cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical theory of electron densities: multiple scattering perturbation theory

A multiple scattering perturbation theory for electron densities, originally discussed by N. H. March and A. M. Murray, is derived in a new way. The new derivation does not depend on special choices for the origin of the energy scale. Therefore, it clarifies the point that the result of the perturbation calculation, the electron density, should be independent of the energy origin chosen for the purposes of the calculation even though the individual terms of the series do depend on that choice. This point is not evident in the previous derivations. Appreciation of this point permits adoption of an origin of the energy scale which varies with position without any change in form of the perturbation expansion. This extends the original theory beyond the significant limitation that the zero-order result is the uniform density of the free-electron gas. In particular, the energy origin can be chosen so that the zero-order contribution reproduces any physical model electron density. The theory then gives successive corrections and allows investigation of the usefulness of physical models by an analysis of the low-order corrections. These ideas permit a compact new derivation of the Thomas–Fermi theory, a derivation which also produces explicit formulae for corrections of all orders. An especially useful choice for the energy origin yields the optimized Thomas–Fermi theory as the zero-order contribution. Therefore, new results of this development are explicit formulae for the corrections to that simple theory.
Some electrical properties of amorphous silicon/amorphous silicon nitride interfaces : top nitride and bottom nitride configurations in MNS and TFT devices

Top nitride (TN) and bottom nitride (BN) configurations of the a‐SiN1.6:H/a‐Si:H interface produced by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) have been characterized by using metal/a‐SiN1.6:H/a‐Si:H (MNS) devices and thin‐film transistors (TFT). We observed that: (i) for MNS devices, the resonant frequency activation energy Eac from admittance, saturates at a higher value for the TN (≂0.3 eV) than for the BN (≂0.1 eV) MNS devices and the resonant frequency preexponential factors are found to be, respectively, in the 1012 s−1 and 108 s−1 range, (ii) in strong accumulation, the source‐drain current activation energy is nearly similar for TN and BN TFTs (Edc≂0.1 eV), a slightly higher value being found in the latter configuration, (iii) the analysis of the transfer characteristics yields a very similar density of deep interface states (DOS) ≂4–5×1012 cm−2 eV−1 in both configurations, and (iv) the effective field‐effect mobility is higher for the BN (μFE≳0.5 cm2/V s) than for the TN (μFE≲0.3 cm2/V s) TFTs.The observed difference in mobilities for both TFTs structures is most likely associated with very high source/drain contact resistances in the TN TFT rather than with the quality of both interfaces. To explain some of these experimental results, the surface‐ and buried‐channel models are proposed for TN and BN TFT configurations, respectively. The buried‐channel concept is based on evidence of recycling/intermixing of nitrogen atoms into a‐Si:H deposited on a‐SiN1.6:H by PECVD. The nitrogen tail would produce a Si‐rich a‐SiNx:H alloy transition layer, followed by a nitrogen‐doped n‐type layer. The doped layer corresponding to the buried‐channel formation is predicted to be located beyond 30 A from the BN interface. In contrast, the surface‐channel proposed for the TN interface is based upon this interface being considered as atomically sharp. The MNS results (i) are consistent with this model. In the case of TN MNS they are explained by thermionic emission of electrons from the traps to the conduction band edge in a‐Si:H and in the case of BN MNS by hopping in the defective a‐SiNx:H interlayer. The result (ii) on TFTs may be attributed to a broadening of the linear part of the conduction band tail of a‐Si:H in the channel region, due to recycled nitrogen atoms.
Crystallization of Paracetamol under Oscillatory Flow Mixing Conditions

There has been an increasing effort in designing pharmaceutical particles with controllable properties (quality) such as chemical purity, morphology, size distribution, surface characteristics, and microstrain content. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of oscillatory flow mixing (OFM) in improving the quality of pharmaceutical precipitates, using paracetamol (4-acetamidophenol) as a model system. In-situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical microscopy were applied to observe the growth of {110} faces of single paracetamol crystals. These studies showed that (a) the bunching and macrostep formation occur at all values of supersaturation; and (b) the oscillation of solution with respect to the growing interface and its relative velocity are the critical parameters for the minimization of the interfacial instabilities, and in turn, for maintaining structural quality. These findings were tested in a conventional impeller driven batch crystallizer (IDBC) and in an oscillatory baffled batch crystal...
Energy dissipation associated with crack extension in an elastic-plastic material

