogenesis, osteoclast recruitment and differentiation. This causes the bone to remodel faster and hence teeth move faster through the bone. In combining aligner therapy with controlled localized inflammation, Propel-aided aligner treatment enables clinicians to proactively deliver better outcomes, in shorter treatment times or to reactively respond to resolve and complete stubborn and challenging movements. Experience and evidence of either approach has evolved to make Propel-aided aligner treatment be a valuable, double-edged tool in the clinician's armamentarium. The scope of this paper is to convey such experience and evidence while attempting to suggest techniques for easy clinical adoption and delivery.
Negative Religious Rhetoric in the Lives of Black Cisgender Queer Emerging Adult Men: A Qualitative Analysis

AbstractGiven the intersection of racial, religious, and sexual identities for Black queer populations, the current study examines sexuality-related religious rhetoric. Twenty Black cisgender queer men were recruited to participate in a qualitative interview. Using thematic analysis, the research team identified four themes: negative religious rhetoric, personal consequences of negative religious rhetoric, social consequences of negative religious rhetoric, and growth from negative religious rhetoric. Participants explained the pervasiveness of negative religious rhetoric within their churches and family structures. Men also conveyed how negative religious rhetoric frames societal ideologies around same-sex behavior, often condoning violence toward queer populations. Although men had negative experiences, participants articulated the importance of using oppression as a platform for growth. Black cisgender queer men are present within religious institutions; however, such negative religious rhetoric may ne...
A survey of Modern Greek dialectal complementation

Factors determining choice (very hard to extricate!): ¥ truth valuation/assertivityNpvq/?ti makes a distinct complement (fact) assertion and matrix assertion; poy OpresupposesO truth of its (event) complement. (Christidis 1981; Svalberg 1992; Ginzburg & Kolliakou 1997 [1995]) ¥ givenness/themeNpvq/?ti-complement is foregrounded in discourse; poy-complement is backgrounded/discourse theme (Kakouriotis 1982; Delveroudi, Tsamadou & Vassilaki 1994 [1993]; Varlokosta)
Post-socialist language ideologies in action: Linking interview context and language ideology through stance†

Changes associated with the post-socialist period in Albania have complicated the legacy of language ideologies grounded in Ottoman-era and socialist-era politics. In this article, I analyze two metalinguistic interviews with young adults in the Albanian capital of Tirana in order to investigate the status of standardizing and anti-standardizing language ideologies while also raising a methodological question regarding interview context and researcher role as persistent issues in sociolinguistic research. As acts of evaluation, language ideologies can be linked to interactional positionings and alignments via stance, which is significant for understanding aspects of identity and context in the interview. I argue that this framework provides a better understanding of interview dynamics than previous style shifting approaches, as any explanation of differences in interview interactions must simultaneously consider macro-level influences of ideology and micro-level interactional developments.
Simultaneous detection of glutathione and lactate using spectral editing at 3 T.

Two spectral editing techniques for the simultaneous detection of glutathione (GSH) and lactate (Lac) in the human brain at 3 T are described and evaluated. These methods, ‘sMEGA’ (sinc-MEscher and GArwood) and ‘DEW’ (Double Editing With), were optimized to detect GSH and Lac simultaneously at 3 T using density-matrix simulations and validation in phantoms. Simulations to test for co-edited metabolites within the detected GSH region of the spectrum were also performed. In vivo data were acquired in the midline parietal region of seven subjects using both methods, and compared with conventional MEGA-PRESS (MEscher and GArwood-Point RESolved Spectroscopy) acquisitions of GSH and Lac. Simulations and phantom experiments showed that sMEGA and DEW had a high editing efficiency for both GSH and Lac. In the phantom, the editing efficiency of GSH was >88% relative to a conventional GSH MEGA-PRESS acquisition, whereas, for Lac, the editing efficiency was >95% relative to a conventional Lac MEGA-PRESS acquisition. Simulations also showed that the editing efficiency of both methods was comparable with separate MEGA-PRESS acquisitions of the same metabolites. In addition, simulations and in vivo spectra showed that, at a TE of 140 ms, there was a partial overlap between creatine (Cr) and GSH peaks, and that N-acetyl aspartate/N-acetyl aspartyl glutamate (NAA/NAAG) were sufficiently resolved from GSH. In vivo measurements showed that both sMEGA and DEW edited GSH and Lac reliably with the same editing efficiency as conventional MEGA-PRESS acquisitions of the same metabolites, with measured GSH integrals of 2.23 ± 0.51, 2.31 ± 0.38, 2.38 ± 0.53 and measured Lac integrals of 1.72 ± 0.67, 1.55 ± 0.35 and 1.53 ± 0.54 for MEGA-PRESS, DEW and sMEGA, respectively. Simultaneous detection of GSH and Lac using sMEGA and DEW is possible at 3 T with high editing efficiency.
Index to Volume XXIX, 1922