Crack extension in elastic-plastic material involves energy dissipation through the creation of new crack surfaces and additional yielding around the crack front. An analytical procedure, using a two-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element method, was developed to calculate the energy dissipation components during a quasi-static crack extension. The fracture of an isotropic compact specimen was numerically simulated using the critical crack-tip-opening-displacement (CTOD) growth criterion. Two specimen sizes were analyzed for three values of critical CTOD. Results from the analyses showed that the total energy dissipation rate consisted of three components: the crack separation energy rate, the plastic energy dissipation rate, and the residual strain energy rate. All three energy dissipation components and the total energy dissipation rate initially increased with crack extension and finally reached constant values.
Deformation of nanocrystalline materials at ultrahigh strain rates – microstructure perspective in nanocrystalline nickel

Nanocrystalline materials with grain sizes smaller than 100 nm have attracted extensive research in the past decade. Due to their high strength, these materials are good candidates for high pressure shock loading experiments. In this paper, we investigated the microstructural evolutions of nanocrystalline nickel with grain sizes of 10-50 nm, shock-loaded in a range of pressures (20-70 GPa). A laser-driven isentropic compression process was applied to achieve high shock-pressures in a timescale of nanoseconds and thus the high-strain-rate deformation of nanocrystalline nickel. Postmortem transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examinations reveal that the nanocrystalline structures survive the shock deformation and that dislocation activity is the prevalent deformation mechanism when the grain sizes are larger than 30 nm, without any twinning activity at twice the stress threshold for twin formation in micrometer-sized polycrystals. However, deformation twinning becomes an important deformation mode for 10-20 nm grain-sized samples.
Influence on fiber inclination and interfacial conditions on fracture in composite materials

Dynamic photoelasticity has been used to study the effect of the fiber-matrix interface and fiber orientation on dynamic crack growth in fiber composites. Two types of fiber-matrix interfaces are considered: well bonded and partly debonded. The fiber-matrix interface is characterized by conducting fiber pullout tests. Partly debonded fibers aligned with the loading direction, result in higher fiber debonded lengths, lower dynamic stress-intensity factorKID and lower fracture surface roughness compared to well bonded fibers. Orientation of brittle fibers, with respect to the loading direction, impairs their ability to lowerKID, while oriented ductile fibers produce no significant change inKID. Misalignment of fibers from the loading direction reduces the fiber debonded length due to kinding of the fiber at the crack face.
IR Spectra of Irradiated Cometary Ice Analogues Containing Methanol: A New Assignment, a Reassignment, and a Nonassignment

Abstract The IR spectra and radiation chemistry of water–methanol ices near 16 K have been reinvestigated. In contrast to earlier work, no evidence is found for the formation of acetone, and a band previously attributed to ethanol is reassigned to ethylene glycol. Three new features are reported, assigned to the formate ion, and compared to the ISO spectrum of a protostellar source.
Non-compact symmetries and scalar masses in superstring-inspired models

Abstract We show that one-loop corrections in the presence of broken supersymmetry do not generate gauge non-singlet scalar masses in no-scale supergravity models that possess a partial invariance under a non-compact Heisenberg group of global transformations. This invariance is a remnant of an invariance of ten-dimensional supergravity that survives in some compactification of ten-dimensional supergravity that survives in some compactification schemes. We discuss the conditions under which compactification of a ten-dimensional superstring theory yields a Heisenberg symmetry.
Routine screening for genital Chlamydia trachomatis in adolescent females.

A retrospective analysis of 7,879 direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) tests for Chlamydia trachomatis obtained over 24 months from a routine screening program for adolescent women is reported. Tests were positive in 563 women of ages 13 to 24 (mean = 18.1). Monthly positivity rates ranged from 2.59% to 14.02%. Proportions of DFA positive patients were 8.23% (308/3744) and 6.12% (253/4135) during year 1 and year 2, respectively (chi square = 13.2, P = .0003). Of second tests, 12.54% (40/319) were DFA positive. Mean time between first and second tests was 157 days for visit 2 positives, and 90 days for visit 2 negatives (P = .023 by t test). Of visit 2 positive patients, 67.5% (27/40) tested positive greater than 30 days after the initial test; 72.5% (29/40) were positive within 180 days. Ninety-two per cent (23/25) of visit 2 positive patients were negative at visit 3. The initial annual prevalence of 8.23% was consistent with previous studies from this clinic. The decline in proportion of C. trachomatis positive women (while gonorrhea rates were stable) suggests an influence of aggressive case finding. That most women test DFA negative within a time period often used for tests of cure for sexually transmitted diseases (i.e., within 30 days) and that many women who test negatively test positive within a short time suggest that women with chlamydial infection be rescreened at longer intervals, perhaps every 6 months.
Understanding dichromic fluorescence manifested in certain indocyanine green (ICG) analogs

Fluorescence has advanced our understanding in various aspects of biological processes. Fluorescence in the near infrared (NIR) region avoids background autofluores- cence from biological samples, leading to improved image quality. In searching for indo - cyanine green (ICG) analogs that can be attached to biomolecules, we observed that dichromic fluorescence manifested in some mono reactive-group-functionalized ICG analogs. The two emission bands are distinctively separate from each other, making it a unique feature of fluorescent probes found in biological studies. We further demonstrated that the dichromism comes from the structure and is transferable from dye to its bioconju- gates. In this paper, we used resonance theory and molecular orbital theory to explain the flu- orophore photochemistry in an effort to understand the general fluorescence feature of ICG analogs and provide understanding of the secondary emission band.
Operation Of Integrating Indium Antimonide Linear Arrays At 65 K And Below

The combination of a FET switch non-CCD readout architecture with high-quality mesa-photovoltaic indium-antimonide detector material has led to high-performance integrating linear imagers in the 1- to 5-micron region. These devices operate in the temperature regime below 100 K and provide very good dark current and responsivity uniformity (+ or - 2 percent). Test data will show performance at 65 K for a 512-element array and 46 K for a 128-element array. Useful integration times of 3600 seconds at 46 K and greater than 12 seconds at 65 K have been achieved. For both devices, kTC read noise levels of less than 1200 electrons have been measured.
Unidraw: a framework for building domain-specific graphical editors

Unidraw is a framework for creating graphical editors in domains such as technical and artistic drawing, music composition, and circuit design. The Unidraw architecture simplifies the construction of these editors by proving programming abstractions that are common across domains. Unidraw defines four basic abstractions: components define operations on components, and external representations define the mapping between components and the file format generated by the editor. Unidraw also supports multiple views, graphical connectivity, and dataflow between components. This paper describes the Unidraw design, implementation issues, and three experimental domain specific editors we have developed with Unidraw: a drawing editor, a user interface builder, and a schematic capture system. Our results indicate a substantial reduction in implementation time and effort compared with existing tools.
Narrow-band and full-spectrum k-distributions for radiative heat transfer—correlated-k vs. scaling approximation

The correlated-k and scaled-k distribution methods for radiative heat transfer in molecular gases are developed based on precise mathematical principles, for both narrow band and full spectrum models. Their differences and commonalities are high-lighted and discussed. Applications to narrow spectral bands of nonhomogeneous gases show both methods to be about equally accurate. For full-spectrum calculations, on the other hand, the scaled-k distribution consistently outperforms the correlated-k model.
5.2 mW single-mode power from a coupled-resonator vertical-cavity laser

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) which emit into a single optical mode are increasingly sought for emerging VCSEL applications. We have achieved a record high fundamental-mode power of 5.2 mW from our coupled-resonator vertical-cavity lasers. The coupled-resonator is composed of a bottom p-type distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) with 35 periods, a middle n-type DBR with 11.5 periods, and a top p-type DBR with 22 periods. The top and bottom one-wavelength cavities each contain five 8 nm GaAs quantum wells.
Evaluation of Acetylsalicylic Acid Esterase in Aspirin Metabolism: Interspecies Comparison

The hydrolysis of acetylsalicylic acid in vitro by serum from various species of laboratory animals and humans has been estimated by spectrophotometric measurement of salicylic acid appearance. Various animal species differ widely in their serum aspirin hydrolysis rates, with cats and rabbits approximating the human rate. Rats greatly exceed the rate for man, while dogs show a much slower rate. Human serum samples in vitro show considerable individual differences in acetylsalicylic acid esterase activity. A variety of serum concentrations, temperatures, and buffers have been compared. In vivo aspirin hydrolysis was also compared in 20 humans using an adaptation of the Brodie method, which measured aspirin blood levels at various time intervals following oral administration of buffered and unbuffered aspirins.
Complex limbal choristomas in linear nevus sebaceous syndrome