(1922). Index to Volume XXIX, 1922. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 29, No. 10, pp. 427-438.
The Genetic Roots of Thinking and Speech

The basic fact we encounter in a genetic analysis of the relationship between thinking and speech is that this relationship is not constant. The quantitative and qualitative significance of this relationship changes in the course of the development of thinking and speech [9] . These functions do not develop in parallel, nor is their relationship constant. The curves that represent their development converge, diverge, and cross one another. At one point in the process, these curves may move smoothly along a parallel course, even merging with one another. At another, they may branch away from each other once again. This is true of the development of speech and thinking in both phylogenesis and ontogenesis.
Cardiac KATP channels in health and diseases

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels were discovered in the heart almost 30 years ago. They are present in multiple tissues and link membrane excitability to the metabolic state of the cell. Under physiological conditions, cardiac KATP channels are predominantly closed, but they may open during exertion, stress, and ischemia. Experimental and modeling studies have shown that activation of sarcolemmal KATP channels causes dramatic action potential shortening in vitro, which can be cardioprotective. Conversely, there is emerging evidence that KATP channel mutations are linked to heart diseases, including congestive heart failure and arrhythmias. The debate regarding the role, and even the very existence, of mitochondrial KATP channels is still ongoing. Filling these knowledge gaps will require further study, and integration of results from basic cellular electrophysiology, to animal models and clinical disease. This chapter will address the current understanding of cardiac KATP channels regarding molecular composition, regulation of channel activity, and physiological and pathophysiological roles.
Collective Modes of The Superconducting Order Parameter

A new propagating collective mode with an acoustic dispersion relation was detected in dirty superconductors near Tc by Carlson and Goldman (1973, 1975, 1976). Such a mode was later obtained theoretically in the dirty-limit by Schmid and Schon (1975) and in the clean-limit by Artemenko and Volkov (1975). The possibility of a collective mode in superconductors was first considered shortly after the BCS theory was developed. Bogoliubov (1959) and Anderson (1958) found weakly damped oscillations of the order-parameter phase with an acoustic dispersion relation in the case of an uncharged superconductor, a result consistent with nonrelativistic generalizations of the Goldstone theorem which imply the existence of such a mode as a consequence of the gauge symmetry breaking at the superconducting phase transition (Wagner, 1966).
Morphology-Driven Emissivity of Microscale Tree-like Structures for Radiative Thermal Management

Spectral emissivity of surface materials has a strong impact on thermal properties of systems that are exposed in the ambient environment. While the solar spectrum heating up the surface ranges fro...
Visual Causality Analysis Made Practical