Abstract Objective This study aimed to describe the clinical and histopathologic findings in four patients with complex limbal choristomas associated with linear nevus sebaceous syndrome (LNSS), a rare disorder including nevus sebaceous, seizures, and mental retardation, and often accompanied by ocular anomalies. Design Small observational case series. Methods A retrospective review of the clinical and histopathologic records of four patients. Results Each of four patients had complex limbal choristomas in the setting of clinical and histopathologic LNSS. The limbal choristomas were multiple in three patients and bilateral in two patients. Most choristomas involved the superotemporal limbus (6 of 10), although nasal (3 of 10) and inferior (1 of 10) limbal tumors also were present. Three patients had significant corneal astigmatism or involvement of the central cornea requiring surgical removal of their choristomas, one accompanied by a lamellar keratoplasty and another accompanied by two consecutive penetrating keratoplasties. Each graft eventually vascularized, reducing vision. One patient's vision was limited by amblyopia and another by occipital cortical dysgenesis with visual impairment. Histopathologic examination of the excised choristomas showed foci of lacrimal gland (3 of 4 patients), adipose tissue (3 of 4), neural tissue (1 of 4), cartilage (1 of 4), lymphoid follicles (1 of 4), skin adnexal tissue (1 of 4), and smooth muscle (1 of 4). Other associated ocular findings included an eyelid mass (1 of 4), colobomas of the eyelid (3 of 4), colobomas of the choroid and retina (2 of 4), nonparalytic strabismus (2 of 4), scleral ectasia (1 of 4), partial oculomotor palsy with ptosis and anisocoria (1 of 4), microphthalmia (1 of 4), and cortical visual impairment (1 of 4). Conclusions Complex limbal choristomas, although rare, can occur in the setting of LNSS and can be associated with multiple ocular and systemic abnormalities. Visual prognosis appears poor in most cases despite aggressive management.
Cryogenic injection to control a coal waste bank fire

Abstract Cryogenic injection, a heat transfer method for extinguishing a subsurface fire, was tested at a bituminous coal waste bank in Midvale, OH. A slurry composed of CO 2 particles in liquid N 2 at a temperature of −180 °C, when injected into heated zones, absorbs heat. Conversion of the slurry to a gas creates a cold pressure front that forces heated combustion gases out of the bank. The waste bank had been burning for approximately 30 years. The 5000-m 2 (1.2 acre) site was characterized by a three-dimensional array of temperature measuring points. Temperatures were measured over a 30-month period, before during and after two tests of cryogenic injection. The amount of cryogenic slurry injected was insufficient to completely extinguish the fire, but evaluation of the temperature profiles indicated that it had cooled localized hot spots and promoted ambient cooling of the more widely disbursed heated areas within the bank.
An Approach to the Optimal Positioning of a New Product

This study examines the problem faced by a firm which wishes to position a new choice object in an existing product class. It is assumed that both the consumer and the firm are involved in a two-stage decision process. The consumer first decides on his budget for the product class. He then evaluates, within the product class, that subset of competing objects which have prices approximately equal to his budget constraint. This evaluation is performed through a weighted multi-attribute utility model. The product classes considered here are ones for which the consumer has a finite ideal level on each attribute. The consumer is hypothesized to choose, without error, that object which is closest to his ideal. Different individuals are assumed to be heterogeneous in both attribute weights and ideal levels. The firm is assumed to first identify, in the attribute space which contains ideal points and competing objects, promising product positions which would attract a large number of consumers. It then evaluates these positions in terms of costs and resulting profits. The problem of identifying the promising positions, given information on a sample of individuals, is formulated as a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Program. Due to the inability of such a program to solve even small sample problems, the spatial properties of the problem are examined. An exact solution algorithm which is computationally feasible for small samples is developed. It is based on an examination of intersections of indifference hyperellipsoids. For larger sample problems an efficient heuristic which is an extension of the random point search used in nonlinear programming is provided. It involves random line search procedures for our noncontinuous-type problem. The positioning approach and the heuristic are illustrated in a simulated positioning problem in the small car market.
Fibroblasts in fibrosis: novel roles and mediators

Fibroblasts are the most common cell type of the connective tissues found throughout the body and the principal source of the extensive extracellular matrix (ECM) characteristic of these tissues. They are also the central mediators of the pathological fibrotic accumulation of ECM and the cellular proliferation and differentiation that occurs in response to prolonged tissue injury and chronic inflammation. The transformation of the fibroblast cell lineage involves classical developmental signaling programs and includes a surprisingly diverse range of precursor cell types—most notably, myofibroblasts that are the apex of the fibrotic phenotype. Myofibroblasts display exaggerated ECM production; constitutively secrete and are hypersensitive to chemical signals such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors; and are endowed with a contractile apparatus allowing them to manipulate the ECM fibers physically to close open wounds. In addition to ECM production, fibroblasts have multiple concomitant biological roles, such as in wound healing, inflammation, and angiogenesis, which are each interwoven with the process of fibrosis. We now recognize many common fibroblast-related features across various physiological and pathological protracted processes. Indeed, a new appreciation has emerged for the role of noncancerous fibroblast interactions with tumors in cancer progression. Although the predominant current clinical treatments of fibrosis involve nonspecific immunosuppressive and anti-proliferative drugs, a variety of potential therapies under investigation specifically target fibroblast biology.
Statistical Process Control Based Supervisory Generalized Predictive Control of Thin Film Deposition Processes

This paper presents a supervisory generalized predictive control (GPC) by combining GPC with statistical process control (SPC) for the control of the thin film deposition process. In the supervised GPC, the deposition process is described as an ARMAX model for each production run and GPC is applied to the in situ thickness-sensing data for thickness control. Supervisory strategies, developed from SPC techniques, are used to monitor process changes and estimate the disturbance magnitudes during production. Based on the SPC monitoring results, different supervisory strategies are used to revise the disturbance models and the control law in the GPC to achieve a satisfactory control performance. A case study is provided to demonstrate the developed methodology.
MTU Laser-Based Direct-Write Techniques: Recent Development and Nanoparticles Patterning Results

Two laser-based direct-write techniques to guide particles from a mist source to a target substrate by laser beams were recently developed at Michigan Tech. The laser-guided directwrite (LGDW) technique uses a hollow optical fiber, while the laser-guided microsensor patterning (LGMP) technique uses a micrometer-sized aperture. The techniques are suggested to be utilized for patterning microstructures made of nanoparticles that are either crystallized from liquid precursors or directly deposited from nanoparticle-in-liquid suspensions. The computational results based on the paraxial Fraunhofer approximation of a Gaussian beam diffracted by a circular aperture and experimental measurements of corresponding deposition rate under different conditions suggest several factors for setup optimization of LGMP. The results indicate that among the most important factors are the aperture size relative to the laser beam-waist size and the divergence of the beam near the aperture. Examples of gold-thiolate, protein-coated polystyrene, and carbon-polymer composites deposition are presented.
Influence of community preceptor specialty and method of assignment in an early clinical experience course.

Objectives: Although early clinical experience courses are often the purview of family medicine faculty, students may receive training with community physicians from varying specialties. Little is known about the influence of preceptor specialty and method of assignment on students’ performance and course satisfaction. Methods: Second-year medical students spent one half day per month with a preceptor to practice clinical skills. Preceptors were either assigned randomly or assigned by student recruitment or specialty request. We analyzed whether preceptor specialty, method of assignment, and practice site (the independent variables) were associated with the dependent variables of course evaluation ratings and student performance on objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs). Results: Analyses found no differences in students’ overall course satisfaction or OSCE scores and little difference in satisfaction with specific course components. There was a positive relationship between overall course rating and the rating of the preceptor experience and between the preceptor experience and more time spent in ambulatory clinics and direct patient interaction. Conclusions: Because students were equally satisfied and performed comparably regardless of specialty or match ing method, early clinical exposure may be accomplished equally well using specialist or generalist physicians, potentially giving primary care educators greater latitude to focus their efforts on teaching students in clinical clerkships and those interested in primary care.
Value of Three-dimensional US for Optimizing Guidance for Ablating Focal Liver Tumors

PURPOSE To determine if three-dimensional ultrasound (3D US), by nature of its ability to simultaneously evaluate structures in three orthogonal planes and to study relationships of devices to tumor(s) and surrounding anatomic structures from any desired orientation, adds significant additional information to real-time 2D US used for placement of devices for ablation of focal liver tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixteen patients underwent focal ablation of 23 liver tumors during two intraoperative cryoablation (CA) procedures, three intraoperative radiofrequency ablation (RFA) procedures, 11 percutaneous ethanol injections (PEI) procedures, and six percutaneous RFA procedures. After satisfactory placement of the ablative device(s) with 2D US guidance, 3D US was used to reevaluate adequacy to device position. Information added by 3D US and resultant alterations in device deployment were tabulated. RESULTS 3D US added information in 20 of 22 (91%) procedures and caused the operator to readjust the number or position of ablative devices in 10 of 22 (45%) of procedures. Specifically, 3D US improved visualization and confident localization of devices in 13 of 22 (59%) procedures, detected unacceptable device placement in 10 of 22 (45%), and determined that 2D US had incorrectly predicted device orientation to a tumor in three of 22 (14%). CONCLUSIONS Compared to conventional 2D US, 3D US provides additional relationship information for improved placement and optimal distribution of ablative agents for treatment of focal liver malignancy.
Clipping Frequency Affects Canopy Volume and Biomass Production in Planeleaf Willow (Salix planifolia var. planifolia Prush)