Deriving the exact casual model that governs the relations between variables in a multidimensional dataset is difficult in practice. It is because causal inference algorithms by themselves typically cannot encode an adequate amount of domain knowledge to break all ties. Visual analytic approaches are considered a feasible alternative to fully automated methods. However, their application in real-world scenarios can be tedious. This paper focuses on these practical aspects of visual causality analysis. The most imperative of these aspects is posed by Simpson’ Paradox. It implies the existence of multiple causal models differing in both structure and parameter depending on how the data is subdivided. We propose a comprehensive interface that engages human experts in identifying these subdivisions and allowing them to establish the corresponding causal models via a rich set of interactive facilities. Other features of our interface include: (1) a new causal network visualization that emphasizes the flow of causal dependencies, (2) a model scoring mechanism with visual hints for interactive model refinement, and (3) flexible approaches for handling heterogeneous data. Various real-world data examples are given.
Sex segregation as policy problem: a gendered policy paradox

2017 marked the 45th anniversary of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, a sex non-discrimination policy which remade American education and athletics. Has Title IX fulfilled its promise t...
Effect of Elastomer Content on Interface Discharge Behavior Between Polypropylene and Silicone Rubber Under AC Voltage

Polypropylene (PP) as a thermoplastic polymer with high breakdown strength as well as high melting point has been considered as a promising candidate for the new generation recyclable cable insulation. However, the tensile yield strength and modulus of elasticity of PP are too large, and the mechanical properties of PP can not meet the requirements of cable materials. In this paper, two kinds of elastomers, i.e. ethylene-octene copolymer (POE) and propylene-based elastomer (PBE), were used to improve the flexibility of polypropylene (PP) so as to make it proper for the main insulation of recyclable power cable. The microstructure of the blends was inspected under electron microscope, and the mechanical properties were tested and compared in this paper. It has been generally accepted that the weak point in a long cable route is cable accessory which connects each cable segment with typical length of several hundred meters. Due to the complex structure of high voltage power cable joints, the electric field is distorted, which is likely to induce interface discharge between the cable insulation and joint insulation. By simulating the electric field distribution of a cable joint, the effect of elastomer content on the interfacial breakdown of PP/SiR was investigated. The test results show that the addition of POE and PBE can greatly prolong the breakdown time of the PP/SiR interface. Discharge initiation time of (PP+POE)/SiR interface is longer than that of (PP+PBE)/SiR, while (PP+POE)/SiR discharge development time is shorter than that of (PP+PBE)/SiR. It is suggested that the decrease of elastic modulus results in the presence of smaller size of air cavities along the interface, which leads to the delay of breakdown time. In addition, the difference of microstructure and trap distribution caused by different compatibilities between the two elastomers and PP is the main factor affecting the interfacial breakdown process.
Treatment of a Fusiform Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysm With an A3-A3 Bypass: 2-Dimensional Operative Video

Distal anterior cerebral artery (ACA) aneurysms remain a relatively rare and challenging entity for both open microsurgical and endovascular treatments. These lesions provide a significant surgical challenge because of the narrow interhemispheric surgical field, limited proximal control, common fixation of the aneurysm to the adjacent cingulate gyrus, and possible involvement of an unpaired azygos A2. These challenges result in a known association between distal ACA aneurysms and higher operative morbidity. This video demonstrates indirect obliteration of a prior ruptured fusiform right A2 aneurysm utilizing an A3-to-A3 side-to-side anastomotic bypass with aneurysm trapping. An anterior interhemispheric approach was used for exposure of bilateral ACAs, arteriotomies, microanastomosis, and trapping of the aneurysmal right A2 segment. Postoperatively, the patient's neurological status returned to baseline, and imaging demonstrated evidence of bypass patency with no residual filling of the fusiform aneurysmal segment. This video verifies the feasibility and efficacy of the A3-to-A3 anastomotic bypass for treatment of distal ACA aneurysms. The patient gave informed consent for surgery and video recording. Institutional review board approval was deemed unnecessary. Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.
Targeted Muscle Reinnervation and the Volar Forearm Filet Flap for Forequarter Amputation: Description of Operative Technique