Willows (Salix) are often a key component of riparian ecosystems and are often browsed by both wildlife and livestock. However, little is understood about how the frequency of browsing affects aboveground and belowground willow production. The objectives of this study were to determine how the frequency of simulated browsing events in a controlled environment affected 1) the aboveground, belowground, and total biomass production and 2) the canopy volume of planeleaf willow (Salix planifolia var. planifolia Prush) plants. The experiment was a completely randomized block design consisting of 2 groups of willow plants with different clipping histories. Within each group, plants were randomly assigned to 1 of 11 subgroups. Clipping events comprised of all combinations of early, middle, and late season periods were imposed on the treatment subgroups, while 1 subgroup served as the control. Canopy volume measurements were made before and after each clipping event. Canopy volume change was related to the harvested twig length (cm) and weight (g). Results suggested that frequency of clipping alone did not explain differences in aboveground and belowground willow production. Instead, willow production was influenced by an accumulation of specific combinations of seasonal clipping events and was dependent on the clipping history of the plants. Early season clipping, alone or in combination with other events, was more detrimental to willows with prior clipping histories than middle or late season clipping treatments. Willow with prior clipping histories treated in either the middle or late seasons, and the late/middle combination produced more than the controls. These results should be verified in willow communities subjected to natural environmental variations and browsing.
Voluntary and automatic attentional control of visual working memory

Previous studies of attention-directing cues have focused largely on the effects of cuing on perceptual processes, but cuing may also influence the transfer of perceptual representations into visual working memory. In the present study, we examined this potential role of cues, using both predictive and nonpredictive cues in the context of a visual working memory task. Each trial began with a cue, followed by an array of six colored squares, a delay interval, and then a probe square presented at the location of one of the squares in the previous array. The subjects were required to indicate whether the color of the probe square was the same as the color of the square that had previously been presented at the same location. Performance on this working memory task was more accurate when the cued location was probed than when an uncued location was probed, even when the cued location was no more likely to be probed than any of the uncued locations. An additional experiment using the abrupt-onset paradigm of Yantis and Jonides (1984) yielded similar results. Thus, visual transients may automatically influence the transfer of perceptual representations into visual working memory.
Hardness-grain-size relations in ceramics

Both Vickers and Knoop hardness (H), measured at two or more loads in the range of 100–2000 g (most commonly 100 and 500 g) for a variety of dense oxide and non-oxide materials, covering a range of grain sizes (G), including single crystals where possible, were shown to generally be consistent with (often more limited) literature data. Apparently, conflicting trends of H (1) showing either no G dependence, (2) decreasing from single-crystal or large G values with decreasing G, or (3) having the generally accepted increase with decreasing G are shown to be due to the combination of the limited extent of data and H generally heing determined by two basic trends. These two trends are (a) the normal inverse G (i.e., H–G−1/2) dependence at finer G, (b) a variable G minimum at intermediate G, and (c) H increasing with increasing G at larger G (to. single-crystal values). The H minimum is due to local cracking around the indent (mostly along grain boundaries), generally reaching a maximum effect, e.g., minimum in H, when the indent and grain sizes are similar, and tends to be greater for Vickers vs Knoop indents, higher loads and probably greater grain boundary Impurity, additive contents, and stresses.
Droit Administratif Américain Et Droit Administratif Français: Sources Et Structures (U.S. Administrative Law and French Administrative Law: Sources and Structures)

French Abstract: L’article vise a combler le vide dont denote la litterature juridique francaise en raison de son apprehension parcellaire du droit administratif americain. Dans cette optique, l’article propose une approche globale du droit administratif americain comme prealable epistemologique de l’approfondissement de cette branche du droit des Etats-Unis. La comparaison se concentre sur deux questions centrales des deux cotes de l’Atlantique : d’une part, celle des sources, d’autre part, celle de l’encadrement procedural de l’acte administratif. L’article revele ainsi l’impression principale de similitude que reserve l’observation des sources respectives des deux droits. Il met egalement en exergue le sous-developpement relatif de la democratie administrative pre-contentieuse dans l’Hexagone au regard de la forte emprise du proceduralisme dans l’economie generale du droit administratif des Etats-Unis.English Abstract: This article seeks to fill the gap evinced by the French legal literature because of the latter’s fragmented incursion into American Administrative law. Accordingly, the article proposes a global approach to U.S. Administrative law as an epistemological prerequisite for an in-depth analysis of this part of the law in the U.S. The comparison focuses on two central questions on each side of the Atlantic Ocean: on the one hand, sources of administrative law; on the other hand, procedural requirements imposed on administrative action. The article brings to light the strong similarity of the source structures of U.S. and French Administrative laws. It also underlines the relative underdevelopment of French administrative procedure in comparison to the entrenched proceduralism in the overall architecture of American administrative law.
Fluorescence spectroscopy and SHG imaging of an in vitro collagen model

An in vitro measurement chamber was developed to measure fluorescence and second harmonic generated (SHG) light in collagen. This system combined with modeled fluorescence variation allows for accurate assessment of physiologic based changes in collagen.
Cost offsets to medicare attributable to receipt of hip, knee, and shoulder arthroplasty.