Targeted muscle reinnervation after upper-extremity amputation has demonstrated improved outcomes with myoelectric prosthesis function and postoperative neuropathic pain. This technique has been established in the setting of shoulder disarticulation as well as transhumeral and transradial amputations, but a detailed technique of targeted muscle reinnervation with free tissue transfer from the volar forearm after forequarter amputation has not yet been described. Here, we describe a technique using a volar forearm filet flap to achieve simultaneously satisfactory soft tissue coverage after resection of a tumor from the chest wall and targeted muscle reinnervation of the brachial plexus.
Game-based activities targeting visual literacy skills to increase understanding of biomolecule structure and function concepts in undergraduate biochemistry

Introductory biochemistry courses are often challenging for students because they require the integration of chemistry, biology, physics, math, and physiology knowledge and frameworks to understand and apply a large body of knowledge. This can be complicated by students' persistent misconceptions of fundamental concepts and lack of fluency with the extensive visual and symbolic literacy used in biochemistry. Card sorting tasks and game-based activities have been used to reveal insights into how students are assimilating, organizing, and structuring disciplinary knowledge, and how they are progressing along a continuum from disciplinary novice to expert. In this study, game-based activities and card sorting tasks were used to promote and evaluate students' understanding of fundamental structure-function relationships in biochemistry. Our results suggest that while many markers of expertise increased for both the control and intervention groups over the course of the semester, students involved in the intervention activities tended to move further towards expert-like sorting. This indicates that intentional visual literacy game-based activities have the ability to build underdeveloped skills in undergraduate students.
Bacterial canker of tomato: revisiting a global and economically damaging seedborne pathogen

The gram-positive actinobacterium Clavibacter michiganensis is the causal agent of bacterial canker of tomato, an economically impactful disease with a worldwide distribution. This seedborne pathog...
Chemical and structural origin of hole states in yttria-stabilized zirconia

Abstract Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) has important electrochemical applications as a fast oxygen ion conductor and is the state-of-the-art electrolyte material for solid oxide fuel/electrolyzer cells. While much attention has been paid to the fast oxygen ion conduction, the electronic conductivity and especially hole carriers are not well understood, yet essential for the electrochemical stability, conduction kinetics and microstructural evolution in YSZ. The present work uses first-principles calculations to illustrate the chemical nature and local structural features of hole states in oxidized YSZ. Three types of hole states have been identified, including delocalized hole states on normal oxygen ions, localized hole states on special oxygen ions with extreme local structures, and peroxide-like groups. The implications on various experimental observations are discussed.
Hydrogen Production Methods

In this chapter a brief review of electrolysis as the major renewable-based hydrogen production method and of the three types of low-temperature (alkaline, polymer electrolyte membrane, membraneless) electrolyzers, including cost information, is presented.
Investigation on Discharge Pattern of Fluorinated Liquid under Boiling Condition

The phase-change cooling technology shows its superiority on transient heat dissipation of electronic device, such as IC. It was furtherly investigated to apply this technology to some electric apparatus like generator and power rectifier. In order to fully utilize the capability of phase-change cooling technology in cooling applications of HV power electric apparatus, it is necessary to verify the partial discharge (PD) suppression capability of the phase-change cooling liquid dielectric and the insulation effect caused by the bubble under boiling conditions. In this paper, the partial discharge characteristics of fluorinert dielectric liquid under the nonuniform field are studied with a modified test chamber. The partial discharge signals with and without bubbles are measured and analyzed in detail. The effect of bubble on the partial discharge characteristics under boiling condition is explored. Furthermore, it is revealed that the effects of applied voltage on the bubble motion and PD parameters.
Delivery of Nusinersen Through an Ommaya Reservoir in Spinal Muscular Atrophy.

Objective Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a common rare neuromuscular disease responsible for very high mortality during infancy and high morbidity during childhood and adolescence. It is caused by autosomal recessive mutations in the survival motor neuron gene. In 2016, the Food and Drug Administration approved the first disease modifying therapy for use in all patients of any age. Nusinersen is an antisense oligonucleotide that showed dramatic benefits with achievement of motor milestones in infants and improved gross motor function in children. Methods This was a retrospective chart review of all SMA patients seen at a single site between 2016 and 2020 for treatment with nusinersen. Results We report 8 patients who underwent placement of an Ommaya reservoir and lumbosacral catheter for drug delivery. Complications included infection and revisions due to catheter separation. One patient required fluoroscopy for injections because of location of port site. Conclusion We conclude that placement of an Ommaya port is a viable option for patients who have challenges for access to intrathecal space. Practical innovations have the potential to control administration costs, achieve therapeutic value, and promote patient safety.
Comparing Real World, Personalized, Multidisciplinary Tumor Board Recommendations with BCLC Algorithm: 321-Patient Analysis

To evaluate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment allocation, deviation from BCLC first-treatment recommendation, and outcomes following multidisciplinary, individualized approach. Treatment-naive HCC discussed at multidisciplinary tumor board (MDT) between 2010 and 2013 were included to allow minimum 5 years of follow-up. MDT first-treatment recommendation (resection, transplant, ablation, transarterial radioembolization (Y90), transarterial chemoembolization, sorafenib, palliation) was documented, as were subsequent treatments. Overall survival (OS) analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat (ITT) basis, stratified by BCLC stage. Three hundred and twenty-one patients were treated in the 4-year period. Median age was 62 years, predominantly male (73%), hepatitis C (41%), and Y90 initial treatment (52%). There was a 76% rate of BCLC-discordant first-treatment. Median OS was not reached (57% alive at 10 years), 51.0 months, 25.4 months and 13.4 months for BCLC stages A, B, C and D, respectively. Deviation from BCLC guidelines was very common when individualized, MDT treatment recommendations were made. This approach yielded expected OS in BCLC A, and exceeded general guideline expectations for BCLC B, C and D. These results suggest that while guidelines are helpful, implementing a more personalized approach that incorporates center expertise, patient-specific characteristics, and the known multi-directional treatment allocation process, improves patient outcomes.
General Interactions of the Immune System in Relation to Bovine Respiratory Disease

The bovine respiratory (BRD) complex resembles a gigantic and frustratingly difficult puzzle. Those of us who wrestle with potential solutions to this complex problem often become preoccupied with its individual pieces. Possibly this is because we have yet to visualize how all these pieces fit together. Possibly this is because there is no picture on the cover of the box. Veterinary scientists from all disciplines have contributed significantly to our joint understanding of many of the individual pieces of BRD, however, in recent years, the most exciting new findings are being reported from the field of immunology. While many other scientists have studied bits and pieces, immunologists are now beginning to suggest ways that these parts may interact and fit together.
Some Realism about Facial Invalidation of Statutes

In Roe v. Wade, the United States Supreme Court invalidated the Texas abortion statute in its entirety even though the statute was not invalid in all its applications. The dissenters contended that, in the circumstances, the statute should have been invalidated only as applied. A question to be considered here is whether an as-applied disposition would have been disadvantageous to other women seeking abortions. That this indeed would have been the result is widely believed. It will be argued that this view is unfounded. This Article will further consider whether, as has been claimed, Roe is representative of an increasing practice on the part of the Supreme Court to invalidate in their entirety statutes having both valid and invalid components (hereinafter called hybrid statutes). Some Supreme Court justices have vigorously opposed such a development, and there has been much confusion on the subject. It is submitted that, when one looks behind the rhetoric and examines the actual holdings, it becomes apparent that nothing is really happening. The traditional rule of facial
Clostridium difficile Diarrhea in the Elderly: Current Issues and Management Options