Objective To estimate trends in numbers of and Medicare payments for hip, knee, and shoulder arthroplasties for beneficiaries with osteoarthritis (OA) and potential savings to Medicare from arthroplasty during followup. Methods The analysis was based on longitudinal 5% Medicare enrollment and claims data for 1992–2010. The analysis of changes in Medicare payments attributable to total arthroplasty receipt used propensity score matching to obtain beneficiary control groups matched on demographic characteristics, general health, joint pain, and Medicare payments by major condition in the year preceding the index arthroplasty. An average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) overall and for each major condition was calculated for payments for care 7–36 months following the index arthroplasty procedure. Results Growth in incident OA diagnoses of the hip, knee, and shoulder was substantially higher than growth in real Medicare spending on hip, knee, and shoulder arthroplasties. ATTs showed a mean saving to Medicare of $471/beneficiary/procedure for hip, no difference for knee, and a payment increase of $1,062 for shoulder arthroplasty during followup. For hip arthroplasty, the largest savings was for the circulatory system. For shoulder arthroplasty, increased payments during followup reflected increased payments for musculoskeletal care, especially for hip and knee arthroplasty. Overall, payment differences during followup by major condition were small. Conclusions Provision of hip but not knee and shoulder arthroplasty generated savings to Medicare during followup, but even for hip arthroplasty, the cost offset during followup was small relative to the program cost for the procedure itself.
Identifying end-user requirements for communication systems in disadvantaged environments

Communication and information exchange are critical for effective response to emergencies and disasters. However, most existing communication solutions lack flexibility and are not robust enough in disconnected, interrupted, or remote communication environments. Traditional communication tools fail to meet the increasingly complex needs of both public safety and private industry workers during emergency response. The Department of Homeland Security has sponsored the Pennsylvania State University and MIT Lincoln Laboratory to develop and prototype a new communication solution to operate in these disadvantaged environments, defined herein as emergency instances in which cellular or other typical modes of communication are down. Previous research has explored the communication methods and the dynamics of information exchange on first response teams. This work focuses on comparing the needs of alternative users, defined as non-first response organizations such as the American Red Cross, with the needs of the previously studied user group (first response teams). Survey responses and interviews enabled the exploration of current practices, with an emphasis on identifying the differences and similarities amongst the various user groups. Low-fidelity and medium-fidelity prototypes were created based on the interview and survey responses and were field-tested in order to gather user feedback. Design recommendations emphasizing day-to-day use were then developed and assessed by the user groups. These recommendations tailor the communication interfaces to better meet the needs of a variety of users resulting in more efficient and effective emergency response
Editorial response to JPUROL-D-15-00312: Study of clitoral hood anatomy in the pediatric population.

Reference values for male pediatric genitalia are well described, so objective measurements may guide counseling and treatment. Normative values and/or descriptions of female external genitalia are lacking, perhaps due to more complex anatomy or gender bias. This study, although limited in size, helps to bridge this gap through a quantitative and descriptive evaluation of clitoral hood anatomy in the pediatric population. The authors describe a proportional increase in size of the labia minora and clitoral hood with age, however, there is wide variation and the clitoral diameter increases minimally. The authors also describe four common configurations of the clitoral hood and labia minora.
Materials and neutronic research at the Low Energy Neutron Source

In the decade since the Low Energy Neutron Source (LENS) at Indiana University Center for Exploration of Energy and Matter (CEEM) produced its first neutrons, the facility has made important contributions to the international neutron scattering community. LENS employs a 13MeV proton beam at up to 4kW beam power onto one of two Be targets to produce neutrons for research in fields ranging from radiation effects in electronics to studies of the structure of fluids confined in nanoporous materials. The neutron source design at the heart of LENS facilitates relatively rapid hands-on access to most of its components which provides a foundation for a research program in experimental neutronics and affords numerous opportunities for novel educational experiences. We describe in some detail a number of the unique capabilities of this facility.
INBREEDING EFFECTS IN CLARKIA TEMBLORIENSIS (ONAGRACEAE) POPULATIONS WITH DIFFERENT NATURAL OUTCROSSING RATES.

Inbreeding depression is commonly observed in natural populations. The deleterious effects of forced inbreeding are often thought to be less pronounced in populations with self-pollinating mating systems than in primarily outcrossing populations. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the performance of plants produced by artificial self- and cross-pollination from three populations whose outcrossing rate estimates were 0.03, 0.26, and 0.58. Outcrossing rates and inbreeding coefficients were estimated using isozyme polymorphisms as genetic markers. Analysis of F statistics suggests that biparental inbreeding as well as self-fertilization contribute to the level of homozygosity in the seed crop. Biparental inbreeding will reduce the heterozygosity of progeny produced by outcrossing, relative to random outcrossing expectations, and hence will reduce the effects of outcrossing versus self-fertilization. Heterotic selection may increase the average heterozygosity during the life history. Selfed and outcrossed seeds from all three populations were equally likely to germinate and survive to reproduce. However, inbreeding depression was observed in fecundity traits of plants surviving to reproduction in all three populations. Even in the population whose natural self-fertilization rate was 97%, plants grown from seed produced by self-pollination produced fewer fruits and less total seed weight than plants grown from outcrossed seed. There was no detectable inbreeding depression in estimated lifetime fitness. Inbreeding effects for all reproductive yield characters were most severe in the accession from the most outcrossing population and least severe in the accession from the most self-fertilizing population.
Symphysis pubis width in the pediatric population: A computerized tomography study.