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the most common cause of infectious diarrhea in healthcare settings. Along with antimicrobial exposure, advanced age has been shown to be a significant risk factor for the development and recurrence of, and mortality from, CDI. The substantial burden of CDI in the elderly may be related to frequent healthcare exposure, the necessity for more medications, altered intestinal microbiota, and complicated comorbidities. A diagnosis of CDI is based on evidence of toxin, or the C. difficile organism itself, in a stool sample in the presence of clinical signs and symptoms. Only symptomatic patients should be tested for CDI, and routine surveillance or repeat testing on asymptomatic patients as a test of cure is discouraged. Antibiotic discontinuation alone can improve or resolve CDI in some patients, and concomitant use of antibiotics is associated with decreased response to CDI treatment. Metronidazole, vancomycin, and fidaxomicin are the therapeutic agents currently available for CDI, with the selection of these agents being based on disease severity, history of recurrence, and cost. The recurrence rate after initial treatment is 20-30%. The first recurrence can be treated with the same therapeutic agent and, for subsequent recurrences, vancomycin in a tapered and/or pulsed regimen is recommended. Fecal microbiota transplantation has shown remarkable effectiveness for recurrent anti-refractory CDI, although caution is advised in treating immunocompromised hosts and those with toxic megacolon. C. difficile can be transmitted directly and indirectly via contact with patients or their environment; therefore, isolation precautions should be initiated at the first suspicion of CDI. C. difficile spores can survive for a long time on environmental surfaces, and the patient's room and all equipment used in the room should be disinfected. In order to manage CDI in the elderly, timely diagnosis, appropriate treatment based on severity of illness, and effective infection control are essential.
Survey and Questionnaire Data

Surveys study various characteristics of individuals from a population. Modern surveys grew out of census procedures dating back to the Romans. Today, they are more often directed towards assessing the sentiment of a large population through marketing research, public opinion polls, epidemiological surveys, and various national economic, tax, and consumption surveys. Surveys are an essential part of managing complex bureaucracies of business, government, and public health.
Biocides and Resistance

Now the antibiotic resistance is escalating to alarming proportions and the discovery of new antibiotics is waning, a greater reliance on infection prevention has evolved-from fear as well as necessity. Among personal hygiene products, the agents triclocarban and triclosan are the most common biocide components. A major group of commonly used residue producing biocides consists of the quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) that are also known as cationic detergents. The pathogens Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157 could readily adapt to stable biocide tolerance (30 or more days), and very high triclosan tolerance could be attained in E. coli. Importantly, resistance to ciprofloxacin was expressed at clinically significant levels. The reverse phenomenon has also been reported (i.e., strains adapted to antibiotic resistance can demonstrate tolerance to biocides). QACs are widely used as disinfectants in the food industry, and there is concern over the increasing incidence of biocide resistance in food-associated bacteria. The biocide controversy has sparked an increased interest in the undertaking of prospective in situ or microcosm-based studies that would help shed greater insight into the impacts of biocide application as practiced in the community environment. Recent surveys of large numbers of species isolated from a variety of environments have revealed a range in biocide susceptibility, with small frequencies of outliers that exhibit significantly elevated tolerance.
Child Welfare Workers' Perceptions of Juvenile Court Influence on Child Welfare Practices

This exploratory study surveyed 179 child welfare caseworkers to examine their perceptions of the influence of juvenile court judges and attorneys on child welfare practice. This study also explored the perceived benefit of this influence and whether caseworker characteristics are associated with perceived influence and perceived benefit. The degree that court personnel influence the way child welfare workers practice as well as the perceived benefit of this influence varies by personnel and the amount of juvenile court training the worker receives. The study findings and implications for child welfare practice are discussed.
Multiple bonds involving aluminum and gallium atoms

Publisher Summary The concept of aluminum or gallium engaging in multiple bonding is intellectually intriguing and experimentally challenging. With the advent of the one-electron at-bond and the experimental realization of the first gallium–gallium triple bond. An important concept of π-bonding in A1–A1 bonds is embraced. The significance of the bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl ligand system in the stabilization of this compound was noted as offering desirable steric shielding and effective electron donating abilities. This chapter discusses the multiple bonds involving aluminum and gallium atoms. The multiple bonds discussed are the Al–Al one-electron π-bond. The organogallium compounds containing multiple bonds are also reviewed. Initial evidence of gallium multiple bonds one-electron Ga–Ga π-bonds are provided. Pivotal in the preparation of the first organometallic gallane is the bis(dioxane) adduct of gallium(II) bromide, Ga 2 Br 4 (dioxane) 2 , which resides about a Ga–Ga bond at a distance of 2.396(6) A. The cyclogallenes and metallaromaticity of gallium rings are also focused. The synthesis and molecular structure of gallyne is described by reviewing a case for gallium–gallium triple bonds.
Heavy-Ion Fragmentation Studies in Thick Water Absorbers