BACKGROUNDDefining pathologic widening of the pubic symphysis in the pediatric population continues to be a clinical challenge. The purpose of this study is to define a normal range of pubic symphyseal widths in various age and gender groups using axial computerized tomography (CT) scans.METHODSAxia
Predicting Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Patients Using Dynamic Tomographic Optical Breast imaging (DTOBI)

DTOBI measures compression induced hemodynamic changes as novel optical biomarkers of breast pathology. We present the predictive value of these biomarkers pertaining to treatment outcome in breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Look out McDonald’s, the "Wheel” is rolling

Malcolm McNair’s “Wheel of Retailing” hypothesis, published in 1958, describes the instability of the American distribution structure. Innovative competitors constantly enter to challenge the established retailers. After much competitve jockeying, if successful, the innovator becomes the established leader; but, alas, they are then mature and ripe to be knocked off their pedestal by yet another innovator.
Correlation Analysis on Yield Stability and Its Components for New Hybrid Rice Cultivar Jianyou 388

In order to provide a reference for rationally utilizing the new hybrid rice cultivar Jianyou388,the data from the national regional test of Jianyou 388 from 2010to 2011 were employed to analyze its yield ability,yield stability and yield components.Results:Jianyou 388 had higher yield,which focused on8.05~10.00t/hm2,the average effective panicle was 2 347thousand/hm2,the average NFGP was 139.8grains and the average thousand-grain weight was 27.9g;the yield was of a significant positive correlation with effective panicle and NFGP,while thousand-grain weight and yield had a positive correlation;making the maximum contribution to yield waseffective panicle,next was NFGP,the last was thousand-grain weight.
THE ARCHITECTURE OF RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

In reservoir management system, in order to ensure the security and integrality of reservoir management database, to enhance the extensibility and reuse of reservoir management system as well as reduce the development cost. The conventional distributed architecture including three-tier distributed architecture of Application Server needed to be rebuilt and improved, it indicated that the reasons of three-tier distributed architecture in reservoir management, the design of three-tier architecture and its realization.
Urban primary and middle school students impaired vision status analysis of Shijiazhuang city in 2013

Objective To understand the status of poor vision in primary and middle school students in Shijiazhuang city,so as to provide the evidence for the prevention of poor eyesight. Methods Logarithmic visual acuity chart was used,for visual examination of 12 schools and 23020 students in Shijiazhuang city. Results The prevalence rate of poor vision was 55. 9%,and the rate of boys was 52. 2%,girls was 59. 8%,there was a significant statistically difference between the prevalence rates of boys and girls( χ2= 132. 6, P 0. 05),and the prevalence rate of poor vision increased rapidly along with the grade rising. The constitute ratio of severe poor vision increased with the school ages periods rising,the constitution ratio of poor vision among junior and senior middle schools are severe mild slight in turn. Conclusions The prevalence rate of poor vision is comparatively high in Shijiazhuang city,effective prevention and control measures should be applied.
[Determination of 1, 1-dichloro-l-nitroethane in air of workplaces by gas chromatography].

Objective To establish a gas chromatography method for detecting the concentration of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane in air of workplaces.Method 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane in air of workplaces was collected by activated charcoal tube, absorbed using carbon disulfide and analyzed by Gas Chromatography (FID)with FFAP capillary column.Results The linear rang of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane in this method was 4.0～858.2 μg/ml, the liuear regression formula was Y=283X-1076, the correlation coefficient was 0.9999, the lowest detection concentration was 0.4 mg/m3 (31 sampling air), the relative standard deviation (RSD) was1.8%～4.1%, the desorption efficiency was 88.5%～90.6%, the breakthrough volume was ＞0.7 mg, the sampling efficiency was 100%, the samples could be kept at ambient temperature for at least 7 days.Conclusion The indicators of this method were conformed to the requirements of "Guide for establishing occupational health standards-Determination methods of air chemicals in workplace".This method could be used to detect 1,1-dichloro1-nitroethane in air of workplaces. Key words: 1, 1-dichloro- 1-nitroethane; Air; Gas Chromatography