Proposed long-term space missions could expose crewmembers to significant fluxes of galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) particles and secondary particles created from nuclear collisions. An assessment of radiobiological risks is dependent upon an accurate description of the charged-particle radiation field inside the human body.
Multistage acceleration of light ions for fusion

Summary form only given, as follows. Theory and experiments indicate that post acceleration can reduce ion divergence. In addition, overall system efficiency should be better in multistage accelerators. Yet even the small step from single-stage to the use of two acceleration stages introduces a significant increase in the system complexity. As an example, the ion beam must remain space-charge-neutral between acceleration stages and the use of a conventional gas cell results in beam stripping. Diode configurations to circumvent this problem are presented. Another issue is the effect of diamagnetic pressure on the virtual-cathode of the second stage, which causes a bending of the magnetic flux surface that defines the virtual cathode. This results in a focusing of the ions beam. Analytic calculations of this process are presented. Divergence reduction during post acceleration depends of the level of electromagnetic fluctuations generated by instabilities in both stages. Three dimensional particle-in-cell simulations are presented to study this process.
A genetic algorithm for economic dispatching of generators

Solving economic dispatching problems in which generators suffer from prohibited zones is a challenging problem. In this paper, a solution based on genetic algorithm (GA) is suggested. An advantage of GA solutions is that they do not impose any convexity restrictions on the generators cost functions. Therefore, they are well suited to deal with prohibited operating zones.
2,2′(1‐Methylethylidene)bis[4,5‐dihydro‐5,5‐dimethyl‐4‐phenyl‐(4S,4′S)‐oxazole

For S,S-1, [145439-96-9] C25H30N2O2 (MW 390.23) InChI = 1S/C25H30N2O2/c1-23(2,21-26-19(24(3,4)28-21)17-13-9-7-10-14-17)22-27-20(25(5,6)29-22)18-15-11-8-12-16-18/h7-16,19-20H,1-6H3/t19-,20-/m0/s1 InChIKey = KKVLQJBCBPVJNU-PMACEKPBSA-N For R,R-2, [187106-45-2] C25H30N2O2 (MW 390.23) InChI = 1S/C25H30N2O2/c1-23(2,21-26-19(24(3,4)28-21)17-13-9-7-10-14-17)22-27-20(25(5,6)29-22)18-15-11-8-12-16-18/h7-16,19-20H,1-6H3/t19-,20-/m1/s1 InChIKey = KKVLQJBCBPVJNU-WOJBJXKFSA-N (chiral ligand for enantioselective metal-catalyzed reactions such as the magnesium-catalyzed Diels-Alder reactions of cyclopentadiene and N-crotonyloxazolidinone1, 2 as well as the copper-catalyzed cyclopropenation of olefins with diazomalonates3 and iodonium ylides4, 5 and the aziridination of styrenes6) Physical Data: mp 83–84 °C, S,S-1: −149.5 °(c = 1, CHCl3), Rf 0.20 (tlc, silica gel, 5:2 hexane–EtOAc) Solubility: soluble in common organic solvents. Form Supplied in: prepared as colorless solid. Analysis of Reagent Purity: IR, NMR. Preparative Methods: 1 the pure S,S-enantiomer 1 can be synthesized from (S)-phenylglycine methyl ester in four steps. The amino ester is first converted to the corresponding dimethyl amino alcohol, followed by reaction with 0.5 equiv of dimethylmalonyl chloride, and dehydrative cyclization. Purification: bis(oxazoline) 1 can be purified by silica gel flash column chromatography. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: stored at −20 °C under inert atmosphere to prevent decomposition.